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RenuModi ·Meera VenkatachalamEditors

India–AfricaPartnerships for FoodSecurity and Capacity

BuildingSouth–South Cooperation

EditorsRenu ModiUniversity of MumbaiMumbai, India

Meera VenkatachalamUniversity of MumbaiMumbai, India

ISSN 2662-2483 ISSN 2662-2491 (electronic)International Political Economy SeriesISBN 978-3-030-54111-8 ISBN 978-3-030-54112-5 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54112-5

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to SpringerNature Switzerland AG 2021, corrected publication 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by thePublisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction onmicrofilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage andretrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that suchnames are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free forgeneral use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neitherthe publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, withrespect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have beenmade. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published mapsand institutional affiliations.

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Foreword I

In the global push to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel-opment and to realize the Sustainable Development Goals’ ambi-tion of eradicating poverty by the end of the coming decade,the importance of South-South cooperation has never been morecrucial; and the roles of both India and Africa are central to itssuccess.

Yet, despite progress on many fronts, the Food and Agriculture Orga-nization of the United Nations’ State of Food Security and Nutrition inthe World (SOFI) 2019 report paints a different picture—that undernour-ishment and hunger are on the rise, food insecurity is still ever present forhundreds of millions of people and that ‘the situation is most alarming inAfrica’. Decades of progress are under threat.

The publication of India–Africa Partnerships for Food Security andCapacity Building: South–South Cooperation, is, therefore, extremelytimely and informative. The development relationship, especially withregard to agriculture, between India and Africa is fundamental to bothregional and global prosperity and is important in reversing this worryingtrend in undernourishment and hunger.

This book clearly charts a pathway to improved collaboration betweenIndia and Africa. It outlines the current situation and the challenges andopportunities that underlie it; and what the role of knowledge-sharing,capacity building and innovative credit and financial and technologicalmechanisms is to be in shaping the future partnerships between them.

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vi FOREWORD I

On the eve of this crucial decade, a renewed push is needed to achievelasting results. The clear, collaborative vision outlined here shows the pathahead for India and Africa.

Rome, Italy Ashwani K. MuthooDirector, Quality Assurance Group

Office of the President and Vice-PresidentInternational Fund for Agricultural

Development

The original version of the book was revised: The biography of the author Karin CostaVazquez has been updated. The correction to the book is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54112-5_18

Foreword II

Food security and agriculture are critical areas of development for Indiaand Africa. With a large number of the population below, the povertyline, agriculture and food production become the highest priorities forthe two geographies. The employment aspect of agriculture is also veryimportant. In both India and Africa, the majority of the populationdepends on agriculture for their livelihoods. Yet, farmers’ distress is amajor socio-economic problem. The challenge is to make agriculture aviable economic activity for the small and marginalized farmers. Thisneeds both innovative policies and inputs of appropriate technologies.

Studies have shown that a one per cent increase in the agri-cultural sector has an effect on poverty reduction equivalent tothree to four times of a similar increase in other sectors. Thisbook addresses these issues of vital importance in a comprehensiveand professional manner. It is a collection of papers by eminentscholars in the field. It lays stress on South-South cooperationwith particular reference to India-Africa engagements in sharing ofknowledge. It also has papers on agricultural financing, capacitybuilding and trade in agricultural commodities. The message thatcomes out of this compendium is that to make agriculture produc-tive and achieve total food security, all the challenges have to beaddressed in a holistic approach. This book should generate furtherdiscussions and debates leading to valuable inputs for scholars andpolicymakers.

vii

viii FOREWORD II

I congratulate the authors for their excellent research. I also commendthe publishers, Palgrave Macmillan for bringing out this volume. Dr. RenuModi and Dr. Meera Venkatachalam have done a creditable job in editingthe volume to keep it concise, precise and focused.

H. H. S. ViswanathanDistinguished Fellow

Observer Research FoundationNew Delhi, India

Acknowledgements

Our debts are many. We are extremely grateful to Sudheendra Kulkarni,the then Chairman of Observer Research Foundation (ORF) Mumbai,for his encouragement, and the generous financial provisions whichmade this conference possible. Our special thanks are due to H. H.S. Viswanathan, former Ambassador to Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria andDistinguished Fellow at ORF (New Delhi), for his valuable sugges-tions towards the conference preparations and the publication. Weextend our heartfelt gratitude to Dhaval Desai, Vice-President, ORF(Mumbai), and to Praveenbhai Darji, Chief Manager, Finance andAccounts, ORF (Mumbai), for facilitating all conference-related admin-istrative and financial matters. We would also like to express our sincereappreciation to the entire research team at ORF (Mumbai), for workingtirelessly towards the fund-raising, logistics and arrangements of theevent.

A number of other organizations extended financial support for thismeeting and partnered with the host organizations, including ORF(Mumbai) and the Centre for African Studies, University of Mumbai.We thank the Department of Economic Diplomacy, Ministry of ExternalAffairs (MEA), Government of India; Ashwani K. Muthoo, Directorof the Quality Assurance Group in the Office of the President andVice-President at the International Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD), Rome; Ivan Mugisha, the then India country manager of

ix

x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

RwandAir; R. Mukundan, Managing Director and CEO of Tata Chemi-cals Ltd.; and V. Shankar, former Managing Director and CEO of RallisIndia, for their support in this academic endeavour.

A book project of this nature would not have been possible withoutthe generous support of several other colleagues and friends who helpedus with their guidance and suggestions over the months in the build-up to the conference and thereafter. We are greatly indebted to GurjitSingh, former Ambassador to Ethiopia and the Africa Union, and Sherpafor the India-Africa Forum Summit II (2011); Rick Rowden, SeniorEconomist at Global Financial Integrity (Washington, DC); and SandhyaSeshadri Iyer, Professor at the Department for Development Studies (TataInstitute of Social Sciences, Mumbai), for their time and willingness toreview the preliminary drafts of our introductory and concluding chap-ters. We acknowledge with appreciation the advice provided by ClarenceFernandes, CEO, Rwanda Renaissance; and Y. S. P. Thorat, formerChairperson, NABARD.

We are thankful to Johann Salazaar and Rhea D’Silva, former researchassistants at the Centre for African Studies, for helping us with the plan-ning and organization of the conference. We would also like to express ourgratitude to our research assistants, Alefiya Doctor, Hridaya Ajgaonkarand Neda Shaikh, who have worked with us at various points duringthe preparation of the book manuscript and contributed significantly withtheir research inputs to earlier draft chapters and editing of this volume.

Finally, our heartfelt appreciation is due to the editorial and publishingteam at Palgrave Macmillan. Special thanks are due to Timothy Shaw,Adjunct Professor, University of Massachusetts, Boston, and Commis-sioning Editor, International Political Economy (IPE) Series, PalgraveMacmillan; and Anca Pusca Executive Editor, IPE Series, PalgraveMacmillan, for their attention to detail, and helpful suggestions andendurance along the way.

MumbaiDecember 2020

Renu ModiMeera Venkatachalam

About the Conference

This compendium is an outcome of an interdisciplinary conference enti-tled India–Africa Partnerships for Food Security and Capacity Building:South–South Cooperation, held on 23rd–24th January, 2018 in Mumbai.It was organized jointly by the Observer Research Foundation (ORF) andthe Centre for African Studies (CAS), University of Mumbai.

The meeting attempted to analyse the current trends in South-Southcooperation between India and select countries in Africa in the agricultureand agro-processing sectors. Scholars and practitioners shared multipleperspectives on the role of India’s development compact—i.e., aid, trade,private sector-driven Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs), and concessionalLines of Credit (LOCs) extended at the behest of the Government ofIndia (GoI)—for augmenting agricultural productivity and building valuechains in agro-commodities, inter alia; sugar, cotton, cashew, pulses andoilseeds in Africa. India’s experience with the ‘Green Revolution’—itssuccesses, challenges and competence to manufacture ‘appropriate, adapt-able, and affordable’ (triple A) technologies for the agriculture and agro-processing sectors; cost-effective solutions towards ‘smart agriculture’,and upscaling human and infrastructural capabilities—could be a valuablelearning for Africa. Training and capacity building programs extended bythe GoI and private sector organizations facilitate skill transfers to severalcountries in Africa. Collaborative initiatives to set up Small and MediumEnterprises (SMEs), and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)have immense potential for value addition to agricultural commodities and

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xii ABOUT THE CONFERENCE

employment on the continent which is projected to account for more thanhalf of the world’s population growth by 2050.

The conference underscored that the ongoing collaborations betweenthe various stakeholders have been mutually beneficial. The African conti-nent provides India with a vast market for her agro-technology, invest-ments and opportunities for partnerships in the agriculture and valueaddition segments. The export of select agricultural commodities fromAfrica has helped India diversify her import base and meet the shortfall indomestic production, such as in pulses and oilseeds.

The symposium also attempted to understand the tangible outcomesof India-Africa partnerships in the agriculture and agro-processing sectorsover the past decade, alongside the accomplishments, experimentationswith mechanisms of engagements, limitations and challenges. The partic-ipants concurred that to counter global food insecurity, a resolute andcollective action is required, such as through the ongoing South-Southinitiatives between India and Africa.

The outcomes of the conference offered valuable policy inputs onIndia-Africa trade, FDI and capacity building initiatives in the farmingand related sectors for building food security and further strengtheningIndia’s ongoing initiatives in this area. The findings were valuable forpolicymakers to further strengthen mutual cooperation through Govern-ment to Government (G2G), Business to Business (B2B), Business toConsumer (B2C) and People to People (P2P) ties between the stake-holders. The conference also made a strong case for the empowerment ofwomen smallholder farmers in Africa through Woman to Women (W2W)initiatives between Indian civil society organizations and their counter-parts across the continent to build their skills and collective organizationalcapabilities.

Academics, researchers, development professionals, NGOs, privatesector representatives, and government and international organizationsshared empirical findings and emerging trends on the ongoing modali-ties, practices, opportunities, anxieties and challenges in the partnershipsfor enhancing food security and poverty reduction in the two geographiesunder study.

Praise for India–Africa Partnershipsfor Food Security andCapacity

Building

“The compendium examines, with carefully selected case studies, themajor impediments to agricultural transformation in Africa and suggestssome concrete plans for overcoming them, particularly focusing on India’sown experience and capital. The successful result of such an effort wouldbenefit both India and the specific African countries in question. Thecollection also closely scrutinizes other diverse issues that are relevantto agriculture and food security in the context of the fledgling alliancebetween India and Africa. This is empirically rich, theoretically groundedand timely analysis of an important aspect of the political economy ofSouth-South relations.”—Seifudein Adem, Professor, Graduate School of Global Studies, Doshisha

University, Japan

“This book makes a valuable contribution in outlining ways for Indiaand Africa to work together towards ensuring greater food security.Indeed, Africa remains a region full of potential in the agricultural sector,presenting opportunities as the continent is set to double its population to2 billion by 2050. Through cooperation and knowledge exchanges withlongstanding partners such as India, the continent can boost its level ofproductivity, find new markets, and use the sector to attract investmentand create jobs. However, this can only be done through partnershipsthat boost the continent’s internal capacity in this critical sector.”

—Dr. Philani Mthembu, Executive Director, Institute for GlobalDialogue, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

xiii

Contents

1 Introduction: India-Africa—Partnering for FoodSecurity 1Renu Modi and Meera Venkatachalam

Part I Collaborations for Food Security

2 India and Africa: Is the Cooperation Sustainable? 25Gurjit Singh

3 India, Africa and Global Climate Diplomacy 47Renu Modi and Meera Venkatachalam

Part II Sharing Knowledge

4 Benefitting Smallholder Farmers in Africa: Roleof ICRISAT 73Amit Chakravarty, Anthony Whitbread, Pooran Gaur,Aravazhi Selvaraj, Saikat Datta Mazumdar,Jonathan Philroy, Priyanka Durgalla,Harshvardhan Mane, and Kiran K. Sharma

xv

xvi CONTENTS

5 Food Security and Capacity Development: The ILRIExperience 95Iddo Dror

6 FeedBase-Ethiopia: The Role of Databasein Developing Livestock Feed 111Ulavappa B. Angadi, Getachew Animut,Samireddypalle Anandan, Michael Blümmel,Siboniso Moyo, Habibar Rahman, and Chris Jones

7 Developing Value Chains in Cotton ThroughPublic–Private Partnerships 131A. K. Krishna Kumar and Milan Sharma

8 Women-to-Women Cooperation: Learningsfrom SEWA 157Reema Nanavaty

Part III Private/Public Partnerships

9 Supporting Indian Trade and Investment for Africa:The International Trade Centre Project 177Govind Venuprasad, Aman Goel, and Candice Ungerer

10 Maximizing Output: The Role of Corredor Pvt. Ltdin Mozambique 195Sami Saran

Part IV Trading in Pulses

11 Africa’s Pulse Exports to India 217Bharat Kulkarni

12 Ban on Pigeonpeas from Tanzania and Its Impacts 233Zirack Andrew

CONTENTS xvii

13 Production of Pulses in Tanzania: Opportunitiesand Challenges 259Sebastian Sambuo Mushi and Alefiya Doctor

Part V Financing Mechanisms

14 EXIM Bank of India’s Support for Food Securityand Capacity Building in Africa 287Prahalathan S. Iyer and Rahul Mazumdar

15 The Impact of India’s Lines of Credit on the Futureof India-Africa Partnership in Agriculture 311Karin Costa Vazquez and Vyshali Kottam

16 Development Finance: The IBSA Fundand Development Impact Bonds 339Francisco Simplicio and Camila Amorim Jardim

17 South-South Collaborations in Agriculture:A Concluding Note 359Renu Modi and Meera Venkatachalam

Correction to: India–Africa Partnerships for Food Securityand Capacity Building C1Renu Modi and Meera Venkatachalam

Appendix I: List of African Least Developed Countries(LDCs) under the Duty Free TariffPreference Scheme 381

Appendix II: First India-Africa Forum Summit 2008,New Delhi: India-Africa Frameworkfor Cooperation 2008 383

xviii CONTENTS

Appendix III: Second Africa-India Forum Summit 2011:Africa-India Framework for EnhancedCooperation 395

Appendix IV: Third India-Africa Forum Summit 2015:India-Africa Framework for StrategicCooperation 405

Glossary of Foreign Words 419

Index 423

Notes onContributors

Samireddypalle Anandan is the Principal Scientist with ICAR-NationalInstitute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology under the Indian Councilof Agricultural Research, Bangalore, India.

Zirack Andrew is the National Coordinator for the Tanzania PulsesNetwork (TPN), a member-based Pulses Trade and Investment SupportInstitution based in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. He is a part-time marketanalyst and an economist with an interest in International Trade. Zirackis currently on the verge of working with ITC to train East AfricanAgro-SMEs access European markets.

Ulavappa B. Angadi is a Senior Scientist in the field of Bioinformaticsand Computational Biology at Center for Agricultural Bioinformatics(CABin), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (ICAR-IASRI), New Delhi, India.

Getachew Animut is a Senior Technical Expert at the Ethiopian Agri-cultural Transformation Agency. He graduated with a Master’s of Agricul-tural Science in 1995 from La Trobe University, Australia, and receivedhis Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition in 2004 from Oklahoma State University,USA.

Michael Blümmel is the team leader of the feed research of the Interna-tional Livestock Research Institute in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. He is also an

xix

xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

animal nutritionist with a D.Sc. (1994) and a Habilitation (2004) Degreefrom the University of Hohenheim in Germany.

Amit Chakravarty is an ICT4D (Information and CommunicationTechnologies for Development) practitioner currently with InternationalCrops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). He isan expert in designing and implementing e-governance projects for theimprovement of citizen services, e-agriculture, e-health, e-education andgovernance reforms.

Alefiya Doctor is a candidate at the London School of Economics andPolitical Science at the Department of International Development. Sheholds a B.Sc. in Economics from Narsee Monjee Institute of ManagementStudies and a Master’s in Politics from the University of Mumbai.

Iddo Dror is the Head of Capacity Development for the InternationalLivestock Research Institute (ILRI), based in Nairobi, Kenya, and avisiting professor at the University of Geneva. He has a Ph.D. inEconomics and Social Sciences and a Master’s of Business Administrationfrom the University of Geneva, Switzerland.

Priyanka Durgalla is a Scientific Officer with the NPK Program of AIPat ICRISAT. She is involved in food product formulation/developmentactivities, scale-up trials and analytical activities as part of research anddevelopment initiatives of the program.

Pooran Gaur is the Director of Asia Research Program in ICRISAT,Hyderabad, India. He is a Plant Breeder and Geneticist by training andhas over 30 years of experience in Chickpea Breeding and Genetics.

Aman Goel is SITA’s task team leader for sunflowers, spices and pulses.He holds a Master’s degree in International Management from IEBusiness School, Spain.

Prahalathan S. Iyer is the Chief General Manager of EXIM Bank, India,Mumbai. Prior to joining EXIM Bank, he worked with the ASSOCHAM,ITPO and the NCAER. He was a member of the ‘Technical Committeeon Services/Facilities to Exporters’; ‘India-Russia Joint Working Groupon Settlement of Bilateral Trade in National Currencies’ set up by theRBI; and the ‘Task Force on Trading of Goods in Local Currencies’, setup by the Department of Commerce, Government of India.

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Camila Amorim Jardim is a Ph.D. candidate in International Relationsat Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio). She is alsoa researcher at the BRICS Policy Center (Brazil) and former IBSA FellowResearcher in RIS India.

Chris Jones is the program leader for feed and forage development atthe International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). He has conductedresearch on all aspects of plant biotechnology in academic as well ascommercially driven projects. He has a Ph.D. from the University ofDundee.

Vyshali Kottam has completed her Master’s in Government and PublicPolicy from O.P. Jindal Global University, India.

A. K. Krishna Kumar has a Doctorate in Agriculture from IIT,Kharagpur. During his career, he has held senior positions in the Govern-ment and later in the private sector and has worked closely with multilat-eral and bilateral institutions.

Bharat Kulkarni is the Director of Stalwart Management ConsultancyServices and Chairman of the Indo Global SME Chamber.

Harshvardhan Mane is an officer (Partnership Development) with theINP Program of AIP at ICRISAT. He works with rural communities inestablishing value-adding platforms that help in realizing better returns tofarmers and employment opportunities for women and youth.

Rahul Mazumdar is the Assistant General Manager of EXIM Bank,India. He has been working on issues related to economic development,policy research, trade and investment. Besides this, he has been involvedin a number of consultancy assignments in India and abroad. Rahul is alsoa frequent contributor to the opinion-editorials of several leading financialdailies and think-tanks on topics of contemporary interest.

Saikat Datta Mazumdar is Chief Operating Officer (COO) for theNutri Plus Knowledge (NPK) Program of AIP, ICRISAT. His exper-tise is in nutraceuticals/fortified foods/food safety, establishing foodprocessing units, addressing malnutrition and enhancing dietary diver-sity. His previous stints were at Unilever Research, India and Instituteof Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipp- University Marburg, Germany.

Renu Modi is Professor and Director of the Centre for African Studies,University of Mumbai.

xxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Siboniso Moyo is the program leader of ILRI’s Animal Science forSustainable Productivity Program during 2015 and 2016. She has anM.Sc. in Animal Husbandry from the Patrice Lumumba University inMoscow and a Ph.D. in Animal Science from the University of Pretoria.

Sebastian Sambuo Mushi is a project manager with the Rural UrbanDevelopment Initiative for the NORAD-supported COMRICE Project.He has 8 years of experience working with the private sector and donor-supported projects in Tanzania and East Africa in the agricultural sector.

Reema Nanavaty is the Director of the Self-Employed Women’s Asso-ciation (SEWA) of India. She was honoured with a Padma Shri by theGovernment of India in 2013 for her contributions to the field of socialservice.

Jonathan Philroy is the Manager of the Agri-Business Incubator ofICRISAT. He works with agro-technology start-ups in bringing inno-vative technology-backed solutions to address dryland agricultural chal-lenges.

Habibar Rahman is the Deputy Director General of the Animal ScienceDivision, at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), NewDelhi. He has held senior positions in the ICAR-National Institute ofVeterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), the ICARResearch Complex of NEH Region, Gangtok and Shillong and headedthe Division, Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Insti-tute, Bareilly.

Sami Saran is the team leader of the Core Market Systems, ACDIVOCA, RDC Project in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has an MBA in Interna-tional Trade from IIFT. He has work experience spanning three decadeswith leading corporates such as Olam International, Reliance Retail andRift Valley in India and Africa.

Aravazhi Selvaraj is the Chief Operating Officer for the InnovationPartnership (INP) Program of the Agribusiness Innovation Platform(AIP) at ICRISAT. He has worked with developmental, public andprivate organizations in India and has executed institutional and corporateagribusiness projects in India and Africa.

Kiran K. Sharma is the Deputy Director General (Research) ofICRISAT and the Head of the Agri-Business Incubator of ICRISAT.

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

Milan Sharma is the Head of International Business in an advisoryfirm. She has a Ph.D. in International Studies from JNU and over twodecades of experience in research on commodity value chains such ascotton, textiles and agriculture. She also designs and implements sectordevelopment programmes for various agencies in India and abroad.

Francisco Simplicio is the Former Assistant Director of the UnitedNations Office for South-South cooperation and Fund Manager for theIBSA Fund. He is an economist and has a Master of Science from thePontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio).

Gurjit Singh is a senior Indian diplomat with thirty-seven years of expe-rience. He has been the Ambassador of India to Germany, Indonesia,ASEAN, Ethiopia, and the African Union. He has also been posted toJapan, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Italy on various assignments. He was alsothe Sherpa for the first two India Africa Forum Summits. Currently, heis an Honorary Professor of Humanities at the Indian Institute of Tech-nology (IIT), Indore and chairs the CII business Task Force on TrilateralCooperation in Africa.

Candice Ungerer is an international consultant to SITA specializing inwomen’s entrepreneurship with an expertise in the field of internationaltrade and development. She holds a Bachelor’s degree from GriffithUniversity and a Master’s degree in International Relations and AsianPolitics from the University of Queensland, Australia.

Prof. Karin Costa Vazquez is Fudan Scholar at Fudan University(China), Visiting Professor at the Far Eastern Federal University (Rússia),and Associate Professor and Assistant Dean for Global Engagements atO.P. Jindal Global University School of International Affairs (India),where she also leads the first center for African, Latin American andCaribbean Studies in an Indian private university. Her research lies atthe intersection between international political economy, developmentfinance, and sustainable development, with a focus on the BRICS coun-tries and the new development banks. She has held strategy and policyadvisory positions in multilateral development banks (World Bank, Inter-american Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank) and UN agen-cies (UNDP, UNFCCC). In the government, she directed a UK fund tosupport Brazil’s transition to a low carbon economy, managed coopera-tion programs, and represented the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in

xxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

intergovernmental processes. She is a regular contributor to leading jour-nals and media outlets (Financial TImes, Al Jazeera, BBC, Radio France,South China Morning Post, Folha de São Paulo, Valor Economico).

Meera Venkatachalam is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for AfricanStudies, University of Mumbai.

Govind Venuprasad is the Coordinator of Supporting Indian Trade andInvestment for Africa (SITA), a project of the International Trade Centre.He is also ITC’s Programme Manager for South-South trade and invest-ment and the country manager for India. He has served with the ITCin Geneva, and UNDP in Afghanistan—since 1998. He specializes inregional trade and investment promotion, South-South cooperation andexporter competitiveness.

Anthony Whitbread is the Research Program Director of InnovationSystems for the Drylands (ISD) at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. He leadsa diverse team of scientists across South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in aninnovation systems model, devising strategies to manage climatic risk, soilfertility and identifying market-led development opportunities.

Abbreviations

AAA Adaptation of African AgricultureAAIN African Agribusiness Incubator NetworkABI Agri-Business IncubatorABP Ltd. Afri-Banana Products LtdACDI/VOCA Agricultural Cooperative Development Inter-

national/Volunteers in Overseas CooperativeAssistance

ADARSA Alliance for Democratising Agricultural Research inSouth Asia

ADF Acid Detergent FiberADL Acid Detergent LigninAfCFTA African Continental Free Trade AreaAfD Agence Française de DéveloppementAfDB African Development BankAgBIT Agribusiness Incubation TrustAGN African Group of NegotiatorsAGOA Africa Growth Opportunities ActAGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in AfricaAgricoop Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers

WelfareAIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAID-SA Agro Industry Development Society Ltd (Mali)AIIC Agribusiness Innovation and Incubation ConsortiaAIP Agribusiness and Innovation PlatformANAFE Agro Forestry and Natural Resources Education

xxv

xxvi ABBREVIATIONS

ANGRAU Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural UniversityAOSIS Alliance of Small Island StatesAPART Assam Agribusiness and Rural TransformationAPEDA Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Devel-

opment AuthorityAPMC Agricultural Produce Market CommitteeARI Animal Research InstituteASALS Arid and Semi-Arid LandsASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in

Eastern and Central AfricaASDP Agricultural Sector Development ProgramASDS Agricultural Sector Development StrategyASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsASSOCHAM Associated Chambers of Commerce of IndiaATA Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation AgencyAU African UnionAUC African Union CommissionB.Sc. Bachelor of ScienceB2B Business to BusinessB2C Business to ConsumerB2G Business to GovernmentBAIF Bharatiya Agro Industries FoundationBAPA Buenos Aires Plan of ActionBASIC Brazil, South Africa, India and ChinaBBC British Broadcasting CorporationBIPPAs Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agree-

mentsBJP Bharatiya Janata PartyBMGF Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationBRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South AfricaC4 Cotton Four countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and

Mali)C40 Cities Climate Leadership GroupC4CP C4 Cotton Partnership ProjectCAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development

ProgrammeCABin Center for Agricultural BioinformaticsCAP Common African PositionCARMMA Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal

Mortality in AfricaCBDR Common But Differentiated ResponsibilitiesCBDR-RC Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respec-

tive Capabilities

ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

CC Collection CentreCCARDESA Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and

Development for Southern AfricaCCARI Central Coastal Agricultural Research InstituteCCIMA Chamber of Commerce Industry Mines and CraftsCCLEAr Creating Competitive Livestock for Entrepreneurs in

Agribusiness ConsortiumCCPI Climate Change Performance IndexCDM Clean Development MechanismCDO Cotton Development OrganisationCDRI Coalition for Disaster Resilient InfrastructureCEO Chief Executive OfficerCFC Common Fund for CommoditiesCGAP Consultative Group to Assist the PoorCGDSF Center for Global Development and Social FinanceCGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural

ResearchCHA Cotton Expert House AfricaCIAE Central Institute of Agricultural EngineeringCIAT International Center for Tropical AgricultureCICR Central Institute for Cotton ResearchCIFF Children’s Investment Fund FoundationCII Confederation of Indian IndustryCIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

(known by its Spanish acronym)CIRCOT Central Institute for Research on Cotton TechnologyCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCLFMA Compound Feed Manufacturers AssociationCmiA Cotton made in AfricaCOMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaCOMPACI Competitive African Cotton InitiativeCOMRICE Commercialization of Rice Farming in Tanzania ProjectCOO Chief Operating OfficerCOP Conference of PartiesCORAF/WECARD West and Central African Council for Agricultural

Research and DevelopmentCOVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019CP Crude ProteinCRA-CF Centre for Agricultural Research—Cotton and FibersCRDB Cooperative and Rural Development BankCRI Climate Risk IndexCRP CGIAR Research Program

xxviii ABBREVIATIONS

CSIR-ARI Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—AnimalResearch Institute

CSO Civil Society OrganizationCSWRI Central Sheep and Wool Research InstituteC-TAP Cotton Technical Assistance Programme for AfricaCURAD Consortium for Enhancing University Responsiveness to

Agribusiness DevelopmentCW Central WarehouseD.Sc. Doctor of ScienceDADF Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fish-

eriesDAICO District Agricultural and Livestock OfficerDANIDA Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign AffairsDARE Department of Agricultural Research and EducationDBMS Database Management SystemDfID Department for International DevelopmentDFTP Duty Free Tariff PreferenceDIB Development Impact BondsDM Dry MatterDoCD Directorate for Cotton DevelopmentDPA Development Partnership AdministrationDPR Detailed Project ReportDRSS Department of Research and Specialist Services

(Zimbabwe)DST Department of Science and TechnologyEAC East African CommunityEAGC East African Grains CouncilEBA Everything But ArmsEDI Entrepreneurship Development Institute of IndiaEDP Exposure and Dialogue ProgramEEP Exposure and Exchange ProgrammesEG Educate GirlsEIAR Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural ResearchEITs Economies in TransitionE-NAM National Agriculture MarketEPA Economic Partnership AgreementEPC Engineering, Procurement and ConstructionEPOSPEA Ethiopian Pulses, Oilseeds and Spices Processors—

Exporters AssociationESA Eastern and Southern AfricaETG Export Trade GroupEU European UnionEXIM Bank Export-Import Bank of India

ABBREVIATIONS xxix

FACT FactoryFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical

DatabaseFARA Forum for Agricultural Research in AfricaFCDO Foreign, Commonwealth & Development OfficeFCFA West African CFA francFDI Foreign Direct InvestmentFF Farm ForceFfD Financing for DevelopmentFFS Farmer Field SchoolsFGAPL Frontier Growth Advisors Private LimitedFICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and

IndustryFIDC Forum for Indian Development CooperationFIFO First In First OutFOCAC Forum on China Africa CooperationFPBIC Food Processing Business Incubation CentreFPO Farmer Produce OrganisationsFSDT Financial Sector Deepening TrustFSF Fiscal Stabilization FundFSSA Food Safety and Standard Act of IndiaFTAs Free Trade AgreementsFTL Food Testing LaboratoryFTSE Financial Times Stock ExchangeG2G Government to GovernmentG77 Group of 77 (Coalition of 135 developing countries at

the UN)GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGCF Green Climate FundGDP Gross Domestic ProductGEFI Global Education First InitiativeGFI Global Fairness InitiativeGHG Greenhouse GasGIS Geographic Information SystemGIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale ZusammenarbeitGmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter HaftungGMO Genetically Modified OrganismGoI Government of IndiaGPC Global Pulse ConfederationGPS Global Positioning SystemGRN Goods Receipt NoteGSTP Global System of Trade Preferences

xxx ABBREVIATIONS

Ha HectareHICs High Income CountriesHIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusHTML Hypertext Markup LanguageHYV High Yielding VarietyIACG International Agriculture Consulting GroupIAFS India-Africa Forum SummitIAIARD India-Africa Institute of Agriculture and Rural Develop-

mentIARI Agricultural Research InstituteIASRI Indian Agricultural Statistics Research InstituteIBEF India Brand Equity FoundationIBSA Fund India, Brazil and South Africa FundICAC International Cotton Advisory CommitteeICAG International Agriculture Consulting GroupICAR Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry

AreasICC International Chamber of CommerceICCR Indian Council of Cultural RelationsICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid

TropicsICT Information and Communications TechnologyICT4D Information and Communication Technologies for

DevelopmentIDEAS India Development and Economic Assistance SchemeIER Institut d’Economie Rurale (Mali)IFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFDC International Fertilizer Development CenterIFFCO Indian Farmers Fertiliser CooperativeIIAB Indian Institute of Agricultural BiotechnologyIIFT Indian Institute of Foreign TradeIIP Index of Industrial ProductionIIT Indian Institute of TechnologyIKS Indigenous Knowledge SystemsIL&FS Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services LimitedILRI International Livestock Research InstituteIMF International Monetary FundINDC Intended Nationally Determined ContributionsINM Integrated Nutrient ManagementINP Innovation and Partnership ProgramINRAB l’Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du BéninINTRACEN International Trade Centre

ABBREVIATIONS xxxi

IOE Independent Offices of EvaluationIPGs International Public GoodsIPM Integrated Pest ManagementISA International Solar AllianceISC ICRISAT Sahelian CenterISC International Spices ConferenceISD Innovation Systems for the DrylandsISS International Institute of Social StudiesIT Information TechnologyITC or INTRACEN International Trade CentreITEC Indian Technical and Economic CooperationITPO India Trade Promotion OrganisationITRA Institute of Agronomic ResearchIVOMD In Vitro Organic Matter DigestibilityIYP International Year of PulsesJAP Joint Action PlanJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyJNU Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityKARI Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteKg KilogramKm KilometreKYF Know Your FarmerLDC Least Developed CountriesLIC Life Insurance Corporation of IndiaLMICs Low and Middle Income CountriesLOC(s) Line(s) of CreditLOI Letter of IntentLPG Liberalization, Privatization and GlobalizationLtd. LimitedM.Sc. Master of ScienceMAFC Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and CooperativesMANAGE National Institute of Agricultural Extension ManagementMBA Master of Business AdministrationMBOs Member-Based OrganisationsMDGs Millennium Development GoalsME Metabolizable EnergyMEA Ministry of External AffairsMFN Most Favoured NationMIS Logistics Management Information SystemMNCs Multi-National CorporationsMoA Memorandum of AgreementMOFPI Ministry of Food Processing IndustriesMOP Margin of Preference

xxxii ABBREVIATIONS

MoU Memorandum of UnderstandingMPOWER Mitigating Poverty in Western RajasthanMS Access Microsoft AccessMSE Micro-Small EnterprisesMSIs Medium and Small IndustriesMSME Micro, Small and Medium EnterprisesMSP Minimum Support PriceMT Million TonnesMTAs Marker-Trait AssociationsMW MegawattsNABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentNABCONS NABARD Consultancy ServicesNAEB National Agricultural Export Development BoardNAFDAC National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and

ControlNAM Non-Aligned MovementNARL National Agricultural Research LaboratoriesNARS National Agricultural Research SystemsNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNaSARRI National Semi-Arid Resources Research InstituteNCAER National Council of Applied Economic ResearchNCBI National Center for Biotechnology InformationNCIPM National Centre for Integrated Pest ManagementNCU Neem Coated UreaNDC Nationally Determined ContributionsNDF Neutral Detergent FiberND-GAIN Notre Dame Global Adaptation IndexNDRI National Dairy Research InstituteNEH region North-Eastern Hills RegionNEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s DevelopmentNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNHSRC National Health Systems Resource CentreNIANP National Institute of Animal Nutrition and PhysiologyNIC National Informatics CentreNIRS Near-Infrared SpectroscopyNITI Aayog National Institution for Transforming IndiaNIVEDI National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and

Disease InformaticsNMB National Microfinance BankNMDC National Mineral Development CorporationNORAD Norwegian Agency for Development CooperationNPA Non-Performing AssetsNPHL National Public Health Laboratory

ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii

NPK Nutri Plus KnowledgeNRI Non-Resident IndianNSIC National Small Industries CorporationODA Overseas Development AssistanceOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop-

mentOIA Overseas Infrastructure AllianceOIF Overseas Investment FinanceOPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting CountriesORF Observer Research FoundationP2P People to PeoplePACM Pan-African Cotton MeetingPanAAC Pan-African Agribusiness & Agroindustry ConsortiumParavet ParaveterinaryPASNSPA PagSung Shea Butter and Shea Nut Pickers AssociationPCRD Post-Conflict Reconstruction and DevelopmentPCT Pest Control TechnologyPDS Public Distribution SchemePh.D Doctor of PhilosophyPHP Hypertext PreprocessorPIAPA Platform for India-Africa Partnership in AgriculturePIB Press Information BureauPICS Purdue Improved Crop Storage BagsPIDA Programme for Infrastructure Development in AfricaPMA Programme Management AgencyPMI Permanent Mission of India (Geneva)PMU Project Management UnitPoU Prevalence of UndernourishmentPPF Project Preparation FacilityPPI Progress out of Poverty IndexPPP Public-Private PartnershipPPR Peste des petits RuminantsPPTL PeePee Tanzania CompanyPSUs Public Sector UndertakingsPUC-Rio Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de JaneiroPvt. PrivatePW Port WarehousePwC PricewaterhouseCoopersQC Quality ControllerQPE Quality Pulses ExportQTL Quantitative Trait LociR&D Research and DevelopmentRBA Result-Based Aid

xxxiv ABBREVIATIONS

RBF Results-Based FinancingRBI Reserve Bank of IndiaRBS Rwanda Bureau of StandardsRCEP Regional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipRDBMS Relational Database Management SystemRDC Rice and Diversified CropsRECs Regional Economic CommunitiesRFUK Rainforest Foundation UKRIS Research and Information System for Developing Coun-

triesRRIDMA Rajasthan Rural Institute of Development ManagementRTI Royal Tropical InstituteRUDI Rural Distribution NetworkSAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSAGCOT Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor of TanzaniaSAP Structural Adjustment ProgrammeSCAAP Special Commonwealth Assistance for Africa ProgramSDAE District Services for Economic ActivitiesSDGs Sustainable Development GoalsSEA Solvent Extractors’ AssociationSETU Skill and Empower the Un-ServedSEWA Self-Employed Women’s AssociationSEWU Self-Employed Women’s UnionSFF Schmidt Family FoundationSHGs Self Help GroupsSIA Social Impact AssessmentSIB Social Impact BondsSIDO Small Industries Development OrganizationSIDS Small Island Developing StatesSITA Supporting Indian Trade and Investment for AfricaSME Small and Medium-sized EnterprisesSMS SEWA Manager Ni SchoolSMU Solar Multi-UtilitySNNPRS Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional

StateSOAS School of Oriental and African StudiesSOFI State of Food Security and Nutrition in the WorldSPSS Statistical Package for the Social SciencesSSA Sub-Saharan AfricaSSC South-South CooperationSSTC South-South and Triangular cooperationSTCs State Trading CorporationsSU/SSC Special Unit for South-South Cooperation

ABBREVIATIONS xxxv

SVCDC Sorghum Value Chain Development ConsortiumSWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and ThreatsSWTL Soil and Water Testing LaboratoriesTADB Tanzania Agricultural Development BankTASUPA Tanzania Sunflower Processors AssociationTB TuberculosisTERI The Energy and Resources InstituteTFTA Tripartite Free Trade AgreementTISI Trade and Investment Support InstitutionsToT Training-of-TrainerTPDF Tanzania People’s Defense ForceTPN Tanzania Pulses NetworkTRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsTShs Tanzanian ShillingTW Transit WarehouseUBSOF UBS Optimus FoundationUCGEA Uganda Ginners and Cotton Exporters AssociationUK United KingdomUMICs Upper Middle-Income CountriesUN United NationsUN COMTRADE United Nations International Trade Statistics DatabaseUN DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social

AffairsUNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNCDF United Nations Capital Development FundUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDRR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk ReductionUNECA (or ECA) United Nations Economic Commission for AfricaUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

ChangeUniBRAIN The Universities, Business, and Research in Agricultural

InnovationUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNOSSC United Nations Office for South-South CooperationUOSPA Uganda Oil Seed Producers and Processors AssociationUSA United StatesUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUSD United States DollarVAT Value Added TaxVB Visual BasicVEO Village Extension OfficerVOA Voice of America

xxxvi ABBREVIATIONS

VTC Vocational Training CentreW2W Women to WomenWAARI West African Agribusiness Resource IncubatorWACIP West African Cotton Improvement ProgramWCA West and Central AfricaWEF World Economic ForumWTO World Trade OrganizationZBNF Zero Budget Natural Farming

List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Connecting the dots: ICRISAT’s PPP initiativespromoting agri-entrepreneurship in Africa (NPK:Nutri-Plus Knowledge Program; ABI: Agri-BusinessIncubator of ICRISAT; INP: Innovation and PartnershipProgram) (Source Author’s creation) 84

Fig. 6.1 Main screen of the analysis tool (Source Author’scompilation) 119

Fig. 6.2 Districts of Amhara Region selected for Phase-I andPhase-II studies (Source Author’s picture) 122

Fig. 6.3 Districts of Oromia Region selected for Phase-I andPhase-II studies (Source Author’s picture) 123

Fig. 6.4 Districts of SNNPRS selected for Phase-I and Phase-IIstudies (Source Author’s picture) 124

Fig. 6.5 Districts of Tigray Region selected for Phase-I andPhase-II studies (Source Author’s picture) 125

Fig. 10.1 Size of agricultural holdings in Mozambique (SourceCGAP 2016) 197

Fig. 10.2 Graphical representation of the Hub and Spokemodel (Author) (CC: Collection Centre; TW: TransitWarehouse; CW: Central Warehouse; FACT: Factory;PW: Port Warehouse) (Source Author’s compilation) 205

Fig. 10.3 Inside the Collection Centre (Source Author’s photo) 207Fig. 10.4 The Nampula–Ribaue highway (Source Author’s photo) 209Fig. 11.1 Cultivated area versus pulses area (Source FAOSTAT

[2017]) 219

xxxvii

xxxviii LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 11.2 Pulses production in Ethiopia 2013–2017 (SourceFAOSTAT [2017]) 221

Fig. 11.3 Pulse production in Tanzania 2013–2017 (SourceFAOSTAT [2017]) 222

Fig. 11.4 Pulses production in Kenya 2013–2017 (SourceFAOSTAT [2017]) 223

Fig. 11.5 Pulses production in Malawi 2013–2017 (SourceFAOSTAT [2017]) 224

Fig. 12.1 Regions growing pulses in Tanzania (Source TanzaniaInvestment Centre 2016) 235

Fig. 12.2 Tanzania’s imports and exports to India (Source Author’scalculations based on TRA, n.d.) 238

Fig. 12.3 Value of Tanzania’s exports to India (in US$ million)(Source Author’s calculations based on TRA, n.d.) 240

Fig. 12.4 Tanzania’s exports to India versus Tanzania’s exports tothe world, 2007 (Source Author’s calculations) 241

Fig. 12.5 Tanzania’s exports to India versus Tanzania’s exports tothe world (Source Author’s calculations) 242

Fig. 12.6 Tanzania’s pulse exports to India (2008–2018) (SourceITC 2018) 245

Fig. 12.7 Pigeonpea exports by Tanzania to India (2013–2017)(Source ITC 2018) 251

Fig. 13.1 Map of Tanzania showing pulse-growing regions whereinformation was collected for the study (Source NationsOnline, n.d.) 265

Fig. 13.2 Map of Kilombero district rain-fed agriculture (SourceNations Online, n.d.) 266

Fig. 13.3 Income of smallholder farmers (average of TShs peryear). Income earned by farmers from crop farming andnon-crop farming (non-crop farming is included under‘others’) (Source Author’s data based on field survey inKamwene village, Kilombero district, 2017) 269

Fig. 13.4 Pulses with varied eye colours due to late harvesting(Source Author’s photo from field survey in Matemavillage, Kilombero district, 2017) 271

Fig. 13.5 Pulses stored well in a warehouse in the Babati Manyararegion, Tanzania (Source Author’s photo from fieldsurvey in the Babati Manyara region, Tanzania, 2017) 271

Fig. 13.6 Traditional ‘Vihenge’ storage technology, which isvulnerable to rodents and other vermin (Source Author’sphoto from field survey in Matema village, Kilombero,2017) 276

LIST OF FIGURES xxxix

Fig. 14.1 Support towards creating agri-infrastructure (SourceAuthor’s compilation) 305

Fig. 15.1 Amount of credit given by the EXIM Bank of India toAfrica (all sectors) x Total credit extended by the EXIMBank of India to Africa (agriculture and allied sectors)(Fiscal year 2004–2005 to 2016–2017) (Source Authors’calculations based on EXIM Bank of India database) 326

Fig. 15.2 Total credit committed and disbursed by the EXIM Bankof India to the agriculture and allied sectors in Africa(Fiscal Year 2004–2005 to 2016–2017) Source Authors’calculations based on EXIM Bank database 328

Fig. 15.3 Widening gap between credit committed and disbursedby the EXIM Bank of India to agriculture and alliedsectors in Africa by year (Fiscal Year 2004–2005 to2016–2017) (Source Authors’ calculations based onEXIM Bank 2016) 328

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Agricultural projects funded through LOCs from EXIMBank India (2003–2018) 35

Table 3.1 EXIM Bank of India’s Lines of Credit for clean energy 63Table 4.1 Area, production and yield of ICRISAT mandate crops

in Africa, Asia and the world 76Table 4.2 Germplasm chickpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, sorghum

and millets conserved in ICRISAT Genebanks 78Table 4.3 Number of varieties released from ICRISAT-bred

materials in Africa 81Table 4.4 Agribusiness Innovation and Incubation Consortia

under UniBRAIN project 85Table 4.5 Agribusiness Innovation Incubator Consortia (AIIC)

performance during implementation period 87Table 4.6 Expected overall impact from deliverables of FPBIC

Project over 5 years 89Table 6.1 Example of crop production data 116Table 6.2 Example of livestock population data 117Table 7.1 Cotton production in Africa 133Table 7.2 Summary of stakeholder feedback: Training/exposure

programmes conducted in India 146Table 8.1 SEWA’s work in Africa 165Table 11.1 Pulses imported by India 226Table 12.1 List of Tanzania’s export items to India. (US$ in 1000s) 234Table 12.2 Tanzania–India bilateral trade between 2008 and 2017

(in millions) 244

xli

xlii LIST OF TABLES

Table 12.3 Rankings of ease of doing business 246Table 13.1 Indian lines of credit to Tanzania 263Table 13.2 Sample size for study—Kamwene village 268Table 13.3 Question: Which of the proposed projects does the

Kamwene community need urgently? 279Table 14.1 Key crops that could be cultivated in select high

potential countries in Africa 290Table 15.1 EXIM Bank of India’s LOCs extended/disbursed to

agriculture and allied sectors in Africa (Fiscal Year2004–2005 to 2018–2019) 317

Table 16.1 Agreed payment by results achieved 350Table 16.2 Achieved outcomes of the DIB project 351Table 16.3 SWOT matrix applied to DIBs 356

List of Boxes

Box 4.1 Promoting Agribusiness Among the Youth 87Box 11.1 The International Year of Pulses 2016 218Box 14.1 Feed Africa Initiative of the African Development Bank

(AfDB) Group 291Box 14.2 Win-Win situation for India-Africa Cooperation in Farm

Investments 306

xliii