in s titutio n uni ted states natio nal m useum - Forgotten Books

SM I'

I‘

HSON IA IV‘IN ST I TUT ION

UNITED STATES NAT IONAL MUSEUM

Bu l let in 59

RECENT MADREPORARIA

OF. THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN

T . WAYLAND VAUGHANCustodian ol /l adreporarian Cora ls , U. S . N a l z

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ozm l fll useum

Geologist , U. S . Geo logi ca l S urvey

2 6 1959

WASH INGTONGO V E RNMENT PR INT ING O FF I CE

1 90 7

SM I'

I‘

H SON IAN IN ST I TUT ION

UN ITED STATES NAT IO NAL MUSEUMBu l let i n 59

RECENT MADREPORARIA

O l’ THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN

T . WAYLAND VAUGHANCustodian offli aa

’reporarz

’

an Cora l s , U. 5 . N ationa l fl'l useum

Geologisl , U. 5 . Geo l ogica l S urvey

WA SH INGTONGO V ERNMENT PR INT ING OFFI CE

1 90 7

Pub l ished Ju ly 1 2 , 1 907 .

ADVERTIS EMENT .

Th e sc i e n t ific pub l ica t i o n s of th e Na t io n al Mu seu m co n s is t of two se r i es— t h eBul letin a n d th e Proceedings .

Th e B ul l etin,pu b l i ca t io n of wh ic h was l ') egu n i n 1 875, i s a se r ies of m o r e o r l ess

ex te n s ive wo r ks i n te n ded to i l l u st r ate t h e co l lect i o n s o f th e U n i t ed Sta te s Nat io n a lMuseu m and

,w i t h t h e excep t io n n o ted be low

,is i ssued sepa r ate l y . Th ese bu l let i n s

a r e m o n ogr aph i e i n Scope a n d a r e devoted p r i n c i pa l l y to th e d i scuss io n of l argez oo logi ca l a n d bota n ica l gr o ups , fau n a s a n d floras

,cont r i bu t i o n s to a n th r opo logy ,

r epo r ts of exped i t i o n s,e tc . The} a r e usua l l y o f octave s i z e ,

a l though a q ua r to fo r m ,k n ow n a s th e S pec ia l Bu l let i n

,has bee n adop ted i n a few i n s ta n ces i n w h i ch a la rge r

page was dee m ed irul ispensa kde.

Th is wo r k fo r m s NO . 59 ot'

the Bu l l e t i n se r i es .S i n ce 1 902 th e vo l u m es o f the se r ies k n ow n as the National

a n d co n tai n i ng pape r s r e l at i ng to t he bota n i ca l co l lect io n s of t h eMuseu m

,have bee n pub l is hed a s b u l let i n s .

Th e th e fi r s t vo l u m e o fwh i c h was i s sued in 1 87 8. a r e i n te n ded as am ed i u m o fpu b l icat io n o f b r ief o r igi n a l pape r s based o n th e co l lect io n s of t h e Nat i o n a lMuseu m , a n d set t i n g fo r th n ew l y acqu i r ed facts i n bio logy , a n t h r opo logy , a n dG eo logy de r i ved t he r e f r o m , o r co n ta i n i ng desc r ipt io n s of n ew fo r m s and r ev i s io n s o fl i m i ted gr ou ps . A vo l u m e i s i ssued a n n ua l l y

,o r oftencr,

fo r d i st r i bu t i o n to l i b r a r iesa n d sc ie n t ifi c estab l ish m e n ts , a n d i n V i ew of t he i m po r ta n ce of th e m o r e p r o m p td i sse m i n a t io n o f new fac ts a l i m i ted ed i t io n o f each pape r i s p r i n ted i n pa m ph le t”fo r m i n adva n ce .

CH AR LE S D . l ‘VALCOTT,

Secretary of the Smi th son z’

cm Insti tution .

WAS H INGTO N,U . S . A .

,Jame l o L9O7 .

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

I n trod uct io nC lass ifica t io n of the Mad reporariaThe spec ies p rob lem i n coral sNeed ofex per ime n ta l i n v est iga tio n a n d more elabora te s tud ies of v a r iat io n i n cora l sH i s tor y of systema t i c work on H awa i ia n Mad reporar iaSystemat i c l i s t of the fau na , w i th the sta t io n n umbers, etc .

L i s ts show i ng the geog raph ic d i str i bu t io n of the Madrepora r ia arou n d the Hawa i ia n I s la n ds .Ba thymetric d i str ibu t io nD i st r ibu t io n accord i n g to tempera tu reI n flue n ce of the cha rac ter ofthe bottom on d i s tr i bu t io nAdd i t io n a l factors go v er n i n g the d i str i bu tio n ofMad reporar iaFau n a] affi n i t ies ofthe Hawa i ia n Mad reporar iaS y stemat ic d i sc uss io n ofthe fau n a

N'Iadreporaria ImperforataFam i l y Flabel l idae

Gardineria

Placotroehus

Fam i ly Caryophyl li idaeGe n us Desmophyl lum

Paracyath usDel tocyathus

Caryophyl l ia

Cyathoeeras

Ceratotroeh us

Fam i ly Anthem iph y l l iidze

Ge n u s An themip‘

hyl l ia

Fam i ly Ocu l i n i daeG e n us MadreporaFam i l y S tylophorida'

:

Ge n us Madracis

Fam i l y Poc i l loporidafGe n us Poci l lopora

Cyphastrea

Fam i ly Favi idaeGe n us Ccelastrea

Ge n u s Mussa

TA BL E OF CONTENTS .

Systema t ic d i scu ss io n of th e fau n a— Co n t i n ued .

Mad reporar ia FungidaFam i l yr Fungiidae

Ge n us Fu n g ia

Leptoseris

Psammocora

Bathyactis

Madrepora ria l’erforataFam i ly Eupsamm idac

Bib l iography

I n dex

PLATE I .

I I .

I I I .

I V .

V I ;

V I I .

V I I I .

X I I I .X I V .

X V I I .V I I I .M

XX V I .XX V I I .XX V I I I .

XXIX .

XXX ] .

XXXI I .

LI ST OF PLATES .

F label l um pavon inum va r . lamel lulosum A l cock ; F labe l l um pavon inun i Lesso n ,t y p ica lF labe l l um pavoniuu l n Lesso n ; F label l um pavon inun i var . la tum S tuder ; F labe l l umpaxon inum ,

t ra n s i tio n form to v a r . distinctun i M i l n e Edward s a n d l l aime ; F labe ll um pavonnu in v ar . distinctum M i l n e E dwa rds a n d Ha i ine

F labe l l um pavon inum v a r . paripavoninum A l cock ; F labe l l um de ludens Mare nz e l ler

Gardineria hawai iensis Vanorhan ; Placotrochus fuso n s Vauorhan : ParacvathusO O

gardineri V a ugha nCaryophyl l ia alcoc k i V augha n ; Caryoph y l l ia octopal i V augha n ; Caryoph yl l ia

octopal i var . i n certa V augha n ; CaryOphyl l ia hawaiiensis Vaurrhan .

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Paracyathus tenuicalyx V augha n ; Paracyathus mauiensis V augha n ; I’aracyath u

molok ens is V a ugha n ; Deltmeyath ns andaman icus A l cock ; Trochocvath us Ga l l b I l S lE,V augha n

. Cvathoccras diomedeae V augha n ; Desmophyl lum cristao al l i M i l n e Edwards a n dI—Iaime ; Ceratotroch us laxa s V augha n ; Anthem iphyl l ia pacifica V augha n .

Mad repora k auaiensis V augha n ; M ussa ? sp . you ng?Madrat -Es k auaiensis V a ugha n ; Madracis k auaiensis var . macrocal vx V a ugha nPoci l lopora ces p i tosa Da n a, ty p ica lPocil lopora cesp i tosa Da na , t y p ica ll ’oc il lopora ces‘pi tosa , v a r iet ies tum i da V a ugha n a n d sty lophoroides V augha nPoi -i l l lpO l

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fl ces‘pi tosa , va r iet ies lay sanens is V augha n a n d styloph oroides V augha n .cesp i tosa var . stylop horoides V augha n ; Pocil lopora meandrina var . n obi l i

V er r i l lPoc il lopm

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a mo lok ensis V augha nl

’oc i l lopora l igu lata Da n a ; I’oc i l lormra molok ensis V augha nPoc i l lo po ra mo l lumanens’

s V augha n ; Poci l lopora l igu la ta Da n aPocil loli ora l igu lata Da n aPoc il lopora l igu lata Da n aI ’Ocil lopora l igu la ta Da n aPocil lopora l igu lata Da n aPoci l lopora meandrina v a r . n ob i l i s V er ri l lPoci l lopora meandrina var . n ob i l i s V err i l ll - ’oci l lopora inform is Da n a .

Leptastrea hawai iensis V augha n ; Leptastrea agassiz i V augha n ; (‘

yphastrea occ l l ina

(Da n a )Cyphastrea ocel l ina (Da n a ) ; CLE’IZIS I I’GR tennis V er ri l l ; Fa v ia hawaiiensis V augha n _Bathyactis hawai iensis V aug ha n ; Fu n g ia pate l la E l l i s a n d So la n der )Fu n g ia frag i l i s (A l cock ) ; Fu n g ia pa te l la (E l l i s a n d So la n der i ; Fu n gia scutaria

Lama rckFu n g ia sou tar ia LainarckFu n g ia se n ta r ia LamarckFu n g ia se n tar ia LamarckFu n g ia scutaria Lama rck

V I I I

‘7'

_V

c-f Z V

,

b h—J

5—4

il

XL V I .

XL V I I .

XL V I I I .XL IX .

L .

LI .

L I I .L I I I .Ll V .

L V .

L V I .L V I I .LVI l l .

Lx'

I l .

LX II I .I n

’

l V .

LX V I .

LX V I I .LX V I I I .

LXIX .

LXX I .

LXX I I .

LXXI I I .

L I ST OF PLATES .

Fu ngia oahensis Doder le i nFu n g ia oahens is Jl iiderle inFu n g ia pau inotensis S tutch bnryFu n g ia ei -h i n ata (Pa l las )Fu n g ia ech i n at‘a (Pa l las )Pa vo n a v a r ia n s V err i l l ; Pa vo n a dueri len i V augha nLeptoseris hawaiiensis V augha nLeptoseris hawaiiensis V augha nLeptoseris scab ra V augha nLeptoseris d ig i ta ta V augha n ; Leptoseris tu bu l i fera V augha n

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Leptoseristubu l i fera V augha n ; S tephanaria ste ll a ta V er ri l l ; S tephanaria b r ig

ham i V augha nPsann novora v e rr i l l i V augha n ; Stephanophyl l ia formosissima Mose ley ; E n dopachys oah ense augha n ; Balanophyl l ia. hawa i iensis V augha n

Balanophyl l iadesmoph y l l ioidcs V augha n ; BaIan<1>phyl l ia laysanensis V a ugha n ;BalanOph y l l ia cl ionriedeze V augha n ; Balanophyl l ia diomedeae var . mau i enS is

V augha nDeine phyl l ia oahensis V augha n ; DendrOphyl l ia serpe n t i n a V augh a n ; Dendrophyl l ia l ua n n i V er r i l l

An isOpsamm ia amph el ioides A l cock ) ; An isopsammia amphel ioides v a r. c ucu ll ata V augha n

An isopsannn ia amphel io ides v a r . c ucu l lata V augha nAc ropo ra ec h i n ata (Da n a ) , ty peAcropora ech i n a ta (Da n a ) , typeAcropora ech i n ata (Da n a ) , ti de S tuder , from the Hawa i ia n I s la n ds ; spec ime nide n ti fied by Studer as Montipora pa tu la

Montipora d i latata S tuder ; Mon tipora flabel lata S tuderMon tipora verrucosa (Lama rck )Mon tipora ver rucosa (Lannarck )Mo n ti pora verrucrgnsa (Lama rckMon tipora v er rucosa (Lama rck )Mo n t i pora v er rucosa (Larnarck )Montipora v errucosa (Lama rck )Montipora v errucosa (Lama rck )Montipora tenuicau l is V augha n ; Mon tipora bernari l i V augha n ; Montipora

ber n a rd i v a r . subglabra V augha nMontipora flabe l lata Stude rMon tipora studeri V augha nMon tipora stndcri V augh an ; Montipm a v err i l l i V augha nMontipora v err i l l i V aughMoa tipora patn la V er r i l lPor i tes mordax Dana

Por i tes compressa Da n aPor i tes compressa. forlna angustisepta V augha n ; Por i tes compressa fo rmaangust isepta subfon na del icatu la V augha n ; Por i tes compressa Da n aPor i tes comp ressa forma angustisepta subforn‘

ia del icatula V augha n ; Pori tescompressa for i n a angustisepta subforma paucispi na V augha nPor i tes con ipressa for i n a frag i l i s V augha nPor i tes compressa l’or i n a l'ragil is V augha n ; Por i tes compressa forma conjunge n s V augha nPori tes compressa forma profundical yx V augha n ; l ’or i tos compressa formap i losa V augha nPori tes compressa fo l -ma densimurata V augha n ; Por i tes compressa formagranimurata V augha n ; Por i tes mordax Da n a

PLATE LXX I V .

LXX V .

LXX V I .

LXXXI I I .

LXXXI V .

LXXX V .

LXXX V I I I .LXXX IX .

XC V I .

LI ST (IF PL ATE S .

Por i tes compressa forma c la v us V augha n ; Por i tes comp ressa forma compac taV augha nPor i tes compressa forma divaricans V augha n ; Pori tes compressa forma b re v irainosa V augha nPor i tes comp ressa forma elo n gata Da n a ; Por i tes compressa Iorma profundorumV augha nPo r i tes compressa for i n a abacu s V augha nPor i tes compressa forma tum i da V augha n ; Po r i tes compressa forma abacusV augha n ; Por i tes duerdeni V augha nPor i tes duerdeni V augha nPor i tes evermann i V augha nPor i tes loba ta Da n a ; Por i tes evermann i V augha nPor i tes lobata form -

a lacera V augha n ; Pori tes lobata forma i n fu n d ibu l umV augha n ; Pori tes lobata forma ce n t ra l i s subforma de l ta V augh a nPor i tes lobata form -

a infundibu lun i V augha n ; Po r i tes loba ta forma laceraV augha n ; Porites lobata forma ce n t ra l i s subforma al pha V augha n .Por i tes lobata forma ce n t ra l i s subforma a l p ha Vaugha n ; Por i tes loba ta formace n tra l i s subforma gamma V augha n ; Por i tes brighami V augha nPor i tes lobata forma ce n tra l i s subforma de l ta V augha n ; Por i tes ber nard iV augha n

Por i tes quelch i S tuderPor i tes la n ug i n osa S tuder ; Fa v ia rud i s V er r i l l a n d Leptastrea stel lulata V err i l l(fide S tuder )Po ri tes la n ug i n osa S tuder ; Por i tes studeri V augha nPor i tes schauiuslandi S tuder ; Por i tes d i scoi dea St uderPor i tes te n u i s V err i l l ; Por i tes l iche n Da n a ; Por i tes reti cu losa Da n aPor i tes ret icu losa Dana ; Por i tes (Synaraea ) hawaiiensis V augha n ; Alveopora

verril l iana Da n aMont ipora d i latata S tuderPor i tes compressa forma angust isepta V augha nPor i tes puk oensis V augha nPor i tes puk oensis V augha nPor i tes loba ta forma ce n t ra l i s subforma eps i lo n V augha n

Page.

RECENTMADREPORARIA OFTHE HAWAIIAN ISLANDSAND LAYSAN.

B y T . ‘VAYLAND VAUGHAN ,Custodian. of Mrul reporarian Cora ls, U. S . Nat'z

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mml Museum,and Geologist, (7. S . S‘wrneu.

I N TRODUCT ION .

Afte r th e r etu r n of th e U . S . Bu r eau o f F i s he r ies s tea m e r exped i t io nof 1 902 f r o m th e Hawai ia n Is l a n ds , P r of . C . H . Gi l be r t re ques ted m e to p r epa re ar epo r t o n th e Mad r epo r a r ia that had bee n co l lected . Th e m ate r i a l p r oved m o r ei n te r es ti ng tha n was a t fi r s t a n t i c ipated

,a n d as a co n s ide rable n u m be r of th e o r igi n a l

spec i m e n s of the U n i ted S tates Exp lo r i ng E xped it io n u n de r Capta i n Wi l kes we r ep r ese r ved i n t h e U n i ted S ta tes Nat io n al Museu m i t was dec ided to a tte m pt a s fu l l a naccou n t of th e Mad r epo r a r i a n fau n a of t h e i s l a n ds as i s a t p r ese n t poss i b le . I n th eexecu t io n of t h i s pu r pose ass i s ta n ce has bee n r ece ived f r o m a n u m be r of pe r so n s

,a n d

to th ese I des i r e to e xp r ess m y h ea r t ies t th a n k s .P r of . A. E . Ve r r i l l

,o f Yale U n ive r s i t y

,a l lowed the s tud y of h i s ow n tvpes

a n d those o f Da n a p r ese r ved i n Ya le U n ive r s i ty Museu m . H e loa n ed specunens fo rt he pu r pose of h av i ng th e m p hotog r aph ed . a n d do n ated f r ag m e n ts of t y pes n ot i n t h eU n i ted S tates Nat io n al Museu m .

D r . W. T . B r igha m , D i r ecto r of t he Be r n i ce Pauah i B i shop Museu m . of Ho no lu lu

,h ad co l lect io n s m ade o n th e r eefs of Mo loka i a n d Oah u .

P r o f . Theodo r e S tude r,of Be r n e , se n t photogr aph s of the co r a ls f r o m th e

Hawai i a n I s l a n ds and Laysan , figu r ed in h is Madreporarier von Sa m oa. de nSa n dw ich - I n se l n u n d Laysan .

P r o f . Ludw ig Dode r l e i n , of t h e U n i ve r s i t y of- S t r assbu rg,se n t photogr aph s of

h is F amgéa. grow a n d I 7 . oa/wnsis , a n d ide n t ified fo r m e the spec i m e n s of p atel la

f r o m the Hawa i ia n Is l a n ds.

M r . He n r y M . Be r n a rd,of the B r i t ish Museu m (Natu ra l H is to r y ) , f u r n ish ed

adva n ce p r oofs o f th e p l ates of th e Hawai ia n P orites f r o m h i s vo lu m e. o n th e Po r i tesof t h e I n do - Pacific Regio n a n d gave h i s op i n io n , f r o m photograph s sent h i m . o f

P orites eve/wa nna.

D r . R i cha r d Rath bu n,Assis ta n t Sec r e ta r y o f th e. S m it hso n i a n I n st i t u t io n , i n

c ha rge of t h e U n i ted States Nat io n a l Museu m , has a l lowed u n re st r i cted use o f a l lth e m ate r ia l i n t he m use u m u n de r h i s cha rge . As has alreadv been s ta ted . t h ism ate r ia l co m p r i se s a n u m be r of Da n a’s t y pes .

32301 — 0 7— 1

2 REC ENT MA D RE I’U RA R IA “ I“

TH E HAWA I I AN ISLAN DS AND LAYSAN .

Fo r pu r pose s o f co m pa r i so n , access was gi ve n to th e co l l ect i o n s of t h e Yal eU n i ve r s i t y Museu m a n d of t h e U n i ted S tate s N at io n al Museum . Th e co l l ect io n m adeby t h e AIM/m as u nde r D r . A lexa n de r Agas s i z i n th e Sou th Pac ifi c i n 1 900 , a n d aeo l l<~mt ion se n t b y D r . Cha r le s (lravier, of th e Mnsé um d

’

I—l isto ire Nat u r e l le , Pa r i s ,m ade b y h i m se l f o n the coas t of F r e n ch So m al i l a n d Eas t Af r i ca , we r e st ud ie d .M r

. JI . E . (I . S to kes a n d D r . C . Mo n t ague (J‘ook e . of t h e Be r n i ce Pau ah i B i shopMu seu m

. of Ho n o l u l u , have fu r n i sh ed va l uabl e data o n th e ph y s i cal su r r ou n d i ngs ofth e co ra l s wh i c h they col lected o n th e Hawai i a n r eefs , a po r t io n of wh ic h we r e l ate rse n t to th e U n i ted S tates Nat io n a l Museu m b y D r . IV. T . B r igha m .

P r o f . J. E . Duerde n,du r i ng the su m m e r o f 1 904, m ade a n e xte n s i ve co l l ect io n

of Hawai i a n sh al low - wate r co ra l s u n de r th e au sp i ces of th e Ca r n egi e I n st i tu t i o n a n dthe A m e r i ca n Mu seu m of Natu r al H i s to r y (New Yo r k) . An oppo r tu n i t y to s tud yth i s m at e r ia l was gra n ted by th e two orga n i z at io n s co n ce r n ed , a n d a set of du p l icateswas p r ese n ted to th e U n i ted S tates Nat io n a l Museu m b y th e t r u s tees of t h e Ca r n egi eI n s t i tu t io n .I n t h e. p r epa r at io n o f th is wo r k seve r al tasks h ave bee n set. Th e y a r e as fo l low s1 . To desc r i be a n d figu r e al l fo r m s k n ow n f r o m the Hawa i ia n wate r s o r supposed

to (re-cur i n the m , i n so tho r ough a m a n n e r t hat r e fe r e n ce to p r ev ious pub l i ca t i o n s o nth e IVIadrcporaria o f the i s l a n ds w i l l n ot be n ecessa r y . I t has n o t , h ow eve r , bee nposs i b l e. to figu r e th e Porites co n ta i n ed i n Be r n a r d’s r ece n t vo l u m e o n th e Po r i tes oft he I n do - l ’acifie r egio n .

2 . To th r ow as m uc h l igh t as poss i b le o n th e m o r ph o logy of th e h a r d pa r ts , a n do n p r ob le m s of c l ass i ficat io n deal t w i th f r o m t hat s ta n dpoi n t .

3 . To de sc r i be th e v a r i z-rt ions o f th e d i ffe r e n t fo r m s r ep r e se n ted as t ho r ough l yas t h e m ate r i a l a n d th e co n d i t io n s u n de r wh i ch th e wo r k was do n e wou l d pe r m i t .

4. To r eco r d the ph y s i ca l co n d i tio n s u n de r wh i ch th e d i ffe r e n t fo r m s l iv e i n asm uch detai l as pos s i b le

,a n d to dete r m i n e the i nflue n ces of depth a n d te m pe r a tu r e o n

d i s t r i but io n . I n th i s co n n ectio n th e g r eat n eed of experimental ph y s io l ogi cal wo r ko n m e m be r s of th e gr o up i s repeated l y po i n ted out .

5. The afii nities o f the Hawai i a n Mad r epo r a r i a to th e Mad r epo r a r i a of othe ra r eas i n th e I n do - Pac il ic r egio n a r e co n s ide r ed , a n d a n h y pothe s i s as to th e o r igi n o fthe fau n a i s sugges ted .No othe r pe r so n can be so co n sciou s of th e sho r tco m i ngs a n d i m pe r fectio n s of

th i s pape r as m y se l f , s i n ce th e re i s o n eve r y s ide “a n i n suffi c ie n c y of data . A l l th ati t i s h oped to have acco m p l ish ed i s to have p r ese n ted a bod y o f facts g r ou pedtl l

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t i l l l l Cl c e r tai n defi n i te p r ob le m s , a n d , m a y be , to h ave r e n de r ed so m e ass ista n ce inu n de r s ta n d i ng a gr oup of o rga n i s m s whose comp lex i t y a n d pe r p lex i ng na tu r e a r ereal i z ed by on l a. s m a l l bod y of spec ia l is ts .

C L A S S I F ICA T ION OF TH E M A D RE POR A R I A .

It i s o n l y to r epeat w h at has bee n said b y eve r y r ece n t s tude n t of t h egr o u p to

sa y that th e r e is n o sa t i sfacto r y c l ass ifi cat io n of th e l\/Iadreporaria. A z oo logi calc lass i ficat io n is supposed to r ep r ese n t desce n t ; i n o r d e r to co n s t r u ct a logi ca l o n e ,a ph y l oge n e t ic val uat io n m us t be p l aced o n each ch a r acte r ; bu t we a r e n ot y e t su r e

BULLETI N 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL M USEUM .

of th e co r r ect n es s o f ou r a b l at io n of th e cha r acte r s . Th e fo l low i ng c l a ss i ficat io nu sed i n t h is pape r

MADR-EPORAR IA IMPERFORATA .

Fam i ly FLA BE LL I D E . Fam i ly STYLorru rin run .

Ge n us F/ahe/jrrm .

Ga rd-i n cr ia .

1 ) IttCUbr'OC/H ts .

Gen us 31 0 drucis.

Fam i ly POCI LLoPomD /E .

Fam i ly CA RYO P I I YLLI I D E .

Ge n us Pocdlol rom .

Ge n u s DesmoPhyl l -

um.

Fam i ly ORB ICE LLI DAE.

Dcltocyatlrus .

Trochocyathus.Ge n us Lep lastreu .

Caryophyl l iu . Qt/p hd Sh'

d .

Cir/athocem s.

Cera lotroch lw.

Fam i ly Ax'

rfl EM l I’H YLLI I D /E,new.

Ge n u s Ant/remiphyl l ia .

Fam i l y OCULI N I D /‘

E .

Fam i ly MUSS I D IE

Ge n usMadrepora . Ge n us Jl 'ussu .

MADRE PORAR IA FUNGI DA .

Fam i ly FUNG I l D /E . Fam i lyGe n us Fungia . Ge n us Parana .

Lep loscris .

S tep hana'riu .

PSanmnocora .

Ba lhyuc l is.

MADRE PORAR IA PERFORATA .

Fam i l y EUPSAMM I D /E . Fam i ly ACRO POR I D ZE .

Ge n u s S lephanophyl l ia .Ge n us ACI OPO’TL

E nrlopachys.Mon tiPOM

Bala'nop hyl l i

a. Fam i ly Ponrrrn j s.

De'mlrophyl lm.

Anisop samm-ia . Ge n u s Por ites.

Fam i ly FAvosr'e .E .

Ge n u s xl lrf'opora .

One fa m i l y i s desc r i bed a s n ew,th e Anthemiphyl l i idee. Th e othe r fa m i l ies h ave

n ow beco m e m o r e o r le ss t r ad i t io n al . I s hou l d l i ke to sa y tha t I se r iou s l y dou b t th eaffi n i t y of A lveop om w i th th e Pa l eoz o ic F avosvftes , i n sp i te of th e exce l le n t a rgu m e n tswh ich h ave bee n b r ough t fo r wa r d to m ai n tai n th at co n c l us io n . I do n o t, h oweve r ,k n ow a n y m ode r n pe r fo r ate coral to w h ich Alceopom sh ows i n i ts ske leta l cha r ac te r sa n y c lose r e l a t io n sh ip .

4 REGENT MA DRE PORAR IA OF TE F H AWA I IAN ISLAN DS AND LAY S AN .

Th e use of b y te s-treat as a ge n us n a m e i s co n t i n u ed , al th o ugh M r . S ta n le yGa r d i n e r “ th i n ks t hat i t shou ld be r efe r r ed to the s y n o n y m y of Orlj iceZZa . A ce r ta i nn u m be r o r a gr ou p of orl‘ricc l lan co ra l s are cha racte r i z ed b y a co m pact , cos ta lexotheca , to w h i c h th e n a m e Lep frl s l /‘

r’tt was app l ied . I fi n d the n a m e co n ve n ie n t.bu t th i n k t h at. i t p r obab l y s hou l d be reducr-ed to subgt-z n o r i c r a n k .

TH E S P E C I E S PROB L EM IN COR A L S .

The spec i es p r ob l e m , as a p r ob le m of ge n e ra l b io logy , is s t i l l a subj e ct ofv igo r ous debate a n d w ide d ive rge n c e. of op i n io n s a m o ng b io logis ts . So m e co n te n dthat spec ies o r igi n a te b y th e gradua l accu m u l a t io n of s m a l l d i ffe r e n ces , th e d i ve rge n ce of th e daugh te r f r o m th e pa r e n t spec ie s be i ng b y infin itesimalsg

b othe r s ,de V r ie s a n d h i s fo l lowe r s

,m a i n ta i n t hat n ew spec i es do n o t owe th e i r o r igi n to

such i n fi n i tes i m a l d i ve rge n ce , but sudde n l y sp r i ng i n to ex i s te n ce , d i ffe r i ng a t th ebegi n n i ng by d i st i n c t l acu n ae f r o m th e pa r e n t spe c ies . So m e ad m i t th at n ew spec iesm a y co m e i n to e x is te n ce b y e i th e r p r oces s . I have pu t m y se l f o n r eco r d as be l i ev i ngthat th e data a ccu m u l ated to the p r e se n t t i m e a r e n o t suffi c i e n t to wa r r a n t ou r fo r ming a pos i t i ve co n c l us io n .S i n ce the p r ob l e m as to how n ew spec i es o r igi n ate has n ot bee n sat i s fac to r i l y

so l ved,a logi ca l l y gr ou n ded de fi n i t io n of b io logica l spec i es i s at p r ese n t i m poss i b le .

The fo l low i ng defi n i t io n i s assu m ed : rel species is (l group of individua ls connected

ng tltmns el zres by irate/grading c/zmwetcrs and sep arated by di sti nct lacunaefrom.

a l l other individuals or group s of i ndie ideals. The lucunee , o r d i sco n t i n u i t y ofc ha r acte r s

,wou ld be ac cou n ted fo r by the i n fi n i tes i m a l th eo r y o n the assu m pt io n

th at th e i n te rgrades , assu m ed o n ce to h ave ex is ted , have beco m e e x t inc t ; t h em u tat io n theo r y assu m es that th e y n e ve r ex isted . Wh i cheve r th eo r y m a y beco r r e c t

,th e r ecogn i t io n a n d defi n i t io n of spec ies is based o n th e s tud y of va r i at io n .

Va r i at io n i n co r a ls is , we k n ow , gr eat a n d co m p lex . I f we k n e w i ts l i m i ts , weshou ld k n ow the l i m i ts of t he d i ffe r e n t spec ies . Be r n a r d . i n cata logu i ng t h e.Pe r fo ra te Co r a ls in the Bri t ish Museu m (Natu r al H i sto r y ) , expe r i e n ced so nruchd i ffi cu l t y i n de fi n i ng th e m f r o m th e co l lect io n s a t h i s d i sposa l tha t h e dec idedto aba n do n th e L i n n aea n s y s te m of n o m e n c l atu r e , a n d to u se i n h i s cata logue s ageograph ica l n u m be r s y s te m .Th i s s y s te m has bee n e xpou n ded i n fou r difi'

erent pub l i ca t io n s . “1 Th e sch e m esugges ted c an be b r i efl y ou t l i n ed as fo l lows : The spec i m e n s be lo ngi ng to a gi ve nger m s f r o m a spec i fi c loca l i t y o r a n a r ea a r e d i v ided i n to as m a n y fo r m s as possib l e ,as

,fo r exa m p l e , he r ecogn i z e s 9 d i ffe r e n t k i n ds o f P ie /teas f r o m th e. Hawai i a n Is l a n ds .“Mad repora r ia , Fau n a a n d Geography ofthe Ma ld i ve a n d Laci -adive A rch i pe lagoes

,I I

,p

. 774.

b (T‘

. H . Mer r iam ,l s Mu ta t io n a Fac tor i n the E vo l ut io n ofthe H igher V erteb ra tes ? Sc ie n ce

,1 1 . s .

,XXI I I,1 906 , pp . 241 —247 .

( The Work ofH ugo dev r ies a n d i ts Impo rta n ce in the S tud y of Prob lem s ofE v o l u t io n . Sc ie n ce,

1 1 . s .,XX I I I

,1 906 , pp . 681 —691 .

(1A paper read before th e L i n n aea n Soc iety ofLo n do n,Feb ruary 7

,1 901 , pp . 1 0, 1 1 .

Nomenclatur u n d Entwick elungsleh re , I n ter n a tio n a l Z oo l . Congr.,Ber l i n

,1 90 1

,pp

. 891 — 896 .

The. Un i t of C lass ifica t io n for Systemat ic B io logy,Proceed i n gs

,Camb r idge Ph i losop h i cal Society ,XI

,1 90 1

,pp . 268—280.

The Ge n us Gon iopora,Cat . Mad re n . . B r i t . Mus . (Natu ra l H i s tory ) , I V , pp . 34, 35.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

6 RECENT MADRE I ’ORAR I A 0 1" TH E HAWA I I AN I SLAN DS A ND LAYS AN .

varietv' i s used i n t he s igni lic z-mce usua l l y a tt r i bu ted to i t i n A m e r i ca A va r ie t y

wou ld be a seco n da r y m ode o n a spec ie s cu r ve . Th e de V r ies va r i ety ” s hou l d b ea r et r ograde “ spec i es . ” M r . Ga r d i n e r , i n speak i ng of Fungi /r, (l en tig/cra as p r obabl ybe i ng a “ t r ue '

arictv,‘7 m i sapp l ies th e de V r ies te r m “

va r i e t y . ” Fungia (len tige'ra

d i ffe r s f r o m J". scutcw'iu. b y th e pos sess io n of s t r o ngl y deve loped te n tacu l a r l obes .These te n tacu l a r lo be s a r e an added

,n o t a rc trogress ive cha r acte r ; th e r efo r e i n th e

dc V r i e s se n se J”. (slan t/gem ca n n ot be a “ va r ie ty .

'

I f J". scu taria h as los t i tste n tacu la r lobes i t m igh t be a “

varietv' of J". (tau t/gem . Late r , i t i s show n th at

J". dm tigwu a n d F. scutur/(t a r e co n n ected b y co n t i n uou s va r i at io n s .Pori tes comj u

'essa a n d Pori tes [abut/fr, a r e d i v ided i n to n u m e r ous form -ac

”and

subfornuc .

” The va r ia t io n s r eco r ded have bee n obse r ved , a n d i t i s be l iev ed th atthe y s hou ld be de s c r i bed a n d figu r ed , but th e i r o r igi n i s n o t k n ow n . I t i s n o t k n o w nwh eth e r th e y are of ga m e t ic o r vegetat ive o r igi n . So m e o f the m m a y be o f spec i ficval ue but th e co n fo r m i t y to a t y pe i s so c lose l y fo l lowed th r ough out a l l o f t hem and

the r e is so m uch observab le i n t i-n'

grzulat ion tha t I fancv thev al l i n te rgr ade .Th r oughou t th i s pape r , howeve r , I have s t r ive n ea r n est l y to m ake c lea r w h at

fo r m s,eve n dow n to m i n o r va r i at io n s , have bee n s tud ied , so that th e n o m e n c l atu r e

m a y be co n s ide r ed of m i n o r i m po r ta n ce . The desc r ipt io n s a r e. usua l l y e l abo r ate ,man v s tat i s t ical tab les a r e gi ve n , a n d th e i l lus t rat io n s a r e p r o fuse .

N E E D O F E X P E R IM E N T A L I N V E ST IGA T ION AN D M ORE E L A B OR A T E S TUD I E SOF V A R I A T IO N I N COR A L S .

S tud i es of va r i at io n s , su c h as those co n tai n ed i n th i s pape r , m a y appea r e l abo r at eto pe r so n s w ho have n ot go n e deep l y i n to t he subjec t, b ut i n r ea l i t y t h e y a r e of o n l ya p r e l i m i n a r y n atu r e

,fo r as s tated i n th e i n t r od ucto r y r e m a r ks “ th e r e is o n every

s ide an i n suffic ie n c y o f data , ” a n d co n seq ue n t l y i t i s n o t poss i b le to so l ve m a n y ofthe fu n da m e n ta l

.

p r ob le m s pe r tai n i ng to th e gr oup . Th e s tu d y of va r i at io n isi n sepa r ab l e f r o m expe r i m e n tal ph y s i o logi ca l i n v es tigat io n s , fo r th ese a r e a n e cessa r yfo u n da t io n fo r th e u n de r s ta n d i ng of va r i at io n .M r . J. S ta n le y Ga r d i n e r d iv ides va r i at ion i n t he Mad r epo r a r i a i n to t h r ee c l asses

(a) Con tinuous , (b) vegeta t ive, a n d (c) discon tin uous o r specifi c .

” I th i n k two k i n dsshou ld be r ecogn i z ed : (a) Gameti c, (b) vegetative. Gal actic va r i a t io n i s due to d i fferences i n t h e pa r e n ta l ga m e tes , a n d , s hou l d the de V r ies m u ta t i o n h y poth es i s beco r r ect

,i t shou l d be d iv ided i n to contin uous a n d discon tin uous . I

'

Tegctutivc va r i at io ni s d ue to th e effect p r odu ced u po n the o rga n i s m b y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t u n de r w h ichi t l ives .Va r i at io n i n t h e Mad r epo ra r i a shou ld be s tu d ied i n t h r ee wa y s : (1 ) I n n atu r e

w i thou t expe r i m e n t ; (2 ) i n n a tu r e b y e xpe r i m e n t ; (3) u n de r a r t ificia l co n di tio n s inaqua r i a .

1 . I n. nature wi t/tou t experi nwn t.—Co r al fi e lds

,acco r d i ng to th i s m e th od , s hou ld

b e eco logi ca l l y su r ve y ed . The st ud y o f spec i m e n s of th e sa m e spec i es ob ta inedu n de r th e sa m e ph y s ica l co n d i t io n s wou l d give i n fo r m at io n o n ga m e t i c va r ia t io n ,wh i l e t h e co m pa ra t i ve s tud y of spec i m e n s be lo ngi ng to t h e sa m e spec ies , obta i n ed

0 Mad repora ria , Fau n a a n d Geography ofthe Ma ld i ve a n d Lacca d i v e A rch i pe lagoes , I I , p . 939.

b Idem,p . 755.

BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NAT ION AL M USEUM .

u n de r d i ffe r e n t p h y s ica l co n d i t io n s , wo u l d th r ow l igh t o n t he i n flue n ce exe r ted byth e e n v i r o n m e n t . N u m e r ou s f rag m e n ta r y s tud ies of th i s k i n d have bee n m ade . bu tn o n e h as bee n th o r o ugh l y do n e . As m uch i n fo r m at io n ob tai n ed i n th i s wa y , as i sposs i b le , i s gi ve n i n t h e p r ese n t m e m o i r .

2 . I nnature by— By p l a n t i ng attached y ou ng u n de r the sa m e ph y s i ca l

co n d i t io n s ga m e t ic va r i at io n co u ld be obse r v ed . B y t ra n sp l a n t i ngspec i m e n s f r o m o n ea r ea to a n o th e r

,o r b y p l a n t i ng th e y ou ng of a gi ve n co lo n y u n de r d i ffe r e n t ph y s i ca l

co n d i t io n s,the efl'

ect o f e n v i r o n m e n t cou l d be stud ied .3 . Under (Tariff/fend conditions. As co r al s ca n be gr ow n i n aqua r i a , n u m e r ous

e xpe r i m e n ts o n both ga m e t ic a n d vegetat i ve f

ariat ion a r e poss i b le . The behav io rw i th r efe r e n ce to a t l east seve n fac to r s ca n be s tud i ed : Food supp l y

,h ea t

,l igh t ,

cha r acte r o f botto m , s t r e ngth of cu r r e n t , degr ee of sal i n i t y of th e wate r , va r iousk i n ds of i m pu r i t ies i n t he wate r . E ve n t he i nflue n ce o f p r essu r e m igh t be s tud i ed .The stud y of va r i at io n i n n a tu r e shou l d go m o r e

'

or less h a n d i n h a n d w i th th eexpe r i m e n ta l wo r k . I t i s to be h oped that s tud ies of t he k i n d h e r e out l i n ed w i l l beu n de r take n b y so m e o f ou r m a r i n e b io logi ca l stat io n s . a n d t hat ot he r s tat i o n s tha tca n u n de r take such wo r k w i l l be e s tab l i sh ed , fo r u n t i l th ese stud ies a r e m ade i t w i l ln ot be poss i b le to u n de r s ta n d va r i at io n i n t h e Mad r epo r a r i a . U n t i l va r i at io n i s u n de rs tood the s y s te m at i c wo r k m u s t be m o r e o r less u n r e l iab le ; a n d u n t i l m o r e i s k n ow nco n ce r n i ng th e ph y s io logy of co r a ls we ca n n ot u n de r s ta n d t h e fac to r s th at dete r m i n eth e i r d is t r i but io n .

H I STORY O F SY STE M AT IC W ORK . ON TH E H AW A I I A N M A D RE POR A R I A .

Co m pa r at ive]y few m e n h ave des c r i bed b’l adreporarian co ra ls f r o m t he Hawa i ia nI s la n ds

,b u t wo r k o n the m was begu n a t a r ath e r earl y date .

Lesso n,i n h is I l lu s t r at io n s de Z oo logie , 1 83 1 , desc r i bed a n d figu r ed F lood/um

p acion jwmn

Da n a,i n h is Z ooph y tes of t he U n i ted E xp lo r i ng E xped i t io n

, 1 846,

r epo r ted the fo l low i n g spec ies :E "p lay/2150; p avon

'éna, (Lesso n ) .Ash 'wa (Orbicel la) ocel l z

'

na Da n a .Fang/731 Leuck art .

cap i tota Da n a .J

’oc i l/op om eesp

'itosa Da n a .

B MW brevico f

ru is La m a l 'ck .

Poe lopom fm'osa E h r e n be rg.

P oev'

l lop om Lamarrk .

P WiZ/oporu I [go/ato Da n a .

P oof/101 1 0 91 1 meandv'z

'

m t Da n a .P od /Zopora p l iant} Da l

H ic i l lopm u z

'

f

nf ov'nu

'

s Da n a .P OT/Yes 7 1

'

zol'damDa n a .

Pow/tea mordwr va r . e/o '

ngafrrDa n a .Pori tes Da n a .fbrz

’

tes lobata, Da n a .Ah a/pom Jedfl led (Fo rsk fil ) .

8 RE CE NT MADR E POR AIH A OF THE I'I AVVAI I AN ISL ANDS AND LAY S AN,

The spec i m e n o fi l l/reoporcz, S t ipposed to h ave co m e f r o m th e Hawa i i a n Is l a n ds ,

wa s su bseq ue n t l y n a m ed A .

Ve r r i l l , i n h is L is t o f Po l y ps a n d Co ra ls , se n t b y the Mu seu m of Co m pa r a t iveZ oo logy to ot he r I n s t i tu t io n s i n E x c ha nge , 1 864, added

Sg/M JWUG irregwlomz'

s .

Lobactis (fam e (new n a m e fo r th e Fang/1,71. de-

n éz'

qem of Da n a f r o m t h eSa n dw i c h I s l a n d s ) .

P ocono

J’ocz

'

l lopom nobil is (n ew n a m e fo r th e J’uc il lopo

fra ofe

'

r-

r-

ncf

osa of Da n a , f r o mth e Sa n d w i c h Is l a n ds) .

I n h i s.l’o lyps a n d Co r a ls of th e No r th Pac i fi c E xp lo r i ng E xped i t io n , 1 865— 1 869

,

he addedd’l onti] panda .

(76mwpsmnonm anannz .

P mnf

l lop om (n ew n a m e p r oposed fo r the spec i m e n s f r o m t h e Sa n dw i c h I s l a n ds

,ide n t i fied by Da n a as P omTZ/opom fer-

vow a n d Poci l ‘

lop om

f ’ocfllrv

’

d (cg/mm var. Iota .

I twi l lop ownfrom(Zr/so .

P oci l lop oro no bil i s .

P ocz

'

ZZop o/

z u n obi l is var. tube/mm .

C'mfccs'trea. tenu i s .

Asl rew oubtful ly f r o m th e Hawai i a n Is l a n ds .fi x/reed "

fi nd/7s .

Lep lusl reo stel lu lata .

Da n a‘s P oof/[opera bre'

ozfcorn is f r o m th e Sa n dw ich Is l a n ds i s r efe r r ed to Da n a’s

Que l c h , i n h i s r epo r t o n t h e Reef Co r al , Ch al le nge r E xped i t io n , 1 886 , r epo r ted ,i n add it io n to th ose a l r ead y m e n t io n ed

Poci l lopo'm . werrztcosa, La m a r ck .

Fin /gif] . pan. inf/tens is S t-ut-ch limry.

S tep /“maria. stel lam Ve r r i l l .owl . cerwucosa (La m a r ck) .

P ori tes Ire/71 0 .90,n ew spec ies .

l a d/a l ie/rev)? Da n a .P orites te nnis Ve r r i l l .

The l ast two de te r m i n at io n s a r e undou lf

i tedlv e r r o n eous . The n a m e Fungiacerri l lv

’

mw is subs t i tu ted fo r Lei/(Lewis dame Ve r r i l l .Que lch give s a l i s t of 30 spec ies r epo r ted f r o m t he Is l a n ds .Fow le r , 1 888 , publ i s hed a. few n o tes o n the a n ato m y of Poeél lopom nobi l is .

B r ook , i n h i s Ca ta logue of t he Ge n us Madreporz-i,1 893

,r epo r ted Jlfczdrep ora

cafein (do. Da n a .Be r n a r d , i n h is Catalogue of the Ge n us l\’Iontipora, 1 897 , desc r i be s Jlfon t ip ora

o'errucosc (Li-unarck ) f r o m the Hawai ia n I s l a n ds a n d p l aces t h e Jfiwmpom cap i tataDa n a i n i ts s y n o n y m y .

“Cora ls a n d Cora l I s la n d s,l s t ed.

,1 872

,p

. 7 7 .

BULLETIN 59, UN ITED STATE S N AT IONAL MUS EUBI .

St ude r i n 1 00 1 pub l i shed h i s Madreporarier von de n Sa n d w i ch I n se l n u n d Laysan .

H e adds :F ang/Io ec/u

'

nam (Pa l l as) , r e m a r k i ng" a n der Itich t igk eit des Fu n do r tes

n i ch t z u z we i fe l n i s t . ”fli ed-regim e ol e/imamDa n a , r epo r ted a seco n d t i m e .l l[on tij ) om fiabel lata Laysan.

Mon tip ora La y sah .

P orites quelc/z i .P orites [an ngz

'

nosa Laysan .

P ori tes se/zwaz

'

nslandv'

Laysan .

P ori tes discozfidea Laysa n .Five of t he s i x n ew spec i es ca m e f r o m La y sah .

Be r n ard , i n h i s Po r i tes of th e I n do - Pacific Regio n , 1 905, d iv ides th e Hawa i i a nPorites i n to n i n e k i n ds a n d those f r om Lavsan i n to th r ee , des ign at i ng t he m b y h isn u m be r s y m bo l s .

Vaugha n , i n a r ev ie w of J. Sta n le y Ga r d i n e r ’s Fu ngida a n d Turb inol idaa ofth e Ma ld i ve a n d Laccad ive A r c h ipe l agoes , 1 905, gave a p r e l i m i n a r y l i st of th eHawa i i a n Fungida (see p . 1 07 of th e p r ese n t m e m o i r ) .

Duerden h as made exte n ded s tu d ies o n t h e poste m b r y o n ic deve lop m e n t a n d t hea n ato m y o f th e sof t parts o f t he Hawai i a n Mad r epo r a r i a , u n de r th e a usp ices o f th eCa r n egie I n s t i tu t io n ; b u t h i s r esu l ts have n ot y e t bee n pub l is hed .

P r ev iou s to t h e s tud y h e r e p r ese n ted , abou t 38 spec ies , i n c l ud i ng s y n o n y m s , hadbee n r eco r ded f r o m th e a r ea . I f t h e fo r m s whose occu r r e n ce i n th e a r ea i s doub tfu lbe i n c l uded

,th e Hawa i ia n Mad r epo r a r i a n fau n a is n ow k n ow n to co n ta i n 1 2 -9 r ecog

n iz ab le fo r m s , a n u m be r of w h ich , h owev e r , a r e n ot co n s i de r ed of spec i fic val ue .

SY S TE M A T IC L I S T O F TH E FAUN A , W I TH TH E S TA T ION N UM B E R S O R LOC A L IT I E S , D E PTH ,

TEM PE RA TURE ,CH AR ACTE R O F TH E B O T TOM , D I STR I B U T ION

OU T S I D E TH E H AW A I I AN I S L A N D S , OR CLO SE LY RE L A T E D FORM S I NOTH E R A RE A S .

As i t i s p r obab le that so m e of the spec ies desc r i bed i n t he desc r i pt i ve. po r t io n o ft h i s r epo r t do n o t occ u r i n t h e Hawa i i a n Is l a n ds

,thev a r e o m i t ted f r o m the l i s t .

The y a r e as fo l lowsfi b ngz

’

a pwmnoten sis Stu tch bu r y .E mgia. ec/t énam(Pa l las) .Aerop om ec/zinata (Da n a) .Porites l ie/rm Da n a .P orites [enW'

s Verri l lF la-bel lw n. lmne l/nalos um A l cock a n d Porites ve te

’

ceJOsU . al th ough the y have n otbee n r epo r ted f r o m th e a r ea

,a r e desc r i bed i n t h e te xt to co m p le te d i scu ss i o n s .

1 0 RECENT MADRE PORAR I A or TH E H AWA I I AN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN .

The, fo l low i ng ab b r ev ia t io n s a r e used i n desc r i b i ng th e botto m

Mea n i ng. Mean i ng.Mea n i ng.

The. da ta r e l at i ng to t h e s tat io n s a r e take n f r o m t he Reco r ds of t h e d r edgi nga n d ot he r co l le c t i ng stat io n s of th e U . S . F i sh Co m m i ss io n s tea m e r Albatross in1 00 1 a n d

It i s deep l y r egr e tted th a t i t has n o t bee n p ract icab le to p r ese n t a m ap sh ow i ngth e sub m a r i n e topog raph y , t he su lgnnarine i sothe r m s, t he d ist r i b ut io n o f th e va r iou sk i n d s of sea bo tto m

,a n d th e locati o n of the va r i ous sta t io n s .

0 U. S . F i s h Comm i ss io n Repor t for 1 902,1 903

,pp . 397—432 .

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2 9 RECENT MADR E I ’OR AR IA 0 1" TH E H AW A I I A N I S LA N DS A ND LAY S AN .

H

L I S T S S H OW I N G TH E GE OGR A PH I C D I S T R I BU T I ON O F TH E M A D R E P O R A R IAA R OUND TH E H AW A I I A N I S L A ND S .

'

.l‘

hese l i sts begin wi th Hawai i , the mos t so u theaste r ly i s land , and p r oceed towa r dthe no

r thwest , end ing w i t h Laysah . They , of co u r se, can not be con s i de red to beeomplete

l i sts of the stonv co ra l s of the d iffe rent i s l ands , but they g i ve a l l that i s atp resent known .

Seve r a l spec ies conta i ned in the s y stemat i c l i s t are om i tted f rom t hese l i s tsbeca u se.

spec i fic data are no t g iven as to whe r e thev we re obta i ned . They are

fo l lows :1 gard

'ineri Va u ghan .

J’oci l luporafro

/

1 2 1. 10 50 Ve r r i l l .Poci l lopm

'a, memu

‘

h 'ina va r . tu berosa Ve r r i l l .I boi l lopmu infer

-

1 71 2

'

s Dan

Lep tastrea steflu lata Ver r i l l .Cwluslrcu, ten'

uis Ve r r i l l .I ’d /

via rudis Ve r r i l l .Fam'

a lwmbm n i (Ro u ssea u )Jenny/ia orl/wnsz

'

s Dodcrlein .

”

l l l on te'

jmm p atula Ve r r i l l .Pori tes march/xv Dana .

Porites (Sgna reea) Ve r r i l l .A]neop om Dana .

These l i s ts are of pa r t i c u l a r i nte r est as they show the assoc i at ion of d i ffe rentspec ies , as we l l as g i v i ng the fo rms fo u nd a r o u nd each of the i s lands .

H AWA I I I SLAND .

NORTH EAST CoAsT.

S tation . Depth . Bottom . Name.

2 15 fne . gv . s

26 —50 ers . co . 8 . cor l u

- . o .

co. s corln nod.

for.

Balanophyllia desmop hyl lioides V a u ghan .

aTh is Spec ies came f rom Oah u , but f rom what part is not men t ioned .

Lep toseris hawcwensis V a ughan .

Lep loseris acabra V a ughan .

Lep toaeris hawauensi s V a u ghan .

Lep toseris scabm V a ughan .

Montipora verm cosa Lamarok )Montipora berrmrdi. var. subglabm Va u ghan .

Leptoseris hawunensis V a ughan .

Balanwhyl l ia hawai iensis V a ughan .

Madracis k auaimm’

s V a u ghan .

BULLET I N 59, U N I TED S TATE S N AT ION A L M US EUM .

H A -VA1 1 I SLAND— Con t inued.

"V EST COAST.

S tation . Depth . Bottom . Name

687— 692

MAU I I SLAND .

NO RTH EAST A ND NO RTH COAST.

1 43— 1 78 " gy. s . for .

1 78—202 “ gv

'

. s . for

202—2 20 gv s for

95— 1 52 (so . 9 . for. r

ALTAU CH A NNEL : BETWEEN M AUI A ND LANA L '

gy. in . for

co. 3 . for

Flabelhmn deludens v . Marenz e l ler.

F label lum (16 1 1 1410 13 v . Maren z e l ler.

F label lum delurlens v . Marenz e l ler.

Trochocyu lhms oahensis V a ughan .

D ig/wayat/ms mzdamam'

mzs Alcoek .

S lephanophyll ia. j brmosissima Mo se ley .

Dcndrop In/l l'ia. serjmmna. V a u ghan .

pawmv

'

num Lesson,typi al l .

I ". pavmrhmm. Var. parilmvon inant

F/fabel lum pa tron imun Lesson ,ty p i ca l .

F. p atroninu’m var. parip a

'

ron-alwwm A lcock .

S lep hanophyl lmfor/nosiss ima Mose lev .

F label lum p aron inum Lesson ,typ ica l .

I". pamim'

mun var. parip aro'

nimun A lcock .

Paracyathus man V a u ghan .

Balanophl-ia d'irmm lea‘ V a ughan .

c toscris digilam. V a ughan .

Lep toser'is dig/[tutu V a u ghan .

il'Io-

nt'ipum tm uricfrul 'is V a ughan .

Lepwscris scabra V a ughan .

Lep zoscr-is dig/71mm V a ughan .

Leprosm'

s tabu lifem V a u ghan .

I ’Oritcs studeri V a u ghan .

Porites bernardi V a u ghan .

R ECENT MADR E PORAR I A 0 1"

TH E H AW A I I AN I S LA NDS AND

MAI I I ISLANU— (Jon tinuetl .

PA I LO LO CH AN N EL : BETWEEN MAU I A ND MO LOKA I .

2 4

S tation . Depth .

— 1 23 02 . 5 .

I‘nkoo 3—6 feet

I ’nkoo .

Bottom .

Name .

fne . s . v l . in

fne . s . yl . in

MOLt ) I{ AI I S LAND .

SOUTH COAsr.

LAY SAN .

F label lum pavon inum Lesson , typ ica l .F. pawn imnn var. parip trronvinum A l cock .Anflmmip hyl l iu. p amfica V a ughan .

Step/mnophyl lia form08533 111 71 0 . Moseley.

If‘lahel lum pavon

'inum var. p ar-ipavon inum A l cock .

Anthem ip hyl l iu.

pact/ion. V a ughan .

F laiml lum pavon inum var. [alum S t uder .(l

‘

aryophyll ia lutwauensis V a ughan .

I ’lacotroclms fi tscus V a u ghan .

Lep loser'is hanwnensis V a ughan .

Flalmllmn pamninum var. di stinctum M i lne Ed

ward s and Hanne.

S tcphanop byll'ia -inm Mose ley.

Balanophyl lm diomedc'u: var. mauiensis V a u ghan .

Pocil logmra cesp itosa. Dana.

P . cesp itosa var. tumida V a u ghan .

P . cespi losa var. stylophoroides V a u ghan .

Pocil lopora l igulata Dana.

Pocil lopom meandrian Dana,typ ica l .

P . meandrina var. nobi lis V err i l l .Lgp tastrea hawcmensis V a u ghan .

Cyphast-

rea ocel lina Dana) .P avia Imwuu ens is V a ughan .

Fungiu scutm‘ia Lamarck .Parana rarians V err i l l .Pavona duerdeni V a u ghan .

Mon tiporaflabcl lata S t u der .Por ites compressa forma ang

-

usl isepm V a u ghan .

P . comp ressa forma angustisep la subforma del icatu laV a u ghan .

P . comp ress" . for ina (mgustisepm subforma pauc ispwa a u ghan .

I b r i les puk oensis V a u ghan .

P or ites lobata for ina pm'vicalyx V a ughan .

P . lobata torru a centra l is subforma alpha V a ughan .

BULLETI N 59, UN I TED STATES N AT I ONAL M US EUM .

MOLOK A I I SLAND— Con t in u ed .

SOUTH CO A ST— Con t in u ed .

.S tation . Depth . Bottom . Name .

P u koo 3—6 fee t . P . lobata form -

a central is subtorma beta V a u ghan .

P . lobata forma central is subformagamma V a ughan .

P . lobata forma central is subforma delta V a u ghan .

Porites brigham'i V a u ghan .

Kalaeloa Psamsmocom rerr’éll i V a ughan .

M r . John F . G . S tokes , ot' Be r n i ce Pa u ah i B i s hop M u se um,Hono l u l u

,who a ided

in mak ing the co l lect ion f r om P u koo andKalaeloa,has k ind l y f u r n i s hed the fo l l ow ing

notes on the cond i t ions u nde r w h i c h the spec imens f rom t hose loca l i t ies we re obta i ned .

The par t of Mo lokai Doc tor Duerden and I v is i ted is steep ly mo u n taino u s in land , f r inged w i th anar row s tr ip Of le ve l land along the shore . I co u ld not te l l you i f the p lain were rai sed coral reef , aswe did not in ves t igate, but the s u rface is mo u n ta in wash . There are no s treams to speak of, th e waterin th is i s land general l y reach ing the sea by means of spr ings at the sea l ine. Howe ver , no sp r ings

Coast l ine of the south side of Moloka i Island. Th e letters a to f ind icate places where co l lections were made and arereferred to in th e text ; and 9 indica te stations from wh ich operat ions were conducted .were not iced . There had been h ea vy rains j u s t be fo re our v is i t and for the firs t few da v s th e Sea was

v ery di rty— probably f rom the s u r face was h .The inc losed ro ugh t rac ing i s f rom the Hawai ian go v e rnmen t map of 1 897 , the coas t l ine be ing

denoted by hea vy and the f r ing ing fi sh ponds by l igh t l ines . Me re ly appro x imate l y and on l v for the

2 13 anc ienr MADR E PUR AR IA or TI 1 1 4} H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS A ND LAY SAN .

p u rpose of i l l u st rat ion ,

the l ine o fthe ree f is marked b v a dotted l ine and th e areas exp lored by horizonta l b ro ken l ines .A t P l l k On ,

a h u t at - l was 0 1 1 1 base , and f rom here we waded toward the o u te1 edge of the l eef ,A l

ong the shore the water was a few inches dee]1c i than a few yard s out , w i t hfo l lowed b v the boat .noco ra l , and then th e depth m adua l lv grew f1 0 1 1 1 2 feet , incr1 a~ 1 nU appt ou matel ) at the rate 0 f6 inc hes

in 1 00 vards, u nt i l the edge 1 1 .1s 1 eA1 hcd I u l ike thc l eefs at Kahana and fi l li ik l Oah u , t here as

no r i se at th e o u ter edge . Proceeding seaward f rom the fi 1 st appeai ance of co ral , ic i a long di stancethe sn 1 fa1 e of the bed was com posed of Ii 1 ing and d ead the 1 1 1 0 11 0 1 t 1on of th e lat te1 in s igh tb 1 1 1 1g mo re t han fo u r to’

one of the Immer The dead mater ia l was hel d toget her by th in grow th s ofvan o u s co lo red eo i al l ines inc 1 nsted on the s u r face , and was so f rag i le and loose l y p i led up that our fee two u ld often b reak th ro ugh , somet imes to a depth of twe l ve inches , and sin up a c lo u d of fine wh i tepar t ic les . There 1 1 as l i t t le or no rea l beach sand , and in the area 11 less than at a . I t was a lways are l ief to meet somet h ing so l id in the shape ofa p iece ofthe bare reef rock ora l i t t le mo u nd ofmass i v ePor ites . I n th i s be lt of1 1 and I1 , near ly al l the coral s were fo u nd at depth s of 2 to 5 feet - in fac t Im igh t say,

spec imens of al l the Moloka i co ral s in term ing led except 1 7 1 1 71911 1 and P sammocora . S t i l lgoing seaward , the bo ttom became smoo ther and the b roken cora l disappeared , lea v ing the reef roc kbare and b roken into holes and ca verns (some of them immen se ) at the o u ter edge. I t was in some of

these ho les (at c ) t hat the spec imens ofFangia were sec u red at depth s of from 5 to 1 5 feet . O u ts ide th eb roken coral , on the ree f rock , the spec ies occ u r r ing mos t n umero u s ly was P oci l lop ora cesp

-

ilosa ,wh i le

near l y al l the S pec imens ofPor ites brig/tami were col lected there,and no o ther forms ofPor ites . I be l ie v e

that one or two S pec imens of 1 7 1 10 1 1 1 1. ducrden z’ and Pocillopora l iga lata were al so met w i th , but I donot remember P . meandrina there. W hen I cal led th is part of the reef bare I wi shed to con v ey theidea that t here was no mo re co ra l than one smal l colony to a sq u are rod of reef . At 1 1 , near th e in s ideof th e b roken coral be l t , was a large patch , 1 00 yard s sq u are ormore, of Montipora. vermi cosa. grow ingalmost to th e surface of th e water and exc l u d ing al l ot her spec ies from the loca l i ty. Th ro u gho u ta and I) t here was l i tt le or no v egetab le growth apparen t .

I t. m igh t be worth men t ion ing that there was a general lack of fi rmness , and an appearance of

deb i l i ty , among the Por ites gathe red at P u koo,wh ic h effect was al so not iced at Waik ik i . Por ites lobata.

was alwavs co l lec ted cor roded at the base ; wh i le at Kahana ,Oah u , on th e w indward s ide ,

the same

Spec ies was v ery so l id and looked m u ch heal th ier .From the poin t at g wi th i ts sand y beach , the area 6 at Kalae loa was exp lored and Pocil lop ora

01231 1 11 0 3 1 1 and Cyph1 1stre1 1 1 1 1 1 17 1 11171 0 , fo u nd in smal l colon ies am id a. th ick grow th of mar ine v egetat ion on

a bar 1 8 inches deep . 0 1 1 ei ther s ide of the bar was 6 feet of water o ver a sandy bot tom Then a

canoe was rowed seaward and passed ove1 su res of Por ites comp t essa fo1 ma abacus 1 8 in ches to ? fee tbe low the s u r face , as we l l as my memory ser ves me. E xcept at j , and a few sspec imens ofCyphastrea ,

the en t i re bed contained on ly the one spec ies , but that one was in a v ery flo u r ish ing condi t ion . The

bed was composed of I'1 1 1mmock s of Porites , w i t h nar row st r ips of sand 6 feet deep between ,and th e

sun sh in i ng on the ex tended an ima l s made i t appear that th e bottom of the sea was pa v ed w i t h go ld .

At f the on ly spec imen s of I ’summocom vcrril lt

'

were fo und,al l in one large co lony abo u t hal f a yard

Sq u are .

Of co u rse al l co l lec t ing was donc at. low t ide , but th is wo u l d u nder ord inary c i rc ums tan ces on l ymean an ad v an tag e of abo u t 2 feet o ve r h igh t ide. I m igh t ment ion that we always p refer sec u r ingspec imen s o u rse l v es to lea v ing that work to th e nat i v e d i v ers . The c u r ren t at. P u koo, I u nderstand ,sets in f rom the nor th eas t .

BULLET I N 59,UN ITED STATES N ATION AL NIUS EUM .

MOI- 0 K“ ,SOUTH COA ST (con t in u ed ) .

Sta tion . Dep th . Bo t tom . Name .

Ka u nakaka i

78—222 69 fne. s . p

3 1 9— 37 1 It . gy. hr. 1 1 1

brk . sh . g

s. p . brk . sh . r

3835 1 69— 1 82 fue. br. s . m

92— 2 1 2 6 7 fue. gy. br. s

crs . s. brk sh

co .

1 2 7 - 1 30 ine. br. s . g

Pom’

l lopora cap-{10m Dana ,

ty p i ca l .Poci1 10p om meandm

’

na var. nob il is V e rr i l l .C

‘

yphast'rna ocellv

’

na (Dana) .

Pavona Tarians V er r i l l .zlfontipora. verm cosa (Lamarckfl‘fonh

'

pora. Terril l'i V a u ghan .

Por ites comp -ressa fo rma conj ungcm V a ughan .

P . comp wssa forma p rqfundi ca lya: V a u ghan .

Porites lobata Dana.

Lep loseris hmuauenses V a u ghan .

Lep toseris sm bra V a u ghan .

Balanophyl l'iu (16 81 1 1 01 ) hyl l i0 jd6 3 V a ughan .

(u'rg/op lzyl lala octopali V a u ghan .

octopah'

var. incerta. V a u ghan .

C'

eratotrochus V a ughan .

Anisopsammfia amphelioides var. c ucul lata

V a ughan .

(‘

nry0p hyll ia odop al i V a u ghan .

Paracg/athus mololcensis V a u ghan .

Mad-rac is k aum’

ens is V a u ghan .

M. k auaicnsis var. macroca lyx V a ughan .

Flabel lum pavom'

n'

um var. paripavon inumA l cock .

Cyatlwceras diomedeaz V a u ghan .

(nryophyll'ia hafwa iieusis V a ughan .

Anthem -iphyl l'ia pad/1m V a u ghan .

JIadracis k auaiens is V a u ghan .

S lvphanophyll ia j brmosissima Mose ley.

Lep toseris lu l uj a i-iens’is V a u ghan .

PocilIOp ora 77zolol 'ensi3 V a ughan .

Lap toseris digitala V a ughan .

Montipora (elm/[M a l ia V a ughan .

Montipora berna rdi V a ughan .

Fwngia. patel la (E l l is and Solan der ) .Lep toserz

’

s hamaxi'wnsis V a ughan .

Lep tose'ria scabra V a ughan .

Fungia patel la (E l l is and So lander ) .Ffzmgia fragil is A lcock

S lep hanophyll'ia formosissima Mose ley.

98 R ECENT MA DR EPORA R I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N ISLAN DS AND LAY SAN .

SOUTH O F W'

EST O F LANA I .

S tation . Depth . Bottom.Name.

252—429 “ 47 0 0 .r Pumacyutlms lenu -icalyx V a u ghan .

NO RTH COAST O F MOLO KA I .

R u m CH ANN E L ,BETWEE N MO I- 0 K“ A ND (Ma o.

Hono l u l u

Kal i lni Harbor 3 - 6 feet\Vaik i k i Ree f

Pom'

llopora cesp itosa Dana, typ i cal .Pocil lopora l igu lata Dana.

Pccillopom meandrina var. nobil is V er r i ll .

S tephanm‘ia stel lata V er r i l l .

Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck ) .Por ites comp ressa Dana.

P . comp ressa forma bu lbosa Q ue l c h .Por ites lobata Dana.

P . lobata forma centra l is subforma yamblaV a ughan .

Pori tes Synam ‘

a) hawasnensis V a u ghan .

Poe’il lopo-

ra cesp itosa Dana.

Poci llopom l igu lata Dana.

Pocillopora meandrina var. nobil is V er r i l l .Lep lash

'ea hawwi'ienszls V a u ghan .

C'yphaslrea ocelh’

nu, Dana. )F avia ha vm -

nensis V a u ghan .

Fungi.“ scutar-ia Lamarck .

S tepha -

na r ia stel lata V err i l l .Pa'

z'onw varians V err i l l .Por ites comprns‘

sa forma angustisep ta, V a u ghan .

Porites evermanni V a ughan.

v iles lobata Dana , typ ica l .I ’

. lobata for'ma lacem V a u ghan .

P . lobata. fon na infund-

l'

hu lmn V a u gh

3 0 R ECENT MAD R E I’OR AR I A O F TH E HAW A I I A N ISLANDS A ND LAY SAN .

1

() A HU ISLAN l )NORTH S 1 Inc— Con t in u ed .

S ta tion . Dep th .Bo ttom .

Name.

Kahana

NORTHWEST COAST.

Dend'mphyl l ia oahensis V a u ghan .

Flabel lum p frz'on imtm var. par

-ipm'on inn -m AI

cock .

Cyathocem s (l iomedeaz V a u ghan .

KA I E l E - ‘V AH O C H ANNE L, BETWE EN OAH U AND KAUA I .

V ICIN ITY OF KAUA I I SLAND .

40— 2 315 (TS . br. co . 8 . s h

24—43 c rs . co. 8 . for.

68— 253

257 i ne . gy. s . m , ”

Por ites (zo'mprcssa forma angustiscpta V a u ghan .

Por ites comp ressa forma p ilosa V a u ghan .

Por ites comp ressa forma compacta V a u ghan .

Por ites comp ressa forma (l ivari can s V a u ghan .

Por ites lobata forma lacerct V a u ghan .

I lobata. forma infundibu l 'um V a u ghan .

P . lobata. forma t'm h '

a lvfi

s subforma alp haV a ughan .

Madracis Icaua imzsis V a ughan .

-i n i.s-Opsa.m7nia cvmp hel ioides var. cucul lataV a ughan .

Gardiner !“ Imwanensis V a ughan .

F labell -

um pw onimnn var. distindum M i lneEdwards and H ainie.

P k wotrochus fuscus V a ughan .

Cg/athocmu s (Iiome'

deze V a u ghan .

Balanophyl l-ia d iomedea’ V a u ghan.

Mon tip ora verru cosa (Lamarck )Lep toseris hawanemi s V a u ghan .

Montip ora studeri V a u ghan .

Fungi“p atel la (E l l i s and So lander ) .Lep toseris Ila

-wu l'ie-

nsis V a ughan .

Flabellum 1m'z

‘

0-

n-

inwn Lesson ,typ i ca l .

Lep tosw is ht'

z'wcm cnsis V a u ghan .

7’

rochovyalhus oahensis V a u ghan .

Jl'l admwis k aua icnsis V a u ghan .

Madrepora k auaiem is V a u ghan .

Mus-9a sp .,yo u ng

BULLET I N 59,UN ITED STATES NAT ION AL M US EUM .

V ICIN ITY OF MODU MANU,OR BI RD I SLAND .

S ta tion . Depth . Bottom . Name .

38 inc . co. s . for. r

co. co r l u

FR ENCH FR IGATE S i lOAL.

LAYSAN .

Pocil lopora cesp ilosa Dana.

P OCil lopo-m mea'mh‘inu Dana.

P . meandmf

na vat"

. nobi l is V err i l l .P . meand'rina var. tuberosa V er r i l l .I ’ocillOpora l

-igula la. Dana.

Fan ia rudis V err i l l .c tasl 'rea stel lulata V er r i l l?t"

yp ha-sh 'ea, ocelbina (Dana ) .

Fungi /t scularia Lamarek .

Montip ora Laniarck

Mon tiporaflabel lal a. S t u der .Montipora di la te /u S t u der.Montipora panda V err i l l?Por ites lobata Dana .

Porites quelcln'

S t uder .Por ites lanug-i-nosa. S t u der .Por ites schau inslamli S t uder .Por ites (1 iscoidm S t u der . a

a'I

‘

h e preced ing l ist Of spec ies from Lnysnn is taken from S tuder's Madreporarier von Samoa ,

den Sandw ich I nselnund Lnysun , Z ool . Jah rb . , Syst. . V , 1 90 1 . p . 42 6 , except Fungia senta ria ,

Wh ich is We l l represen ted in th e col lect ion s madeby the

“ A lbatross in 1 902 . I have somewhat modi l led Profes< or S tuder‘s nomenclature to b ring i t into accord w i th theresu l ts Of recen t study,

and ha v e queried the determ inations of Lepmstrea stell ulata Verri l l und Montipora pul ula V err il l ,as I doub t th e correctness of each ofthem . Further than tha t the com l s occur in reefs, no data regarding the physicalcond i tions under wh ich th ey l i ve is gi ven .

F label lmn (IcI -

uclcns v . Maren z e l ler.

a lcock i V a u ghan .

3 -1 onti;rn‘

; ra verm com LamarckMontipora. Terr (Lamarck ) .glfontipora t ier -m eow LamarckPocil lopom l i tmlumanmwts V a ughan .

Por ites comp ressa for um p ro/u n dorumV a u ghan .

Por ites comp ressa forma breviramosu V a ughan .

3 2 RECENT MADRE I ’URAR IA OF TH E H AW A I I AN ISLANDS A ND LAY SAN .

LA YSAN— Con t inned .

S tn tin n . Depth . Bottom .Name.

wh . s . sml . sh Bal tmophyl lia Zayse -nensis V a u ghan .

wh . s . h rk . sh Lep toseris ha'wai 'ieiw'is V a u ghan

wh . s . g Cyatlwceras diomedeaz V a ughan .“

co . r . alg. Pocil lopom cesp 'itosa. var. laysanens-is V a u ghan .

wh . 8 . co Poci l 10po-

ra. cesl nitosa var. stylop horoid'es

V a u ghan .

a I am no t sure th at th is spec ies came from S tation 3952 .

B A T H YM E T R IC D I S T R I B U T I ON .

The bathymet r ic data r e l a t i ng to the co l lect ions of the Hawa i i an co r a l s are n ot sodefin i te a s i s de s i r ab le , la rge l y beca u se of the r u gged c har acte r of the sea bot tom .

D u r i ng the same ha u l the d redge may he. on the bo t tom a t ve r y d iffe ren t depths .For in s tance ,

at S tat ion 3999,e lf Ka u a i I s l and

,the depth between the beg i n n i ng an d

end of the ha u l va r ied f rom 7 to 1 48 fathoms . At that stat i on five. spec ies o f co r a l swe re obta i ned . name l y

,F éczbel/etm p ermi t-Luann va r . distinctum M i l ne Edwa r d s and

l l aime, l w/v'ne/ms fuscus Va u ghan , Q/(tt/zoceras dim/l edges Va u ghan ,

and Jyowtip ora

rez'rum sa (Lama r ck ) . I t i s imposs i b le to asce r ta i n f r om th i s r eco r d the depth atwh i ch an) r one. of the spec ies was obta ined . By compa r i son w i th othe r reco r ds

,i t

Seems p robab le Jf’

l zzbel lum paw n-Mum va r . dist/ind ium. came f rom a depth of s l i gh t l y

mo re t han 1 00 fathoms ; P lace/roofingfuse- its f r om abo u t 1 48 ; ( "ye t/mamas dimnedeae

f rom same depth ; wh i le the came f rom l ess than -40 fathoms .S PE C I E S L I V I NG BE TW E E N I AN D 2 5 F ATH OM S .

Poet/hymra uesy i tosa Dana , typ i ca l .cesyn

'

tosa. va r . h umid-a Va u ghan .

P oci l lop om cesp i tosa var. lays-

(menses Va u ghan .

cesp étosa, var. styl fp lwroides Vaughan .1 b ez

'

Z/01mm nw lulizfens -is' Va u ghan .

Pocfllopom modumanens is Va u ghan .

[ heft/op era Jig/

al gal Dana .J’uci/lopm

‘

ctfrmzdosa Ve r r i l l . "Dana .

l’oci l loyora im am/Z rzf7w va r . new/nix Ve r r i l l .Poca

'

l lopom meandrima va r . 1 91.5077 ; e Ve r r i l l .I boat lop om infirm ) is Dana .l ands/Tea stel l ulata Ve r r i l l .Lep tastrea (was t Va u ghan .

l ep tastrea luneaz'

z

'

ens-is V zu ighan .

(”

yp /oa strea oceéli na (Dana) .(Irelaxérm ten nis Vcrri l l . "

BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .

1 3mm], /z, ftfzoaz"1fensis Va u ghan .

F'

afv ia rudis Ve r r i l l .“E w ing linmbron i (Ro u ssea u ) ?.

a

F emgz’

a scutm’ia Lani arek .

F i t-

71 9754 Oct/tensis Ddderlein.P a

r

vmm warm/

as Ve r r i l l .Pavona due'rden i Va u ghan .

[ cy tosmvfs dig/[mmVa u ghan .

S tep/Ltmam'

a stel lamVe r r i l l .S tep/trimaran brig/tam ; Va u ghan .

P sammocom varm’

l la’ Va u ghan .

Dmdrop /tyl l ia v1 i.nt7s Ve r r i l l .Mmt z

’

pom di latamS t u de r .ill on tipora verru cosa (Lan iarek ) .

fil on tipord tenui cau l z’

s Va u ghan .

Jlfon tzlpom bernardi Va u ghan ?Zlfontipom .fla7) el lamS t u de r .fifont ip m

'ap at -

al e; Ve r r i l l . aMmztip om eew i l l i Va u ghan .

Porites mordamDana .P ori tes co

-mpressa Dana .P.

P.

ma

s

s

e

s

s

s

ws

ws

w

$

73

5»

cmnp ressa fo rma (t zzg-

ttstfisep ta Va u ghan .

cmnp ressa forni a angusm'

sepmsubforma del icat'etlwVa u ghan .

compressa fo rma angusti sep ta subforma paucz’

sp i-

na Va u ghan .

comp-

ream formafmgz’

l is Va u ghan .comp ressa fo rma conj zmgens Va u ghan .

cmnp-ressa fo rma. prof -

undi calyrv Va u ghan .

cmnpressa fo rma p ilosa Vaughan .

cmzzpreas'a. fornl a densimurata Vaughan .

comp ressa fo rma grmn

’

nw rata Va u ghan .

comp ressa fo rma claeus Va u ghan .

co-

n-

zpv'essa fo rma compacta. Va u ghan .

comp ressa fo rma dz’

varica'

ns Va u ghan .

camp ressa fo rma elongate Dana .comp w ssa fo rma p rof imdm'ma Va u ghan .

cmnpo'essa fo rma Maseru -

inxma Vau ghan .

compressed fo rma abacus Va u ghan .

comp ressa fornia twmfda Va u ghan .

compress-

(t fo rma bulbosa Q u e l c h .

P ori tes d-

iw'rclenxz' Va u ghan .

s'

ies geel anam ; i Va u ghan .

P ow-[ta Va u ghan .

Pori tes loLata Dana .P . lobata fo rma lacem Va u ghan .

0 Depth not. g i ven , but the ass umpt ion seem s safe .

3230 1 — 07— 3

34 R EGEN T MA DRE PORAR I A O F TH E H AW A I I AN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN .

Mam fo rma i nf l ow(Zebu/71m, Va u ghan .

I". l obata fo rma pwr'vicalyfc Va u ghan .

lobata. fo rma cen tral is subforma (Mp/ta Va u ghan .

MMM fo rma cent ral i s subforn‘

i a 1mmVa u ghan .

lobata fo rma central is subforma (fin/wad Va u ghan.

lobata, fo r ina cem'ml 'is (Zelda Va u ghan .

I. lobata fo rma cen tral /Is subforrna ep si lon Va u ghan .I /0 7mta fo rma (warmVauglnm .

1‘orifesmusic/t i S t u de r .“P ori tes brig/tameVa u ghan .

1 hm’

tes lfmugv’

owsa S t u de r . “1 {Wri tes dvfscoiclea S t u de r . “1 Mi l es sc/m. S t u de r . “Porites irrey/u/ari s Ve r r i l l . "l bf lime Va u ghan .r

'

l l ncopora Terv'i l l afana. Dana

'

f.

Of the 77 spec ies or s u bd i v i s i on s of spec ies he re l i sted 9 are q u e r ied . The fi r st,

fl’fimmpom bernardi , occ u r s at a depth between 23 and 34 fathoms . I t may h avebeen obtai ned at a depth e i t he r g reate r or less than 25 fathoms . The loca l i ty of thesecond q u e r ied spec ies , x'

l /qwop ora cerm’

l l iafna,i s not pos i t i ve l y k now n ; i t may not have

come f rom the Hawa i i an I s l ands . Data,as i nd i cated by refe ren ce to a footnote

,are

defic ient for 1 2 of the fo rms . As we know,howeve r

,someth i ng of the condi t i o ns

u nde r w h i ch they we re co l lected , we fee l ass u red that t hey came f r om ve r y sha l l owYate r .

S PE C I E S L I V I NG BETW E E N 25 AN D 40 F ATH OM S .

P eed/opera cesp itosa v a r . lag/smwnsi s Va u ghan .

inrél lOp M'a med /

“

11 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 va r . Ve r r i l l .1 1 00mm Ve r r i l l .Lep toseri.s Min/w iiemsz

f

s Va u ghan .

Lap toser'z

'

s scab/"a Va u ghan .

Lep tnseris dz'

yétamVa u ghan .

Lep toser'

z

'

s l 'ubwl ifb'ra. Va u ghan .

rlfon l 1.

para err/W um u (Lamarck )Ji nn { 12mm ten 1 1 2} ;q is Va u ghan

bernardi: Va u ghanJV. bernardi va r . m bglwbm Va u ghan .

si l l /[m i Va u ghan .

l ’o

-

rz'

tes stmlm- ‘

z

' Va u ghan .

P ori tes bernardi Va u ghan .

Th i s l i st , con ta i n i ng the names of 1 4 fo rm s,i s i nte resti ng

,as i t shows that sev

e r a l of the mo re st r i ct l y reef Spec ies may l iv e at a dept h as g r eat as 30 o r 40 fathoms .

Fo u r of the fi ve gene r a p resent are r eef b u i l de r s,but one of them

,P ori tes, i s repre

sented by fo rms s u ffi c ient l y d i ffe ren t to he cons ide r ed d i st i nc t spec ies .The ditl

'

erences obse r ved between ind i v i d u al s of the same spec ies and d i ffe ren tspec ies of the same gene ra (as , for ins tance. fl/on tépom and P orites) , l i v ing at depths

0 Dept h not g i v en , but the ass um pt ion seems safe .

BULLET IN 59,UN ITED S TATE S N AT IONAL INI USEUM .

both less and g reate r t han 25 fathoms , in fact the g reate r l im i t in depth m i gh t bep l aced at 1 6 o r 1 7 fathoms , sho u l d be espec ia l l y noted . The spec imens f rom the lowe rbathymet r i c l im i ts are sma l le r , mo re s lende r and f r ag i le in r amose fo rms , appea r i ngto be s tun ted . The ca u se of the d i ffe ren ces i s not known at p resent . I t p robab l yi s not due to d i ffe r ences in tempe r at u r e, as w i l l be shown l a te r ; nor can i t be att r ibuted to d i ffe r ences in the cha r acte r of the bottom . Three

‘

possible ca u ses s u ggestt hemse l ves , b u t no data are ava i l ab le to aid i n reach i ng a conc l u s ion . They are

,

d iffe rences i n the st rength of the l igh t , in the p ress u r e due to g reate r dept h,or in

the food s u pp ly . These phys io log i c fac to r s need i nves t igat ion .

Wi th i n t h i s bathymet r i c zone the reef - b u i l d ing spec ies c r oss bounda r ies w i t h thedeepe r wate r fo rms ; that i s , the spec ies of

S PE C I E S L I V ING BE TW E E N 40 AN D 1 00 F ATH OM S .

I ll adm cis l Va u ghan .

t gz’

ct patel la. (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .F zmgiafrag/£153 (A l cock) .Lep tosev

'is fixw zaz'

ien sis Va u ghan .

Lqfl osemls seabm Va u ghan .S tap 7um 0

10 /i l in.f ormosz

'

ssi nm Moseley.

Balmhq flzy l/ia desmop ltyl l ioides Va u ghan .

The fa u na of th i s bathymet r i c zone i s poo r . The two F amgz'

ae are confined toi t wh i le the two spec ies of [ ep ic/saris are best r ep resen ted he r e. The othe r fo rm srea l l y be long to a deepe r wate r fa u na .

S PE C IE S L I V IN G BE TW E E N 1 0 0 AN D 2 00 F ATH OM S .

Flabel l um. pavon imm i Lesson,typi ca l .

F va r . distinctmn. M i l ne Edwa r ds and Ba ime .

F pavmu'

m zm va r . pariparon51mm A l cock .

P lacot'roc/msfuscus Va u ghan .

s 'acya j /i

’us ma

'ufzfensis Va u ghan .

a 'acyat/ms moZolrcns'is Vaughan .

D al tocyat/ms (M dmmm i cus A l cock .

fi rz-U ia'i éensis Va u ghan .

(f'

yat/ioceras (lamina/l ees Va u ghan .

p acifi ed Va u ghan.

fil admw'

s I nMaxie/i sis Va u ghanJ] . h emaiem is 'a r . macrom lyx Va u ghan .Lay/mama

’

s liawa {fi e/m is Va u ghanS tep/umop/cyl l iafi nancm

'

sséma Mose ley .

Endop ae/cys (Ni /wuss Va u ghan .

Balanxjpfiy l lc'

a Va u ghan .

Balcmop /iy'

l l nfa laysan ensz‘

s Va u ghan .

B . din-madam Va u ghan .

Bald -71 0 11 11yl /z'

a. diomcdec‘e 'al

‘

. ww uz’

wzsc’

s Va u ghan .

Dend'mp/iyl l ia oabm sis Va u ghan .

D awdwy flzyl l z’

a swp ent ina Va u ghan .

zone i s the r i ches t in fo rms nex t to the r eef z one.

R ECENT MAD RE I ’ORAR I A OF TH E H AW A I I AN I SLA N DS A ND LAYSAN .

S P EC I E S L IV I N G BE TW E E N 2 00 A N D 300 F ATH OM S .

Flabel lum p avom'

num Le sson , typ i ca l .F . p aven inum va r [al um S tude r .F. pa/von én um va r . paripaoon énmn A l cock .

Gardiaefl w luzwai im sis Va u ghan .

D cwnop /zyl l um cristagal l i M i l ne Edwa r d s and I l aime.

[ arrayed/i ns tenu icalya'Va u ghan

Yi 'oc/zocyat/Lus act/l enses" Va u ghan .

Cam/op/zg/l l ia octop al é Va u ghan .

q ut/»0 <zeras (dz'

omedeze Va u ghan .

fi l adracv'

s kmmiensis Va u ghan .

Lep toxcrz’

s lunem'

ieusz'

s Va u ghan .

(1 71 )p/cel ioz'

des (A lcock ) .

A . amp /l e/z'

o zfdes 'a r . eucul luta Va u ghan .

S PE C IE S L I V I NG B E TW E E N 300 A N D 400 F ATH OM S .

D esnwp /iyl/w n w'istrlgal /Z M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haims .

octop a l i Va u ghan .

0 . octopnl i va r . {nee/ta. Va u ghan .

(f'

yat/zocem s dial-

madam Va u ghan ?C

’

eratotroc/ms [ft-mus Va u ghan .

flfadrepww/m Va u ghan .

fl/ussa 2sp . young

’

t

An isopsmn i i i/12, 1 mnp/i elf

zfoi il cs va r . cucul latu Va u ghan .

S PE C I E S L IV IN G BE TW E E N 40 0 A N D 500 F ATH OM S .

None.

S PE C I E S L IV I NG B E TW E E N 500 AN D F ATH OM S .

None .

S PEC I E S L I V ING BE TW E E N 60 0 A N D 700 F ATH OM S .

F labeflum del udcns von IVIarenz el ler.

S PE C I E S L I V I NG BE TW E E N 70 0 A N D 800 F ATH OM S .

None .

S PE C I E S L IV IN G B E TW E E N 800 A N D F ATH OM S .

F lamI-lmn del adeus von h-Iaren z c l ler.

Cari/0p feyl/z'

a (“

I/cock i Va u ghan .

S PE C I E S L I V ING B ETW E E N 90 0 AN D F ATH OM S .

Bat/iyacti s l ime/Li z'

mi sis Va u ghan .

No spec ies was fo u nd at a depth g reate r t han fathoms .

3 8 RECENT MADR E I’OR AR IA OF TH E H AWA I I AN I SLANDS A ND LAYSAN .

l’a71wyat/ms twi u i ca/ya

'Va u ghan .

mauiensis Va u ghan .

1 b rag/(1Mas mo lo/cmzsz'

s Va u ghan .

(tawdmnaoaimzs A l cock .

Trvm/umya l has oahensis Va u ghan .

octopal i Va u ghan .

hryrw/Ig/l l zfa. octopal if

ar. in ccrmVa u ghan .

0 uryep/i jz/Il ia [w Va u ghan .

(bat/memes diomedemVa u ghan .

l dmus Va u ghan .

A72t/mh {p i n/{Md pacified Va u ghan .

fil adrepom leawdens z’

s Va u ghan .fil ed-

races I nna-052808 Va u ghan.

JV . l td -

cd - rfcns is va r rnxzcrocaZg/J: Va u ghan .

flfussa sp . yo u ngLap toseris lzawai vfem v

'

s Va u ghan .

S tep /umrip /zyl l z'

afi nfmosf-ssima Mose ley .

Ib i iop ac/Lys oali ense Va u ghanBalmmp/iyl l

fia [Irrevmficns is Va u ghan .

Balanop /Iyl l id desmop/zg/l l ioides Va u ghan .

lag/sanensz’

s Va u ghan .

Bal fm np/zyl l z'

d diomec‘

lea? Va u ghan .

B . cl iopi cdeze va r . maruimwis Va u ghan .

D em/rop /ig/l l id ca l la Va u ghan .

serp entin.a Va u ghan .

Am’

sop sanwn id (1 .7/ip lael zfoides (A l cock ) .A . amp/rel im

'

des va r . cam/[lamVa u ghan .

Th i r ty - fo u r of the 1 24 fo rms recogn i zed occ u r between 1 00 an d 400 fat homs .Not one of t hem r anges i nto deepe r wate r ; wh i le on l y 4 (dfadracis k auaiensz

’

s

Va u ghan,Lawns

-

eras li af

zofriief

nsfs Va u ghan, S tep/ianop/iyl l ia fi n

’mossima Moseley .

Bale-nopbyl l ia desmcp /zyl la’

oides Va u ghan) ce r ta in l y occ u r in sha l l owe r wate r . E ndo

pac/ig/s oat/image Va u ghan , Inay have been p roc u red in wate r less t han 1 00 fath oms indepth . The spec ies are mos t nume ro u s between 1 00 and 200 fathoms .

BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES N AT IONAL M US EUM .

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40 R ECENT MAD R E I’OR AR IA OF TH E HAW A I I AN I SLANDS AND LAY SAN .

The tab l e s how i ng the bathymet r i c distrilni t ion of the gene r a shows even mo r ec l ea r l y than the. d i sc u s s ion of the spec ies the ex i stence of two bathymet r i c fa u na lzones : one between 0 and 2 5 fathoms ; the ot he r , l; >etween 1 00 and 400 . Between 25

and 1 00 fat homs i s an i nt e rmed iate zone ; 4of the 5 gene ra. between 25 and 40 fathomsrep r

esent a downwa r d exte ns ion of the sha l l ow wate r , or reef fa u na ; 4 of the 5 gene r a

be tween 40 and i t") fathoms rep resent the u ppe r l im i t of the deepe r wate r fa u na .The F ang/4a

? l i s ted u nde r “40— 1 00 ” fathoms :-I rc c éoseris”and D rfaserz

'

s,

” t heyare no t fo u nd between othe r depths a ro u nd the Hawa i ian I s l ands .

As the r egion between 1 00 and 400 fathoms r ep resen ts , in my op in ion , one

fa u nal zone ,the gene ra occ u r r i ng in i t are l is ted co l lect i ve l y , to b r i ng out i ts r i c hness

in gene ra , and so that i t may be con t ras ted w i th those fo u nd between 1 and 25 fat homs .fi

'

label l um . C'aryop/iyl/ Lep tosem

’

s.

1 facet/c oit us . (l

ynx/i ocem S iep/umop hyl l ia.

Garden aria . Caratotroclzus .

Desmop /ayl lum . An t/i em. ip/ayl l id .

Parcel/(l i lie s .

1 1dl oez/a ll l ado'acis.

21 8 .

Of the 20 gene ra occ u r r ing i n th i s zone, on l y 2 we r e fo u n d in the 0— 25 fat homszone .

Th i s bathymet r i c zone,l im i ted by the 1 00 and 400 fathom l ines , i n the V i c in i ty of

the l la ‘

a iian I s lands i s espec ia l ly cha r acte r i zed by an ab u ndance of spec ies andgene ra. ofTurbino l id and E upsamm id co r a l s and some spec ies of s lende r , b r anch ing

and S tylophorids . The r e are a l so some f r ag i le Fungids .

The zone between 0 and 2 5 i s cha racte r i zed by an ab u ndan ce of l a r ge r,mo r e

l u x u r iant co r a l s be long ing to the Poc il loporidee ,Orbice- l l idee

,Fav iidae , the simp le

md compo u nd Fungids, the Mont iporina'

,and the Po r i t i dae .

Bathymet r i c s t u d ies of th i s k i nd are of dec i ded impo r tance in the in te r p r etationof pa leon to log ic data . The fo l low i ng gene r a l i zat ions can be made for the Hawa i ianI s lands :

1 . An ab u ndance of i nd i v id u a l s be longing to the Pocil loporidae , Orbicel l idae,Fav iidfe. mass i v e Fungids , Mon tiporin

‘

ce and the Poritidze i nd i cate a depth of lessthan 25 fathoms . Occas iona l i nd i v id u a l s may g row at a depth of 40 fat homs . Wi t hinc reas i ng depth i nd i v i d u a l s of the same spec ies become sma l le r and mo re f r ag i le.

2 . An ab u ndance of Turbinol id and E upsammid spec ies , and s lende r , r amoseOcu lin ids and StyIOphorids (as, for i nstance. i ll adracis) i nd i cate a depth of 1 00 to 400fathoms . The best cond i t ions for the g rowth of these co r a l s are r eal i zed between1 00 and 200 fathoms .

3 . A r o u nd the Hawa i i an I s l ands two fa u na l zones can be d i st ing u i shed,w i t h an

i nte rmed iate zone f rom 25 to 1 00 fathoms . Wi th i n th i s zone the r e is some com

m ingl i ng of fa u nas .4. Beyond the MiG- fathom l im i t the fa u na i s poo r

,and the species outs ide i t are

ex t reme l y f r ag i le.

As has been sa i d , the data at hand wa r r ant these conc l u s ions fo r the Hawa i i anI s l ands . Many st u d ies of th i s k ind are needed to know mo re tho ro u gh l y the r e l a t ionsbetween co r a l s and depth of wate r .

BULLE TI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NATI ONAL M U S EUM .

D I S TR I B U T I ON ACC O RD I N G T O T E M P E R A TU RE .

The fi r st cons i de rat ion he re i s to asce r ta i n the tempe r at u re of the s u r face of the

wate r . The reco r ds of the d r edg ings of the A lbatross in 1 902 ha v e. been u sed to

f u r n i sh the data . The reco r ds for the va r io u s i s l ands and channe l s w i l l be. g i v en.

begi nn ing w i t h the most eas te r ly .

H AWA I I I SLAND .

NO RTH EAST COA ST.

For t h i s coast the re are twenty - fo u r r eco r d s : Two gi ve a tempe r at u re of 74°

two e i gh t , twe l ve,

The r ange i s f rom 74 to

W EST COAST.

Reco r ds : Fo u r,

ten ,n ine

,t h ree

,th r ee

,The r e are

29 r eco r d s , wh i ch show a r ange f rom 76° to

MAU I I SLAND .

NORTH EA ST AND NORTH COAST.

Reco r ds : Fo r ty , two,

42 r eco r d s ; r ange 7 6° to 77°

AUAU CH ANNE L , BETW EEN MAU I AND LANA I I S LANDS .

Reco r ds : Two ,ten

,fo u r

,1 6 r eco r ds ; range 75° to 7 7

PA I LO LO CH A NNEL , B ETWEEN MOLOKA I AND MAU I I S LA NDS,A ND NORTH EAST A PPROACH .

Reco r ds : F i f teen , ten,

seven,

s i x,

two,

40 r eco r d s ; r ange ,

74° to

MOLOKA I I SLAND .

SOUTH COA ST.

Reco r ds : Two , e igh t , twenty - n ine, t h i r ty - s i x, 75 reco r d s :

r ange,73° to

NORTH COAST.

Reco r ds : Fo u r , five,

9 reco r ds ; r ange , 74° to 75

K A i wr CH A NN EL , BETWEEN MO LOKA I A ND (Mu n I S LANDS .

Reco r ds : S i x teen ,two

, 1 8 r eco r ds ; r ange, 7 6° to

OA H U I SLAND .

SOUTH COAST.

Reco r ds : Ten , n i ne, two , 2 1 r eco r ds ; r ange i 4° to 76°

42 unem '

r MAD R E I ’OR AR I A or TI -I E H AWA I I AN i snAN Ds AN D LAY S AN .

No nTq ST COA ST.

7”PO 0

Reco r ds : Twe l ve ,fo u r , 1 0 r eco rds . range , ( a to 78

SOUTHWEST (‘

OA ST

-1

Reco r ds : S ix ,the same for each reco r d .

Nanci e - WAT“) C H A NN EL , BE TWEEN UAH U A N ! ) K AUA I I S LANDS .

b0 n

WH O f

Reco r ds : Two ,to u r , 6 records ,

range, i t to (8

V ICIN I TY OF KAUA I I SLAND .

hw y-r F'“

f , fi

.

7

-

O .H O .

h ?e v “o n

Reco r ds : Th ree,S i x , fo r ty , t h irty (8 two

,49 8 : records ,

r ange,75° to

V ICI N ITY OF MODU MANU , OR BI RD I SLAND .

Reco r ds : Two ,t h ree, e i ghteen ,

th i r ty - one,

e i gh t , 6 2

reco r ds : range, 74° to 79°

FRENCH FRIGATE S I -ICAL .

Reco r ds : Fo u r , two ,seven , 1 3 reco r ds ; r ange, 74

° to

LAY SAN .

Reco r ds : One,

e i gh t , twentv - th ree, th i r ty , fo u r , one,

7 67 reco r ds ; r ange, 7 to 78°

These reco r ds , when cons i de r ed togethe r , show a tota l r ange in the su r facetempe r at u re of the wate r f r om 73 to The obse r vat i ons we re made betweenMa r ch 2 7 and A u g u st 2 S they the r efo re are the s umme r tempe r atu res . Unfortu

nate ly data rega r d i ng the w in te r tempe r at u res are not at hand .

Reef co r a l s , g row ing p ract i ca l l y at the s u r face of the wate r,we r e. obta ined o n

the so u t h coast of Mo loka i , the so u th coast of Oah u , the no r th coast of Oah u , an df rom Laysan . The s u r face tempe r at u re of the so u th coast of Mo loka i r anges f r om73° to t hat of the so u th coas t of Oah u f r om 76° to that o f the n o r th coastof Oah u f rom 74° to that of Laysan f rom 73° to The re. i s in the summe rt ime on the co r a l - reef areas of the Hawai i an I s l ands a r ange on l y of 5° in the s u r facetempe r a t u re of the wate r .These data ofl'

er noth ing new rega r d ing the tempe r at u re cond i t i o ns favo r ab lefor the g rowth of r eef co r a l s , Dana , in h is Co r a l s andCo r a l I s l ands , t h i r d ed i tion ,hav ing g i ven a sat i sfacto r y d i sc u ss ion of the s u bject . The data he r e p resen tedr ega rd ing the Hawa i ian I s l ands , howeve r , f u r n i s h a s ta r t ing poi n t fo r the p r esen tst u dy . Acco r d i ng to D ana , r eef co r a l s can end u re a r ange in tempe r atu r e f r om6 8° F . to 85° E

,b u t the, ann u a l mean m u s t not be be l ow the s umme r wo u l d be

h ighe r . The lowest s umme r s u r face tempe r at u r e r eco r ded by the A lbatross wasThe fo l low i ng sched u le w i l l be adopted : S pec ies fo u nd between 78° and 73° and

60° and 50° and 40° and

BULLE TI N 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL MUS EU IVI .

S P EC I E S FOUN D AT A TEM P ER ATUR E B ETW E EN 78° A N D 73

° F .Th i s l i st wo u l d inc l u de a l l spec ies occ u r r ing between 0 and 40 fat homs . The l i st

of spec ies fo u nd between t hose depths can be cons u l ted . and i ts repet i t ion th u savo i ded (see p .

S P EC I E S FOUN D AT A TEM P E R ATUR E B ETW E EN 73° A N D 60 ° F .

F label l um p avon inwa Lesson , typi ca l .F. p aeom

'

num var. paripaeomawn, A l cock .

P lacotroclmsfuscus Va u ghan .

P aracyat/ws maa iensis Va u ghan .Paracg/a-t/ms molok ensz

’

s Va u ghan .

Oaryopfiylhfa [tawai iens z'

s Va u ghan .

Oyat/toceras diomedeaz Vaughan .

An t/zem z

’

p /ryl l ia p acifi ed Va u ghan .

M td'm cis k auaiensz’

s Va u ghan .

M k aumfensis va r . mam'ocalyr Va u ghan .

E mgia p atel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .F ungiafragi li s (A l cock ) .Lep toseris bawai im si s Va u ghan .

l ep toseris scabm Va u ghan .

S tep/zarwp/Lg/l l 93a fine-

1 10 87783 5ma Mose ley.

Balanop/ayl l ia desmop ltyl l im'

des Va u ghan .

Balanop lzyl lm Ice-

ysanensis Va u ghan .

Balawop /tyl l ia dz'

o-medaaz -

’ a u ghan .D endrop hyl l

'ia oahensis Va u ghan .

S P EC I E S - FOUN D AT A TEM P ER ATUR E B ETW E E N 60° AN D 50° F .

Flabel lum p a vom'

nmn, Lesson , typ i ca l .1 7. pavomfnmn var. distinct

'

wm M . Edwa r ds and Haime .

I 7 . p aw/”1727201 727. va r . par i i i/(1 777, A l cock .

Uyatltoceras dimncdcae Va u ghan .

I ll adm cz'

s k auavfen sis Va u ghan .

S tep /tanop /tyl l iafor/nosissima Mose ley .

Balanop hyl l ia diomedeee va r . waa -

uiens is Va u ghan .

Prec ise max imum temperature a t w h ich col lected.

50

66 . 5

65

64. 8

63

67

60. 6 1

67

67

63

7 1 .

7 1 . q

-q

44 RE CE NT MADRnPo RAR I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I SL ANDS AND LAY SAN .

S P EC I E S FOU N D AT A TEM P E R ATUR E B ETW E E N 50 ° AN D 40° F

Precise mi n imum temperature at w h ich col lected .Flabel l um pamorz'lnwn Lesson , typi ca l . 46 . 8°

F. p arom’

nw n rar. le lum S t u de r .-m* l 6l ltd/UM 556 728715“ Va u ghan .

D ewnn /zyl lm n, m’t

'

s lagal l z'M i l ne Edwa rds and Haime.

P amm‘

g/af/m s l enuxlcalym

D el l oc-

g/a-l /zus aw l /7 7mm {0 1 1.8 A l cock .

Tmm/mcya l /ms oahensi s Va u ghan .

octop al-l Va u ghan .

(f'. octop a

'

l i va r . i ncerta Va u ghan .

Cli/(t l fiflcefras (l iomeflcaf Va u ghan .

Cera l ol rocltus lam-na Va u ghan .

flflul ’repmw lm.em.Zena/

lsVa u ghanIl i ad-

reel s [airframe-7rst'

s Va u ghan .

flfussa .

9 sp . yo u ngLep tose

-

rls [ma ni la Va u ghan .

fi nanosafss lma Mose ley .

Emlop ac/zy/s-

"a u ghan .

Balm»0pfry/l l la. itct'zvcl l l efls ls Va u ghan .

Z ) é -ml seq yentfma Va u ghan .

An iacp sammla. (1 .my) belch-ides (A lcock ) .

A . a.mp /wl-lo-

vk les' var. caca l la l ct Va u ghan .

S P EC I E S FOUN D AT A TEM P E R ATUR E B ETW E E N 40 ° AN D 30° F .

F label l 'elm (lai n-(lens von hIarenz el lel '.

l uv/op lzyl l i tt alone/f l Va u ghan .

B /t l/z'ycwt ls Ame/gt li e Va u ghanGene ra l concl u s ions r ega r d i ng the co r re l at ion between tempe r atu r e and the

dis tri lm tion of the spec ies of Ilf adrep orarza a r o u nd the Hawai i an I slands :Temp era lm

'e 7 <S

’°— 7 fi i — Seventys even of the 1 24 fo rms r ecogn i zed l i ve Wi th i nthese tempe r at u re l im i ts and at a depth of less than 40 fathoms .

Temperature 73°— 60° J’I — N ineteen fo rms l i ve between these l im i ts . These

fo rms sho u l d be d i v i ded into two tempe r at u r e zones : F irst,between 73° and

in wh ich 4 spec ies occ u r,name ly : l itany/la p atel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) , F i lm/i c

fi'agz

'

l is (A l cock ) , Z ep l oser ls lulwa'l ’le-

nsl s Va u ghan,and Lep loserls scabra Va u ghan .

The fi r st two we re, fo u nd on l y w i t h i n these tempe r at u r e l im i ts and on l y at a depthbetween 40 and 75 fat homs . [ cp loserls k arma

/

(fi end s r anges i n depth f r om abo u t 25fathoms to o v e r 250 fathoms

, in tempe r at u re f rom 46 8° to L . scabra i n depthf r om abo u t 25 to nea r l y 80 fathoms

,in tempe r at u r e f rom 6 1 ° to S econd,

between 60° and none of the r ema in i ng fo rms,possibl y excep t ing Balano

p ic/yl l'la, dewnop /tyl l lozfrles Va u ghan , wh i ch may have been fo u nd at ‘a tempe r atu r e as

h igh as 77° F . , was co l lected at. h ighe r tempe r a t u r e t han 69° F .

4G REC ENT MADR E I ’URAR IA OF TH E H AW’ A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .

The p reced ing t ab le shows that a l l the s t r i ct l y recf—lmi lding gene r a l i ve at atempe r at u re of 73 ° F .

The l is t u nde r 7 3° F.conta ins the names of 9 gene r a w h i ch we re not fo u nd at

t tem l'wrature so h igh as 70° F . Seven of these 9 we re a l so found at a tempe r atu r ebetween 40 ° and The 5 gene r a fo u n d between 00° and 50° we r e a l so fo u ndbe tween 50° and

The gene r a o c c u r r ing between 70° and 40° are p r ec i se l y the same as those occu rr i ng between the 1 00 and 400 fathoms l ines . They are Turbinol ids, Eupsammids,some.

s lende r b r anch ing Ocu l in ids and S tylophorids, and‘ a l so some f r ag i le Fungids .

The g reates t n umbe r of gene r a was fo u nd between 40° and 50° F . i n tempe r at u r eand between 1 00 and 200 fathoms in depth . E leven of the 1 7 gene r a fo u n d between40° and 50° F. oc c u r between the 1 00 and 200 fathoms l i nes , wh i le 1 1 o f the 1 3

gene ra co l lected between 1 00 and 2 00 fathoms l i ve at a tempe r at u r e between 40°

and

Tempe r a t u re and depth , then ,can be co u p led . The bes t cond i t i o ns fo r a p r ofuse

develo l'

nnent ofTurb ino l id gene r a are , (1 ) a depth of 1 00—900 fathoms , and"

(2 ) a temperature of40°- 50° F .

I t sho u l d be emphas i zed that these concl u s ions app l y to the Hawai i an I s l ands ,and t hat mo r e ex tens i ve st u d ies are necessa r y befo r e the f u ndamen tal p r inc ip les o fcon t r o l o f d i st r i b u t ion by dept h and tempe r at u re can be fi rm l y es tab l i s hed .

I N F LU E N CE O F TH E C H A R ACT E R O F TH E B O T T OM ON D I S T R I BUT I ON .

At fi r s t I tho u gh t that the cha racte r of the bot tom mi g h t i nfl uence the spec ies ofco r a l s g row ing on i t. b u t a g lance down the gene r a l tab le, co n tai n i ng the names ofthe spec ies

,the stat ion n u mbe r s

,depth

,etc s hows that the same spec ies occu r s o n

so g r eat. a varietv of bot tom that i ts impo r tance as a facto r i n dete rm in ing distribut ion i s doubtf u l . ex cept the wate r p robab ly m u s t be c lea r and the co r a l s mu s t h aveo bjects to wh i c h ther can at tach themse l ves .

A DD I T I ON A L F ACT O R S GO V E RN I NG TH E D I S TR I B U T I ON OF M AD R E P O R A R I A .

Dana says : “ The r ange of tempe r at u re 85° to 74° gi ves s u ffic ien t heat for thedeve lopmen t of the g reate r pa r t of co r a l - reef spec ies ; and yet the tempe r a t u r e at the1 00 - foo t p l ane in the m i dd le Pac ifi c i s mos t ly above The ch ief ca u se of l im i tat i o nin depth i s the d im in i shed l ig h t

,i s po inted out by P rof . T. F u c h s . ”

P ress u re and d im i n i s hed l igh t are both co r re l at i ve w i th depth . Both facto r sneed f u r the r i nvest igat i on . Anoth e r facto r t ha t needs s t u dy is the food s u pp l y ;and p r obabl y the oxygen conten t of the wate r . Some of the fac to r s to wh i chcons i de r ab le attent ion has been pa i d are not cons ide r ed he r e

,s u ch as pos i t ion w ith

refe r ence to the l i nes of the b r eake r s,r e l at ions to the fa l l and r ise of the t i des

,etc.

As yet compa r at i ve l y few facts hea r i ng u pon the f u n damen ta l p r i n c i p les w h ic hdete rm ine the d ist r i b u t ion of co ra l s have been co l lected . Most au t ho r s have conten ted themse l ves w i th merelv ment ion ing the stat ion and depth at w h i c h a givenfo rm was p roc u red ; thev u s u a l l y have not u t i l i zed even t hese data in at tempts tod i sco v e r a u v underlvi ng p r i nc i p les . We need m u c h mo re i nfo rmat ion and mo r e

Co ra l s. and (‘

o ra l I s lands,3d ed.

,p . 1 1 8 .

BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATE S NAT IONAL M U SEUM .

tab u l at i ons of the phys i ca l s u r r o u nd ings u nde r wh i ch the fo rms , f rom i nd i v id u a l s togene r a , have l i ved ; and a w ide r ange of phenomena sho u l d be made the s u bject ofexpe r imenta l phys io logi ca l i nves t igat i on .

The u nde r s tand i ng of the r e l at ions of o rgan i sms to the i r physi ca l en v i r o nmenti s of the u tmos t impo r tance to the pa leon to logi st , fo r i t i s by the app l i cat ion of s u chknow ledge t ha t he i s. ab le to reconst r u ct the cond i t ions u nde r w h i ch o r gan i sms nowext i nc t once l i ved .

F AUN A L A F F I N I T I E S O F TH E H AW A I I AN M A D R E P O R A R I A .

An exam inat ion of the l as t co l umn,

“ D i s t r i b u t i o n o u ts i de Hawa i ian I s l ands,or

affin i t ies,

”of the tab le on pages 1 1 to w i l l show th at n ume ro u s spec ies and va r iet ies

of the co r a l s found in the Hawai i an I s l ands are fo u nd e l sewhe r e or have c l ose r e l at ions i n othe r a reas . Th i s rema r k i s t r u e of the reef fa u na (1 — 25 fat homs) , thedeep - wate r fa u na (1 00—400 fathoms) , and the one occ u py ing the inte rmed iate depth .

S u ffic ien t ca ref u l desc r i pt i ve wo r k has not as yet been done on the d iffe rent a reas ofthe Pac i fic to wa r ran t deta i led compa r i sons w i th othe r a reas “

; besides , the p r oblemof defin ing spec ific l im i ts i s in an u nsat isfacto r y cond i t ion .

Comp arison wi t/z, tire Pa -

nam ie fauna — On ly two spec ies f r om the Hawai i anI s l ands are act u al l y i den t i fied w i th spec ies f rom the west coast of Ame r i ca

,name l y :

D esmop izyl lmn. criséagal l'é M i l ne Edwa r d and H aime , wh i ch i s a deep - wate r fo rm of

u n i ve r sa l occ u r r ence, and S tep/zanam'

a stel lata Ve r r i l l , wh ic h Q u e l c h repo r ts f romthe F i j i I s l ands . The spec i fic r esemb lance between the faunas of the two a r easi s not c l ose .

Howeve r , they have the fo l low ing r eef gene r a i n common[ bci l lop ora S tep /tanaria Mon tip ora

F angia D endrop /tyl l /fa

H oroua

Several (shal low- wate r spec ies of Paracyat/zax have been desc r i bed by Ve r r i l l

f rom the Pac i fic coast Carpal-

v/ryl l ia and Endopac/tys are fo u nd in deepe r wate r .S ome of the Hawa i ian and the Panam i c 1 ’

0 0 /7 10p 0 7'68 are r at he r c l ose

,the l atte r

s u ggest ing the l z’ga lata g ro u p .

Fwnq éa p atel la andF. elegans be long to the same sect ion of F imgi a .

The P avo'naa are c l ose.

One spec ies of S tep/ianan'

a, i s cons i de red common to the two a reas .The D endrop /tyl l éee are ve r y c lose.

The i l lon tip orec are d i ffe ren t .The Porites are d i ffe rent .The Panam i c fa u na i s ve r y c lose to , or the same as , the Galapagos fa u na, and i s

as c l osely re l ated to the S o u th Pac i fic fa u na as to the Hawai ian . The re i s no th ingto s u ggest fa u na l m i g r at ion between the Hawa i ian and Panam i c r eg ions .

Comp arison writ/t Me Sou l/2. P ac ific and Indian Ocean fau na s— The r es u l ts ofthe compa r i son i s immediatelv to show affin i ty . A n umbe r of the spec ies are conr

mon th ro u gho u t the a rea , and othe r s have c lose re l at i ves occ u py ing the d i ffe ren ta reas . One of the mos t st r i k ing th ings abo u t the Hawa i i an fa u na i s the ent i reabsence of d i s t inct i ve gene r a . Except i ng An t/zem ip/zyl l ia , and verv doubtful lv

48 REGE NT MADRE PORAR I A O F TH E HAW’ A I I A N I S LANDS A ND LAYSAN .

the r e is not a gen u s that difi'erentiates i t f r om the fa u nas of the So u thPacific - I nd ian Ocean r egion . I n fact , as has been sai d , the r e has been on ly pa r t i a lspec i fi c ditferen t iat ion between the. two a reas . The Hawai ian fa u na , t he r efo re,sho u l d be c lassed w i th the So u the r n Pac ific - Ind i an Ocean fa u na , and it p robab l y wasde r i v ed f rom the. l atte r at a conlpara.t i\ -

'

ely i'

ecent date.

The Hawa i ian reef fa u na ex h i b i ts a pec u l i a r i ty wo r thy of f u r the r not i ce, i n theabsence of some of the common r eef - b u i ld i ng gene r a of othe r a reas . The re are nospec ies of the Oc u l i n i dae . E usmi l iidze, or the Astrangi idze ; the re are ve r y few O r b icol l idae , none of the la rge, mass i v e, met-mdrinoid Fav i idte nor of the Mussidze . The

gen u s Acrop ora i s , poss i b ly , b u t not p robab l y , ex cept ing A . ec/a'

nata , ent i re l y absen t .Dana "

noted the absence o r sca r c i ty of these' co r a l s about the I s la nds , an d acco u n tsfor i t by the i r l y i ng o u ts i de the to r r i d zone of ocean i c tempe r at u r e, in the subto r r i d ,whe r e the co r a l s are consr-xluently less l u x u r i an t andm u ch fewe r i n spec ies . Dana’sexp lanat ionmay be co r rect , b u t i t does not seem to be s u ppo r ted by s u ffi c ien t ev i denceto wa r r an t i ts acceptance . The refo re, I sho u l d l i ke to s u ggest an a l te rnat i ve expla

nat ion . As is'

we l l known,the spec ies i nhab i t i ng the wate r s of the Be rm u da I s l and s

are a l l iden tica l w i th An t i l lean and F l o r i d i an spec ies . No spec ies of Acropora,

howeve r,i s fo u nd i n Be rm u da . The Be rm u dan i s an em i g r ant fa u na

,and I have

s u ggested that the same i s t r u e of the Hawai i an . I s i t not poss i b le th at the l a r vaeof some spec ies and some gene r a can not be t r anspo r ted a l ive for g r eat d i s tances byc u r rents

,wh i l e o the r s can be ?

S Y S TE M A T I C D I S CU S S I ON O F TH E F AUN A .

M A D R E P O R A R IA IM P E R F O R ATA .

Fam i l y FLABELLI DrE Bo u r ne.

1 900 . Flahcl linrc GREGO RY , J u rass ic Cor. ofth e C u tch , p . 34.

F labell'idaz BOURNE , Roy. Soc . Rept. on Pear l Ovster F i sher ies,I V

,p

. 1 95.

Type-

genus. fi t abel lam Lesson .

D iagn osis .- (Joral lum w i th impe r fo r a te t i ssues , snnp le or r ep rod u c i ng by gemma

t ion w i th in the c u p , c u ne i fo rm or con i ca l,originallv w i th a sma l l base , w h i ch i s

attached in the ea r l y g rowth stages,b u t w h i ch s u bseq u ent l y may be b r oken off.

Wa l l composed o f an ep i theca that i s c l ose l y app l ied to the ou te r ends of the sep taand extends u pwa r d to the edge of the ca l i ce. Wi th i n th i s ep i theca l wa l l t he r e maybe a so l i d depos i t of ste reop lasm

,wh i ch in some instances ob l i te r ates the in te r septa l

loc u l i in the basa l po r t ion of the co ra l l um .

S epta l ma r g ins ent i r e.

Remark s —t is fam i l y con ta ins D uncan/5a Pourtalé s

,I f ap lo

p ityZ/c'

a Pou i 'tales,and Gardin efl a

, wh i ch i s he re desc r i bed as a new gen u s . Acco r ding to Bo u r ne P lacotroc/i as be longs he re .

avCora ls and Cora l I s land,3d cd.

,p,1 1 1 .

bConsidcred a svnonvm of .I"labcl lum bv i ardiner Mar ine In v est . in So u th A fr ica, I I , p . 1 1 7 .

BULLET IN 59,U N I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M U S EUM .

G e n u s F L A B E L L U M L e s s o n .

F L AB E L LUM PAV O N I N UM Le s son .

P late I , figs . 1,l a

,2,2 a

,20

,3 , 3a ; P late I I , figs . 1 , l a ,

2,2a,

2 b, 3 , 3a , 4, 4a ,5, 5a ; I

’late I l l ,figs . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 4a ,

1 83 1 . F labrl lu'm pcwon in-

um LES SON,I l l u s t . Zoo l .

,p l . x i v .

1 846 . E up hyl l'ia p amoni na DA NA , Z ooph . W i l kes li xp l . l‘ixped.

,p . 1 59

,p l . figs . 5, 6 .

1 848 . F labellum. panama-

um M I LNE E DWA RDS and H am s , Ann . Sci . Nat,S ieme ser.

,Zoo l .

,I X

,

p . 260.

1 848 . I"!ahe[lum distinch un M I LNE E DWA RDS and H am s,Ann . Sci . Nat , 3 ieme sen

,Zoo l .

,I X ,

p . 262 .

1 857 . I’label lw n pavon inum M I LN E E DWA RDS and H am s,H i st . Nat . Coral l .

,I I , p . 80 .

1 857 . F label lum disl inctum M ILNE E DWA RDS and H A IME , H i st . Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 80 .

1 873 . F lrzbel lum distifrwtum. DUNCA N,Tran s . Zoo l . Soc. London , V I I I , p . 32 2 , p l . x xx i x , figs . 1 — 1 3 .

1 878 . F label lmn. [a lum STUD ER,Monatsber. A kad . Wi ssenschaft . , Ber l in for 1 87 7 , p . 630 , p l . 1

,

figs . 3a , 3b.

1 88 1 . F labcl I/um pawns MossLi-zv ,Deep Sea Coral s , Cha l lenger Repts .

, p . 1 72 , p l . v i , figs . 4, 4a,5,5a .

1 88 1 . Flabel lum aust'rale Moss LEY,Deep Sea Corals, _

Chal lenger Rep ts .,p . 1 73

, p l . vn ,figs . 4,

4a,5,5a ,

1 894. F label l ina parr’

pavon inum Arcocx ,Jo u r . A s . Soc. Benga l , LX I I I , p . 1 87 .

1 898 . F label lum p aro’

p avon ihum A LCOCK , I n v est igator ” Deep Sea Madrepor.,p . 2 1

,p l . I I , figs . 3 ,

3a ,

1 902 . F labellum dist inction A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepon , S iboga E xped ,p . 30 .

1 902 . F label lxrun larnel lulosrm A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor. , S iboga Exped ,p 30, p l . I V , figs .

28,28a

,

1 902 . F lubellusm austm le A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor., S ilmga Exped ,

p . 30.

1 902 . F label lum lat-um A LCOCK,Deep Sea Madrepor.

,S iboga E xped ,

p . 3 1 .

1 902 . Flabcllum pawon inmn GA RD I NER , Mar ine I n v est . in So u th A f r ica,I I

,pp . 1 2 3

,1 24

,p l . n

figs . 1 8— 2 1 (wi th Synonymy ) .

1 904. F label lwn chuu'fi v . MAR ENZ E LLEB,S te inkora l len ,

V a ld i v ia E xped ,p . 2 74, p l , xvm ,

figs .

l 4, 1 4a ,1 4b.

The spec ies desc r i bed by von Marenz el ler u nde r the name of F . maymjficmn

i s c l ose to F. paron iawn,b u t i s m u c h l a r ge r . He i ght

,65 mm. ; g reat-er d iamete r

,93

mm . ; lesse r , 47 . The p r opo r t ions,howeve r , are q u i te s im i l a r to those of typ i ca l

pam n in um . The n umbe r of septa (2 1 2 ) i s , fo r the s i ze, p r opo r t ionate l y less than inF p ct

/

vort'i nw

D escrip tion .

— Co r a l lum cune i fo rm,base comp ressed

,r i s i ng above a medial lv

s i t u ated , r a the r s lende r , ped i ce l . La r ge ind i v i d u a l s atta i n a hei gh t of 50 to 60 mm.

Faces convex , p l ane o r concave, the i r ang le of d i ve r gence f rom 30° to Late ra ledges ac u te and c rested , ac u te b u t not c rested , or obt u se l y ro u nded , the angle ofd i ve rgence f r om 70° to 2 00° ormo re. Costze '

ariable in deve lopment , absen t , s u bobso lete.

o r mode r ate l y deve loped . Ma rg i ns of the ca l i co r o u nded,ne v e r sca l loped

,i nc i sed , or

lobed ; they maya r ch beyond the c u r ve of a hal f c i r c le ormay be dep ressed be low s u cha c u r ve. Sep ta between 5 and 7 cyc l es

,w i th f rom 24 to a l i tt le mo re than 50 p r i nc i

pa l s ; the u s u a l a r r angemen t i s for eve r y fo u r t h or eve r y e igh th sept um to r eac h theco l ume l l a

,w i th i nte rmed iate length s acco r d i ng to the cyc le . The u ppe r po r t ions

of the septa l ma rg i ns may r each the leve l of the u ppe r edge of the wal l , b u t they do" S teinko ra l len

,V a ld i v ia Exped.

,p . 2 76 , p l . xvu ,

figs . 1 3 , l 3a .

3230 1 — 07— 4

50 RECE NT MADRE P ORAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I A N I S L A NDS AN D LAY SAN .

not.p r ot r u de beyond it and often are pe r i phe ra l l y excavated . The i n te r septa l l oc u l i

l -I'

O u s u a l l y open to the bas e of the co r a l l um ,and appa rent ly are neve r g reat l y fi l led

w i th ste reop l asm . Co l ume l la trabec u l a r , va r i ab le in deve l opment .D isc/fl)Mirna— A lmost wo r l d - w ide ; easte r n At l an t i c Ocean , So u t h A f r i ca , the

Ind ian O cean,Eas t Indies , the weste r n and cent r a l Pac i fic Ocean gene r a l l y .

Th i s spec ies was fi r s t f rom spec imens b ro u gh t to Lesson , p res umab l yco l lected aro u nd the Hawa i ian I s l ands . S i nce then i t h as been fo u nd i n many seasand repo r ted u nde r i ts o r ig i na l name or some one of i ts n ume r o u s synonyms , b u t noexped i t ion had aga i n fo u nd i t in the v i c i n i ty of the type l oca l i ty . The A lbatross

ex ped i t ion of 1 002 obta i ned 1 1 4“ spec imens , d i v i s i b le i nto fo u r va r iet ies . As thesespec imens are ve r y inte r es ti ng they have been ca ref u l ly s t u d ied , and the r es u l t sobta i ned are s u bseq u ent ly p r esen ted . My own data are s u pp lemen ted by thosepub l i shed by D u ncan“

and by Ga r d i ne r ?G ray “d i sc u ssed the synonymy of th i s spec ies and p l aced in i t s i x teen of th e

fo rms recogn i zed as d is t i nct by M i l li e Edwa r ds and Haime.

Ga r d i ne r p l aced i n the synonymy of F.luazfiomnw a , F (Iistiozctm/t M i lne E dwa r d s

and I -Iaime, F . p ate

-

as and c astrate of 1\ "Ioseley,and F. p aripw on {mm

-

z. A l cock . I

have added F . [M um S tudcr, and F . [curml lvzjosum ,desc r i bed by A l cock in h i s l ast

pape r,andF. (fur von Marenz e ller. Th i s p roced u re refe r s seven spec i fic names to

the sy'nonymy of 1 7. p aeowi'l zma . Duncan ‘d u n i ted F label lum artensmn (M i c he l in )

w i th F. distin cwm,b u t the ev idence fo r th i s conc l u s i on does not seem to me suffi

c ien t,a l t ho u gh D u n can may be correct . I t does not appea r u n l i ke l y t hat seve r al

of the so u the r n Europ i an Te r t ia r y spec ies of'

I'I

la-bel lum may,u pon c lose r s t u dy

,

p rove to be connected w i t h F. prt-

vonolnxmi t th ro u gh the va r ieta l fo rm F. dz'

sténctmn .

A nothe r g ro u p of spec ies c lose l y to F. p awm z’

mzm i s those desc r i bed byPh i l i pp i f r om the

f

l‘

ei'

tiary fo rmat io ns of Ch i le,name l y

,Li t/comyces afgual z

i

s and

costume.

" The fo rme r espec ia l l y seems nea r F . p rmm z

’

n u-

za . P h i l i pp i ’s gen u s Li t/iomyces i s a p rec i se synonym of 1 ’7450 l lmn .

The cha r acte r s by wh i ch the va r io u s co r a l s he re u n i ted u nde r the spec i fic name

F . pmmm’

mm z, we re sepa rated are p resented in the fo l low i ng synops i s . The o r ig ina ldes c r i pt ions of al l these fo rms are sul

'

isequent ly g i ven i n d i scuss ing the va r iet ies .

S YNOPS IS O I" TI I E D IFFERENTIA L CH A RACTERS O F TH E (‘

ORA LS UN ITED W ITH F . PAVON I NUM .

Cal led in the p resen t paperA ng le of la teral edges W i th each othe r mo re than 1 80°

7 e v el es ofsepta ,48 pr inc ipal s

,he igh t 39 mm .

,lengt h of ca l i ce

47 mm . lmnc/Inlosum A lcock var. lwmcuu loswn A l cock .Ang l e of latera l edges w i th each other abo u t(5 cyc les ofsepta, 48 pr inc ipa ls . I". pa irou imun Lesson typ i ca l .

0 Trans . Zoo l . Soc . London,V I I I

,1 8 73

,p

. 322 .

bMarine I n ves t . in So u th A f r i ca,I I

, 1 902 , p .C Proc. Zool . Soc . Lomlon ,

1 849,pp . 75

, 76 .

dTrans . Zool . Soc . London,V I I I

,1 873

,p

. 1 2 3 .

eTeri . und Q uar t . Verste in . Ch i les , 1 887 , p . 2 35, p l . L I V , figs . 1 - 4.

BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NATI ON A L M U S EUM .

(‘

al led in th e present paperA ng le of lateral edges w i th each o ther less thanH e igh t ofcoral luin less than th e length of the ca l ice.

Latera l edges ro u nd , not crested , may be obsc u re ly kee lednear the pedice l .

\ ng le 6 cyc les of septa ,24 pr inc ipa l s

,he igh t 30

mm .,greater d iameter of ca l ice 56 mm . [a lum

S t uder var. [a l um S t u d-er.

a teral edges ac u te , at leas t near th e ped ice l , often cres ted .

A ng le 1 00° 6 comp lete cyc les ofsepta , some mem

bers of the se ven th , 24 to 38 pr inc ipa l s , heigh t 43mm .

,length ofca l ice 55 mm . F . patent s Moseley

A ng le abo u t 90° not m u ch larger t han a r igh t ang le6 cyc les of septa ,

24 pr inc ipa ls . F . dis l inctum M i l ne Comb i ned u nder var. distincl um

Edwards and B aime M i l ne Edwards and Haime.

A ng le .

70° 6 cyc les of septa comp lete, or near lyso

,48 pr inc i pals, heigh t 57 mm .

,greater diameter

65 mm . Septa l marg ins exca v ated at the wa l l .F. untstralc Mose ley

H eigh t ofcora l l 1nn ’

e<;p1 als or ex ceeds th e length of the ca l ice.

Lateral edges sharp .Ang le 6 cyc les of septa,

24 pr inc ipal s , heigh t 39mm . ,length of cal ice. mm . F. puriparon

'imun

A lcock - var. paripuvon imwn A l cock .

A s t u dy of the l i te r at u re and the spec imens s u bm i tted to me leads me to th inkthat t h i s p rotean spec ies can best be hand led by r ecogn i z i ng five va r ieta l fo rms , '

ars .

lanwl l ulosum Al cock, pe rm

-

l i qmm typ i cal,va r . Zatmu. S t u de r , va r . disti-nctum M i l ne

Edwa r ds and H aime (+F . patens h-

‘

l oseley F (cu-straw Mose ley ) , and va r .A l cock . I n the p r eced ing synops is the hei gh t of the co r a l l u m

and the length of the ca l i ce are gi ven me re l y to s how the r e l at i ve meas u remen ts .F. lat'um may have a w ide r basa l ang le and mo r e n ume ro u s p r i nc i pa l septa ; the basalang le of F. pari/immowi nwn i s va r i ab le , and t he r e may be as manv as 50 p r inc i pa lsepta .

F LAB E L LUM PAV O N I N UM v ar. LAM E LLULO S UM A l cock .P late I

,figs. 1

,

1 902 . Flabel lum lumcl l'ulosum A t cocx , Deep S ea Madrepor. , S i boga Exped. , p . 30 , pl . i v , figs . 28

28a,

0 7' descrip tion .

— A l cock ’s des c r i pt ion i s as fo l lows :Coral l um snow- wh i te

,of GXCOSS lvel ) ’ th in and t rans l u cen t tex t u re

,shaped l ike a widely- stretched

fan ,i ts c i rc um ference being eq ua l to abo u t. 2 85° of a c i rc le. There i s a s lende r shor t ped ic le , and the

latera l costee , wh i ch arch o u tward and downward , are sharp and fi ne ly and i r reg u lar ly jag ged . The

two faces ofth e coral l um are s l igh t l y conca v e and moderatel y e verted , are t rans versed by fain t rad iat ingcostee, and are v ery fai n t ly marked w i th fine wa vy t rans v erse accret ion l i nes . The sep ta , wh i ch arev ery th in ,

are in the un iq ue Spec imen 336 in n u mber . For ty- eigh t large ones ofeq ua l s i ze d i v ide the

ca l ic le in to 48 compartments,each of w h i ch conta ins 7 Smal ler septa of dim in ish ing s i ze. Of these

7 septa , the largest one (fi fth cy c le ) does not descend q u i te to the le vel of the co l umel la,the two

0 Meas u red in fig u res .

52 R EGENT MADR E I’OR AR I A o r TH E H AW A I IA N I S LAN DS AN D LAYS AN

nex t largest (s ix th cyc le ) do no t descend qu i te ha l f way down the cal icu lar wal l , and the four smal lest

(inc

omp lete se ven th cy c le ) are v ery sh o rt . The surfaces o f th e sep ta are fi ne l y,sharp l y , and some

wha t Sparse ly granu lar , and the i r edges as they descend in the cal ic le become smuous, espec ia l ly i nthe ease o f the larger septa. The col umel la ,

wh ic h is deep - seated and nar row , is fo rmed by sma l ltrabeculfe f rom th e 48 la rge septa o f the fi rst four cyc les .

Grea test he igh t o f cora l lum ,39 mm ; max imum d iameter , 47 mm .

Th is Spec ies is, e v iden t l y, nea r ly re lated to I ". pacerrinum,but. the cora l lum fo rms an arch ofmore

than th ree - quarters o f a c i rc le and the septa are near ly tw ice as numerous .

l ocal i ty— 5° 2 82 4 S . , 1 32

0 PL,204 m ete r s , 1 spec i m e n .

A co m pa r i son ofA l cock’s desc r i p t ion w i th t he tabl e for typ i ca l F . p aw n/inum w il l

show that the characte r s by wh i ch lamel l ulosum can be separa ted f ro m pavom'

snum. typi ca l a r e r educed to one

,the basa l angl e exceed i ng Spec i m e n No. 9 of that tab le

has 32 6 septa, w i th 48 p r i n c i pa l s ; spec i m e n No . 8 , w h i ch i s of n ea r ly th e sa m e size asA l coc k’s type , has 2 60 septa . So m e spec i m e ns show a te nden cyfor t h e basa l angl e ‘

to exceed The r e fo r e I be l i e ve the F . lmnel loswn shou l d be i nc l uded in F p aw

71 inum and cons ide r ed the ext r e m e of i ts va r i at ion in one d i r ection . No speci m e n ofth i s va r i ety was fou nd bv the [ Mea l /foss on th e Hawai i an expedi tion .

F L A B E L LUM PAV ON I N UM (typ ical ) .P late 1

,figs . 2 ,

2a.,2 b

,3 , 3e .

1 831 . I f’

label lum pacon'inum LE SSON

,I l lustr. Z oo l . , p l . xn .

1 846 . E uphyl/ia pm'on inu. DANA

,Z ooph . W'i lkes E xp l . Exped , p . 1 59, pl . VI , figs. 5, 6 .

1 857 . F labellum pavon'iaum M ILNE E DWARDS an d H A IME,H ist. Nat. Coral l . , I I , p . 80.

D esc— I n 1 857 M i lne Edwa r ds and B a i m e desc r ibed t h is species as

fol lows :Coral lum flabel l i fo rm

,compressed ch iefly toward the base ; faces subconca ve ; lateral crests l i t t le

pronounced , a lmost ho r i z ontal , the ob tuse angle that they fo rm bei ngalmost Costae s l igh t lyd ist i nc t . Cal ico strongly con vex from one summ i t o f the longer ax is to th e other , these summ i tsangu lar ; the cur v ed l i ne o f its margi n c i rcumscr ibes a segment of a c i rc le larger t han a sem ic i rc le.

The septa o f the last cyc le a lmost rud imen tary ; t hose o f the fi rst four cyc les apparen t ly equa l , gi v ingt he appearance o f 4S systems w i th th ree septa each . The pr i ncipa l septa ha v e thei r i n ner v er t i calmargi ns st rongly undu lated .

Th i s cha r acte r i zat ion i s good . The fol low i ng tab l es w i l l b r ing out oth e r cha racters and a l so show va r i at ion . One. c ha r acte r that needs spec ia l e m ph as i s

,besides

th e basa l angl e of the l ate r a l edges , i s t hat the gr eate r d i a m e te r of th e ca l i ce e xceedsi n length the he igh t of the corral lum. The ave r age ditl

'

erence for 1 8 speci m e n s ism m .

54 R ECENT MA DR E I’ORA R'

IA OF TH E H AWA I I A N I S LA NDS AN D LAY S AN .

ca l i ce.The i ns ide of the wa l l and the septa a r e usua l ly wh i te , bu t in spec i m e n s Nos .

ti and 9 the r e i s cons i d e r abl e pu r p l is h r ed on th e wa l l and the pe r ip he r a l po r t ions oft h e septa.

The r e a r e two spec i m ens f ro m s tat ion No. 3856 not i nc l uded i n t h e p r eced i ngtab l e . One of th ese is notewo r thy in hav i ng an angle of d i ve rgence of th e late r a ledges of th e s i des a r e asy m m et r i ca l ; on one s ide 700 i s t he. angl e w i t h th e ve rt i ca l ax i s

,on th e othe r p r act i ca l l y i n t he sa m e spec i m e n t he angl es of

p avonmum typ i ca l w i t h t hose of VtTh r ee spec i m e ns that co nnec t p a'nooz 'z

'

mam typ i ca l w i th va r . di stinctmn on one

hand and wi th va r . on t he othe r a r e cons ide r ed i n t h e fol low i ngtab l e .

TA BLE I I .

Heigh t ,d 8 h ortermeasure

(J rcater Lesser NumberS pec imen S tation a long s ide . Angle of d iameter d iameter dl aéneter N

f

umbt

erof pr inc inumber. number . p . b .

= l aces. a ove o sep a .ped ice l o i ca l ice . ofca l ice. I longer. pa l septa .

brok en .

”I I I-7M.

a Figured .Spec i m ens Nos . 2 2 and 2 3 difi'

er so l i t t l e f ro m t hose of Tab l e I t hat t hey cou l dw i th p rop r i ety be p l aced w i th -

n’a'

7 l - rm ), typ i ca l . The late r a l edges of No . 2 2 a r es l ight ly c r ested . and it i s p r ec i se l y i n te r m ed i ate between ty p i ca l p cwomfnum an dva r . di stin cmm . Speci m en No . 2 3 i s d ec i ded ly co m p r essed . The late r a l edges , howeve r , a r e. not c r ested ors ha r p kee l ed , bu t obtuse l y rou nded . I t i s i n te r m ediate betweenthe typ i ca l fo r m of t h e spec i es and spec i m e n No . 241 ,

wh i ch con nec ts w i t h vainp arz'

p a

vom'

nmn , r ep r esen ted by Tab l e V ,p . (30 . The basa l a ngl e of t h e late r a l edges is

beco m i ngs m a l le r , and spec i m e n No . 2 1 has th e a r ch of th e uppe r m a rgi n of t h e ca l icem o r e p rodu ced than in typ i cal p r esen t i ng th e esse n tia l cha r acte r s of va r .p am

’

paron én um . O the r va r iat ions and i nte rg r adat ion in the c ha r acte r of th e septalm a rgi ns a r e s hown . In spec i m e n No . 2 3 th e septa l a r ch i s beco m i ng l ess p ronou ncedthan i n th e spec i m en s i n c l uded in Tab l e I

,the uppe r and ou te r na r row po r t ions of

the m argi n s of t he p r i n c i pa l septa fo r m i ng a w i d e r zone . I n spec i m e n N 24 t h esepta l a r ch i s st i l l m o r e. supp r essed , t h e septa tend i ng to s lope i n a n al m ost s t r aigh tl i n e f ro m th e lowe r l i m i t of th e zone of n a r r ow sep ta l ends to t h e bou nda r y of t h eax ia l fossa . The a r ch d i m in i shes f ro m the. e nds of t h e sho r te r towa r d the p lan e ofth e l a rge r ax is of t he ca l i ce .

L0 0al a'

fz'

ea —"

l‘

hose f ro m w h i c h p r ev ious l y r epo r ted : Sandw i ch I s l an ds (Lesson ,Dana ) : S i ngapo r e and Ch ina (M i l n e Edwa rds and Haimc) ; Cap e. of Good Hope

,50

to 1 00 fatho m s (Ga rd i ne r ) .

BULLET I N 59, U N ITED S TATES NAT IONAL NI US EUM .

A lbatross exped i t ion , 1 902 :Pai lo lo c han ne l , between Mo loka i and Mau i i s l ands , Stat ion 3856 ; depth , 1 2 7

fat ho m s ; botto m , ti ne sand , ye l low m ud ; te m pe r atu r e , ll ; 2 spec i m en s , you ng.

No r th east and no r t h coas t ofMau i Is l and , Sta t ion 4079 ; depth , 1 1 3— 1 78 fat ho m s ;bot-tom

, gr ay sand , foraminit’

era : te m pe r atu r e , F 1 spec i m en . Stat ion 1 080 ;depth

,1 78— 2 02 fatho m s ; bo tto m , gray sand , foramin it

‘

era : te m pe ra tu r e , F. ;

8 spec i m e ns . S tat ion 408 1 ; depth , 20 2— 2 20 fa tho m s : bot to m , gr ay sand , fo r am in ifera ; te m pe r atu r e , F . ; 5 speci m e ns .

V icin itv ofKaua i I s land,Stat ion 41 39; depth , 257— 3 1 2 ; botto m , fine gr ay sand ,

m ud ; te m pe r atu r e , F j 4 spec i m e n s .No stat ion n u m be r : 2 spec i m e ns .Bes ides the above l i sted spec i m e ns t he r e a r e two b roken and subsequen tly

mended ; t hese a r e abno r m al . O f the 1 8 spec i m e ns , conce r n i ng wh i c h the dataon t he su r round i ng phys i ca l cond i t ions a r e exp l i c i t , 1 3 we r e obta i ned between 1 78and 2 20 fatho m s , on a gr ay sandy tloramin iferal bo tto m , at a te m pe r atu r e between50° and (50° F . ; 1 ca m e f rom deepe r wate r , 957— 3 1 2 fat ho m s , the te m pe r atu r e be i nglowe r

,F . The la rgest spec i m e n obta i ned ca m e f ro m th i s gr eatest dep th and

lowest te m pe ratu r e .F LAB E L LUM PAV ON I N UM v ar. L A TUM S tuder .

P late I I , figs . 2 , 2a ,2b.

1 878 . F labrl lam [atam STUDE R,Monatsber. A ka/i . “assenschaft . Ber l i n

,fo r 1 877 , p . 630, pl . I ,

figs . 3a ,

1 902 . [al um A LCOCK ,Deep Sea Madrepor. , S iboga Expert , p . 3 1 .

Origin al descrip tion .

— S tuder’

s desc r i pt ion , pub l i s hed i n 1 878 , i s as fo l lows :Coral lu in st rongl y compressed , very w ide and nar row

,w i t h a th i n

,cy l i nd r ica l ped i ce l wh ich

p robab ly was attached , b roken be low. The wa l l is smooth , w i th on l y concent r ic l i nes o f grow th , thelatera l angles rounded , on ly i n the lower th i rd ob tuse ly kee led . The cal icu lar margi n st ronglycon v ex , the d ifference be tween the p lanes o f the two axes 1 6 mm . S ix cyc les, t h ree o f wh ich are

eq ua l , t here fo re apparen t ly 24 systems . Septa smooth , sharp w i t h perpend icu lar margi ns . A l t i tude o fthe co ra l lum ,

39 mm . ; grea ter d iamete r , 56 mm . ; sma l ler,1 5 mm . ; angle o f d i vergence o f sides,

The spec i m e n on wh ich the fo l low i ng tab l e i s based i s assoc iated w i th S tuder’

s

laium . I t d i ffe r s in hav i ng m o r e w ide l y d i ve rgi ng l ate r a l edges ; i t i s not so m u chco m p r essed

,an d th e r e a r e a l m ost fou r cy c les of p r i nc i pa l septa . Th i s spec i m e n

s tands r athe r between lam-m and ty p i ca l Spec i m e n No . 2 3 of'l ‘ab l e I I

shows so m echa r acte r s of Zatw u . The va r ia t ions a r e suc h th at I do no t be l i e ve i tposs i b l e to r e ta i n 70mm as a d i st i n c t Spec i es .

TABLE I I I .

v 1

H e ig h t . Angle of Greater Lesser .\ umber races:S

figgfifi" l

n

st

i

il

ribn

e

l

i' measured latera l A

lqlil

e

'g

M d iameter d iame ter n i‘

princ ia long face . edges. ofca l ice . ofca l ice. pal septa . conca ve.

" H i t .

ca. 35 51 . 5

a Th is tab le and the preced ing were transposed a fter t h ey were prepared .

56 R ECENT MA DR-E POR AR IA O F TH E H AWA I I AN I S LAN DS AND LAYS AN .

Th i s spec i m en appea r s to be d i ffe r e n t f ro m those in Tab l e I i n t h r ee pa r ticu l a r s :

(1 )The basa l an

gl e i s l ess ; (2 ) the r e. is no basa l keel ; (3 ) th e septa an d the

,

1 ns1de of

the wa l l are pu r p l i sh r ed .On c lose r s tudy a l l of these d i ffe r en ces van i sh . The

basa l angle i s not 1 0° l ess than that in the specinn—ms w ith th e s m a l l es t angl e i n Tab l eI,and i s we l l w i th i n the l i m i ts of th e va r i at ion of the spec i es , as t he n ex t three tab l esw i l l s how .

The l ate r a l edges beco m e m o r e co m p r essed towa r d the ped i cel , th e dift'e r ence f r o m th e bases ofspec i m ens Nos . 9,

1 0, and 1 1 be i ng on l y s l igh t . The insideof the wal l and the pe r i phe r a l portitms of the septa i n spec i m en s Nos . 6 and 9 a r es i m i la r l y co lo r ed , bu t no t so da r k as i n th e spec i m e n he r e con s ide r ed . The ou tsideof t h i s spec i m en is co r roded , and that m ay have m ade the lowe r edges m o r e obtusethan they o r igi na l ly -ve re .

Lecfal i t'JeS u S ,1 72° E 45 fatho m s (S tudcr’

s type) ; 6° 8'N .,1 2 1 °

1 9’ E .

,2 75 m ete r s (A l cock ) .

A lbatross, 1 902 , Pa i lo lo Channe l , between Mo loka i and Mau i islands , S tat ion3865 ; depth ,

256— 2 83 fatho m s ; botto m , li ne vo lcan ic sand , roc k ; te m pe r at u r e , 45° F1 spec i m e n .

F LAB E L LUM PAV ON I N U IVI var. D I S TI N CTUM M i l ne E dw ards and»H aim e.

P late I I , fig. 5, 5d .

1 848 . Flabcl lmn di stimztam M i LNE EDWARDS and H A IME ,A n n . Sci . Nat , 3 ieme ser. ,

Z ool . , I X ,

p . 26 2 .

1 857 . Fla/mil i ti a distimrtmn M ILNE EDWA RDS and H A IME ,H ist . Nat . Coral l , I I , p . 80 .

1 873 .F label lum distinct-um DUNCAN , T rans. Z oo l . Soc. London V I I I , p . 322 , pl . x x xxx , figs. 1 —1 3 .

1 88 1 . fl i'lahcl lum pawns Mosemar,

Deep Sea Co rals, Cha l lenger Repts .

, p . 1 72 , p l . v i , figs. 4, 4a

5, 5a .

1 88 1 .Flabel lum. aastm le MosELEY

,Deep Sea Co ra ls, Cha l lenger Repts .

, p . 1 73, pl . V I I , figs. 4, 4a ,

5, 5a ,5b.

1 902 . F label lum distinctum A LOOCK ,Deep Sea Madrepor.

,S iboga E xped , p . 30.

1 902 . I i‘

label l um cmslm lc A LCOCK ,Deep Sea Mad repora ,

S iboga E xped , p . 30.

1 904. Flabcl l -ma chum -i VON MARENZ BLLE R,S tei nko ral len , V a ld i v ia Exped , p . 2 74, pl . XV I I I , figs.

1 4,H a

,

F iche/l am distinc tam, M i l n e Edwa r ds and Haime,1 848

Th is coral has becn con fused w i th F . p twonimun; but i ts lateral costze ,i nstead of bei ng a lmost

ho r i z on tal,are ascend ing, and thei r angle is no t much larger than a r igh t angle. The cal ice is more

compressed,and i ts mar

’gi n fo rms an are less than a sem ici rcle. On ly the fi rst t h ree cyc les of septa

are equa l , and the appearance is o f 24 systems, wi th 7 septa each .

—_M i lne- Edwards and Hai th e, 1 857 .

l f’

label l um p atents Mose l ey , 1 88 1Th e adu l t cora l lum is wedge - shaped wi th smoo t h S ides . The fo rm v ar ies v ery much

,t he lat

era l costee, wh i ch are sharp and mo re or less i nden ted , v ary i ng i n the angle wh ic h they make w i t hone ano ther be tween 1 00° and The i nc l inat ions ofthe late ra l faces to one another v ary f rom 30°to The. sur face o f the cora l lum is smoot h

,po l i shed , and of a red—b row n co lo r . The p r i ncipal

ctos are on ly j ust v is i b le. There is a d ist i nct. sho r t ped ic le . The summ i ts o f t he shor t ax is o f theca l i c le are much h ighe r than those o f the long ax is

,and the latera l margins of the ca l i c le descr ibe

e ven cur v es o f near ly ha l f a ci rc le. I n one perfect specimen there are 1 92 sep ta o f t h ree s i z es, 24be i ng comp lete and i n appearance equa l and prin

'

iary. I n anot her mo re ad u l t spec imen there are 268

septa o f four (“

l i in cnsions, but th e septa are a l i t t le i r regu lar , and at one end the co ra l lum h as e v iden t lyhad a considerab le p iece b roken away, and th is has been resto red w i th a remark ab le mai n tenan ce of

BULLET I N 59, U N ITED STATES N AT ION AL M U S EUM . 57

symmet ry i n the fo rm o f the co ra l lum and sep ta l ar rangement . I n ano t her spec imen there are 248

septa. The faces of th e septa are co vered wi th fine - poi n ted granu les . There is a deep e longate , butnarrow,

fossa we l l fi l led up at its bot tom bv co lume l lar ou tgrowth . From F label lum pa l'OILILftUN

,F la/Jel

l um pawns d i ffers i n ha v i ng its faces less smoo th than the fo rmer and i n ha v i ngmo re septa.Ext reme heigh t o f the ca l ic le of a large specimen , 43 mm l Ex treme b read th of the ca l i c le ,

55 ium . Sho r ter d iameter of the ca l ic le, 28 m in — M ose ley, 1 88 1 .

J’w

labcl l mn‘

(1 148571 710 Mose l ey , 1 88 1The adu l t coral lum is very large, dense, and hea vy. I t is i n the fo rm of a compressed wedge ,

t r iangu lar i n out l i ne . The lateral costae make w i th one ano ther an angle o f f rom 70° to The

sur faces of the faces are smoo th and gl isten i ng, o f a b rown ish co lo r , marked w i th even lv cur ved t ransverse. acc re t ion l ines, somet imes w i t h numerous verv fine costal mark i ngs al l o ver , somet imes w i thon ly a few obscure pr imary and secondary r idges near the base . There is a d ist i nc t sho r t cy l ind r ica lped ic le . The latera l costar. are sharp and rough - edged , somewhat jagged . They usua l ly cease towardthe margi n o f the ca l i c le, where the angles o f the co ra l lum are e v en ly rounded o ff . The fo rm o f themou th o f the cal i c le is ex treme ly e longate and nar row,

the rat io o f the two axes being about as 1 00 to40 . The summ i ts o f the sho r ter ax is of t he cal ic le are somewhat h igher than those of the longer ax is ,and the upper. borders o f the faces are e ven ly cur v ed , w i th smoo t h edges . The septa are wh i te

,con

tras ting i n co lor w i th th e b rown wal l o f th e ca l ic le. Thev are stout and st ra igh t , and co v ered w i t hfine- poi n ted granu les on thei r faces. A l l the sep ta are very low near the margi n of the ca l ic le , towh ic h they do no t qu i te ex tend , a nar row z one of bare ca l i cu lar margi n be ing presen t al l round themout h o f the ca l icle. I t appears therefo re as i f thei r f ree bo rders were , so to speak

,cut awayclose

to the ca l icular margi n . The cur ved free edges of the pr i nc i pa l septa bend o ver and descend near lyv er t ica l ly to boun d t he fossa , wh ich is ex tremely nar row, deep , and long. There are i n one adu l tspec imen , that figured , 48 comp lete septa sensib ly equa l to one ano t her

,and 1 44 i ncomp lete septa o f

two d i fferen t si z es— 1 92 i n al l . I n one spec imen there are 96 septa on one side and 92 on the o ther .I n ano ther

,80 on one side, and 85 on the ot her . A not her , 92 on one s ide, 94 on the other , and 28 of

t hese comp lete on each s ide. A young one has 1 7 comp lete on each side, and 82 on each side i n al l .I n a l l these specimens t he septa are o f th ree d imensions . The co lume l la l ies so deep i n the fossa as tobe a lmost i n v isib le .Th is Spec ies is we l l d isti ngu ished by i ts large si z e, i ts shape, and the pecu l iar cut t i ng away, as i t.

were, o f the septa l borders c lose to t he margi n of the ca l icle . The v ery young specimens are c loselv

l ike those of F label lum patens and F label lum slot-ps i,though the adul ts are ex treme ly d i fferen t .

F label lum distinction. M i l ne- Edwards and H aime is also i n i ts young stages Very l ike the p resen tspec ies, but d i ffers i n ha v inga w ider mouth to i ts ca l ic le . I n F label lw n. australe th is is characterist ica l ly nar row.

Ex treme heigh t of the largest spec imen , 57 mm . Ex treme b read th,65 mm . S ho r test d iameter

of th e ca l ic le , 28 mur— M ose ley, 1 88 1 .

Von Marenz el ler p roposes F . clum z

'

i for th e E disti ncti on. of Du ncan (not M i l n eEdwa r ds and H aime) , col l ected by the Porcup i ne off the sou th and west coast ofPo r tuga l .

The gr ea t va r i ab i l i ty of M i l ne Edwa r ds and Hai m e’s distinct'um was fi r s tpo i n ted out by Du ncan As the r e i s no d i ffe r ence between the spec i m ensdesc r i bed and figu r ed by Du ncan andMose l ey ’s F . pawns , Mose l ey

‘s attach i ng a newna m e to h i s spec i m e ns m ay be att r i buted to an ove r s igh t. Both Ga r d i ne r (1 902 )an d A l coc k (1 902 ) have i den t ified pawns w i th (l e

i

stzfinctimi . Ga r d i n e r . as has a l r eadybeen noted

,r e fe r s E anstm le to the synony m y ofF . p errom

'

n'

um,r e m a r k i ng t ha t i t

“ shows a cu tt i ng away of t h e septa l bo r de r s c lose to t h e m a rgi n of the ca l i c l e,a

cha r acte r not fou nd i n t he oth e r spec i m ens f ro m the sa m e dredgingx A l cock savsofF australe :

“ Th is speci es,wh i ch i s oth e r w i se no t d iffe r en t f ro m I“.

is distingu i s h ed by the den s i ty and we igh t of t he cora l l u m and by t he m o r e than

58 RECENT MADR EPORA R I A OF TH E I IAVVAI I AN I SL ANDS A ND LAY S AN .

u s u a l c u tt i ng away of the septa nea r the ca l i c u la r ma r gi n .

” The r ema r ks madeunder typ i ca l pavonm'mn s how that the excavat ion of the septa l ma r g ins nea r the

ca l i c u l ar edge i s a commo n ind i v i d u a l va r iat ion; conseq u en t l y this c r i te r ion l apses .The re i s al so va r ia t ion in the dens i ty of the co ra l l um , F. p awns and 1 7. ca strate ofMose l ey the r efo re are not on l y synonyms of F. p amm imm z

,b u t are synony m ous

w i t h the va r iety (listinch zxzn .

D u ncan’s fig u res of F. (Hate-M in n). (1 87 3) showed that i t co u l d be sepa r atedspec i fi ca l ly f rom F.

ne i the r by the ang le between the l ate r a l edge n o r bythe septa having 2 4 i ns tead of 1 8 p r i nc i pa l s , b u t he d id no t con nect the two . A l coc kev ident l y s u spected that they prohalfly sho u l d be u n i ted , j u dg i ng f r om sever a lrema r k s . (i ardiner defin i te l y u n i ted them . The spec imens obta i ned by the A lbatress , 1 902 ,

gi ve add i t iona l confirimtt ion to Gardineri

s conc l u s ion .

I th i nk , howeve r , that dist/m omma can be u sed advantageo u s l y as a va r ieta l n ameu nde r pr/xzfmt i num ,

and wo u l d dc line i t as fo l lows : Ang le of d i ve r gen ce of l ate r a ledges less t han 1 350 , the edges u s u a l l y w i th c rests ; the g r eate r d i amete r of the ca l i ceexceeds the he i gh t of the co r a l l um ,

Th ree spec imens obta i ned by the A/batross are refe r red to th i s va r iety , andf r om t hem Tab le IV has been p r epa r ed .

TABLE I ‘H

Sh orterS pec imen S tation H eigh t , A ngle Of Angl e of (greater Lesser d iameter N um ber N umbernumber number measured l atera l faces d iameter d iameter

abo v e of se taofprmcr

along side. edges. oi cal ice. ofcal ice.

louv er ppa l sep ta

c,

”

l l l’l l l mm ”

I II-71 1 .

28 1 3 . 5 1 3 1 1 8 L7 c v . ex .

3 1 1 5. 5 1 1 2 7 or 2 8

37 1 5 1 1 1 1 8 44

A v erage. 35. 3 1 4. 7 1 1 . 1 2 1 33

0 Measured exc lusi ve of th e crests. b F igured.

S pec imen No . 2 6 of th i s tab le i s nea r est to spec imen No . 2 2 ofTab le I I . No . 2 6

i s ac t u a l ly sma l le r,and bes ides t hat i t. has. u nde r gone r ej u venescen ce. The new wa l l

at one end of the ca l i ce. i s mm . w i th i n the o ld; at the. othe r end the newe r wa l lc lose r to the o l de r ; on the med ian po r t ions of the faces the g rowth is con t i n u o u s .Th i s r e j u venescence s u cceeded a ctmtraction of the ca l i ce , b r o u gh t abo u t by some

u nknown ca u se. The angl es of d i ve r gence of the l ate r a l edges an d of the faces arenot. g r eat ly di li 'erent in the two spt

-xf imens . The l ate r a l edges i n No . 26 bea r we l l

deve loped c r ests , whe reas in No . 2 2 they are weak . S pec imen No . 25 stands betweenNo . 2 17»and No . 2 7 . The l ast i s the. most comp ressed spec imen exam ined and com

pa red w i t h the ot he r spec imens i s r e lat i ve l y heavy , the basa l po r t ion appa r ent lyhav i ng been fi l l ed , part ia l l y at least

,w i t h s te r eop lasm . I n these spec imen s the

ex cavated zone a ro u nd the. u ppe r septa l ma r g ins i s absen t or on l y fa i n t l y deve loped .

Local i t¢Tes .

— Prev ious ly repo r ted f r om Japan (M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime)Porcup ine exped i ti on (D tm can) ; 39

° 85’

N .

,9° 56

’ “fl , depth 994 fathoms , tempe r at u r e F . ; 36

° 41’

N,8° C

’ W. , depth 3 64fathtnns ,tempe r at u r e F . ; 36

0 29'

BULLET I N 59, UN I TED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .

N .

,7° 1 6

’ depth 301 fathoms , tempe rat u r e F . : C’

lirz l lewym E x ped i t ion(Mose ley ) ; otl' Ki I s lands , 1 29 fath oms p a lm s Mose ley ) ; off Two l’o ld Bay . New

So u th Wa les , 1 20 fathoms (F. (”mim ic Mose ley ) : 8 17/0c Ex ped i t ion (A l cock ) : 7 “ 1 5’

S .,1 1 5° E .

,2 89 mete r s , 2 spec imens ; and 2 834 S .

,1 3 2° 2 04mete r s

,

1 spec imen (as F. (matrfl le) .

Al batross, 1 902

V i ci n i ty of Ka u a i I s land,S tat ion 3999 ; depth T— H R fathoms ; bo t tom , co r a l sand ,

she l l s ; 1 spec imen .

Pa i l o lo channe l,between Ma u i and Mo loka i i s l ands

,S tat ion 41 0 1 ; depth 1 2 2— 1 1 3

fat homs : bot tom ,co ra l sand , she l l s , fo r am i n i fe ra : 2 spec imens .

F LAB E LLUM P AV O N I N UM v ar. P AR I P AV O N I N UM A l co ck .P late I I I , figs . 1 2

,3 ,4,4a

,

1 894. Fla l iel lunt pur'ipu ron inum Aw ocx

,J o u r . A s . Soc. Benga l

,LX I I I

,p . 1 87 .

1 898 . F label luut p eripamom'

n um A LCOCK , I n v es t igator Deep Sea Madrepon ,p . 2 1

,p l . 1 1

,figs .

3, 3a ,

at .

D escrip t ion .

— Acco r d ing to A l cockCora l l um compressed , fan shaped , w i th a sessi le scar ofat tachmen t

,but no pedic le

,and w i th the

two faces somewhat conca ve. The latera l costz'c are sharp , but not sa l ien t ; they meet th e basa l searat an ang le of abo u t the ot her costze are merely s in u o u s st r iat ion s. The marg in of the ca l ic le i sa lmost en t i re, and forms a segmen t ofa c i rc le ofabo u t so that when the coral l um is he ld s t raigh tin fron t ofthe eyes, w i th the major ax i s end on

,and w i tho u t an y inc l inat ion , the co l ume l la

,s u c h as i t

i s,is p lain ly v i s ib le abo ve. t hat p lane of the ca l ic u lar marg in . The septa are in s ix cyc les . the lastcyc le not q u i te comp lete ; they are al l ex tremely th in ,

and ha ve the f ree edges sharp and st raigh t(not s in u o u s ) and the gran u lar striaz of the s u r face i ncon sp ic uo u s Those of the fi rs t t h ree cyc les area lmost eq ual and meet together at the bot tom of the cal ic le to form a sort of co l umel la by thei rs l igh t ly th i ckened ends . Those of the fo u r th cy c le are not so very m u ch smal ler than t he i r p redecessors , but. do not meet. t hem . Those ofthe las t two are sma l l .H e igh t ofcoral l um , 39mnr ; major ax i s of ca l ic u lar o r ifice, 3 : .5; m ino r ax i s , ow ing to th e e vers ion

of the rim of the ca l ic le , mm .

— A l cock , 1 898 .

The angle of d i vergence of the l a te ra l edges,meas u r ed in the figu re

,i s abo u t

1 1 00 ; p lane of sho r te r d iamete r of ca l i ce abo v e t hat of the longe r , 29 mm . ,t h i s a l so

meas u r ed on the fig u re.

The absence of the ped i ce l in.

A l coc k ‘s type,I am confiden t

,is an acc i dent ; the

fig u re looks as i f the base of the spec imen had been b roken,t he refo re no impo r tance

attaches to th i s c ha racte r . Th e angle between the. late ra l edges i nd i cates var. (71'

s

tfinctfemi,a nd the septa are the same as in the type of that fo rm . The ch ief pec u l i a r

i ty ofA l cock ‘s fo rm i s the he ig h t exceed ing the g r eate r d i amete r of the ca l i ce,wh i le

the p l ane of the longe r d iamete r of the ca l i ce is no t m u ch be low the m i dd le po i n t inthe a l t i t u de of the coral lurn —thc a r ch of the ca l i c u la r ma r g i n i s dec ided ly h igh .

E ightv- five of the A l batross, 1 902 , spec imens are r efe r red to th i s va r iety .

As the i r i nte rg radat ion w i th typ i ca l [ imam/[7 1 1 1 1 1 1 has been d is c u ssed at the end of the

r ema r k s on that fo rm of the spec ies (see p . atten t ion can be t u r ned direct lv tothe i r re l a t ion s to A l cock ’s type spec imen . I n fo rm the re i s no ditl'erence ; the typewas somewhat ove r 39 mm . in he i gh t , as the base i s now b roken . The n umbe r ofthe septa i s the same. b u t the re are mo re. p r i nc i pa l septa in the l -lawa iian spec imenst han in the type. The p r i nc i pa l s ove r 24 are o ften . nea r l y a l way s in pa r t at

60 RECE NT MA DREPORAR I A or TH E H AW A I I AN I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .

leas t , sma l le r than the membe r s of the fi r s t th ree cyc les . The s i ze of the fou r t hcyc l e has be“ , shown to be v a r iab le , these spec imens f rom Hawa i i sh ow va r i at ion

,and can t l1 c 1 et

'

0 1 e be d i s regarded A l cock s tates t hat the l u ne r edges ofthe septa of ai e s t r a ig ,

h t not u nd u l ated . I n the Hawa i i an spec imens the mne r edges o f the sept aof th i s ariety a1 e not so st rong l y u nd u l ated as i nthe othe r va r iet ies of p rawn /mun) , and in some case. the septa a1 e so l i t t le u ndu l atedt hat the y m i gh t be ca l led The u ppe r po r t ions of the p r i n c i pal septa inA l coc k ’s fig u res of w i de r than i n the Hawa i i an spec imen s , butth i s is a va r i ab le cha racte r . At fi r s t I th o u gh t of e r ect ing a new va r iet y fo r theA lbatross spec imens , sepa r at i ng them f rom pmw

’

p avon in um beca u se t hei r p r inc i pa lsepta are mo re n ume r o u s and na r r owe r nea r the cal i c u l a r ma rg i ns , b u t bot h cha r acte r sare too va r iab le, to f u r n i s h a va l i d bas i s for even va r ieta l sepa r at ion .

The fo l low i ng tab le i s based u pon 50 spec imens , a l l of the bes t p rese r ved andmos t pe r fec t of those obtai 1

'

1ed. As rema r ks h ave a l ready been made on the va r i at ion and some c ha r acte r s not exp ressed in the tab le, what i s to be sa i d a l ong th i sl i ne may apln

-

opriate ly be comp leted he r e. The bases of the spec imen s are oftenmo r e comp ressed than the u ppe r po r t ions . Be l ow the p l ane of the l onge r ax is of thezul i ce the faces of the coralhun are no rmal l y gent l y convex ; above t hat leve l t heyare a lmos t flat u nt i l nea r the u ppe r edge of the wa l l

,whe r e f r eq u en t l y t he re is a

gent le bend ing o u twa rd,mak i ng the u ppe r po r t ions o f the faces s l igh t l y concave.

Those spec imens t hat have thei r u ppe r edges fla r ing o u twa r d in th i s way are ma r kedfl in the fo l low ing tab l e. The l ate r a l edges are s u bac u te

,ex cept at the ends of

the ca l i ce,whe re t hey are r o u nded ; mode r ate l y deve loped c r es ts are somet imes

p r esent . The ang le of d i ve r gence i s not a l ways the same t h r o u gho u t the length ofthe late r a l edges . When two ang les are gi v en in the tab le

,the fi r st one i s taken

nea re r the cen te r of the l .1ase .

TA BLE V .

S hFaces

orter N umber cx .= con

V I"

1 U .Angle ofd

ciagic

i

gdr diaemftrer d iameter N um ber of pr1n vex ; 11 .faces . f abo v e ofsep ta . cipal somewhato ( ah ee . o fca 1 1ce.

longer. septa. flaring su

periorly.

77t77l .

6 2 R ECENT MADR ICPOR AR I A OF TH E H AW A I I AN IS LANDS A ND LAYSAN .

Bes id es the S pec imens fr om wh i c h the abo ve tab le 1 8 made, t he r e are be long i ng

to the same g ro u p “

fromS ta t ion 4030 1 1 spec imen s .S tat io n 40 70 1 1 spec imens .S tat io n 3835 l spec imen .

S tat ion 3856 6 spec imens (y o u ng ) .

S tat io n 3857 5 spec imen s (yo u ng ) .

Add i ng the 1 spec imen off

l‘

able I I (No the 50 of Tab le V . and these 34,

makes a to ta l of 85 specimens of th i s va r iety .

Loa n/limes.

— A l cock’s type , o ll'

I’edro Bank (Laccad i ve Sea) , 636 fath oms .Albatross , 1 00

0

So u th coas t ofMo loka i Is land ’

S tat ion 3835 ; depth , 1 60— 1 82 fz-it homs ; bottom , ti ne b rown sand , mud; tempe r at u r e, 55° F . ; l spec imen .

Pa i lo lo Channe l , between Mo loka i and Ma u i i s l ands :S tat i on 3850 ; depth , 1 2 7 fathoms ; bo ttom ,

fine sand,ye l low mud; tempe r at u re,

Fm, ti spec ina—zns

,sma l l . S tat ion 3857 ; depth , 1 2 7— 1 2 8 fath oms ; bottom, fine

sand,ye l low mud; tempe r at u re , F . ; 5 spec imens , sma l l .No r theas t and no r th coast ofMa u i I s l andS tat ion 40 70 ; depth , 1 43— 1 78 fathoms ; bottom ,

g r ay sand,fo r am in i fe r a ; tem

perature,1 1 spec imens . S tat ion 4080 ; depth , 1 7 8— 202 fat homs ; bottom,

g r ay sand , fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempcrz-i tm'

e,564 ° F . ; 60 spec imens . S tat i on 4081 ; depth

2 0 2 —2 20 fat homs : bottom ,g r ay sand , fo r am in i fe r a ; tempe r at u r e, F . ; 1 spec imen .

No r th wes t coast oa h u Is landS tat ion 41 1 5: depth , 1 05— 241 fat homs ; bot tom,

co r a l sand,fo r am in i fe r a ; tem

perature, F . ; 1 spec imen (the l a r gest obta ined ) .The phys i ca l cond i t ions u nde r w h ic h th i s va r iety th r i ves bes t , j u dg i ng by the

Hawa i ian spec imens are. r ea l i zed at stat ions 4079,4080

, 4081 , and 41 1 5 ; depth , 1 7 8to 241 fathoms ; bottom sandy

,foram in i fe r a l ; tempe r at u re between 500 and (30° F .

i

li

l iese cond i t ions are p ract i ca l l y the same as fo r typ i ca l p rim70 72477244721 , the two va r iet ieso c c u r r ing toget he r , w i th i nte rmed i ate examp l es . At stat i on 4080

,va r . pawl-vaso

wmum,howeve r , i s the. mo re ab u ndan t . At stat ion 408 1 , po tion /

7

7mm typ i ca l i s themo r e ab u ndant . A compari son of the data rega r d ing the two va r iet ies seems to poin tto the typi ca l fo rm’s th r i v i ng bes t in somewhat deepe r wate r an d at a s l igh t l y lowe rtempe ra t u re . Th i s does not appca r s u ffi c ient to acco u nt for the d iffe rences in fo rm .

I t has occ u r red to me that the bases o f the va r iet ies w i th con ve r g i ng l ate r al edgesm i gh t be. s u nk in the mud of the sea bottom

,and tha t the d iffe ren ces in shape may

t h u s be b ro u gh t abo u t mechan ica l l y ; b u t i t i s ditii cult to p r ove o r d i sp r ove such anhypothcsi

BULLET I N 59, UN I TED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .

F L A B E L LUM D E LUD E N S v on M aren z e l l er.

P late I I I , figs . 5, 5a , 5b.

1 848 . M abel /um lacin ial um M im i-z EDWA RDS and l l am a,An n . Sc i . Nat

, 3 ieme sen , Z oo] I X,

p . 2 73 P ity/lock s luciniatwa Ph i l ipp i , 1 8411 857 . I’labcllum lacin iatam M I LN E E DWA RDS and l l am a

,H i st . Nat. Coral l . , 1 1 , p . 92 .

1 804. F label lum laciniafum S EG I IE NZ A , Coral l . Foss . Terz . Mess ina ,Pt. 2

,p . 91 , p l . x , figs . 7 ,

1 898 . If'label lum lacin iatmn ALcoCK , i n vestigator Deep Sea Madrepor.

,p . 2 1

,p l . l l

,figs . 4

,4d .

1 904. Flut e/Ji nn dcladens von MAREN Z ELLER ,S te in koral len V aldivia Exped ,

p . 269,p l . xvn ,

fi

1 0 figs ) .

Von Marenz el ler p roposes a new name for th i s co r a l,beca u se P h i l i pp i ’s o r ig i na l

mate r i a l i s too f ragmenta r y for pos i t i ve i dent ificat ion . H e makes ve r y app r op r iaterema r ks on the re lat ions between F label l zun macandrmasi G ray , UZocyat/ms (67'b s

M . S a r s,and I f

’

lfzbel l am. a labash wm Mose ley (z F Zabel Zz/fln gooclez,’ Ve r r i l l ) .

D esma’

p éion (based on the Hawai i an spec imens) . — Co r a l l um vcrv th in and fragi le.

w i th a comp r essed,e longate, ho r i zon ta l or a lmost ho r i zon ta l base

,and a h ighlv

a r ched,deep l y inc i sed ca l i c u la r ma r gin .

A sho r t,r athe r s to u t ped i ce l i s pe r s i stent l y p r esen t , by w h i ch even the ad u l t

co r a l l um seems to have been attached ; ang le of d i ve r gence of the l ate r a l edges constantly abo u t the va r i at i on s l i gh t . Be low the edges are w ide, th i n, of ten t ransverselv u nd u lated , lamel liforn i c res ts w h i c h connect w i th the septa l y ing in the p laneof the longe r ax i s of the ca l i ce , and are f r eq u en t ly p rod u ced be low the leve l o f thelowe r end of the ped i ce l . The faces of the co r a l l um d i ve r ge at an angle between50° and Abo u t halfwav up a face the o u te r po r t ions d i ve rge mo r e r ap i d l ythan the med i a l , ca u s i ng the u ppe r pa r t. to be concave . Cos ta-3 u s u a l l y co r respondto the fi r st and second cyc les of septa , b u t are fariable in de v e l opmen t

,f r eq u ent l y

st rong , w ide at the base. ac u te or flat tened a long the s umm i ts ; coa r se, s in u o u s l i nesof g rowth often p r esen t .

The lowe r ends of the ca l i ce are app r ox imate l y on a leve l w i th the top of the

ped i ce l , the uppe r edge ve r y m u ch e levated . The deep l y i n c i sed cha r acte r of theca l i c u l a r ma r gi n has been noted . The deepest i n c i s ions u s u a l l y occ u r on the s i desof the te r t ia r ies in s u c h a manne r t hat the uppe r end s of the q u ate r na r ies are ca r r iedu pwa r d on the lo bes bea r ing the ends of the p r inc i pa l septa

,th u s i so l at i ng the ter

tiaries except those nex t the ends of the r

al ices,whe re the i nc i s ions alongs i de the

p r i nc i pa l septa in the long a x i s are ve r y deep . Deepe r i nc i s ions o c c u r in most ofthe la r ge r specimens on each s i de of each i nne r tertiarv of the te rm i na l systems . i . e . .

the one nea r es t the med i a l system . Th i s te r t i a r y seems to p rojec t in the bot tom of adeep s i n u s . Between these two s i n u ses on each face i s a med ian lobe w i th a coa r se l ytoo thed u ppe r ma rg i n . Be low each of these s i n u ses i s anothe r l obe

,i ts lowe r bo u nd

a r y fo rmed bv the deep i nc i s ion nea r the p r i nc i pa l sept um at the end of the ca l i ce.

The o u te r ma rgi n of th i s lobe i s a l so coa r se l y denta te. To sum u p these cha racte r s .the u ppe r ma r g in of each face i s u s u a l ly t r i lobed , and the ma r g in of each lobe i scoa r se l y denta te.

Septa d istan t , th i n , in fo u r cyc les, in th e l a r ge r spec imens some membe r s of thefi fth . The re are u s u a l l y th r ee s i zes , the p r ima r ies and seconda r ies of eq u a l s i ze,

f u s ing by t he i r inne r edges nea r the base of the co r a l l um ; the te r t i a r ies are nar

G4 RECENT MADR E PURAR IA O F TH E H A WA I I AN I S LAN DS AN D LAYSAN .

rowe r,b u t they a l so reac h the ax i s ; the q u ate r na r ies are na r rowe r and t h i n ne r , and

do not ex tend a l l the way down the co r a l l um wa l l ; the re may be a few s t i l l sma l le ror r u d imen ta ry q u i na r ies . The a r ches of the princ i pa l s extend as h i gh as , o r evena l i tt le beyond , the u ppe r edge of the wa l l , t he i r i nne r ma r g i ns fa l l i n g perpendicularly to the bottom of the ca l i ce. The septa l faces show coa r se t r an sve r se undula

t ions . The i nte r septa l l oc u l i are ve r y open, and the wa l l at the base o f the co r a l lumi s t r ans l u cent . lolumel la t rabec u la r .

(i‘

rrcater d iamete r at base meas u r ed between o u te r edges of the septa, 37 mmmeas u r ed between o u te r edges of wa l l , 2 8 mm . ; lesser

‘

diameterof cal i ce, mm. ;

hei gh t of co r a l l um ,33 mm. Th is i s a we l l - p rese r ved spec imen , p r obab ly a few mi l

l imeters ove r the ave r age s i ze. The va r i at i on ex h i b i ted by the specimens i s so smal lthat i t does not r eq u i re comp i l ing a tab le ofmeas u r emen ts .

Local i ties .

—P revio u s l y repo r ted f rom I nd i an Seas , 400— 600 fathoms (A lcoek ywes t of S umat r a

,6 1 4 and 660 mete r s (von Marenz el ler) .

Albatross E x ped i t ion , 1 902 :

Vicin itv of Mod u Mann,or B i r d I s l and : S tat ion 3977 ; depth , 876 fat homs ;

bottom .fi ne co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe r a , rock ; tempe r a t u re , 38

0 E ; spec imen .

“rest coas t of Hawai i I s l and : S tat ion 4036 ; depth , 687— 692 fa thoms ; bottom,

tine da r k g r ay sand , for am i n i fe r a ; tempe r at u re , F 30 spec imen s . S tat i on4038 ; depth , 670— 689 fathoms ; bottom,

g r ay mud,fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempe r atu re,

F . ; 4 spec imens . S tat ion 4039; depth , 670— 697 fathoms ; bottom ,g r ay mud

,fo r am i

n ifera ; tempe r ature, F . ; 1 1 spec imens .Th i s spec ies l i ves a r o u nd the Hawa i ian I s l ands at a depth between 6 70 and 900

fathoms . on a fo r am i n i fe r a l bottom ,e i the r sand or mud

,at a tempe r a t u r e of 380 to

R ei'

z'

em'lm — The I l awanan spec imens d iffe r on l y s l igh t l y f rom th ose desc r i bed byA l co c k f rom the I nd ian Ocean . The p r i n c i pa l d iffe rence cons i sts i n the p r ono u n cedtendency of the uppe r ma r g ins of the faces of the co r a l l a to be t r i l obate

,as has been

desc r i bed . Th i s tri lobat ion i s b ro u gh t abo u t by some of the i nden ta t i ons of thesepta l ma r g i ns becom i ng deepe r and othe r s sha l l owe r . The re i s v a r i at i o n in t hesecha r ac te r s . The Hawa i ian spec imens m i gh t be sepa r ated as a loca l va r iety f romthose f rom the I nd ian Ocean ; b u t I be l ieve that they sho u l d not be refe r red to asepa r ate spec ies .Th i s spec ies , unde r the name ofF. iacz

’

m‘

atum,has been conf u sed w i th F. alabas

trum Mose ley . The r e are l a rge s u i tes of the l atte r spec ies i n the U n i ted S tatesNat iona l M u se um ,

and I have compa r ed abo u t 1 70 of these spec imens w i t h theHawai i an spec imens ofF. del eu le-

as . The re i s some resemb l ance between the yo u ngof 1 7. a/(tbcwtrwm. and the o r d i na r y s i zed spec imens of E deludmw. F alabastrum i s al a rge r spec ies , w it h th i cke r wa l ls and u s u a l l y mo r e th i ckened septa

,a nd i ts l ate r a l

edges con v e rge downwa r d at a low ang le . B u t the g r eatest d iffe r ence between thetwo is that in F. (Zeiude ns the septa occ u py i ng the l ong ax i s of the ca l i ce are conti nned downwa r d in to h igh ly deve loped c rests . The l ate r a l edges in F. alabastrmne carimmte

, b u t the r e are no s u ch c rests as in F. (tel -mim e.Mose ley ’s spec ies seems

to me ve r y d i s t inc t f rom the l atte r , at l east a compa r i son of 48 spec imens of thefo rme r w i th 1 70 of the l at te r has s hown no ev i dence of i n te r g r adat ion .

BULLET IN"

59, UN I TED S TATES NATIONAL M USEUM .

G e n u s GA R D I N E R I A,n ew ge n u s .

D iagnosis.— Ca l ca reo u s t i ss u es impe r fo r ate ; new co r a l l a a r i s ing f rom the old by

in te r na l gemmat io n , S im i l a r to that i n S chi z ocyath ns fi ssz’

l ls Pourtales . except inGarcl lnm'ia, the pa rent co r a l l i te i s not sp l i t . I n the type spec ies an o l de r co r a l l i tep rod u ces on l y one younge r . Wa l l ep i thecate

,as i n Flabel lwn or R h iz otrochw ,

ex tend i ng upwa r d beyond the o u te r ends of the septa . Septa w i t h en t i re ma r g ins,a r ched above, show ing no defin i te cyc l i ca l a r r angement , a l te r nate l y l a rge r andsma l le r ,a l l the l a r ge r and occas i ona l l y one of the sma l le r extend i ng to the ax i s o f the co r a l l um .

Wi de pal iforni lobes occu r on the i n ne r ends of mos t of the l a r ge r septa . The

loosefus ion of the i nner edges of these lobes and of the i nn er ends of (t few long sep ta.

which do not have the lobes form a weak false col umel la . [ ntm'sep tal locul i open to

their bottoms.

Type- sp ecles.— Gardtiwria hawa new Spec ies .

Remark s — Th i s gen u s 1 8 most c l ose l y r e l ated to D nnca-

nia“Pourtalé s,cha r acte r

iz ed by Pourtales as fo l l ows : “Co r a l l um attac hed , cy l i nd r i ca l , cove r ed w i th a th i ckw r i n k led ep i theca r i s ingove r the borde r of the ca l i c le. I ntersep tal chambers fi l lingup sol id/y from the bottom , a mu l tip le p i l lared columel la . Somet imes pa l i fo rmlobes . ” The i n te r septa l locu l i i n Gardinem’

c are so l i tt le fi l led u p that the wal l i st r an s l u cen t even at the base of the co r a l l um,

and,as stated i n the d i agnos i s of the

gen u s , the co l ume l l a i s fa l se. Jfiwlophyl l ia Pourtales i s a c l ose l y r e l ated gen u s . I t

has a st r ong ly deve l oped co l ume l l a and the in te r septa l loc u l i are so l id ly fi l led a t thebottom.

M r . J. S tan ley Ga r d i ne r , in h i s Turbinol id Co r a l s of So u th Africaf desc r i bes aco r a l u nde r the name of D uncan ia capensis, and rema r ks on the close affi n i ty betweenD zmcan ia and Hap lop hyl l ia . I t i s d i ffi cu l t to u nde r s tand how i t has escaped theatten t ion of zoophyto log i sts t hat de Kon i nck

,in p r oposed the name D nn camfa

fo r a Ca r bon i fe r o u s co r a l,an tedat i ng Pourtales in the use of the name by two yea r s

,

an d th u s inva l i dat i ng i ts l ate r app l i cat i on to recen t spec ies .GAR D I N E R I A H AW A I I E N S I S , new spec ies .

P late IV ,figs . 1

, 1 a , 1 h.

The type spec imen seems to rep resen t fo u r i nd i v i dua l s,t he re bei ng on ly a f r ag

men t o f the o l dest ; the second soon gave r i se to the th i r d , the base of the t h i r da lmost fi l l i n g the cav i ty of the secon d . The d iamete r of the t h i r d i s mm .

,he i gh t

of second and th i r d comb i ned , 1 6 mm . I n a ha l f ca l i ce of the th i r d are 1 6 septaa l te r nate l y l a r ger and sma l le r . The fo u r th ind i v idua l i s mm. ta l l and 33 mm . in

d iamete r . In fo rm the co r a l l i tes are i nve r se l y con i ca l , attached bv the base and

some ep i theca l r oot let s to the pa ren t co r a l l i tes .The wa l l i s ep i thecate, w i th t r ansve r se st r iae and some enc i r c l ing const r i ct i o ns .

The re are no defin i te costae,b u t the re are some i l l - denned d i scon t in u o u s l ong i t u d ina l

aMem . Mus. Comp . Zoo l . , I V ,

“ Hass ler Cora l s , ” 1 874,p . 44.

bThe con trast ing port ions ofmydescr ipt ion ofGardineria and ofPourta les’

s desc r i pt ion ofDuncan inare i ta l ic i zed in orde r to emphas i ze th e differences.

CMarine I n ves t igat ions in So u t h A fr ica, I I I , 1 904, pp . 1 20 , 1 2 1 , p l . 1 , figs . Ga—Gc.

dNouvel les Recherches sur les An ima u x fossi les da Te rrain carbon i fere de la Belg iq u e ,p . 1 07 .

32301 —07— 5

(36 RECE NT MA DR E PORAR I A on TH E H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS AND LAYSAN .

r i dges and fine longi t u d i na l st r i at ions , whi le f rom p l ace to p l ace the r e are mo r e o rless cont i n u o u s

,S ha r p ly inden ted , l ongi t u d ina l s u l cat ions .

The septa do not S how any defi n i te cyc l i ca l a r r angemen t . I n one - ha l f of thenex t to the l as t ca l i ce (d i amete r mm. ) the re are 1 7 septa w h i ch are

, w i th one

except ion,a l te r nate l y lz-i r g i -zr and sma l le r . The l a r ges t ca l i ce has 36 septa , a l te r

nately l a r ge r and sma l le r . N i neteen of the septa.

exten d to the co l ume l l a r Space,wh i le ten have pal ifrom lobes on t he i r i nne r ends . Between a lmos t eve r y pai r o fthe 36 septa i s a w i de

,low

,ro u nded r idge , p robab l y a r u d imenta r y sept um . Neg lect

i ng the r i dges in the i n te r septa l loc u l i , the septa are d i stan t , t hei r o u te r ends areth i ck

,b u t t hey become th inne r towa r d the co l ume l l a . Uppe r ma r g i n s st r ong l y

a r ched,the a r ch not extend ing to the wa l l , the septa set w i th i n the ep i theca wh i ch

ex tends u pwa r d beyond the i r o u te r ends . I nne r ma r g ins of the l a r ge r septa steep,

the sma l le r septa becom i ng na r row towa r d the base of the co r a l l um. Septa l facesi r r eg u l a r l y and m in u te l y g r an u l ated .

Co l ume l l a false, poo r l y deve l oped, fo rmed of the l oose f u s i on of the pal i fo rmlobes and of a few septa that do not bea r lobes .

Cal ico mode r ate l y deep .

Local ttg/.

—S tat ion 3901,v i c i n i ty of Ka u a i I s land ; depth , 2 72— 296 fat homs ;

bo t tom,ti ne sand r ock ; tempe r atu r e of bottom, F .

Ema — Cat . No . 2073 1,

Reina-Mrs. Th i s co r a l p resents so l i tt le resemb l ance to any o the r one k nown to me

that. scarce l y any compa r i son can be mad-e. F r om i ts gene r a l appea r an ce i t ev i den t l ysho u l d be p l aced nea r F label lmn and R hi z otrochns.

G e n u s P L A C O T R O C H U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H e im e .

P LACOTR OCH US FU S CO S , new spec ie s .P late h angs . 2 , 2a ,

3,3a .

Th i s spec ies i s rep resen ted by th ree specimens,a l l ofwh i ch we r e u sed i n p repa r i ng

the fo l low i ng desc r i pti on .

Co r a l l um sma l l , t r umpet - shaped , attached by an expanded base.

MEA SUR EMENTS .

S pec imen No . 1 . No. 2 . No. 3 .

mm mm

Greater diameter ofca l iceLesser d iameter ofcal ice .

Diamete r of lower fract u red endDiamete r of ped icel immediate l y abo v ebase

l - zl eigh t cora l l um

S pec imens Nos . 1 and 3 have been b roken f rom the i r bases,and the measu r emen ts

g i v en i n the table the refo re do not rep resent the tota l hei gh t of the co r al l a .

BULLETI N 59,~ UN ITED STATES NATIONAL M U SEUM . 6 7

The wa l l exte r na l l y i s r athe r g l i sten ing,r esemb l i ng in appea r ance that o f

I ’label lnm or R h'tz otrochns. Costae l ack i ng i n young spec imens,b u t we l l deve loped

nea r the ca l i ce i n mat u re Spec imens . For ins tance,the r e are none i n spec imen No . 1 ;

fa int costee are appea r ing a r o u nd the edge o f the ca l i ce in No . 2 ; in No . 3,they are

we l l deve loped fo r a d i stance of 1 to mm . be low the u ppe r edge of the wa l l,cor

r espond i ng to the fi r s t,second , and t h i r d cyc les of septa , b u t not to the fo u r th .

Septa th i n an d d i stant,i n fo u r comp lete cyc les

,becom ing p rog ress i ve l y mo re

exse r t w i th i nc reas i ng age. The fi r st and Second cyc les abo u t eq u a l in p r om inence ;the th i r d c yc le les s p r om inen t : the fo u r t h co r r espond i ng to s l ight notches on thecal i c u l a r ma r g in . I n young spec imens the membe r s of the fi r s t cyc le are s l i g h t lyl onge r th an those of the second , b u t l ate r t hese two cyc les become eq u a l in s i ze ; themembe r s of the th i r d are cons i de r ab l y s ho r te r and th i nne r ; th ose of the fo u r t hcyc le are r ud imen ta r y

,ve r y sho r t and de l i cate

,and m u s t be l ooked fo r ca r efu l l y to

be seen,b u t the cyc le i s comp lete

,even on the lowe r

,b roken end of spec imen No . 3 .

The septa l faces are beset w i th ve r y m inute g r an u l at i ons and t he r e are fa in t st r i te .

The inne r ma r g ins of the l a r ge r sep ta are S l i gh t ly u ndu l ated and fa l l ab r u pt l y to thebottom of a deep na r row ca l i c u l a r fossa .

Co lume l l a a deep seated , ve r y th in , de l icate l ame l l a , w i th a gen t l y c u r ved uppe redge. I t i s best shown in Spec imen No . 1 . I t i s d i s t i n ct

,bu t was d i fficu l t to

d iscove r,in No . 2 . Appa r en t l y i t has been b r oken and has fa l len out of No. 3 .

The co r a l l um i s u s u a l l y r eddish b rown in co l o r,w i th the inne r t h i r d o f the l a r ge r

septa w h i te. S pec imen No. 1 i s w h i t i s h w i th some b rown i s h b lotches .Local i ties .

Pa i lo lo Chan ne l , between Ma u i and Molokai i s l ands : S ta t i o n 3886 ; depth , 1 48fathoms ; bottom ,

pebb les and rock ; tempe r at u r e of bottom, 65

0 F .

U k u l a Po i n t,v i c i n i ty of Ka u a i I s land : S tat i on 3999; dep t h , not defi n i te l y g i ven ,

7— 1 48 fat homs . (Spec imens Nos. 1 and

Uotyp es.

— Nos . 2073 1,20732 ,

Fam i l y CARYOPHYLLI I D ZE Ve r r i l l .G en u s D E S M O P H Y L L U M E h renb e rg .

D E S M O P H Y LLUM CR I STAGAL L I M i lne E dw a rd s and H a ime .

P late V I I,figs . 3 , 3a ,

1 848 . DeSmOphyUam (v-

i'

stagal l-i.M I LN E E DWA RDS and H A IM E , Ann . Sci. 3 icme ser.

,Zoo l .

,

p . 253,p l . V I I

,fig . 1 0 .

1 857 . De.smo] >hytlum cristaga l l i M I LN E E DWA RDS and H A IME,H ist . Nat . COral l . , I I , p . 76 .

1 873 . Desmophyl lum cristaga l l i DUNCA N , T rans . Zoo l . Soc . London,V I I I , p . 32 1 .

1 878 . Desmoflryl lnm. crismgal h'

. PoURTA I.ES,B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zool . , V , No. 9

,p . 203 .

1 880. Dcsmophyllum ci- istaga ll i POURTALES , B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zoo l .

,V I

,No. 4

,p . 1 06 .

1 902 . Desmop hyl lum cristugu l l-Z A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor.

, S ibOga Exped ,p . 28 .

1 904. Desmop hyl lum cristagall i v . MARE NZ E LLER,S tein - Kora l len , V ald i v ia Exped. ,

p . 2 6 7,p l .

figs . 2,2a

,2 b.

Remark s On the synmigh ty— D u ncan refe r s J) . ow ni ng/fand costatmn M i l ne

Edwa r ds and H aime to the synonymy of I ) . ertstagal lt. A l cock ”adds the names ofTrans . Zoo l . Soc London , V I I I , 1 873 , p . 32 1 . Deep SeaMadrepor.

,S iboga E xpert , 1 902 , p . 23

6 8 RECENT MA DRE PORA R I A 0 1»

TH E H AWA I I AN I SL A NDS AN D LAYSAN .

Tar/emu”, andJ) . rusp i Duchassaing and M i c he l ot t i . I t seems to me th at Du ncan i sco r re c t i n h i s conc l u s i on ; p robab l y refleww n of Duchassaing an d M i c helott i andD . i ncerfum of the same a u tho r s s ho u l d be p laced i n the same syn onymy . The D es

m’

a

'

sei of I’ourta les“ i s d i ffe rent f rom the D emnop/Lyl lmn ruseé of D u c has

sa i ng and M i che lott i . " The spec imens fig u r ed by Pourtalé s are m u c h mo r e S lende rt han the type of the spec i es . Wh i le i n Tu r i n , du r ing the w i n te r o f 1 897 , I fo u ndthe type of I ) . rusei . I t possesses an essent i a l co l ume l l a , composed of p r oject i ngl aths

,s im i l a r in cha r acte r to that of Cmyop/zyl l z

‘

a . The refo re. D . rusei is not aD emaop/tyl lwn ,

b u t i s p robab l y a Fyatbocmu s.

D escmptvfmz — (Spec imen f rom Hawa i ian I s l ands)The co r a l l um i s b roken be low , bu t ev i den t l y t he re was a basa l attachmen t , above

wh i ch rose a sta l k . I n i t s u ppe r po r t ion the co r a l l um r ap id ly i nc r eases in d i amete r .T ransve r se o u t l ine of ca l i ce ova l . D i amete r o f l owe r b r oken end of S pec imen , 7mm. ; g r eate r d i amete r of ca l i ce (a) f rom oute r edge to o u te r edge of wa l l , neg lect i ngcostae

,mm. ; (5) between o u te r edges of costae, 2 6 mm . ; lesse r d i amete r (a) f r om

oute r edge to ou te r edge of wa l l,

mm., (6) between o u te r edges of costze ,

mm. ; he i gh t o f spec imen , (a) to uppe r edge of wa l l , 2 6 mm.

, (b) to uppe r edges ofsepta

,3 1 mm .

Wa l l th ic k and dense. Costae co r respond ing to the l a r ges t septa , la r ge andp rom inen t

,extend i ng r athe r fa r down the s i des of the co r a l l um

,mo re p r ominen t

near the ma r gin of the ca l i ce.

Septa in a lmos t five comp lete cyc les , the p r ima r ies and seconda r ies o f sim i la rS i ze

,th i ck

,w i th ve r y exse r t ma r g i ns ; the te r ti a r ies smal le r b u t w i th dec i ded l y exse r t

ma r g i ns . The septa of the pen u l t imate cy c le are w i de r th an those of the l ast cyc le,b u t the i r uppe r ma r g ins are not so much e levated .

The ax i a l fossa i s na r r ow and ve r y deep,as the re i s n o co lumel l a .

l ocal ities.

— P rev i o u s ly r epo r ted f r om the P l i ocene of I taly,the Med i te r r anean ,

easte r n A t l an tic , Ant i l les , Pac ifi c coast of So u th Ame r i ca , a nd the I ndo—Pacific .

A lbatross, 1 902 : Kaiw i Channe l , between Moloka i and Oahu is l ands , S tat i on3893 ; depth , 2 20— 346 fathoms : bot tom

,fine wh i te sand . rock ; tempe r atu r e 47° F

1 spec imen .

G e n u s P A R A C Y A T H U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H a im e .

PAR ACYATH US GAR D I N E R I , n ew spec ie s .P late I V

,figs . 4

, 4a ,4b.

Co r a l l um heavy for i ts S i ze, shaped l i ke the bow l of an o r d i na r y wate r gob let , thebase fiattish or gent ly ro u n ded , show ing i n the cen t r a l po r t i on a r at he r l a rge sca r ofdetachment . The s ides of the co r a l l um are a lmost pe r pend i cu l a r

,that is

,w i th

inc reas ing he igh t the re i s ve r y l i tt le i nc rease i n the meas u r e of the d i amete r s .T r ansve r se o u t l i ne of the ca l i ce b road ly e l l i p t i ca l .

0 B u l l . Mus . Com p . Zoo l . , V I , 1 880 , No . 4,p . 1 06

,p l . 1

,fig

. 1 4.

bMém . Coral ]. An t i l les , 1 86 1 , p . 6 1 (of repr in t ) , p l . 1 x,fig

. 4.

70 R ECE NT MA DRE PORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I SLA NDS A ND LAYS AN .

eveles are th iek ened oppos i te the pa l i . The septa l faces are ve r y de l i cate l y flu ted ,

and beset w i th n ume ro u s c rowded con i ca l gr an u lat ions .Pal i ta l l , th in ,

wide,a lmost st i aight p lates , w i t h en t i re edges , and w i th del i cate l y

ti n t ,ed somewhat g r an u l ated f l ees ; befo i e a ll septa except the l as t cyc l e. Those

befo r e the th i r d cyz

icle m e the w i dest , those bef0 1 e the fi r s t cyc le are sometimes n a r

1 0 “c i than those befw e the second , b u t i t i s not a l ways poss i b le to d i st i ngu i sh thefi r st f i om second c 3 .y 1 le

C'

10 lumel l 1 tei minated by in egulai ly shaped pap i l lae , 8 1 11 the type .

Ca l i c u la r fossa and the who lez“

cal ice S hal l owLocal i ty

— Sout li of Mo loka i I s l ands and west of Lana i I s l and , S tat i o n 3895;depth , 2 52 — 429 fathoms ; bottom,

co r a l rock ; tempe r a t u re of bo ttom,47° F .

Ema — Cat. No . 20755,

PAR ACYATH US M AU I E N S I S ,n ew spec ie s .

P late V I , figs. 2 , 2a.

Co r a l l um attached by an expanded base, d i amete r not i nc r eas i ng w i t h the height ,t r ansve r se o u t l i ne b road l y e l l i pt i ca l . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce, 8 mm. ; lesse r

mm .Base at tached to an u neven s u r face. He i gh t on one s i de, mm. ; on the

o the r,1 0 mm . Ju st above the attached a rea the co r a l lum is almost c i r c u l a r in c r oss

sect i on , d iamete r 8 mm . Between the base and the ca l i ce are seve ra l enci r c l ingconst r i ct ions .

The wa l l is th i ck , exte r na l l y a lmost comp lete l y en ve loped by a th ick , mo re o rless co r r u gated ep i theca that ex tends to the ve r y ma r g i n of the ca l ice. I n a fewp laces can be seen low ,

obt u se cos t 1e,wh i ch are s u bequa l

,o r a l te r nat i ng in size.

Nea r the base the ep i theca possesses b road , low , flat , equa l,g r an u l ated costae,

sepa r ated by sh a l low , na r row i n te r costa l f u r rows .The septa are in s i x systems ; fo u r complete cyc les in fo u r sys tems , in the

o u te r h a l ves of the two systems at one end of the ca l i ce the fo u r th cycle is wanting .

The septa are st r a igh t , b u t the membe r s of the l as t cy c le seem to fuse by the i ri nne r ends to the s ides of the l a r ge pal i stand i n g befo r e the pen u l t imate septa .P r ima r ies and seconda r ies r athe r th i ck

,the othe r septa somewhat t h inne r . The

uppe r ma r g ins sca r ce l y p roject above the u ppe r edge of the wa l l,th ose of the fi r s t

and second cyc les s l i gh t ly the mo re p rom i nent . The septa l faces dense l y and r athe rcoa i sely g r an u l ate.

Pal i I n th ree ei owns , bef0 1ea l l septa except the l as t cyc le. Thei r i n ne r ma r g i nsl y i ng i n the same cu i ve , b u t the nari owest are befo re the fii st cyc le

,and the w idest

befo re the th i r d . I n c ross - sect ion the pa l i are c u ne i fo rm,the th i cke r ends outwa r d .

The i r ma r g i ns are a r ched above andent i r e ; faces w i th sha r p e levated st r iae b r oken inp laces i n to g r an u lat ions .

Ca l i c u l a r fossa g r ad u a l l y excavated,mode r ate l y deep .

Co l ume l l a we l l deve l oped , te rm i nated by r athe r ta l l pap i l lae, whichf r esemb le thepa l i befo r e the p r ima r y septa , b u t stand at a somewhat lowe r leve l , the refo re thecol-umel lar pap i l lae can be eas i l y d i ffe r ent i ated f rom the pa l i .

Local i ty — No r th coast of Ma u i I s l and, S tat ion - 4098 ; depth, 95— 1 52 fathoms ;

bottom ,ce i al sand , fe i aminifei a, r ock ; tempe r at u re, F . ; 1 spec imen .

Typ e.

— Cat . No . 20756, .N .M .

BULLET I N 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .

PAR ACYATH US M OLOKE N S I S , n ew spec ie s .P late V I , figs . 3 , 3a ,

3 11 .

Co r a l lum attached by a w i de base , d iamete r not i nc reas i ng w i th height,t r an s

ve r se o u t l i ne subc i r c u l a r . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce,

mm lesse r,6 mm. The

Spec imen i s attached to an i r reg u l a r s u r face, gi v i ng a he igh t on one s i de of 5 mm . ;

on the othe r,1 2 mm. The spec imen has the appea rance of having been b roken and

of s u bseq uen t l y hav i ng repa i red i tse l f .I ’Val l r athe r t h in

,nak ed . Costze d i st inc t f r om the cal i ce to the base , a l te r nat ing

in w id th and p r om i nence nea r the ca l i ce,the l a r ge r r a the r p rom i nent

,abo u t ha l fway

down the sma l le r d i sappea r and the l a r ge r con t i n u e s u beq u a l to the base. I n p rofi lea l l are ro u nded and are dense l y g r anu l ated bot h a l ong the s umm i ts and on the s i des .I n te r costa l f u r r ows na r r ow .

Septa d istan t , except i n the theca l r ing , whe r e they stand c lose togethe r . The

a r r angemen t i s not ve r y defin i te ; p r obab l y the damage that the co r a l l um sufi'

ered

caused the appa ren t i r r eg u l a r i ty . The re are fifty- two septa , wh i ch seems to occ u r in

s i x systems,fou r comp lete cyc les , and a q u a r te r system in each of two systems has

the fift h cyc le r ep resen ted . The p r ima r ies are s l igh t l y th i cke r and longe r than theseconda r ies ; the te r t ia r ies are sho r te r and th i n ne r t han the l a tte r ; the l as t cyc le i sr ud imen ta r y . The re are no defin i te septa l g roups

,a l tho u gh t he re may be occas iona l

f u s ion of a te r t i a r y sept um to a seconda ry th r o u gh i ts pa l u s . The p r ima r ies andseconda r ies s l i gh t l y exse r t , the othe r s less so , acco r d ingto the cyc le. Ma rg ins en t i re.

Faces w i th ve r y fa in t o r namen tat i on .

Pa l i i r regu l a r th i n teeth , u s u a l l y occ u r o n the inne r ends of the p r ima r ies ,seconda r ies , and te r t ia r ies , b u t t hey are not a l ways p resen t , espec ia l l y on the

p r ima r ies .Ca l i c u l a r fossa r athe r deep and la rge compa red to the siz e of the co r al l um .

G reate r d i amete r , 3 mm. ; lesse r , mm . ; depth , mm.

Co l ume l l a r athe r l a r ge, b u t of ve r y l oose tex t u re, composed of anastomos ingtrabecul ze t hat send upwa r d i r reg u l a r l y sh aped p r oject ions , wh i ch are sca r ce l y to bed i st ing u i shed f rom the pa l i .

Local ity— So u t h coas t of Mo lokai I s l and , S tat i on 3833 ; depth , 88— 1 42 fathoms ;

bot tom,sand

,pebb les

,b r oken she l l s

,r ock ; tempe r at u re, 63° F 1 spec imen .

Typ e— Cat . No. 20757 ,

Remark s — The i r reg u l a r cha r acte r and impe r fect deve lopmen t of the pa l i ca u sedme to hes i tate to p lace th i s spec ies in the gen u s P aracyat/ms, bu t i ts affi n i t ies arew i th that gen u s , un less i t sho u l d be a Paras-inflict w i th pse u do - pa l i .

G e n u s D E LTO C Y A T I—I U S M i l n e E d w a rd s a n d H a im e .

D E LTOCYATH US AN D AM AN I CUS A l cock .P late VI , figs . 4, 41 1 .

1 898 . Deltocyathus andamantmi s ALcocx , I n v est igator Deep Sea Madrepor. , p . 1 6 , p l . 1 , figs . 5, 51 1 .Original daem

'z

'

p tion .

— A l cock desc r i bes th i s spec ies as fo l lows :Coral l um d isco id , f ree, w i t h a smal l cen t ra l scar . Costae , in thei r d is ta l ha l f , co vered w i t h Sp in i

form gran u les . Those of the fi rst th ree e v eles are ind ist inc t near the scar , but become sharp ly sal ient

72 RE CE NT MAD R ICPUR AR I A OF TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYS AN .

near the c i rc um ference ; those of the las t cyc le, W l l it'll ha ve a ragged appearance owmg to the 8 1 2 9 and

ab u ndance of thei r gran u l es , can be dis t ing u i shed on l y near the Ci rc um ference and are smal ler andless sal ien t than those ofthe o ther cv cles.

Septa and pa l i pro f u se ly ornamen ted w it h spuu lorm gran u les . The septa are 1 D S I X systems andfo u r comp lete cyc les , but in some of the ha l f - systems a fi fth cyc le i s de ve loped . Th e septa of th e

firs t cvc le are large and exsert , and each , w i th i ts pa l u s , remains per fec t ly independent ofal l the o therseptaand pal i . The septa ofthe las t cyc le are smal l

,independen t , and w i tho u t pa l i . Th e septa of the

second and th i rd cyc les (and those of the fo u rth , a lso, in th e ha l f - system s in wh ic h a fi f th cyc le occ u rs )are as large as those of the fi rst

,but thei r pa l i (wh ich are larger and farther from the cen ter than the

pal i ofthe fi rs t cyc le ) soon u n i te to form “ del tas . ” These de l tas, owing to the si ze and ab u ndanceof the i r gran u lat ion ,

ha v e a lace- l ike appearance.

Co l ume l la s u nken ,conca v e, spongy- pap i l lose.

Co lor of the l i v ing co ra l l um ,madder t in ted .

D iameter ofcora l l um abo u t 1 8 mm .

A s ingle spec imen ,f rom the A ndaman Sea, - 303 fathoms .

Notes on Me l l ama-mm, specimens .

— The meas u r emen ts of the two specimensobta ined by the 1 902

,are : (1 ) d i amete r , 1 0 mm. heigh t

,3 mm . ; (2 ) diamete r

,

1 2 mm . ; he igh t , mm . These spec imens are sma l le r and appa ren t ly yo u nge r t hanA l cock ’s type . The basa l sca r of detachmen t i s not comp lete l y hea led , and the costaeran be t r aced nea r e r to the cente r than in the type. The l as t cycle of septa r athe rconstan t ly f u se to the s ides of the nex t o l de r cyc le. I n the sma l le r spec imen someof the yo u nges t septa appea r to have f ree i nne r ma r g i n s

,b u t I s u spec t t ha t t h i s

appea r ance mav have been b r o u gh t abo u t,i n some i n stances at least

,by the b reak

ing down of the connect io n w i t h the o lde r septa . The re are fou r comp lete cy c les,

w i th some membe r s of a fif th .The re are many h u nd reds of spec imens of Del tocg/at/ws ital c

‘

cus (Miche l o tt i )in the Un i ted S tates Nat iona l Muse um

,and a ca ref u l compa r i son has been made

between them and the Hawa i ian spec imen s . No ev idence of i n te r g r adat i o n wasfo u nd . The fo rme r ve ry cons tant l y has fou r cyc les of septa .

Loca l ity— “f

es t coast of Hawai i I s l and, S tat ion 4045 ; depth , 1 47— 1 98 fathoms ;

bottom,co r a l sand

,fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempe r at u re ,

49° F . ; 2 spec imens .

G e n u s T R O C H O C Y A TH U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H a im e .

The fo l low i ng spec ies bea r s the same re l at i on to the d i sco i d Tz'oc/l ocz/a-t/Li

[Museris does to 1 7 167297 1 1 .

TR OCH OCYA'I‘

H US O AH E N S I S , n ew spec ie s .Plate V I , figs . 5, 5a ,

6 , (30 .

Co ra l l um sma l l , flat , transvt-n'

se ly s l igh t ly e l l i pt i ca l .MEA SUR EMENTS .

S pec imen No . 1 . No.

‘

2 . No . 3 . No . 4. No. 6 . No. 6 .

mm mm. mm . mm .

6 7 7

:3 5 5 5 5. 5

3

(a ) (b ) (a )

a New ind i v idua l be ing fo rmed at one corner. I; Ready to d i v ide.

BULLE TI N 59,U N I TED S TATES NATI ONAL M USEUM .

Asex u al r ep rod u c tion seems to take pl ace by one co r ne r of the ca l i ce becom i nge l ongated . The p r oject i ng po r t ion may be of smal l d i amete r

,then its d i amete r

inc r eases to almost the s i ze of that of the mothe r ca l i ce. The two ca l i ces are

subse qu ent l y sepa r ated by fiss ion .

Wal l r athe r t h i ck . Costee co r respond ing to a l l sep ta,equa l

,b r oad

,ro u nded

,and

o r namented w i t h m i n u te,c r owded g r an u lat i ons .

Septa in spec imens Nos . 2 and 3 of the tab le (wh i ch appea r to be as l a rge as the

spec imens u s u a l l y g row befo r e d i v i s ion beg i ns) , 32 i n n umbe r , i . the re are th reecomp lete cycles and some membe r s of the fo u r th . Spec imen No . 5 has 35 septa ina l l . The d i ffe r en t cyc les are not we l l difi’

erentiated; i t i s p r act i ca l l y imposs i b le tod i st ing u i s h between the fi r s t and second cyc le. I n gene r a l the membe r s of the fi r s tcyc le do not fo rm pa r ts of septa l g r o u ps

,wh i le the membe r s of the th i r d bend

towa r d those of the second . The membe r s of the fi r st and second cyc les are of thesame s i ze

,and w hen membe r s of the fo u r th cyc le are p resent the ne ighbo r ing

membe r s of the th i r d eq u a l in s i ze t hose of the p reced i ng cyc les . A r o u nd the edgeof the cal i ce the septa appea r a l te r nate l y l a r ge r a nd sma l le r the l as t cyc le a l waysbe ing sma l le r and hav ing less p rom i nen t ma rg ins . Ma r g ins of the l a r ge r septamode rate l y exse r t ; the exse r t and i n ne r po r t ions of al l septa th i n . Septa l facesbeset w i t h c rowded

,ta l l

,r athe r sha r p - po inted , s lende r g r an u l at ions (rea l l y de l i cate

sp i nes) .Pa l i befo r e a l l septa

,except the l ast cyc le, in one o r two c r owns

,somet imes

show i ng a ten dency to u n i te the septa into de l tas,as i n D el tocyatlzws. They are

t he r w i de, ve r y th in ,and are g r an u l ated i n the same fash ion as the septa .

(Jolumel la te rm inated above by seve r a l sto u t pap i l lae, w hose ends are m i n u te l yg r anu lated .

Ca l i ce , s u pe rfic ia l ..Loca.l -ét'zfas.

— VVest coast of Hawai i I s l and,S tat ion 4041 ; depth , 252— 283 fathoms ;

bot tom,g r ay mud

,fo r am inife r a ; tempe r at u re o f bot tom,

F 1 0 spec imens ,6 of wh i ch we re se lec ted fo r the ty pes . V ic i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and

,S tat i on 41 33 ;

depth,between 41 and 3 1 2 fat homs ; bottom,

fine g r ay sand,r ock ; tempe r at u re of

bottom , F . ; 1 spec imen.

Types— Cat. No . 20760

G e n u s C A R Y O P I—I Y L L I A L am a rc k .

CA R YO P H YLL I A A LCOCK I , n ew spec ie s .P late V

,figs . 1

,l a

,l b.

Co r a l l um comp ressed , i nve r se l y con i ca l , attached bv a sto u t basa l sta l k .

M EASUR EMENTS .

Spec imen No . 1 . No.

0

Greater diameter ofca l ice .

Lesser d iamete r ofca l iceGreate r d iameter of f rac t u red baseLesse r d iame ter of f ractu red baseH e igh t

74 RECENT MAD RE I’OR AR I A O F TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA NDS AND LAY SAN .

These meas u rement s are not made to the o u te r and the u ppe r edges of the septa,b u t on the wa l l .Wa l l po l i s hed , gl i sten ing . Costa' d i s t i nct , b u t not ve r y p r om inen t , those

co r r espond i ng to the fi r s t and second cvcles of septa mo re. p rono u nced than the

othe r s and may be s u bac u te ; those co r respond ing to the th i r d cycle often l a r ge rthan those co r r espond i ng to the fo u r th .

Septa in fo u r comp lete cyc les . The ma r g i ns of the fi r s t and second cyc les ye r yexse r t , eq u a l in p rom i nence ; the quateruarii -i s f u sed in the theca l r i ng to the s ides o fthe i nc l u ded membe r of the fi r s t or second cyc le, the wa l l between them bei ng con

t inued u pwa r d cons ide r ab ly beyond its u ppe r edge on each side of the membe r s o fthe t h i r d . The marg i ns of the septa of the fo u r th cyc le the refo r e standm u ch h ighe rthan those of the th i r d cyc le. Between the q u ate r na r ies are inc i s i o n s i n the uppe redge of the wa l l , and in these the te r t i a r ies occ u r . The p r ima r ies and seconda r iesare eq u a l in s i ze

,longe r

,w i de r

,and th i cke r in the theca l r i ng , t han the othe r s ;

the. fo u r th c yc le i s w ide r than the th i r d , b u t these two cyc les are of abou t equa ll ength . The i nne r po r t ion of a l l the septa and the u ppe r po r t ion of a l l except theth i r d cyc le are ve r y th i n and f r agi le.

Pa l i in a si ng le c r own befo re the th i r d cyc le. They are ta l l , w ide , ve r y thinand f rag i le

,and are u nd u lated .

Co l ume l l a we l l de v e l oped , p r om i nen t , cons i st ing of fo u r or mo re c u r led r i bbons .Ca l i ce sha l low .

Local z'

tys— V ic in i ty of Mod u Man u , S tat ion 3977 ; depth 876 fathoms ; bottom,

fine. co r a l sand,foraminafera,

rock ; tempe r at u r e of bottom ,38° F .

Typ e— Cat. No . 90744,

I have named th i s ve r y handsome spec ies forDr. A. A l cock, S u pe r i n tenden t o f the

I nd ian Muse um and P rofesso r of Z oo logy and Compa r at i ve Anatomy i n the Med i ca lCo l lege of Ca l c u tta . Dr. A l cock ’s repo r ts on the Ernest -igatm

'and S iboga deep sea

co r a ls are among the mos t va l u ab le cont r i b u t ions that have been made to the sub

j cet . The p resen t spec ies bea r s a gene r a l , tho u gh appa r en t l y not c l ose, r esemb l anceto (l tryop /ig/Nia cul trz

'

flm A l cock .

CA R YO P H Y LL I A O CTO PAL I , new spec ies .

P late V , figs . 2 , 2 41 ,Co r a l l um co r n u te, attached b y a w ide basa l expans i on . The spec imen espec i a l l y

se lected for the ty pe is so c r ooked that a long i t u d ina l meas u remen t possesses no

ra l u e. The ca l i ce i s a lmost c i r c u l a r ; g reate r d i amete r , ‘

7 mm., lesse r , mm.

Ex te r na l l y t he re are u s u a l ly ve ry low,b road

,flattish

, eq u a l,g r anu l a ted costae .

co r respond i ng to a l l septa . E neirch ngw r i nk les somet imes p resen t , and occas i o na ll ythe re seems to be some epithecz Wa l l sto u t .

The septa appea r to be i n eigh t systems of t h ree cyc les each fi Uppe r ma rg i nsnot exse r t , t hose of the p r ima r i es s l ight l y mo re p rom i nen t t han th ose of the two

a S ibega Deep Sea Con , p . 7 , p l . i , figs . 1 , l a .

0 I n the descr ipt ion e igh t , for con ven ience , i s cons idered the n umber ofsep ta in the fi rs t cyc le.

BULLETI N 59,U N I TED STATES NATIONAL M US EUM . 75

h ighe r cyc les . The oute r ends of the septa are t h i ck , becom ing th inne r towa r d thecen te r

,the fi r s t cyc le o f septa s l igh t l y l onge r t han the t h i r d

,and the t h i r d s l igh t l y

longe r t han the second . The septal faces ex h i b i t undu l at ions co i nc id ing w i t h thecou r ses of the septa l t r abeculae and have g r an u l at i o n s a l ong the i r c rests . The

g r an u l a t ions are n ume ro u s,c rowded

,and p r om i nen t .

The re are e i gh t r athe r l a r ge,sto u t

,und u lated

,and g r an u l ated pa l i

,stand i ng

befo re the sep ta of the t h i r d cyc le.

The co l ume l l a cons i sts of seve r a l,th ree to five

,mo r e o r less tw i sted laths .

Cal i ce sha l l owl ocal ities — So u th coast of Mo loka i I s l and : S tat ion 3827 , depth 3 1 9 to 37 1

fathoms ; bottom ,l igh t g r ay - b r own mud; tempe r at u re of bottom

,F . (two

spec imen s,one attached to the othe r ) . S tat ion 382 8 , depth 28 1 to 3 1 9 fathoms ; bot

tom,b roken - she l l

,g r ave l ; tempe r at u r e of bottom ,

F . (one spec imen,the type) .

Tie/p e.

— ~ Cat . No . 20746 ,Remark s — Th i s spec ies i s based on th r ee Spec imens . The type has been b roken

f r om i ts attachmen t,b u t has the basa l expans ion p r ese r ved , one of the othe r spec i

mens i s attac hed to the th i r d . The cha r acte r of these spec imens i s ve r y constan t ,b u t shows va r i at i on i n the n umbe r and s i ze of the co l ume l l a r l aths . They are ve r yc l osely r e l ated to Oa -

ryop/iyl l ia corn uformc

'

s Pourtales,f rom theWest I nd ies , of wh i c h

the re i s in the Un i ted S tates Nat iona l Museum one spec imen w i th seven wel l - deve lopedand one r u d imen ta ry pal u s . I n s i ze and gene r al appea r ance the two spec ies are sca r ce l yd i s t i ng u i shab l e. A d i ffe rence

,p r obab l y of no g reat va lue

,i s that O. octop al i has a

mo re expanded base than C'. cormgfomnis. The re seems to be good d i ffe rences i n thsepta l cha r acte r s : I n 0 . octop alz

'

the last cyc le of septa are pe r s i sten t l y as long as,o r

longe r than those of the p reced i ng cyc le,an d the inne r ends of the second eve le are

not th i ckened . I n 0 . cornuformzls the l ast cycle of septa are pe r s i sten t l y S ho r te rt han th ose of the p r eced i ng cyc le ; the inne r ends of the sep ta , befo r e wh i ch the pa l is tand

,are t h i ckened , the septa are not so c rowded , thema r g i n s o f the fi r st and second

cyc les are mo re exse r t,and the septa l faces are not so dense l y g ran u l ated .

CAR Y O PH YLL IA OCTO PAL I v ar. I N CE R TA , new v ar iety .

P late V , figs . 3, 3a .

Th i s var iety i s sepa rated f r om the typ i ca l octzymlc' by the exse r t septa of the fi r st

cyc le, wh i ch p r ojects f u l l y 1 mm. beyond the uppe r edge of the co r a l l um wa l l . The

pal i are s i x o r seven in n umbe r,not e i gh t

,as in typ i ca l octopalvi. The septa l lengths

are as inoctopal i .Th i s va r iety is rep resented by a c l u ste r of i nd iv idual s g r ow ing attached to one

anothe r by the i r bases .Local i ty

— So u th coast of Mo loka i I s l and , S ta t i on 3827 ; depth , 3 1 9 to 37 1fathoms ; bo ttom,

l i gh t gra y - b row n mud; tempe ra t u re of bottom,F .

Type.

—Cat. No . 20748 ,

7 6 R ECENT MADR EPUR AR I A or TH E H A WA I I AN I SLANDS AND LAYSAN .

CAR YO P H Y L L IA H AW A I I E N S I S ,n ew spec ie s .

l ’late V , figs. 4, l a ,4b.

Co ra l l um atta ched by ”

an expanded base, g rad u a l ly I ncreasmg I n d i amete rtowa rd the. ca l i ce. lal ice b road l y e l l i pt i ca l .

MEA SUR EMENTS .

S pecimen NO. 1 . No.

‘

3 . No. 3 . No. 4.

Greater ( l la l l l ett’ l ‘ of ca l ice.Lesser d iameter of ca l iceHe igh tN umber of pal i

The wal l exte r na l l y is S h iny and cove r ed w i th n ume r o u s sma l l g r anulations .Sma l l i nd i v i d u a l s and the l owe r po r t ion of l a rge spec imens are w i tho u t costae , b u tin o l de r

,ad u l t

,spec imens

,d i sti nc t b u t not p r om i nen t cos tae co r respon d to the l a r ges t

septa : between these , smal le r cos t-ze may be p resent .The septa in f u l ly g rown i nd i v i d u a l s appea r to be d i v ided i n to ten o r eleven

sy stems of th ree cyc les each . I t i s not poss i b le to d i ffe ren tiate the p r ima r y s i xsepta f rom the fo u r or five l a rge membe r s of the second cyc le. The ten o r e levenp r inc i pa l septa. have ve r y p r om i nen t u ppe r ma r g i ns

,w h ich may p r oject mm. above

the u ppe r edge of the wa l l . The ma rg i n s o f the membe r s o f the l as t cyc le are abou tha l f as h igh as those of the p r i n c i pa l septa ; the nex t to the l as t cy c le are n ot sop rom inen t as the l ast . The septa l faces are de l i cate l y fl u ted

,an d i nconsp i cuous granu

lations are n ume ro u s .Pa l i ten or e leven i n n umbe r

,th i n

,de l i cate

,e rect, mode r a te l y w i de, flu ted , and

g ran u l ated ; “

in a s i ng le c r ow n befo r e the pen u l t imate cyc le of septa .Co l ume l l a r athe r sma l l

,composed of seve r a l c u r led r i bbon s .

Cal i c u l a r fossa on l y mode r ate l y deep .

Local i ties — So u th coas t o f Mo loka i I s l and, S tat ion 3838 ; depth , not p recise l y

g i ven ,92— 2 1 2 fathoms ; bottom ,

fine g r ay b r own sand ; tempe r at u r e of the bottom ,

6 7° F .

No r t heast coas t of' Hawai i I s l and, S tat ion 406 1 ; depth , 24— 83 fathoms ; bottom

co r a l sand , co r a l l ines , nodu les , fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempe r at u r e at s u r face, 77O F 1

spec imen .

Pa i lo lo Channe l , between M a u i and Mol okai i s l ands , S tat i on 3885 ; depth , 1 361 48 fathoms ; bot tom, sand , pebb les ; tempe r at u r e, F . ; 1 specimen .

Cote/pea— Fo u r spec imens

, Cat. Nos . 20749, 2 0750,Remark s — Th i s spec ies is c l ose l y re l ated to A l cock ’s Oaryop/tylh

'

a guadraa

gm aria .

“ The p r inc i pa l d i ffe r ence seems to be i n the m u ch mo r e deve loped costaeof the lat te r spec ies . I t is not imp robab le that the spec ies he re desc r i bed may l

ate r “be p laced in the synonymy of 0 . (j aad

f/ugcncrzfa .

“Deep Sea Cora l s , S iboga Ex ped i t ion ,p . 1 0

,p l . 1

,figs

. 4, 4a .

7 8 R ECENT MA DREPORA R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS AN D LAY SAN .

”Vic in i ty of Laysan I s l and , S tat ion 3952 ; depth , 31 7— 351 fathoms ; bottomwh i te sand , g r ave l ; tempe r at u r e, 45° F. ; 1 spec imen

,No . 5 of tab le , the finest

obtai ned .

V i c in i ty of Ka u a i I s l and , S tat ion 3999; depth , 7—1 1 8 fathoms ; bottom ,co r al

sand,she l l s ; 2 specinmns ,

Nos . 1 and 2 of tab le.

So u th coast of Oah u I s l and , S tat ion 38 1 0 ; depth , 53 - 2 1 1 fat homs ; bot tom fine

co r a l sand ; tempe rat u r e, F 1 spec imen .

No r thwest coast of Oah u I s l and , S tat ion 41 1 5 ; depth 1 95— 241 fath oms ; bottom,

co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe r a ; tempe r at u re ,F . ; 1 spec imen , dead .

The r ange in depth of th i s spec ies appea r s to be f r om 1 27 to 351 fath oms ; tempe r at u re,

45° to 6 1 ° If bot tom,sandy

,g r ave l o r r ock .

Remark s — Fo u r spec ies of Oyat/tocem s have p r ev io u s l y been desc r i bed , two byMose ley

,(7. corn ea and (

7.

i n the C'hal leng/er Deep Sea Co r a l s , 1 88 1 ; one,(7.

by myse l f i n my repo r t on the S tony Co r a l s o f the Po r to R i can1 90 1 ; and one

,(J. tydmmzn

'zf,by A l cock in the S iboya Deep Sea Mad re

poraria, 1 909. The fo rm above desc r i bed i s most close l y r e l ate d to Mose ley’s O.

in fact,I hes i tated to sepa r ate it f r om t hat Spec ies . Mose ley says that

the s u r face of U. rubescens i s “ g l isten ing,b u t s l igh t ly r o u ghened .

” The s u r face ofthe Hawai ian spec imens i s not g l i sten ing , and i s g r an u l ated al l ove r . The ch a r acte ro f the s u r face may be va r i ab le , b u t i t i s constan t i n the e i gh t spec imens examined byme. The r e may be othe r d i ffe r ences not b ro u gh t out by Moselev

’s desc r i pt i on .

G e n u s C E R A TO T R O C H U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H e im e .

CE R ATOTR OCH US L AKU S ,n ew spec ies .

P late V I I , figs. 4, 4a ,4b.

Co r a l l um sho r t - co r n u te, attached by an expanded base,above wh i c h is a sho r t

r athe r t h i c k ped u nc le. Above th i s the co r a l l um g r ad u al l y i n c r eases i n d iamete r w i t hi nc r eas i ng hei gh t . Ca l i ce s u bc i r c u l a r in ou t l ine. G r eate r d i amete r of ca l i ce 7 mm. ;

lesse r mm . ; d i amete r of ped u n c le 3 mm. ; he i gh t of ped u n c le abou t mm. ;

he i gh t of co r a l l um mm.

Wal l on l y mode r ate l y th i ck,naked . F l at

,low,dense l y g r an u late

,equal costae

co r r espon d to a l l septa j u st be low the ca l i c u l a r edge, and can be mo re o r less d i st i n ct l y t ia e-cd fa r the r down on the co r a l l um by the g r anu l at i on s . The g r an u l at i o n sare r athe r often a r r anged t r ansve r se l y to the l ong i t u d i na l axes of the cos tae.

Septa in th ree comp lete cyc les , and membe r s o f the fo u r th cyc le p r esen t five ha l fsystems , 34: septa in a l l . The membe r s of the fi r s t are the l a r gest

,those of the

othe r cy c les sma l le r , acco r d i ng to the cyc le,the yo u ngest cyc le of any hal f system

a lmos t r u d imenta r y . The fi r s t and second cyc les have s l igh t l y exse r t ma r g i ns , thema rg ins of the th i r d and fo u r th not p r om inent . O u te r ends of the septa somew hatth i ckened , inne r po r t i ons th i n and de l i cate. l n te r septa l loc u l i ve r y open . Septalfaces beset w i th i r regu l a r

,low g r anu l at ions .

(‘

olu inel la ve r y poo r l y deve l oped , composed of two ve r y t h in , mo re or less conto r ted r i bbons .

BULLET I N 59, UN ITED STATES NATI ONAL M US EUM . 79

Ca l i cu l a r fossa deep , na r row,bo u nded by the pe r pend i c u l a r i nne r ends of the

fi r st cyc le of septa .Local ity

— So u t h coas t oI Mo l oka i I s l ands , S tat ion 382 7 ; depth , 3 1 9— 37 1 fat homs ;bottom

,l i gh t g ray b rown mud ; tempe r at u re of bot tom

,F . (1 spec imen . )

— Cat. No . 2 0 764,

Remark s — Th i s spec ies i s espec i a l l y cha r ac te r i zed by the ve r y poo r l y deve lopedco l ume l l a and i ts m u ch expanded base.

Fam i ly ANTHEM IPHYLLI ID I E,new fam i l y .

fl/p e-

fim us.

— Aa t]:em [WUia I’ourtale

[ Nag/71 0 853 .

— Co r a l l um w i t h impe r fo r ate t i ss u es,s imp le.

Septa l ma r gi ns w i th long teeth . I nte r septa l locu l i open .

Remark s — Th e l i tt le gen u s has p u zz led eve r y st u den t of thec l ass i ficat ion of co r a l s s i n ce Pourtales fi r s t desc r i bed i t .

‘t I t looks at fi r s t s i gh t l i kea d i sc - shaped trochocyathoid co r a l , b u t the l ong , septa l teet h immed i ate l yr show thati t i s not c lose l y r e l ated to the Caryophyl l iid gene r a . I t t hen reca l l s some of thespec ies r efe r red to An t/1 1m or Sysygop/zyl l ia . The septa l ma r g i n s o f An ti l l ia are

den tate,b u t the dentat ions are low ,

sma l l,and ro u nded ; w h i le those of S 1 sygop/ig/l l éa

are l a r ge and coa r se l i ke saw teeth ; fu r t he rmo re , both of t hese gene r a have h igh l ydeve l oped endotheca and some exotheca . I do not know anothe r gen u s of co r a l sthat has the wa l l and i nte r septa l locu l i o f the Caryophyl l iidze and septa l ma r g i nsw i th long den tati ons . I am the refo re p r opos i ng the familyAnthemiphyl l iidze ,

wh ic hat p resent conta i ns on l y the type gen u s .

G e n u s A N T H E M I P H Y L L I A P o u rta les .

ANTH E M I P H Y LL I A P AC I F I CA,n ew spec ie s .

P late V I I , figs . 5, 5a .

Co r a l l um sma l l , bow l - shaped , base ro u nded , show i ng by a sca r fo rme r attachment .C r oss - sect i o n c i r c u l a r . D i amete r , mm. ; he i gh t , mm .

The r e are sh r eds of an i ncomp lete epi theca . The wa l l i s ex te r na l l y cos tate,b u t

the cost -(e are not l a r ge, those co r r espond ing to the fi r s t a nd sec ond cyc les of septas l i gh t l y mo re p rom i nen t t han t hoseco r respond ing to the t h i r d and fo u r th .

S epta d i stant , w i th open i n te r septa l loc u l i , i n fo u r comp lete cyc les , those of thefi r s t and second cyc les eq u al in s i ze and w i t h modera te l y exse r t ma r g i ns ; the te r t iar ies are less p rom i nen t ; the q u ate r na r ies the least p r om inent . The r e are d i st i nc tsepta l g ro u ps . The p r ima r ies are f ree ; the te r t ia r ies fuse nea r the co l ume l l a to theseconda r ies ; the i nne r ends of the (maternaries appea r to be f ree. The septa l ma r ginsare ve r y sp i nu lose, the sp i nes ta l l , w i th ro u nded s umm i ts . The d iamete r of thesp ines i s g reate r pa r a l le l to the septal faces t han t r ansve r se to t hem. The re are

g r an u l at i ons both on the septa l faces p r ope r and on the sp i nes .Co l ume l l a somewhat s u n ken , not l a rge , u ppe r s u r face pap i l l ate .

Ca l i cu l a r fossa not deep , ca l i ce sha l l ow , or s u pe r fic i a l .a Bul l . Mus. Comp . Zool . , V , 1 878 , p . 205, p l . 1

,figs . H

,1 5.

80 RECENT MADREPORA R IA OF TH E HAWA I IAN ISLANDS A ND LAYS AN .

Lucatl itz'

ex.

— So u th coas t ofMoloka i Is l and : S tat ion 3838 ; depth , 92— 2 1 2 fathoms ;bottom ,

tine g ray - ln 'own sand ; tempe r at u re of the bottom,

67° F . S tat i on 3855 ;depth

,1 2 7— 1 30 fathoms ; bottom,

fine b rown sand , g r ave l ; tempe r atu re, F . ; 1

spec imen .

Pa i lo lo Chan ne l , between Mo lokai and Ma u i i s l and s : S tat i on 3856 ; depth , 1 27fathoms ; bot tom,

fine sand , ye l low mud; tempe r at u re, F . ; 1 spec imen .S tat ion 3857 ; depth , 1 2 7— 1 2 8 fathoms ; bo ttom ,

fine sand , ye l low mud; tempe r atu re,F . ; 1 spec imen . S tat ion 3858 ; depth , 1 2 8 fathoms ; bottom ,

fine san d , ye l l owmud; tempe r at u r e, to F. ; 1 spec imen (type) .

Type.

— Cat . No . 20765,

R enuw'l 's.

— Th i s spec ies i s dec ided l y d iffe ren t in m i no r cha r acte r s f r om An them i

p afcm Pourtalcs f rom the Ant i l lean seas . A . p acifi ed, has t h i n ne r sep ta , thesepta l sp i nes are not comp r essed t r ansve r se l y to the p l ane of the septa l faces , and

the re i s not that compact i ng of the co l ume l la an d i n ne r ends of the septa by seconda ry ca l ca reous depos i t wh i ch at least often occ u r s i n A . p aiem . The numbe r o fsepta i s abo u t the same . Septa] g r o u p i ng i s not so d i st inc t in A . p atem . The twospec ies

,howeve r

,seem to be ve r y c l ose l y re l ated . Pourtalé s’

s spec ies was d redgedoff Havana i n f rom 250 to 400 fathoms of wate r

The A lbatross obtained five spec imens of A . pacified . The re is p r act i ca l l y nod i ffe rence between the spec imen f rom S tat i on 3856 an d the type, except th at thefo rme r has a d i amete r of mm. and the re are two septa of a fi fth cyc le. The spec imen f r om S tat ion 3857 was attached to a Glycynwris (Pect cu l us) she l l . I ts base i snot uniformlv ro u nded , the re be i ng two const r i ct i on s , i n d i cat i ng inte rm i tten t g r ow th .

The ca l i ce of th i s spec imen i s mm. i n d i amete r and the co r a l l um mm . ta l l .

Fam i l y OCULIN IDAE M i lne E dwa r ds and H aime.

G e n u s M A D R E P O R A L in n ae u s .

1 758. Madrepom (par t ) LI NN zE US, Syst . Nat ,

l 0th ed.,p . 793 , and of v ar io u s wr i ters be fore 1 801 .

1 8 1 5. Jfatrcpom (part ) O K EN , Leh rb . Naturg. ,p . 72 .

1 8 1 6 . Ou tl ine (part ) LAMA RCK , H i st . Nat . An im . sans V er t .,I I

,p . 283 .

1 849. Lophelia M i LNE EDWA RDS and H A iME, Comptes rend u s , XX I X , p . 69.

1 849. Amphel-ia M i LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME

, Comptes rend u s , XX I X ,p . 69.

1 850. D i‘

phel ia M I LN E E DWA RDS and H A IME,Br i t . Fos=. Corals, I n t rod .

,p . X X I .

1 857 . LOp Iiohel ia M i LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME,H ist . Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 1 1 6 .

1 857 .

- lmphihelia Mu.NE E DWA RDS and H ATME,H i st. Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 1 1 8 .

1 857 . D ip lohel'ia M I LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME , H i st . Nat. Coral l . , I I , p . 1 20.

1 902 . Madrcpora V ERR i LL, Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , X I , p . 1 1 0 (w i th Synonymy ) .Not Al adrep om LAMARCK

,1 801

,no r of s u bseq u ent au tho r s

,except i ng Oken ,

1 8 1 5,and Ve r r i l l

,1 902 .

B rook po i n ted o u t i n h i s cata l og u e of the genus Madrep ora“ t h at the Madrepom

of a u tho r s begi n n i ng w i th Lama r ck,1 801

,was not o r ig i na l l y in c l uded by L i n naeu s

in that gen u s , b u t in Al ida/Jam . I n the twe l f t h ed i t i o n of the Systema Natu rae,L i nnae u s co r r ected the e r r o r of the ten th ed i t i on

,t r ans fe r r i ng M i l lep ora muricata

to Jifi tdf

repom . Lama r ck i n 1 801 , when he unde r took the fi r s t s u bd i v i sion of theL i n naean Aladrep o m, un fo r tunate l y se lected IVadrepom murz

’

cam fo r the type o f thegen u s as rest r i cted by h im . A l tho u gh B rook k new th i s h i s to r y o f the usage o f

(1 Cat. h’Iadrepor.,Br i t . Mus . (Nat. I

,1 893 .

BULLET I N 59,UN I TED STATE S NAT I ONAL MUS EUIVI .

the name, an d a l so knew that i t was aga inst the r u les of nomenc l at u re to make aspec ies i nse r ted into a gen u s s u bseq u en t to i ts o r ig ina l c ha r acte r i zat ion the typespec ies

,he dec i ded to fo l l ow the u sage estab l i shed by Lama r ck Dana

,M i lne Edwa r ds

and Ba ime . and D u ncan . I n my Some Foss i l Co r a-ls from C u r acao ,A r u he and

Bona i r e 0

,I abandoned th i s use of the name and p roposed s u bst i t u t i ng -

(p om,

S tude r , 1 878 , b u t d i d not attempt to fi x the type of the Linnaean Ma P r ofesso rVe r r i l l " po in ted out tha t Acropom Oken ,

1 8 1 5, m u s t be u sed for the Lama r ck i anMadrepora , and t hat fo l l ow i ng Oken ’s rest r i c t i on of the L i nnaean Al adrepom ,

ei the rJVI . p rohffem o r 431 . oculata

,bot h of L i n nae u s , co u ld become the geno type. For

seve r a l r easons p refe r ence i s g i ven to A1 . oculam. The refo re M adrepo'ra oculata

L i nnae u s becomes the type of Afadrep om L innae u s .

M A D R E P O R A KAUA I E N S I S , n ew spec ies .P late V I I I , figs . 1 , 2 , 2a .

Co r a l lum w i th de l i cate b r anches . Asex u a l rep rod u ct ion by b u dd i ng f rom be l owthe edge of the ca l i ce ; r athe r often on each s i de of a ca l i ce

,leav i ng the mothe r ca l i ce

mo re o r less imme r sed i n the ang le between the da u gh te r ca l i ces . S u c h a s u nkenca l i ce alwavs occ u r s in the ax i s between two b r anches . When no b i f u r cat ion takesp l ace gemmat i on i s a l te r nate

,fo rming a r ow of ca l i ces o n each S i de of the b r anch .

Te rm ina l ca l i ces are p rom i nent , as m u ch as mm . in hei gh t , the co r a l l i te g r ad u a l l yen l a r gi ng towa r d the ape r t u re. The l ate r a l ca l i ces on yo u ng b r anches are mode ratel y p r om inen t ; on olde r b r anches the ccenenchyma mav extend u pwa r d and leaveon ly a sma l l po r t i on of the co r a l l i tes f ree.

A r o u nd the u ppe r o u te r ma r g ins of yo u ng co r a l l i tes t he r e are d ist i nct,often

ac u te,costae . Fa r the r down on the wa l l they are l ow

,b ut can be t r aced . They are

m i nu te l y and dense l y g r an u l ated . On o l de r po r t i on s of the coral lmn t hese costee. can

not be t r aced , b u t fiexuous, of ten coa r se , coenenchyma l st r i at ions are p resent . The

who le cmnenchymal s u r face i s m in u te l y g r an u l ated .

Septa i n o l de r cal i ces in t h ree comp lete cyc les,the th i r d cyc le we l l deve loped ;

in yo u ng ca l i ces the l ast cvcle i s r u d imenta r y , b u t t r aces of i t can be seen ; septa lma r g ins en t i re. The yo u ng ca l i ces are ve r y deep , b u t the o lde r ones are sha l low ,the bot-tom s of fi le cal ices becomi ng sol icl lyj il/ed w it/i stm

'eoplasm.

Co l ume l l a ve r y poo r l y deve l oped in yo u ng ca l i ces , cons i s t ing of a few t r abecu lae

,wh i ch appea r to be de r i ved f rom the i nne r ends of the septa . The u ppe r

s u r face i s u s u a l l y pap i l l ate . I n o l de r ca l i ces i t i s m u c h bet te r deve l oped and may be

cons i de r ab ly compacted by ca l ca reo u s depos i t . A few o u ts tand ing pap i l lae oftens im u l a te pa l i .

Local ity — V ic i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and, S tat i on 41 36 ; depth , 294— 352 fat homs ;

bottom,fine co r a l sand ; tempe r at u re, F .

Typ e— Cat . No . 2 0780 ,

Remark s — D u ncan in h i s fi r st pape r on the Porcup ine Exped i t ion Mad repo ra r ia "“Samml . Geolog. Reich s—Mus. ,

Le iden ,2d Sen , I I , H it. I , p . 68 .

1) Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , X I , 1 902 , p . 1 1 0 .

«'

P roc Iov . Soc . London ,X V I I I , 1 870 , p . 295.

3 230 1— 07— 6

82 R-ECENT MA DRE PORAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I AN IS LA NDS AND LAY SAN .

i dent ified f rom t hat co l lec t ion Am/Juf/ie/iw vuioeem'

ru Seg u en za , A . (add -M ica,new

Spec ies, and . I . (m u /m

,new spec ie s . I n h i s second pape r on these co r a l s “ he refe r s

these th ree names and D ayle/[elmprof/m (171 1, Pourta les" D . meneg/Ls ma doder

lei /Mow . Seg u enza " to the. Synonymy of Al a/drep om ra ined Mul le r ,bas ing th i s determimi tion u pon a spe c imen of the Al adrepora Tamed.

.

ofM ii l ler, f r omofi

'

the No r wegian coast , fo u nd in mode rate l y deep sen t h im by M . S a r s .Lindstrt

‘

nn in h i s Cont r i b u t ions to the Act ino logy of the A t l an t i c Ocean (1 i den t ifies af ragment of co r a l f rom off Sa l t I s land as

-i/Lel i (ncameo O . F . M ue l le r p . p .

”

A l cock i n h i s Deep Sea Mad repo r a r ia of the S iboga Exped i t ion , p . 35, l i sts some

fine spec imens ” as“A . romeo M u e l le r sp .

I n th i s connect ion the. ava i l ab i l i ty of the spec i fic: name mmea sho u l d be cons i de red .

0 .

I

F.Mul le r in h i s Z oo log i ze Danicze P rod r om u s , 1 776 , p . 2 52 , c i tes unde r Al adrepom ,

1 11 : women ,and c red i ts i t to L innaeu s , Systema Naturee , 1 2 th ed i t i o n , 1 7 67 . The

{Maire/mm Tan /ea. Linmeus , I758 , is acco r d i ng to s u bseq u en t a u tho r i t ies the D en

drop lryl l /a.Tamed. (L innae u s ) Bl a inv i l le , of theMed i te r r anean . L i n nae u s i n h i s o r ig i na ldesc r i pt i on of 11 l odrep om mmea r efe r s to two p r ev i o u s ly pub l i shed fig u res , one byPctiverwh i ch I have not seen ,

the othe r by Marsigl if wh i c h I have seen . The l a tte rrefe r ence i s g i ven by M i lne Edwa r ds and Haime in t hei r sy nonymy of the spec ies ,and rep resents the common Dmdrop/iy l lin, romeo . The re is n o r eason to do u b t theco r rectness of the i den t i ficat i on of Pa l l as

,E l l i s and So l ande r , andM i l ne E dward s an d

I 'Iaime. I t seems that Mul le r neve r p reposed Jfaa’repom 7 amea as a new spec ificname. I f he had

,h is name wo u l d be a homonym of the p r ev io u s ly estab l i s hedLinumus

,and the r efo re inval id f

The t plofiel v'

ap rofanda Pourtales is an Eupsamm id co r a l an d not a D ip lo/Lel ia,as Pourtales h imse l f d i scove r ed and p u b l i s hed in 1 878 . S ho u l d the othe r fo rms c i tedby D u ncan u nde r the sy nonymy of Day le/Lel ia

f

ramed r eal ly be l ong togethe r , ashe con tends

,the name wo u ld be Afaa’repom m alooem

'

ea (Seg u enza) , b u t D u n can ’sd i sc u ss ion of the fo rms is not sat i sfacto r y

,and u nt i l someone ca r efu l l y st u d ies the

l brcup ine co l lec t ion andmakes compa r i sons w i t h I ta l ian Te r t ia r y mate r i a l , i t i s n otposs i b le to reach any dec i s ion rega r d ing the affin i t ies of the r ecen t spec ies to th osef rom the

f

l‘

ertiaries of I ta l y .

D u ncan in h i s a r t i c le in the e i gh th vol ume of the T r ansact i ons of the Z oo log i calSoc iety of London , redefines the gen u s Aww/ul/rel ia, stat i ng that “

the. co r a l l i tes donot fi l l up f rom be low .

”I ha v e looked the matte r u p on spec imens of A . oculata

and find that the co r a l l i te ca v i t ies in the i r lowe r po r t i on may be practical lv ob l i te r atedby stereolflasmic deposi t .

The co r a l that I am he r e denomi nat ing j lh afrep ora l ame /fend s appa ren t l y d i ffe r sf r om the mate r i a l that D u ncan had by hav ing the bottoms o f the co r a l l i te cav i t ies

0 Trans . Zoo l . Soc London,V I I I

,1 873 , p . 326 .

“Be l l . Mus. Ton-

1 p . Zoo l . , I , No . 6,1 807 , p . 1 1 4; Mem . Mus. Comp . Zoo l .

,I I , I l lustr. Cat ,

No. 4,1 87 1

,p . 25

,p l . v 1

, figs. 6,7 ; Den.d-

r0phyl l iu, p rofunda Pourta les, B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zoo l . , V , No. 9,1 878 , p . 208 , p l . 1

,figs . 6 - 8 .

c (loral l . Foss . Terz iar Dist . Mess ina , Pt . 2,Tor ino,

1 874,pp

. 1 0 1 — 1 05, fig . on p late x 1 1 .

”S ven sk . Vet . Akad . H and l .,X IV

,No . 6

,1 877

,p

. 1 4.

H isto i re Phys iq u e de la Mer,1 825

, p l . x x x , fig . 1 36 , and p l x x x i , fig . 1 44.

fMara e IIer p u b l i shes th is same conc l u sion . S tein - Kora l len,V ald i v ia E x ped i t ion ,

p. 308 .

BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NATIONAL MU SEUM .

so l i d l y fi l led . Whethe r t h i s cha r acte r i s o r i s n ot of va l u e I can not dete rm ine. Howeve r

,I be l ieve t hat by po i nt i ng o u t the t r emendo u s conf u s ion in D u ncan’s wo r k and by

attach i ng a name to someth i ng defin i te , a s ta r t mav be made towa r d u n r ave l i ng thetang le of the A 771p /t i/wl iae

”s ir/afar.

Fam i l y S 'I ‘

YLOPHORIDJE Ve r r i l l .G e n u s M A D R A C I S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H e im ‘

e .

MAD R AC I S KAUA I E N S I S , n ew S pec ie s .P late I X , figs . 1 , 2 , 2a ,

3 .

Co r a l lum ramose,b r an ches s lende r , coa lesc i ng ab u ndan t l y , t i ps atten u ate. The

longes t b r anch in the ty pe mate r i a l i s 92 mm . l ong (t i p b roken off) ; d i amete r a tl owe r end

, 6 mm . ; d iamete r abo u t the m i dd le, 6 mm. ; of b r oken u ppe r end, 3 mm.

Lengt h of one yo u ng b r anch , 2 2 mm. ; d i amete r o f l owe r end,3 mm . ; at t i p ,

mm . I n c r oss sect i on the b r anches are s u bc i r c u l a r or s l igh t l y flat tened . The angleof d i ve r gence of b r anches at po i n ts of b if u r cat i on i s ve r y va r i ab le

,f rom decidedlv

te angle to a lmostCa l i ces sha l l ow , d iamete r f r om 1 to mm . O n the ve r y t i ps of the yo u ng

b r anches t hey are c r owded,but immed iate l y be low the t i ps t hey are r athe r d i s tan t

,

sepa r ated by abo u t the d iamete r of a cal i ce ; on o l de r po r t ions of the co ra l l u m theywe st i l l mo re d i s tan t

,f rom once to tw i ce the d i amete r of a ca l i ce. The ca l i ces are not

e levated and t he re is no p r oject i ng thecal rim .

The re are ten p r i n c i pa l septa,wh i ch extend f rom the wa l l to the co l ume l l a .

They are mode r ate l y ex se r t , r at he r t h i ck , and fo rm a c r ow n a ro u nd the ca l i c u l a ropen i ng . Between each pa i r of p r i n c ipa l septa a r u d imenta ry sept um can u s u a l l ybe seen . The re are cos tae co r respond i ng to bot h the l a r ge and the sma l l septa .

The coenenchyma i s ve r y dense . The re are twen ty costae a round each ca l i ce , asabove n oted . Ou ts i de of the cos tate a r ea are r athe r coa r se g ranu l at i ons , o ften so

a r r anged as to appea r to be con t i nuat ion s of the costae.

Co l ume l l a ve ry l a r ge, fi l l ing the bottom of the ca l i c u l a r cav itv . I ts u ppe rs u r face may r i se towa r d the cen te r and fo rm a dome, o r the r e may be a th i ckr o u nded sty le i n the ce nte r .

l ocal i ties — S o u th coas t ofMo l oka i I sland : S tat i on 3833 ; ~ depth,88— 1 1 2 fathoms ;

bottom ,sand,

pebb les , b roken S he l l s , r ock ; tempe r at u re o f bottom,6 3° F . S ta t ion

3838 ; depth , 92— 2 1 2 fathoms ; bot tom ,fi ne g r ay - b r own sand ; tempe rat u re of bottom ,

670 F .

V i c ini ty of Kaua i I s land : S tat ion 3982 ; depth , 40— 2 33 fathoms ; bottom , coa r seb r oken co r a l , sand , she l l s ; tempe rat u re of bottom , F . [cotypes]. S tat i on 41 35 ;dept h , 2 25— 294 fathoms ; bot tom ,

fine co r a l sand ; tempe rat u re of bottom,

F .

No r theast coast of Hawai i I s l and : S tat i on 406 1 ; depth , 2 1 —83 fathoms ; bot tom ,

co r a l sand , co r a l l ine nod u les , fo ram i n i fe r a .Cbtypea

— Cat. No . 20 769,R emark a — Th is spec ies i s ve r y c lose l y re l ated to Jll adm cz

'

sm irabzfl 'és (DuchassaingandM i che lot t i ) f r om the Wes t I nd ies . The most impo r tan t d i ffe r ences seem to be.

t hat in 1 11 . m irabil i s the ca l i ces are bo u nded by a sho r t theca l rim wh i ch p rojectsabove the coenenchyma and i s espec ia l l y not i ceab le on the yo u ng branches . l havenot seen i t on any spec imen of I

'll . l unat ic/l eis . The septa l ma rg i ns in JI[ . ma

'

rabil is

84 RECE NT MA DRE PORA RI A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .

i re m u ch mo r e exse r t than in the Hawa i ian spec i es , and i t p r esen ts a dec i ded lysmoothe r aspect than w imbi l -Zs .

1M.

shows a cons ide r ab le amo u n t of va r iat ion . The types , five specimens,

co u nt i ng f ragmen ts , S tat i on 3982 ,we re se lected f r om a r athe r l a r ge amou n t of

mate r ia l,wh i c h may al l be l ong to one colony . These specimen s are r a the r co nstan t .

The ca l i ces va r y in s i ze as exp ressed in the desc r i pt i on , and somet imes they are s u nkenor t hey may

o ccas ional l y be somewhat swo l len a r o u nd the base. The specimens f r omS tat ion 3838 have the ca l i ces r athe r constantly swo l len at the base, but t hey are n otp r om inent and the re i s no e l evated theca l rim.

Some of the spec imens f r om S tat io n 3833 appa ren t l y sh ou l d be va r ieta l lysepa ra ted f r om the o the r spec imens .

MAD R ACI S KAUA I E N S I S var. MACR OCA LYX , new v ar iety.

P late I X ,figs . 4, 4a.

Th i s va r iety u sual l y has l a r ge r cal ices t han typical spec imen s of the species , thed iamete r i s f req u ent ly as much as 2 mm . and somet imes may be mm. The

ca l i ces may be swo l len at the base, somet imes are e levated ; they are al so oftenc rowded . The seconda r y septa may be ve r y we l l deve l oped .

These spec imens are on l y abe r r ant i nd i v i d u a l s of M k aua iensz'

s, as eve r y i nte rmed i ate v.a r iat ion i s in the co l lect i on .

l ocal i ty— So u th coast of Mo loka i I s l and , S tat ion 3833 ; depth , 88— 1 42 fathoms ;

bottom,sand

,pebb les b r oken she l ls , rock ; tempe r at u re of bottom,

63° F .

Ty'ua

— Cat. No . 2 0777 ,

Fam i l y POCI LLOPOR ID IE Ve r r i l l .G e n u s P O C I L L O P O R A L am a rc k .

I nc l ud ing the spec imens co l lected by the A lbatross exped i t i o n of 1 902 an d spec imen s r ece i ved f r om P rof . W. T . B r igham

,of the B i s h op Memo r i al M u seum of

Hono l u l u,the re are in the U n i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um ove r 75 spec imens of

H icz'

l lopurct f r om the Hawa i i an I s l ands . I n add i tion to '

th ismate r i a l , I have, t h r oughthe co u r tesy ofP rofesso r Ve r r i l l , been able to st u dy the co l lectio n be l o nging to YaleU n i ve r s i ty , andhe has gene ro u s l y let the U n i ted S tates National Museum have f r agments o f these spec ies not p rev io u s ly r ep r esen ted i n it . I n making compa r i sonsw i t h spec ies f rom thePanam i c

, So u th Pac ific , and I nd i an Ocean regions I have u t i l i zedthe old co l lect ions of the Un i ted S tates Nat ional M u se um

,w h i ch possesses most of

Dana’s types , and theA lbatross col lect ions of 1 899— 1 900 an d 1 904—5. I have t he r efo re.

been ab le to st u dy many h u nd reds of spec imens .P r ofesso r Dana , in h is Z oophy tes of theW i l kes Exp l o r i ng Exped i tio n , repo r ted

the fol lowi ng spec ies o f [ bedlop ora f r om Hawa i i an I s l andsP . cesp i tosa Dana , desc r i bed f rom the Sandw i ch I s l ands .P. bretvécmm-

a'

s Lama r ck,r epo r ted f rom the Sandw i ch I s lands .

P. j imasa Eh renbe r g,r epo r ted f r om the Sandw i c h I s l ands .

P . eerrucosa. (E l l i s and So l ande r ) , repo r ted f r om the Sandw i ch I s lands .P. Z igulamDana , desc r i bed f r om the Sandw ic h I s l ands .P. wwandrina Dana , desc r i bed f r om the Sandw i c h I s l ands .P . puma. Dana , desc r i bed f rom the Sandw i c h I s l ands and the F i j i s .P . i nformi s Dana , desc r i bed f r om the Sandw i ch I s l ands .

86 RECENT MADRE PORA R I A on TH E H AWA I I A N I S LANDS AND LAYS AN .

Cora l l um form ing rather large c l umps (1 5 cm . or more in diameter ) ; b ranc hes compressed , separate.

Septa we l l de ve loped .

Co l ume l la s ty lo id .

Verrucaa perpendic u lar to s u rface ofb ranches and u n i form l y d ist r ib u ted

3 . P . modumanmm’

a.

Verrucze appressed , often form ing car inae ,i rreg u lar ly di str ib u ted 4. P . ligal

uta .

Verruc ie obso lete .

5. P . frondosa .

Septa r u d imen tary orobso lete ,co l umel la absen t or a central compressed dome.

Verruczc ,

u s ua l ly u n i form lydis tr ib u ted , reg u lar or rather reg u lar in s i ze . 6 . P . meandrina .

Branches meandro id,s umm i ts naked 6a . P . meandr ine typ ica l .

Branches compressed . s umm i ts verr u cose P . meandm’

na var. nobi l is.Branches w i th d ista l ly swo l len verr u cae 60 . P . meandrina var. tuberosa .

Cora l l um g lomerate- cesp itose , mass i v e at base , w i th i r reg u lar ly flat tened and compressed branchesabo v e. Septa obso lete, co l umel la stylo id 7 . P . i i imnis .

r.P OC I LLOPO RA CE S P I T O S A Dana .

P late. X,figs. 1 , l a,

2 , 2a ; P late X I , figs . 1 , 2 (typ ica l form)1 846 . I ’ocil l0p (n

cesp itosa DANA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi lkes Exp]. Exped , p . 525, p l . X L I X , figs . 5 5a .

1 846 . Portl lopora brm'lcornfis (part ) DA NA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi lkes Expl . Exped , p . 526 .

1 860. Pocil lopora t-

eSp iitos-

a M I LN E E DWA RDS , H i st . Nat. Coral l . , I I I , p . 303 .

1 869. Poci'

ILOpm-

a ca’spi losi t V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex . I nst ,VI

, p . 91 .

1 886 . I ’oril lopora cesp i'tosa QUELCH ,

Reef Coral s , Chal lenger Repts. , p . 66 .

1 90 1 . I ’owil lopora. cws'pilosa STUDER , Zool . Jahrb . , Syst. , XL , 399.

Origina l (lesm'ip l irm .

— Th i s i s as fo l l owsLow and e ven - topped cesp i tose, m u ch and crowdedly b ranched , branches m u c h shor ter than in

th e (wou ld ,tort u o u s , 2 to 3 l ines th ick , and sto u ter at base ; s umm i t branch lets ver r u c i form ,

2 l ineslong

,and o fte n subacervate. Coral l um ha v ing the cel l s large (é a l ine b road ) , and w i tho u t star or

col ume l la.

w «x -X~ se

The c l um ps are nea t , low - con v ex , and m uch branched ; the b ranches are crowded to w i th in onet h i rd to hal fan inch ofone anot her , and aremos t lya fo u rth ofan inch or less in th ickness . The ce l l i slarge and sha l low,

and has a flat bot tom ; those low on the stem are rather distan t , and a del icate l inemay be t raced aro u nd them , as in some Seriatoporze. The spec ies most resembles the damicor nis, ofwh ich I had cons idered i t a dwar f var iety ; but i t i s a m u ch neater and more s lender spec ies, and haslarger ce l l s .

As th i s spec ies shows a bew i l de r i ng amoun t o f va r iation , appa ren t l y its cha r acte r s can be best exp r essed by desc r i b i ng the typ i ca l spec imens and then i n dicat i ngthe l ines a l ong wh i ch va r i at ion takes p lace. I n add i t ion to the typ i ca l fo rm

,th ree

va r iet ies are r ecogn i zed . Afte r desc r i b i ng t hese and show i ng how they i n te r g r ade,an attempt w i l l be made to po i n t o u t the chara cte r s that b i nd a l l toget he r .

I a . POC I LLO P OR A CE S P I T O S A (typ ical ) .P late x , figs. 1 , l a ,

2,2a ; P late x i , figs . 1 , 2 .

I am refe r r i ng 2 1 specimens to typ i cal P . ces

p l l osa, a l t ho u gh t hey show cons ide rab le va r iat ion . Oi these spec imens , 2 are o r ig ina l spec imen s of Dana

,7 had subse

q u ent l y been added to the Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l M u se um co l lect i o ns,7 we re co l lected

by the A lbatross in 1 902 , and 5 we re sent me by D r . W. T . B r igham.

The gene ra l fo rm of the colonv i s as Dana i t. Howeve r,the d i stance

apa r t and the attenuateness of the s umm i t b r anch lets va r ies cons ide r ab l y . I n one

spec imen , No . some of these may be nearl i r 1 cm . long and 3 mm. i n d i amete r .These n umbers refer to Un i ted S tates Nationa l M u se um Cata log u e.

BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 87

They are n ume r o u s and c rowded . S pec imen No . 68 1 (one of Dana's o r i g inal s , wh i chbo r e the name P . (lam z

'

cmw'

s has the ends of the main stems no t so p rof u se l yb r anched

,and the s umm i t b r anch lets mo re d istant , sho r te r , and th i cke r . S pec imen

No . 2 1 86 has s t i l l th i cke r b r anches , and the i r te rm i na l s are somet imes swo l len . Twospec imens

,No. 72 2 (one of Dana’s spec imens) and No . 2 1 86

,are fig u red to show th is

va r i ation,P l ate X

,figs . 1

,1 a

,2,2a ; the inte rmed i ate spec imens are not fig u red .

The ca l i ces are r athe r l a rge, abo u t 1 mm. i n d i amete r ; they may be a sma l l f r act i on mo re or less . They are w i th r a re except ions c r owded , the wa l l s between t hembe i ng less than the i r d iamete r . The septa are on l y poo r ly deve loped or may be

obso lete : the co l ume l l a i s a low, e l o ngated or rounded , g r an u l ated dome. A n umbe rof the ca l i ces show d i s t inct b i l ate r a l i ty

,as the septa at the i r oppos i te ends are mo re

deve loped and con nec t in the bottom w i th the co l ume l l a . The s u r face of the

coenenchyma i s cove red w i th sma l l , po i nted g r an u lat ions .Two of the specimens co l lected by the A lbatross exped i t ion of 1 902 are fig u red

,

P l ate X I,figs . 1 , 2 . The ca l i ces o f t hese spec imens ave r age sma l le r t han in the type

mate r i al , and the septa i n the cal i ces nea r the ends of the b r anches are somewhatmo re deve loped .

Local iti es — Reef at Hono l u l u , 1 sma l l , yo u ng spec imen ; r eef at Kaunakakai ,Mo loka i I s l and

,1 spec imens ; Hawai i an I s l ands , no defin i te l oca l i ty

,2 smal l yo u ng

spec imens : co l lect i on U . S . F i sh Comm i ss ion s teame r A l l ato'oss, Hawai i an Is l ands.No defin i te loca l ity

,9 spec imens ; Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um co l lect ions . Kahana ,

Oah u,3 spec imens ; P u koo , Mo l okai , 2 spec imens , depth 3 to 6 feet ; W. T . B r igham .

P u koo , Mo l oka i , and Wa i k i k i , Oah u , J. E . Duerden , co l lecto r . Lavsan, S t u de r .R emark s.

- Va r i at ion i s a long five d i rect ions .1 . Fo rm . B r anch lets , e l ongate and s lende r to s t umpy w i t h swo l len ends ; f rom

teret-e to comp r essed and f r ondose. The u ppe r s u r face of the cora l l um mav be

neat l y r o u nded , o r the b r anches may be d i ve r gen t and s t r agg ly .

2 . Verrucee . They are absent on the del icatelv b ranched fo rms. and mav or

may not be absen t on the f r ondose va r iet ies .3 . O r namentat i on of the cmnenchymal s u r face . F rom s u bglab ro u s

,w i th m i n u te

sp i n u les to coa r se l y sp i n u l ose.

1 . D i st i n ctness of septa . F rom obso lete to compa r at i ve l y we l l deve l oped .

5. D i s t i nctnes s of co l umel l a . F r om en t i rely absent to stylophoro id.

I n d i sc u ss ing wh at i s cons i de r ed typ i ca l P . cespi tosa ,i t has a l read y been s tated

that fo r the typ i ca l form '

some lat i t u de is a l lowed in the va r i at i o n of the attenuaten'

ess

of the b r anch lets and the compa r at i ve deve lopment o f the septa and co l ume l la. The

s u r face g r an u lat ions of the coenenehvma va ry cons i de r ab l y in both p rom i nence and

s i ze. The th ree va r iet ies r ecogn i zed are espec ia l l y cha rac te r i zed as fo l l ows :P. cesp z

'

tosa va r . tum lda has sho r t b r anches w i t h swo l len ends .P . cesp z

'

losa va r . laysanens is has sp r ead i ng , st r agg ly , te rete or comp ressedb r an ch lets ; when the bran ch lets are comp ressed , verrucse are a lmos t ent i re l y absen t .Coenenchyma l g r an u l at ions r athe r coa r se. Septa and co l ume l l a may be d i st i n c t .P. cesp i

'

tosa var. stylop/wrm'

tlea has frbndose b r anches,w i th i r reg u l a r l y deve loped

verrucze . Ccenenchymal g ran u l at i ons coar se . Septa and co l ume l l a u s u a l l y st rong lydeve loped .

88 RECENT MADRE I’ORAR-I A or TH E HAWA I I AN I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .

I b . POC I L LO PO R A CE S P I T O S A v ar. TUM I D A , n ew v ar ie ty ,

Plate X I I , fig . 1 .

Co r a l l um g row i ng in low c l umps . The b r anch lets are sho r t , r at he r th i ck , swo l lenon the ends . On l y the uppe r 2 1 mm. of the type of th i s v a r i ety are a l i ve.

The meas u r ements of the th ree spec imens r efe r r ed to th i s varl ety are:

V VS peelmen

i\ o. 1 . o. I o 3

Greater distance ac rossLesser d istance ac rossHeigh t

c’

l‘

ype.

Ca l i ces of the type sma l l , 0 4 to mm i n d i amete r on the s i des o f the b ranches ,to on the ends ; on Spec imen No . 3 of the tab le, some of t hem meas u r e as

much as mm. D i s tance apa r t va r i ab le, f rom less t han , to seve r a l t imes mo re thanthe i r d i amete r .

Coenenchyma l g r an u l at i ons r athe r coa r se.

Septa and co l ume l l a absen t , r u d imen ta r y o r poo r ly deve l oped .

Local ities — P rof . “r

. T . B r igham has sen t u s 1 spec imen f rom Kahana , Oahu ,and 2 f rom P u koo , Mo loka i

,a l l obtai ned in 3 to 6 feet of wate r .

Yi/j mfi — NO . 20870,

Remark s. The fo l low ing no tes , p u b l ished by P r ofesso r Ve r r i l l ,“are p r obab ly ,based on a spec imen be longi ng to th i s va r iety

“One spec imen from the Un i ted S tates E xp lor ing E xpedi t ion,labeled P . bre-

vicornis byDana, d i ffe rsf rom th e ord inary form in ha v ing the branches Shorter and th icker , w i t h the branc h lets shor ter andmore crowded u pon thei r en larged ends , th u s p rod u c ing a t h icker and lower c l ump than u s ual . But

in the ser ies there are var io u s in termed iate forms between th is and those w i t h long branches and

s lender , spread ing b ranch lets . Like mos t Spec imen s f rom the Hawa i ian I s lands , i t has the large, flat,open b u lbs made among its branches by H arp alocarcinus marsupialis S t impson ,

wh ic h renders i t probab le that th i s spec imen was from that loca l i ty .

”

cesp'z

f

éusa va r . tumMa, g r ades on one s i de into the typ i ca l fo rm of the Spec ies ,on the othe r i nto va r . stylop /Loroides .

xc . POC I LLO P O R A CE S P I T O S A v ar. LAY S AN E N S I S , new v ar iety .

P late X I I I,figs . 1

,2,3, 3a.

Co r a l l um . g row ing in low c l umps,attached by a basa l expans i on

,above wh i ch

r i se i r reg u l a r l y shaped , sp read ing b r anches . The g reates t w i dth o f one colony is 78mm . ; lesse r d iamete r of co lony , 57 mm . ; he igh t , 60 mm.

The branc lws va r y m u ch in s i ze and shape ; a few are sho r t,S lende r

,st r a igh t

,

and s u bte rete, b u t u s u a l l y they are flattened and c rooked . Some are na r r ow , w i thi r reg u l a r l y spaced l ate r a l protu lmrances , that may bea r verrucee , i nc i p ien t b r an ch lets ,

a rroc . E ssex I nst . , V I , 1 869,'

p . 91 .

90 RECENT MADR EP ORA R I A OF TH E H AWA I IA N I SL ANDS A ND LAYSAN .

tal l,as m u ch as mm . in d iamete r a t the base, somewhat app ressed , and dec reas i ng

in d iamete r towa r d the apex . Ca l ices on the verrucze not d i ffe ren t f rom the othe r sex cept thev are c lose r togethe r . The s umm i ts of the p l ates may o r may not bea rverrucee .

Ca l i ces on the i nne r po r t ion of the co r a l l um sma l l , mm . in d i amete r , on theo u te r s u r faces la r ge r , mm . i n d i amete r . They are d i stan t at leas t once the i rd iamete r , maybe tw i ce

,except i ng nea r the end s of the b r anches o r on the ve r r ucae ;

on the ve r y t i ps they are sepa r ated by ve r y t h i n wa l l s . Septa u sua l l y d i st i n ct , butS ho r t , in two comp lete cyc les ; a l l may be of the same length , occas iona l l y mo r e thantwe l ve. One sept um i s longe r t han the o the r s andma r ks a p l ane of symmet r y . The

co l ume l la i s d i s t i nc t,te rm i nated by a smal l s ty l e, sepa r ated by a no tc h f r om the

e longated sept um or d i rec t l y j o i ned to i t . S u r face of the coenenchvma m i n u te l yand reg u l a r l y g ran u late .

A second Spec imen,wh i ch I am c l ass i fy ing w i th the one

‘ above desc r i bed,has

s t u bby,mo re or less comp ressed b r anches , the s umm i ts flattened o r ve r r u cose. The

w i dest te rm i na l in th i s spec imen i s 1 5 mm. The ve r r u cae g r ade i n to l ate r al b r anchesw h i ch . th o u gh sho r t , are d i v ided i nto seve r a l S ho r t fi nge r s . O n the outside of theco r a l l um are some r athe r at ten u ate finger

- l i ke b r anches . I n fo rm t hese twos pecimens j u st ove r lap . The ca l i ces in the secon d w i l l ave r age S l i gh t l y smal le r th an i nthe fi r st . The second Spec imen in form g r ades i nto spec imen s of P. cesp i tosa

. w i tht h i ckened b r anches .

Both of the spec imens above desc r i bed have basa l expans i on s that dese r ve fu rthe r not i ce . On these the septa an d co l ume l la are ve r y we l l deve l oped . The co l ume l l a i s ta l l and po in ted . I t is connected w i th an e longated “sept um , and f r eq u en tl ythe re i s an en l a r ged , b u t not so p r omi nent , septum on the oppos i te side of the ca l i ce.

The we l l - deve loped septa and co l ume l l a g i ve these ca l i ces a d i s tinct l y stylophoroidappea r ance.

Local i ties.

— V i c in i ty of Laysan I s l and , S tat i o n No . 3959; dept h , 1 0 fat homs ;bot tom , wh i te sand , co r a l ; tempe r at u re at s u r face, 780 F . Cotypes

,2 spec imen s

U . S . F ish Comm i ss ion steame r A lbatross. Kahana,Oah u

,2 S pecimens ; Pukoo ,

Mo l oka i , 2 spec imens ; dept h , 3 to 6 feet ; W. T . B r i gham .

’

Cotypes .

— Cat. No . 20852,

R emm~lcs.

—'

1‘h i s va r iety g r ades into the typ i ca l fo rm of the species

,in to va r .

t ional/l a and va r . laysanensis. The mos t cha r acte r i st i c featu r e of the va r iety is thew ide , compressed branches . The cotypes are f u r the r cha r acte r i zed by a r o u gh l yand r athe r coa r se l y ech in u l a te coenenchyma

,and st r ong ly deve l oped septa and

co l ume l l a . By va r y ing towa r d fo rms w i th sma l le r b r anches a passage to typica lcesp z

'

tusa i s effected ; by i n c r eas ing i r reg u l a r i ty i n fo rm it in ter-g r ades w i th va r . laysaweasels; by red u ct ion i n the length of i ts b ran ches i t passes in to va r . tumz

’

da . The

spec imens r e fe r red to the va r iety , b u t not cons i de red typ i ca l of i t , s how d i rectpassage f rom ca l i ces w i th s t rongl y deve loped septa and co l ume l l a to ca l i ces in whichthose st r u c t u res are absen t or on l y rudin'

Ientarv.

BULLET I N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .

CONCLUD ING R EMARKS ON I ’OC l LLOPORA CES PITOSA .

Fo l l ow ing an acco u n t of the va r iat ion ,those cha r ac te r s w h i ch a l l of the spec imens

have in common sho u l d be i nd i cated .

The fi r st common cha r acte r i s s i ze . The colonv a l ways fo rms a sma l l c l ump .

the l a r gest indiv idual of w h i c h i s sca r ce l y 1 0 cm. ta l l . The v e r r u cae when p resentare i r reg u l a r in deve l opment

,ha v ing the appea r an ce of b ranch lets that fai led to

deve lop,and the re i s abundant intergradation between verrucze and b ranch lets . The

coenenehymal s u r face i s g ran u l ate, the coa r seness of the g r an u l at ion va r i ab le . The

ca l i ces va r y i n d iamete r f rom to abo u t 1 mm. The septa and co l ume l l a va r v f romobso lescen t to d i st inct . I t w i l l t he r efo re be seen t hat the spec i fi c cha racte r s cons i s ti n the s i ze of the co r a l l um and the cha r acte r of the b r anch lets or ve r r u cae .

Th i s spec ies has been repo r ted by Q u e l c h “ f r om Tah i t i ; by O r tmann ” f romCey lon ; and by Ga rd ine r c f rom VVak aja, F i j i I s l ands . Refe rences to these dete rminations have been om i t ted f r om the synonyniy g i ven in th i s memo i r .

The A lbatross exped i t i on of 1 899— 1 900,in cha rge ofDr. A lexande r Agass i z , col

lected 1 6 spec imens w h ich I am r efe r r ing to cesp z'

tom. The loca l i t ies w hencethev we r e obta ined are as fo l lows : N i a u I s l and , Pa umot u g ro u p

,4 spec imens :

Fak arava I s l and Pa umot u g r o u p,1 0 spec imens ; Mak emo I s l and (reef in l agoon ) ,

Pa umot u g ro u p,1 spec imen ; Motee U ta r eef , Papeeti Ha r bo r , Tah i t i . 1 spec imen .

I n fo rm these spec imens s how a r ange i n va r i at ion somewhat s imi l a r to those f romthe Hawai i an I s l ands . The te rmi na l b r anch lets of the fo rme r

,howeve r

,are in no

instance so s lende r as those of the s lende r es t b r an ches f r om the l atte r l oca l i ty .

The S o u th Pac ific spec imens are sma l l,r ounded c l umps

,w i th mode r ate l y sto u t

b ranc hes,ro u nded on the ends

,o r ass ume the g rowth fo rm of the va r iety he r e ca l led

stylop l iorm'

i les. The ca l i c u l a r c ha r acte r s o f the So u th Pacific spec imens are decidedlvmo re constan t than those of the Hawai ia n spec imens , the septa and co l ume l l a areu n i fo rml y obso lete or verv r u d imen ta r y . The cal i ces on the s ides of the b r anchesand nea r the base are sma l le r an d r athe r d is tant , s im i l a r in type to those of va r .Zayaanens zfs. A most ca r ef u l compa r i son of the spec imens f r om the two r egionsfa i led to revea l any cha r acte r s bv wh i ch they co u l d be sepa r ated , the So u th Pac i ficspec imens fa l l ing w i th i n the r ange of va r i at ion of those f rom the Hawa i ia n I s lands ,b u t the fo rme r

,j udg i ng f rom the mate r i a l s t u d ied , are less va r i ab le.

2 . POC I LLO P O R A M OLO K E N S I S , n ew spec ie s .P late X V ; P late X V I , figs . ‘

2 , 2a .

Co r a l l um b u s hy , of mode r ate s i ze ; a b roken spec imen has a g reate r d iamete r of20 cm. ; lesse r , 1 6 cur ; he i g h t , cm . The b ranches are c rooked and i r reg u l a r inshape , bend o u twa r d , and u l t imate l y come to l ie a lmos t in a ho r i zonta l plane. Theyl ook as i f they had been p u shed down f rom above

,and the refo r e have an u ppe r and

an unde r s i de. The i r c ross sec t ion i s in some i nstances s u bc i r c u l a r , b u t u s u a l l y i tis el l i pt i ca l . They are l a rge r a t the base , the lesse r d iame te r as m u c h as 1 8 mm . , or

even more,becom ing sma l le r distal lv . The t i p s may or mav not be comp re ssed .

H Reef Cora l s , Cha l l . Rept , p . 66 .

b Z ool . Jah rb ., Syst , I V ,

1 889, p . 533 .

6 Free. Zoo l . Soc. London ,1 897 , p . 943 .

R ECENT MA DREPORA R I A O I“TH E H AW A I IAN I S L A NDS AND LAYSAN .

J

No i nstance of coa lescence was obse r ved ; d i stance between the ends u s u a l l y abo u t1 5 mm .

Verrucze i r reg u l a r l y deve loped , absent on the basa l po r t ion of the coral l um, tendi ng to be obso lete on the u nde r s ides of the b r anches except nea r the ends , w he r e t heyare bet te r deve loped on the u ppe r than on the l owe r s u r faces . S ummi ts of theb ranches w i t h orwi tho u t ve r r u cae . I n s i ze the ve r r u cae va r y f r om a lmost impe r cept i blewa r ts on the s u r face to p rot u berances 5 mm. tal l and mm. i n d iamete r ; mm .

ta l l and 2 mm . in d iamete r i s p r obab l y abo u t an ave r age, b u t they are of a l l s i zesbetween the l im i ts j u s t g i ven . The l a r ge r ve r r u eis g r ade i n to the sma l l , stumpyb ranch lets . Thev dec rease b u t l i tt l e i n d i amete r towa r d the s ummi t ; in fact , r at he roften the i r ends are swol len . The d i stance apa r t i s ex t r eme l y va r iab le. On theu ppe r s u r faces of the te rm i na l b r anch lets they are c r owded , abou t 2 mm. apa r t, b utthey become mo r e distant , u l t imate l y d i sappea r ing , as the b r anch is fol l owed towa rdthe base. Us u a l l y they stand pe r pend i c u l a r to the s u r face of the b r anch , are r a r e l ysomewhat i nc l ined or are app ressed to the s u r face ; t he r e i s g reate r obl i quenes s onthe l owe r than on the u ppe r s u r face.

Ca l i ces on the basa l po r t ion of the co r a l l um f r om to mm . i n d i amete r,

sepa r ated by abo u t once t he i r d iamete r of coenenchyma ; nea r the ends of theb r an ches somewhat l a r ge r , up to mm. i n d iamete r

,and mo r e c r owded ; on the

s umm i ts abo u t 1 mm . in d i amete r and sepa r ated by st i l l t h i n ne r wal l s . They ares ha l low

,f r om or mm . deep , to a lmost supe r fic ia l . Septa poo r ly devel oped ,

of ten or u sua l ly obso lete. Bottoms of the cal i ces u s u a l l y flat,somet imes a r ched

u pwa r d,b u t t he r e i s no co l ume l l a sty le.

Cmnenchyma so l i d , s u r face cove red w i t h sma l l , e r ect , po in ted spin u les , a ci r c le ofwh i c h s u r ro u nds each ca l i ce ; between the cal i ces one o r mo r e con cent r i c c i r cles

,o r

thev mav be i r r eg u l a r l y d i s t r i b u ted . The u ppe r po r t i o n of the co r a l l i te cav i tiesmay be fi l led so l i d l y w i th inte r na l depos i t o r tab u lae may be p r esen t to the pe r i p he r y ;between the tabul ie t he r e may be p l u gs of i n te r nal depos i t . The co r a l lum is r e l atively l igh t. and po r o u s , not nea r ly so so l i d as i n P. l igu lata .

Local i ty — So u t h coast of Mo l oka i I s l and, S tat i o n 3847 ; dep th , 23— 24 fat homs ;

bottom. sand , stones ; tempe r at u re at s u r face, 76° F 2 spec imens,wh ich may be

po r t i on s of the same co lony .

Cote/pas. Cat . No . 20996

Remark s — Th i s spec ies does not g r o u p w i th auv of the p r ev i o u s l y desc r ibedP ocail lopm'

ee f rom the Hawai i an I s l ands . I ts ca l i ces r esemb le somewhat t hose of P.

b u t i ts mode of g rowt h and ve r r u cae are en t i r e l y d i ffe ren t . I ts ca l i ces areu tte r l y d i ffe r ent f rom those of the P . l z

'

gulata g r o u p of species , bes i des i tdit‘fers i n thefo rm and c ha r acte r of the ve r r u cae . P . frondose has the verrucze nea r ly obso lete,b u t has deep , c r owded cal i ces , w i th d i st i n ct septa and a d i st i n c t colume l l a . I ts nea rest r e l at i ve i s P. sol ida Q u e l c h , f romTah i t i , and t hey may p r ove to be g r ow th fo rmso f the same spec ies . Quelch

'

s fig u r e of the b r anches i nd i cate that the ends of theb r anches of P . which are th i ck and swo l len

,w he reas i n P. mole/reams they are nea r l y

a l ways dec ided ly smal l . At a l l even ts , the Hawai i an spec imen s can not now be i dent i fied w i th Quelch '

s spec ies .a ReefCora l s , Chal lenge r Repte.

,p l . 1

,fig

. 4.

RE CENT MA DR-B I’ORA R I A OF TH E HA WA I I A N I S LAN DS AND LAYSAN

4. P O C I LLO P O R A L IGU L A T A Dan a .

Plate XV I , figs . 1 , 1 a ; P late. X V I I , figs . 2 , 2a ; P lates X V I I I , X I X , XX , XX I .

1 846 , Peril/opera fangs” (part ) DA NA , Z 0 0 ph . W i l kes Exp]. E x pert ,528 (not E h renberg ;

Mi l ne Edwards ) .

1 846 . J’oci llopom l ig

'itfatu. DANA ,

Z ooph .W i l kes E xp l . E xpect , p . p l . L , figs . 2 , 2d .

1 846 . Pocil lopom phicnm, (part ) DA N A , Z 0 0 ph . Exp l . E xped., p . 534.

1 860 . I ’oc i

’

UUpOm l igulamM i LNE E DWA RDS , H i s t . Nat. Coral l . , I I I , p . 306 .

1 864. Peed/opera l igule ta VERR i LL , B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zool . , I , p . 59.

1 869. Pocil/ipm'

a (mpem VERmLL, P roc . E ssex I n st ,V I , p . 93 .

1 869. Pocitlvipora aspcm var. late V ERR I LL , Proc . E ssex I n st , V I , p . 94.

1 869. Peel/Jipora [imi tate V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex I nst ,V I , p . 95.

1 886 . Poccllop orrt l'igu la m. QUELCH ,

Ree f Coral s, Chal lenger Rept , p . 68 .

1 886 . I ’oc ill lopom p l icamQ I

'ELCH

,Reef Coral s , Cha l lenger Rept. , p . 68 .

1 901 . Pocil lopora. l igulata STUDER , Zool . Jah rb . ,Syst , XL , p . 400.

1 90 1 . I ’ocil lopora «spen t, STUDER , Zoo l . Jahrb .

,Syst , XL , p . 401 .

The o r igi nal desc r i pt ion of P. l 'zigu lata acco r d i ng to Dana i s as fo l l owsH em ispher ica l , b ran ches s u bd i v ided , rather remote. s traigh t , th in (2 to 3 l ines ) , m u ch compressed

and comp lanate , l to H inches w ide, v err u cae sma l l , ascending, and appressed to the branc h , obso leteat. apex . Coral l um ha v ing the ce l ls short ste l late, co l umel la very distinct, and un i ted by one of the

lamel lze to th e s ide of the cel l .ac» at a a

Th i s ‘spec ies i s pec u l iar in i ts th in - compressed b ranches , and smal l appressed v erru cae, ratherd istan t and somet imes r u nn ing in longi t ud inal car inate l ines . The in ter val s between the branchesare f rom r} to ofan inch w ide, and g i v e an open appearance to the c l umps . I t has the habit ofthep l

’icata in i ts d is tant v er r u cae and ce l l , but the branches'are very m u c h nar rower.P r ofesso r Ve r r i l l in 1 869 pub l i shed a redesc r i pt i o n of the type specimen of the

spec ies . H is desc r i pt i on i s 'In mode of branch ing and form of the verrucee they resemb le some forms of P . aSpera , tho u gh

the b ranches are more reg u lar and u n u s u a l ly di v ergent and distant. The. longer b ranches are m u chCmnpressed, th in ,

and mos t ly di lated at the ends , of an inch to broad , and to th ick .The larger branches ha ve v ery ce l l u lar naked s umm i ts ; some of the yo u nger bran ches are s trong lyv err u cose at. th e end. The latera l v er r u cae are wel l de ve loped , not crowded , ascend ing , and mos t lypart ia l ly appressed to th e s u rface. The latera l ce l ls are rather distan t , q u i te sma l l , mostlv ste l late,wi th twel ve wel l - de v eloped septa, one of wh ich joins the smal l prom inen t co l umel la. The coenenchyina is firm , between the cel ls co vered w i th smal l sp in u le - l ike grain s. The spec imen s are abo u t 6inches h igh and b road .

Hawai ian I s lands,Rev . Mr. Baldw in .

Th i s spec ies i s e v iden t ly c lose ly a l l ied to P . aspera , f rom wh ich i t di ffe rs ch iefl y in its sma l ler andmore d istan t ce l l s , more f u l l y de ve loped septa

,and the finer gran u la t ion of th e cmnenchyma. W i th

a larger ser ies of spec imens i t m igh t perhaps be poss ib le to u n ite the two , but as vet I ha v e obser vedno in termed iate forms .

The o r i g ina l desc r i pt i on of P. asp em ,by Ve r r i l l

,i s as fol l ows : “

Co ral l um b ranch ing m u ch as in the preceding [P . dame V err i l l ], form ing dense hem i spheri ca lc l umps , often more t han a foo t in diameter , of ten ha v ing a rather ro u gh ragged appearance, ow ing toi r reg u lar i ty of the b ranches and prom inence of the v er r u cae. Branches v ery v ar iable in differen texamp les , and often e v en in the same spec imen ; somet imes q u i te s lender and not more than hal f aninch in b read th and v ary ing in length from 1 to 4 inches

,st rong ly compressed at th e ends, or e v en

taper ing ; more common ly m u c h and i r reg u lar ly s u bd i v ided , the ends en larged and v ar io u s ly lobed ,and o fte n consp ic u o u s ly v err u cose at. s umm i t ; somet imes the branches are s to u ter , less s u bd i v ided,

al Proc. E ssex . H i st , VI , p . 94.

BU LLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NATI ONAL M U S EUM .

compressed , 1 or 2 in ches in b read th,3 to 6 th ick [sic, probab ly in tended to be to and 3 to 5

long , Some w i th ends v err u cose , ot hers scarcelv so . The la te ra l verrucze are general l y d i stant i r regu lar ,of ten e longated

,r i s ing v ery ob l iq u e ly, ormore or less appressed to the s u rface ; in o ther cases smal l ,

but l i t t le p rom inen t , or e v en s u bobso lete, espec ia l ly below . Ce l l s large , those at the s umm i t m u chc rowded , deep , separated by th in wal ls ; the latera l ones mos tly c i rc u lar , not distant , u s u a l l y w i th aprom inen t col ume l la and twe l v e di s t inct septa,

one of wh i ch i s w ider and jo ins the co l ume l la.

Cte nench vma between the late ra l cel l s not v ery ab u ndan t, the s u r face th ick ly co vered wi t h verv ro u gh ,coarse, Sp in u lose grains .

The larges t spec imens are more t han a foot in d iame ter .Hawai ian I s lands , H orace Mann ,

W . T . Br igham ,J . D . Dana.

The o r i g i na l desc r i pt ion ofP. aaj iera'

ar. lam, i s as fo l l ows :One spec imen (refer red to P . p l icam by Dana ) has the b ranches s to u ter to ofan inch t h ick

,

and 1 to 3 inches or more b road , var io u s ly p l ica te , w i th the s umm i ts lobed and most ly naked , thesma l ler ones often v er r u cose, but in the charac ters of the latera l verrucze and ce l l s i t scarce ly d i ffersf rom the large spec imen s of the ord inary v ar iety. The latera l cel ls , howe ver , general ly ha ve the

septa less de v e loped , and the s u rface between t hem i s not so s trong ly sp in u lose. But some of the

o u ter b ranc hes ha ve the stel late cel ls and ro u gh s u r face of the ordinary form . The latera l verrnca:are rather d istan t , not v ery prom inen t , very ob l iq u e, and somewhat appressed to the s u r face. The

naked ends of the b ranches are co vered w i th large, crowded , deep cel l s , separated by th in wal l s .The s umm i t s of the b ranches are separated by q u i te reg u lar in ter val s , to of an inch broad.

The spec imen i s abo u t 1 2 inches b road and 6 h igh .

Hawai ian I s lands , Rev . Mr. Ba ldw in , M u se um of Ya le Co l lege.

The rema r ks of P r ofesso r Ve rri l l on the c l ose r e l at ionsh i p between P . l igulata

Dana and P. aspem Ve r r i l l have a l ready been q u oted . P r ofesso r S t u de r exp ressedthe op i n ion that P. amp ere sho u l d be u n i ted to P . Zig/udam: he

'

,howeve r , sepa r ated

them ,saying

,

“At a l l even ts the g r an u l at i on s of the coenenchyma a r c coa r se r,the

g r an u les are th i ck , and w i th a r o u gh s u r face i n the spec imens t hat I cons ide r P.

aware .

”

I have been ab le to study the types ofP . l igu lam,P. (cap er/t , andP . Imp /

9rd. va r . latei n the Ya le Un i ve r s i ty M u se um . The re are fo u r spec imens be long i ng to the o l de rUn i ted S ta tes Nat iona l M u se um co l lect i ons ; the Albatross obta ined in 1 902 one spec imen

,P l a te XV I I

,figs . 2

,2 4

, that can be r efe r red to P. l igi tl rtta, and one , P l ate XVI ,figs . 1

,I n ,t hat can be r efe r red to P . (awem ; and P ro f . W. T . B r igham has sen t me

n ine add i t iona l spec imens,two of wh ich are figu red . P l ates XX

,XX I rep resen t two

v iews of a spec imen that can mo re app r op r iate l y be p l aced i n P . l igulaia . The s u rface of i ts ccenenchvma i s m in u te l y sp i n u lose

,the sp in u les are l a r ge r t han t hose of

the spec imen rep resented by P late XVI I,fig. 2a

,b u t they are not so coa rse as those

in the spec imen re p resented by P late XVI,fig. 1 a . The seco nd spec imen of

P rofesso r B r igham’s co l lect i on,r ep resented by P l ates X V l I I , X IX , i s typ i ca l P.

asp era va r . latu .

P. [ff/c lamand P. (taper/t, are sepa rated so le l y by the r e l at i ve coa r seness of thecoenenchymal g r an u l at ions . A ca ref u l s t u dy o f the spec imens s u bm i tted to me hasconv i nced me that they are not spec i fi ca l l y d i s t i nct . The w id th of the b r anches i sva r i ab le in both the fo rms w i t h the [ff/1 1 10 1 1 1, and the aspcm type of coenenchvmal

s u r face.

P rofesso r Ve r r i l l , in h i s redesc r i pt io n of the type spec imen of P . l efgulata ,has

admirab lv exp ressed the spec i fi c cha r ac te r s . Thev cons i s t in the cha racte r of theverruc zc , the we l l - deve l oped septa and stv l it

'

orin co l ume l la,and the s u r face g ra u n

96 R ECENT MA DRE PORAR I A or TH E B AWAH A N I S LA NDS AN D LAYSAN .

lations , wh ich va ry in coa r seness . One add i t iona l cha r acte r i st i c of the septa dese r vesnot i ce : They are na r row in thei r u ppe r po r t ion , seem i ng to o r ig inate

‘down in the

ca l i ce,a sho r t d i s tance be low the edge of i ts mo u th .

Quc lch , in re u n i ted P. aspem and P. p l lcnl a , afte r Ve r r i l l h ad reta i nedthe name P . p l

'

z

'

ca l cl for the F i j i an spec imens , con fe r r ing the n ame P. aspera va r .law, on those f rom the l

-Iawai ian I s l ands i nc l u ded by Dana in his P. p lacate .

Quelch’

s spec imens came f rom the reefs at Hono l u l u at depths of 1 to 2 fathoms .Gard i ne r , in h i s On some Co l lections of Co r a l s of the Fam i l y Pocil loporidae f r omthe S . W. Pac ific Ocean} says : “

A l t ho u gh I have on l y had the oppo r tun i ty ofexam i n ing a ve r y l im i ted n umbe r of spec imens , as I can find no d i s tinct i vecha r acte r s

,I have no hes i ta t ion in comb i n ing P. aspem , P. (la -

nae, P. l igulala,

and P. p l icata u nde r one spec ies w i th th r ee va r iet ies . ” P. asp em m u st be placedin the synonomy of P. l igulata . P. (lame, type Cat . No . 696 is

not c lose l y re lated to P . l igu la la ,but i s ve r y c l ose to P. dami corm

'

s (E spe r ) (Ise r io u s l y do u bt the ex i stence of any va l i d d i ffere nces between them) and is somewhat in te rmed iate between t hat spec ies andP. verrucose . Ve r r i l l says , conce r n i ngP. p hloem(f r om the F i j i s) : “ Th i s spec ies may bes t be dist i ng u i s hed f r om P. asp em

va r . late by the mo r e d i stan t ce l l s,mo re h igh l y deve l oped septa, the fi ne r andmo r e

even gra nu lat ion of the s u r face,and the mo r e po rous tex tu re.

” Dana’s figu re of thecal i ce ofP. p l lcam(p la te L ,

fig . 7b) is so s im i l a r to the ca l i ce ofP. l igu lata o r P.

aspwa tha t i t co u l d se r ve fo r the l at te r spec ies . The difl’erences poin ted ou t by

Ve r r i l l do not seem to me to be impo r tant . I am the r efo re i nc l i ned to ag ree w ithDana

,Q u e l ch , and Ga rd i ne r i n cons i de r ing the Hawa i i an and F i j i a n specimen s as

be l ongi ng to the same spec ies , b u t as I have not ca ref u l l y compa r ed spec imens f r omthe two reg io ns

,I p refe r not to r eco r d a pos i t i ve op i n i on .

Local i ties .

— Fr'en ch F r igate S hoa l , S tat i on 3968 ; depth , 1 41 i fath oms ; bottom,

coa r se sand,co r a l ; tempe r atu re at s u r face, 75° F. ; and Laysan , Al batross, 1 902 .

Kahana , Oah u , W. T . B r igham . Reefs,Hono l u lu ; depth , 1 to 2 fath oms (Cha l lenger

exped i t ion) . Wa i k i k i . Oah u , andP u koo. Mo l oka i , J. E . Dunden ,co l lec to r . Laysan ,

S t u de r .5. POC I LLO PO R A F R ON D O S A V erri l l .

1 869. Pocill ipom frondosa V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex V I,p . 96 .

Origin a l— Ve r r i l l desc r i bes th i s spec ies as fo l l ows

Coral l um l igh t and u n u s ua l ly poro u s,form ing hem i spher ical c l umps

,con s ist ing of n umero u s

e longated , i r reg u lar , often c rooked , compressed , f rond - l ike branches, wi th ex panded and var io u s lylobed and p l i cate ends . The branches are from of an inch to broad , and to t h ick,

except at the s umm i ts, wh ich are scarcelv The verrucze are near ly obso lete,bot h u pon the s ides

and ends of the branches , being represen ted u pon the latera l s u rfaces on ly by distan t and s l igh t lye le vated , i rreg u lar prom inences and low r idges , wh ich are of ten who l lywan t ing . Ce l l s large and deep ,rathe r c rowded , the spaces between se ldom eq u al to ha l f thei r diameter e ven low down on the sidesof the branc hes . Sep ta twe l ve, q u i te dist inct , tho ugh nar row, one of them join ing the co l ume l la,wh ich i s u s ua l l y d ist inc t , but low down in the cel l ; s u r face of the coenenchyma ro ugh , th ick ly co v eredw i th rather coarse sp in u les ,H awa i ian I s lands

,W . T . Br igham .

a Reef Cora l s , Cha l lenger Rept ,p . 66 .

b Proc. Zoo l . Soc . London ,1 897 , p . 948 .

0 8 nrzv lcur MAomcrouAR I A o r“TH E H AW A I IA N ISLANDS AN D LAY S AN .

bra n c h es

,

w i th n ea r l y naked su m m i ts . Th e v e r r u cae are r ath er s m a l l an d c l ose l yc r owd ed

.The ce l l s are son

'

icwhat s m al l e r th an is u sua l in nobi l is, an d th e septa

are in ge n e ra l v e r y na r r ow ,

o r sca r ce l y appa r en t . The su r face i s fi ne l y gr an u l ou s .l ts r ese m b l an ce to I ) . n obi l is i s so gr eat as to sugges t th e poss i b i l i ty that i t may beon l y an ex t r e m e va r i ety of t hat P r ofesso r S tude r , i n 1 901 , exp r essed as i m i l a r opi n i on .

”

Th e A lba/Poss exped i t i on of 1 002 obta i n ed 8 spec i m en s and seve ral f r ag m e n ts o fVerri l l

'

s I’. m lu

'

l z'

s,and the r e w e r e a l r eady 4 spec i m en s of it i n t h e Un i ted S tates

Nat i ona l Museu m . P r of . W .T

.B r igha m has sen t 4 add i t i ona l spec i m en s of var.

nobi l is and 1 of var. zezbm'nsa . I have t hus b ee n ab l e to s tudy ove r 20 speci m e ns of

7M r7n < 1riwa and its va r i et i es .I ’

. meandrz’

na l i es a t th e p e r i ph e r y o f th e species , wh il e Verril l ’sl nobv

’

l /s i s th e cen te r . The b ran ches of P . nobi l is a r e ve r y va r i ab l e in fo r m ,son

'

iet imes beco m i ng con to r ted p lates (P l ate X IV , fig. bu t i n oth e r cha r acte r sth ey a r e typi ca l for that va r i ety . The on ly c r i te r i o n fo r i ts s epa r ation f r omP . meandrim

‘

z. w o u l d cons i st i n th e ve r r u cose su m m i ts of th e b r anch es . Th e typeof mew/u lnar; show s , in p laces , obscu r e su m m i t v e r r ucae ; on t he spec i m e n oftyp i ca l I ’

. mearzdriwa , f r o m P r ofesso r B r igha m , su m m i t v e r r ucae a r e d i s t i n ct on thepe r i phe ra l b ranches . Th e r e i s co m p l e te ove r lappi ng i n th i s cha r acte r . The r efo r ePoci l loyov

'a nobi l is V e r r i l l can be r ega r ded as on l y a va r i e ty of P . meandrz

'

na Dana.

6b . P OC I L LO P OR A M E AN D R I N A v ar. N OB I L I S V e rri l l .

l’late X I V ,

figs. 3,4; P late XX I I , figs. 1 , l a ,

2,2a ; P late X X I I I .

1 846 . Pom’

llopom werrucosa (part ) DANA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi lkes E X p l . E xped. , p . 529, p l . L , figs. 3,3a .

(Not E l l is and So lander . )1 804. Poet/[opera nobi lis V E R R I LL , Bu l l . Mus . Co m p . Zoo l . , I , p . 59.

1 869. l ’orill ipom nobi l is V ERR I LL , P roc . Essex I nst . , V I , p . 97 .

1 880 . 1 ’0cill0pora nobilis QUE LC l -I , Reef Corals, Cha l lenger Rept , p . 6 8 .

1 886 . I'ocil lopora uermcosa QUE LCH ,Reef Corals, Chal lenger Rept , p . 69.

1 888 . Podllopm'

a nobi lis FOWLE R , Quart . Jour . M icroscop . Sci . , X X V I I I , u . s ., p . 425.

1 90 1 . Poof/10mm nobilis STUDE R , Zoo l . Jahrb .,Syst , L , p . 400.

Verril l’

s d esc r i p t ion pub l i shed i n 1 869 is as fol l ows :Cora l lu m fi r m and dense , for m i ng large round - topped or he m ispher ica l c lum ps, often a foot o r

e v en 1 8 i nches i n d iam eter . B ranch es near ly equa l i n length , separate d by regu lar i n ter va ls o fto o f an i nch , e longated , o ften near l y round , to o f an i nch i n d iam eter , regu lar ly fo rk ingand not en larged at the ob tuse l y rounded ends ; i n other cases, e v en i n the sam e spec i m en , d i lated atthe ends to a b read th of 2 o r 3 ba bes and m ore o r l ess p l i cated . Sum m i ts of the b ranch es general lyst rongl y v errucose , th e verrucfe si m i lar to those o f the s ides, but usua l l y sm a l ler and m ore crowded .

Latera l verrucze v ery nu m erous, rather c rowded , the i n te r vals be i ngusua l ly l ess t han th e i r d iam eter ;smal l , regu lar , spread i ng ob l ique ly or e v en stand i ngat r igh t angles to the surface ; taper i ngandso m ewhat rounded at the end,

but angu lar and con ta in i ngbut few qu i te large ce l ls. Between the verruceethe ce l ls are ra th er large , nu m erous , usua l l y l ess than hal f th e i r own d iam ete r apar t . Sep ta but l i t t lede v e loped , v err narrow , usua l l y i nd ist i nct. or who l ly obso lete . Co lu m e l la v ery s m a l l or wan t ing.

Sur face o f th e regu lar ly co v ered w i th ra th er sm al l sp i nu l i fo r m granu les. Co lor o f theunb l each ed cora l deep ye l low ish b rown .

H awai ian I s lands, J. Dana , l i e v . Mr. Ba ld w in,A . Garret

,H orace Man n

,W . T . B r igha m .

1! Proc . Essex I nst. , VI , 1 869, p . 98 .

b Z ool . Jah rb .,Syst

,L

,1 901 , p . 400.

BULLET IN 59, UN I TED S T A TE S NAT IONAL M US EUM .

Loca l i ties — Re e f at Kaunalt ak ai , Is l and o f Mo l oka i , 8 co l o n i e s and sev e ra l b r ok e nb r an ches ; Pengu i n Ban k , sout h coast o f Oah u , S tat i on 1 03 1 ; depth , 2 7— 28 fat ho m s ;bot to m

,fin e co r a l sand

,fo r a m i n i f e ra, co r a l ; te m pe ratu r e at su r face , 76° F . 3 branches

,

p r obab ly f r o m th e sa m e co l ony , Albatross 1 902 . Kahana , Oahu , 2 spec i m ens ; I’n koo ,Mo l okai

,1 spec i m e n : 2 spec i m ens w i th o u t defin i te l oca l i t i es : depth , 3 to 0 fe e t '

r ece i ved f r o m W. T . B r igha m ; Ho n o l u l u R e e fs , 1 0 to 40 fatho m s . Qu e l ch . W'

a i k ik iOahu

,J. E . Duerden , co l l ecto r , Laysah , S tud e r .

R e/nr‘

rf/Jra — The Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l Mu seu m h as in i ts o l d e r co l l ect i ons th r e eexce l l e n t spec i m e ns of th i s va r i ety

,one of t h e m co m i ng f r o m th e YvIl li G-S E xpl o r i ng

Exped i t i on co l l ect i on . Th e spec i m ens f r o m th e r e e f at Kau nakaka i are typ ica l,

j udged b o th by Verri l l‘s desc r i pt i o n and the spec i m en s i n the Nat i o na l Muse u m . D iameter of cal i ces betw e e n verrucze

,7 m m . ; on verrucze , 1 m m . ; on in c r us t i ng base ,

to m m . So m e of th e b ranch es in th e A lbatross m ate r ia l are wide (se e P la te X IV .

fig. r e se m b l i ng in fo r m typ i ca l P . madadv'a'

na .

Th e b r a n ch es in t h e spec i m e ns f r o m S tat i o n 403 1 are not typi ca l ; t hey are l essc r owd ed than i n t he typi ca l fo r m ; the ve r r uca'. are s m a l l e r and u n i fo r m l y stand m o r er l y pe r pend i cu la r to the su r face of the b ranch es

,and the co ra l l u m i s m u c h l igh te r .

Othe r than t hese , no d i ffe r ences of i m po r tance we r e detected . Th e l igh tness of t h eco ra l l u m may be eorel lated w i th th e gr eate r d epth at w h i ch these spec i m e ns gr ew ;i t was n o t n e ce ssa r y fo r the m to be so st r ong as th e sp ec i m e ns gr ow i ng i n sha l l o w e rwate r . The ti ps of the v e r r ucae i n typ i cal nobil is u sua l ly i n c l i n i ng towa r d t he e ndsof the b r anches m ay be d e te r m i ned by the b r anches stand i ng nea r e r togethe r .Ve r r i l l i n h i s d esc r ipt i o n of nobi l is says that th e verrucee m ay be pe r pe nd i cu la r .I be l i eve that t he spec i m e n and f r ag m e n ts f r o m the Hawa i ian

,

Is lands r efe r r edby Que l ch to P . cerrucosa con st i tut e on l y a fo r m of Verril l ’s 770672 28 , as i n so m ei n stan ces th e sep ta may be d i s t i nct and th e co l u m e l la a centra l d o m e .

6 0 . P OC I LLO P O R A M E A N D R I N A var. TU B E RO S A V erri l l .1 869. Pocil l'ipom nobil is var. [Mi cros/r. V E RR ILL , P roc . Essex I nst . , p . 98 .

1 901 . I ’ocill ipom nobi l is var. tuberosa STU DE R , Zoo l . Jahrb.

, Syst , L , p . 400.

Verril l’s o r igi na l desc r i pt i on i s as fo l l ows :

One spec i m en , wh ich I refer w i t h doub t to P . nobil is, is pecu l iar i n ha v ing m uch larger and m ore

pro m i nen t wh ich are rounded and often swo l len at th e end, or e v en obo vate . Toward thebase the v errucae are less pro m i nen t and e v en he m ispher ical . The ends of the branches are

en larged , of te n lobed , and t h ick ly co v ered w i t h verrucrc . The latera l ce l ls are of m ed ium si ze , notcrowded

,w i th th e sep ta and co lum e l la but l i tt le de v e loped . Surface between the ce l ls c lose lv

granu lous.

Hawai ian Is lands, W . T . B r igham .

R emark s — Th e type , No . 1 2 70 , Ya l e Un i ve r s i ty Musemn , was exa m i ned . The

co r a l l u m is abou t 1 6 c m . ta l l , and th e b r anch es are not so c r owded as i s usua l inP . n obi l i s. Th e ve r r u cae beco m es obso l e te to w a r d th e base .

P r of . W . T . B r igha m has sen t on e spec i m e n of th i s varietv to t he Un i ted S tatesNat i ona l Muse u m . I t d iffe r s f r o m va r i e ty web/Il ia by hav i ng la rge verrucw,

usua l l yswo l l e n on the e nds . Th e l o ca l i ty l abe l was t

'

mfortunately l ost .

I OU R ECENT MA DR EPO RA R I A OF TH E H AW A I IAN I SLA NDS AN D LAYSAN .

P . mcawdm'

wa i s ex t r eme l y c l ose to P . eem'acosa ; in ca l icu la r cha r acte r s t hey

ove r lap . The verrucze of the lat te r a r e la rge r and m o r e i r r egu l a r in size , cau singth e co ra l lu m to hav e a ve ry r ough , even a r agged appea ran ce . P . dam icorm

'

s,

dame , ear-m oose , mean t/N ora,

a nd elegans fo r m a se r ies so ind i s t i nctly b r ok en that onei s l ed to suspect. that they a r e re‘

al lv co n tin uous . I t is p r obabl e t hat P . brevicorn is

and P . lob/fem are a pa r t o f t h e sa m e series .

P . meamiw'

na,typi ca l o r as the fo r m ca l l ed nobi l is , is w idely d is t r i bu ted . The

Albatross sout h Pac i fic exped i t i o n of 1 899— 1 900 obtain ed 1 5 spec i m e n s and 2 f r agm e n ts that I have. labe l ed P . fiwam l fm

'

wa . Th ey w e r e obta i n ed f r o m t h e fol low ingl ocal i t i es : Ree f

,Lz-igoon ,

Mako m o,Paumotus, 8 speci m e ns ; Reef , Lagoon , Apatak i ,

lf’aumotus,

‘2 spec i m ens ; Reef , Fu nafu t i , E l l ice I slands , 2 speci m e ns ; Papeeti Ha r bo r ,Tah i t i

,1 spec i m e n ; Rangiroa, 2 spec i m e ns , and l oca l i ty labe l s l os t , 2 spec i m e n s .Th e gene ra l c ha r acte r and range in va r iat i on of these speci m e n s are so si m ila r

to t hose f r o m t h e Hawa i ian Is l ands that no notes of i m po r tance can be m ade .

7 . P OC I L LO PO R A I N FO R M I S Dana .

P late X X I V , figs . 1 , l a .

1 846 . I’ocil lopora inforn i'is DANA , Z oop l i . l ikes E xp l . E xped. ,

p . 535, p l . LI , figs. 3 , 3a .

1 860. l ’ocillopora informix M i LN s Ii nwauns , H ist . Nat . Coral l . , I I I p . 307 .

Original (c rz'

p l i ow.

— I’ ) ana th i s spec i es as fo l l ows :G lo m erate- cespi tose , so l id at base , b ranch ing i rregu lar , often gibbous and acer vate , i n par t naked ,

i n part re m ote ly and irregulz-irly v er rucose. Coral lu m ha v i ng th e ce l l s sm al l of a l i ne ) , a slender

co l um e l la,and one lam e l la v ery d ist in ct .

et» i i

For m s rough - look ing c lum ps, often a foot th rough , wh ich are m assi v e at base , and v ery irregularly subd i v ided abo v e . The sur face is often bare o f v errucae i n m any par ts, and i n othe rs is v eryune v en

,and gi v es off rud i m entary b ranch lets or p rotuberances o f var ious shapes .

Typ e.

— Cat . No. 441,US .N .M .

,f r o m the Sandw ich Is l an ds

,

” W il kes E xplo r i ngE xped i t i on .

Dana's d esc r i pt i on,so fa r as i t goes , i s exce l l en t and gi ves t he m ost st r ik i ng

cha racte r i s t i cs o f th e spec i e s . H is figu r es a l so a r e good . I t is d es i r ab l e , howeve r ,to have ce r ta i n featu r es desc r i bed in gr eate r de ta i l . The ca l i ces va r y in d ia m ete rf r om to m m . ; ther are d e ep , to 2 m m . ; sepa rated by na r r ow wa l l s , r a r e lyexceed i ng m m . ac r oss and usual l y l ess . The septa

,except i ng o ne , a r e u sua l l y

r ud i m e n ta r y o r obso l ete . bu t are so m et i m es d i st i nct. whe n thev a r e s m al l an d na r r ow .

Co l u m e l la ta l l , sty l i fo r m , attac h ed to an e l ongated septu m .

Th e c <e nenchyma be twe e n th e ca l i ces i s so l i d , i t s su r face den sely gr anu l a te , thegran u lat i o ns r athe r coa r se . Th e c o r a l l i te cav i t i e s m ay o r m ay not be fi l led wit hi n te r na l d epos i t , so m et i m es the r e i s a su ccess ion of tabu lae to the botto m s of t heca l i ces , aga i n a cm all ite cav i ty i s so l i d l y fi l l ed fo r a space and t he n the su ccess i o n oftabu lze i s resun'

ied. I t i s i n te r est i ng to n o te i n longitud i na l sect i on s t hat the p r i n c i pa lseptu m (to wh i ch th e co l u m e l la i s attach ed ) m ay be con t i n uous ac r oss seve r al tabu lae,then i t may be abse n t ac r oss sev e ra l , and appea r aga i n .

Th i s spec i es i s so ve r y d i st i n ct that ex tens i v e c r i t i ca l r e m a r k s on i ts affi n ities a r en ot. n ecessa r y . I ts gr owth fo r m i m m ed i ate l y sepa r a tes i t f r o m th e oth e r Hawai i anP oof/Lew es . I ts s ty l o i d c o l u m e l la and obso l e scen t septa are add i t i ona l c ha racte r s.

1 02 R ECENT MA DR E PORA R I A 0 1“ TH E IS LA NDS AN D LAY SAN .

m a rgi n s are exs e r t , often d ec i ded l y p r o m i n en t , so m e ti m es as m u ch as 2 m m . Sec

ondaries th i n n e r than th e p r i m a r i es ; te r t ia r i e s sh o r te r and th in ne r than th e seconda r i es . th e i r i n n e r edges u sua l l y f r e e , but so m e t i m es fused to the s id e s o f th e secon da r ies .S epta l m a rgi ns d en t i cu late , den t i cu lat i ons coa r se r n ea r th e co l u m e l la. S epta] facesd e nse l y gran u lat e . E ndoth eca l d i ssep i m en ts p r ese n t , scan ty ; exoth eca so l i d .Co l u m e l la fa l se

,fo r m ed o f t r abecu lae i nc l i n ed i nwa r d ly f r o m th e i n ne r ends of

th e septa.

A sex ua l r ep r odu ct i on by budd i ng on the intercoral l ite a r eas .Loco/457708 .

—K:-meo k e ,Oah u

,1 spec i m e n ; “r

ai k ik i,Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ;

r ece i ved f r o m W. T . B r igha m .

Gamma — Cat . Nos . 2 1 633 , 2 1 634, (5 spec i m e ns) .R emark s. One of t he spec i m en s o f th i s spec i es i s in te r esti ng becau se of the way

i n wh i c h po r t i ons o f i t have i nc r usted so m e s m a l l JS’e/ymla tub e s . The spec imenl ooks as i f i t w e r e r a m ose on e p r oj ection hav ing a he igh t of abou t 1 3 m m . and abasa l d i a m e te r of 4 m m . I n th e cen te r of th e p i ece i s a w o r m tube l ess than m m .

in d ia m e te r . Th e r e i s a cons i d e rab l e n u m be r of t hese p r oj ect i ons , of va ry ing h eigh tand th ick n ess

,and a. w o r m tube can be seen i n each one .

The Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l Mu se u m has obta in ed one add i t i on a l spec i m e n of th isspec i es

,a l so f r o m Kaneok e

,f r o m t h e Duerden co l l ect i on of H awa i i an co r a l s .

C r i t i ca l n o tes on L. rig/assist and L. w i l l f o l l ow the d esc r iption ofth e latte r spe c i es .

LE PTA STR E A H AW A I I E N S I S , n ew spec ies .

P late X XV,figs. 1

,1 a .

Th e co ra l l u m gr ows as a th i n i nc r u station ove r obj ects , i ts uppe r surface sh owing i r r egu la r i t i es co r r espond i ng to those of its basal suppo r t .The co r a l l i tes possess f r ee uppe r po r t i ons

,w h i ch dec r ease in s i ze f r o m t h ei r

bases to the zal icular m a rgi ns and p r oj ect f r o m 1 to m m . above th e intercoral litea r eas . Th e f r ee po r t i ons a r e ex te r nal l y beset w i t h l ow

,equa l

, gr an u l ate , flattishcostar that be co m e s m a l l e r towa r d th e bases and on th e intercoral l ite a r eas .Th e ca l i ces are i

'

noderately d e ep , c i r cu l a r o r subc i r cu l a r in c r oss section . Theyareabou t 2 m m . i n d ia m e te r and are sepa r ated by i nte r va l s o f 1 to 2 m m .

Th e septa fo r m th r ee co m p l e te cyc l es . Th ey are al l of app r ox i m ate l y th e sa m eth i ckn ess i n th e t h eca l r i ng, bu t th e i r m a rgi n s va r y in p r o m i n e n ce acco r d i ng to thecyc l es . The p r i m a r i es are m od e r ate l y exse r t , and al l of th e m ex ten d to t he co l um e l la. Nea r the ra l l thev are cons id e rab l y th i ckened

,bu t beco m e sudden l y th i n ne r

n ea r the co l u m e l la. The seconda r i es hav e l ess exse r t m a rgi n s and are th i n n e r thanth e p r i m a r i es , bu t two of t h e m , thos e i n th e m ed ian l ate r al sys te m s , u sua l ly, ando th e r s o ccas i o na l l y , exte nd to the col u m e l la . The te r tia r i es have sl igh tly exse r tm a rgi ns . They are th i n and sho r t and hav e f r ee i n n e r m a rgi n s . The m a rgins of al lthe septa. are fi n e ly d e n t i cu late ; pal iforn'

i l obes ofte n occu r on t he l a rge r septa.The

s epta l faces are fin e l y gran u late , w i th so m e. pe r fo rat ions n ea r th e co l u m el la .A few

endoth eca l d i ssep i m e nts p r esen t ; exotheca d ense .l he co l u m e l l a i s spongy , fa l se , co m posed o f l obes f r o m t h e i n ne r e nds of the

p r i nc i pa l septa.

BULLET IN 59, U N ITED STATES N AT ION AL M US EUM .

Asex u a l r ep rod u ct ion by gemmat ion between the ca l i ces and a ro u nd the ma r g i nof the sp read ing edge .

Loca l ity. Mo l oka i ; depth 3 to 6 feet, rece i ved f rom W. T . B r igham .

Typ e. at . No . 2 1 632 , U. S .N . \ 'I .

The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se u m has obta ined fo u r add i t i o na l sl 'i ec imens f romthe Due tden co l let t ion of ”an 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cot als, one of them f rom I

’nkoo , Mo loka i , the

th ree othe r s f rom ai k ik i Oah u . The sa l ient d i fferences between L. («fl i es/sf and

l . lance /1 6 1 1 353 m e wel l s hown bv the e 1 1 l 1 1 1 ged tig 1 1 1 es of t he i r respect i ve ca l ices anda1 e i nd i cated 1 1 1 the S ) nopt ie ttab le of the spe1 i ti 1 1 ha1 acte1 s . I he sep ta of the fo 1 me ra 1 e mo r e nea l l y eq u a l in th i1 l< ness and a 1 e mol e ( 1 1m ded. pa r t i c u l a r l y a ro u nd theco l ume l la , wh ich ismo re deve lopedt han in the latte r spec ies . F i ve spec imen s of eachspec ies have been careful lv compa red , and t he re i s no s u gges t ion of i nte rg r adat ion .

G e n u s C Y P H A S T R E A M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H a i th e .

CY P H A S TR E A OCE LL I N A (Dana ) .

P late XX V,figs . 4

, 5, 5a ,P late XXV I

,fig . 1 .

1 846 . 43 1 12 131 1 (Orbw'

cel la ) ocelli ua DANA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi l kes Expl . Exped ,p . 2 1 8

,p l . x

,fig . 1 0.

1 850 . ocell ina M I LNE and H am s,Ann . Sci . Nat 3 ié me sen ,

X I I , p . 1 1 5 .

1 857 . ocel l -Zna Mu s t: E DWA RDS,H is t. Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 487

1 866 . Q z/p l iaslrca ocel l ina V ERR i LL,Proc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 37.

1 90 1 . Cyp hastra’a ocel l ina STL

‘

DE R,Zoo l . Jah rb . , XL , p . 402

,p l . xx x .

(b i g/[71 1 1 1 desc /n‘ion .

— Dana " s o r i g ina l desc r i pt ion is as fo l lows :G lomerate and lobed , often incr u s t i ng ; po lyps sca rce ly a l ine in b readth , lame l lm 24. Co ra l l um

w i th the cal ic les g loboso - cvl indrieal , as in the vi zicrop hthalma, but smal ler , w i t h 1 2 m in u te lame l la:

eq u al ly exse rt ; i nte rst ices near ly naked ; ce l l s deep ; in a t rans v erse sec t ion ,sep ta near ly sol id and

stars few- ra v ed .

P ro fesso r Dana. adds f u r the r i nfo rmat ion in h i s rema r ks on the spec ies,and Pro

fessor S t u der has p u b l i shed an exce l lent and verv deta i led desc r i pt ion . Fo u r fi g u resare g i ven in the p resen t memo i r .

The co r a l l um beg ins g rowth as an inc r u s tat ion 0 1 1 stones,p ieces ofdead co ra l

etc . I n some i nstances the re i s a p roject i ng f ree. edge , Whose lowe r s u r fac e i sep i thecate. As g rowth p roceeds the u ppe r s u r face becomes lobed and g lome r ate.

The l a r ge r of the co r a l l a that I have seen are abo u t the s i ze of a man's fist .Ca l i ces deep ; f rom 1 to mm .

,o r 1 1 1 11 1 . i n d i amete r . The cal i c u l a r ma rg ins

may ormay not be p rom inent,on the th i n i nc r u s t i ng po r t ions of the. co r a l l um they

us u a l l y are low ,0 1 1 the lobate po r t ions t he) r may p r oj ect as m u c h as 1 1 1 1 1 1 . The

f ree po r t ions of the co r a l l i tes are. r at he r s t rong l y costate : no co sta} on the intercoral l itea r eas . Both the costze and the intercoral l ite a reas r at he r coa r se l y g r an u late.

Septa 24 in n umbe r . The p r imar ies and seconda r ies reach the co l ume l la. and

have dec i ded ly exse r t ma rg i ns : the fo rme r are s l igh t l y t h i cke r and a l i tt le mo reexse r t . The. te r t i a r ies are th i n and have f r ee inne r 1 1 1 argins .

—\ rehes o f the septa lma rg ins 1 1 1 icroscopical lv den tate. s u bent i re ; i nne r ma rg i ns d ist i nct l y den ta te, thedentat ions becom i ng coa r se r towa r d the co l ume l l a . somet imes s im u la t ing pa l i ; septa ll ame l l a} pe r fo r ate nea r the i r inne r edges . Septa l faces m inute lv g ran u lated .

Endotheca l d i ssep iments ab u ndant , b u t. ve r y de l i cate . Exotheca composed of th i n,

ves i c u l a r d i ssepiments that s u r ro u nd the co r a l l i tes .

1 04 RECE NT MAD RE I’URA R I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I SLA NDS A ND LAYSAN .

(To lume l la. mode rate l y deve loped , fa l se , composed of f u sed septal t r abecu lae.

Local itim Sandw ich I s l ands , ” Dana ; Laysan ,S t u de r .

Reefs , Ka u nakaka i , I s l and o f Mo loka i (22 spec imens ) ; and Hawa i i an I s l ands , nomo re defi n i te loca l i ty (I Spec imen) , I

‘l lbatross, 1 902 .

Kahuna ,Oah u

,2 spec imens ; P u koo , Mo l oka i , 2 spec imen s ; Kaneohe, Oah u ;

1 spec imen w i tho u t loca l i ty l abe l ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; r ecei ved f r omW. T . B r i gh am ;

Wa i k i k i, Oah u and P u koo ,

Mo l okai , J. E . Duerden , co l lec to r .The re are 1 6 spec imens i n the Un i ted S tates N at iona l M u se um ,

and I was ab le t oexam i ne othe r spec imens in the Ya le Un iversitv M u se um .

Fam i lv FAVI IDEE G rego ryG e n u s CGE L A S T R E A V e rr i l l .

1 866 . I ’roc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 32 .

Origi na l desrf

rfp tz'

on genus— Acco r d ing to Ve r r i l l t h i s was as fo l l ows

Cora l l um mass i ve,ce l l u lar

,fasc ic u late, formed bypr i smat ic coral l i tes in t imate ly u n i ted bythe i rwal l s ,

wh ich are t h in and s imp le . The exterior'

of th e cora l l um i s dest i t u te of an ep i t heca, lobed , and dist inct ly costa te l ike that ofMetaslrea . The cel l s are polygona l , often c losed below by th e di ssep imen ts

,

wh ich , Occ u r r ing at the same le v el , u n i te f rom al l s ides,form ing th u s t ran s v erse septa. I n a trans verse

sect ion traces ofa v ery r u d imen tary and loose co l umel la are seen in some cel l s . Septa in th ree or fo u rcyc les , u neq ual , the i nne r edges p ro longed int-o s t rong pa l i form teeth .

The polyps i ncrease by fissiparity,and near the marg in by d i sk - b udding . Th i s gen u s appears to

bear the. same re lat ion to G’

on-iastrgu, that. does to Prionastrea ,

d iffer ing from i t in the ab senceof ep i theca and the lobed and s tr iated ex ter ior , th inness of the wal l s , and r u d imen tary co l ume l la.

From i l'letcmlrca it. d i ffers in th e las t charac ter,and in its mode of increase as we l l as“ in th e coinc iden ce

of the d issep imen ts an d th e, strong pa l i .As th i s gen u s i s based on a s i ng le spec ies , wh i ch s u pposed l y came f rom the

I lawaiian I s lands,the ge 1

'

1eric desc r i pt ion i s g i ven .

CG LA S TR E A TE N U I S V err i l l .P late XX V I

,figs . 2

,22a .

l astrm tenn is V E Rn i LL,Proc . Essex I nst . , V , p . 33 .

Orig/final (laser-igmkm .

— Th i s spec ies was o r ig i na l ly desc r i bed by Ve r r i l l asfo l lows :

Co ra l l um somewhat col umnar or t u rb inate, flat at top ,at tached by a nar row base ; the s ides are

marked by lobes cor respond ing to the marg ina l cora l l i tes,and st r iated e ven to the base ; the r ibs al i tt le prom inen t , fine ly ech inate near the ce l ls . Ce l l s u neq ual , i rreg u lar ly po lygonal , mos t ly c losed

by a comp lete fl oor be low . Wal l s v ery th in,form ing a z igzag l ine be tween the septa. Septa very

nar row , th in , fi nely ser rate , the i nne r edges perpend ic u lar , l i t t le ex sert, not c rowded , in fo u r cyc les,the last often incomp lete. Pa l i prom inen t , w ide, th icker than the septa,

s i t uated befo re al l the cyc lesexcept the las t . Co l umel la not apparen t except in a sec t ion , where i t appears v ery r u d imen ta ry.

Dissepimen ts ho r i zon ta l , abo u t a tent h of an i nch apar t, most ly co inc iden t , so as to form comp lete

tranverse floors.Heigh t , 2 i nches ; d iameter , 3 ; the a verage w id th ofce l ls

,2 .

Sandwich I s lands ? Pro f . J . Dana,U .

.

8 . Exp]. Exp.

Typ e— Cat . No . 47 15

,Ya le Un i ve r s i ty M u se um.

1 0 6 maa'

r‘

MA DRE PORA R I A o f? TH E HA WA I I A N I S LANDS AND LAYSAN .

Type— Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um . No . 2 1 635.

p

The fo l lowi ng two spec ies of fi brin. are s u pposed to be fo u n d i n the Hawa i i anIs l ands . The fi r s t i s based on a spec imen presumalflv f rom the r e : the second wasdo u btf u l l y r epo r ted f rom t he r e bv P rofesso r Ve r r i l l .

F A V I A RUD I S V err i l l .I ’late L/ KXV I I .

1 866 . Astrea (F a-

via ) rudis V E RR 1 L1 , , Proc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 34.

1 90 1 . Astra’d rudis STUDER , Z oo log. .I ah rb .,S y s t , XL , p . 401 .

(”a/ma t descrip tion. .

—'

l‘

h is spec ies was original lv desc r ibed by Ve r r i l l asfo l lows

Coral l um mass i v e,con v ex or hem i spher ical , ce l l u la r . Cora l l i tes a l i t t le prom inen t , o val or

ob long , u neq u al , rather c lose together at the marg in ,c rowded at th e cen ter , w i th con ca v e in terstices

s tr iated by the t h i n ,sal ien t cos tar. Ce l l s deep , con ica l , w i th th ree cyc les ofsepta,

wh ich are. nar row ,

th in w i th in but st rong ly th i ckened near the wal ls , cons iderab ly exsert , the u pper par t d i v ided in tost rong Spa S t” teet h , the inner edges w it h more s lender sharp ones ; pal i form teet h l i t t le marked.

Co l ume l la l i ne spongy.

D iameter ofcoral , 5 i nches ; of largest ce l ls , depth as m u ch .Sandw ich I s lands P ro f . J . D . Dana .

F A V I A H OMB R ON I (Ro u s sea u ) ?1 854. I ’

arasfraza hmnbrom’

i L . Roussm u,Voy. au Pole Sud de D umon t—d’

Urv i l le, Zool . , V , p .1 2 2

,Z ooph .

,p l . xxvm ,

fig. 3.

1 857 . F awn. homo-rout M I LNE E nwanns and H am s,H ist . Nat. Coral l .

,I I , p . 435.

1 866 . Aslrca (F ania ) hombroni V ERR I LI., Proc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 33 .

Verri ll'

s desc r i p t ion i s as fo l lows :(

‘

oral lum inc r u st ing at base ; the s u r face, when free, naked and str iated , r i s ing at cen ter in to a

con vex , lobed mass . A t th e marg in and abo u t the base the cel l s are o val or c i rc u lar , and separatedby a space eq u a l to thei r own d iameter

,wh i le at the top they become crowded , po lygona l , and in t i

mate ly u n i ted by t h in wa l ls . Ce l l s of medi um s i ze, rather deeper than wide,w i th abo u t 1 8 septa in

th ree cy'c les , the las t incomp lete in part. of the systems . Septa narrow ,con s iderably ex ser t , ac u te at

s umm i t , toothed w i th smal l sharp sp ines , a l i t t le th ickened at the wal l s , not crowded . Pa l i formteeth , Inom inent , s lende r, p laced before. the two fi rst cyc les . Co l ume l la we l l de v e loped,

spongy .

Costa"

,where the cel l s are separated , ‘ th ick and prom inen t , scabro u s . E xotheca compact.

H eigl'

i t ofcoral,4 in ches ; d iameter abo u t th e same ; w id th of cel ls ,

Sandw ich I s lands ? , Prof . J . Dana.

I II“box Porf/es lObUJG , (b elaslrea 1871 1 0128

,Favia ru dis

,Pocillopora

(Co l l . Smit hson ian I nst it u t ion ) .Fam i l y MUSS IDZE Ve r r i l l .G e n u s M U S S A O k e n .

M U S S A ? sp . yo u ng ?I ’late V I I I

,figs . 3

,3a .

A s imp le mussoid co r a l was g row ing attached to zlflzdrepom baud - zfensis Vaughana t s tat ion 1 1 36 . I t i s r ep resented by P late VI I I

,figs . 3

,3a

,but no name i s attached

to i t .Local i ty

— V i ci n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and ; depth , 294—352 fathoms ; tempe r at u re of thebottom , E : bottom

,li ne co r a l sand .

BULLET I N 59,UN I TED STATES NATION A L DIUS EUM .

M A D R E P O R A R IA F U N G I D A .

I n a rev iew ofM r . J. S tan ley Ga rd i ne r ’s F u ng id Co r a l s o f theMa ld i ve and Laccad i ve A r ch i pe lagoes ,“ I p u b l i s hed the fo l low i ng note on the fungids of the Hawai ianI s lands :

I ha ve j u st comp leted a st u dy of the Hawai ian P u ng ida,and may be pardoned for compar ing them

w i th those f rom th e I nd ian Ocean . The fo l lowing i s a l i st of the spec ies , w i th notes on the i r occ u rrence e lsewhere : Funyia patel la (E 1 1 . and SOL) , east coast ofA f r ica, etc . ; Fungia (D iascris )frag/dis (A lcock ) , I nd ian Ocean ; Fungia scutai 'icr var. dentigera Leuek art, I nd ian Ocean , etc . ; [F ungi/J.

oahensis Doder le in ; Fang-ia paumotcns is S tutch b . (tide Q ue l ch ) , Ph i l ipp ines , etc ; Fang-ia ech'inrda. (Pal

las ) (fide S t u der ) I nd ian Ocean , etc ] : Bathyact’is stephana A l cock , I ndian Ocean ; S tephanaria slcuata

V er r i l l, Panama ; S lephanaria n . Sp . ; Parana var ian s V err i l l , aff. I ’

. repens Bruggemann ; Pcwona. n . sp . ;

Leptoseris (1 ) n . Sp .,aft. L. fragil is M. Ed. and H . ; Lep toseris (2 ) n . sp . ; Lep toseris (3) n . sp.

, afi .

L. papyracea (Dana ) ; Lep toseris (4) n .

'

sp . Psammocom , aff. P . super/ideas Gard iner .F u r t he r s t u dy of the mate r i a l at my d i sposa l h as ca u sed me to mod i fy the

dete rm inat ions the re g i ven . The fo l low i ng i s the rev i sed l i s t of the spec ies p laced inthe P u ngi da

,fo l l ow ing the o rde r i n the a r t i c le j u st q u oted

F ungal p atel la, (E l l i s and So l a nde r ) .f i tngirt fmg

fi l is (A l cock ) .E mgid souim'ia Lama r ck .

F itngia Orr/wa steDode r le in .

Femgz’

a p azmwtm sz’

s S tutchbury (fide Q u e l ch ) .F ungz

'

a. ech inam(Pa l l as ) (fide S tude r ) .Bat/ryactz

’

s Itawaz'

z

'

mzs is , new spec ies !)

S tep hanam'

a std/ata Ve r r i l l .S tep/zanasria brig/1mm, new spec ies .Pavona ram

’

ans Ve r r i l l .Pa/vona duerden i , new spec ies .l ep tose

fris havxwi fensk ,

new spec ies .Lep tose m

'

s scabra,new spec ies . “

Lep tosem'

s dig/5mm

,new spec ies . ‘1

Lep tosem’

s tubul zfem ,new species

f

Psammocom ”0 6 77 1 21 5, new spec ies .

O f the 1 6 spec ies r ecogn i zed,the re are two

,c i ted on the a u tho r i ty of o the r st u

den ts , whose occ u r rence in Hawai i an wate r s I cons ide r d o u bt f u l . These 1 0 spec ies ared i st r i buted among 6 gene ra ; b u t i t s ho u l d be stated that the gene r i c sepa rat i on ofl ep toseris f r om Pavowa i s do u btf u l . These 6 gene r a are co ns ide red to r ep resent twofam i l ies : The Fungiidaz , rep resented .by F emgz

‘

a ; and the Aga rieiidze , to wh i chP aw -mt

, a tose-

rds, Brzt/zyactis, S tep/rammed ,and R emnmocom are r efe r red .

“S c ience, n . s. ,XX I , J u ne 30 , 1 905, pp . 984—985.

bReferred to B . slepha na A l cock .CReferred to as Lep toseris (2 ) new Spec ies .dReferred to as Leptoscris new Spec ies.

t’Referred to as Le1 ) loseris new spec ies .

1 08 REGENT MA DR E PORAR I A or TH E H AW A I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYSAN .

F it ti i ily FUNGI ITl rlfi Dana .

1 846 . Fungi.0 (part ) l .lANA ,

Z OOp l 1 . Wi l kes Ifxp l . Exped , p . 283 .

1 849. Fang-

i .r: M I LN E Lnn a ans and I I A IM ! ) -omptes rend . A cad . Sci . , Par i s , XXI X , p . 7 1 .

1 884. F -

zmtgi id e DUNcAN ,Jo u r . Linn . Soc. London , Zoo l . , X V I I I , p 1 41 .

1 905. Fangi'idaz V AUGH AN , P roc . U . S . Nat . Mus , XX V I I I , p . 379.

I n the l as t pape r c i ted in th i s synonymy , th i s fam i l y was defined as foll owsCora l l um s imp le or co lon ia l , depressed ormi t-ro id in form , sep ta of h igher cyc les u s ua l ly perforate

those ofthe lower cyc les liierforate or so l id . S vnapticula, but no di ssep iments , presen t . Wa l l in thead u l t per forate or compac t . No ep i theca.

The abo v e d iagnos i s of the fam i l y p r obab ly sho u l d be supplemen ted by thefo l low ing : The emb r yo becomes attached and fo rms a trephoz ooidf wh i ch gives r iseto b u ds an thob lasts) the l atte r , by l ate r a l g rowth , deve lop in to anthocyathi ; these bydetachment fo rm f ree ind i v i dual s . The f r ee anthocyathi may r ema i n s imp le (thegen u s B ang/71a) Or, by asex u a l rep r od u ct ion , become co lon i a l . The fo l l ow ing r ema r kswe re added :

The mode of fo rmat ion of the anthocyathi” of F zmgia has been know n fo r

many yea r s,S tutchbury hav i ng fi r s t desc r ibed i t i n Bou r ne has made the

mode of r ep roduct i o n of fi l i ng/in the s u bject. of ve r y deta i led i n vest igat i on s . I t h asbeen p roved for nea r ly eve r y k nown spec ies of the gen u s t hat the f r ee d i sk s are p r oduced by b u ds , wh ich become detached f rom a pa r en t s tock (o r igi na l ly a t r op hozoo i d) .

J. S tan ley Ga r d i ne r , in h i s F u ng id Co r a l s co l lected i n the Sou t h Pacific, ‘1 p u bl ished the ex t r eme l y inte r est ing obse r vat i on con ce r n i ng [flrlom itra (E . irreg

-

ularis

Ga r d ine r ) thatthe f ree cora l l um seem s , f rom my spec imen s to ha ve been formed in a somewhat s im i lar mannerto that of the gen u s Fzmgia— by the b reak ing off ofdisks from an at tached stock . A t fi rs t t here i s onelarge. cen tra l po lyp w i th radiat ing septa ; then , as growt h proceeds , a n umber of cal ic u lar fossee appeararo u n d th i s . On becom ing free the cen tra l polyp may perhaps pers is t or, as in my spec imens. maybecome i nd is t ing u i shable f rom the da ugh ter po lyps , the septa grad ual ly los ing t hei r reg u lar radiat ingar rangemen t in th e cen ter of th e colony.

I n o r de r to d i scove r how gene r a l l y the compo u nd gene r a of the Fangudes m igh ts how ev idence of hav ing o r ig ina l l y been trophoz ooids, . I exami ned spec imens of fiveof the gene r a :

[Jrzlmnz'

h 'a p /Lil app z

'

nensis S tude r , yo u ng . S hows a ve r y d is tinct sca r ofdetac hmen t .

Z oop z

'

l us (ac/Linatas Dana (p robab ly type spec imen ) . S hows a ve r y d i s t inct sca rof detachment. Th i s gen u s i s sca r ce l y mo re than a [fel la/mama w i th ve r y few ca l i ces

,

and these are nea r the cen t r a l co ral l i te.

Uryp tabacz’

a ta-s’

na (Lama r ck) . The r e i s some s u gges tion of a detachmen t sca r ,b u t the ev i dence i s not pos i t i ve .

GA cr i ti ca l re v iew of the l i terat u re on the s imp le genera of th e Mad reporar ia P u ng ida,w i t h a

t enta t i v e c lassi fi ca t ion . P roc . U . 8 . Nat. Mus ,XX V I I I

,1 906

,pp

. 37 1 - 424.

0G . C . Bo u rne, On the postembryon ic de v elopmen t of F u ng ia, Sci . Trans . Roy.D ubl in Sec , V

(2d 1 893,p . 206 .

CTmns . Linn . Soc . London, X V I , 1 830 , pp . 493—498 .

d Proc. Zoo l . Soc . London ,1 898 , pp . 52 7—528.

I I U R ECENT MADRE PUR AR IA OF TH E H A WA I I A N ISL ANDS A ND LAYSAN .

G e n u s F U N G I A L a naa rfc k .

1 80 1 .

A n im sans . Ve 1 t. ,

1 902 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1711 1 Donniumz ix,D ie Kora l lengattnng F u ng ia ,

Senck enberg. naturforscl1 . Gesel Isch .

,

1, pp . 1

— 1 6 2, p ls . 1—x x v .

1 905.Proc . U. SS . Nat Mus ,

XX V I I I , p . 380

The fo l low ing r ema r ks on the synonymy of F zmgz'

a appea red i n the l ast pape rc i ted above :

(l 1 1 1g71 1 1 528 .

“Co ra l l um stonv ,

f ree, o r b i c u l a r , or hem i sp he r i ca l ,or ob long.

convex , and l ame l late abm e,w i th a fu 1 r0W or dep ress ion i n the cen te r ,

cone:1 1 c and l o u gh be l owA s i ng le l ame l late ,

subp i o l iferoii s sta 1 . Lame l l ae dentate o r sp i nose l ate r a l l y .

Typ e- sp ec

— T1 1 1 1y1a 1 1 17 0 1 1 1 1 1 9Lama 1 c l JI ad-

repo'ra agarlcl tes Linnaeus.

‘z

Lama r ck e i iginal lv 1 efei red s i x spec ies to the gen u s , name l yFungia «gr it-{fomris LA 11 1 .

Linnaeu s .Fang/1a

sca lar -ia LAMA RCK , based on Seba ,Thea ,

I I I , p l . cx ix, figs . 28, 29, 30.

Fungia I'imacina pi leus E l l is and Solander , p l . X LV .

Fungla LAMARCE ,based on Seba, Thes ,

I I I,p l . (1x 1 , fig . 6 , and p l . cx 1 1 , fig . 3 1 .

Fu-

ngi u . p atel la ) is LAMARCK : Madmpora pan/1a E LL I S and SOLm oan

, p l . xxvm , figs . 1 —4.

Funaia pilcus L i MARt K : 41 1 1r1 1 11 0 l0n'1'

ca RUMPH IUS Hei b . A .,

n1 b I p l . ‘L xxxvm fig . 3 .

E0

!"

Lama r ck conf u sed in his F 1 1 1 1.g1'

a co ra l s now cons ide r ed to rep resen t fo u rd iffe r ent gene r a .

F zmqia 171 1 1 1 0 1 71 11 Lama r ck , now z H'

mp elol i l /uz l z'f

nwac (Espe r ) Eschscholtz , 1 825.

P aw/1a Lam 1 1 ck,now : [1 1701 71 1 1 1 1 7 1 s zl s (Pa l l as) Dan a , 1 846 .

T1 1 1 1y1 a lalp ma Lamarck now : OnJp l abacza lalp ma (Lama r ck ) M i lneE dwa r dsand Haime

,1 849.

Th i s l eaves in F ungia p rope r , 1 7 . Lama r ck (Z f zmgi tes L i n nae u s),1 7.scutaria Lama r ck , and I f”. patel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .

Leuck art i n 1 841 0 c i tes F an-

gm 1,1g1 1 r1

'

c'

1f 1 11 -

1 71 17

8 Lama r ck as “ Typus,

” fixing the

M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime in 1 8490 c i te u nde r Fang/la , F. agariclforma'

s andpal el lar

'ls Lan'

iarck . I n 1 850,i n thei r Monog r aph of the B r i t i sh Fossil Corals d

1 7 1 1 1 1 011 1 p al el larls Lama r ck i s defin i te l y gi ven as the type spec ies . F p atel laris

La1na1 ck (1 10 1 1 1 1 cpm (1 p atel la E l l i s an d Solande1 )_ can not be the type spec ies , as F.

agar1 1 1finm1 Lama1 ck had a l ready been so des ignated . I n the t h i r d vo l ume of theI I isto i i e Nat u re l le des Co1 al l iai1 es, pages M i l ne Edwa r ds accepts the l at te rspec ies as the type, u s i ng for i t the Linnaaan name .Macl - l es.

R enazml's'.— P ro f . L u dw ig Dode r le i n has p u b l i shed an e l abo rate monog r aph , DieKoral lengattung F u ng i a " , i n wh i c h the va r io u s ske leta l pa r ts of the gen u s are

desc r i bed in m u ch deta i l . A b i b l iog r aphy i s a l so g i ven . A d i sc u ss i o n of the genu sw i l l not be at tempted he re , as the. wo r k of P rofesso r Dode r lei n can be cons u l ted .

a See Doder lein ,Senck enb . naturforsch . Gesel lsch .

, Abhandl . , XX V I I , 1 902 , p . 1 36—1 56 , p ls.

xx - x x v .bObscrv . Z oolog. de Z ooph . Coral l .

,Spec . de Gen . F u ng ia, p . 42 , p l . 1 v , figs . 1 —4.

CComptes rend . A cad . Par i s,XX IX ,

1 849,p . 72 .

(1 I n trod u ct ion p . x l v .i€ Senek enberg Ab l ia1 1d1 . , X VI I , P t . 1

,1 902 , pp . i i i i , 1 — 1 62 , pls. x x v .

BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL BIUS EUM .

J’imgm has sev e ra l sy n o ny m s,w h i ch are as fo l l ows ‘“

CYCLOS E R I S M i l ne Edwa r ds and H aime,Co m ptes r end . Acad .

,Pa r i s

,XX IX

,

1 849, 1L 7 2 .

Th e gen us was p laced by its au tho r s i n the i r Lophoserinze,” wh ich was cha r acte r

iz ed by hav i ng t he p l ateau w i th ou t ep i th eca o r echinulations, and w i t h i m pe r fo ratet i ssues .

Origi nal generic diagnosis . Co r a l l u m s i m pl e , f r ee . S epta ve r y nu m e r ou s ,u n i t i ng by th e i r i n ne r m a rgi n s . ”

Typ e- sp ecies . cyclol ites Lama r ck , H ist . Nat . A n i m . san s Vertebres,II

,

p . 2 36 : Dode r l e i n , Koral lengat. Fu ngia ,pp . 77 - 79

,p l . i v

,figs . 7—9

,p l . V

,figs. 5

,5a.

D istribution .

— Recen t , Ch ina S eas an d Ph i l i ppines eas twa r d to the mid- Pac ific.

ACTINOSE R I S d’

Orbigny, Not-e su r des p . 1 2,1 849.

Original generic diagnosis.

— “ I t is a ci r cu la r Uyclosem'

s , whose col u m e l l a i sce nt ra l

,r ou nd

,and not in an e l ongat ed fu r r ow .

”

Type- species.

— A . ceno-ma -

acusis d’

Orbigny,Note su r des Polyp . fess , no m . n ud . ;

P r od . d eIpalé ontol . , I I , p . 1 80 : M i l n e Edwa r ds and Haime, H ist . Nat. Coral l . ,

I I I, p . 53 .

G r oupe de la c r a i e tufiean,Le Mans .

M i l n e Edwards b r e fe r s ActinoseV/‘

z

'

s cenomanensi s to the gen u s Uycloserz'

s,m ak i ng

d’

Orh igny’s Actinoserzfs a sy nony m of t h e i r Th e septal st r uctu r e of

(I’

Orbigny’

s ge nu s shou l d be i n vest igated , and i t m ay be we l l to r ein vest igate t heTe r t i a r y and C r e taceou s spec i es o f c loseris

,

’ th ey m ay not be congene r i c w i thf imn a (Uycloseris) cyclol

'e'

tes La m a r ck . I t i s of espec ial i m po r tance to dete r m i n ewh e th e r the f r ee di sks of th ese co r a l s p laced in Cyclosm'

z

'

s o r igi nate as anthocyath i,as i n Fang/5a .

D IASERI S M i l ne E dwa r ds an d Haime, Co m ptes r end . A cad .,Pa r i s

,XX IX

,

1 849, [L 72 .

Th i s gen us was p l aced by its au tho r s in th ei r Lophoserin te ,” cha r acte r i zed bv

hav i ng “ th e p l ateau w i th ou t epi th eca and echinulations,and w i th i m pe r fo r ate

fi ssues

Origi na l generic dz'

agnosz'

s . f r o m th e p r eced i ng [c losco'is] in that,when you ng, i t i s co m posed of sepa r ate pa r ts that u n i te late r . ”

Type- sp ecies— F 71.

-

719611 distorm M i ch e l i n , Mag. de Z oo l .,2d se r .

,V A n né e ,

Z ooph . p l . v : Dode r l e i n,Koral lengat. Fu ngia ,

pp . 74—77 , p l . I I I , and p l . v , figs . 3 , 3a .

D istribution..

— Ph i l i pp i n es .R emark a — Du nean i n h i s Rev ision of the Gene r a and Fam i l i es of t he Mad r e

poraria’” p laces E cmesus P h i l i pp i “ and [ l em icyat/uw S egu e nza " i n t he sy non y m y of

D iaserz'

s. Ecmesus is a doubtfu l co r a l , bu t probablv i s an i m pe r fect spec i m e n of atrochocyatho id spec i es . The Hemicyat/ms

' o f S egu en za certainl v be l o ngs in thatgr oup .

aAl l of these ex cept i ng Acl -i-nose-

ris d'Orhigny are d iscuss ed by Diiderlein , i n h is D ie l i oral lengat»

tungFungia. For fur ther d iscuss ion consu l t that work .5 H ist. Nat . Coral l . , 1 1 1 , p . 53 .

CJour. Li nn . Soc . London , Zoo l . , X V I I I , 1 884, p . 1 50.

d Neues Jahrb . fii rM i nera l . , Jahrg. 1 841 , p . 6 65, p l . x 1 3 , figs. 1 a- e.

eCoral larii foss i l i (le l . rocce terz . de l d ist. Mess i na,1 864

, Pt. 2 , p . 67 .

1 1 2 ima'r MADRE PURAR I A or TH E H A WA I I A N I S LAN DS AND LAYSAN .

V e r r i l l,Bu l l

.Mus . Co m p . Z oo l I , 1 864, p . 52 .

La m a r c k , H is t . Nat . A n i m . sans Ve r t . , I I , p . 2 36

Dod e r l e i n,Koral lengat . Fu ngia, pp .

91 — 97 ,“p l . V I I I

,figs. 1 — 6 .

A t ype - spec i es was d es ignated , bu t n o desc r ipt i on was pub l i s hed . The gen u swas i n te nded to em ln'

ace m o r e o r loss e l o ngate flat F l ing/ix , w i t hou t ten tacu la r l obeson the septa .

LO BAC'I

‘

I S Ve r r i l l , Bu l l . Mus . Co m p . Z oo l . , I , 1 864, p . 52 .

Typ e- species. (len i igma Le ncka r t,De Z ooph . Coral l . et spec . Gen

Fu ngia,pp . 48—49

,p l

. I l l , figs . 1,2 ; cf . Dod e r l e i n , Koral lengat . F u ngi a , pp . 91 — 97 .

Th e r e was n o o r igi na l desc r i pt i on ; on l y a type - spec i es was ci ted . Th i s gr oupi s co m posed o f so m ewhat e l ongate , flat spec i es , i n wh i ch t he te n tacu l a r l obes of th esepta are gr eat ly deve l oped .

CTE I‘

AP’

I‘

I S Ve r r i l l , Bu l l . Mus. Co m p . Z oo l .,I , 1 864, p . 51 .

Typ e- species. ec/i'ina za. Pal las , E l e n ch . Z 0 0 ph .

, p . 284: F zmgia.

ec/wiwa ta ,Dod e r l e i n

,Koral lengat. Fungi a , pp . 1 01 — 1 05

,p l . x

,figs. 1 — 5.

No d iagn os i s o f the ge nus was pub l i shed . I t was estab l i s hed fo r the ve r y l a rge ,e l o ngate F ew/gigs ,

the la rgest k nown , in w h i ch th e septa l m a rgi n s a r e st r onglyd e n tate , t h e de n tat i ons r ese m b l i ng,

as the na m e i m p l i es , t he tee th o f a co m b .

HAL IGLO SSA (pa r t) Eh r e n be rg, Akad . W’

issensch . Be r l i n,Abhandl .

,1 832

,p . 2 74,

1 8 34.

(h 'ig'imvl diagnosis. [Fungids]co m po und (po l ysto m atou s) , base expanded ,

sto l on i fe r ous . extend ed i n tw o d i r ect ly oppos i te d i r ect i on s (its ob l o ng fo r m r eca l l i nga tongue : riflm icime l ibm'

ae) .

To th is ge nu s h e r efe r s five speci es :1 . .zi l adrepora (ac/imamPa l las .2 . F imgia l imacina Lamarck z l ll adrepm

'a p i leus E l l i s and Solande r .

3 . 1 1 a]igloas-

(i in 60 77 p Ehrenberg: l l adrepom p ilcus o f L i n nae u s and Pa l l as

[dang-

usp i/eus 0510 7 141 1 1 8 , S eba, Thes . , I I I , pl . clx 1 , fig. 5.

4. Mdiylosm fol iosa Ehrenberg: flfadrepom p i leiw Linnzeus an d Pa l las : Seba ,Thes .

,I l l . p l . (7x 1 , fig. 3 .

I l a/iglossa, stel laria Ehrenberg: rll adrepm

'a p i leus va r . E spe r , pl . LX X I I I .

No . 1 was cons i de r ed by Leuck art to b e w r ongl y i d e nt i fied , and was na m edFungia e/menbergi by h i m .

“ P r of e sso r Dode r l e i n , i n h is D i e Koral lengattungFungiafi p laces Leuck art's F angia e/wenbergi i n t h e synony m y of Fungia ec/i ina m

M i l n e Ed wa r ds and H aime r efe r th e fou r others c to t he synony m y ofIJm‘

pdd i i/ui him/am(Espe r ) E schscholtz , 1 825.

The r e fo r e th e ge n us Ifal iglossa con ta i ned two ge n e ra ,o ne pa r t o f w h i c h be l o ngs

to F ungi/fr. La m a r ck , 1 80 1 , t he othe r to lfwwcto/i Z/uz Eschscho ltz ,a nd cou se

quentlv m ust lapse .a De z ooph . corral ]. et gen . Fungia,

1 841 , p . 6 2 , p l . 1 1 .

b Senck enberg. naturior. Gesel lsclr , Abhandl .

,XX V I I

,1 902

,p . 1 0 1 .

( A n n . Sci . nat. ,I3ieme sen ,

Zoo l .,X V

,p . 94.

d Eschsehol tz’

s fl erpetol'ilha (I sis, XV I , 1 825, p . or igi nal l y con ta ined two spec ies, F ungia

l imacina and Fungiu talpa , o f Lam arck . M i l ne Edwards and B ai m e,i n 1 849 (Co m p tes rend ,

XX IX ,

p . restr icted ‘

l -Ierpnloh'

tha to the fi rst m en t ioned spec ies (c i t i ngMadrepom p i leus E l l is and So lander,pl . M N ) and proposed the genus Crypuzbacia fo r th e second .

l l —l R ECE NT MADRE I ’OR ARI A OF TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA N DS AND LAYSAN

I t see m ed to m e that a study o f t h is k i nd wou l d be i m po r tan t i n possibl y th r ow

ing l igh t o n th e va l ue of chz-tracterssupposed to be of fa m i l y o r ‘ gen e r i c val ue .

S o m ewhat m o r e than 400 spe c i m ens w e r e stud i ed ; oft h e se abou t 45 we r e r eceived

f r o m D r . Cha r l es G r av i e r , of th e Museum d’H istoire Natu r el l e , Pa r i s , th e othe r s

th e p r ope r ty of the Un i ted S tates Nat ional Museu m .Th i s a m ou n t of m ate r ial

p r obab l y may appea r la rge , bu t i t i s en t i r e l y i nsuffi c i e n t fo r the wo r k i ng ou t of th eva r iat i on s and th e del imitz-i t iou o f t h e d iffe r e n t sp ec i es . I n sp i te of t he in su fficie ncyof th e. m ate r ia l , how eve r , I t r ust that data of va l u e have bee n

p r ocu r ed t h r ough itsca r e fu l stud y .

CYCLO S E R I S .

DESCR I BED SPEC IES O F CYCLOSER I S .

l l’l adTGPOI’

t'

l patel la, E l l i s and So lande r .Fung

'la. cyclol ites La m a r ck .

i mglw ten ni s Dana .J’i mgia glan s Dana .F ang/mhear

agom tl is M i l n e Edwa r ds an d Haime.

sim -

nm'

s M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime .

J’imgia ale/j aws Ve r r i l l .(fyclosca

-

l'i s di scus Qu el ch .

C’jz/closm

'is mycoi fles A lcock .

fi

lmy/“

la crow, Dode r l ein .

Fungal coszfulamO r t m an n .

Dod e r l e i n does not r ecogn i ze. C'ycloseris as a val i d genu s , cons ide r i ng it a

sy nony m o f F ang/fi e .He does

,howeve r

,r ecognize a patel la gr oup of spec i es and

r e fe r s to i t al l t h e spec i es of C’yclnscm’

s and D iasw is . He. r efe r s 6 spec i es to th egr oup , v i z :

patel la (E l l i s and So l and e r ) (> F . (mu/ls Dana - l—F . lee -

.ralgonal is M il neE dward s and Haime—l A l cock) .

F. cram Dode r l e i n .

(fl -lateral M i ch e l in (typ e of D -iccsemfls) .

cyclol ites La m a r ck (type of [Maser -is marten/i Tenison

VVoodlT. deg/(ms Ve r r il l .Jf

’

. cosl ulamO r t m an n .The fo l l ow i ng spec i es

,o r iginal ly based o n th e Cycloseris fo r m , are said to possess

a Diaser'is fo r m1 7 . patel la (E l l i s and So land e r ) .F. cyclolz

'

tes La m a r ck .

Th e fo l l ow i ng spec ific na m es a r e no t r ecogn i zed , no r a r e they p l aced in anysynony m y

S

A

$

54

is

E mgia glans Dana .Cycloswvfs s inew /is M i l n e fld ards and H aime.

Cyclose-

Mls' discus Que l c'h .

Cycloscrlls mycoides A l cock .

BULLET IN 59,UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL MUSEUM .

of the spec i e s of (751 0 10 90 939, D iaserls and F zmgia i n the Un i ted S tatesMuse u m :

Ph il i pp i ne Is l and s .C'yclosem

'

s,2 sp.

,Ph i l i pp i ne I s la nds .

c loseris p atel la (E l l i s a nd S o lande r ) , Hawai ian Is lands , and east coast ofA f r ica.

Off/clowns elegmw (Ve r r i l l ) Gu l f of Ca l i fo r n ia.

Cyclose/as l en uw (Dara) , Pac ific Occzi n , p r obab l y Paumotus.

1 1 6 R ECENT MADR EPORA R I A or TH E H AW A I I A N i sLAN DS AN D L AYS AN

1 1 8 R ECEN T or TH E HAWA I I AN I S LAN DS AND LAYSAN .

S p ec i es o f D z

'

aserz'

s i n t he Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l Museu mD iasw is 07239t (M i ch e l i n) (ge no - type) Ph i l i pp i ne I s l ands .D z

’

asem'

s fluycz’

neti M i l n e - Edwa rd s and H aime (sy nony mced i ng) .

D ime/i s,sp .

,Ph i l i pp i n e Is l ands .

D iagramsj apowica Vaughan , Te r t i a r y , Yez z o, Japan .D iasm'

zfsp u lc/ze/Za Ve r r i l l , Oushima , Japan .

.Dz

'

aserisfi’

agi l is A l cock , Hawai ian I s lands .D z

’

aser'efs,sp .

,Gu l f of Ca l i fo r n ia .

BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATE S N AT ION AL IVI US EUM .

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1 2 0 RE CENT MAD RE PUR AR I A OF TH E H A W A I I AN I S LAN DS AN D LAY SAN .

Su m m a r y of the r esu l ts o f th e eon'

iparat ive studyTh e co r a l l u m wa l l i s so l i d , excep t i n so m e i n stan ces i t m ay be sy napt i cu l ate

‘

i t th e pe r i phe r y ; be caus e of th e habi t o f th e co ra l l u m of'

b r eak i ng i n to seg m en ts andsu bseque n t ly b e i ng add ed to , th e easy r ecogn i t i o n of th e d i ffe r en t sep tal cycles i s notexpected ; bu t i n a spec i m e n l i k e o n e of those of D . p ale/fe l la, i n wh ich th e seg m en tshave not as y e t be co m e d i ssoc i ated , th e p r i m a r i es a r e m o r e p r onoun ced than theseconda r i es ; th e septa l m a rgi ns a r e fi ne l y den tate ; the septa l la m e l l ae show p r ecise lythe sa m e va r iat i o n as in C’

yclosw'is

,f r o m c r i b r i fo r m to sol i d .

Th e c l ose r e lat i o n sh i p be twe e n c loscris 2? sp . P izrzi

l ipp ines to D iasem'

s distormhas b e en po i n ted ou t . l h

'

asem'

s sp . P lz -i l élzwincs m ay be u nd esc r ibed , bu t w i th no

m o r e mz-rterial fo r co m pa r i son I wou l d n o t na m e i t . One speci m e n of D iaserisp ale/tel ler. Ve r r i l l is i n te nse l y i nte r est i ng. I n hand l ing t h e spec i m en a seg m e n t wasb r ok en ou t

,bu t th e spe c i m en o r igi na l l y was c i r cu la r . “Then i t i s take n i n con n ection

w i th Ctr/chea ts P hi l ipp ines, st r ong ev iden ce i s adduced aga i ns t D iasem'

s be i nggen e r i al ly separal‘i le f r o mTh e spec i m e n s f r o m th e Gu l f of Ca l i fo r n i a a r e ve r y s i m i l a r to Dode r lein ’s

of P imp/id p atel la .

FUN G I A .

DESCRIBED SPECIES OF FUNGIA .

F . ai ztvfn zfj bivm zs Quoy and Gaimard.

> F .

‘

(zrassvftenj cw-

z(lamQuoy and Gaimard.

F . dieersz'

dens M i l n e Edwa r ds and H aime.

l

Dod e r l e i n r ecogn i zes five va r i e t i es : sinqap ui'ensis, snluensw,crass

-itenltacul ata

pa l e/wensis

,and salawaétensis.

F. pmr-

znotemsis' S tutchbury.

> F . Marc/caries S tud e r .F . S tude r i s r ecogn i zed as a va r i e tyF. scum/

rid La m a r ck .

> F . (l en tigera Leuck art.

Lab/Lott'

s dame Ve r r i l l .l obacZ-is confermVe r r i l l .F. p lacmzaria K lunz inger.

F teen - ideas Quelc h .

F.-(z7

'

za Qu e l ch .

Dod e r l e i n r ecogn i zes u nd e r F semiarid th r ee va r i e t i es : (lanai, p lea

/(ammo

dwzt z’

gww.

F oa/wnsis Dode r l e i n .F . proeclzénamDode r l e in .

F. ec/mbzczta (P al las) [as fll rul repom . ]> F . [marina-mE h r enb e rg.

[Jayetol'itfias' (alarm-

1 66 711 2?Leuck art .

fl erpeZOZ it/ias 7a'

ippel l é'i Leuck art.

F . gigan tea. Dana.F . asp emm Dana.

F. om ega Dana.

1 2 21 RECE NT M A DREPORA R I A 0 11‘ TH E H AW AI I AN I SLA NDS AND LAYSAN .

F

F. EL‘

H INATA (I ROUP .

ec/n'

na ta (Pa l l -11 s ) (at l east 3 va r i et i es o r va r i at i on s) .

P.R E PANDA G RO U P .

(7710 71 alasa Klunz in u er.

510 11 71 1 1 1 Doderl e i n .11 1 10 71 0; S tud e rconcinna V e r r i l l .repam/a, Dana .

.5-

as1 1 111 0 51 -

1 1 1/e-

1 1 151

1

'

s

F . DANA I GRO I I P .

hm 7 ida. Dana.

51 1 11 1 171 1 1 1 1 1 10 Doderl e i n(1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M i l n e Edwa r ds and IIaime.

1 1 1 (trier/1 1 15101 1 1 1 1 1 1 151 1 8 11 1 1ghan .F . FUNG ITES GROUP .

fa1 1 1 1 1/i t6 8 (Linnzeus)O t th e spec ies recogn i zed by Dode r l e i n , the fo l l ow i ng a r e r ep r esen ted

spe c i m ens i n the Un i ted S tates Nat i onal Muse u mF.

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BULLETIN 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT ION AL M USEUM .

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1 2 4 R ECENT MADR E PUR AR I A or TH E H AWA I I A N I S LAN DS AN D LAYSAN .

1 96 R ECE NT MA DRE PU RAR I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I S LANDS AN D LAY S AN .

des i r e to change Dode r l e i n ’s o r d e r of the d i scuss io n of the species of F imgiafo r th e pur poses o f th i s pape r , p r efe r r i ng the fo l l ow i ng o r de r :

F sec/71 1 1 1 Dode r l e i n .

.F . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 S tud e r .f

”

. 0 1 17 1 00 11 1 1 1 1 Ve r r i l l .I f . Dana .

F (71 71 1 1 a lesa K lunz inger.

Vaughan .F . Quoy andGaimard.

F flown/Ila. Dana .F. Dod e r l e i n .

F . (lana i M i l n e Edwa r ds and Haime.

F 1 1 1 «dag/ascerens is Vaughan .J”. lacera. Ve r r i l l ..F. fang

/l ies (L i n naeus) .F . 80 1 1511 1 1 11 1 La m a r ck .

F paunw tensls S tutchbury .

F 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Pa l las .

Th ese 1 6 so - ca l l ed spec i es a r e r ep r ese n ted. i n th e co l l ect i on s i n m y h an ds . Pro

bab l y F . p lane S tud e r,F 1 1 1 1 1 021 1 71 1 1 V e r r i l l , and F . repanda Dana fo r m a con

t inuous series .

As t h e r e lat i onsh i p b e twee n ( .

l

ycloser'ls and D ingo/ 1 1 119 has a l r eady b e e n sufficien t ly

co ns id e r ed,o n l y t h e r e lat i o nsh i p betwee n Cyclose-

ris and F zmg'la w i l l now be d i s

c ussed .

1 . Th e wa l l i n (fr/closeris i s i m pe r fo rate ; so is t he wa l l in F 80 1 1 11 7 1 1 and F p lanet ,F. p lana, F . con c

'lmm,and F . rep anda fo r m a c l ose l y r e l ated , o r even a con t inuous

series , w i th a passage f r o m a so l i d wa l l to one that is abu ndan tly pe r fo r ate . Uycloserl s

can' n o t . be sepa rated f r o m Fangle on m u r a l cha r acte r s . I n t h e t r op hozooid

stage of a l l 1 71 1 1 1911 11 in wh i ch that stage i s known , a l so in t he anthoblast stage ,and in that pa r t o f the anthocyathus n ea r t h e anthocaulus

,th e wa l l is sol id .

The wa l l may con t i nue to be so l i d , o r i t may be in te r r upted in i ts deve l op m en t ,l eav i ng po r e s o r s l i ts . The po r es o r s l i ts may r e m a i n open o r be subseq uen tly fi l l edby a d epos i t o f ste r eop las m . A co m pact wa l l is p r i m it i ve in Fungia and i ts al l ies ;th e pe r fo rate wa l l a late r deve l op m en t .

2 . (fyclosem’

s in i ts you nges t stage has s i x septa, F ang/la twe l ve . M r . Ga r d i ne r

i n h i s s tudy of the ve r y youngtrophoz ooids of Cycloscr'ls izezvagonal ls fou nd o r igina l l yon l y s i x p r i m a r y septa ; M r . Bou r n e i n h i s study of Fang/1

°

1 1. fou nd in h i s you ngestspec i m en s twe l ve e n tocoe l i c s epta

,s i x o f w h i c h we r e la rge r t han th e oth e r s . I n

te st i ng th e o l.1 scrvations of M r . Ga r d i n e r and M r . Bou r n e,I have neve r fou nd e i t he r

obse r v e r i n e r r o r , bu t I do n o t cons ide r that M r . Bou r n e h as p r oved th at E mgiao r igi na l l y has twe l v e e n tocoe l i c septa . H e d id no t wo r k w i th l a r vae i n w h ich h ecou l d watch the actua l begi n n i ng of the fo r m at io n of the sep ta , b u t wo r k ed w i thyo u ng spe c i m ens sen t h i m by P ro fesso r Haddon . I t is we l l he r e to bea r in min d th ewo r k o f von Marenz e l ler and von Koch o n Flabel lwn . Von Marenz el ler conte nded

BULLET IN 59,UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL M USEUM . 1 2 7

th at Flabel lum o r igina l l y had twelve sep ta ; von Koch,howeve r

,l ate r sh owed that i t

begi n s w i th six .

3 . The pe r s i s ten ce of s i x m o r e p r onou nced p r i m a r y septa and th e pecu l ia r fus i o no f t h e septa in Cyclosmv

’

s a r e stated co r r ect l y by M r . Ga r d i ne r . The fi r s t cha r acte ri s pe r s i ste n t th r oughou t al l o f th e spec i es o f Cyclosm'is k nown to m e , i n c l ud i ngF erny

clegcms V e r r i l l . The m ode of f us io n of th e septa desc r i bed by M r . Ga r d i ne r occu r sin a l l th e spec ies o f Cycloseris w i th w h i ch I a m fa m i l ia r , bu t i t i s not co nfin ed tothe m . He is m i s taken , howev e r , wh e n he says that th e m a rgi ns o f th e h ighe rcy c l es inva r i ab l y beco m e equa l in he igh t to th ose of th e low e r cyc l es immediatelv

aft-sr fu s i on .Bou r n e e m p hasizes h i s asse r t i on that s i x of th e twe l ve septa are m o r e p r o m i ne n t

in you ngFang/5a) . In al l of the you ng F wngia th a t I hav e seen th e p r i m a r i es a r eeas i l y d i s t i ngu i s h ed . I n a n u m be r of spec i es (F scabm

,F p lana , e tc . ) they are

d ist i nct in the ad u l ts . As t he spec i m en s of a pa r t i cu la r sp e c i es i nc r ease in s i z e , o r asa spec i es i s of la rge r s i ze , septa of h ighe r cyc l es ex te nd to the co l u m e l la , so that i nla rge spec i m e ns o r l a rge spec i es , sep ta of seve ral cyc l es r each the ax i s . A l l spec i esr efe r r ed to Cyclose m

'

s a r e s m al l .The success i ve fus i o n of the h ighe r to th e lowe r cycles of septa can not be con

sidered cha r acte r i s t i c o f Oc o-Serzfs,u n l ess t h e gr eate r n u m be r of know n spec i es of

F zmge'

a b e p laced in Uycloser-is. We shou l d have to begi n w i th F l iar-

raid ,F

(lana i; etc .A fte r having m ade an extens i v e study to d iscove r if t he r e a r e cha racte r s by

w h i ch D iaserz's can be sepa r ated f r o m Cycloserés and Cycloserés f r o m Fang-5a ,I fee l

co n v i nced that th ey s hou l d no t be sepa rated . The r e i s si m p l y no d i ffe r e nce be tweenCycloserz

'

s and Fangia . The pecu l i a r m ode of r ep r od uct ion in D iaserz's m ay i n so m einstan ces fu r n i s h an aid to sp ec i fic de te r m inat i o n .

I n m y pape r,

“ al r eady cited,I said :

I ha v e d istr ibuted the genera considered i n th is paper am ong four fam i l ies and ha v e five headi ngs fo r genera tha t are not re ferred to fa m i l ies. Th is c lass ificat ion

,wh ich e m bod ies noth i ng new ,

excep t m ak ing a fa m i ly , M icrabaciidze , is on ly an atte m pt,and shou ld be subj ected to th e m ost

search ing c r i t ic is m to deter m i ne th e v al id i ty o f the charac ters used i n d ifferen t iat i ng t he fa m i l ies.

The LeptOphyl l iidze b are v e ry doub t fu l ly separab le fro m G regory ’s Thamuastrze idze,though th ey

probab ly shou l d be kept separate . The M icrabac i idze ha v e so l id septa and perforate wa l ls. TheAnabraciidze are character i zed by ha v i ng a v ery pronounced and regu lar t rabecu lar septa l st ruc ture ,but i n so m e genera th e basal pores between the trabeeu lee are fi l led w i th stereop las m

,b r i ngi ng th isfam i ly and th e Leptophyl l iidze v ery c lose togethe r .

Before th e synonym y of the p roposed gene ra can be deter m i ned they m ust be accurate l y defined.

and here I w i l l repeat that thegeneri c defini tions must be based primariiy upon a type- sp ecies . A f te r th ishas been done the study o f var iat ion can be undertaken i n order to dete r m i ne th e value of charac terssupposed to be of gener i c i m portan ce .A s a considerable n u m be r of species

'

and a r athe r la rge n u m be r o f spec i m ensof F ungz

'

a we r e ava i lab l e fo r study , I d eci d ed to m ake a co m pa r at i v e studv of the m ,espec i a l l y fo r the pu r pose of te st i ng th e val i dity of those cha r acte r s supposed to be

GA Cr i t ica l re v iew of the l i terature on th e si m p l e genera of the Mad reporar ia Fungida.

bThe sam e as Gregory’

s E thmotidze , wh ich is abandoned , as i t was not der i v ed f ro m a genusnam e .

1 2 8 R EP EN'I‘

MADRE I ’URA R- IA or TH E H AW A I I A N ISLA N DS AND LAY SAN .

of gene r i c and fai i 'i i ly va l u e . The fam i l ies of t li e l f'angz'

drz have been based on m u r aland septa l s t r u ct u re. I n my pape r j u st q u o ted . I r ema r ked

The larger d i v isions are basi'

3d u pon septa l s tr u c t u re ; that i s , whether the septa are so l id or

perfo rate ; i f pe r forate , whe the r they are mo re p rono u nced ly lam inar or trabec u lar in compos i t ion ,

and I ha ve al so u t i l i zed in defin ing th e fam i l ies the character of the wal l , whether norma l ly per forate,e v en i f on lv s l igh t ly, or whet her normal l v so l id .

S u ffi c ien t ev i dence has , I be l ieve, been p resented to sh ow tha t species r ang ingf rom F ang/in clef/(M ix Ve r r i l l , w i th a so l i d wal l and so l i d septa , to spec ies l i keF . disturb

-

r,wh i ch has a so l i d wa l l

,b u t ext reme l y c r i b r i fo rm septa , and F. fungi tes,

wh ich has a ve r y pe r fo r ate wa l l andmo re or less pe r fo r ate septa , fo rm a con t in u ousse r ies w i th i n gene r i c l imi ts . Th i s se r ies shows that the so l i d o r pe r fo r ate wal l fo rthese co ra l s i s not of gene r i c , m u ch less of fami l y , va l u e. F. clef/(1 778 Ve r r i l l i s atyp i ca l membe r of the _l .o 1i) l ioseridze (Agariciidze) , i f the pec u l i a r mode of asex u a lrep rod u ct ion f rom the t rophozoo i d i s left o u t of cons ide r at ion . The s i ze of thesepta l dentat ions possesses no va l u e as a gene r i c cha r acte r . The septa l s t r u ctu r eva r ies f rom impe r fo rate to ex t r emel y c r i b r i fo rm ,

cove r ing fo u r o the r fam i l ies ofthe 1 ’7

zwig'ida

,name l y , the Agaric i idie ,

w i t h so l i d septa,the Thamnasteriidaa and

Leptop li y l l i idae

,w i th septa t ha t are so l i d o r pe r fo r ate

,b u t w h i c h are a l ways mo re

p rono u nced ly lame l l a r than t i'

a l'

iecu lar,and the Anabraciidae

,w hose septa are

composed of a. t i'

abecu lar l a tt i cewo r k .

Th i s st u dy th rows do u bt on a l l the attempts to subd i v ide the F u ng i da i n tofam i l ies . Fo r the fam i l y Fungiidac , the on l y d i ffe r entia l cha r acte r lef t i s the modeof r ep rod u ct i on . S ho u l d i ts s u pposed va l u e be p r oven e r roneo u s

,the cons ide r at ion

of the Fungi idae as a. fam i l y sepa r ate f rom the. ot he r Fungida m u s t be abandoned .

The data p resented in the fo rego ing d i sc u ss ion are s u ggest i ve and not conc l u s i ve.

They emphas i ze , howeve r , the need fo r the ca r ef u l compa r at i ve s t u dy of l a r ge se r iesof spec ies to dete rm ine what cha r acte r s are of act u a l va l u e i n estab l i sh i ng the h ighe rsystemat i c d i v i s ions .

App l i cat ion is he re made of the k now ledge of septal st r u ctu r e de r i ved f rom th i sst u dy of Fw ig/771 by p l ac i ng in Lemma/1 748 a spec ies w i th pe r fo r ate septa nex t to one

whose septa are so l i d , and as a r es u l t on l y two fam i l ies are r ecogn i zed among theHawa i ian P u ngida .

FUN G IA P A T E L L A (E l l i s and S o lan der ) .

P late XX V I ] , figs. 2,20

,3, 3a . P late XX V I I I

, fi gs . 2 , 2a .

1 486 . Madrepora pa tel la E LLi s and SoLAN D ER , Nat . H i st . Z oopl i .,p . 1 48

,p l . xxvm

,figs . 1 —1 .

1 902 . Fanmfia patel la Do'D ERLs iN ,Senck enb . naturfor. Gesel lsch . Abhandl . , XX V I I , p . 65, p ls. 1 ,

i i (al l figs ) ; p l . v ,figs . 1

,2 (Synonymy )

TheAlbatrws obta i ned a l a r ge numbe r of spec imen s of t h i s species,and these are

u sed as a bas i s for the fo l lowi ng desc r i p t i on and tab le :(1 0 1 d l l l l l l l new 1) en cu la i , s l igh t ly e l l ipt i ca l , somew hat a r c hed above, subplane 0 1

‘

excavated i n centra l po r t ion : cen t r a l sca r ind i s t inct or not v i s i b le.

1 30 R ECENT MADR-E PORARIA or TH E H AW A I I A N ISLANDS AND LAYSAN .

43 - 66 fathoms ; tempe r at u re, F . ;coa r se sand , b roken she l l s , co r a l s ; 24 spec i

mens . inc l u d i ng Nos . 1 — 7 o f tab le.

V ic in i ty of Ka u a i Is l ands , S tat ion 41 28 ; depth , 68— 253 fathoms ; 2 spec imens . Noloca l i ty ,

2 spec imens . Tota l , 48 spec imens .D r

. Cha r les (i rav ier, of the Museum d’H istoire Nat u r e l le, Pa r i s , has sen t to me,

in a. lot of mate r i a l s u bm i tted for ident ificat ion , 1 2 spec imens col lected at D j i bou t i ,F r

ench Soma l i l and eas t coast of Af r i ca. These spec imens and t hose f r om the

Hawai ian I s l ands are in some i nstan ces so s imi la r th at i f m i xed they co u l d not be

sepa r ated .

I t i s do u btf u l w hethe r P r o fesso r Dode r lei n ’s - l fi l 'ngl rz arose“can be kep t d i st i n ct

f rom .F. patel la .

FU NG I A F R AG I L I S (A l co ck ) .P late XX V I I I , figs . 1 , I d .

1 893 . D iaserisfi-

agil isA LCOCK , Jour.

A s iat ic Soc . Bengal , LX I I , Pt. 2 , No. 2 , p . 1 48 , p l . v , fig. 1 1 .

Co r a l l um - f0 1'i i i , ve r y s l igh t ly a r ched ado r a l l y , ou te r edge r athe r t h i n ,base impe r fo rate, a lmost flat o r s l igh t l y concave. Two spec imens we r e ob ta i ned ,1 cons i s t i ng of a s i ngle segment , the othe r of two u n i ted segmen ts .

The meas u rements are

L ength of Greatest Th ickness Th icknessbpecm en . radius . breadth . at mon th . at periphery.

No . 1 , s ing le segmen tNo . 2

Fi rst segmen tSecond segmen t.

“Greatest d iameter , 30 mm .

Cos tis l ow ,c rowded , fine

,m i n u te l y g r an u l ated a l ong the i r edges , s u beq u a l or

s l ight lv a l te r nat i ng in s i ze . They may be con t i n u o u s f rom the pe r i phe r y to the apexof the segment o r may be confined to a pe r i phe r a l zone, the inne r po r t ion of the baseshow i ng c rowded . i r reg u l a r ly d i sposed sma l l g r an u l at ions .

Septa V e r y n ume ro u s , 1 84 in the sma l le r segment of spec imen No . 2 ; i n the l a r ge rspec imen between 7 and 8 cyc les , c rowded , va ry ing in t h i ck ness , r a the r th i n in spec imen No . 1

,r athe r th i ck in spec imen No . 2 . When the edge of the co r a l l um i s l ooked

at in p r ofi le,a l l are of eq u a l p rom inence

,b u t immed iate l y w i th i n they u sua l ly a l te r nate

in he i gh t . The sma l le r fuse to the s ides of the l a r ge r . Those r ep r esen t i ng the fi r stand second cyc les are mo re p r om i nen t ado r a l ly than the othe r s . The septal ma r ginsare fine l y den t-ate, the dentat i o ns i r reg u la r in s i ze an d s hape, somet imes two—po inted .

The septa l faces are beset w i th ve r y n ume r o u s,ve r y c rowded , p r om i nen t bl u n t

g r an u les;Local i ty

— So u th coas t of Mo l okai I s l and, S tat i o n 3850 ; depth , 43— 66 fath oms ;

bo ttom, coa r se sand , b roken she l l s , co r a l s ; tem'

iperature , F . ; assoc iated w i thFungw p atel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .

a Sei ic k enberg. naturfor. Gese l l . , Abhandl . , XX V I I , 1 902 , p . 73 , p l . I v ,figs . I —l b; p l . V , figs . 4, 4a.

BULLET I N 59,UN I TED STATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .

Remark s — P r ofesso r Dode r le i n p l aces D iaserls fragi le'

s A l cock i n the sy nonymyof F'

emgz'

a p atel la ,and he may be co r rect . The two specimens f rom the Hawa i ia n

I s l ands,howeve r

,are so (l itl

'

erent f rom the spec imens ofF p atel la that I p refe r tokeep them apa r t

,at leas t fo r the p resent . The on ly difi'

erence that I can d isco v e rbetween the I l awai ian spec imens and Docto r A l cock ’s f rom the I nd i an Ocean i s theth i cke r septa of one of the fo rme r s pec imens .

F UN G I A S CUTA R IA Lam arck .

P late xxvm , figs. 3 , 3a ,3b; P lates xxrx , X XX ,

X XX ],xxxu .

1 80 1 . Fungia scuta'ria LAMA RCK , Syst . An im . san s V er t . , p . 3 70 .

1 902 . Fangia sc ularia Di iDERLE i N , Senck enb . naturfor. Gesel lsch . , Abhandl . , XX V I I , p . 91 , p l .vm

, figs . 1 —6 (Synonymy. )

D esm'ip l ion of a sp ecimen w it/tout ten tacular lobes , from Z aysan .— Co r a l l um

ova l,ma r g ins r ounded , u ppe r s u r face ve r y s l igh t l y a r ched , a lmos t flat

,base pract i

ca l l y flat,somewhat i r r eg u l a r . Length

,mm . ; w idth , 56 ; he i gh t , mm.

Lobat i on of the edge ve r y s l igh t .U nde r s ide costate, the costse eq u a l or s u beq u a l in s i ze

,w i th i r reg u la r l y dentate

ma r g i ns,teeth somet imes fo r ked , g r an u l at ions on both the teeth and the s ides of the

costee . M i dd le of the base damaged . M u r a l pe r fo r a t ions ve r y scarce .

Septa eq u a l at the pe r i phe r y of the co r a l l um. A l i t t le ove r fo r ty bound the

fossa w i th t he i r i n ne r ma r g ins ; abo u t the same n umbe r are on l y s l igh t ly s ho r te r ;the septa nex t in s i ze extend ha l f

,o r mo re

,of the d istance to the ax is f rom the

pe r i p he r y , d rop down s u dden ly , and are cont i n u ed ado r a l l y by a th i n ne r,lowe r

po r t ion . I n a sys tem the re are one or two st i l l s ho r te r sets of septa . The i r cou r sesare somewhat u nd u l ate. The septa are r athe r t h i n . Septa l ma rg i ns fine l y dentate

,

o r s u ben t i r e. Ten tacular lobesweak ly develop edorabsent..S epta l faces r athe r c lose l y

an d fine l y g r an u late. Ju st be l ow the ma r g in r athe r f req u en t l y t he r e are kn i fe- edger i dges r u n n i ng pe r pend i c u l a r to the ma r g i n and co r r espond ing in pos i t ion to septa ldentat ions .

Local i ty — Laysan I s l and , 1 spec imen .

H ewwrl :s.

— Th i s spec imen i s F. sm tarla lg/p iea, acco r d i ng to Dode r le i n’sdesc r i p t i on .

“

H e says :The typ ical Fungia scutaria Lamarck possesses on l v an ind ist in c t or weak te n tac u lar lobe , wh ich

can be recogn i zed on ly t h ro ugh the t h icken ing of the cor respond ing p laces on the septa ; the u nders ide i s u s ua l ly th ick ly sp in u lose , the d isk i s flat orarched .

A s a r u le the septa of the spec imen justdeseribed are somewhat th i ckened , but not. great ly ; in thep laces cor respond ing to the ten tac u lar lobes , howe v er , d i st inct lobes are common ly absen t .

The B u rea u of F i s he r ies steame r A lbatross fo r tunate l y obta i ned some yo u ngFangel's, p r obab l y F. scalar/fa, a l though i t can not be pos i t i ve l y dec ided that t hey arenot F

Iva S tutehbury. One spec imen i s rep r esen ted by th ree v iews on I ’ l ate

XXV I I I,figs . 3

,3a

,3b. I t i s an anthocormus, cons i s t ing of th ree anthoblasts , one of

a Senek enb . naturfor. Gesel lsch . , Abhandl . , XX V I I , 1 902 , p . 95, p l . rm . figs . 4,4a .

1 3 2 RECENT MADRE I ’ORAR I A OF TH E H AW A I I AN I S L AN DS A ND LAYS AN .

wh i ch i s in the anthoeyathus stage and i s r eady to become detached f r om the antho

cau lus .

“ The re is a l so a detached yo u ng i nd i v i d u a l , wh i ch i s a t rophozoo i d o r ananthoblast . I t does not seem desirab lo to desc r i be t hese yo u ng i n deta i l , b u t thedi tl ercnce between them and Oaryop/tyl l z

'

a sho u l d be noted . The smal lest anthoblastin fig u re 3b ofP lato XXV I I I i s d i s t i nct l y a F ungl a and bea r s l i t t le mo re r esemb lanceto Caryop /ag/l l l a

than does the ad u l t q gla . The septa l ma rg i ns are den tate, some are

l ace r ate l y dentate, and even in t hat stage synapt i c u l a are p r esen t . These spec imensdo not even s u gges t any ve r y c lose affi n i ty to the Caryophyl l iid co r a l s , b u t t hey dor esemb le Tree/toserls or the yo u ng ofAgaricla .

D escrip tion of the fir/an, i n w il l-ob. tbe ten tacular lobes are develop ed— These

spec imens are d i st i ng u i shed f r om the typ i ca l fo rm of the spec ies p r i n c i pa l l y by thepossess i on of s t rong tentac u l a r l obes r o u nded at the s ummi ts and p r oject i ng beyondthe leve l o f the u ppe r edges of the ne i gh bo r ing septa . S u ch spec imens have beennamed F. den tlgel

'a,F. cerm

’

l l z’

ana,etc.

,b u t the tentac u l a r l obes are too va r iab le in

deve lopment to f u r n i s h specific c r i te r i a .The re i s anothe r diffe rence between the Lays -an spec imens and the typ i cal fo rm ;

the sp i nes on the costre are s imp le,r a the r po inted , and t he i r s u r f ace i s n o t nea r l y so

ro u gh ly g r an u l ated as in the spec imen desc r i bed as typ i ca l ; m i nute g r anu l at i on s ,howeve r

,occ u r on the s u r face of the sp ines .

The meas u r ements are :

Length . Width . H e ight. Th ickness.

771 771 .

a Speeimen deformed .b Spec imen recei ved from Prof . W. T. B r igham . Th e tentacu lar lobes are unusual ly strongl y de vel oped.

l ocal l tles.

— Laysan ,1 4: spec imens

,A lbatross. P u koo

,Mo l okai

,1 spec imen ;

Kaneohe,Oah u

,3 spec imen s ; no defin i te l oca l i ty

,1 dead spec imen w i th 5 t r opho

zooids attached ; depth 3 to 6 feet ; r ece i ved f r om W. T . B r igh am. Duerden a l soco l lected spec imens at P u koo and Kaneohe.

R emark s — Add i t i onal obse r vat i ons o n th i s spec ies can be fo u nd on page 1 09, i nthe d i sc u ss ion of the fam i l y Fungi idae.

“Cf. G . C. Bo u rne, The anatomy of the Mad reporar ian Coral Fungia ,Q uar t . Jo u r . M icros . Sci . ,

XX V I ],1 887

, pp . 293 , 324, p ls. xxm—x x v : On the post - emb ryon ic de ve lopment of Fang-ia, Sci .

Trans . Roy. D ub l in Soc .,2d ser. , 1 893 , V , pp . 205—238 , pls. xxu—x x v .

1 34 R ECENT MADR E I’OKA R IA OF TH E H AW’ A I I A N I SLA NDS A ND LAYS AN .

FU NG I A PAUM OTE N S I S S tu tch bury .

P late XXX V .

1 833 . I f’ztngiup aumotcnsis Srurcueunv ,

Trans . L inn . Soc . London ,X VI

, p . 485, p l . xxxn , fig. 6 .

1 886 . Fungia p atonolmzsis Q u ent i n ,Reef Cora ls , Chal lenger Rept , p . 30 .

1 902 . F imgia paurnotensis DOD E R LE i N ,Senck enb . nat u ri . Gesel lsch .

,Abh andl .

, XX V I I , p . 88,

p l . V I I,

“figs . 1—5. (S y nonymy )P rofesso r Dode r le i n gi ves the fo l l ow i ng as the sa l ien t cha r acte r s of th i s spec iesD isk o va l

,on ly s l igh t ly arched ; wal l pcrfm’

ate,w i th the except ion of a large area in the' cen ter .

lx’

ibs eq ual in s i ze, represented by rows of ro u gh gran u la t ions orshort Sp ines of the same s i ze, wh i ch a lsou s ua l ly occ u r on the cen tra l area. Septa u neq ua l in heigh t , straigh t or i r reg u lar ly s in u o u s , marg insen t i re

,fine ly too thed or jagged , se ldom w i th a few e longate sp in i form teet h : no ten tac u lar lobes .

A ttai ns a length of200 inm .

Q u e l c h “ r epo r ts th i s spec ies f rom the Hawai i an I s l ands . I have not seen i tf rom the re. I n o r de r to i l l u st r ate the spec ies

,howeve r

,a spec imen f rom the P h i l i p

p i ne I s l ands i s figured on P l ate XXXV . F. paronoiwasz’

s d iffe r s f rom F sectaria

by hav ing the septa u neq u a l in hei gh t at the ma r gin of the d i sk , w he r eas in the

l atte r thev are eq u a l .

F U NG I A E CH I N A T A (P a l la s ) .P lates XXX V I , XXX V I I .

1 766 . Madrepora echinata PA LLA S,E lench . Zoophyt . , p . 284.

1 901 . Fungal ech inata STUDER , Zoo l . .Iahrb .

,S y st

,XL

,p . 405.

1 902 . [Magic echinata DonERLE I N , Senc k enb . nat u r i . Gesel lsch .,Abhandl . , XX V I I , p . .

1 01,p l . X , figs . 1 —5. (Synonymy )

The r e i s no spec imen of th i s spec ies f rom the Hawai i an I s l ands in the U n i tedS tates Nat ional M u se um ,

nor d i d the Albatross exped i t ion of 1 902 p r oc u r e any.

P rofesso r S t u de r savs zb

A large Spec imen of t h i s spec ies , f rom the Hawai ian I s lands, i s in the Nat u ra l H i s tory M u se umin Berne. I t was co l lected by Mr. B ischoff , to whom the M u se um i s indebted for st i l l o ther cora lsf rom t hat g ro u p of i s lands , s u ch as Fang-ia. verrilliana

, Pavon-iu. var ian s, and others, so th at there can be

no do u b t as to the correctness of the loca l i ty.

DeScri-p t'iovl. (after Doder lein ) .

— “ Disk v ery m u c h longer than broad : ora l f u r row ex ceeds in lengththe width of the d isk ; wa l l w i th pores and s l i ts near ly to the m idd le .

Unders ide rather u n i form lyand th i ck ly co v ered w i t h mos t st r ik i ng ly tho rny, e longate sp ines ; septa at the edge of the d i sk ofuneq u a l heigh t , w i th large , ta l l teeth , wh i ch are v ery ro u gh ly gran u lated or wa vy.

Reaches a length ofabo u t 400 mm .

”

The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um possesses a li ne su i te of spec imens of t h i sSpemes from the P h i l i pp i ne I s l ands . I am u s i ng one of t hem for the i l l ust r at ions

,

P l a tes XXXV I,XXXV I I .

(l Reef Cora l s , Cha l lenger Repor t , p . 30 .

l3 Z o0 l . Jah rb . ,Syst

,XL

,p . 405.

BULLETI N 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .

Fam i l y AGARICI IDZE Ve r r i l l .G en u s P A V O N A L am a rc k .

P A V ON A V A R I AN S V erri l l .P late XXX V I I I , figs. 1 , l a .

1 864. Pa vmu’

a var ians V ERR I L L,B u l l . Mus . Comp . Zoo l . , I , p . 55.

Original desm'ip t

'zfon .

— Verril l’

s o r i g i na l desc r i p t ion was as fo l l ows :Cora l l um i ncr u st ing , varying in form according to the object. u pon wh ich i t grows

, at t imes g lomc rate , mas s i ve, and g ibbo u s , w i th shor t , ang u lar , or con vol u ted crests r i s ing f rom the s u rface. Thesesomet imes become more e le v ated , w i th an ac u te edge, or, by incr u s t ing the t u bes of Serpula’

,r i se in to

i r reg u lar ramose forms . Septa f rom 1 2 to 1 6,the pr imary ones th ickened , s trong ly gran u lated . Cel ls

rather sma l l,open ; co l ume l la sma l l

, papi l l i l'

orm often wan t ing — Sandw i ch I s lands ; A . Gar ret t.P l ate XXXV I I I , fig u res 1

,1 a , g i ves v iews of a specimen and rende r u nnecessa r y

a mo re lengthy desc r i pt i on of the fo rm of the co r a l l um. Rathe r of ten the ma r gi nof the co r a l l um may be f ree and p roject a cent imete r or somewhat mo r e beyond theobject of attachmen t . The u nde r s u r face of the f r ee edge i s cove red w i th s i n u o u sg ran u l ated st r iae and i s f u r r owed , the f u r r ows co r respond ing to the co l l ines of theuppe r s u r face ; t he re are sh r eds of ep i theca , in fac t i t i s p r obab le t hat t he re i s afa i r l y comp lete ep i theca between the co l o ny and the object of s u ppo r t . An epi theca ledge i s v i s i b le for cons i de r ab le d i stances .

The u s u a l n umbe r of septa to a ca l i ce i s l a rge r t han that g i ven by P r ofesso rVe r r i l l

,abo u t 94, w i th 6 o r 8 l a r ge r than the othe r s . Synapt i c u l a we l l deve l oped

,

modera te l y ab u ndan t, and the re are some,t ho u gh not ve r y n ume ro u s , d i ssep imen ts .

The co l ume l l a w hen p resen t i s poo r l y deve loped,a s i ngle t u be r c le , b u t u s u a l l y

i t i s absent .Local ities .

— No r t heas t coas t of Hawai i I s l and , S tat ion 4053 ; depth , 2 6— 29 fat homs ; bottom,

fine g r ay sand ; 1 dead spec imen . Reef at Ka u nakaka i . Mo loka iI s l and ; 2 spec imens . Two othe r spec imens

,w i tho u t loca l i ty l abe l s , we re p robab l y

obtained the re. P u koo,Mo loka i

,4spec imens ; Kahana , Oah u , 1 spec imen : Kaneohe ,

Oahu , 1 spec imen ; Wa i k i k i , Oah u , 1 spec imen ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; rece i ved f r omW. T . B r i gham . P rofesso r Duerden co l lected the spec ies at Kaneohe.

Remark s — Th i s spec ies c lose ly r esemb les I ’d /vow“ rep ew B r u eggemann , the

most notewo r thy d i ffe rence is tha t the latte r possesses a d i st i nct papi l l a ry co l ume l l a .P A V O N A DUE R D E N I , n ew spec ie s .

P late XXX V I I I , figs . 2,20

, 3 .

The co r a l l um g rows in the fo rm of p l ates a cent imete r t h i ck , or somewhat mo re,o r as an i r r eg u l a r l y nodose mass .

The ca l i ces are sma l l,and a l t ho u gh d i s t inc t l y de l im i ted , occ u r in rathe r defin i te

r ows,wh ich r o u gh l y pa r a l le l the g row ing edge. The ca l i ces in one row are sepa r ated

by na r row wal l s ; adj o i n i ng r ows are sepa r ated by fiat co l l i nes . The d i stance betweencal icinal cen te r s in the same r ow i s abo u t mm between oppos i te cen te r s ac ross aco l l i ne, abo u t 2 mm .

1 3 6 RECE NT MADREPORA R I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I SL ANDS AND LAYSAN .

The.co l l i nes are .

as has been sa id , fl attened , t he r e are no c rests , and are c r ossedbv the septa - costw ,

wh i c h are c rowded and r eg u la r l y a l te r nate in he i gh t .The u sua l n umbe r of septa for each ca l i ce i s twe l ve, two cyc les , of wh ich the s i x

p r ima r ies are dec ided l y the l a r ge r and mo r e [n ominent, and jo i n the co l ume l l a bythei r i nne r ends . I n some ca l i ces two ,

or even mo re, of the seconda r ies may r eachthe co l ume l l a ; whe re th i s cond i t ion p r evai l s septa of the t h i r d cyc le are p resent .The edges of the septo—costa l po r t ions of the septa l ie in a p l ane, and are m icroscopical lv den t i c u l ate ; the i nne r ma r gi ns fa l l ab r u pt l y to the bottom of the ca l i cu l a r fossaand appea r to be ent i re. The faces of the septa and of the septo - costae are m inu tel ygran u l ated .

Both synapt i c u l a , wh i ch are r athe r sca r ce , and th in d i ssep imen ts, wh i chare ab u ndan t

,occ u r in the i n te r septa l l oc u l i . The tex t u r e of the co r a l l um i s l i gh t.

The co l ume l l a i s cmnpressed,often l ame l l ate , and s i t u a ted i n the bottom of a

na r r ow,r a the r deep ca l i c u l a r fossa .

[ oadi iy— P u koo

,Mo loka i

,2 spec imens ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; rece i ved f r om

W. T . B r igham .

C'

otyp es— Two spec imens

,Nos . 2 1 630 and 2 1 631 ,

R emark s — The re i s a dec i ded ly p u zz l ing g ro u p of spec ies , appa r en tly be l onging to the gen u s Pan/m a

,wh i ch comp r i ses Pavona clafv

'us Dana ; 2 u ndesc r i bed

spec ies r ep r esented by spec imens in the U n i ted S tates Nat i ona l Museum, one

f rom F u naf u t i and the Paumotus,the othe r f r om the Ga l apagos I s l ands ; Pomona

cl irusa.Ve r r i l l . f rom Panama , and the spec ies he r e desc r i bed . I t is a lmost ce r ta i n thatS . ind/(licensesGa rd i ne r be longs w i th t hem,

andmost p r obab ly some of the specnnensf rom the Paumotus in the Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um wh i ch I have ten tat i ve l yr efe r red to P . lotistel laifi Dana . These spec ies are cha r acte r i zed by hav ing d i s t i nct ,cont in u o u s

,co ra l l i te wal l s

,wh i ch on the g r ow ing edges o r the ap i ces of the co r a l l a

of ten ex i st sepa rate l y . I n t hese a reas synapt i c u l a may be p r esent , both exothecal lyand endothecal ly. S u bseq u ent ly , by the depos i t i on of s te reop l asm,

the i nd i v i d u a lco r a l l i te wal l s and the. synapt i c u l a are u n i ted i nto a compact w al l . P oi -one gigan tea

Ve r r i l l,f rom Panama , has a ro u nd i ts o l de r ca l i ces wa l l s s im i l a r to those a r o u nd the

o l de r ca l i ces of the p rev io u s l y men t ioned spec ies,but a l ong i ts g row i ng edge the

wal l s can be seen to o r ig inate as synapt i c u l a,pe r i phe r a l l y p l aced a ro u n d the co r a l l i te

cav i ty , wh i ch late r f u se, fo rm i ng a k i nd of theca . The co r a l l i te wa l l s o f P. gigan tea

are morpl'

io logical ly the same as i n.

P. cristata (E l l i s and S o l ande r ) , P. lamDana,

P. crassa Dana. prminrmDana , etc .

Two of these spec ies , olemas Dana and S idem strea maldioensis Ga r d i ne r,have

been r efe r red to the gen u s S ifl em streri,typespec ies 1l[adrep 0m radians Pa l l as ; and

they s u pe r fi c i a l l y r esemb le that germs . Upon c l ose-r sc r u t i ny an add i t i ona l r esemb l ance i s fo u nd in the d i s ti nct , cont i n u o u s co ‘

al l ite wal l s,bu t t he r e are impo r tan t

d i ffe r ences . The septa l ma rg i ns of the spec ies d i sc u ssed i n the fo r ego ing rema r ksare ent i re o r m i c roscop i ca l l y dentate, and the septa l lamel lfe are abso l u te l y so l i d . I n

the 5 or 6 spec i es . specimens of wh i ch I have st u d ied,the re i s pe r s i sten t l y a l ame l

l afe co l ume l la or a comp r essed sty l i fo rm col ume l la . The sep tal margi ns of S ide?as/reu are dentate

,the dentat ions ro u nded

,one dentat i on co r respond i ng

to each septa l t r abec u la . T/w younger sep ta, are distinctly the perforations not be/m/ confi ned lo the in ner edges. Acco r d ing to the va l u at i on of ch a r acte r sat p resent accepted for the P u ng ida , the spec ies typ i fied by P . clavus Dana , etc.

,

1 3 8 RECENT MAD RE PURA R IA H F TH E HAW A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAY SAN .

the ( l l ( l l l ll l ‘ ca l i ces 1s f rom 1 . 5 to Q. 5 mm . The e l l i p t i ca l ones may have a g r eate rd iame te r o f 1 1 1 1 11 . and a lesse r of abo u t 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 . The re are no co l l ines .

The u nde r s i de of the co r a l l um i s fi ne l y s t r iate ,the strize de l i cate l y g r an u l ated ,

eq u al or s l igh t l y a l te r nat i ng in s i ze . The septo - costze of the u ppe r s i de are fine,de l i cate l y g ran u l ated , s t r a igh t or s l igh t ly flex u o u s , eq u a l o r s l i gh t l y a l te r n at ing i ns i ze . Rat he r f req u ent l y on the p rox ima l s i de of a ca l i ce they may be i r reg u l a r l yz igzag . The faces of the - cos ta1 show no perfo r at ions .

The n umbe r of the septa to a ca l i ce va r ies ‘ f rom 1 4 to 26 , the ca l i ces nea r thecente r u s u a l l y ha v i ng fewe r t han t hose nea r the pe r i phe r y . The re i s no defi n i tecy c l i ca l arrang1 -1 1 1 1 ent, b u t somet imes the re i s a fa i r l y r eg u l a r a l te r nat ion of l a r ge rand sma l le r

,wi th occas ional r udimenta ry septa . The septa a r o u nd the o u te r edge

of the ca l i ce are t h i cke r than the septo - costee . The i r i nne r edges are t h inne r . A l l

septa i1 1 1 1'1 1 appa rent l y the i nne r po r t i ons of the ma r g ins en t i r e ; facesm i n u te l y g ran u l ate .

The re are oc cas iona l d issepiments in the basa l po r t ion of the co r a l l um ; synaptic u l a ab u ndant . Ca l i c u lar fossa na r row , mode r ate l y deep . Co l ume l l a u s u a l l y we l ldeve loped , sol i d , composed of one or t wo pap i l lae.

Loco l i/fos

On the so u th co ast ofMo loka i I s l and ‘

S tat ion 3823 ; depth , 7 13 - 2 22 fathoms ; bottom , fine sandand pebb les ; tempe r a t u reF . ; 2 good spec imens .S ta t ion 3845; depth , 130—04 fathoms ; bottom , coa r se Sand , pebb les , she l ls ; tempe r

at u re,7 1 ° to TI . SG F . ; 4 spec imens , i nc l ud ing thel a r ges t one fo u nd .

S ta t ion 3848 ; depth 44 fathoms ; bottom,sand , g r ave l ; 7 spec imens , verv good

ones .S tat ion 3849 ; depth 43 - 73 fathoms ; bottom,

coa r se sand , b roken she l l s , co r a l ;seve ra l ve r y good spec imens . The ma r g i ns of the co r a l l a lobed , the lobes

'

muchcon to r ted .

V i c in i ty ofKa u a i I s l andS tat ion 4024; depth 24- 43 fat homs ; bottom,

coa r se co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe r a ; tem1O F .

,2 sma l l spec imens .

S tat ion 41 28 ; depth , (38 fathoms ; bottom ,coa r se b r oken 0 0 1 al sand fo r am i

n i fc ira : te 1npe 1 ature, F . 3 y o u ng or ve r y sma l l spec imens .S tat ion 41 32 ; dept h , 257 - 3 1 2 f11 thoms ; bottom,

fine g r ay sand,mud; tempe r at u r e,

l 1 young 0 1 s t u nted spec imen .

No i the:1 st t oast of Hawaii I s la nd :S tat ion 40533 ; dcpt l1 , 2 6 29 fathoms ; bottom,

fine g r ay sand sevei al fairb

ly o ood

8 111 1-1 1

1 in'

i ons .S tation 4054; depth , 2 6 - 50 fathoms ; bottom. coa r se co 1

a] sand,co r a l l ines ; seve r a l

good specimens .S ta ti on 4055; depth . 50 - 62 fat homs ; bot-tom,

fi ne g r ay sand,fo r am i n i fe r a ; spec i

mens m u c h broken,b u t o r i g ina l l y we r e l a r ge.

Pa i lo l o Channe l , between Ma u i a nd Mo loka i I s l andsS tat ion 41 00 ; depth , 1 30 - 1 51

'fathoms ; bottom co r a l sand , she l l s , fo r am in i fe r atempe rat u re

, 6 1 . 0C F . ; 1 sma l l spec imen .

BULLET IN 59,UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 39

Th i s spec ies was co l lected at 1 1 stat i ons a ro u nd the Hawa i ian I s lands,the so u nd

ing show i ng a r ange f r om 29 to at leas t 257 fathoms , b u t al l the spec imens co l lectedin deep wate r and at a tempe r at u re as low as 01 ° F . , are sma l l, be i ng e i the r y o u ngor s t u nted in t he i r g rowth . The mos t favo r ab le cond i t ions for g rowth are a depthbetween 2 6 and 73 fathoms , a tempe r at u r e of abo u t 70° F . , a c lea r bottom of sand ,pebb les

,or s he l l s .

— The cha r acte r i zat ion of the spec ies i s not based u pon a s ing le spec imen

,b u t upon 1 1 n umbe r of spec imens that g i ve some i dea of i ts va r i at ion . They

are, wi th the n umbe r s t hey bea r in the U n i ted S tates Nat io na l M u se um ,as fo l l ows :

Fo u r spec imens,Cat. Nos . 2 0843

,20873 , f rom S tat ion 3845 ; 4 spec imens , Cat . Nos .

2 0844, 20876 , f r om S tat ion 3848 ; 5 spec imens , Cat . Nos . 2 0845, 20875, f rom S tat ion3849 ; 2 spec imens , Cat. No . 20874. f rom S tat i on 4055.

L E PTO S E R I S S C A B R A , n ew spec ie s .P late X LI

,figs . 1 , 1 1 1 , 2 .

Th i s spec ies bea r s considerab l 1- 1 resemb l 1-i nce to the p r eced ing , the refo r e to a

ce r ta in deg r ee the fo l low ing d iagnos i s is compa r at i ve.

The yo u ng co r a l l um i s bow l - shaped or somewhat exp lanate,w i th the attachmen t

at the cente r of the base. Late r the ma r g ins may be r eflected and i r reg u la r ly u nd ul ated . The d iamete r may r each 1 00 mm . ; the co r a l l um i s r e l at i ve l y th i cke r th an in

L . lwmca i/m.sis .

Ca l i ces u n i fac ia l ; cen t r a l ca l i ce d i st inct in yo u ng co lon ies , b u t may be obsc u r edi n o lde r ones , the o the r ca l i ces may be i r reg u l a r l y scatte r ed , b u t u s u a l l y concent r i c.a r r angemen t i s p rono u nced . The p rox ima l s i des of the cal ices are a lmos t inva r i ab l yswo l len and e le v ated , p rod u c ing , when se v e r a l ca l i ces are s i t u ated c lose togethe r ina r ow

,a mo re or less con t i n u o u s r i dge belOw the cal i cu l a r open ings . L

o ften has the p rox ima l s i des of the ca l i ces somewhat swo l len,b u t a row of ca l i ces

bo u nded be low by a r i dge was not obse r ved . The t r ansve r se o u t l ines of the ca l i ces areu s u a l l y e l l i pt i ca l , the sho r te r ax is pa r a l le l to the cou r se of the septo - costm. G r eate rd i amete r , 3 to 5 mm. ; l esse r , 2 to 4 mm .

O u te r s i de o f the co r a l l u m st r i ate , the s t r iae ve r y fine,ac u te,

o ften b lade - l i ke,

and d i stan t,t he i r edges 1 1 1 icroscopical ly se r r ate. The septo - co s t1 1 are in compa r i son

w i th l . coa r se,ii sual ly d i s ti nct l y a l te r nat i ng in s i ze. The edges are

ry i r r eg u la r l y dentate , the dentat ions hav i ng sma l le r seconda r y dentat ions and1

'

1 1 icroseopie sp i nes . The dentat ions are not verv p r omi nen t,are longe r t han b r oad

,

and have a ro u gh s u r face. The ext r eme ro u gh ness of the who le ca l i c u la r s u r fa ce i sthe mo st st r i k ing d i ffe rence f rom I . 11, 1 1 1 11a zfie7 1 s5s. I n the v ic i n i ty of the ca l i ces

,and

espec ia l l y on the i r p rox ima l s ide,the septo - costm i nc rease in 's i ze and prominen

The faces of the septo - costze s how n ume ro u s per fo r at ions . The Septo - costm in

L . i nmectu ensis are impe r fo r ate .

The n umbe r o f septa to a ca l ice va r ies f rom abo u t 1 6 to 2 13. cm-

ept i ng the cent r a lca l i ce

,wh i ch may have as many as 36 . Us u a l l y no defin i te cyc l i ca l a r r angement can be

recogn i zed . I nne r po r t ion of the ma rg i n ent i re ; the septa l faces ve r y m i n u te l y and

dense l y g r an u l ated .

1 41 ; RECENT MADREPQ RM MA (1 1? TH E H AW A I I AN ”

I S L A NDS A ND LAY SAN .

Synapti c u l a ve r y ab u ndant between the septo - costa1 , and the re are somedissepimt-ui ts . Ca l i c u l a r fossa , na r row ,

r athe r deep . Co l ume l l a poo r l y deve loped ,composed of a few papil lze or may be absent .

Luca]

So u th coas t ofMo loka i I s l andS tat ion 3823 ; depth , 78— 2 2 2 fathoms ; bottom ,

fine sand , pebb les ; tempe r at u re,(30° F .

’ 1 spec imen .

S tat ion 3848 ; depth , 48— 73 fathoms ; bottom ,sand,g r avel ; tempe r at u re, F . ;

l spec imen .

A u a u Chan ne l . between Ma u i and Lana i i s l ands :S ta t ion 38 70 ; depth , 28—43 fathoms ; bottom , sand , g r avel ; tempe r atu r e, “

74° F .

3 spec imens,2 of wh i ch h a v e a cons ide rab le n umbe r of yo u ng attached to t he i r bases .

No r theast coast of Haw a i i I s l andS tat ion 4053 ; depth , 2 6— 29 fathoms ; bottom , fine

,g r ay sand ; 1 dead spec imen

w i t h u n u s u a l l y l a rge cal i ces ,and 2 b r oken yo u ng spec imens .

S tat ion 4054; depth , 26— 50 fathoms ; bottom ,coa r se co r a l sand and co r a l l i nes ;

1 yo u ng spec imen .

The cond i t ions of l i fe mos t favo r ab le to t h i s spec ies are a depth of wate rbetween 2 6 and 40 or 50 fa thoms , a tempe r atu r e a l i tt le ove r 70° F . , and a c lean ,sandy o r pebb ly bo ttom .

Types— Th ree spec imens and attached yo u ng , S tat i on 387 6 , Cat . No . 20885

,

and 1 spec imen,S tat ion 3823 , Cat . No . 20886

,U. S .N.M

R e71 1 1 /71ZJ.51 . —Tl1 is speci es i s to be d i ffe r en t i ated f rom I . Maura/

aw ash ch iefly bythe ro u ghe r ma r gi n s and the ve r y pe r fo r ate cha r acte r of i ts septo -

costae.

L E PTO S E R I S D IG I T A T A,n ew spec ies .

P late XL I I,figs . 1

,22 .

Co r a l l um sma l l , d ig i t i fo rm. The. yo u ng co r a l l um possesses a s i ngle cal i ce.

, and

i s i n v e r se l y con i ca l in s hape. The ma r g in of the uni - ca l i c u l a te co r a l l um becomeslobatc , each lobe hav ing a w id th of abo u t 3 mm . As t hese l obes g r ow they becomeseconda r i ly l obed and c r i spate, the i nne r s u r faces concave , the o u te r convex . The

fi r s t fo rmed lobes in the l a r ge r spec imens may be as muc h as 2 mm. o r a l it t le mo r ein t h i ckness

,b u t are ve r y th in and f r ag i le at the edge.

Meas urements.

He igh t. Notes.

I n i t ial cal ice preser ved .

Do.

Broken at th e base.

Do.

Do.0

1 42 RECE NT MADR E POR-A R IA OF TH E H AWA I I AN I S L ANDS A ND LAYSAN .

g rou p i

ng in concent r i c c u r ves , seve ra l ca l ices sta nd i ng nea r togethe r in succeed ing

cu r v

es

. The ca l i ces i n these c u r ves are bo u nded be l ow by a r i dge, and u s u a l l y onthe lowe r s i de of each ca l i ce the re i s a toot h - l i ke p r oject i o n . I so l ated ca l i ces ve r ycommon lv have the lowe r s ide th i ckened , e levat ed , and s u bac u te l y te rm inated : The

ca l i ces are sm al l,2 nnn . or less in d iamete r .

The u nde r s i de of the co ra l l um i s fine l y costate ; the costm are g r anu l a ted , low,

ac u te a long the s umm i t , thei r bases to u ch ing , eq u a l or s l igh t l y al te r nat i ng in s i ze.

The i nte r io r of the t u bes , desc r i bed i n the p r eced ing r ema r ks , is the mo r pho l ogicaleq u i va len t of the l owe r s u r face of the co r a l l um. Septo - cos tae fine

, u s u a l l y t h i cke rthan the i nte r ven ing space : edges ac u te and mieroscopical lv se r r ate ; s i des ve r ymi n u te l y and ve r y dense l y g r an u lated ; pe r fo r at ion s neve r o r r a re l y p r esen t .

Septa abo u t 1 4, s u beq u a l ; the re may be a l te r nat i on in size among some. The

inne r po r t ions of the ma r gi ns often den tate ; faces m i n u te l y g r an u l ate. Synap t i cu l aand d i ssep iments , i f p resent , are r a re.

Ca l i c u l a r fossa ve r y sma l l , abo u t mm . in d iamete r , and shal l ow .

Co l ume l l a we l l deve l oped , fi l l ing p r act i ca l l y the w ho le bot tom of the ca l i ce ;appea r s to be composed of seve r a l mo r e or less tw i s ted p ieces that have fused .

Local ity.

— Ana u Chan ne l , between Ma u i and Lana i is l ands , S tat i on 3876 ; depth ,28—43 fathoms ; bottom ,

sand,g rave l ; tempe r at u re, 740 F . ; abo u t 2 0 spec imens .

Coty/zaSr— Cat . no. 2 0891 ,

G e n u s S T E P H A N A R I A V e r’r’ i l l .1 866 . S tephanocom V ERR I LL , P roc . Bos t . Soc . Nat H ist , X , p . 330 (not E h renberg ,1 867 . S tephmmria V ERR I LL , Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , I , p . 340.

1 870. S tep/mnw ia V ERR I LL , Tran s. Conn . A cad . Sci . , I , p . 545.

1 884. S lcp hanaria DUNCAN , Jo u r . L inn . Soc . London , Zool . , p . 1 60.

1 886 . S tep/mnar-ia QUELCH ,

Reef Cora l s , Chal lenger Rept , p . 1 29.

D cscrip tfmz .

— The desc r i pt i o n by Ve r r i l l i n 1 870 i s as fol lowsCora l la compo u nd , cons ist ing of i r reg u lar , shor t lobe- l ike branches . Ce l ls moderate ly large, w i th

two or t h ree c yc les of septa wh ic h are dentic u late on the edge, wel l de v e loped , and most ly confl u en tw i th those of ad jacen t cel ls. Wa l l s indis t inc t or wan t ing, the d i v i s ion s between the ce l l s indi catedon ly by sma l l , gran u lar po ints , wh ic h somet imes in ter r u p t the septa of ad join ing ce l ls . Co l ume l lapap i l lose. Pal i form pap i l lae before al l the pr inc i pal sep ta

,the inner ones becom ing con fo u nded w i t h

the co l umel la .

S TE P H AN AR IA S TE L L A T A V err i l l .P late XLI I I , figs . 2

,2a, 2b (one ofVerri l l

’s types) , 3 , 3a (f rom P u koo,

Mo lokai ) .1 866 . S tephanocora stellam V ERR I LL , P roc . Bost . Soc. Nat. H ist

,X

,p . 330.

1 870 . Stephanaria stel lula V ERR I L L , Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , 1 , p . 545, p l . 1 x ,figs. 4, 4a .

1 886 . S tcp lmnaria stel lata QUELCH,Reef Corals, Chal lenger Rept ,

pp . 1 29,1 79.

D eacrzption .

— Verri l l’

s desc r i p t ion p u b l i shed i n 1 870 is as fol l owsCoral la form ing ro u nded c l umps of shor t , i rreg u lar l y lobed and con torted branches, wh i ch are

u neq u al in s i ze and form ; somet imes near ly s imp le and ang u lar, w i th a large ce l l at the top ; at other

t imes , e ven on the same c l ump , ha v ing the s umm i t v ery m u ch expanded , so as to form flattened , contortcd lobes , w it h ac u te s umm i ts and late ra l cres ts , or e v en meandriniforrn lobes . The branches are

us ua l ly abo u t an e igh th of an i nch d istant,somet imes more, the s ides co vered w i th rather large, s tar

l ike, shal low cel l s , one, or se v eral , larger than the ot hers often term inat ing the bran ches , wh ich appea rto i ncrease. by the u pward exten s ion ofone of the edges of t hese. ce l l s by s u bmarg ina l b udd ing . Septa

BULLETI N 59,UN ITED STATES NATI ONAL MUS EUM .

1 2 to 20 , of ten wi th othe r r u d imen ta ry ones , rather th ick and st rong, w i t h sharp , sp iny gran u lat ion sor teeth on the s ides and edges , and mos t ly confl uen t w i t h those of adjacen t ce l ls . Co lo r of theu nb leached coral ash gray orye l low ish gray.

He igh t of cora l 3 i nches ; length of l i v ing po rt ion of branches to the d iameter of thelarger ce l ls of an inch .

Panama and Pear l I s lands , F. H . Bradley ; La Paz , G u l f of Cal i forn ia,J . Pedersen .

Q u e l ch in h i s Cha l lenge r Repo r ts g i ves the Hawa i i an I s l and s , r eefs at Honol u l uand the F i j i I s l ands as add i t iona l loca l i t ies .

The Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l M u se um possesses 3 spec imens f rom Panama , presen ted by P rofesso r Ve r r i l l . These spec imens are a l l smal l , sma l le r t han the l a r gestspec imen desc r i bed by P ro fesso r Ve r r i l l . The i r meas u rements are

i l l casurcmenIs .

Length . Width . Heigh t.

a Base broken .

The. l i v ing po r t i on of th e co r a l l um i s margmed by a th i n,pe l l i c u l a r

,eas i l y

detachab le, concent r i ca l l y m in u te l y st r i ate and w r i n k led ep i theca,remnan ts ofwh i ch

may be seen on the lower“dead po r t ion , b u t i f i t we re once comp lete i t h as now beenmost l y b r oken away .

The gene r a l desc r i pt ion of P r ofesso r Ve r r i l l is as good as can be des i red . The

septa are a lmost impe r fo r ate,occas i o na l l y

,b u t ve r y r a rely

,a po r e co u l d be d i s

cove red . S to u t synapt i c u l a we l l deve l oped . The re are a l so a few th in d i s sep imen ts .D r . W. T . B r i gham has sent to the Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l M u se um 2 spec imens

of a S tep /Lanaria , f rom P u koo , Mo loka i , depth 3 to 6 feet. tha t I am unab le todifl

'

erent iate f rom S . stel lata . The spec imens f r om the Hawa i i an I s l ands often,or

u s u a l ly,have somewhat na r r owe r septo - costze and the synapti c u l a between them are

mo r e n ume r o u s and mo re v i s i b le t han i n the Panama spec imen . I t seems , howeve r ,tha t no spec ific d i ffe rence can be based on these cha r acte r s , as the spec imens f romboth l oca l i t ies show va r i at i on .

P r ofesso r D unden obta ined spec imens at Oah u .STE P H AN AR I A B R IGH AM I

,new spec ies .

P late XLI I I , figs . 4, 4a, 5.

Co ra l l um fo rmi ng a ro u nded c l ump of st u bby b r anches ; he i gh t , 1 4mm . ; g r eate rdi ameter

,72 mm . ; lesse r , 66 mm. The b r anches are c rowded , a lmos t to u ch ing , i n

fo rm s u b te r ete or somewhat comp r essed,d iamete r be low te rmina l d i v i s ion s 6 to 8

mm. Lowe r edge of l i v i ng po r t ion ep i t hecate ; l i v i ng po r t ion meas u res 1 0 to 1 3 mm.

i n length . Te rm inal b r an ch lets or lobes of verv u neq u a l s i ze, va r y i ng f r om i nd i st i n ct lobat ions to 7 nnn . in length .

1 44 RE CE NT MADRE I ’ORARI A O F TH E H A WA I I AN I S LA N DS A ND LAYSAN .

Ca l i ces verv sha l low ; in fact , they are s u pe r fic ia l . They possess no d i st i n ctbo u nda r ies , b u t are connected by confl u ent septo - costae. D i s tance between cen te r s2 to nnn .

The r e are f rom 2 0 to 2 1 septa to each ca l i ce ; 7 o r 8 of t hese ex tend tothe ca l i c u la r fossa and bea r smal l pa l i fo rm l obes . The co l umel l a i s a s ty l i fo rmt u be r c le ,

occas io nal lv mo re than one t u be r c le. There i s a c i r cula r space su r r o u nd ingthe t u be r c le and sepa rat ing i t from the i nne r ends of the septa . The septa areso l i d

,th i ck

;dec ided ly th i cke r t han the w i d th of the inte r septa l l oc u l i . Septal

ma r g i ns coa r se l y and ro u gh l y dent i c u l ate, the den t i c u l at i on s o f the d i ffe r en t septaeq u a l in he i gh t . Septa l faces fine l y g r an u l ate. Both synapt i c u l a and th i n dissepiments p resent .

Local ity — Kah l u a,Oahu ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; 1 specimen , r ece i ved f r om P r of .

W'

. T . B r i gham .

Typ e— Cat. No . 2 1 629

,

R e7iza7'lcs.

— S . brig/mam d iffe r s f r om S . stel lam Ve r r i l l by hav ing i ts cal i cess u pe r fic ia l i nstead of s l igh t ly excavated , by i ts coa r se r and mo r e i r r eg u l a r septa ldentat i ons

,and by ha v ing i n most ca l ices a s i ng le co l ume l l a t u bercle i n stead of

seve r a l pap i l lae .

A yo u ng , so l i ta r y ind i v id u a l of t h i s spec ies was attached to . t he lowe r po r t i o n ofthe co lony . The ca l i ce of th i s i s rep resen ted by P l ate XLI I I , figu re 5. I t exh i b i ts nocha r acte r s wo r thy of spec i a l not i ce except t hat the wal l o f the p r im i tive cup i s composed of epithe a on l y . The r e are in the i n te r septa l l oc u l i pe r i p he r al sy napticu l a ,b u t the ends of the septa are not f u sed .

G e n u s P S A M M O CO R A D a n a .

P S AM M OCOR A V E R R I L L I , n ew spec ie s .P late XL I V , figs . 1 , 1 a.

The co r a l l um i s i nc r ust ing , r athe r t h in ,a few m i l l imete r s in t h i ck ness ; the

u ppe r s u r face i s ve r y i r reg u l a r . I n add i t i o n to the i r reg u l a r i t ies ca u sed by con fo rming to the object of attachmen t , the re are n ume r o u s mon tic u les

,sma l l c r ests , and

va r io u s l y shaped em inences and p r oject i ons .The cal i ces possess defin i te cen te r s

,b u t they u sua l l y h ave i ndefin i te b oun da r ies ,

and are ariable in both s i ze and sh ape. Thei r a r r angemen t,a l so

,i s i ndefi n i te, but

the re i s a f req u en t tendency for t hem to occ u r in se r ies of va r i ab le length , sepa r atedby co l l i nes of va r iab l e he ig h t . A l a r ge ca l i ce meas u r es mm . in d i amete r ; amed i um s i zed one

,2 mm . ; in one se r ies

,w i th i n a d i stance of 8 mm .

,7 cen te r s we r e

co u n ted . The r ange i n d iamete r the r efo r e,i s f rom to mm . The d i stance

between cal ic inal cen te r s on oppos i te s i des o f a co l l i ne va r ies f rom 2 to mm.

The length of a co l l i ne va r ies f rom the d i amete r of a ca l i ce to a cen t imete r ; itshe igh t f rom a me r e u pwa r d swe l l i ng of the s u r face to 2 mm . The re may be ta l le rp rotube rances , one i s 6 mm . ; t hese bea r ca l i ces o n the i r s u r faces .

The septa are th i ck , w i th na r r ow in te r spaces,fo rm i ng between two and t h ree

cyc les . Us u a l l y seve r a l ex tend d i rect l y to the co l umel l a ; the othe r s occ u r i n anastomos ing g ro u ps of f rom two to li ve. A defin i te septa l fo rmu l a co u ld n ot be dete rm i ned . The ma r g ins of bo th the septa and the septo - costae are m i nute l y dentate.

One notewo r thy pec u l ia r i ty i s the occ u r ren ce of a mo re or less defin i tel y de l im i ted

1 46 RECE NT MADRE PORAR I A OF TH E HA W A I I AN I S LA NDS A N 'D LAYSAN .

rape— Cat . NO . 20834,

Benmrl s .

— Tli ere are acco r d i ng to A l cock “ 3 spec ies of Bat/zyacée'

s that havefive comp lete cyc les of septa,

name l y : B . satay/56 , B . step /1mm , and B . palafem ,al l

ofA l cock . .B . 3 77Q d i ffe r s f r om B . gimm i ck/Wicca (Pourtal é s) by hav i ng one mo recvcle of septa ,

by the mo re de l i cate tex t u r e of i ts corral lum , and i ts g reate r s i ze,attain i ng a d iamete r of 57 mm . B . Mmuaii ensis d i ffe r s in fo rm f rom B . syrmnetrica

bv the dec ided ly e levated’

ma r gi ns of i ts p r ima r y an d seconda ry septa , and B . sym

met'rfca has on l y fo u r eve les of septa . B . step /1mm ,w i th w h i c h I at fi r s t iden t i fied

th i s spec ies , has a ve r y concave base and st i l l ta l le r septa . A l cock ’s fig u r e " i n d i catesanothe r and p robab ly mo r e impo r tan t diffe rence. I n B . step /canal the septa l ma r g insare d i sta l l y na r row or even excavated , and are elevated nea r the ca l i c u l a r fossa . As

po inted out. in the desc r i pt i on of B . lzawaz'

iensis, the o u te r edges of i ts septal mar

gi ns descend pe r pend i c u l a r l y and connec t w i t h the costa l ends beyond the l im i t ofthe wa l l . B . p al /fem possesses s i x d i st inct, th i ckened pal i befo re the seconda r ysepta . The pal iforni l obes of B . lumoavlz

'

em i.s~ are d i st i n ct befo r e some b u t n ot al l ofthe 1

'

n'imary and seconda r y septa , t hey are i nconstan t in deve l opmen t , t hey are

,

w hen p resent,w ide r t han i n B . pcclsem ,

and are not th i ckened .

I have r ecent l y desc r i bed anothe r spec ies of Bat/zyactz'

s,B . maren z el leri , co l

lected by the B u r ea u of F i s he r ies s teame r A lcatross at S tat i on 472 1 , between theGalapagos I s l ands and Bar r et t R i dge

,at a depth of fathoms . Th i s spec ies

possesses on l y fo u r cyc les of septa,and d i ffe r s f r om the Hawa i i an spec ies in othe r

notab le pa r tic u la r s .M A D R E P O R A R IA P E R F O R A TA .

Fam i ly EUPSAMMIDZE M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime .

G e n u s S T E P H A N O P H Y L L I A M i c h e l i n .

S TE PH AN O P H Y LL IA FO R M O S I S S IM A M o se ley .

P late XL I V,figs . 2

,2a .

1 876 . Stephancp liyl lia.for-mom

'

ssima MOS ELEY,P roc . Roy. Soc

,1 876

,p . 56 1 .

1 88 1 . S tep lumop hg/I/ia fo'

i-mosissima MOS ELEY

,Deep - Sea Madreporar ia , Chal lenger Rept ,

p . 201 ,p l . fig . p l . xm

,figs . 6

,7 ; p l . xv i , figs .

1 902 . ALCOCK , Deep - Sea Mad reporar ia, S iboga E xped ,p . 39.

A cons iderab le n umbe r of spec imens of th i s spec ies we re obta i ned . The on l ynot i ceab le d i ffe r ence f rom Mose ley ’s o r i g ina l desc r i p t i o n i s

,the Hawai i an spec imen s

are sma l le r than those obtai ned by Chal l enger exped i t i on,the l a r ges t measu r i ng

2 7 nun . in d i amete r . O ften ,or u s u a l l y

,the fi r s t and second cyc les of septa are as

ta l l as those of the yo u nge r cyc les .Mose ley ’s spec imens came f r om off the K i I sl ands

,and off Z eb u

,P h il i pp i ne

I s lands . A l cock r epo r ts spec imens f r om 4 stat i ons of the S iboga exped i t i on .

Loo/dz?£68 .

So u th coas t ofMo loka i I s l andS tat ion 3838 ; depth , 92— 2 1 2 fathoms ; bottom ,

fine,g r ay

,b row n sand ; tempe r at u re. 6 7 3 F. ; 3 spec imens .

Deep - Sea Mad reporar ia ofth e S iboga E x ped i t ion ,p . 37 .

I n vest igator Deep - Sea Mad reporar ia,p l . 1 1 1

,fig . 5a .

BULLETI N 59, UN I TED STATE S N AT I ONAL IVI US EUVI .

S tat ion 3855 ; depth , 1 2 7— 1 30 fathoms ; bottom,fine b rown sand

,g rave l ; tem

perature, F . ; 6 spec imens (the la rgest n umbe r obta ined at any one s tation ) .Pa i lo lo Channe l

,between Mo loka i and M a u i i s lands :

S tat ion 3856 ; depth , 1 2 7 fathoms ; bot tom ,fine sand

, ye l low mud; tempe rat u re,F . ; 2 spec imens .S tat ion 41 0 1 ; depth , 1 2 2— 1 43 "

athoms ; bo ttom,co ra l s and

,she l l s , fo r am i n i fe r a ;

tempe r at u r e, 1 spec imen .

No r t h coast ofMo lok a i I s l andS tation 3906 ; depth , 66—96 fathoms ; bot tom ,

g r ay sand,she l l s

,pebb les ; tem

perature , 72° F . ; 1 spec imen .

Wes t coas t of Hawai i Is l andS tat ion 4045 ; depth , 1 47— 1 98 fathoms ; bo ttom ,

co r a l sand,formanifera ; tem

pe r a t u re,49° F . ; 3 spec imens (i nc l u d ing the l a r gest co l lec ted) .No r the r n c oas t ofMa u i I s l and :S tat ion 4080 ; depth , 1 7 8— 202 fa thoms ; bot tom ,

g ray san d,formanifera ; tem

perature , F . ; 1 spec imen .

I n i ts cond i t i ons of l i fe,th is spec ies may r ange in dep th f rom 66— 2 1 2 fathoms ;

the bottom in each i nstance was sandy ; the tempe r at u re r anges f rom 49° to 72° FG e n u s E N D O P A CH Y S L o n s d a l e .

1 845. E ndepachys (part ) LoxsnALE , Q uar t . Jo u r . Geo l . Soc . Lon don ,I,p . 2 1 4.

1 848 . E ndopachys M I LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME,Ann . Sci . Nat. , 3 icme ser.

,Zoo l .

,X

,p . 8 1 .

1 857. E mlopuchys M I LN E E DWA RDS , H ist . Nat. Corall .,I I I

,p . 97 .

1 884. E ndopuchys DUNCA N , Jo u r . Linn . Soc . London,Zoo l .

,X V I I I

,p . 1 76 .

1 900. Rhectopsammia V AUGH A N , Mon . XXX IX, (

I

. S . Geol . Survev ,p . 1 83 .

l 900. E ndop achg/s V AUGH A N , Mon . XXX IX , U . S . Geo l . S u r v ey, p . 1 86 .

1 903. E ndopachys V AUGH AN , P roc . B io l . Soc . Wash ington ,X V I

,p . 1 0 1 .

I n the last refe r ence c i ted,I p u b l i shed the fo l l ow i ng note :

My gen u s Rheetcp sannnwwas based on th e yo u ng of Endopachys mdclu -

rm'

(Lea) , but I d isco v eredmy m i stake after th e p u b l icat ion of the Monograph . The gen u s I t'm lopachys has been character i zedas show i ng no e v iden ce of at tachmen t . My Rhcctop sa

-mmi'

a. i s th e attacl'

ied yo u ng of Endopachys.

These v e u ng i ndi v id ua l s of ten attain a heigh t of 6 mm .,then the u pper por t ion of th e co ral l um

becomes separated f rom the pedi ce l . I nd ica t ions of the detachmen t scar may f req u en t ly be seen q u i telate in the

‘ l i fe of some Spec imen s . Us u a l ly i t i s u l t imate ly comp lete ly ob l i terated by th e depos i t ionof ca lcareo u s s u bstan ce o ver i t b v th e edge zone of th e cora l ex tend ing downward

, en velop ing thebase.

E N D O PACH Y S OA H E N S E ,n ew spec ies .

P late XL I V , figs . 3 , 3a .

Co r a l l um subcuneate , s ides c u r v ing g rad u al l y to the apex ofthe base , edge o f thebase obt u se, r o u nded . The re are no fac i a l t u be r c les o r late r a l c rests . Basa l sca rob l i te r ated . T r ansve r se o u t l ine e l l i pt i ca l . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce , mm. ;

lesse r , abo u t 1 2 nnn . (one s i de of the a l i ce i s b roken , th i s n'

ieasurement i s t he refo r eon l y an app ro x imat ion) he i gh t of the co r a l l um ,

1 7 nnn .

The wa l l i s ex te r na l l y costate, COS tiP , co r r espond i ng to a ll septa,mo r e d ist i nc t

nea r the ma rg i n of the ca l i ce , i nd i st i nct nea r the base . They are low

w i de,s u bac u te or r a the r ro u nded on the edge

,g ran u l ate and pe r fo r ate

,s u beq u a l o r

eq u a l i n s i ze,occas iona l ly s howi ng a l te r nation in s i ze . I nte r costa l f u r rows na r row .

1 48 RECE NT MADRE I’OR AR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I S LA NDS AN D LAYS AN .

S epta in fo u r comp lete cyc les , w i th membe r s of the fi ft h p resent i n 1 3 qua r te rsy stems .

The i r i nne r ends tend to be f ree, septa l g r o u ps are n ot so defi n i te as i sifsual lv the case in the gen u s . The membe r s of the fi fth cy c le u l t imate l y fuse tothe s ides of the fo u r th . I t m igh t. be noted , a l th o u gh th i s is not a spec i fic cha r acte r ,t hat the fifth cyc le o r ig i nates as a pa i r of septa i n the interseptial l ocu l u s betweenthe th i r d and fo u r th cyc le. Acco r d i ng to the u s u a l notat i on of the septa, one of thefi ft h i s real l y a membe r of the p reced i ng cyc le , wh i le a membe r of the fi f th is cal ledthe fo u r th . Septa l ma r gi ns on l y s l igh t l y exse r t , th ose of the p r ima r ies an d seconda r ies eq u a l l y p rom i nen t andmo re elevated than those of the h ighe r cyc les . M a rg i n sof the. othe r cyc les eq u a l in p rom inence . The sma l ler septa are r at he r coa r se l ydentate, the i nne r ma rgi ns of the l a r ge r u n fo r t u nate l y are b r oken . Septa l facesof ten t r ansve r se l y und u l ated , and st r ia te, e l ongate g r an u l at i ons fo rm ing the s t r iae.

Cal i c u l a r fossa e longate , na r r ow ,deep

,6 mm. l o ng and mm . w i de.

Co l ume l l a ve r y poo r l y deve l oped , composed of a few septa l trabeculee .

Local i ty — So u th coast of Oah u I s l and , S tat i on 381 0 ; depth , 53— 2 1 1 fathoms ;bottom

,fine co r a l sand ; tempera tu re, F 1 spec imen .

Ty/p a— Cat . No . 2082 2

,

G e n u s B A L A N O P H Y L L I A S e a r l e s W o o d .

BALAN O P H Y LL IA H AWA I I E N S I S , n ew spec ies .P late XL I V , figs . 4, 4a ,

5.

Co r a l l um fi rm l y attached,e l ongate

,curved . T r an svers eou t l ine b road l y e l l i p t i cal

or c i r c u l a r .Jlfeasurements.

Greater LesserQ a

pu ”H e"di ameter of d i ameter of Remarks .ca l ice. cal ice.

a A pprox ima te.

Wa l l ent i re l y naked , pe r fo rate, f req u en t l y r athe r th i ck and ves i cu l ate , i n thelowe r po r t ion of the coral lum i t becomes seconda r i l y compacted . Costze co r responding to a l l septa , s u beq u a l , d i st i nct , b u t not p r om i nent , w i t h coa r se g r an u l at ions , edgesobt u se l y ro u nded , bases w ide, the i nte r costa l f u r rows na r r ow w i t h r athe r f requentpe r fo r at ions .

Septa , fo u r comp lete cyc les and abo u t ha l f the membe r s of the fi fth . The r e i sthe u s u a l balanophyl lio id g r o u p ing abo u t the membe r s o f the t hi r d cy cle, b u t thei nne r edges are not fused togethe r above the leve l of the bottom of the ca l i ce.

Base 8 mm . in diameter .A t tached to the ca l ice ofwhat appears to ha v e beena dead cora l l um ofthe same spec ies, but i t m igh tbe a case ofrejuvenesence. The yo u nger cora llum has been repeated ly damaged and u ndergone repai r .

Base b roken .

1 50 R EGENT MADRE PORA R I A OF TH E H A WA I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYSAN .

Uppe r septa l ma r g i ns u s u a l l y en t i re ; they are not exse r t at one end of the ca l i ce and

are mode rate l y exse r t at the ot he r . i n ne r ma r gi ns i r r eg u l a r ly and coa r se l y den tate.

S ep ta l facesmi n u te l y st r iate, sma l l g ran u l at ions a l ong the st r iae .

Ca l i c u la r fossa e longate, na r row , and deep .

Co l ume l la mode r ate l y deve l oped , t r abec u l a r , and spongy .

— SO i i t li coast ofMo loka i I s l and : S tat ion 382 3 ; depth , 78 fa thoms

bot tom,ti ne sand

,pebb les ; tempe r at u re, 093 E ; spec imen No. 2 and 2 yo u ng .

Northeas t coast of Hawa i i .l sland: S tat i on 406 1 ; depth , 24— 83 fat homs ; bottom,

co ra l sand , co r a l l ines , nod u les , fo r am in i fe ra ; tempe r atu re , at the su r face, 7 7 0 F ;spec imen No. 1 and 1 attached yo u ng .

Typ e— S tat ion 406 1 , Cat. No . 20824,

[ Earmark s — Tins co r a l i s so ex t reme l y c lose to Ba lanop /Lyl l ia desmop /zyl lmn

M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime of the E ng l i s h Eocene, and a l so ve r y ab u n dan t in the

Eocene of the Uni ted S tates , that I can not po i n t out ve r y sat i s facto r y d i ffe r ences .The s i ze

,shape

,and the n umbe r of the septa are the same i n both . The co l ume l l a

in B . dewnop/Lg/Ziw z i s bette r developed , and i ts cos tae an d septa are t h i n ne r . Thesed iffe ren ces co u l d ve ry eas i l y be ob l i te r ated by on l y mode r ate va r i ation . I n B . des

the p r incipa l septa (fi r s t , second , and t h i r d cy c les) are simp le laminae ;in B . damwp/iyl lmn ,

nea r the wal l , they become th i ckened and ve r y ves i cu l ate. I n

the fo rme r t he re i s tendency towa r d the same phenomenon , bu t i t does no t seem tobe ca r r ied so fa r .

A g reate r n umbe r of spec imens of the Hawa i i an co r a l may show mo re sat i sfacto r y di li'erent ial cha r acte r s , o r may show that the Eocene spec ies has pe r s isted tor ecen t t ime. \Vh iehever may u l t imate l y be fo u nd t r ue, i t is i n te rest i ng to obtai na recen t spec ies so c lose l y re l ated to one that i s an Eocene foss i l .Th i s spec ies a l so seems c lose l y r e l ated to the r ecen t B . ba z

’

rdz'

ana of M i lneEdwa r ds and Haime.

BA LA N O PH Y LL IA LAY S AN E N S I S ,new spec ie s .

P late XL V , figs . 2 , 2a,2b.

Co r a l l um ev i den t l y attached by a b road base (the base is b r oken off) abovewh ic h is a th i ck , so l i d sta l k ; above th i s the co r a l l um expands g r ad u a l l y . T r ansve r seo u t l ine e l l i pt i ca l . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce

,mm. ; lesse r , 1 3 mm . ; he i gh t of

co r a l l um , 1 7+ mm.

Wal l e nt i re l y devo i d ep i th eca , t h ick , ve r y pe r fo r ate, both on the cos tae .and in

the inte r cos ta l f u r row . Costz e of two s i zes,t hose co r r espond i ng to the fi r s t and

second cyc les of septa dec ided ly the l a r ge r and of eq u a l s i ze ; those co r respond i ng tothe th i r d cyc le not so p rom i nent , b u t are we l l deve l oped . The d i stal ends of thefo u r th cyc le of septa are eas i l y t r aced , bu t fo rm fiat a reas between the cos tee. The

costae are w ide , ro u nd or Ilattisli i n p rofi le, and ve r y pe r fo r ate . They are mo re

p romi nen t nea r the ca l i ce and d isappea r on the s ta l k above the base.

Septa in fo u r comp lete cyc les , ve r y reg u la r in the i r a r r angemen t . A l l are

th i ckened in the theca l r i ng , whe r e they are spongy ,becom i n g th in ne r towa r d the

cente r . The fi r s t and second cyc les of eq u a l s i ze and independen t of septa l g r oups .The membe r s of the fo u r t h bend towa r d one anothe r in f ron t o f those of the th i r d ;

BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 51

the i r inne r ma r g i ns may f u se or may be me rely c lose toget he r . F rom each septa lg ro u p t he r e i s a p ro longat ion to the co l ume l l a ; occas iona l l y both septa of the fo u r t hcvcle may r each th e co l ume l l a . The u ppe r ma r g i ns of the fi r s t and second cyc les areequa l in p r om inence and exse r t ; t hose of the t h i r d cyc le the l eas t OXSCYt , wh i le thoseof the fo u r t h r each a leve l h a l fway between that atta i ned by the th i r d and the fi r s ttwo cy c les . The edges of the septa are ent i re

,ex cept nea r the co l ume l l a the re may

be some i r reg u la r dentat ions . l nncr po r t ions of the septa l faces m in u te l y st r i a te andg r an u l ate . I i i terseptal loc u l i in the basa l po r t ion fi l l i ng so l i d ly w i th s te r eop lasm .

Ca l i c u l a r fossa e longate,r athe r la r ge

,mode r ate l y deep .

Co l ume l la we l l deve loped , comp r essed , ves i c u late, p r oject i ng in the bo ttom ofthe bottom of the fossa .

Local ity — Vi c i n i ty of Laysan, S tat ion depth,1 30— 1 48 fathoms ; bot tom,

wh i te sand,sma l l S he l l s ; tempe r at u re, 63° F . ; 1 spec imen.

Typ e— Cat . No . 2090 1

,

BALAN O P H YL L I A D I O M E D E ZE , n ew spec ie s .P late XL V

,figs . 3 , 4,

4a , 5.

Co r a l l um attached by a r athe r w i de base, rathe r e longate , i nc reas ing in d iamete rverv s low lv ,

cross sect ion broadlv e l l i p t i ca l or a lmos t c i r c u la r ..Measuremcnts.

Greater LesserI

(l igrhe

e

i

iiae

r

r

of dial

dizs

tgl

rof _d iameter .

di ameter D iameter H eigh t 0 1cal ice ca l ice Just abo ve Just abo ve ofbase. cora l lum .

base. base.

mm mm mm.

S pec imen No . 2 i s r athe r sha r p l y const r i c ted immed iate l y above the base . Abo u tm i d way between the base and the ca l i ce i t h as a g reate r d iamete r of 8 mm . and alesse r of mm.

The re i s a l way s some ep i theca on the basa l po r t i on of the co r a l l um . I t i s t h in .

i ncomp lete,and u s u a l l y extends abo u t ha l f way u p the wa l l . The wal l i s t h i ck and

ves i c u l ate. Costae i nd i s t inc t , low,fiat

,eq u a l

,inte r cos ta l f u r rows na r row and sha l

low,bo th costze and f u r r ows w i th n ume ro u s pe r fo r at i ons . Whe r e. costze can be d i s

tinguished,th e who le s u r face shows n ume ro u s pe r fo rat ions .

Septa usua l lv in fo u r com i‘i lete cy c les ; occas iona l l y some membe r s of the fo u r t hare lack i ng i n a q u a r te r system. The fi r s t cyc le dec i ded ly th i cke r t han the o the rsepta , these ex tend d i r ec t l y to the co l ume l la and take no pa r t in the septa l g ro u ps .The septa of the fo u r t h cyc le s tand ing nex t the fi r s t in any system ,

or those of theth i r d

,when the fo u r t h i s i ncomp lete, bend away f rom the fi r st and towa r d the

i nc l u ded sept um of the second cyc le, of ten meet i ng in f ron t of i t and i ii closing i t .The membe r s of the fou r th cyc le , s tand ing nex t the membe r of the second c yc le inany system ,

bend away f rom the second,a ro u nd the ends of the membe r s of the th i r d

RECENT MA DRE PORA R I A O F TH E H AWA I l AN I S L AN DS AND LAY SAN .

. J

cyc le,app roach i ng ve r y nea r the s ides o f the o u te r membe r s of the fo u r th , or act u a l l y

f u s i ng to them . The membe r s of the second cyc le are st r a igh t , at the wal l considerab ly

th i c ke r,w i th i n the ca l i ce s l igh t l y th i cke r th an the septa of the h ighe r cyc les .

P l ate X I JV ,fig u re i a

,s hows the r e l at ions of the septa . F i r s t and second cyc les sl ight l y

exse r t,the fi r s t the mo r e p r omi nen t . Ma rgi ns of the fi r s t two cyc les ent i re i n adu l t

-zns .Those of the h i ghe r cy c les show c renate den tat i on s a l o ng the i r i nne r

po r t ions . F i r s t and second cyc les impe r fo rate ; the h i ghe r cy c les somet imes w i thla r ge and r athe r n ume ro u s pQ I ’fO l 'ftt I l S . The septa l faces are a lmost smooth , a ve r yfew weak st r i a'; and occas iona l sma l l g r an u l at i ons . Both septa and wal l becomeseconda r i ly m u ch th i ckened by ste reop lasm.

Ca l i c u l a r fossa sha l low ,abo u t nnn . f rom u ppe r te rminat io n of the col

umel la to the tops of the h ighes t septa .Co l ume l la we l l deve l oped , st r ong , ves i c u l ate, p r oject i ng i n the bot tom of the

ca l ice . l n transverse t out l ine i t i s c r u c i fo rm,a long p iece co i nc i d i ng w i th the l onge r

ax is of the ca l i ce , and a sho r te r one oppos i te the i nne r end s of the med i a l l y s i tuatedsepta of the second cyc le. The o u te r membe r s o f the l as t cyc le i n eac h of the twomed ia l systems bend towa r d one anothe r , pass in f r on t of the membe r of the

second cyc le ,and f u se sepa r ate l y to the s ho r te r a rms o f the c r oss , but the membe r

of the second cyc le u s u a l l y does not, i t i s a l i tt le too sho r t .Local ity

— No r t h coast ofMa u i I s l and,S tat ion No . 4098 ; depth , 95— 1 52 fat homs ;

bottom,co r a l sand

,fo r am in i fe r a

,rock ; tempe r at u re, F . ; 3 spec imens .

(Myl e s— No. 20825

R en‘

zark a — Th is spec ies i s c lose l y r e l ated to Balanophyl l ia red-wave; Mose ley .

The v iew of the ca l i ce f r om above g i ven by Mose ley , wo u l d se r ve fo r the spec ieshe re desc r i bed , b u t Mose ley rep resen ts h i s spec ies as having m u ch mo re d i st i n ctcostze and a dec ided l y deepe r ca l i ce

,g i v i ng 6 mm. as i ts dep th , and it seems that

B . Ta l i/vied i s u n i fo rm l y la rge r .A spec imen d redged in the v i c i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and

,S tat i o n 3999; depth not

defi n i te l y g i ven,between 7 — 1 1 8 fathoms ; bottom,

co r a l sand,s he l l s ; is refe r red to

th i s spec ies . Th i s spec imen (see P l ate X LV ,fig . 5) cons i s ts o f t h r ee ind i v i dua l s of

th ree d i ffe rent ages . The second i n age i s attached to the i ns i de o f the ca l ice of theo l dest i nd i v i d u a l , and the yo u nges t i nd i v i dua l i s at tached to the secon d , not fa r abovei ts base. These spec imens show noth i ng noteworthv i n s i ze o r fo rm. The measu remen ts are

Lesser Greaterd iameter of d iameter of Heigh t.ca l ice. cal ice.

Remnants of a ve r y th in , f r ag i le , and read i l y detachab le ep i t heca can be seen upto ve r y edge of the ca l i ce. Ex cept i ng on the bases of the o l dest and the you nges tspec imens the r e are no costze , whe re they are p r esen t they are as i n the cotvpes of the

1 54 RECEN T MAD REPURAR I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I SLA NDS AND LAYSAN .

G e n u s D E N D R O P I—I Y L L I A d e B l a i n v i l l e .

D E N D R O P H Y LL I A OAH E N S I S ,n ew spec ie s .

P late XL V I , figs . 1,l o ,

l l) .

Co ra l l u m e l ongate , wo1 11 1 - l i ke,irr cgu larIy co nst r i c ted f rom p l ace to place, l owe1

end b 1 o ken o ll . C ross sect ion c i r c u la r 0 1 e l l i p t i ca l . Lengt h of spec imen ,37 1 1 1 1 1 1 .

g reate r d iamete r of lowe r cnd, 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 . l esse ,r 6 1 1 1m .

, g reate1 d iamete r in1 1 1 1 1st coi1st 1 icted po r t ion , lesse r , 5 1 1 1m. ; g 1 eate r diametei of ca l i ce , 8 mm. ,

lesse 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 . On the s ides a 1 s i 1 1 cg1 1 1arlv dist 1 ibuted late1 al buds . The figu i esshow t l1 e i 1 d i st r i b u tion 0 1 1 the su 1 face . At fi r st thev wei e t ho u gh t to be attached1 0 1mg; a 1

'e 1 tical sect io n , howevc i , t | 1 1 o u gh one of t hem s howed th at the wal l o f the

ax i a l ( 0 1 .1 l l i te was no t con t in u o u s beneath the yo u ng co r a l l i te, b u t t hat the i nte r septalloc u l i of the o l de r and yo u nge 1 co ra l l i tes we re in commun i cat ion . These yo u ngco r a l l i tes are. al l comparativclv sma l l . the l a r gest has a g r eate r d i amete r of 41 mm . ;

the sma l lest , 11 1m . The r e i s an attached ve r y young co r a l , w i t h s i x p r ima r ysepta the second cyc le not comp lete, wh i ch meas u res on l y 1 mm . i n d i amet .e r Th i sindi 1 idual most p i obably had set t led on the spec imen , and does not be l o ng to the

co l ony .

The re are. d i sconnected, enc i r c l i ng bands of epi theca to w i t h i n 9 mm. of thecal i ce of the ax ia l co r a l li te . Seve r a l vo u ng co r a l l i tes occ u r above the uppe r l imi t ofthe ep i theca . The re i s a l so ep i theca a ro u nd the. bases of al l the yo u ng co r a l l i tesex cept one. The wal l i s spongy andmode r ate l y th i ck . Costee d i s t inct ve r y nea r lythe who le l ength ; somet imes they are resol ved i n to me r e g r an u l a t i ons , an d somet imes are obsc u red by th e ep i theca . Whe re c lea r ly seen , w h i c h i s u s u al l y the case,thev are low ,

r athe r w i de,flattened above

,eq u a l , g r anu l a te, and pe r fo r ate. The

g r an u l at i ons r athe r ta l l,somet imes in two r ows

,b u t u s u al l y i r r eg u l a r l y d i st r i buted .

I nte r costa l f u r rows sha l low and na r r ow,pe r fo r ate.

S epta of the ca l i ce of the ax i a l co r a l l i te in fo u r comp lete cyc les . Al l septa th in1 nd d istant , s l igh t ly th i cke r nea r th ei r inne r ends . Those of the fi r s t and secondcyc les and the o u te r membe r s of the fo u r th i n eac h system nea r l y eq u a l i n th i c knessand l ength : t hose of the second mav be a l i tt le sho r te r . The sh o r test and t h innestare the septa of the th i r d cy c le. The arrange11 1 ent foreac h sys tem is : The membe r so f the fi r s t and second cyc les ex tend d i r ec t l y to the co l ume l l a and fuse to i t ; thesepta of the second are r at he r often a l i t t le sho r te r th an those of the fi r s t . The two

o u te rmos t membe r s of the fou r th cyc le bend away f rom the p r ima r ies and towa rd;the i nc l u ded seconda r y ,

b u t do not f u se to i t, extend i ng to the co l ume l l a . The

q u ate r na r ies stand i ng on each s i de of the i nc l u ded seconda r y bend o u twa r d awayf rom i t , ex tend beyond the ends of the te r t i a r ies , and the i r i n ne r ends app r oachvery c lose l y the o u te r (1 1 .1 ater1 1 aries . The te r t i a r i es ex tend abo u t one- ha l f thed i stance f rom the wa l l to the co l ume l l a . The i nne r ma r g i n s of a l l the septa aref ree abo v e the bottom of the ca l i ce

,b u t at a lowe r leve l

,as the b roken l owe r end

of the spec imen shows,they f u se i nto g r o u ps acco r d ing to the scheme above

o u t l ined . None of the septa are exse r t . The i r i n ne r ends u sua l l y s t r onglyu nd u lated , the septa l faces show sma l l ob l i q u e l y ascend ing und u l at ion s o r st r iaew 1 tl1 g r an u lat ions a long them. Appa ren t l y t he r e are on l y pe r i p he r al pe r fo r at i ons .

(‘a l i ce sha l low .

BULLETI N 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .

Co l umel l a r athe r la r ge,e l l i pt i ca l , spongy , text u r e loose , composed of 1 1 1 .1 11 1 11 1 'ous

th i n , tw i sted , anostomosing band - l i ke t r abec u l ae,wh ic h do not p roj ect u pwa r d i nto

the bottom of the ca l i ce.

Loca l i ty.

— N o r t hw es t coast of Oah u Is land , S tat io n 41 1 4; depth , 1 54— 1 95

fathoms ; bottom , co r a l sand , fo ram i n i fe r a ; tempe rat u re , F . ; 1 spec imen .

Type— Cat. No . 20827 ,

D E N D R O P H YLL I A S E R P E N T I N A , n ew spec ies .P late XL V I , figs . 2 , 2a ,

3,4, 5.

g ,co r n u te

,va r io u s l y c u r ved and tw i s ted . The i n i t i a l co r a l l i te

,

wh ich becomes the z xial co r a l l i te,i s at tached by a mo r e or l ess expanded base

,above

wh i ch i t of ten g r ows as a smal l , i r reg u l a r l y c u r ved t u be to a hei g h t of 1 2 11 1 11 1 . o rmo re. The wa l l of the ma i n co r a l l i te i s i r reg u l a r l y const r i cted f rom p lace to p l ace .

Co ra l l um 10 1 1 0

Measu rements.

D iameter 1 2 Greater LesserS pe

gi

o

men D 1 a

$ggera t

mur abové diameter of diametero t’ Length .

base . eah ee . ca l ice .

71 1 1 1 1 .

a Br'

o k en .

The seconda r y co r a l l i tes are i r r eg u la r l y scatte red ove r the o u te r s u r face,the i r

bases f r om 2 to mm. i n d i amete r . They are s lende r and may g row to a considerable he i gh t , r ep r od u ce asex u a l l y , and become the axes of new b ranches ,p rod u c i ng an i r regu l a r l y b r anched o r bus h - sh aped co l ony .

No vest i ge of ep i theca was seen on any spec imen . The wal l in i ts u ppe rpo r t i on i s t h in

,f r ag i le

,and ve r y pe r fo r ate ; lowe r down i t i s seconda r i l y t h i ckened

and mo r e compact . The re are no cost ze . Nea r the ca l i ce the s u r face of the wa l li s ve r y r o u gh , w i th n ume r o u s

,i r regu l a r ly d i st r i b u ted

,sma l l , sp i nose g r an u l at i ons ,

among w h ich are many po res . Fa r the r dow n the s u r face i s dense l y g ran u late ,the

g r an u l at i on s somet imes s how ing a st r iate a r r angement .Septa in li ve cy c les , the l as t not a lways comp lete ; the u s u a l dendrophyl l ioid

a r r angement . The te r t i a r ies are ve r y sho r t , as are a l so the i nne r q u ate rna r iesof any svstem. W

'hen the l atte r are long eno u gh , they pass in f ron t of the ter

t iaries and f u se nea r the wa l l to the s ides of the o u te r q u ate r na r ies . A l l the septaare r at he r th in and f r agi le, the p r ima r ies somewhat t h i cke r ; the seconda r ies ando u te r q u ate r na r ies abo u t eq u a l in th i ckness , b u t of these septa the fo rme r are u s u a l l ythe sho r te r . P r ima r ies s l igh t l y exse r t , the seconda r ies have co r respond i ng to thema fa int tooth on the ma rg in of the ca l i ce . Ma rg i ns of the. l a r ge r septa ent i r e or

1 1 1 icroscopical ly c r enate ; those of the h ighe r cyc les may be j agged l y dentate. The

septa l faces possess de l i cate striaa and gran u l at i ons . The re may be pe r fo r a t ionssome d is tance f rom the wa l l .

Ca l i ce deep .

Col lumcl la r athe r l a r ge, spongy ; tex t u re, lax .

1 50 RECE NT '

MADRE P(.1RAR I A or TH E H A WA I I AN I SLA NDS AN D LAYS AN .

Loca l ity— “fest coast of Hawa i i I s l and , S tat i on 4045; depth ,

'

1 47— 1 98 fat homs 'botto 1 1 1 , co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe ra ; tempeia ture, 49° F 6 spec imens .

— Cat. No . 2082 8 , 4 spec imens .

D E N D R O PH Y LL I A M AN N I (V erri l l ) .P late XL V I , figs . 6 , 6 1 1 (one ofVerri l l

’

s types ) , 7 , 70. (f rom Kaneohe, Oah u ) .1 866 . Cmnop scomnia i numri V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex I nst . , I I I , p . 30 .

Original description .

— P r ofesso r Verril l ’s desc r i pt ion i s as fo l l owsCora l l um encr u s t ing rocks , form ing c l u sters of c rowded c u ps , abo u t an inc h h igh ; seme of the

co ral l i tes are late ra l ly u n i ted e v en to the top, others are separated abo u t an e igh th of an inch andr ise near ly a q u arter ofan inch abo v e the coenenchyma. The ex ter ior of the cora l l i tes i s obsc u re ly andc losely costa te, and co vered c lose ly w i th ro ugh gran u lat ions. Septa in fo u r cyc les, the last imper fec t lyde v e loped . P r imar ies m u ch th icker than the others , ’ v ery narrow at the top and not projec t ing abo vethe wal l , wh ich i s m u ch th ickened , 0 1 1 t he i r inner edges s l igh t ly conca v e, and increas ing somewhatin wid th toward the bot tom of the cel l , where t hey join the co l ume l la. The secondar ies are s t i l lnarrower and th inner , but a l so join the co l umel la. Those of the t h i rd order are ex lremel y narrowand often do not reach the marg in of the wa l l , and do not join the co l umel la. Those of th e fo u rt horder are merely s l igh t ly raised costze , v ery th in and u ne ven . Co l ume l la we l l de ve loped , spongy,

near ly hal f as b road as the ce l l .Cel l s s l igh t ly o val , th e larger ones abo u t ofan inch in d iame ter , and near ly the same in depth .Co lo r of l i v ing po lyps , v erm i l ion red.

Sandw ic h I s lands , at low- water mark . H orace Mann .

P r of . W. T . B r igham has sent 2 spec imens of a D endrop/zyl l ia Camopsamm ia)f rom Kaneohe

,Oah u

,deptl1

‘

3 to 6 feet,t hat d iffe r f r om the type of D . mann i by

the i r verv exse r t co r a l l i tes and poo r l y developed co l ume l l a (P l ate XLVI , figs . 7Howeve r

,the costae are s imi l a r 0 11 co r a l l i tes of the same lengt h

,and I t he r efo re

be l ieve that thev be l ong to the same spec ies .

G e n u s A N I S O P S A M M I A v o n Ma re n z e l l e r.

AN I S O P S AM M IA AM P H E L I O I D E S (A l cock ) .

P late XL V I I , figs . 1 , 2 .

1 902 . DenarOphy/l lia (Cim op sanmzw) amphelioides A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor.

, S iboga E xped ,p . 43,p l . v

,figs . 37 , 37a .

Origi n/Ll (16 80 71 29050 71 . — ACCOI‘diDg to A l cock th i s species is desc r i bed as fo l l ows

Co lony (lendroid, gemmat ion tak ing p lace near the cal ic u lar margin and being a l ternate ly

d ist icho u s or, more eonnnon ly, dic hotomo u s lea v ing the paren t ca l i c le immersed and more or lesscompressed between the two b ranches , as in Cya lhohel ia . The Open ings of the cal ic les al l tend toface one way , and are common ly c i rc u lar (excep t in the ax i l s ) .

Costa l st r iat ions al l eq ual ly di st inct , in the form of fine ly scabro u s verm ic u lar r idges tra v ersingthe whole lengt h of the co lony.

Th e ca l ic les al ter b udd ing are l i t t le prom inen t , or e ven a lmos t immers ed : t hey are deep and emp tylook ing , owing to the shal lowness of th e septa .

Septa approx i 1 1 1ate ly eq ual , e legant ly notch ing th e somewhat. t um id marg in of the ca l ic le but notexsert , not encroach ing on the ca l ic u lar fossa. They are in s i x reg u lar systems and th ree cyc les :

1 58 RECENT MADR E PORA R I A or TH E H AW A I IAN I SLAN D S AND LAYSA N.

ACR O P O R A E CH I N A T A (Dana ) .

I ’lates X L IX ,L : P late LI , fig . 1 .

1 846 . Alarlmporrrech inata DA NA , Z 0 0 ph . ,

U . S . Exp]. Exped , p . 464, p l . XX X V I , figs. 1, 1 a.

1 893 . Il ladrcpora eclu’

lmtd BROOK , Cat . Gen u s 1 'Iadrepora, p . 1 85.

1 901 . I l lmlrcpm'

u. cchinata STUD ER , Zoo l . Jahrb . . S y st . , X IV , p . 41 6 , p l . X X I X , fig . 8 .

Th i s spec ies has been sep ar ate l y repo r ted f r om the Hawa i ian I s l ands by bothBrook and S t u de r . I have seen no specimen s of i t f rom the re.

P r ofesso r S t u de r saVS :The spec imen be fo re me i s at tached by a w ide, fiat base to th e she l l of a pear l m u sse l . Unfor

tunatelyi t is damaged , the t i ps of the b ranches bei ng broken off. Howe v er , an,

ident i fication of the

Spec ies wi th the descr ipt ions and fig u res of Dana, M i lne Edwards, and Brooks can be made, on ly th espec imen i s sma l ler in al l d imens ion s than Dana’s typ ica l spec imen s , wh i ch come from the F i j i s.The u nd i v ided t u b u lar cal ices ne v er atta in a length of 20 mm.

,but at most on ly 7—8 mm . ; i f they are

longer they a lways possess shor t latera l ends .Some i nte rest i ng obse r vat i ons on the ex panded base of th is specimen and i ts

hearings on the affi n i t ies of Acrop om andAstreopom fo l l ow .

— Hawai i .Remark s — Th ro u gh the co u r tesy of P rofesso r S tude r I am ab le to rep r od u ce a

photog r aph ofth e spec imen on w h i ch he based the p r eced i ng r ema r ks (P l ate LI , fig .

I am a l so g i v i ng fig u res of Dana’s type of .Madrepom ec/Lz'

nata (P l a tes XLIX andL) .

G e n u s M O N T I P O R A Q u o y a n d G a im a rd .

U n t i l 1 901 on l y th r ee spec ies of fil om‘

ipom had been r epo r ted f r om the Hawa i i anI s l ands . They we re llf.

"

verr ucose (Lama r ck) , 1M cap itata (Dana) , wh i ch i s a Synonymof the p r eced i ng , and JI patel la. Ve r r i l l . P r ofesso r S t u de r

,i n 1 901

,added two

mo re spec ies , I ll . di latam and 1M fiabel lam,r a i s i ng the n umbe r to fo u r . The co l

l ect i on made by the U. S . F i s h Comm i ss i on exped i t ion in 1 902 appea r s to con ta i nfive spec ies , on l y one of wh i ch co u l d be ident i fied w i th one p rev i ously desc r i bed .

P rofesso r B r igham has sen t me 2 2 spec imens r ep r esen t i ng th r ee spec ies,P. eerrucosa

,

P . di l l-

1mm,and anothe r t hat i s he r e desc r i bed as new

,b u t wh i ch was a l so co l lected

by the I have the r efo r e desc r i bed fo u r as new,w h i ch b r i ngs the n umbe r

u p to e i gh t . I t may be that t he r e are not so many spec ies as are he re recogn i zed ;howe v e r

,f r om the p resen t co l lect ions an d the p resen t status of the l i te r at u r e, as these

e i gh t appea r we l l c ha r acte r i zed , i t seems p robab le that the n umbe r can n ot be red u cedbefo re mo r e extens i ve co l lect i ons have been made.

I n p repa r ing the fo l low ing desc r i p t i ons and i n a r r ang ing the spec ies ex tens i veuse has been made of Be r na r d’s ex ce l len t wo r k

,The Gen u s Montipora,

in Vo lume I I I of the Cat alog u e of Madreporan an Co r a l s in the B r i t i sh Museum (Nat u r a lH isto r y ) . I n th i s wo r k five p r i n c i pa l . s u bd i v i s i o ns

,based upon the cha r acte r of

emnenchyma, are recogn i zed in the gen u s . The n omenc l atu r e of h i s catego r ies i semp loyed in the fo l low ing synops i s and in the subseq u en t desc r i p t i o ns . I am notal togethe r pos i t i ve of the pos i t i on of 1V. (l i latata

,b u t it appea r s to belong whe re I

have p u t i t .

BULLETI N 59,UN ITED STATES NATIONAL h -IUS EUM .

S YNOPS I S or TFI E H AWA I I AN senc nas o r neNTI PonA .

I . Glalgiro - fo v eolate :Coral l um a hor i zonta l ly expanded

,th in , latera l l y a ttached lam ina . l . M. dila tata .

Pap i l late :Pap i l lae 1 1 ipple

—shalzied.

Cora l l um , present ing a v ar iety ofgrow th forms 2 . M. rerrucoso .

I ’ap i l lze as hoods be low the ca l ices .Cora l l um ramose .

Branches s lender , pap i l lae not prom inen t 3 . M. tenuicaul is .

Branches th icker , pap i l la prom inen t 4. M. bermrrdi .

Cora l l um lam inate or fo l iaceo u s .Under s u rface. w i th l i t t le ep i theca, ca l ices occ u r r ing at the base of the o u tward steeps lope ofthe papil lzc 5. M . flabcllam.

Under s u rface en t i re ly co v ered wi t h ep i theca,cal ices freq u en t ly occ u rr ing on the

o u ter end or u pon the pap i l la) 6 . M. sladcri .

I I I . T u berc u late :Cora l l um wi t h wide, f ree edge, ca l ices s u nkenCoral l um w i th a narrow or no f ree edge, ca l ices f req u en t ly e le vated

I . GLABROI . M ONTI P O R A D I L A T A T A S t u der .

P late LI I , fig . 1 ; P late XCI I .

1 90 1 . Montipora di latata STL'DE R , Zoo l . Jahrb ., Syst . , X I V , p . 41 9

,p l . XXX

,fig. 1 1 .

D escri; ntz°

rm .

—'

I’

he o r ig i na l desc r i p t ion i s as fo l lowsThe cora l b u i lds a hor i zon ta l ly ex panded th in lam ina , wh ich i s at tached lateral ly. Th e u nder

s ide i s co v ered by an ep i theca l coat ing , wh ich lea ves a th ickened free edge not meas u r ing more than1 0 mm . across ; the ca l ices are v ery smal l , mm . in d iameter , and are s u nk in the ret ic u late cmnen

chyma . On the u pper s ide the cal ices are to 1 mm . in d iameter , more or less crowded,separated

by a reticu late coenench yma,beset wi th fine, branched sp in u les , wh ich stand c lose aro u nd the ca l ices ,

so t hat in some instan ces the ca l ices appear s u rro u nded by a wa l l . The cal ices often con ta in a seCUnd

in comp lete cy c le .

S t u de r possessed two spec imens of t h i s spec ies and added the fo l l ow i ng no tes onthem :

One colony i s a flat , ex panded , fan - shaped lam ina ,whose inne r attached port ion i s dead and cov

ered by a wh i te coat ; the l i v ing part shows 0 1 1 the u ppe r s u r face con cen tr ic , wa v e—l ike e le vat ions anddepress ions , the fi rs t ones of these again show i rreg u lar e le vat ions , on wh i ch , when the ca l ices arec lo se ly crowded together , the cmnenchyn ia i s more p u shed up and s u r ro u nd s the ca l ices w it h a pro

jectingwa l l . The lam ina i s 3 mm . th i ck on the edge ; toward the base, 4 nn n .

A second colony, a lateral l y attached lam ina,45 mm . ac ross from th e edge to th e p lace of attach

men t and 1 25 mm . in b read th , i s dead , but a great po rt ion of i t (in th ree p laces ) has s u bseq u en t lybeen co vered by a new l i v ing laye r , wh ich ex tends o v er ha l f of the o ld lam ina and projects beyondi ts edge. The old dead co lony has S ci -[min t u bes growi ng th ro u gh i t and projec t ing abo ve i ts s u rface .

These ha v e been o v ergrown by th e new layer , wh ich i s conseq u en t l y th rown in to n umero u s ro u ndedp ro t u berances that may be as m u ch as 1 0 mm . ta l l . The ca l ices on these are b ro ugh t nea rer togetherth ro u gh th e changed mode of growth , and the cwnench vma between them p u shes u pward , or thecal ic u lar month s are e le vated , the cal i ces r is ing abo v e the genera l le v e l ofthe s u r face . I n a th i rd ands im i lar case, where the lam ina appears m u c h fo lded , th e prot u berances ca u sed by the Serpula t u be s ofthe s u bs trat um or b y an at tached cirrepede are cy l ind r ica l or c l u b shaped , and may be 1 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 .ta l l . H ere the ca l ices are c lose ly c rowded , and the in ter v en ing Ctencnch yma r i ses l ike a wa l l

abo v e the cal ic u lar mo u th s , prod u c ing what may be ca l led fo veolate st r u ct u re, u s ing the lang uage ofBernard .

1 6 0 RECENT MADRE PORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I S L A NDS A ND LAYSAN .

Local ity. Laysan .

R ema r k — P rof . . l .E

. Duerden co l lected 1 spec imen of a Moh tzp o m tha t seemsto be long to th i s spec ies . A V iew of the spec imen i s given on P l ate XCI I ; adesc r i pt ion does not seem necessa r y .

I I . PAPI IJ ATE .

2 . M O NTI P O R A V E R RUC O S A (Lam a rck ) .

P lates Ly ,L\

'

I , L V I I , L V I I I , Li x (al l figs ) .1 8 1 6 . I ’orilcs ucrm cosa LAMA RCK , H is t . Nat . A n im . sans V ert. , I I , p . 2 7 1 .

1 846 . fl'l afnop ora cap itals DANA , Z 0 0ph . Wi lkes Exp]. Exped., p . 504, pl . X LV I I , fig. 4.

1 846 . Mrmop om vem‘u cosa DA NA , Z ooph . W i lkes Expl . Exped , p . 506 .

1 886 . I ll ontipom rerrucosa QUELC I I , Reef corals , Chal lenger Repts. , p . 1 76 .

1 886 . Il'fin tl ’tp orl l capitata QUELC l - l , Reef coral s , Chal lenger Repts .

, p . 1 76 .

1 897 . Montipora rmrucosa BERNA RD , Cat . Mad r . Coral s , Br i t. Mus. (Nat . H i st ) , I I I , p . 1 03 , p l .X IX

,fig . 2 (Synonymy) .

1 90 1 . Montipora rerrucosa STUDER , Zoo l . Jahrb .,Sys t . , XL , p . 41 7 .

Not

1 830. .l'l ontiporaf

uermiwsa DE BLA I NV I LLE , D iet. Sci . Nat , LX , p . 355 (=M. obtusata QUELCH ) .

1 833 . .l lontipora verrucosa QUOY and GA IMARD ,V oy. A stro labe, Zool . , I V , p . 247 foveolata

DA NA ) .1 879. Il l ontipora vcrrucosa KLUNZ INGE R , Koral l th . Roth . Meer . , Pt. 2

,p . 35, p l . v , figs. 1 4, 1 5;

p l . v i,fig . 1 0 ; p l . x , fig . 7 (=M. wenosa E hrenberg) .

Be r na r d has pub l i shed an excel len t desc r i p t i o n of t h i s spec ies . As he has h admuch expe r ience w i th th i s genus I p r efe r q u ot i ng what he says to d r aw i ng up a

1 1 9W one .

i on .

'— Co r a l l um may be e i t he r t h i ck,expl anate

,and in c r us t i ng , o r

mass i ve,the th i ck b u t na r r ow f ree edge be i ng s u ppo r ted by an epi theca . The

fo rme r method of g rowth,by the con t i n u ed in c r ust i ng of p rev i o u s i r r eg u la r g r owths ,

may r es u l t in the fo rmat ion of c l umps of i r reg u l a r , stou t , b r an ch i ng p r ocesses ; o r ,aga in

,by the edge c reep ing u nde r the g row i ng mass

,f r ee

,r ounded co r a l la are

fo rmed , w i tho u t defin i te po i nts o f attachmen t , and completely cove red by the co r a l .I n the mass i ve method of g rowth the co r a l l um th i cken s bv the steady g r owt h of theetencnchyma in the mo re cen t r a l r egions o f the co lony .

Ca l i c les n ume ro u s . consp i c u o u s as open h o les , l a r ge (abo u t deep lyimme r sed , excep t nea r the growing

~

edges or on s u r faces wh i c h have g r own inu nfavo r ab le pos i t ions ; in t hese cases the ca l i c les are smal le r and open o n the smooths u r face of th e coenenehyma. Two and sometimes t h r ee cyc les of sh o r t

,t h i c k septa

,

mo r e o r less eq u a l l y deve l oped,p r oject ing b u t a ve r y l i t t le way i n to the po lyp

ca v i ty , and l eav ing a l a r ge open fossa,in the depth s of wh i ch the septa fuse to fo rm

an irreg u l a r co l ume l l a . Adjo in ing ca l i c les are somet imes sepa r ated f r om one anothe rby a s ing le th i n , pe r fo rated p late . Tabu lze may be fo rmed i n the lengthen i ngca l i c les ofmassive g rowths .

The cuenenchyma shows the u s u a l s t ream i ng l aye r , w h i ch bends u pwa r dtowa rd the s u r face, attai n ing in the mass i ve fo rms a g reat th i ckness (6 to 7Th i s ret i c u l um is s l i gh t l y ech in u l ate at the s u r face. The i n te r st i ces usua l l y swe l l u p

1 6 2 RECENT MAD R ICPORA R I A 0 1" TH E H A W A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .

fh'

fiereuj fi wvus ass-mned; by Z/w em ai l

a . A ho r i zonta l l y ex tended l am i na ,w i th w ide

,f ree edge, base ep i thecate o r not.

(P late LI I I , figs. 3 ,

4, 2 spec imens w i t h ep i thecate bases ; P l ates LIV ,LV , two

v iews of the same spec imen , ca l i ces b ifacia- l . )I) . Inc r u st i ng , u ppe r s u r face i r reg u l a r l y nodose. (P l ate LI I I , fig .

1 . I nc r u s t ing , w i th the nod u l at ions of the u ppe r inc r eas ing in he i gh t .(1 . Base i nc r u s t ing , b u t send i ng up sto u t co l umna r p r ocesses . (P l a te LVI . )

e.Base i nc r u st i ng , the ascend i ng p rocesses of sma l le r s i ze, b u t m u ch f u sed at

the tops . (P l ates LVI I I , LIX . )

f.Base sma l l

,i n c r u s t ing

,sma l l ascend ing p rocesses o r ig i nat i ng at an ea r l y

stage,b u t even then the re i s a p r ono u nced tenden cy for the uppe r ends to coa lesce.

S pec imens of the g rowth fo rm designatec “a,

” w i th the ep i thecate base, we refo u nd at S tat ions 3999, i n the v i c in i ty of Ka u ai I s l and , and 4054, off the no r theastcoas t of Hawai i I s l and , at a depth between 2 6 and 50

' fathoms . Spec imens of th i spa r t i c u l a r fo rm we re not co l lected e l sewhe re, and the g r eate r depth may have hadsome i nfl u ence. The spec imen w i th b i fac i al ca l i ces , the g r ow ing edge hav ing beenrefiexed ove r the base , was co l lected i n sha l low wate r , 3 to 6 feet , at Kaneohe, Oahu .

Those of g r owth fo rm “L” we r e obta ined at S tat i on s 41 47 , 41 58 , and 41 63 , inthe v i c i n i ty of Mod u Mann , at depths between 20 and 40 fa thoms . Al l of t hesespec imens are sma l l , and the g reate r depth may have exe r ted an influence.

G rowth fo rm “0

” i s r ep resen ted by the spec imen s f r om Pukoo,Mo l okai , depth

3 to 6 feet .(I rowth fo rm “ d” i s r ep resen ted by spec imen s f rom Kanaha and Kaneohe,

Oah u,and Kaunakaka i

,Mo l oka i .

G rowth fo rms “e

”and

“f

”are f r om Kaneohe, Oah u .

Fou r loca l i t ies have mo r e or less pec u l i a r g r ow th fo rms , namely , the v i ci n i ty.

ofKa u a i I s l and , the no r theast coas t ofHawai i I s l and a

,

”ep i thecate base) ; v i c ini ty of

Modu Mann I s l and b”

; P u koo , Mo l okai c”

. P u koo can be t h r own out,as fo rm

“0

” g r ades d i rect l y i nto As a l ready i n t imated,the g r eate r dept h at the othe r

l oca l i t ies may have r eta r ded the g r owth and may be r espons i b le for the sma l le r s i ze.

Variation in. t/ze coarseness 0f the ewneue/iymal surface retic ulum .

The r et i c u l um of the coenenchyma l s u r face may be fine and somewhat compact ,or r a the r coa r se and open . The re i s absolutelv no co r re l at i on between the finenessor coa r seness of the ret i c u l um and g r owth fo rm . Eve r y k i n d of g r ow th fo rmappea r s w i th e i t he r k i n d of r et i c u l um ; t hey may g r ow al ongs i de one anothe r , andsome spec imens show an i n te r g r adation f r om one k ind of r et i c u l um to the othe r .Variation in the pap i l le:

The pap i l l ae on flat s u r faces,except on the te rm i na l s of fused p r ocesses , are

n i pp le shaped , and in gene r a l p r ec i se l y fi l l an i n te r space between ca l i ces , as r ema r kedby Be r na r d . Nea r the g row i ng edge of a l am ina they u s u a l l y inc l ine ou twa r d , andthe o u te r end mav fa l l ab r u pt l y into a ca l i cu l a r fossa . On the sides of p r ocesses ,espec i a l l y the mo r e s lende r ones

,the pap i l l ae f r eq u en tly ass ume the fo rm of hoods o r

lowe r l i ps to the ca l i ces .The pap i l l ae on the f u sed te rm i na l s of the p rocesses

,i f the coenenchyma l r et i c u l um

fine,are comp ressed nod u les

,w i th steep s ides and ro u nded u ppe r su r faces , the

BULLET IN 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT I ONAL M USEUM .

~a l i ces occ u r r ing in the dep ressed i nte r ven ing a reas . I f the ret i c u l um i s of coa r seand open text u re

, probab lv beca u se of rap i d g rowth,the t e rmi na l pap i l lae may be

r athe r l a r ge n i pp les .Meas u remen ts o f these st r u c t u res are not g i ven ,

as the fig u res are. nat u r a l s i ze,i nd they convey a co r r ec t i dea .

Repeated attempts we re made to sp l i t t h i s se r ies o f spec imens i n to seve r a l spec ies ,but eve r y attempt led to the same r es u l t . The re i s one poss i b i l i ty by wh i ch a separ at ion m igh t be affected . Those spec imens that have only a smal l i nc r u st i ng baseand ea r l y beg i n to p r od u ce ascendi ng p rocesses

,and in wh i ch the pap i l l ae have a mo re

p ronounced tendency to ass ume the fo rm of hoods,mi ght be sepa r ab le. B u t the

poss i b i l i ty of mak ing s u ch a sepa r at ion i s ex t r eme l y do u b tfu l .P r act ica l l y a l l o f the va r i at ion s of th i s spec ies g r ow a longs i de one a nothe r , as at

Kaneohe,Oah u

,t he refo re

,so fa r as one can j u dge f rom the data at hand . the on l y

va r i at i on i nd u ced by env i ronmen t i s t hat g r eate r depth r eta r ds g rowth .

3 . M ON TI PO R A TE N U I CAUL I S , n ew spec ie s .

P late LX,figs. 1 , 1 a , 2 .

Cor a l l um r amose ; b r anches s lende r , te r ete or s l igh t l y comp ressed,of ve ry nea r l y

the same d i amete r th r o u gho u t t hei r length , f requen t l y anastomos i ng , t i ps tape r ingo r somewhat swo l len and b l u n t o r flat tened ; when fl attened , the t i ps g i ve off lobes ,on w h i c h new ca l i ces appea r , these l obes are inc i p ien t new b r anches . The r e i ssome ep i t heca on the base

'

of the b r an ch u sed as the ty pe. Length of spec imen,8 1

mm. ; d i amete r a t lowe r end, abo u t mm. ; g reate r d i amete r at t i p , mm.

Ca l i ces sma l l ; may o r may not be consp i c u o u s ; abo u t mm . in d iamete r : d i stant ,mm. Septa l a r r angemen t i r r eg u l a r . O ften the primarv on the lowe r s ide i s the

most consp i c u o u s sept um,wh i le the p r ima ry oppos i te may be nex t in s i ze. The

ca l i ces f requen t l y are p l a in l y b i l ate r a l . The re are u s u a l l y two cvcles : the cyc les ,howeve r

,are not we l l d i ffe ren t i ated

,the g reate r n u mbe r of the p r ima r ies may be

sma l l , somet imes a few seconda r ies may be l a r ge. I n some i nstances , howeve r ,the re are two reg u l a r cy c les , a la rge and a smal l sept um a l te r nat i ng . The septa arecomposed of sp i nes a r r anged in se r ies one above ano the r ; the d i rect i ve p r ima r iesmay be dentate lamel lze .

Coenenchvma on the t i ps of the b r an c hes loose, ve r y po ro u s ; away f r om the

act i ve l y g row ing po r t ion , wi th some po res b u t r at he r compact . The t r ansve r se sec

t i o n of the l owe r end of the b r anc h shows an i nne r , ax i al , ve r y po ro u s po r t ion ,and

an o u te r , r athe r dense co r t i ca l po r t ion ,abo u t mm . in d iamete r . The s u r face of

the coenenchyma i s u neven , u sua l l y fo rmi ng a l i p o r hood on the lowe r s i de of eachca l i ce. These hoods no rma l l y are low , abo u t mm in he i gh t

,d i amete r of the ba se.

mm . Somet imes the s u r face may be p lane : o ccas iona l l y t he re may be a pap i l l a .r o u nd at the s umm i t , mm . ta l l , and 2 mm . in d i amete r a t the base . These ta l lpap i l l

'. appea r to be i nc i p ient b r anches . The ccenenchymal s u r face, exam ined mo re

m i n u te l y,i s fo u nd to be de l i cate l y and c rowded ly sp in u lose. The sp i n u les are s lende r ,

w ide r a t the base, the t i ps po i nted or bi f u r cated . Nea r the end s of the b ranches thevare mo re de l i cate than on the o lde r po r t ions of the co ra l l um.

1 64 RECE NT MADRE PORA R I A OF TH E HAWA I I AN I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .

Local zitfies .

So u t h coas t of Mo loka i I s l and , S tat ion 38 1 7 ; depth , 2 3— 24 fat homs ; bottom,

sand , stones ; 3 spec imens and 1 0 f ragmen ts .A u a u Channe l , between Maui and Lana i i s l ands , S ta t i on 3872 ; depth , 32—43

fathoms ; ye l low sand , pebb les , co r a l ; tempe r at u re, 1 spec imen , 2 f r agmen ts .Con/pam

— Two spec imens , f rom S tat ion 3 847 . Cat . No . 208 1 1 ,Remark s — The specimen f rom S ta t i o n 387 2 has the l owe r l i p to the ca l i ces a lmost

or act u a l l y obso lete , the t ips of the b r an ches are c l avate, and the ca l i ces are conspic

uous . The l a rge r type spec imen has the lowe r l i p to the ca l i ces r athe r co nstan t lyp resen t

,the t i ps of the b r anches may be flattened , b u t they stil l tape r to the summ i t ,

and the ca l i ces are i nconspic u o u s . The sma l le r of the type spec imens comb ines i none spec imen the d i ffe rences above noted ; on one s i de the re is no l owe r l i p to thecal i ces

,on the o the r i t i s p resent , the consp i c u o u sness o f the ca l i ces is co r relat i ve

w i th the absence of the l i p ; w h i le the ends of the b r anches are i n te rmed i ate incha r acte r .

4. M ONTI PO RA B E RN A RD I , n ew spec ie s .Plate LX ,

figs . 3,4.

Co r a l l um r amose ; b r anches th i ck i n compa r i son w i t h 1 11 . tenu icau l is, ma i n s tem,

leav ing o u t of acco u n t the pap i l lae, s u bc i r c u l a r o r e l l i p t i ca l i n c r oss - sect i o n , somet imescomp ressed at the t i ps ; d i amete r d im inish i ng but l i tt le w i t h inc r eas i ng he i gh t .Specimen No . 1 i s b i f u r cated ; ang le between the b r anches ve r y acu te ; length , 63 mm. ;

g reate r d i amete r o f stem at lowe r end, 8 mm . ; lesse r , 6 mm . Specimen N o . 2 i sb i f u r cated nea r the uppe r end,

and the re are seve r a l i r regu l a r b r an ches be l ow ;length , 7 15 mm . ; g reate r d i amete r of stem at l owe r end, 8 mm. ; lesse r , mm.

Spec imen i l l ust r ated on P l ate LX ,fig u re 3 , i s 1 53 mm . long . Nea r the t i ps the

b r anches tape r g r ad u a l ly . They may be r o u nd o r flattened . The te rm i n al su r faceobtusely r o u nded . The flattened ends are d i v id i ng, b i fu r cat i ngo r t r i fu r cat i ng tofo rm new b r anches .

Ca l i ces r athe r sma l l , to mm. i n d iamete r , to 3 mm. apa r t , usua l l y conspicuous. The re are, as a r u le, s i x mo re p r ominen t septa ; of these a d i rect i ve pai rmo re deve l oped . Q u i te often two seconda r ies , one each s ide of the l owe r d i rec t i ve,nea r ly eq u a l the p r ima r ies in s i ze. The length of t hese l a r ge r septa i s abou t oneth i r d the d iamete r of the ca l i ces . The second cyc le i s comp lete ; somet imes except i ngthe two above men t ioned

,they are sma l l

,even r ud imen ta r y . The smal le r septa are

composed of ve r t i ca l se r ies of ho r i zon ta l sp i nes ; the l a r ge r of ten are den tate l ame l lae.

On the l owe r s i des of many ca l i ces are p r om i nen t pap i l lae, usua l l y b r oad l y e l l ipt i calin c ross - sect ion , p roject ing o u twa r d at r igh t ang les f r om the su r face o r somewhati n c l ined towa r d the t i ps of the b r anches ; s umm i ts r ounded . The g reate r d i amete r atthe base va r ies f r om to mm . ; the lesse r d iamete r f r om to 2 mm. ; he i gh tf r om to n n n . The r e are no pap i l lae be l ow some ca l i ces ; be l ow othe r s the reare on l y l ow swe l l ings of the su r face . The mi nu te cha r acte r s of the su r face are thesame as in 1M tenu -icau l z

’

s .

Local i ty— So u th coast of Molak ai I s l and

, S tat i o n 3847 ; depth , 23— 24 fat homs ;bottom, sand , s tones ; 2 b r anches , p r obab l y b r oken f r om the same specimen ; 3 othe rspec imens and seve ra l f r agmen ts .

1 6 6 RECENT MADRE PORARI A OF TH E i-i AWAi i AN I S LAN DS AN D LAY SAN .

Acco r d ing to P ro fesso r S tuder’

s fig u re the pap i l la) . may somet imes fuse togethe rlate r a l l y ,

th u s fo rm ing sho r t , mo re or less concen t r i c r idges . The a r r angemen t ofthe pap i l l ae i s mo r e st r i k i ngly concen t r i c than r ad i a l i n the i l l u st r at i on .

P r o f . W. T.B r igham has sen t me one spec imen f r om Kahana , Oahu , and anothe r

f rom P u koo ,Mo loka i , obta ined at a depth between 3 and 6 feet .

6 . M ON T I PO R A S TUD E R I , n ew spec ies .

P late LXI I , figs . 1 , 2 ; P late LX I I I , fig . 1 .

Co r a l l um a th i n l am i na . The la rge r spec imen s hows no s ign of hav i ng beenattached , the sma l le r i s b roken a l ong one edge

,and may have been detached f rom an

obj ect of s u ppo r t . The ma rg in of the l am i n a i s mo re o r less sca l loped , an d may besomewhat bent . G reate r d i s tance ac r oss l a rge r spec imen ,

1 1 1 mm . ; w i d th of med ianpo r t ion , 80mm . length ofsmal le r spec imen , 59mm. w i d th

,3 1 mm. Th ick ness ofthe

edge of la r ge r spec imen,2 to mm . ; i n cen t r a l po r t i on ,

abou t 6 mm . ; o f sma l l spec imen

,at f ree edge, 2 mm. ; t h i ckes t pa r t of b r oken edge

,4. mm. ; i n othe r p l aces

a long th at edge,1 to mm. The uppe r s u r face i s somewhat humpy and und u

l ated ; the lowe r s u r face shows , i n ve r se l y , the same i r r eg u l a r i t ies . Unde r s i de cov ~

cred by an ep i theca that extends to the edge of the l am ina , w i th o n l y a ve r y na r r owpe r i phe r a l ma rgi n not invested by the epit heca . The ep i theca l su r face i s ve r ym i n u te l y concen t r i ca l l y s t r i ate.

The ca l i ces are a lmost en t i r e l y confined to the u ppe r s u r face ; in some p l aces afew may be c r owded i n between the g r ow ing edge of the co r a l l um and the edgeof the ep i theca

,b u t w hen these are p r esen t they p resen t no spec i al pecu l i a r i t ies .

Ca l ices o f the u ppe r su r face m in u te,to mm . i n d i amete r , n ot h i dden , 2 to

mm . apa r t . The re are two l a r ge r d i r ect i ves sep ta,one stand i ng oppos i te the ot he r ,

fo u r sma l le r p r ima r ies,and ve r y often

,i f not us u al l y

,the second cycle is com

p iete. The length of the l a r ge r septa is abo u t one - fou r th the d i amete r of the ca l i ce.

The d i rect i ves somet imes meet in the bot tom of the ca l ice,wh i ch is r at he r deep .

The ca l i c u l a r mo u th s may occ u r on the flat coenenchvmal s u r f ace ; t hey may be s i t uated on the d ista l end of a pap i l l a or, in a few instances , are o n the ends of t u b u l a re levat ions .

The coenenchyma l su r face has fla t a reas and pap i l l i fo rm p rot u be r an ces . The

papil l ze r ad i ate o u twa r d , t hei r o u te r ends fa l l ing ab r upt ly to the leve l of the gene r a ls u r face , wh i le the s l opes o n t he i r i n ne r s i des are g r ad u a l . I n the l a r ge r spec imen , atthe appa r en t cente r of the co r a l lum some of the pap i l lae r i se pe r pend i c u l a r to the surface . The same may occ u r on the bumps. The length and hei gh t of the r ad ia t i ngpap i l lae are ve r y va r i ab le ; one meas u red mm . i n lengt h an d was o n ly 1 mm . h i ghat the d i sta l end; mm . is about the max im um height

,to 2 mm. p r obab l y the

ave r age . The papil lw have a r athe r i ndefin i te con cen t r ic as we l l as a r ad i a l a r r angement ; in some i nstances they are r athe r c lose togethe r

, the i n te r ven i ng coenenchyma r i s i ng to a h i ghe r leve l , mak ing a sho r t t r ansve r se l y co r r ugated r idge. The

pap i l lae are in c lose re l at i on to the ca l i ces . A ca l i ce occ u r s at the d i stal end o feve r y one, somet imes at the foo t of the ab r u p t downwa r d s l ope of the o u te r end,but v e r y often one i s s i t u ated above the leve l of the gene r a l coenenchyma l s u r face

BULLETI BT 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 6 7

and may occ u r on i ts mos t e levated po r t i on . Those ca l i ces s i t u ated on the s umm i tsof cy l i nd r i ca l e levat ions have probablv been deve loped at the s umm i ts of up r igh tcy l ind r i ca l pap i l lae. The who le coe nenchyma l s u r face i s dense l y beset w i t h li ne

,

r athe r l ow ,de l i cate sp i n u les

,wh i c h u s u a l l y are po i nted

,tho u gh some are fo r ked .

The r et i c u l um may be a lmost so l i d o r po ro u s,b u t in the l atte r case the trabeculze

have ev i dent ly been cons ide r ab l y t h i ckened .

The t r ansve r se sect i o n of the cccnencli yma shows th r ee layers : the ve r y po r o u sand th i ckes t m i dd le st ream i ng l aye r ; a th in b u t compact laye r r est ing on the ep i theca ;and a co r t i ca l l aye r wh i c h in some i n stan ces i s mm. th i ck . Th i s l ast laye r appea r sa lmost so l i d i n c ross - sect i on ; a few m in u te ho les can be seen ; i t i s i n s t rong con t r astto the ve r y po r o u s st ream i ng laye r .

Local ity— V ic i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l a nd

,S tat ion 4024; depth , 24—43 fathoms ; bot

tom coa r se co r a l sand , fo r am i n i fe r a : tempe r at u r e, F . ; 2 spec imens .Od y/p ea

— Cat . No . 208 1 7 ,

R enwrl 's. These spec imens we r e ve r y puz z l i ng,as i t was d i ffi c u l t to dec ide

Whethe r t hey sho u l d be refe r red to Jl l . cerrucosa o r flabel lata , or be desc r i bed as anew spec ies . The l ast ment ioned co u r se has been fo l l owed . I have been ab le to st u dyove r 30 spec imens of 1M. w rrucosa. I t i s

,as Be r na r d has sa i d , a t remendo u s l y a riable

spec ies . b u t not one of these spec imens ex h i b i ts the mos t s t r i k i ng cha r acte r i s t i c s ofwhat I am ca l l i ng M . studerzf. These cha r acte r i st i cs of 1M studeré are : the radial lva r r anged pap i l l ae, wh i ch are elongate ,

s l op ing u pwa rd and o u twa rd,w i t h the ca l i ces

often occ u r r ing on them . Acco r d ing to P r ofesso r S t u de r , h i s JV. flabel lam has vervl i tt le ep i theca on the base

,wh i le the who le of the base of 1M studerz

' i s cove r ed byep i theca . H e does not men t ion ca l i ces as occ u r r i ng on the pap i l lae ; his i l l u s t rat ionr ep r esents a co r a l l um w i th i i i uch mo re c rowded ca l i ces and w i th pap i l lae mo r e pronouncedly concent r i c in a r r angemen t .

Th i s spec ies i s ded i cated to P r ofesso r S t u de r .I I I . TUBE RCULATE .

7 . M ON TI PO R A P A TU L A V erri l l .Plate v ,

figs . 1 , 1 0 ,1 b, 1 0 .

1 869. Montipora patula V ERR I LL , Proc . E ssex I nst . , V I , p . 8 7 .

1 897 . Montip ora palu la BERNA RD , Cat. Mad reporar ian Cor.

,Br i t . Mus. (Nat. I I I

,p . 1 44.

1 886 . Montipora p atula QUELCH ,Reef Cor. , Cha l lenger Rept . , p . 1 74 .V. peltij brmis Bernard ) .

Origi nal descm'

p tz'

mi . —P rofesso r Verri l l’s o r ig i na l desc r i pt ion was as fo l lows :Coral l um th in ,

part ial ly exp lai iate, a ttached and incr u st i ng at the cen te r , the'

edgrs f ree and

near ly hor i zonta l for a w id th of 4 inches or more. The coral l um at ha l f an inch from t he edge i sofan inch mm . ] th ick ; at 3 inches , te x t u re v ery poro u s , but tolerab l v firm .

The lower s u rface i s dest i t u te of pap i l l i form processes, and near l y e v en , composed of a v ery po ro u sSpong i form t i ss ue, ro ughened w i th m in u t e sharp points . The cel l s are very sma l l in . mm . l .

reg u lar,whol ly immersed

, s u rro u nded bv a c i rc le ofsma l l sp in u les , t h ick ly sca ttered o ver the s u r face .

excep t toward the edge, when they are general ly more d i stan t and of ten larger , u s ua l l y w i th 1 ’

v ery sma l l,r u dimen tary septa . Uppe r s u r face v ery poro u s , somewhat u nd u lated,

a l i t t le u ne ven ,

t h ick ly co v ered w it h smal l , u neq u al prom inen t , ro u nd - topped papi l lw ,wh ich ha v e a v ery open spong

iform tex t u re,t he i r s u rface co v ered w i t h ro ugh projec t ions . Some t imes these pap i l la: are less de ve l

oped and appear l ike smal l ro u nded cluste is of spongy trabicul ie , wh ich projec t al l o v er the s u r face,

1 08 RECENT MADREPOR -A RI A o b‘

TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYS AN .

and are laceratel v d i v ided . Ce l ls th i ck ly scat tered o v er the s u r face, each u s ua l ly s u r ro u nded by a

c l u sterof fo u r orfi ve of the larger pap i l la‘

,considerab ly larger than those of the lower s ide (abo u t

of an inch= 0 . 75 wi t h si x q u i te d i stinct septa, wh i ch ex tend abo u t one- fo u rt h across thecel l s

.

Toward th e cen tral parts of th e coral th e cel l s are genera l ly somewhat larger and ha v e 1 2septa ,s i x v e ry na rrow ones of th e second cy c le a l ternat ing w i th the s ix larger p r imary ones .

Close to the edge the pap i l lae somet imes form rad iat ing rows , or u n i te in to sho rt , th in r idges . The

larges t pap i l lae are scarce ly of an inch mm . ] in diameter , and abo u t [1 mm . ] in heigh t .Hawai ian I s lands . M u se um of Ya le Co l lege. N umero u s spec imen s are al so in the M u se um of

Comparat i v e Zoo logy, wh ich were co l lected by Mr. A . Gar ret .Be r na rd “p l aces th is spec ies in h i s tubercu late sect ion of the gen us .P rofesso r Ve r r i l l has k ind l y loaned me the type spec imen of th i s spec ies ,

P l a te LXV,figs

. 1,1 a.

,l b

,1 0 . C r i t i ca l notes on the d i ffe r en ces between Jl . patu la and

1 11 . w rm'

l l z'

are made afte r the desc r i p t i on of the l at te r species . An add i t iona ld i ffe r en ce i s fo u nd in the sma l le r t u berc les on the su r face of JV] . patu la. Theyare m u ch l a rge r and coa r se r in JV. eerrz

'

l l i .

The t u be r cu l ate l lflm tz'

j wrae of the So u th Pac ific , M . incogn i ta Be r na r d , JV. efusa

Dana,etc .

,are c lose l y r e l ated to t hose f r om the Hawai i an I s l ands , and i t is n ot

u n l i ke l y that the same spec ies may occ u r in both r eg ions . I have not been ab le tost u dy sufficiently la rge co l lect i ons to wa r r an t the exp ress i on of a pos i t i ve op in i on .

P r ofesso r S t u de r 0 i den t i fied a spec imen f r om Laysan as do u bt f u l ly be long i ng toj if. p om/la . I t p robab l y i s a d i ffe ren t spec ies . An i l l u s t r at i o n of it, f r om a p hotog r aph f u r n i shed by P r ofesso r S t u de r , i s g i ven on P late LI , fig . 2 .

8 . M ONTI PO R A V E R R I L L I , n ew spec ies .P late LX I I I

,figs . 2 , 2a 2 6 ; P late LXI V , figs . 1 , 1 a.

Co r al l um i n c r u s t ing an i r regu l a r s u r face , comp lete l y attached u p to the edge onone s i de

,on the othe r s i de the edge p rojects nea r l y 30 mm . beyond the attached

po rt i on . G reates t d i s tance ac r oss co l ony 1 47 mm . ; least , 1 05 mm . Edges t h in o rr at he r th i ck , nea r the cente r the th i ckness may exceed 20 mm . The uppe r s u r faceth rown into h i l locks w i th va l leys between

,fo l low ing the i r r egu l a r i t ies of the su r face

to wh ich i t i s attached .

Whe r e the eorral lum is p rojecti ng and f ree,cal i ces occ u r o n the un de r s i de

,

f u r the r w i th i n , howeve r , the re appea r s to be a basa l ep i theca. The lowe r s u r face ofthe f r ee portion‘ is a lmost even

,w i th the mo u ths of the ca l i ces app r ox imate l y level

w i th the coenenchyma, somet imes s l igh t l y e levated,sma l l

,to mm . i n d i amete r ,

and d i stant f r om on ce to tw ice the i r d i amete r . Even in these ve r y sma l l cal i ces twocomp lete cyc les ofsepta. are of ten p r esent . He r e the o r namen tat ion of the coenen chymacons i s ts of sma l l , s imp le sp i nes , p ro l ongat ions of ' the r et i cu la r trabeculze . O n theu ppe r s u r face the re are two k inds of ca l i ces

,not e levated and e levated

,i n some

i n stances r a i sed as m u c h as 3 mm .

,of a l l he i gh ts between 0 and 3 mm . Not

inf req u en t l y two ormo r e ca l i ces may p rojec t in a b u nch , mak ing the s u r face ve r yu ne v en . The f ree po r tion of the wal l s of the p roject ing ca l i ces i s po lygona l incross sect ion , often pen tagona l ; i t i s ve r y r o u gh and mo re or less spongy . Thee levated ca l i ces are f rom to mm. in d iamete r ; the l owe r ones f r om to

tl- (Jat . Mad reporar ian Cor. Br i t . Mus , I I I , 1 897 , p . 1 44.

”Zoo l . Jahrb .

, XL , p . 420 , p l . x x x , fig . 1 3 .

1 70 R ECENT MADRE PORAR I A 0 10

TH E H AWA I I A N I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .

ve r t i ca l trabec u l a . te rm inat ing in a pal u s , a second v e r t i ca l t r abecula end i ng on thesepta l ma rg in in a septa l g r an u le , beyond the septa l t r abec u l a i s a ve r tica l wa l lt r abec u la.

Se< ond. Ca l i ces in wh i ch the r e are two ormo re g r an u les between the pains andthe appa rent wa l l , w i th a zone of synapt i c u l a nex t the l at te r .Be r na r d cons ide r s that the pe i ipheral l i ng of sy napt i cu l a 1 ep 1 esents the wal l ,

wh i le the po 1 t i ons of the septa o u ts i des th i s r ing a1 e in 1 eal ity cos tae. I n his d1ag1 ams

the t r abec u l ae are rep resen ted as ve r t i ca l .F rom a st u dy of the se r ies of spec imens r efe r red to Pori tes comp ressa, an d its

va r io u s fOI'l l l tfi , and of P. duerdeml, I became conv in ced that the septal t r abec u las ofPorites are not ve r t i ca l , bu t inc l i ned i nwa r d , u sua l ly at so ve r y s l igh t a n ang le thatu n less the long i t u d i na l sect ions of the co r a l l i tes ex tend ove r conside r ab le lengths thet r abec u lae appea r ve r t i ca l andpa r a l le l . Pori tes duefrdem'

,of the fo rms st u d ied

,s hows

most c lea r l y that i ts septa are composed of i nwa r d l y inc l i ned t r abeculae (see p . 1 93,

P l ate LXXVI I I , fig . 3,and P l ate LXXIX ,

figs . 1 , l a) .The wa l l t r abec u l a i n these spec ies i s constan t l y ve r t i ca l . The numbe r of septa l

g r an u les the r efo re va r ies , an d i s a funct i o n o f the ang le of incl inat i on of the septa lt r abec u l ae. The septa l st r u ct u r e of the Poritids i s t he r efore ent i rely homo l ogousw i th that of othe r Mad repo r a r i a, i n wh i ch the l i ne of t r abecul a r d i ve r gence co r re~

spends i n pos i t i on w i th the wa l l . I n those spec ies that I have s tud ied the po r t i on ofthe septum ex te r io r of the wal l i s s u pp r essed , w h i le the inne r por tion i s deve l oped .I t i s p r obab le that trabeculee d i ve r g i ng o u twa r d l y f r om the wal l are developed i nthe ceenenchymatous fo rms .

The septa of Porites are t he refo re st r uctu r al l y ve r y s im i l a r to t hose of the com

po u nd,pe r fo r ate Fungids. The r ecogn i t ion by Duerden and “

Be r na r d of the b i l atei al ity of the Poritid ca l i ces , and the diseovery by Be1 na1 d of the pa l a r formul fe

,

ma r ked g 1 eat advances i n our know ledge of t h i s g 1 o u p of co r al s . The c lea 11 ecogn ition of the essent i a l simila1 ity of t hei r septal st1 uctu 1 e to that of o the1Madr u

epowu ia may 1 ende1 add i t i onal a i d i n u n r ave l ing thei i systematic affin i t ies .The gen u s Porites i s r i ch l y r ep resen ted i n the Hawa i ian wate r s . Ju dg ing f r om

Be r na r d’s Po r i tes of the I ndo - Pacific Region,o n l y the G reat Ba r r ie r Reef of

A u st r a l i a has furn isheda compa r ab l y g reat n umbe r of fo rms .P r ofesso r Dana

,in h i s Z oophytes of theWi l kes E xplo r i ng E xped i t i on

,desc r i bed

f rom the re P. P . mordaw va r . elongate , P. co'mp ressa , and P. lobata .

P r o fesso r Ve r r i l l in 1 864, in h i s L i s t of Co r a l s and Po lyps Sen t i n Exch ange by theM u se um ofCompa r at i ve Z oo l ogy , added an othe r spec ies u nde r the name of Synm’

am

i rregu laris. Queleh , i n h i s Repo r t o n the Reef Co r a l s of the Chal lenge r E xped i tion ,1 886 , desc r i bed P. bulbosa f r om the r eefs of Hono l u l u ; he i den t ified one Hawa i i anspec ies w i th P . l ie/1m Dana , f r om the F i j i I s l ands

,and anothe r w i t h a species f r om

the Riu Ki u I s lands , P. tenn is Ve r r i l l . These i den t i ficat i on s of Q u el ch are e r r oneo u s .P ro fesso r S tude r , in h i s Madreporariervon S amoa

,den Sa ndw i ch —I nse l n undLaysan ,

1 00 1,added P . grade/Li , P. lanuge

’

aom, P . discoidea

, and P. sc/cawffn slandz'

. N i nespec i es and one va1 icty of Po7 am have been des< 1 ibed and two ext i aneous spec iesha 1 e been i dent ified f rom the .l lawai ian I s l ands (i n c l ud i ng Laysan) .

BULLET I N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .

The l as t p u b l i s hed acco u nt of the Hawa i i an Po r i t idae i s by Be r na rd .

" H e . in

o r de r to escape exp ress i ng an op i n i on as to the p robab le spec i fic v a l u e of the va r io u sfo rms desc r i bed by h im

,attaches to eac h one a n umbe r

,p r eceded by an adject ive

i nd i cat i ng the loca l i ty . The fo l low ing l i s t i s comp i led f rom h i s memo i r :P . hawa imw

’

s p rivnaz P . morclamDana .+ 1 mordam va r . elongata Dana .

P. mm amm (amp /ease Dana.

2 P . comp ressa Q u e l ch .

P. be come-

1 1 85s tartan -=P . lobata Dana .P. haunt/end s quarto

: Sywm'aea irregvdm

'v

‘

s Ve r r i l l .P. fiawaie'ns/s Qu inta , B . M . N . H .

b=P . bio/60 .90 . Q u e l c h .

P. lum ra iensvfs sarta,B . M . N . l ie/te nQ u e l ch (not Dana) .

P . lewwm'

ensis sep z‘z

'

ma, B . M . N . H fi z P . (zmnpressw Q u e l c h (not Dana) .

P . 0 0mm ,B . M . N . H .

b= P . ten nis Q u e l c h (part) (not Ve r r i l l ) .P . at tendants/is Home: P . S t u de r .

F r om Laysan , Be rna r d recogn i zes the fo l low ing fo rms :P . layse

-

na.

p rime : P . lam /ginoscz S t u de r .P . lays/um. secmu la = P . sc/La '

zoz'

nslandzfS t u de r .P . layswna tart/a

=P . discozfdea S t u de rAppa rent l y on l y - t hose P on i es f rom the Hawauan I s lands cons ide red by Q u e l ch

in h i s r epo r t on the Cha l lenge r Reef Co r a l s are rep resen ted in the B r i t i s h M u se um .

The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um now has a fa i r l y good co l lect i o n of th i s gen u sf rom these i s l ands . I t i s he r e necessa r y to refe r on ly to t hose fo rms p rev io u s l yr eco r ded by Q u e l c h , and a l l u de to P. mora

’ce var. elongam Dana . The l ast i s not

even c l ose l y r e l ated to P . mordafr, b u t i s a va r ieta l fo rm of P . cmnpfressa . P . bulbosa

Que l c h i s t reated in th i s memo i r as a fo rma of P . comp-

ream . P . Z ia/ten Que l ch i sthe yo u ng of a fo rm ofP. lobata ; the P . ofQ u e l c h i s co r rect ly ident ified ;P . ten n is Q u e l ch (not Dana) i s a fo rm of P. lobata.

The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um i s fo r t u nate in possess ing the o r ig i na l typespec imens of the t h r ee spec ies and one va r iety desc r i bed by Dana f r om these i s l ands

,

and the types of h i s P. Lia/ze n and P. ration/0 8a. and Verri l l ’s P . te am'

s. I have the refo re r edesc r i bed these ty pes of Dana and Ve r r i l l , and h ave i n c l u ded the desc r i pt ionsof S t u de r a nd the desc r i pt ion of P. imegularis Ve r r i l l (o r i g ina l l y as Sync /sea) , aswe l l as desc r i b ing a l l the mate r i a l co l lected by the A lbaf'm ss in 1 90 2

,a series of 52

spec imens sen t me by Dr. \V. T. B r igham,a n umbe r of spec imens co l lected by D r .

J. E . Duerden, donated to the Un i ted S ta tes Nat iona l M u se um by the Ca r negie I nst itution

,and a l a r ge amo u nt o f mate r ia l be l ong ing to the Ame r i can M u se um of Natu r a l

H i s to r y,a l so co l lected by Docto r Duerden

,and k i nd ly loaned fo r st u dy . The t r eat

ment o f the spec ies i s on l y ten tat i ve, b u t i t i s fe l t that i t i s the best that i s at p resen tposs i b le. As the septa l a r r angemen t in P . cl z

'

scoz'

dea ,P . sc/uvuénslam l z

'

, and P

irregular/Is co u l d not be asce r ta ined , the fo l l ow ing synops i s of the spec ies of thegen u s i s not a l togethe r sat i sfac to r y .

“Cata log u e of the Nlai lrepomrian Co ra ls , Br i t . 1 1 1 1 8 . (Nat. H ist ) , V , Por i tes of the I ndo- Pacitic

Reg ion , 1 905. pp . 99- 1 06 .

bThc des ignat ion s fo l lowed bv B . M . N . H . are represented in the Br i t ish M u se um (Na t u ra lH istory ) .

1 7 9 R iccENT MAD RE poRAR IA or TH E H AWA I I AN I S L A NDS AN D LAYSAN .

A

Bv a compa r i son of the data l ate r p r esented w i th Be r na r d’s tables , o r evenBe r nard h imse l f had s u ffi c ien t data to b r ing out th i s fact, fo rms of Porites c l ose l yre l ated to those f rom the l

- la1 -vai ian I s l ands occ u r in the So u th west Pac i fic and the

I nd ian Ocean . As I d i d not have the mate r i a l at hand fo r mak i ng deta i led com

pa r i sons . the s u bjec t of the re l at ionsh i ps of the membe r s of the genu s m u s t bepassed w i th t h is gene r a l r ema r k .

S YNO PS IS O F TH E H AWA I IA N S PECI ES OF POR ITES .

A . Wi tho u t coenen chyma.

I . Fo rm ramose.“

Ske letal s tr u ct u res coarse and ro u gh , i r reg u lar in arrangement, pal i i r reg u lar in de v elopmen t , ofno defin i te shape or s i ze ,

1 septa l gran u le 1 . P . mordax .

S keleta l st r u ct u res reg u lar in arrangemen t , pal i we l l de v eloped , defin i te ly ar ranged , 1 or 2sep tal gran u les 2 . P . comp ressa.

b

Pa l i , low ,smal l ; 2 to 4 septal gran u les . 3 . P . duerdcni .

I I . Cera l ln in composed ofcol umn i form lobes .Cal ices shal low or s u perfi c ial ; pal i , 5 to 8 , u s ual ly 6 ; d i stal ends ofsep ta sp l i t ; a v ery prominc u t septa l gran u le P . evermann i .

Ca l ices exca vated ; palar form u la comp lete 5. P . p uk oensis.

I I I . Cora l l um mass i v e.

S u r face lobate ,g lomerate, or mamm i late, yo u ng exp lanate or incr u s t ing

,ca l i ces exca vated ,

palar form u la comp lete, in tersepta l loc u l i open - 6 . P . lobata .

S u rface g lomerate, cal ices exca vated , palar form u la complete, intersepta l loc u l i fi l l ing up

w i th synapt i c u la,tex t u re dense

F lattened abo v e, or lobate, cal ices v ery deep ; fossa nar row ; pal i poor ly de v e loped , u s ua l ly 4.

8 . P . brighami .

S u rface g lomerate, co v ered wi th b ranched sp in u les , cal i ces v ery shal low, wa l l loose, reti c u lar ;i nner ends of t r ip let f ree 9. P . lanuginosa.

Cora l l um smal l,subslmeroidal , cal ices exca v ated , palar form u la u s ua l ly comp lete.

1 0. P . studem’

.

Cora l l um smal l t u berose, incr u st ing nod u les , ca l ices s u perfic ial , s u rface den se ly spin u lose,inner ends of t r ip let f u sed . - 1 1 . P . bernardi .

Co ral l um smal l , subspheroidal , s u r face somewhat g lomerate, inner ends of t r ip let f u sed .

1 2 . P . tenn is .

I V Coral l um more or less fol iaceo u s .Cora l l um a free lam ina, u pper s u rface flat

,ca l i ces 1 r1 im . in diameter 1 3 . P . d-iscoidea .

Cora l l um a th ick lam ina, u pper s u r face u ne v en ,ca l ices to mm . in diameter .

1 4. P . schau inslandi .

Cora l l um a. smal l lam ina, ca l ices smal l , to 1 mm . in diameter , tending to form ser ies.

1 5. P . l ichen .

Like P . l ichen , but cora l l um larger , ca l i ces larger , 1 to 2 mm . in diameter - 1 6 . P . retieulosa .

B. W i th cmnenchyma

Fo rm ramose, braa eS c rowded, ang u lar , c la vate, u ne ven 1 7 . P ,

”im'cgularis.

Cora l l um incr u s t ing , u pper s u r face u nd u late 1 8 . P . hawa'iiensis .

a A l l of these forms typ ical ly ha ve the i nner ends of the septa of th e t r ip let f ree.

01\

'

o attempt i s made in th i s synops i s to di st ing u ish the formae of P .compressa and P . lobata.

1 74 R ECE NT MA DREPORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAY SAN .

wa l l in a ca l i ce.These sp ines jo i n r ad ia l l y the trabecu lee of the same sep tum. Ve r y

de l i cate tab u lar. rathe r ab u ndant .The co l ume l l a i s l ax , fo rmed by the i r reg u l a r f u s ion of the i n ne r septal ends . A

sma l l te rmi na l t u be r c le u s u a l l y p resen t .Local ity — l lawaiian I s l ands , -Vil k es E xp l o r i ng E x ped i t i on .

Banner/ra — J l‘

h iS co ra l h as a ve r y s t r i k i ng fac ies , b u t i t is ext remely d i ffi c u l t tog i ve an adeq u ate desc r i pt ion . The cha r acte r s seem to l ie i n the coa r se, r ough text u r eand the gene r a l i r reg u l a r i ty of mos t of the ske leta l e lemen ts . The p r eced i ng mo r eo r less u nsat i sfac to r y desc r i p t ion , taken in connect ion w i th the figu r es , w i l l i t i s h opedrende r the spec ies dete rm inab le.

2 . P O R I TE S C OM P R E S S A Dana .

P late LX V I I ; P late LX V I I I , fig. 3 (from Dana’s type) .1 846 . Por ites mordcm var. elongate DANA , Z 0 0 ph . W i lkes Exp l . Exped , p . 553 , p l . L1 1 1 , fig. 4.

1 846 . Por ites comp ressa DANA , Z 0 0ph . W i lkes Expl . Exped , p . 553 , pl . L1 1 1 , figs. 5, 5a .

1 852 . Por ites comp ressa M i LN e EDWA RDS andH A IME , Ann . Sci . Nat. , S ieme ser. , Zoo l . , XV I , p . 3 1 .

1 860 . Por ites comp ressa M I LN E E DWA RDS , H ist . Nat. Corall . , I I I , 1 76 .

1 886 . Por ites bu t/1 0 30. QUELCH ,Reef Cora l s, Chal l . Rept , p . 1 80, p l . 11 1 , figs . 7 , 7a .

1 886 . Por ites mmprcssa QUELCH ,Reef Coral s , Chal l . Rept . , p . 1 80.

1 887 . Por ites comp ressa RATH BUN , P roc. U . S . Nat . Mus , X ,p . 36 1 .

1 905. Porites hawaiensv's secunda BERN A RD , Por i tes ofthe I ndo- Pacific, p . 1 00.

1 905. Por ites hammer/1 313 qu inta BERNA RD , Por i tes of the I ndo- Pacific, p . 1 01 , p l . 1 31 , fig. 8 .

1 905. Por i tes hawaiensis sep t ima BERNA RD , Por i tes of the I ndo- Pacific, p . 1 04, pl . x , fig. 1 ; p l .X I I

,fig . 6 .

Original dawm’

p tion .

— Acco r d i ng to Dana th i s spec ies was as fol l ow sCesp i tose , al i ve for 1 5 to 2 in ches , sub lamel late and erec t , coalesc ing below,

lobed abo v e or

l obato - ramose , lobes compressed , one- hal f to t h ree- fo u r th s of an in ch broad (rarely 1 % in ches ) , short(one- hal f an inch ) , s u btr u n cate at s umm i t , and to 3 to 4 l ines th i ck , not at al l c la vate. Cora l l um firm ;ce l ls one- hal f a l ine broad , neat ly polygona l , q u i te sha l low,

p lano- con ica l ; sep ta ac u te and very th in .

The c l umps are 6 in ches ormore broad and 4 h igh, but are al i v e on ly at s umm i t for 2 in ches or

less. Be low i t i s v ery coa lescent, a lmos t form ing a so l id mass,w i th a few large v ac u i t ies . I n some

Spec imens the b road lame l late str u ct u re i s scarcel y apparen t . The dep th of th e con i ca l ce l l s scarcelyexceeds one- fo u r th the bread th , and the septa are v ery th in .

The fo l low ing desc r i pt ion i s based on Dana’s type,Cat . No . 7 1 1 ,

The co ra l l um i s composed of ascend i ng,t r un cate

,comp ressed

,pl ate- l ike b r anches ,

that by f u s ion fo rm w ide,i r regu l a r p l ates . The base is b r oken

,b u t it Can be seen

that b ranch ing beg ins ea r ly,the b r anches l a r ge l y f u s i ng one to anothe r i n the l owe r

po r t ion of the co r a l l um . He igh t,

cm . ; length , cm. ; b r ead th , cm .

Cal iccs po l ygona l , 1 mm. i n d i amete r,w i th abo u t mm . as an ave rage,

mode r ate l y deep , as m u ch as mm . The wal l s nea r the uppe r ends of the b r an chess imp le, rathe r ta l l , t h i n , and often z igzag ; nea r the l owe r l im i t of the l i v i ng

po r t ions they are not so tal l,or even may be obsc u red ; they are composed of ve r tical

t rabec u la) , jo ined togethe r by th in sy napt i c u la , wh i ch may be r a the r w i de in a ve r tical p lane ; pe r fo r ations may be sca r ce, b u t u s u a l l y are ab u n dan t . The u ppe r mu r aledge i s somewhat i r reg u l a r l y b u t not coa r se-Iv den tate ; den t i cles may co r respon d tothe o u te r ends of the septa ; some of t hem may fo r k and p r esen t a de l i cate l y sp i nu l oseippearance .

BULLET I N 59, U N I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 75

Between a pa l u s and the wal l the r e no rma l l y i s one t r abec u l a,wh i c h te rm i nates

on the septa l ma r g i n,i n a septa l g r an u le

,s l i gh t ly r emoved f rom th e wa l l and of

mode r a te p rom inence . Nea r the lowe r edge of the l i v ing po r t ion the ca l i ces areshal lowe r

,and r a the r often the r e are two g r an u les on the septa l ma r g ins between the

pa l u s and the wa l l . The t r abec u lae next the wa l l are ve r y rarelv connected by acomp lete r i ng of synapt i c u l a

,b u t one i s nea r l y a lways pa r t i a l l y relfn '

esented. The

synapt i c u l a may be f ree f rom the wal l or mo re or less f u sed w i th i t . The re i s nocomp lete and pe r s i s ten t ly deve loped m u r al she l f between the septa l g r an u les and thewa l l

,b u t one i s often p resen t i n pa r ts of ca l i ces . I n th i ck ness the septa eq u a l o r

somewhat exceed the w i dth of the interceptal l ocul i ; the ou te r ends are t h i cke r th anthe i nne r po r t ion s .

The pa l i are mode r ate l y W i de and r athe r ta l l ; the fo rm u l a i s u s u a l ly comp lete,b u t the pa l u s i s of ten sma l l and somet imes absen t on the ven t r al d i rect i ve. They arej o ined toget he r by a pa l a r r ing of synapt i c u l a , wh i ch i s not a l way s comp lete.

The co l ume l l a cons i s ts of a comp r essed,t h in

,r athe r p r om i nen t t u be r c le

,con

nected by 6 mo r e o r less defin ite r av s to the i n ne r ends to the septa . The col

umel lar tang le is often cons i de r ab l y compacted by ste reop l asm i c depos i t .The ske leta l s u r faces are cove red by low ,

b lun t,somewhat c r owded g r an u l at ions .

The p reced i ng desc r i ption i s based on Dana’s ty pe, as has a l ready been stated .

Fo r ty - S ix spec imens and a few f r agmen ts be long ing to the Un i ted S tates Nat ionalM u se um are r efe r red to P. compressa . Of t hese

,3 have be longed in the i nst i t u t ion for

some t ime ; 7 we re co l lected by the A lbatross exped i t ion of 1 902 ; 36 we re r ece i vedf r om D r . W. T. B r igh am

,of Hono l u l u . These specimens p r esen t a w i de r ange of

va r i ation,so w ide t hat i t was ve r y d i ffi c u l t to dev i se a scheme by wh ich the facts

obta i ned f r om st u dy ing them co u l d be i nte l l i g i b ly p l aced 0 1 1 r eco r d . S i x teen p r inc i paltypes and 4 s u bo r d inate types of va r i at i on are recogn i zed . The va r i at ion appea r s tobe cont in u o u s , b u t w i th a n umbe r of defin ite secondarv modes , sho u l d they be p lottedi n to a spec ific c u r ve. What the phys i o logi c meamng of th i s va r iat ion i s

,i t i s at

p resen t en t i re l y imposs i b le to say . We have no fac ts by wh i ch it couldbeasce r ta i nedwhethe r the d iffe r ences are of gamet i c o 1 vegetat i ve o r ig i n . I t was the r efo r edec ided to designate the d i ffe r en t types o f va r i at i o n r ep resented as fornne

, the s u bo r d i nate types as “

subformae”of fo rmae.

” Lat i n names are attached to the fo rmsand subforms. They are i n tended p r i n c i pa l l y as desc r i p t i ve te rms to enab le w r i t ingor speak i ng of the types ofva r i at i on , and p robab ly w i l l not be cons ide red ofpa r t i c u l a rimpo r tance except by those who are mak i ng deta i led st u d ies of va r i a t i on . I p r efe rnam ing to Be r na r d’s n umbe r system .

Befo r e p r oceed ing to a cons i de r at ion of the va r i at ions of the spec ies,a statement

o f the f u ndamenta l p l an u nde r l y i ng a l l of them w i l l be made.

Sp ecific descrip tion of com The co r a l l um has a s l ight l y expanded ori n c r u st i ng base , above wh i ch it soon becomes ramosc , p rod u c i ng c rests or b r anches ,

u s u a l l y mo r e o r less comp r essed . The b r anches nea r the base may be m u ch f u sedone. to anot he r o r f ree ; the same r ema r k app l ies to the cond i t ion i n the u ppe rpa r t of the co r a l l um ,

the b ranches,p la tes

,or c rests mav be sepa r ate or f u sed i nto

p l ates o f va r y i ng w id th . The te rm ina l s or u ppe r edges are a lmos t i n v a r iab l yt r u ncate ; the ends of the b r anc hes are f r eq u en t l y c l a v ate .

1 7 6 RE CENT MADREPORA RI A OF TH E H AW A I I AN I S LANDS A ND LAYSAN .

The ca l i ces are po lygona l , sepa r ated bv defin i te , con t in u ous wa l l s . The r angein d iamete r i s f r om s l igh t ly less than 1 mm .

,the sma l les t ca l i ces on some spec imens ,

to abo u t mm.,the l a r gest ca l i ces on othe r spec imens . The ave r age d i amete r

for spec imens r anges f r om abo u t to abo u t p robab l y mm. i s the ave r agefor the spec ies as a w ho le. The dept h of the ca l i ces i s va r i ab le, f r om s u pe r fic i a l todeep .

The septa va r y m u c h in th i ck ness . The re is usua l l y a si ng le t r abecu l a betweenthe pal a r andm u r al trabeeul ze , eme r g ing on the septa l ma r g i n and p r oduc i ng a septa lg r an u lat ion .

Nea r the lowe r edge of the l i v ing po r t ion of the colony and w he reca l i ces have p ro longed co r ne r s , f req u en t l y the re are two t r abec u lae between the pa l usand the wal l , wh i ch co r respond i ng ly p r oduce two g r anules on the septa l ma rg i n . On

some spec imens many o r most of the septa are composed of two septal t r abecu lae.

These trabew lae, when the re i s on ly one r i ng , or the oute r septa l t r abecu l a w hent he re are two

,are mo r e o r less comp lete l y u n i ted by a r ing of synapt i c u l a . The

septa l trabeeul ze nex t the wal l and thei r ci r c u l a r connect i on s may o r may not p r oducea m u r a l she l f .

The pa l i are a l ways d i st i nct l y deve l oped , and the fo rmu l a is no rma l l y comp lete;that i s

,the re are 8 pa l i . Occas ional l y the pal u s i s s u pp ressed on the do r sa l d i rect i ve,

and f req u ent l y t he r e i s va r ia t i o n i n the t r ip l et ; the ven t r a l d i rective i s of ten s ho r te rt han the l ate r a l s of the t r i p let , and the pa l us o n i t may be obsolete. The pa l i arenea r ly a l ways u n i ted by a r ing of sy napt i cu l a .

The co l ume l l a i s a comp ressed sty le, jo ined by r ad i al con nection s to the in ne rte rm inat ions of the septa l g r o u ps .

The ske leta l s u r faces are alwavs g r an u l ate o r f r os ted , with con s iderable va r i at ionin the th i ck ness

,length

,sh ape

,and p r ox im i ty one to anothe r of the g r an u l at i ons .

The p reced ing desc r i p t ion w i l l s h ow that the r e i s a f u ndamen ta l sc heme unde rly i ng a l l of the va r i at i on s and that each st r uct u r a l e lemen t is va r i ab le

,b u t the va r i a

t ion i s w i th in l im i ts . I n defin i ng the va r i at i o ns s u bseq u en t ly desc r ibed,the fo l l ow i ng

fac to r s are taken into acco u n t :1 . The fo rm of the co r a l lum

,wh i ch i s cons ide red of m ino r impo r tan ce.

2 . The s i ze of the ca l i ces .3 . The depth of the ca l i ces .4. The cha r acte r of the wa l l

,pa r t i c u l a r l y the mu r a l den t i c les .

5. The n umbe r of the septa l t r abec u lae between a pa l u s and the wa l l , and thedentat i ons org r an u les on the septa l ma r g ins . The r e l at i o n between the g r anu le nextthe wal l and the wal l i s of dec ided impo r tance.

6 . The pa l i , espec i a l l y the tenden cy to dev i ate f r om the comp lete fo rmu l a.7 . The synapt i c u l a r r ings , whethe r complete o r i n comp lete, and the deg ree of

f u s ion w i th,or a loofness f r om the wal l .

8 . The co l ume l l a .

9. The cha racte r o f the g ran u l at i o n or f r ost ing of the s ke leta l s u r faces .

1 7 8 RECE NT MA DREPORAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS A ND LAYSAN .

u ppe r po r t ion o f the co r a l l um i s e levated , b u t nea r the base i t is red u ced i n heigh t ,and the septa l g r an u l es are tal l , somet imes a lmost eq u a l ing the wal l in he i gh t , andthe o u te r r i ng of synapt i c u l a may be a lmost comp lete.

Th i s fo rma i s in i ts ca l i c u l a r cha rac te r s sca r ce l y to be sepa r ated f r om Pori tespu k oe m

-

vfx,new spec ies (see P l ate XCI V andP l ateXCV , figs . 1 , 2 , p . The co l umns

of the l atte r are th i cke r , b u t the resemb l ance in ot he r feat u r es i s so s im i l a r th at thei rbe i ng d i ffe rent g rowth fo rms of the same spec ies i s st r ong l y s u ggested .

D r. J.E

. Duerden obta ined at Wa i k i k i , Oah u , a s u i te of o v e r t h i r ty spec imensof a brides t hat seems to be a mod i ficat i on ofP. comp ressa fo rma (cozy/ersztisep ta ; thefo rm of the co r a l l um ,

howeve r,i s u s u a l l y r ath e r d i ffe ren t . A desc r ipt ion of the

deve lopment o f the co r a l l um w i l l most c lea r l y b r ing out the essen t i a l cha r acte r s .The co ra l l um in i ts ea r l y stages fo rms o v e r v a r io u s objects an inc r ust i ng l aye r ,

w i th g i bbos i t ies on i ts u ppe r . S u bseq u en t l y low c r ests and nodu les appea r . The

c rests may de v e lop i n to e levated p l ates , the nodu les i n to s t umpy , in c r assate, m u c hf u sed b r anches . The i nte r g r adat ion f rom the co r a l l um that i s on l y a s u r facei nc r u s tat ion to the mo re r amose fo rm of the fo rma i s comp lete. A ca ref u l compar i son of the ca l i ces of the va r io u s spec imens showed no impo r tan t d i ffe ren ces (seeP l ate XCI I I , figs . 1

,2,

P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo rma AN GUS'

TI S E PTA subform a D E L I CATULA , n ew .

P late LX V I I I , fig. 2 ; P late LX IX ,fig . 1 .

Th is subforma d i ffe r s f r om fo'rma angustisep ta by i ts mo r e de l i cate pa l i and the

c rowded , fine,long sp inulations of the ske leta l s u r faces . O the r w i se t he r e i s n o note

wo r thy d i ffe r ence . The s ides of the b r anches or p l ates possess ro u nded gibbos i t iesb u t no pa r t i c u l a r impm'

tance can at tach to them.

Local ity— P u koo , Mo loka i ; recei ved f r omW. T . B r igham ; dep th , 3 to 6 feet .

Type— Cat. No . 20929

,

PO R I’

I‘

E S COM P R E S S A fo rma A N GUSTI S E PTA sub form a PAUCI S P I N A , n ew .

P late LX IX , figs . 2 , 2a .

Th i s subforma i s based on a s i ng le spec imen,composed of seve r a l f u sed and flexed

p lates , w i th nodose u ppe r edges . He i gh t, cm . ; length, 7 cm. ; w id th , cm. ;

depth of l i v i ng po r t ion , f r om cm. to cm . ; t h i ckness of p late, cm.

The difi’

t-n'cnoc between th is spec imen and fo rma amyustésep ta. cons i s ts i n the

sha r pe r and mo re s catte r ed septa l g r an u l at i ons and a gene r a l l y mo re r agged appea rance o fthe ske leta l pa r ts . The ca l i ces ave r age somewhat sma l le r

,r angi ng in d i amete r

f rom to w i th abo u t as an ave r age.

— P u koo, Mo loka i ; r ecei ved f r om“7 . T . B r i gham ; depth , 3 to 6 feet.Typ e — Cat. NO . 209-1 52

,

P O R I TE S COM P RE S S A fo rm a F R AGI L I S , n ew .

P late LXX ; P late LXX I , figs . 1 . l a .

i

o’ x sCora l l um tonm ng a head , 1 6 cm. across,composed of smuous, anastomosmg

p lates , or conn'

n'

essed knobs , w i th t r u ncated o r rounded u ppe r edges . Lesse rd iame te r of a knob

, mm .

BULLETI N 59,UN I TED STATE S N AT ION AL BI US EUM .

Ca l i ces po l ygona l . w i t h ve r y defin i te bo u nda r i es ; on the sunnn its and s ides of

the l i v ing po r t ions deep , near the lowe r edge s ha l low . The d iamete r ranges f romto 2 mm.

,u s u a l l y abo u t nun .

The wal l i s e lt-zvated, t h i n , cont in u o u s , f r eq u ent l y z igzag . The m u ra l dent i c lesare del i cate

,often long

,sp i n u lose

,abo u t 2 1 to a ca l i ce.

The septa are th in and f r agi le , the o u te r ends th i cke r ; i nte r septa l lo c u l i w i deind open . Between a pa l u s and the wa l l

,f rom one to th ree septa l trabeculzc ,

depend ing u pon the lengt h of the sept um ; two i s the u s u a l n umbe r . Ea c h of the set r abec u lae i s te rm inated on the septa l ma r g in by a de l i cate den tat ion . The o u te rmost toot h stands f rom one- fo u r t h to one - th i r d the length of the sept um away f romthe wa l l , w h i c h p rojects cons ide r ab l y beyond i ts u ppe r end. The

|o u te r teet h co in

c i de in pos i t i on w i th an i ncomp lete r ing of synapt i cu l a . A second sy napt ic u la r r ingjo ins the pa l i togethe r .

The pa l i are th i n , f ragi le , ofmode r ate hei ght,po i nted or t r u ncate ; the fo rm u l a

i s comp lete. They s u r ro u nd a deep , we l l - l i ke dep ress i on , f rom the bo t tom of wh i chr i ses a de l i cate, na r r ow , sp i nose, l ame l l a r co l ume l l a . The u ppe r end of the co l ume l l a i s m u c h lowe r t han the l eve l of the ends of the pa l i .

The ske leta l su r faces are beset w i th n ume ro u s s l ende r sp i nes of va r iab le lengthi nd shape

,po int ing in many d i rect ions , and p rod u c i ng a ve r y ro u gh and r agged

tppearance.

Local ity— Pea r l Ha r bo r , Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 feet .

Type— Bishop M u se um

,Ho no l u l u ; f r agment , Cat . No . 2092 8

,

R eminds — Th is fo rma i s espec i a l l y cha r ac te r i zed by i ts f r ag i le ske leta l pa r t sand the pec u l i a r nat u re of the i r o rnamen tat i on . I t i s c losel y re l ated to fo rma«l ug/astistwta , be i ng sepa r ab le f rom t hat fo rma by its mo re de l i cate ske leta l st r u ct u res .

p os xrs s COM P R E S S A form a CONJUN GE N S ,n ew .

P late 1 .xx 1 , figs . 2 , 12a .

Co r a l l um composed of ascend i ng,i r r eg u l a r l y const r i cted nod u lose co l umns

,

r i s i ng f rom a ramose base. As the co l umns g row u pwa r d they become comp ressed,

W i den and d i v i de i n to t h i ck b r anc hes . '

l‘

here i s cons ide r ab le f u s ion between the

b r anches,even nea r the base, b u t in the u ppe r part of the co r a l l um t hey f req u ent l y

fo rm w i de p l ates . The co l umns and p lates in the inte r io r of the co r a l l um are deadto nea r t he i r s umm i ts ; b u t on the o u ts ide the l i v ing po r t ion ,

ord i sconnected l i ve a reas .mav ex tend mo re than hal fway to the base. The l owe r edge of the l i v i ng po r t io nf req u ent l y c r eeps downwa r d o v e r the s u r face of the dead pa r t , and f u r the r down the r eare d i sconnec ted l i ve patches , occ u r r i ng as i nc r u stat ions . l'l eight of co ra l l um. 2 8

cm . ; d i amete r of b r anc hes f rom 1 to cm . ; w i d th of p l ates f rom 2 to 1 5 cm.

Ca l i ces po l ygona l , 1 to 2 mm . in d iamete r , u s u a l l y abo u t mm. ; moderatelv

deep nea r the s umm i ts , s ha l low or s u pe r fi c ia l nea r the l owe r edge of the l i v i ng port ion ; sepa r ated by s l igh t ly e levated , continuous , s t r a igh t.wa l l s . The re. are mo re than24 sma l l , i r reg u l a r ly s haped m u ra l dent i c les to a ca l i ce.

The septa are of va r i ab le th i ckness . Theymay be t h i c ke r than . or na r rowe r thanthe i nte r septa l locu l i ; the o u te r ends de c i ded ly th i cke r t han the i nne r . Between apal u s and the wa l l t he r e i s o ne septa l t r abec u la, except nea r the lowe r l im i t o f the

1 80 mccE N 'r MAD R E I’UR AR I A or TH E HAWA I I AN ISL A N DS AN D LAYSAN .

l i v i ng pa r t , wh e r e th e r e are occas i o na l l y t w o , th e o u te r a r i s i ng i n th e angl e betweenthe wa l l and the nex t m o r e i nwa r d ly s i tuated t r abecu la, w h i ch i n c l i n es towa r d thec o l u m e l la . S epta l gran u l es co r r espond to the septa l t rabecu lae ; u sua l l y t he r e is on lyone,w h ic h i s d e tach ed f r o m the wa l l , s tand i ng abou t h a l fway between it and the

pa l us . Th e y va r y both in p r o m i nen ce , s i z e , and shape . Wh en th e cal i ces a r e deepth ey are no t so ta l l as th e wa l l ; wh e n the ca l i ces a r e sha l l ow they a r e o f abo u t th esa m e h e igh t . (l ‘b ey m ay be i r r egu l a r l y shaped gran u l es , na r r ow teeth , o r platel i k e .Th e septa l t rabecu lae when the r e i s on l y one r i ng, o r t he o u te r t r abecu lae w hen t he r eare t w o r i ngs , are u n i ted by sy napt i cu la, ex te nd i ng h igh up in t h e cal i ce

,and

d e ta ch ed f r o m o r fused to the wa l l , th u s fo r m i ng on th e o l d e r po r tions of theco ra l l u m a d is t i n c t m u ra l s he l f .

The pa l i are often s m a l l , those b e fo r e th e l ate r a l pai r s th e l a rge r , r at he r th in ;bu t t hey may be rath e r w i d e and tal l . The fo r m u l a is pe r siste n t ly co m p l ete . Pa l a rr i ng of sy napt icu l a co m plete .Th e co l u m e l l a is usual l y a r a th e r w i de

,th i n la m e l l a

,of m ode r ate h eigh t , r i sing

f r o m t he flat botto m of th e fossa,wh ich i s su r r ou nded by the pe r pe nd i cu l a r inne r

edges of th e pa l i . Th e r e i s cons i de rab l e co m pact i ng a r ou nd i ts base .Th e skel eta l su r faces a r e cove r ed w i th c l ose l y set

,sho r t

,b l u n t gr an u lation s .

l ocal ity— Reef at Kau nakaka i

,Mo l oka i

, A lbatross, 1 902 .

Typ e— Cat . No . 2 1 2 76 ,

R enam i ng. Th i s fo r m a i s i n m os t r espects t he cen te r of the species,b i nding

toge th e r the va r ious formze that co m pose it. I ts r e l at i on s to the othe r fo r m ae a r ed i scussed i n t he conc l ud i ng r e m a r ks on t he spec i es .

P O R I TE S C OM P R E S S A for m a P R O FUND ICALYX , n ew .

P late LX X I I,figs. 1

,l a

,l b.

Co ra l l u m co m posed of ascend i ng, t r u ncate , co m p r essed b r an ch es , coalesc i nga lfmndan tl y and fo r m i ng i r r egu l a r p lates of conside r ab l e w idth .

Th i s fo r m a i s based on fou r f rag m e n ta r y spec i m ens , al l of w h ic h m ay be l o ng toth e sa m e co r al l u m .

MEAS UREMENTS .

Free portion ofbranches. Plates .

H eigh t .Length . Width . Th ick ness. Th ic k ness . Width .

am. am. (3m . cm.

— 1

. 6 —2 . 35 . 9 — l . 1 5

L bs

up to 2 . 8

(4 Type.figured specimen .

1 oLahces po l ygona l , 1 to m m . 1 1 1 d ia m ete r

,u sua l l y abou t m m

. ; excavatedand doculedly deep nea r t h e b ranch su m m i ts and fo r conside rabl e d i stan ces dow n onthe s ides ; sepa rated by e l evated , con t i nuou s , un usual l y co m pact wa l l s , th i n on the

1 82 R ECE NT MA DREPORAR I A o r TH E HAW A I I AN I SLA NDS A ND LAYSAN .

The wal l i s th i n,d ist i n ct

,usua l l y c o n t i nu o us ; on l y s l igh t ly e l e vated on the l owe r

po r t ion of t h e co ra l l u m , d i sta l l y m o r e e l evated , but not espec i a l l y p r o m in en t . Mu rald e nt i c l es fi n e

,d e l i cate l y f r osted

,abou t tw i c e as n u m e r ous as th e septa .

Th e o u te r e nds of t he septa are th i ck e r than the in ne r ends ; t h e septa as a who l er athe r th i ck

,t he i r t h i ckn ess ex ce ed i ng t h e w id th of t h e i n te r septa l locu l i ; t h e l atte r

ve r y na r r o w on th e basa l po r t i o n of th e co r a l l u m . Be tw een a palu s and the wa l lth e r e appea r s to be a S i ngl e septa l t rabecu l a , bu t on the septa l m a rgi n t h e r e a r ese v e ra l , t w o o r th r ee , d e l i cate , m inu te l y and ve r y de l icate ly f r ost ed den tat i ons o rsp i n u l es

,wh i ch are a l m os t as ta l l as th e wa l l . Each of th ese den ticles appa r en t ly

d o es not co i n c id e w i th atrabeeula, bu t seve r a l m ay o r iginate f r o m t he sa m e t r abeeu la . The ou te r m os t septa l d en t i c l e of ten stands s l igh t ly away f r o m the wa l l . Thei n ne r o r pa la r sy napt i cu la r r ing i s no r m al l y co m pl ete ; t he ou te r o r m u r al r ing isso m e t i m es co m p l ete

,and is s l ight ly sepa r ated f r o m t he wa l l .

Th e pal i a r e r athe r tal l and na r r ow , fi ne l y f r os ted , fo r m u l a usual l y co m p l e te .Th e co l u m e l la i s a th i n

,co m p r essed tube r c l e .

A l l the ske l e ta l su r face are de l i cate l y and th ick l y sp i n u l ose , p r od ucing a rat he rwoo l y appea rance .

l ocal i ty.

~— Kahana,Oah u ; dep th , 3 to 6 feet ; r ece iv ed f r o m W . T . B r igha m .

Cb types.

— Cat . Nos. 2091 1,2091 4

,

[remark s — Th i s fo r m a i n te rgrades w i th fo r m a denszfmum ta .

p oarres COM P R E S S A fo r m a D E N S IM UR ATA,n ew .

P late LXXI I I,figs . 1

,1 a .

Co ra l l u m ra m ose,b r anch es co m p r essed

,of va r i ab le w idth

,supe r i o r l y sp r ead i ng

somewhat o r coal es c e n t , the uppe r e nds a r e t r u ncate and m ay be swo l l e n , of flabel lateo r c l a v ate fo r m .

MEAS U R EMENTS .

Branch es .

Length . Width . T h ic k ness.

Th e th r ee sp ec i m e n s he r e gr ouped togethe r a r e al l b r oken po r tions of co ra l l a .Th e branch es of No. 1 coal esce d i sta l l y

,wh i l e t hose of th e two othe r Spec i m en s a r e

f r e e .Ca l i ces po lygo na l , w ith defi n i te bou nda r ies , r angi ng in d ia m e te r f r o m 1 to

m m w i th an ave rage of abou t s l igh tly l ess than m m.The depth is on l y

m od e rate.

The wa l l on the u ppe r and m ed ian po r tions of t he b r anches is S l ight l y e l e vated ,s ha r p , and d efin i te . The m u r al d e n t i c l es are r e l at i ve ly l arge , ofte n coa r se , u sua l ly

BULLET IN 59,UN I TED S T ATES N AT ION A L h IUS EUM .

m o r e t han 1 2,bu t l ess t han 2 1 i n n u m be r . Nea r t h e base

,th e wa l l may b e obscu r ed

by th e th i cken ed d i stal end s of the septa ; b ecause o f t h es e t h i cke n ed septa l ends , atthe l eve l o f the base of the septa l gr anu l es , i t appea r s th i ck and so l i d .

Th e septa uual ly a r e th i cke r th an the i n te r septa l l ocu l i ; th e latte r , h oweve r , a r eas a r u l e open . Most co m m o n l y o ne sep ta l t rabecu la e m e rges be t wee n th e pa l us andwa l l , occas i onal ly two . The co l u m e l la r , pa la r , septa l , and m u r a l t rabecu lae area l m ost pa r al l e l i n t h e i r cou r ses . Th e septa l gr an u l e stands a s l igh t d i stan ce awayf r o m th e wa l l

,and i s m ode rate l y p r o m i nen t

,bu t does r each the l eve l of the edge of

t h e wal l . Both synapt i cu l a r r i ngs are i m pe r f ect l y deve l oped , espec ia l l y the ou te ro r t he mu ra l ; t hose be l ongi ng to the l at te r r i ng are c l ose to the wa l l and are

f r equ e n t ly fu sed to i t .The pa l i a r e p r o m i n e n t

,th i ck

,and coa r se ; t h e f o r m u la mav be co m p l e te

,b u t

f r equen t ly the r e i s n o ne on the ven t r a l d i r ec t i ve .Th e co l u m e l la i s a co m p r essed , s m a l l o r rath e r s tou t stv le .

The sk e l e tal st r uctu r es a r e cove r ed w i th sho r t,b l u n t , coa r se g r an u lat i o n s .

l ocal ity.

— Pukoo , I s land of Moloka i : depth , 3 to 6 fee t ; r e ce i ved f r o m D r .W . T . B r igha m .

Cb typ ea— Cat . Nos. 20945, 20946 , 20947 ,

R emark s — Fo r m a dens zfmxum ta. in te rg r ades on t h e one hand wi t h fo r m a p i leson the othe r w i t h fo r m a gram

’

muraz‘a .

Th e spec i m en desc r i bed in th e su cceed i ng n ote was not r e fe r r ed to any fo r m a ,becau se of its in te r m ed i ate cha racters .Co r a l l u m co m posed of t r u ncated co m p r essed b r an ches o r coalesce n t p l ates

,f r ee

fo r onlv a s m a l l po r t i o n of thei r l engt h . H e igh t of co ra l l u m , c m . ; b ranches f r eefo r c m . ; w id th , cm. ; th i ck ness , c m . The spec i m e n i s pe r fect .Th e cal i ces a r e sha l l ow

,po lygonal , defin i te l y d e l i m i ted , r angi ng in d ia m e te r f r o m

1 to 2 m m .

,w i t h abo u t m m . as an ave rage .

The wa l l is d i st i n ct,s l igh t l y el evated on th e uppe r po r t i on of the co r a l l u m , w i th

coa r se m u r a l d en t i cles so m ewhat m o r e n u m e r ou s t han t he septa : on t he basal po r t i oni t may b e o bscu r ed .

I n its septa l cha r acte r s and i ts su r face o r na m en tat i o n t h i s spec i m e n co m b i n esfo r m a p i low w i t h fo r m a densimw am i t i s p r ec i se l y i n te r m ed iate .

PO R I T E S COM P R E S S A fo rm a GR AN IM UR ATA , new .

P late LX X I I I , figs . 2 , 2a .

Cora l l u m co m posed of b r anche s o f s m a l l d ia m ete r (8 by 1 1 f r ee d i sta l l yfo r f r o m to m m . ,

the e nds t r u ncate. and c la v ate . coa l esc i ng below th esu m m i ts i n to p l ates . Heigh t of l a rge r p i ece s , 1 c m .

Ca l i ces sha l l ow,definitelv d e l i m i ted , r angi ng i n d ia m ete r f r o m 1 to m m . ,

ave rage d ia m e te r abou tWa l l s l ight ly e l evated , usua l l y con t i n u o us , 1 5— 20 i r r egu la r l y shaped m u r a l

d en t i c l es to th e ca l i ce .

Th e septa are th i ck , w i th i n te r ve n i ng na r r ow but Ope n i nte r septa l l ocu l i . Be t w eenth e pa l u s o f a septu m and th e wa l l i s one septa l trabeeula te r m i nat i ng supe r i o r lyi n a septa l gran u l e s l ight l y d i sta nt f r o m t h e wa l l , a she l f r u n n i ng a ro u nd the i n s id eof the wa l l be twee n i t and the r i ng o f granu l

1 84 R ECENT MAD RE PORA R I A or TH E H AWA I IAN I S LANDS AND LAYS AN .

Th e.pa l i are po i n ted , r ough , and so m ewhat i r r egu la r . Th e fo r m u la is often

co m p l e te .The r e are tw o r i ngs of s y napt i cu la , the o u te r o r m u r al u sua l ly not co m pl e te

l l ] (l ofte n fused to th e wa l l .Th e co l u m e l l a i s a s m a l l tube r c l e .Th e ske l e ta l o r na m en ta t i o n c on s i s ts o f rath e r c r o w ded , sho r t , thick , b l u n t

gran u l at i ons .Th ese spec i m ens

,two

,hav e a p ecu l ia r l y r ough i r r egu l a r tex tu r e . u n l ik e that of

any of t h e oth e r Hawa i i an spec i m e ns .l ocal i ty

— Kaneohe,Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 f eet ; r ece i ved f r o m W . T . B r igh a m .

Crime a— Cat . Nos . 20936 , 20951 ,

R emctxrk s — Th i s fo r m a i n te rgrades on one hand w i t h fo r m a densinuwu ta , on th eoth e r w i th fo r m a abacus .

P O R I TE S C OM P R E S S A for m a C L A V U S ,n ew .

P late LXX I V , figs. 1,1 a..

Th i s fo r m i s r ep r esen ted by a s i ngl e c l avate l y shaped co l u m n , th e basa l pa r t ofw h i ch inc r u sts a dead f r agm e n t o f t h e sa m e spec i es . He igh t , 62 mm. ; l esse r dia m ete rof base

,mm . ; gr eate r d i a m e te r of m i dd l e po r tion , 1 8 mm .

,l esse r , gr eate r

d ia m ete r of uppe r end, 33 mm.,l esse r

,in con st r i ct i on

, gr eates t w id t h of endl obe

,2 8 .

Ca l i ces po l ygona l , sepa rated by stou t , con t i n uous , e l evated wal l s , abou t 1 9 o r 20m u r a l d en t i c l es to a ca l i ce . ‘

D i a m e te r,f r o m to 2 m m .

,m m . t he ave r age size .

The septa a r e s l igh t l y th i cke r than th e i n te r sep ta l l ocu l i , wh i ch a r e . open .

Betw een a pa l u s and the wa l l t he r e is one t r abecul a te r m i nat i ng on th e septal m a rgini n a tooth of va r iab l e w id th and p r o m i ne n ce

,nea r o r s l ightly r e m oved f r o m the wal l .

Th e r e is no d i stinct l y deve l oped m u ra l sh e l f . The pa l a r synapticu la r r i ng is ofte no r u sual l y co m pl e te ; th e ou te r r i ngis ve r y r a r e ly co m p l e te , bu t nev e r en t i r e l y absen t .The pa l i a r e r at he r th i ck

,not ve r y p r o m i n en t

,m o r e o r l ess poin ted

,r ange in

n u m be r f r o m s i x to the co m p l ete fo r m u l a,th e latte r cond i t i on

,h oweve r . i s r a r e .

The co l u m e l l a is a co m p r essed sty le,not so tal l as th e pal i .

The sk e l e ta l su r faces w i th r athe r few gran u lat i ons , th e r efo r e p r e se n t i nga s m oothapp ea r ance .

l ocal i ty.

— Pukoo,Mo l oka i ; depth 3 to 6 feet ; r eceived f r o m D r . W . T . B r igha m .

Typ e— Cat. No. 2 1 27 1 ,

R emark afThe pa r t i cu l a r l y sol i d and s m ooth appea r ance of both the wa l l and

septa o f th i s fo r m a r e esp ec i a l l y n otewo r thy .

P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo r m a COM PACTA ,n ew .

P late LX X I V , figs. 2,2a .

Co ra l l u m co m posed of r athe r sle nde r,co m p r essed b r an ches

,w i th ob tu se o r fla

bel l iform e nds . S o m e b ran ch es fu se and fo r m r ath e r w i d e p l ates . He igh t , c m .

‘

l e ngt h o f f r e e po r t i on of b ranch es , c m . ; w id th , 1 . cm . ; th ick ness ,c m . ; w i d t h of p late fo r m ed by t he fu s i on of b r anc hes

,c m .

1 86 R ECE NT MADRE I’ORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I AN I SL AN DS AN D LAYSAN .

Th e ca l i ces are rath e r la rge , f r o m to 2 m m . i n d ia m ete r , u su al l y abou t 2m m

. ;sha l l ow

,o r even supe r fic ia l , sepa rated by rathe r defi n ite , l ow , r agged , th i n

wa l l s . Th e nim a l d en t i c l es are v e r y i ough , i i regu la r , (omp i essed, o r tw i sted , andabou t tw i ce as n ume i ous as th e septa .

l h e s epta a1 o th iek th i ck e 1 than th e w id th of the inte 1 septal l ocu l i . Between apa l us and the wa l l th e 1 e. m a v be oi th e 1 one () l two septal t i abecu loe . I t 1 8 d iffi cu l t todec id e i s th e p r e v a l e n t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 e 1 , eacl 1 i s f1 equent, two is p 1 obably th e co mm o n e 1 in hu ge cal i ces . I h e t 1 abeculce have con esponding gr a n u l es ou th e septa lm a r

gi n s

.The ou te r gran u l e when two are p r esen t , o r th e s ingl e gr an u l e w he n the r e

i s o n ly one , is detach ed f1 0 1n t he wa l l and sepa r ated f r o m i t by a s i n u s ; th e r i ng ofgr an u l es i s usua l l y j o i n ed by a co m p l ete r i ng of sy napticu l a , ordina1 ily s l igh t lyd i s tan t f1 0m the wa l l . The ou te 1 e nds of th e sep ta , beyond t h e synapticu l a , a1 efrequentlv

b i fu r cated .The uppe 1 edges of the septa l g1 ann les and the pal i 1 each

t he sa m e p l ane and are a l m os t as ta l l as th e wal l .Th e pa l i a r e r at he r th i c k , not ve r y tal l , al though the i r uppe r ends r each so h igh

a l eve l. S eve n i s t h e u sua l n u m be r . They a r e p r esen t befo r e the l ate r al pa i r s , th e

d o r sa l d i r ect i v e , and eac h late r al of the t r i p l et . The fo r m u la i s occas i ona l l y , bu tr a r e ly

,co m p l e te . Th e pa la r r i ng of sy napt i cu l a i s con stan t ly co m p l ete .

The c o l u m e l la i s a na r r ow , co m p r essed sty l e , not so ta l l as t h e pal i , to w h i ch i ti s j o i n ed by th i ck rad i i .Th e i n te r septa l l ocu l i a r e ext r e m e l y na r r ow because of the th i cke n ing of the

d iffe r en t ske l e ta l s t r u ctu r es .The skel etal su r faces a r e r ough ly and coa r se ly gran u l ated .

Local z'

ty.

— Kahana,Oahu ; r ece i ved f r o m W . T . B r igha m ; depth , 3 to 6 feet .

Typ e— Oat . No . 2 1 2 69

,

R e mark s — Fo r um divaricans is cha r acte r i zed ch i efly by i ts shal l ow o r supe r fi c ialca l i ces , of so m ewhat gr eate r d i a m e te r than i s u sual in t h e species , and the f r equencyof two septa l gr an u l es .

PO R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo r m a E LON GATA Dana .

P late LXX V I,figs . 1

,1 1 1 .

1 846 . Porites mordar /J’ elongate DANA , Z 0 0 ph . W i l kes Expl . Exped.,p . 553 , p l . L I I I , fig. 4.

Original descrip tio‘

1 .

—Dana’s o r igi na l desc r i pt i on i s as fo l low sTh is figure [c i ted abo v e] represen ts a spec i m en e igh t i nches h igh , consist i ng of th ree or four stout

ste m s f ro m a co m m on base , w h ich is two i nches th rough and Spari ngl y b ranched abo v e . The upperbranches are two to th ree inches long, an i nch th ick at base , and hal f an i nch at apex . The ce l ls arev ery s i m i lar to those of th e abo v e [P . wwrdax ], yet a l i t t l e sm al le r , abou t ten be ing coun ted i n hal fan i nch .

One of Dana’s spec i m e ns i s i n t he Un i ted S tates Nat iona l Museu m , it agr eesc l ose l y w i t h the o r igi na l desc r i p t i on , bu t ev i den t l y i s no t t he one t hat h e figu r ed .

The fo l l ow i ng desc r i pt i o n i s based upon i t .Th e co ra l l u m cons i sts of se ve r a l rat he r stou t b ran ches r i sing f r o m a co m mon

base and gi r d l ed by i r r egu l a r co nst r i c t i ons . Heigh t , c m . ; d i stan ce bet w eend i v is i o ns o f b r anches , c m . to c m . ; l e ngth of te r m i na l s , c m . to c m . ;

gr eate r d ia m e te r o f a m a i n ste rn at base , 2 c m .,l esse r

,c m . ; gr eate r d i a m e te r of

a te r m i na l at base , c m .,l esse r

, 1 c m . ; gr eate r d ia m ete r of te r m inal at tip,c m l esse r , c m . The e nds of the b r an ches a r e t r u ncate

,o r obtusely r ou nded .

BULLE T IN 59, UN I T ED STATES N AT ION A L M US EUM .

Cal ic es f r o m 1 to 2 m m . i n d ia m e te r , w i t h between and s l igh t l y m o r et han as av e rage , excavated , bu t sha l l ow l ow dow n 0 1 1 th e co r a l l u m , m od e rate lyd eep h igh up 0 1 1 the b r anches ; sepa r ated by d i s t i n c t, con t i n uous wal l s , wh ich 0 1 1 theuppe r po r t io n of t he b r anch a r e ta l l , sha r p - edged , and m e m b ran i fo r m , w i t h r e m a r kably few pe r fo rations . Mu r a l (l e n t i c l es to a ca l i ce abou t tw i ce as n u m e r ous as thesepta.

The septa a r e of on l y mode r ate th i ck ness o r a r e eve n th i n ; usua l l y s l igh t l y na rr owe r than th e i nte r septa l l ocul i . Betwccna pa l us and th e wa l l the r e i s u sua l l y o neseptal t r abecu la

,excep t nea r th e l owe r edge of the l i v i ng po r t i on whe r e tw o i s of

f r equen t occu r r ence . Gran u l e s 0 1 1 t he septa l m a rgi n s co r r espond to th e t r abecu lae .Th e s i ngl e , o r th e ou te r gr an u l e i f two a r e p r esen t , i s deta ch ed f r o m the wa l l , be i ngsepa rated f r o m i t by a s i n u s . The gr an u l es a r e tal l , bu t usua l l y do not r each t h el eve l of the edge of the wa l l . A r i ng of synapt i cu l a , u sua l l y detached f r o m thewa l l

,extends to the i r bases and b i nds t he m togethe r .The pa l i are wel l dev e l oped , bu t not so tal l as the septal gr an u l e s , thus gi v i ng an

excavated appea r ance to the ce nt r a l pa r t of th e cal i ces . The fo r m u l a i s no r m a l l yco m p l e te . A co m p l ete r i ng of pa l a r synapticu l a i s usua l l y p r esen t .The co l u m e l l a i s a r ath e r s m a l l , co m p r essed tube r cl e , situated in a rathe r sha l l ow

pit , bou nded by th e i n n e r edges of th e pa l i . I t is j oined to the pa l i by rad ia lconne1 tions . The r e m ay be conside rab l e ste r eop las m i c depos i t a r ou nd t he ax ia lstruc '

,tu1 es r

*

ende 1 ing th e m l ath e 1 co m pact .The inte r septa l l ocu l i a1 e so cu t up by the two synapticu l a 1 r i ngs , the th i cke ned

ax ia l st 1 uctu1 es, and t he l ough s i des of the sep ta that th ey a1 e na r 1 ow , in sp i te oft he septa be i ng t h i n 0 11 the i r uppe r edges .The ske l e ta l su r faces are r ough l y an d r athe r coa r sely gr an u late .Local i ty.

—Hawai i an Is lands , U. S . Exp l . Exped. ; no m o r e defi ni te locali ty .Specimen. desm'ibed.

— Cat . No . 707 ,

R emark . W . T . B r igha m has sen t m e a spec i m e n f r om Kaneohe , Oahu ,t hat I a m p lac i ng w i th t h i s fo r m a. I t is 1 3 c m . l o ng; gr eate r d i a m ete r nea r l owe re nd

,cm. ; lesse r , c m . ; b i fu r cation , c m . be l ow the su m m i t . The b r anches

s how cons t r i ct i on s and swe l l i ngs , and tape r to an obtu se apex .The ca l i ces ave r age abou t m m . in d ia m e te r ; and the r e a r e usua l l y two septa l

gr an u l at i ons betwee n a pa l u s and the wal l . The ske l eta l structures '

are so m ewhatt h i n ne r than i n t h e Dana spec i m e n .Th i s fo r m a , o r “ va r ie ty ,” to u se Dana’s exp r ess i o n , is not close l y r e lated to

P . mmdcme,as Dana th ough t , bu t possesses the sa m e st r uctu ra l c ha rac te r s as

P . comm'essa .

Fo r m a elongate m ay be con s ide r ed a gr owth fo r m of e i th e r fo r m a cmzj n ens

o r fo r m a abacus .

P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo r m a P R O FUN D O R 'JM , n ew .

P late Lxx v 1,figs. 2 , 2

Co ra l l u m co m posed of a ta l l , subte r ete , rath e r c r ooked m ai n b r anch wh i ch isgi r d l ed by i r r egu l a r s we l l i ngs and const r i ct i ons

,and on wh ose s id e s are d i sta n t

,

cu r ved late1 al b r anches . Th e e nds of t he b ranch es are r ou nded , obtuse andcomp 1 essed. Th e type 1 1 1 1 1 te1 ial cons i s ts o f seve ra l b r oke n b r anc hes

,so m e of w h ich

1 88 R ECENT MADREPO RA R I A or TH E H AW A I I AN I S LANDS AN D LAYSAN .

are a l m ost ent i r e l y i n c rusted by n u l l i po r es , the la rgest , r ep r ese n ted by P l ateLXXVI

,fig. 2 ,

has both e nds b r ok en ; l e ngth , 1 3 c m . ; gr eate r d ia m ete r of l owe re nd

,c m

.,l esse r

,c m . ; th e uppe r end i s b i fu r cated , bu t both b r a nch es a r e

b r ok e n gr eate r d i a m e te r innn ediate ly be l ow b i fu r ca t i on , c m . ; l esse r , c m .

A late r a l i s r ep r ese n ted , natu r a l s i ze . by P l ate LXXV I , fig. 3 .

The ca l i ces are. po l ygona l , sha l l ow o r supe rfi c i a l , r angi ng in d ia m e te r f r o mto 2 m m .

,w i th an ave rage of abou t m m .; sepa rated f r o m o n e anothe r by wal ls ,

wh i c h are mostl v ind i cated by l ow , r a th e r th i ck r ough m u r a l den t i c l es , that to a ca l iceare m o r e n u m e r ous than the septa . I n so m e i n stance s t h e ou t e r e nds of sep ta of1djacent ca l i ces con nect ac r oss the wa l l and obscu r e it .

The septa are t h i ck , w i t h dec id ed l y th ick ou te r e nds , l eav ing ve r y na r r ow , s l itl i ke i n te r septa l l ocu l i . Betwee n a pa l us and the wa l l t h e r e is u sua l ly a s ingle septalt r abecu l a

,ra r e l y t he r e mav be two . On th e septa l m a rgi n , b e tween a pa l u s an d the

wa l l,the r e are usua l l y two gr anu les o r de n tat ions , t he in ne r co r r esponds to th e septal

t rab ecu la,wh i l e the ou te r see m s to be on l y a rad ia l p r ocess f r o m t h e m u r a l t r abecu la .

W'hen two septa l trabeeul ze are p r esen t , the one n ex t t h e pal us ends in a s m a l le rg r an u l e than the ou te r one . The gr an u l es a r e f r eque n t l y co m p r essed t r an sve r sely toth e septa l p l ane . The s i ngl e , o r the ou te r , septa l gr anu l e is so m ew ha t detached f r omthe wa l l

,w i th the con n e ct i ng po r t i o n of th e septal m a rgi n excavated . A r ing of

sy napt i cu l a usua l ly coin c i des w i th the o ute r edge of t h e septal t rabecu lae , j oin ingth e m toget he r and r each i ng th e l eve l of the bases of t he septa l gr an u l es . Thesesy napti cu la often fuse wit h the wa l l . The th i cken ed ou te r ends o f th e septa , t h e i rsy napt i cu la r co nn ect i ons

,and th e wa l l t r abecu lae p r od u ce a v e r y co m pact m u r al

appa r atus .The pa l i a r e th i ck

,poin ted and tal l

,r each i ng a l m ost to th e l eve l of t he uppe r

edge of t he wal l . The fo r m u la is u sual l y co m p l e te , w i th th ose befo r e t h e late r alpa i r s so m ewhat t he la rge r ; so m et i m es they a r e supp r essed o n t h e l ate r al s of thet r i p l e t

, and e i th e r t he vent ral o r th e do r sa l d i r ect i ve may occas i onal ly be w i thou tone . Th e pa l a r sy napt i cu la r r i ng i s co m p l ete , w ith a floo r ex tend i ng ac r oss i t.The col u m e l la is a co m p r essed

,m ode r ately p r o m i nen t tube r c l e r i s i ng f r o m th e

t he floo r ac r oss t he pa la r r ing of synapti cu l a .The ske l eta l su r faces are cove r ed w i th c l ose l y set

,ve r y r ough , coa r se gr an u l at i ons .

Local i ties.

F r ench F r igate S hoal , D epth , 1 7— 1 75 fatho m s (type) ; A lbatross, 1 902 , S tation3970 . Fou r b r oke n b ran ches .V i c i n i ty of Mod u Man u

,o r Bi r d I s l and

,Depth

,20 to 2 1 fath o m s ; A lbatross,

1 902 ; S tat i on 41 68 . One b ranc h .Type — Cat. No . 2 1 272 ,R emark s — The spec i m e n f r o m Modu Mann is a b r an ch 6 c m . l ong,

f r om wh ic ha s m a l l l ate ra l is gi v e n off c m . f r o m the l owe r e nd ; uppe r e nd comp r essed and

o btuse l y r ou nd ed , gr eate r d i a m ete r , l esse r,

c m . The skel etal pa r ts a r enot qu i te so th i ck as in th e type o f th e fo r m a .Th i s fo r m a i s v e r y close ' to fo r m a elongate ,

d iffe r ing f r o m elongate by i ts shall owe r cal i ces and d ecided l y th icke r sep ta . The uppe r edge of the wa l l in elongate i s

m o r e e l evated,m o r e defin i te and con t i n u o us

.

Fo r m a brevimmom has ca l i ces ave r agi ng s m a l l e r,and sho r ter

,n odose b r anc hes.

1 90 R ECEN T MAD RE I’OR A '

RI A or THE H AW A I I AN ISLANDS AN D LAYSAN .

One spec i m e n , Cat. No . 653,

one of Dana’s o r igina l spec i m e n s ; thel oca l i t y gi v e n on th e labe l is on ly San dw i ch I s l ands . ”

rape— Cat . No . 20932 ,

R emark s .The. spec i m e n s e l ected as th e type has a so m ew hat loose r tex tu r e

than m ost o f th e ot h e r spe c i m e ns , and the sy napt i cu la r r ings a r e l ess u n i fo r m lyco m p l et e .Th i s fo r m a i s r ep r esen ted by 1 3 spe c i m en s i n al l , and , as wou ld be expected ,

show s cons i de rab l e va r iat i on , esp ec i a l l y i n th e w id th of the b r an ches o r p l ates , andt h e a m ou n t of th e i r fus i on . The fo r m a i s based on th e ge n e r a l l y l igh t cha r acte r oft h e co r a l l u m

,t he defin i te c r ow n of septa l gr an u l es that a r e detached f r o m t he wal l ,

and th e m o r e o r l ess co m p l ete she l f fo r m ed by the p e r i p he r al ly placed sy napticu l a .Th e ch i e f d i ffe r e n ce be tween fo r m a abacus an d fo r m a conj angens con s i s ts in th e

d i ffe r e n ce i n fo r m of t h e co r a l la ; t hey can not be sepa r a ted on ca l i cu la r cha r acte r s .Th e se r i es o f speci m en s i nd i cates that th i s d iffe r e nce i s n ot of specific val ue .

P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A for m a TUM I DA , new .

P late LXX V I I I , figs. 1,l a .

Th i s fo r m a is sepa r ated f r o m fo r m a abacus by its gr ow th fo r m . The co r al l umcons i s ts of th i ck nodu l a r b ranches a r i sing f r o m a co m m o n base and m u ch fu sed inferiorly,

bu t p r oj ecting as sho r t stubs on the uppe r su r face . Heigh t , c m . ; gr eate rd i stance ac r oss top of co r a l lu m

,c m . ; m ax i m u m l ength of a f r e e po r t i o n of a

b r anch,2 cm . The ends of t he b ranches a r e r ou nded o r so m ew hat flat tened ; th ei r

bases are dec id ed l y swo l len , c m . o r even m o r e in d i a m ete r ; d i a m e te r of e nds f r o m1 to c m .

The ca l i cu l a r cha r acte r s a r e t he sa m e as in fo r m a abacus .

l oca l z'

tg/. Sandw i ch Is l ands , ” one of Dana’s speci m ens . Kaneohe , Oah u ; depth ,3 to 6 fee t : r ece i ved f r o m P r of . W . T . B r igha m .

Types— Cat . No. 651

, Un i ted S tate s E xp l o r at i o n E xped i t i on .R emark s — Th i s fo r m a may be cons i de r ed a growth fo r m of e i th e r fo r m a con

j angens o r fo r m a abacus.

P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A for m a B ULB O SA Qu el c h .1 886 . Porites bulbose QUE LCH , Reef Cora ls Chal l enger Repts .

,p . 1 80, p l . X I , figs. 7 , 7a.

1 90 1 . Por ites bul l/ose STU DER,Zoo l . Jahrb .

, Syst . , XL,p . 42 1 .

1 905. Por ites hawe iensis quinta BE RNARD , Por i tes of the I ndo - Pacific Region , p . 1 01 , p l . Ix ,fig. 8.

D escrip tion — Th e fo l l ow i ng is Be r na r d’s r edesc r i pt i on of Quelch ’

s typeThe coral lu m for m s c lusters of shor t , th ick ste m s, d i v ergi ng fa i r l y un i fo r m ly at angles of they

are 4 to 5 c m . long, and 2 to c m . th i ck ; abou t hal fway up th ey are regu lar ly constr icted . Abo v ethe const r i ct ion they swe l l pr ior to fork ing. Th e fork i ng t ips are of ten qui te flat across th e tep . Theflat top s inks i n a long a furrow preparatory to fork i ng. The consecut i v e fork ings areat short d istancesapart . Th e l i v i ng layer is 6 to 7 c m . deep .The ca l ic les are m m . i n d iam eter , crowded , shal low , po l ygona l w here sharp ly separated by

th i n wa l ls , subc i rcu lar wh ere th e wa l ls are t h i cker . The for m er k i nd of wal l,w i th sharp m ed ian

r idges, occu rs on th e grow i ng tops and on one s ide of stock , w h i le on th e o th er side they are th ic kened e v en l y and un i fo r m l y i n to a rather c lose granu lated ret iculu m , of ten m m

.th ick

, and, to th enaked e ye ,

flat - rep li ed , and m ak i ng t he cal i c les appea r as sharp , c i rcular punctu res i n th e surface . Thesepta are t h i n , tend to be lam e l late , co m m ence j ust be low the aperture , and appear ragged and i r reg

BULLET I N 59, UN ITED STATE S NAT IONAL M U S EUM . 1 91

u lar , w i t h a r i ng of septa l granu les, just detached fro m the. wa l l i n th e. th i n - wa l led cal ic les . I n theth ick - wa l l ed ca l ic les the septa are m ore. regu lar , t h e septa l granu les are on th e edges of the wal l , and thesepta t h e m se l v es fuse i n the four princ ipa l pa i rs . The pa l i are rod - l ike

,but appea r as s m a l l , incon

spieuous granu les . The fu l l fo r m u la can he usua l ly seen , the latera l m e m bers o f th e v en tra l tr ip letbe i ng v ar iab le . A ragged co lu m e l lar tuberc le is I IS IIal l y present . The i n te rsepta l locu l i are la rge. anddeep , but not sharp l y out l i ned , ow i ng to the s l igh t frost ing of th e s ides o f the septa . The ca l ic les ont he fl at. tops open i n a spongy st ro m a, and are consp i cuous f ro m the large si ze of the co lu m e l lar tangle ,su rrounded by r i ngs o f open in ters epta l locu l i .

I n sec t ions of the ste m s the trabeculm are we l l de v e loped,but no t c rowded .

Th is cora l is descr ibed by Mr. Que lch as be ing eas i l y d ist i nguished fro m th e Por ites ofDana f ro m the sam e local i ty . The grow th fo r m is d ifferen t and t h e l i v i ng layer is m uch l ess ex tensi v e . But t h ere is e v iden t l y a st rong fam i l y l ikeness between al l of these Sandw ich Is lands fo r m s.

The ca l ic les o f th is t I pe, at least where t he wa l ls are t h i n , are v ery l ike those o f Por ites \'um 1a ich

I slands 6 an d yett a l l. d iffe r I I I fi ner st ructura l detai ls . A st rong fa m i ly l ikeness between corals f ro mthe sam e loca l i ty h as been frequen t ly not iced i n t h ese cata logues .

I t is wort h not i ng that. wh i le the cal ic les open i ng i n the st ro m a on the tops of the ste m s are separated b y t h ick ret i cu lar wal ls those wh ic h are fu l l y fo r m ed and ranged at t he s ides o f t he ste m ha v eth e i r wa l l s th i n and sharp ; when these agai n th icken and becOIne re t icu la r t h e ret icu lu m is m orer igid and see m s here and t here to show s l igh t traces o f its fo r m at ion out of an i nner synapt icu la r wa l l ,al though the reticuluII I i n th icken ing ste m s wou ld usua l l y be due to the appearance of i nter v en i ngtissue .Th is is on c , et the few I ndo - Pacific Por ites wh i ch show so m e approach to th e character ist i c m ethod

of b ranch i ng seen i n the W est I nd ian for m s.

REMARKS ON TH E INTERRELAT ION OF TH E FORM /E OF POR ITES COMPRESSA .

Th e fo r m at t hat exh i b i t t h e cha racte r i st i cs of' th e spec i es i n t hei r l east m od i fiedcond i t i on a r e conj '

angens and abacus. Th e ca l i cu l a r cha r acte r s i n t hese two are p rat .t i ca l l y id e n t i cal ; t he r e i s so m e d iffe r e nce i n fo r m , and they r esp ect i ve l y l ead tod iv e rgen t va r iat i ons . Fo r m a elongate , howeve r , m igh t as eas i l y be de r i v ed f r o mconj uwgens w i th sepa r a te b r an ch es as f r o m abacus; and fo r m a tmn ida m igh t be considered conj umr/e ns w i th abb r ev i ated b ran ch e s , swo l l e n be l ow the i r ends .

Fo r m a oonyangens l eads i n to fo r m a (M r/astisep ta and fo r m a [ I 'rof nnde'

calyaa The

septal and pa l a r fo r m u lae in th e se t h r ee a r e th e sa m e , th e d i ffe rence s cons i s t i ng i nth e r e lat i ve deve l op m en t o f t h e septa l granu l e s a nd the ou te r synapt i cu la r r i ng.

I n so m e ca l i ces of couj uugen s th e ou te r synapt i cu l a r r i ng i s not co m p l ete , a nd thewa l l ta l l ; i f th e septa l granu l es a r e rath e r p r o m i n en t , the cha r acte r s of (Jug/asti

sep ta are r ep rod u ced ; i f th e septa l gran u l es are r ed uced in s i ze , those o f p rofundicalyx a r e p r esen ted . Th e se th r e e fo r nac i n te r l ock each w i t h the oth e r , bu t the r e arec l ea r l y r ecogn i zab l e av e rage d i ffe r en ces be tw e e n th e speci m e ns .

Fo r m a magastz’

sq pta has two subforms t hat d i ffe r i n m i no r c ha r acte r s f r o m th etyp ical spec i m e ns . Fo r m -a (lel e

'

ce t'ula has de l i cate pa l i and verv d e l i cate l y and

th i ck ly f r osted sk el e ta l su r faces : subforma pauc isp ina has sha r pe r and m o r e scattered septa l gran u lat i o ns and a gen e ra l l y m o r e ragged appea rance of the ske l eta lpa r ts

.These d i ffer e n ces are so verv s l igh t that i t i s doubt fu l if

'

thev are o f m o r e t hani nd i v i dua l i m po r tance .

Fo Ima f'l m ay poss i b l y I ep I esen t a sepaI ate spec i es , but as i t p i esents a l lth e fu nda m e n ta l st 1 uctu i al cha I at teI s o f fo r m a difieI ing ch i efly by i tsth i n n e r ske l e ta l pa r ts

,I I IO I e d e l i cate pa l i , and mom d e l i cate sq ace f r ost i ngs . i t.

p r obab l y be l ongs in t h e se r i es .

1 99 II IcII

IcN'I‘

MADR E I’ORARI A or TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA N DS AND LAYSAN .

F 'Io i m I l H /(A

‘

fl i s esp ec ia l l y c'ha i acte I iz cd by i ts sha l l ow ca l i ces and th e del icatelv

I nd th ic k h sp i n u l os e o I - In unentation o f th e ske l e ta l su r faces , p r od u c i ng a“ woo lvIppe : I I an I

I

I I .

"'I hI I I e aI e. usual lv tw o 0 1 mow septa l d e n tat i o n s between a pa l u s and

th e wa l l ; i t i s do ubtfu l , howeveI i f t h ey con espond to septal t r abecu lae. So m e ofthe ca l i ces o f fo rma I I I I Ij I I I I IJeI Is nea r the l owe r edge of the l i v i ng p0 1 tion p r ese n t th esa m e c ha rac te r s as d o th ose of p v

'

lcsu ,except the gr an u l at i ons m ay be coa r se r . I t

w i l l be show n that [ I II/m a co nn ec ts th r o ugh IZcI I SI i I I I I

a'

I'ata and r/ran i -

I I I I I Irata w i th abacus.

Fo I Ina has a rath e r t h i ck , co m pact In t-I I al appaI atus, r e lative l ylarge , oftI

I u coa r se m u ra l d en t i c l es , and detached septal gi anu les . Th is fo r m a andWilm a appear to r ep r esen t oppos i te ends of the se r i es , th e i r d iffe r en ces a r e so gr eat,bu t t he r e i s a S pec i m en that co m b i n es t he c ha r acte r s of bot h ; they i n te rgr adeabso l l i te]V

Fo r m a gran i nrurafa has a co m pac t mu r a l appa r atu s w i t h i r r egu la r ly shapedfro sted gra i ns a l o ng th e top . I t has a pecu l i a r l y r ough, i r r egu la r tex tu r e . I tinteI gI ades on one hand w i th dcwsiraarata ,

on the o th e 1 wi th abacus .

Fo I Ina 0 .1/mm shows m o i e ev i dence of sepa r a ten ess th an auv othe r foi m p l acedin t h e The co m pactne ss of i ts wa l l s and septa and th e depth of th e cal ice a1 es i m i la r to fo r m a bu t th e usua l l y i nco m pl ete pa l a r fo r m u la r eca l l s

o r cmnp acta . I t d iffe r s f r o m the latte r by the absen ce o f a co m pleter i ng o f sy napti cu la b i nd i ng the septal trabeeu lze toge th e r . As al l th e skeletal ele m en tsfou nd i n clacas occu r i n othe r fo r m a) . I t h i n k is not a val i d spec i es .

Fo r m a cmnpacta is on l y a m o re so l i d fo r m o f fo r m a abacus,w i th th e pa l a r

fo r m u la n ot so gene ra l l y co m p l e te .Fo r m a dicamcaxnx 1 5 based pa r t l y on fo r m , pa r tly on i ts sha l l ow ca l ices . I t is

c l ose to cI I I IIa cta and abacus .

FormIe elongata and tmmida a r e gr ow th fo r m s o f con jw zgens o r abacus. The r eare speci m ens sh ow i ng conn ect i on w i t h th e l at te r .

ForInap rcfw aclormn i s p ract i cal l y th e: sa m e as fo r m a elongata , bu t w i th t h i cke rsepta.

Fo r ina bI Ic'

II

I I I I-

I.rIsa difiers f r o m yIe zmdmI

I I'Iu by its sho r te r

,mo r e nodu la r

,

b ranch es .Queloh

’

s Porites balbosa, j udgi ng f r o m t h e o r igi nal desc r i p t i o n and Be r n a r d’ssubsequent r e m a r ks and figu r es , p r ese n ts th e sa m e ca l i cu l a r cha r acte r s as abacus, andcan be sepa r ated on ly by its gr ow th fo r m .

Dana’s type of cmnp rcssa i s a p e r iphe ra l for m ; it is not nea r th e cen te r ofth e spe c i es as formIe cowj n ens and abacus a r e . P . comp ressa typ i cal has a co m pactloo k ino wa l l , I ather co m pact septa , and a ve ry impei fect ly deve l oped ou te r r ing ofs \ naptic .ula The typ i ca l fo r m , howeveI , inter I

gI ades w ith foIma abacus.

I SM R ECENT MA DR E PO R A R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I SLANDS A N D LAYSAN .

longi tud i na l sec t ions of the co r a l l i tes . The i nwa r d i n c l i n at ion of t h e septa l trabeeulae

u lt iinatelv b r i ngs the i r i n ne r end s i n to an ax ia l pos i t io n , i . e., th e col u m el la r pap i llae

te r m i nate. trabeeu la). w h i c h lowe r dow n o ccu r in th e septa . I t th e r efo r e fol lows that

the r e is sun”) ” in fus ion the pa l i and the pap i l lae. Th e r e is fus ion a m ongthe ax ia l teet h bv m e ans of l ate ra l proceSses , and th e r e i s so m e sc l e rode r m i cco m pact i ng of the m ass .The ske l e ta l su r faces bea r a few , but no t abu ndan t gr an u l at ions , i n ge ne r a l

p r esen t i ng a r athe r s m oot h appea r an ce .

Loca l ity.

—Kaneohe , Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; r ece i ved f ro m W. T. B r igha m 'al so anothe r spec imen ,

.

co l lected by D r. J. E . Duerden at the sa m e local i ty .

Type— Cat . No . 20954,

R ea xfiu—T

l‘

his spec i es difiers u tte r l y i n i ts septa l co m pos i t ion , i ts pa l i , and itsco l u m e l l a r cha r acte r s f ro m any oth e r Hawa i ian Porites. No oth e r spec i es s hows sodefin i te ly that i ts septa are co m posed of inwa r d ly i n c l i n ed trabeeul ze . I ts septa ls t r u ctu r e fi r s t l ed m e to th i n k that Be r na r d ’s e l u c i dat ion of th e m o r pho logy of t hePo rit id septu m shou l d p robab l y be m od i fied . A n exa m i nat ion of sect ions of othe rspec i es

,b roken pa r a l l e l to th e septa l su r face , showed that i n othe r species , a l though

the septa l,m u r al

,and pa l a r t r abecu lae m ay r u n for long d istances in pa r a ll e l cou r ses,

f ro m p l ace to p lace a septa l t r abecu l a bends i nwa r d an d a new one is i n t rodu cedbetween the o l de r one and the wa l l . I n these Poritids that po r t ion of th e septumex te r io r to th e l i ne of d i ve rgence of th e t r abecu lae i s supp r essed , wh i l e th e in ne rpo r t ion is deve loped . I nP orites (hw ‘dm i t he a ngl e of d ive rgen ce of th e trabeeulae isr e l at i ve ly l a rge (the uppe r angl e between the wa l l and the t r abecu la) ; in othe rspec i es

,as .1 compms.w.

,the angl e i s ex t r e m e l y acu te . The septal st r uctu r e of the

l’oritids i s th e r efo r e en t i r ely ho m ologou s w i th t hat of ot he r co r a l s . Th e ' sep ta a r eco m posed of ascend i ng trabecul ze

,between w h i ch a r e n u m e r ou s pe r fo r at ions . The

cent r a l co r a l l i te of P l ate LXXIX,fig. l a . shows th e i nwa r d i n c l i nat ion of the

trabecuhe .

4. PO R I’

I‘

E S E V E R M AN N I , n ew spec ies .

P late LXXX ; P late LXXXI , fig. 2 .

DeveN /Jféo/z of tame— Co r a l l u m fo r m i ng co m p r essed or co l u m n ifo r m lobes,

nodose a rou nd the. base .The cal ices a r e sha l low or supe r fic ia l

,w i th pal i

,except on and nea r t h e su m m i ts

,

r each i ng the l eve l of the uppe r edge of th e wa l l ; ou t l i n es po l ygona l ; d i a m e te r , f ro m1 to m m . Co r a l l i te wal l s ve ry d i st i n ct

,m e m b r an i fo r m

,fo r m i ng na r row r idges

c i r c u m sc r i b i ng the ca l i ces . r ende r ed m o r e p ro m i nen t by the excavat ion of th e d i stalends of the septa .The septa show the typ i ca l poritid b i late r a l i ty : t h e u sual a r r ange m en t is, a soli

ta r y d i r ect i ve , two late r a l pa i r s o n each s ide of th e p l an e of sy m m et r y,and a ven t r al

d i rec t i ve w i th th e late r a l septa fu sed to i t by the i r in ne r edges . The p r i n c i pa l va r iat ion occu r s i n the d i r e ct i ve t r i p l e t . The a r r ange m en t was s tud ied i n 60 cal ices withthe fo l low i ng r esu l t : Cal i ces w i t h five pa l i

,1 ; w i th s i x pal i , 47 ; w i th seve n pa l i , 9;

wi th e ight pa l i , 3 ; that i s , 4 ca l i ces i n 5 h ave s i x pa l i, or on l y one pal u s befo r e the

ven tra l t r i p l e t ; abo u t 1 in 6 has two of t he m e m be r s of t h e t r i p l e t w i t h sepa r atepa l i : and abou t 1 in 20 has pa l i on each m e m be r of tr i pl e t .

,

The pal u s on thedo r sa l d i rect i ve m av be m uch r ed uced in s i ze . Acco r d i ng to th e data given above , 1

BULLET I N 59. UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .

ca l i ce m (i t) has the pa l us on t h i s septu m supp ressed . Ve r y nea r the wa l l mauv or

m os t of the septa sp l i t,and t he fo r ks are co n t i n ued to t h e. wa l l ; e i the r d i r ect i ve m ay

t r i fu r cate . Ove r t h e po i n t a t wh i ch a septu m sp l i ts i s a den tat io n o r gr an u l a te .The po r t ion of th e septu m be tween th i s ta l l e r gr a n u l at e and the pa l us may bea rone or two m i n u te. gr an u l a t ions , these , howeve r , m ay be absen t , the. po r t ion betwee ni t and the wa l l i s excavated . A c i r c l e o f svnapt icula b i nd the o u te r ends of the l a rgegr an u l a tes togethe r ; a second c i r c le of svnapticu la o ften b i nds t he pa l i toge the r .I n cen te r of th e pa la r c rown i s th e co m p r essed . so l itarv co l u m e l l a r tu be r c l e . The r e

no we l l - deve loped co l u m e l l a tangl e .Local /fies . Oah u

,1 spec imen (type ), W. T . B r igham , co l l ector“

\'Vai k ik i,Oah u

,D r . J. E . D uerden , col lcc tor, ti speci m en s : l ’uk oo , Mo lo ka i . D r .

J. E . Duerden . co l l ecto r .Twat

— Cut . No . 2 1 3 2 7 ,— Tb l5 spec i es i s so en t i r e l y d i s t i n ct f ro m any of the o th e r spec i es of

Pori tes k nown f ro m the Hawai i an Is l ands t hat c r i t i ca l no tes a r e u nn ecessa r y . The r eis a fea tu r e , howeve r t hat dese r ves espec i a l cons i d e r at ion , na m e l y , the bi fu r cat ionof t h e septa n ea r th e wa l l . Th i s cond i t ion sugges ts th e gen us Gon ioj zmw instead ofE ntries : bu t th e b i fu r cat ion , or eve n t r i fu r cat ion , of t h e d i r ect i ves i s notGon ioporoidbasl nga j udg m en t upon Be r na r d ’s r e m a r k s and d iagr a m s in h i s “

(ironiopora M r .Be r na rd has k i nd l y exa m i n ed photogr aphs of t h i s co r al for m e and cons i de r s i t at r ue P or i tes .

The Un i ted States Nat iona l Mu seu m has r eceived th r ough the Ca r negi e I nst itut ion 7 add i t iona l spec i m e ns , co l lected by D r . J. E . Duerden . The ca l i ces of th esespec i m e n s show no notewo r t hy d iffe r en ce f ro m those of the type

,but the r e i s

cons i de r abl e va r i at ion i n fo r m . The co r a l l u m fi r s t fo r m s an i nc r u st i ng base the ngrows upwa r d , beco m i ng va r ious l y lobate . The lobes m ay be m o r e or l ess sepa r ate ,

as i n the type ; thev m a v seconda r i l y fuse and p roduce a glo m e r ate uppe r su r face ; orthe co r a l l u m m av be m ass i v e , i nc r eas i ng in d ia m ete r as i t r i ses above t he base , haver i dges and depressmns dow n i ts s ides , a nd a glo m e r ate uppe r su r face .

5. PO R I T E S PUKO E N S I S , new S pec ies .

P late XC I V ; P late XCV ,figs. 1

,2 .

Co r a l l u m fo r m i ng t h i ck , i r r egu l a r , co m p r essed or subte r ete , nodose co l u m ns ,on wh i ch hu m ps or stu m py p rotube r ances m ay occu r . The co l u m ns r ise f ro m aco m m on base , and a r e m o re or l ess fu sed th roughou t th e i r l engt h , except the f r eep roject i ng ends , or i n so m e i n stan ces th ey are fused both above and be low ,

l eav i ngi n te r m ed i ate ope n spaces . Two v i ew s , natu r a l s i z e of the type spec i m en , show i ng thehab i tus and s i ze of t he co r a l l u m are gi ven on P l ates XC IV ,

XCV . The r e a r e th r eeothe r speci m en s : The l argest i s of nea r l y t h e Sa m e s i ze as the type , th e co l u m ns d i sta l l y d i ve rge m o r e , th ei r e nds a r e t r u ncate , and so m e of the m a r e m o r e co m p r essed .

One of the oth e r spec i m e n s i s you ng, i nc r ust i ng a b r anch of a spec i es of P orites

and se nd i ng up co l u m ns f ro m 24 to m m . i n he ight , tape r i ng to r ou nded or t r u ncate.ends

.Th e fou r t h spec i m e n i s co m posed of seve r a l lobes , tape r i ng to rou nded ends ,

and a tw i sted,t r u ncate p l ate

,a l l r i s i ng f ro m a co m m on base . I t s hows no notab l e.

d i ffe r ence f ro m the t h i r d spec i m en .

“The genus Cat. Madrep . Co ra l s. Br i t . Mus . (Nat. H ist ) . 1 903 , p .

1 96 R ECENT MADR EPO RA R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I S LAND SAND LAYSAN

Ca l i ces po l ygona l , excavated , rath e r deep , d ia m e te r f r o m to mm . ; separated by e l evated , s i m p l e , pe r fo rate w al l s . Mu ra l d e n t i c l es r at he r ta l l , m i n u te lyf r os ted

,abo u t twi ce as m any to a ca l i ce as th e r e are septa .

The septa usua l l y begin a s l igh t d is tan c e be l ow the uppe r edge o f the wa l l .Be twee n a. pa l us and th e wa l l , t h e r e i s usua l l y a s i ngl e septal t rabecu la , te r m inat i ng abo ve in a septa l granu l e , usua l l y not p r o m i n en t , and s l igh tly detachedf r o m the wa l l . Rough r ad ia l d en t ic l es may be p r esen t on both the m u r al an d septalt rab ecu la‘

.Th e r e is an i n co m p l ete pe r iphe ra l r i ng of synapt i cu l a , no d i stin ct m u r a l

s he l f. S epta l faces f r os ted , often rat h e r denselV and coa r se l y ; i n te r septa l l ocu l i not

not ve r y w ide.f r eque nt ly te nd to be dec id ed l y na r r ow , and m ay appea r c l osed .

Pa l i tal l , s l e nd e r,m o r e o r l ess l ath - l i k e ; t h e fo r m u la co m pl ete ; j o i n ed by a

co m p l e te r i ng of -i .

Co l u m e l la ta l l , a. n a r r ow la m e l la,j o i ned by th i ck r ad i i to t h e i n n e r e nds of t h e

s epta l gr oups .Lem/i tf/. Pukoo , Mo l oka i : two sp ec i m en s co l lected by Dr. J. E . Duerden ; 1 speci

m en, al so co l l ec ted by Do cto r Duerden ,

t he loca l i ty labe l has been lost , bu t i t p r obab lyco m es f r o m the. sa m e l oca l i ty ; 1 spec i m en , r ece i ved f r o m D r . W . T . B r igha m .

Typ f’.

— A l l l el ‘lC:-l n Mu seu m of Natu r a l H i sto r y , New Yo r k .

P aralyp es.

— Un i ted S tates Nationa l Mu seu m and A m e r i can Mu seu m of Natu r alHis to r y .

Benmrk a— Thc ca l i cu la r cha r acte r s of J’. puk oensis a r e p r act i cal l y iden t i ca l w ith

th ose o f P . comp ressa fo r m a rengustisepm. As was r e m a r ked in d i scu ss i ng t he latte rfo r m

,i t i s no t at al l u n l i ke l y t hat they mav be on l y d i ffe r e n t g r owt h fo r m s of the

sa m e spec i es . How e v e r , the spec imens at m y d i sposal fo r s tudy do n ot showi n te rgr adat i on .

P . lobata. fo r m a pmwfcalyw (p . 200) i s a l so c l osely r e l ated . I t fo r m s t h ick e r co lumus , and its ca l i ces a r e s m a l l e r . Th e wa l l s of t h e two a r e s i m i l a r , bu t u sua l ly theya r e ta l le r i n l ’

. lobata fo r m a Ne i th e r of the ex t r e m e cond i tions was seenin t he ca l i ces o f p uk oe asz

'

s. The sep ta l gran u l es of th e l atte r a r e not so tal l andare not so fa r r e m ov ed f r o m the wal l ; the pal i are cons tan t l y p r esen t and the colum e l la tangl e does not beco m e an indefin i te m esh - wo r k .

Th e t h r e e fo r m s , compressa fo r m a angustisepm, P . p ul'

oensz’

s,and P . lobata

fo r m a cons t i tu te a m ost i n te r es ti ng se r i es . I t may be t hat t h ey al l be l ongto the sa m e Spec i e s . S hould they do so , they w i l l show that t h e gr ow th fo rm ofco ral s i s of on l y s l igh t s y ste m at i c i m po r tan ce .

6 . P O R I TE S LO B A T A DanaP late LX X X I , figs. 1

,1 0

,1 b. (Dana’

s type. )1 846 . Porites lobata. DANA , Z ooph . W i l kes Exp]. Exped ,

p . 56 2,p l

. Lv ,fig. 1 .

1 8 150 . Por ites lobata. 1\’I I LNE EDWA RD S and H Am e, H ist . Nat. Coral l . , I I I , p . 1 77 .

Por ites l ie/ten. Qurzt cu (not Dana) , Reef Cora ls, Cha l l enger Rept . , p . 1 8 1 .

1 886 . l ‘orites tenn is Quew n (no t V err i l l ) , Reef Cora ls, Chal lenger Rept . , p . 1 84.

1 887 . I ’

o-r iles [e lm/n. lx

’

A'rri nUN

,P roc . U. 8 . Nat. Mus , X ,

p. 3 136 .

1 905. l ’orilex hmvu

'icns is {er/{a BE RNARD , Por i te s, I ndo - Pacific Region , p . 1 00.

1 905 . Por ites loan-

(urns ix su m BERNAR D,Por i tes

,I ndo - Pacific Region , p . 1 03 , p l . 1 x ,

fig. 9 ; p l . X I I ,fig. 5.

1 903 . I’m‘ites hau'

a iensis octave BERNA RD Por i tes, Judo - Pacific Region , p . 1 05,p l . x

,fig. 2 .

1 98 RE C E NT MADRE I’H KAR I A 0 1“ TH E H AW A I I AN ISLANDS AN D LAY SAN .

L mu./ify.

— ” Sandw i ch Is lands , Dana ; no m o r e d efi n i te data .Twin — (

l

at . No .

R o i/l urk s . Unfo r tu nate l y th e su r face of the spec i m en i s wo r n , an d not al l of t h edes i r ed ca l i cu la r d e ta i l s cou l d be asce r tai n ed . Th e ou te r end s of th e septa are n a r r ownea r th e b ase , the septa l granu l es are d e tach ed f r om th e wa l l and sepa r ated f r o m itb y a sinus o n th e septa l m a rg i n . Th e r e i s n o oth e r spec i m e n i n th e Nat i onal col l ect ioncoi n c i d i ng i n ch aracte r s w i th th is on e .Th e type - spec i m e n is not cen t ra l bu t pe r i ph e ral . I have subd i v id ed the spec i es

i n to s i x fo l ’

l l l zt t l th e fi r s t i s P . Job/[ ta (typ i ca l ) r ep r ese n ted by the type , and a few othe rsp ec i m e ns in th e An n-wiean Muse u m of Natu ra l H i s to r y ; the o the r s a r e des ignatedfo r m a Mue/Tl . infi/ndflml e/m ,

cemf'zwl is, and «p erm. Fo r m a central is is

furtherdiv idedinto subfornne : aZp /La , beta , g/(mnma epsi lon Fo r m a cent ral is subfo r m a mum /1a i s the m os t ge n e ra l i z ed of the subd i v i s i o ns (see P l ate LXXXIV , fig. 2

PO R I T E S LO B A TA for m a L ACE R A n ew .

P late IJXX X I I , fig. 1 ; P late LXX X I I I , fig. 1 a .

Two sp eci m en s are descri lwd i n co n s id e rab l e d e tai l ; t h e fi r s t is figu r ed .

Co ra l l u m co m posed of asce nd i ng co l u m n s d i s ta l ly gi v i ng r i se by d ivis io n toidditional co l u m ns . P late LXXXI I

,fig. 1

,r ep r esen ts a spec i m e n natu ra l s i ze

,and

gi v es a co r r ect i d ea of i ts s i ze and m ode of gr owth . The base i s n ot p r ese r ved .

The ca l i ces are excavated , of m od e rate d epth , f r o m 1 to m m . i n d ia m ete r,

u sua l l y abo u t Th e wal l s a r e t h i n w i th rathe r w i de , t r u n cated , r ough m u ra ld e n tic l es , whose cha r acte r i s such that th e wa l l appea r s flat topped ; th i s , howeve r ,i s o n l y an appea rance .

Normal lv each s eptu m has b etwee n th e pa l us and the wa l l o ne t r abecu l a , wh ichcon t i n ues upwa r d i n to a ta l l , often s l end e r , r ough g ranu l e , detach ed f r o m th e wa l l .I n so m e i nstances th e wid en ed m ura l d e n t i c l e m ay fuse w i t h t he gran u l e . The septa lt rabecu lae are j o i n ed by a m o r e o r l ess co m p l ete r i ng of pe r iphe r a l l y placed synapt i cu la , usua l l y d e tached f r o m the wa l l

,bu t i n so m e i n stan ces fused to i t. The

septa l granu l e stands abo ve o r on th e i n n e r edge of the sy napt i cu l a r r i ng. Inso m e i n stan c es th e r e i s a p r ocess above and anothe r o n the i n ne r edge ; t h e twop r ocesses h o w eve r , see m to a r i se f r o m on e t rabecu la . Th e sep ta l faces a r e r ough lyand coa r se l y gran u lated ; th e i n te r septa l l ocu l i d ec ided l y na r r ow .

Th e pa l i are ta l l and r o ugh , th i cke r be fo r e th e l ate r a l pa i r s fo r m u l a co m p l ete ;bou nd toge th e r by th i c k sy napt icu la.

The colu m e l la i s a na r r ow la m el la,r i s i ng f r o m a p l a tfo r m above w h ich the pal i

s tand . Th e pa l a r sy napt i cu l a , t h e r ad ia l con nect i on s of the co l u m e l la to “th e septa,

and t h e co l u m e l lar la m e l la are so intimatc lv fused that th e y fo r m an a l m ost so l idW is .

The su m m i t s of the co l u m n s are m o r e spongy i n app ea rance th an th e s i des .Th e a r range m en t o f th e - ske l etal e l e m en ts

,how eve r

,i s p r ec i se l y as that a l r eady

d esc r i bed . The st r u ctu r e of t h e su m m i ts i s i d en t i ca l w i t h that of th e su m m i ts inth e tvpe o f M am. Th e c al i ces n \ar th e. l owe r edge of the l i v i ng po r t i on usua l l yhav e t w o d e nt i c l es b e twe e n a pa l us and the w a l l

,so m e t i m es on e o r t h r e e

.Appa r en t ly

,

howe v e r , the r e is onl v one s epta l t rabecu la . Th ese ca l i ces a r e d eepe r than in P .

lobata . type .

BULLET IN 59. UN ITED STATES NAT I ONA L MUS EUM . 1 99

D escrip /v’

xm (gf'

secun (l symcimen co m posed o f thie k p l ates . f us i ng b y t h e i redges i n to se r i es a n d a lso f used l a te ra l l y . uppe r edges ob t use l y r ou n d ed o r fla tte n ed .

O n e p l a te i s 413 m m . w i de by 2 4) th i ck : a n o the r . 6 2-3 w ide bv 2 11 th ic k : j ust be low ther o u n ded su m m i t 1 3 th ic k . The f ree. po rt io n o f th e pla tes v a r i es f ro m 1 3 to nun .

i n l e n gth . S eco n da r y lobe s appea r o n both th e ou te r edges a nd ou te r flat su rfa ce s o fth e p l a tes . The base o f the co ra l l u m unfortunate lv i s no t p r e . crved. The g rowt husua l l y is et‘

mt inuous ; the r e a r e . howe v e r . i n s ta n ces o f y ou nge r . l i v i ng la y e rs i n crus ti ng o lde r dead port io n s of the co ra l l u m .

Th e ‘a l i ces a re deep o r sha l l ow . lm lygo na l i n out l i n e . f ro m 1 to m m . i nd i a m e te r , usual lv aho ut t he y a re ra the r s m a l l . sepa ra ted bv th i n wa l l s. w hos em a rg i n s a r e usua l l y e l e 'a ted a n d m o re o r l es s ragged . Th e mura l de n t ic les a r ef rag i l e a n d i r r egu la r i n shap a n d de v e lop m e n t .The septa v a r y m uch i n t h i ck n ess : t h e y m a y be frag i l e o r may he eonmarat ive lv

th i ck . Th e. interseptz-tl loc u l i v a r y acco rd i n g l y i n w id th . the i r ou t l i n es re n d e r ed i r r egu l a r bv the s m a l l an d c rowded f r ost i ngs of th e septa l faces . Ea c h sept u m typi

~a l l y possesses a s i n g le t rabec u l a betwee n t he pa l us a n d t he wa l l . Th e s epta l g ra n u l eusual lv i s de tached f ro m t h e wa l l : W h i l e t he ou te r po r t io n o f th e sept u m i s a r idge n ea rth e u ppe r edge o f the wa l l . bu t i n so m e i n sta n ces i t may be. w ide a n d co n n ect b y apl ate w i t h th e. sep ta l g ra n u l e . Th e sep ta l trabecuhe. a re bou n d toge the r by a r i n g ofsvnapt icula tha t may be m o r e o r less f used t o th e wa l l . o r de tached f ro m i t , p roduc i n g.

w he n t he l at te r co n d i t io n p re v a i l s , a trimurate appea ra n ce .T he pa la r fo r m u l a uormal lv i s e i the r co m p l ete o r w i thout a pa l us on th e v e n t r a l

d i r ec t i v e . The pa l i a r e s l e n de r , usua l l y r a the r ta l l . r ou n ded abo v e . a n d coarselv

g r an u l a te.fo r t he i r s i z e ; bound toge th e r b y a r i n g of s y n apt i cu l a .

Th e co l u m e l l a is a de l i ca te . n a r r ow la m e l l a , r i s i ng f ro m th e bot to m o f adep ress io n

,a r ou n d wh i ch the pa l i sta n d . I t i s co n n ected b y r ad i i w i th the sep ta l

g r oups .The p la te su m m its co n s i s t o f a v es ic u la r recticulmn i n wh i c h th e sk e le ta l

e l e m e n ts do n o t show th e defi n i te difi'

eren tiation a nd a r ra n ge m e n t t ha t thev do o nt he s ides o f the co ra l l u m .

Local vfty.

— I(aliai ia,Oah u ; r ece i v ed f ro m D r. W. T . B r i gha m : Wa i k i k i . Oah u .

J. E . Duerden,co l l ec to r .

Typ e— Ca t . No . 2 2 259

.

Paratyp e— t

‘

at. No .

R emark a — l n g r ow th fo r m a n d i n its septa l a r ra n ge m e n t a n d pa la r fo r m u l a.

th ese spec i m e n s r ese m b l e t y p ica l P . l ube/u . the y d i ffe r . howe v e r . i n the rough a spec to f the su r face a n d in t he w ide r uppe r e n ds o f the septa . wh ieh may gi v e the uppe redge o f t h e wa l l a t ru n ca te appea ra n ce . O the r spec i m e n s show i n te rg rada t io n w i tht he t y pe fo r m o f t h e. spec ies .

PO R I T E S L O B A T A for m a I N FUN D I B U LUM. n ew .

l -‘Ia l e LXXX I I,

fig . to : P l a te fig . 1 .

The fo l l ow i n g descri pt io n i s based o n a spec i m e n b roke n f r o m th e outs ide o f aco r a l l u m .

Co ra l l u m co m posed o f asce n d i ng t h i ck co l u m n s o r co l u m n i fo r m lobes. w i t h g lo m

erate s ides a n d fla t te n ed tops . P l a te LXXX II I.

fig . 1 . rep r ese n t s t he ou ts ide o f the

900 anc eur MADR E PH RAR l A on TH E HAW A I I AN I SL A NDS AN D LAYS AN .

spec i m e n n a tu ra l s i z e, and g i v es bo th i ts s i z e a n d m ode o f g r owth . On the o th e r s ide,

o r i n s ide.the t r ee po r t io n i s o n l y abou t 3 7 m m . i n h e i gh t . The t i ssues a r e co n t i n u

o us i n g rowth.w i thou t i n d i ca t io n of supe r i m p osed la y e r s .

Ca l i ces po l ygo n a l . sxcavated.o f m ode r ate d epth

.f r om to 2 m m . i n d i a m e

te r.i s p robab l y th e a v e r age ; co m pared to those of t he o th e r c l ose l y r e la ted fo r m s

they are l a rge ; t he ca l icu la r m a rg i n s sha r p edged . Th e wa l l s r ea l l y a r e r a the rth i ck .a n d a r e Co m pac t fo r Pori tes. bu t the ou te r e n d s o f th e sep ta a r e n a r r ow a n d

the m a rg i n s s l ope to th e pa l i . Th e edges o f t h e wa l l s a r e beaded b y o n l y m ode r a te l yp ro m i n e n t de n t ic l es .The s lop i n g m a rgi n s o f the sep ta ha v e bee n n o ted ; be twee n a pa l u s a n d the

wa l l a re usua l l y two o r th r ee. a n d so m e t i m es four. r at he r ob t use de n t ic l es . A l o n g itudina l se c t io n . howe v e r . show s t ha t t he r e i s o n l y o n e septa l t r abecu la ; o n e o r twop r oce sses fro m th i s t rabecu l a may p rod uce de n ta t io n s a n d the sa m e m a y occu r o nth e m u ra l t r abecu l a . I n t he u n da m aged ca l i ces a pe r ip he r a l z o n e o f s y n ap t i cu l a ca nbe i nd i s t i n ct l y d is t i n gu ished ; w he n the ca l i ces h a v e had the i r wa l l s b r ok e n dow n . ac l ea r l y d e v e loped r i n g of pe r i phe r a l s y n ap t i c u la. sepa r a ted b y i n te r spaces f ro m thewa l l

.i s see n . The septa l faces a r e s l igh t ly r ough ; i n te r septa l locu l i n a r r ow .

The pa l i p r ese n t as s l i gh t.r a t he r l ow th ick e n i n gs o n t h e i n n e r e n d s o f t h e septa ;

thev are n o t p ro m i n e n t ; the fo r m u l a i s co m p l e te. a n d t he y a r e u n i ted b y a pa l a rr i ng o f s y n apt i c u l a .The co l u m e l l a is a low - co m p r essed st y l e

.s i tua ted i n a p i t su r ro u n ded b y the

i n n e r edges o f t he pa l i ; i t i s jo i n ed b y r ad i i to the septa . a n d th e wh o l e co l u m e l lata n g l e i s a l m os t co m pac t .Th e su m m i t ca l i ces sh ow n o n o tewo r t h y d i ffe re n ce f r o m t hose of the s i des

,

except t he i r v a l l s a r e n o t so e l e v ated,caus i n g a flat te n i n g betwee n th e ca l i c u la r

ca v i t ies . Th e ca l i ces n ea r th e lowe r edge o f th e l i v i n g po r t io n p r esen t n o spec ia lpec u l i a r i t ies .

Local ities.

— Kaha n a.Oah u . r ecei v ed f ro m Dr. W. T . B r igha m ; \Vai k i k i , Oahu.l . E . Duerden. co l lec to r .

Z ia/[Ma— Cat. NO . 22 243.

[ team -

f irs. t h e appa r e n t d i s t i n c t i v e d iffe r e n ces be twee n th isfo r m a a nd fo r m a lacem . i n te r m ed ia te speci m e n s ex i s t. th e two fo r m ae g r ad i n g in toeac h o the r : i t a l so passes i n to th e t y p i ca l fo r m o f th e spec i es .

PO R I T E S L O B A TA for m a PA R V I CA LYX.n e w .

Th e co ra l lu m i s co m posed o f co n n ec ted,asce n d i n g

.co m p r essed

,dat - topped lobes .

The t y pe co n s is ts of two lobes,w i th u n dula tio n s a n d lo n g i t u d i n a l r idges o n the i r

su rfaces . Th e spec i m e n has bee n b r oke n f r o m a l a r ge r m ass a n d does n o t show thebase . He i gh t , 1 08 m m . ; g r ea tes t w id th . 99 m m . ; w id t h of w ide r lobe. 74: m m . ;

w idth o f n a r r owe r lobe . 7 1 m m . Th e w ide r l obe has a f r ee end 1 3 m m . ta l l . theo the r has none .

Ca l i ces po l y go n a l . deep . s m a l l . us ual l v 1 m m .;o r m a y be so m ew ha t l ess in d ia m

ete r. s epa rated b y ta l l wa l l s . The succeed i ng de sc r ip t io n i s based upo n so m e o f thel a te ra l ca l i ces a n d pa r t i c u l a r l y so m e o f those n ea r th e lowe r l i m i t o f th e l i v i n g po rt io n . as t hese show the. sk e l e ta l e lements i n th e i r m os t. de v e l oped co n d i t io n

.

909 RncE Nr MADR ICPOR AR I A or TH E H AWA I IAN I SLANDS A ND LAY SAN .

types o f cora l l u m . wh i ch w i l l be desc r i bed la te r . Th e u ppe r su r face va r i e s i n co nfo r m a t io n : i t may be, p l an e o r manim il late . I n subseque n t g r ow th s uccess i v e la y e r sw i th f r ee o r c lose l y app l i ed b u t d i s t i n c t edges a r e fo r m ed o n e abo v e a n o th e r ; theg row th

.howe v e r . ap pea r s to be co n t i n uous i n the ce n t ra l po r t io n . I f t he l i v i n g edge

be n ds dmvm 'ard.th e base i s rou n ded towa r d i ts ce n te r . b u t th e success i v e g r owth

[a v e r s a r e i nd i ca ted ; if th e l i v i n g edge i s cu r v ed upwa r d o r i s s ubh o r i z o n ta l . t h e baseshows co n ce n tr i c r i m s. o r t h e co ra l l u m has co l la r s o n e abo v e a n o th e r . Th e co ral l u mi n th e la ters tages o f grow th m a y be a m ass w i th a r ou n ded o r flattish uppe r su r face.a head w i th deep loba t io n s

.a m ass w i th a m a m m i l l ate o r h u m p y uppe r su r face. o r

t he surface m a v be s tudded w i t h s tu m py protu l_ )erances.

The ca l i ces a r e po l y go n a l.f ro m 1 to 2 m m . i n d ia m e te r . a v e r age abou t

usua l lv deep. sepa ra ted bv ta l l . s t r a i gh t. wa l ls o r b y d i s t i n c t wa l l r i dge s . w i t h de nta te uppe r edges .Th e sept a a r e n a r row abo v e ; th e r e is o n e septal t r abe cu l a be twee n a pal us a n d

the wa l l.w i th th e septa l g r a n u l e v a r i a b l e in de v e lop m e n t. usua l l y n o t spec ia l l y

p ro m i n e n t : whe n d i s t i n c t i t is detac hed f ro m th e wa l l . A l tho ugh th e g r a n u l e m a ybe i n d i s t i n c t

.p rocesses f ro m t he septal a n d m u ra l trabeeu lae m a y cause se v e r a l d e n

tat ions to appea r o n a septa l marg i n . The r e is e i th e r a co m p l e te o r a n i n co m p l eter i ng o f pe r iphe ra l s y n apt i cu la

.usua l l y de tach ed f r o m th e w a l l . Wh e n the r i n g is

co m p l e te the wa l l f r eque n t l y has a trimurate appea ra n ce . S ep ta l faces g r a n u late ;i n te r sep ta l locu l i ope n

.b u t of te n n a r row .

The pa l i v a r y i n fo r m.l a th - l ike o r r ou n ded ; t he fo r m u l a i s f r eq ue n t l y o r usua l l y

comp lete ; whe n n ot co m pl e te. of te n es t supp r essed o n o n e o r m o r e m embe r s o f thet r ip l e t . l ess of te n o n th e do r sa l d i r ect i v e . Th e i n n e r e n ds o f t he t r i p l e t , w he n w i thou t pal i . st i l l r e m a i n sepa r ate f ro m o n e a n o th e r . t ha t is. t h e y do n o t m e e t a n d f use i nth e ape x of a n a n g l e . A pal a r r i n g o f s y n apt i c u la is p r ese n t

.a n d u sua l l y co m p l e te

The co l u m e l l a i s r a th e r co n sta n t l y a n a r r ow ax ia l la m e l la.so m e t i m es a n axia l

pap i l l a , ra re l y a bse n t ._

I t is jo i n ed b y rad i i to th e i n n e r e n ds o f t h e sep ta ; th e co l um e l l a ta n g l e. co m posed of th e ax i a l l a m e l la o r papi l la a n d t h e r ad i i f r o m i t . is loosei n s t r uc t u r e o r r ath e r co m pact .

PO R I T E S L O B A T A for m a C EN T RA L I S subform a ALP H A,n e w .

P l a te LXXX I I I , figs . 2,2a ; P la te LXXX I V . figs. 1 . l a ,

Co r a l l u m a t fi r s t th i n . exp l a n a te . i n c r us t i n g o r f ree . w i t h a inammil late o r h u m p yuppe r su r face ; la te r so m e of the mamm i l lee o r h u m ps m a y g r ow upwa r d a n d fo r masce n d i ng lobes o r c res ts .The pe r iphe r a l r i ng o f svnapticula i s i n co m p l e te ; th e pa l i . co m p r essed .

L eah-

(j igs .

— Kaha n a . Oah u . W. T . B r igha m ; Pu koo. Mo loka i .W. T . B r igha m ..l . E . D uerden .

Nos . 2 2 241 . 92 22-1 2.

P OR I’

I‘

E S L O B A T A for m a C E N T R A L I S sub forma B E T A , n e w .'

_ l hc edge of the l i v i ng l a y e r is be n t u n de r a n d c reep s o v e r a po r tio n o f th e base ;the uppe r su rface of the co ra l l u m i s i r r egu l a r l y do m ed a n d humpv.

o oo o oThe pe r i phe ra l r i n g of s y n ap ti cu l a is us ua l l y i n co m p l e te : pa l i , co m p r essed .

BULLET I N 55-1 . UN ITED STATE S NAT IONAL M l'

S EUM .

Th e i tin -igu larly do m ed hnmpy uppe r s u r fa ce a n d th e do w n be n d i ng o f t he l i v i n gedge sepa ra te subforma [mmf ro m subfo rma a il /lat .

Local it ies . Oah u . .l'

. lC. Duerden . co l l ecto r : Kah a n a.Oah u

,W'

. T .

B r igh a m .

Typ e. No . 2 1 192 7 .

PO R I T E S L O B A T A for m a CE N TR AL I S .sub form a GA MM A . n ew .

I ’l a te m xx i v,

fig . 0

1 886 . I ’Orites tenn is Q UBLL‘

H,p art (no t Verr i l l ) , Ree f ( fo ra ls, Cha l lenger l tepts .

,p . 1 84.

1 905. Por ites Imwui ensis octane Bmcxauo ,Por i tes .l ndo - l

’ac i l ic Reg ion

,p . 1 1 15

, p l . x ,fig

. 2 .

The u ppe r s u r face o f the co ra l l u m i s r o u n ded o r tlattish.m o r e, o r l ess u n d u la te.

bu t w i thout lnunps .

The pe r iphe ra l r i ng o f s y n apt i c u la i s usua l l y co m p l e te . t h e wa l l ri s i n g as abeaded r idge abo v e a n d betwee n t h e r i ngs . S ubformze gamma

. del ta.a n d ep s i lon

d i ffe r f ro m each o the r ch i efly i n t h e co n figu r at io n o f th e. uppe r surfatJe o f theco ra l l u m .

Th e fo l low i ng i s a so m ewhat deta i led desc r i pt io n of the spec i m e n figu r ed.

P l a te LXXXIV. figu re 2 :Co r a l l u m a t tach ed . edges ep i th eca te. rou n ded abo v e . uppe r su r face u n du la te .

Grea te r distanc z ac ross . 57 m m . ; l esse r . 52 m m . ; t h ic k n ess . 3 7 m m .

Ca l i ces moderatelv deep.po l y go n a l . d i a m ete r fro m O 9 to m m a n a v e ‘age o f

di’ ca l i ce s was m m . ; o f the 47 m e : su red . 2 2 had a d i a m e te r o f o r m m . I nt he dep r ess io n s o n th e su r face. t h e y a r e s m a l le r o r e v e n l ess . to L 1 m m . i n d i a m ete r : o n t he e l e v a ted po r t io n s of the su r face th e y are. la rge r to m m . in d i a m e te r ;w i t h occas io n a l l y o n e as m uc h as m m . i n d i a m e te r . The co ra l l i te wa l l s are, e l e v a ted

.

pe r fo ra te. a n d usua l l y th i n ; t he r e i s . howe v e r . f r eq ue n t t h ick e n i ng i n t h e co r n e rs o ft he ca l i ces . These th i cke n ed a n d o f te n e l e v ate d a r eas co n s t i tu te a s t r ik i ng cha rac te r .Verv n ea r th e wa l l the r e i s a ri ng o f s y n apt icu l a and the septa a r e pe r i phe ra l l yso m ewha t th i ckened .

Th e sep ta l a r r a n ge m en t i s as a l r ead y desc r i bed .

Lace/fl ies .

—Pukoo . Mo l oka i . depth 3 to 6 fee t . r ece i v ed “f ro m \ 'V. T . B r i gha m ;Waik i k i a n d Ka n eohe . Oah u. Dr. J. E . Duerden . co l l ec t o r .

I ii/pea— Cat . No . 2 1 6 2 6 .

Be r n a rd has r edesc r i bed i n deta i l t h e spec i m e n r efe r r ed b y Que l c h to tenn is

Ve r r i l l u nde r th e des ig n at io n o f P orites o ctm w. I t i s he re p l aced in su bfo r m a gamma . Th e fo l l ow i ng i s Be r n a rd ’s desc r ipt io nTh e cora l lu m c lose lv i ncrusts st ones w i th a layer about 5 m m . t h ic k . Success i v e layers o f t he

sa m e t h ic k ness co v er one anot her, an dcan be. sca le doff. E d ges c lose l y a dheren t .The ca l ic les are su p erfi c ia l , p o lygona l , an d n n n . across i t tak en fro m m e d ia n r i d ge to m e d ianr i d ge

,but roun d a n d m m . i f t he c i rcu m ference of th e i n terse p ta l locu l i is t h e. p eri p her y o f t he

ca l ic le. The w a l l h as a low fros te d or fine lv t oot he d m e d ian r i d ge . a n d a fiak yshe lfon each s i d e of it.H ere an d t here t h e sh e l f is v ery p orous . an d the w a l l a p p ea rs to be re t i cu lar. The ro w s of t he p oresare so m e t i m es n ear ly regu la r enough to suggest th e trimurate con d i t ion . (S ee I n tro d uc t ion , p .Th e se p ta are sy m m e t rica l . but s l ight ly roughened . an d se p ta l gra nu les a p p ear a t the e d ges of t h e tlak vsh e l f . Th e i n te rse p ta l locu l i are. conspiCuo us an do p en . The p a l i for m a n ea t r i ng . a n d are frequen t lyco m p l e te . Th e co lu m e l lar tn l'icrc le is granu lar an d s m a l ler t han the p r i nc i pa l pa l i a n d s l igh t ly be lo wthe i r le v e l . I tse l f se l d o m fl a t tene d , i t. may frequen t ly be seen t o r ise fro m a d i rec t i v e l a m e l l a run n i ngacross th e w ho l e ca l ic l e .

2 04 asc enr MAD RE I’ORAR I A or TH E H AWA I I A N I SLA NDS AND LAY S AN .

Th iscora l fro m I Ionq iu i s re p resen te d by a s p i r i t s p ec i m en an d a c leane d frag m en t w h ich has

been sca l e d off th e l i v i ng l ayer. The gro w t h for m is p ecu l iar an d d eser ves se p ara te d escr i p t ion .[Fro m t h e ot her I- l o no lu lan I

'oril cs i t d iffers no t on l y i n m et ho d o f gro w t h , but i n its ca l icle for m ation .

Th ere are no h igh m e m branous w a l ls, and t h e pa l i are. cons p icuous. But,on the o ther h an d , i t may

he note d t ha t the th i n s k ele ta l e le m en ts , t h e Upt 'l l i n terse p ta l locu l i , an d t h eir svmmetrical se p talfor m u la

,is co m m on to a l l theSe I iono lu lan cora ls .

The absence ofh igh w a l ls i n th i s s p ec i m en may be an a d a p tation to a d etache d l i fe (c f . P . ceylon

As the. gro w t h i s a l l on one s i d e , h o w e v er, th e st ock , w hen co l l ec te d , a p p ears to h a v e beensta t ionar y .

Mr. Que l ch i d en t i fie d th is town w i t h P . tenn is V err i l l . But P . tenn is was g lo m era te, whereas t h is,for m i n

g.r a roun d e d m ass fro m i n crus t i ng a roun ds tone , i s rea l ly i ncrust i ng . The fact th a t layer co v ers

la y er w i t h discon t inuous gro w t hs se p ara tes t h i s fro m t rue g lo m era te for m s, in w h ich the cora l lu mthic k ens con t i nuously.

The rest. of Doc tor Verril l ’s d escri p t ion is so genera l t h a t i t m igh t a p p ly toa l m os t anv m e m ber o f t h e genus.

PO R I T E S LO B A T A forma CE N T R A L I S subforma D E L TA , n ew .

P la te LXXX I I , fi g . 2 ; P la te LXXXV , fig . 1 .

Uppe r s u rface w i th l obes a n d m a m m i l l i fo r m e l e v a t io n s , i n t h is r espec t d i ffe r i n gf ro m subforma yawn/m,

o th e r w ise the y a r e v e r y s i m i la r .The fo l low i n g desc r ipt io n i s based o n th e figu r ed spec i m e nCo r a l l u m a h ead - shaped m ass

,1 37 m m . tal l ; g r ea te r d iame te r , 1 32 m m . ; l esse r ,

1 30 . Uppe r su r face g lo m e r ate . w i th se v e r a l deep loba t io n s . Th e u n d ers i d e of theco r a l l u m show s success i v e g row th l a v e r s

,th e edge of each o n e ep i t h eca te .

Ca l i ces po l y go n al,f r o m s l igh t l y l ess tha n m m . to “2 m m . i n d ia m e te r

,except

i n th e bot to m s o f th e dep r ess io n s whe re the y m a y he o n l y 1 m m . Ca l i cu la r ca v i t iesdeep

,the septa n a r r ow abo v e a n d fa l l i n g ab r up t l y to th e bo t to m . Wa l ls d is t i n ct

,

th i n . s t r a i gh t .S ep ta as i n th e genera l desc r i p tio n of the speci es . Th e pe r iphe r a l r i n g of

sy n apt icu l a co n s tan t l y p r ese n t , b u t m a y n o t a l ways be see n u n l ess th e wal ls beb roke n dow n . Pa l i ta l l

.sle n de r de l i ca te

,m i n u te l y sp i n u l o se ; fo r m u l a usua l l y co m

p lete. fol umel la a n d co l u m e l la ta n g l e as a lread y desc r i bed .

Th i s fo r m a i s r ep r ese n ted b y two o th e r spec i m e n s . One o f t he m shows n oi n d i cat io n o f a ttach m e n t o n the base

,wh ich fla r es up

,a n d u n de r n ea th sh ow s b y r i m s

success i v e g r ow th s tages . I n the o th e r spec i m e n s t h e g r ow th has bee n mos t l yupwa r d

,l ea v i ng success i v e co l l a r s be l ow .

The wa l l s i n th e spec i m e n figu r ed a r e re l a t i v e l y ta l l e r t ha n in t h e o th e r spec im e n s . I n th e. la tte r ‘the pe r iphe r a l r i n g o f sy n ap t i cu l a r eac h es h igh e r up i n theca l ices a n d te n ds to p r od uce a n i n t ra m u r a l she l f . The ca l i ces o f th e figu r ed spec im e n , howe v e r , a r e pa r t i c u la r l y i n te r es t i n g as the y co n n ec t t hose o f th e unfiguredspec i m e n w i th those of subforma (Mp/m. (S ee P la te LXXX I I , fig .

Subt’

orma del i /o is v e r y s l igh t l y (l iti 'erent f r o m fo r m a ep si lon . h e ditference i nth e upper su rface w i l l be b ro ugh t ou t i n the

_

description o f th e l a tte r . Th e m a i ndifi

'

erence co n s is ts i n t h e pa l i,w h ic h a r e l ess de v e loped a n d m o r e r ou n ded i n

subforma epsilon .

740 00 t ales — Reefs a t Kau n ak aka i, Mo l oka i . A lbatross, 1 902 ; VV

ai k i k i andKa n eoheOah u . Pu koo , Mo loka i , Dr. J. E . Duerden ; o n e spec i m e n f r o m Dr. W”

. T . B r igha mloca l i t y l a be l l os t .

F i gu red spe c i m e n,Ca t . N o .Till/h ”

.

2 06 R ECE NT MADRE PORA R I A OF TH E H A WA I I AN ISLAN DS A ND LAY SAN .

f u r rows. gi bbos i t ies , and lobes ; on the u ppe r s u r face th'i ck , obt u se l y r ounded c restsand l obes . The c res ts are f r om 1 1 ) to 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 . th i ck ; max imum heigh t 1 6 mm. ; the

t h i ckest lobe has a d i amete r of 2 3 mm . ; he i ght 2 0 mm . The base of the Spec imeni s dead and was pa r t ofan o l de r co r a l l um ; between the b roken - off p iece of the deadco ra l l u m and the l i v i ng po r t ion i s a cons t r ic t ion . Tota l heigh t , i nc l ud ing dead base,1 1 5 mm max im um depth of l i v ing po r t ion , mm . ; g reate r d i amete r i n constrict ion

,65 mm . ; lesse r , .43 ; g reatest d i amete r above the const r i c t i on , 99 mm.

, lesse r ,8 1 mm .

Cal i ces po l ygona l , excavated . and mode r ate l y deep . D i amete r f r om 1 mm. to2 mm . M u ch sma l le r in the concav i t ies ; l a r ge r on the convex i ties , w he re theyn erage abo u t mm. Sepa r ated by r athe r t h i n , somewhat e levated , pe r fo r atedwal l s

,on whose s umm i ts are abo u t twice as many f r os ted mu r a l den t i c les as the re

are septa to a ca l i ce.

Septa w i th th e i n ne r ends of the t r i p let not f u sed togethe r . Pa l a r fo rm u la comp lete . Between a pains and the wa l l u s u a l l y two f rosted g r an u les , somet imes on lyone . l ’a l i no t ve r y ta l l or t hick , f rosted . Two synaptic u la r r i ngs

,the o u te r r at he r

th i ck and mo r e or less connected w i th the wal l ; the i n ne r j o i n ing the pa l i . A septalg ran u le i s u s u a l ly e i t he r above or j u s t i n te r io r to the o u te r r ing ; t he r efo r e, the re i sa mo r e or less d is t inct m u r a l s he l f . The septa are r athe r t h i ck

,w i th f r osted sides ;

i nte r septa l loc u l i a lmost c losed .

Co l ume l la a de l i cate,comp r essed , f rosted t u be r c le, s i t u ated in a p i t , s u r ro u nded

by the pe r pend i c u l a r i nne r edges of the pa l i , jo i ned to the inne r ends of the septa lg ro u ps by r ad i i .

Local i ty.

—'

Ka1 i eohe , Oah u , P r of . J. E . Duerden,co l lecto r .

P O R I T E S L OB A T A fo rm a A P E R T A,n ew .

Th ree spec imens of th i s fo rma are desc r i bed : two f rom Pu koo,Mo l okai

,

rece i ved f rom D r . W. T . B r i gham,and one f rom Waik i k i

,Oah u

,co l lected by

P rof . J. E . Duerden . One of the spec imens f r om P u koo i s yo u ng and s hows theea r ly mode of g rowth ; the othe r p r obab l y r ep r esen ts the ad u l t cond i t i o n ; t hey w i l lbe u sed as cotypes .

The co r a l lum of the yo u nge r spec imen i s composed of s u ccess i ve caps,one above

anothe r , - in contact or con t i n u o u s in g rowth in the cen t r a l po r t i on,b u t aro u n d the

edges they are d istant and have the l owe r s u r faces i nvested by ep i theca,n u l l i po res

,

etc . The l aye r s are not th i ck,abo u t 5 mm .

,t h inne r 0 11 the ma r g ins . G r eate r d i am

ete r of base, 97 1 1 1 11 1 lesse r,79; he i gh t , 59. The u ppe r su r face is t h r own i nto

i r r eg u l a r , th i ck h umps of va r io u s s i zes , the ta l les t abo u t 2 1 mm . The othe r spec imen i s a th i ck l obe , w i t h a co r r oded base , ev i den t l y de r i ved f r om the o u tside of aco r a l l um . G r eate r t r ansve r se d iamete r

,97 mm . ; lesse r , nea r base, 50 l i im. O u t

s ide w i th se v e ra l deep , long i t u d i na l dep ress i ons , and i nte r ven i ng ta l l , r o u n ded r i dges ;s umm i t t r u ncate. The ca l i c u l a r s t r u ct u re of both t hese spec imens i s the same

,and

l

the second co u l d be de r i ved f rom the fi r s t by the u pwa r d g r ow th of one of the l a r ge rnunps .

l l1 e remamder of the desc r i p t i on w i l l be based 0 1 1 the second spec imen .

BULLET I N UN ITED S TATE S NAT I ONAL M US EUM .

The ca l i ces are deep,f rom 1 mm . in d iamete r in the dep ress ions to 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 . on the

e levat ions , usual lv 11 1 1 1 1 . or s l igh t l ymo re . Sepa rated by ta l l , s t r a igh t wal l s . The

m u r a l dent i c les are r a the r coa r se, and mode r ate l y reg u l a r in s i ze.

The u ppe r po r t ions of the septa l ma rg i ns are u s u a l l y na r row,fo rm ing r idges

a l ong"the s i des o f the wa l l s , or somet imes obso lete . Between the pa la r ends of thesepta and the wa l l the re i s one t r abec u l a . F req u ent ly the r e i s no d i st i nc t septa l g ranu le ; one , howeve r , i s somet imes p r esent as a th i ckened too th

,deta ched f rom the wa l l .

As a r u le a few dent i c les , p rocesses f rom the trabeculre,occ u r on the septa l ma rg i ns .

A pe r i phe r a l r ing of synapt i cu l a i s usual lv i nd icated , b u t i t i s ve r y ra r e l y evenapp rox imate l y comp lete. The septa l faces are a lmo s t w i tho u t g r an u l at ions and present a st r i k i ng l y smoo th appea r ance. I nte r septa l loc u l i open . The septa l a r r angemen t i s

,do r sa l d i r ect i v e

,fo u r l ate r a l pa i r s

,f u sed in pa i r s by t he i r inne r ends . and a

d i r ec t i v e t r i p let . i ts membe r s not f u sed to one anothe r . The pa l i are poo r l y deve loped , the fo rm u la i s r a re l y comp lete ,

a l tho u gh the septa l a r rangemen t i s in acco r dw i th i ts be i ng comp lete . They are bette r de v e loped on the ends of the pa i r s . andare of ten s u pp ressed 0 1 1 the do r sa l d i rec t i ve and on one or mo r e membe r s of thet r i p let . The i nne r ends of the septa j o i ned by a r i ng of synapt i c u la.

The co l ume l l a i s a na r row . t h i n l ame l la,jo ined to the inne r ends of the septa .

The co l ume l l a tangle,open and loose.

The spec imen f r omWa i k i k i s hows no d i ffe rences of impo r tance f r om the secondone f r om P u koo .

Locah’

tées. P u koo,Mo loka i

,2 spec imens r eceived f r om D r . W. T. B r igham

“rai k ik i, Oah u , 1 spec imen , co l lected by D r . J. E . Duerden .

— Cat.. Nos . 2 092 1,20924

,

P r ofesso r S t u de r i n 1 90 1 desc r i bed f rom Laysan two spec ies of P orites,havrng

the mass i ve g lome r ate mode of g rowth . I -I is desc r i pt ions , r ende red somewhat. l i be ra l ly i nto Eng l i sh , fo l low . I s u spec t t hat h is P . grade/( i i s a. synonym of lobata .

The p r esence of on ly s i x pa l i in the fo rme r spec ies and i t s dense r tex t u re are the

cha r acte r s t hat ] can gathe r f rom h i s desc r i pt ion by wh i ch the two are sepa r ated .

The second one of h i s spec ies , acco r d ing to h i s desc r i pt ion . po ssesses several c ha racte r s that i nd i cate d i st i n ctness . It i s u n fo r t u nate that P rofesso r S t u de r has des c r i bedfor h i s spec ies ne i t he r the septa l a r r angement nor the re lat ions of the pa l i to the

septa,and has not g i ven iri 1 1 ch - needed deta i l s conce r n i ng seve r a l o the r s ke leta l st r u e

tu r e s .7 . P O R I T E S QUE LCH I S t u der .

l ‘late LXXX V I .

1 90 1 . Por ites quclch i SN YDER,Zoo l . Jah rb .

,b

‘

yst X L,p . 42 2 , p l . tig. 1 4.

P reemption .

— Ac co r d i ng to P r o fesso r S t u de r , th is spec ies has the fo l low i ngpec u l i a r i t ies :

The co lony i s massi v e ,1 56 mm . h igh and 1 46 mm . in d iameter . Th e u ppe r s u r face i s u ne v en ,

d i v ided in to l i i l lock s and lobes wh ich are. Some t imes ro u nded , somet imes more e longated an dcompressed . Those o i the last form ha ve c lear ly o r ig inated from th e f u s ion of se v e ral s ing le h i l lo cks . The

who le mass,wh ich i s hea v y and ofa dense text u re , Con s ists of la v ers ofco ra l s u bstance la i ddown one

abo ve anot he r . The o u termos t l i v ing layer is 3 mm . t h ick, and i s separated from those lying be low by

ep i theca.

2 08 RECE NT MADRE PO RA IUA or TH E HAW A I I AN ISLAN DS AN D LAYS AN .

A t one p lace se v en layers , one abo ve. anot he r , can be. recogn i zed each one of these being separatedfrom the one beneath by a layer ofep i theca.

The cal ices are sma l l and are separated b y t h ick , poro u s wa l ls , wh ich may be to mm . or

e ven 1 mm . th ick , but become ac u te at the edge .

The twe l ve septa ex tend for an eq ua l di stance in to the ca l ic u lar ca v i ty . They are near ly sol id,show 2 - 3 ro u gh teeth , and espec ial ly late ra l sp ines that are e longated down in th e ca l ice and at its

bottom b u i ld a r ing j o i n ing the ends ofthe septa together . From t h is s tr u ct u re a t rabec u lar co l ume l lamav be. de v e loped . Often the septa are. f u sed togeth e r in pai rs .

Pal i s ix in n umber ; in some ca l ices more , in othe rs l ess de ve loped . The ca l ices are not of the

same s i ze : on the h i l locks larger , hexagona l , and L3 to mm . in d iameter ; in the val levs sma l ler ,o ften de fo rmed , 1 mm . in diame te r . The depth i s smal l , scarce l y 1 to mm .

A s the i n tersep tal loc u l i are narrow, and as they are soon fi l led up by th e synapt ic u la betweenthe septa , and th e pores in bo th the wal ls and the septa are re lat i v e l y sma l l , the who le coral l um has

a compact,dense str u c t u re

A p iece that has been sawed from a sp ec imen f rom Laysah appears , according to th e s tr u c t u re ofi ts cal ices., to be long to same spec ies . I t was a part ofa mass i ve cora l l um , whose u pper s u rface showsa large n umber of la teral l y compressed e le vat ions , 1 0 to 1 8 mm . h igh and 1 5 to 20 mm . in d iameter .Th i s Spec imen does not cons is t of layers one abo ve anoth er , but the sec t ion ,

1 0 cm . w ide and 20 cm .

long, i s homogeneo u s ; on ly the st i l l l i v ing port ion can be separated f rom the dead , inner , wh i te massas a b rown s u perfi c ia l layer 4 to 7 mm . in t h ickness . Toward the apex of the spec imen the l i v inglaye r is as m u ch as 1 1 mm . th ick . On one place near the base th e l i v ing port ion has been l i f tedabo ve the u nder lying layer for a short d istan ce and has bu i l t a t h ick ep i theca on i ts u nders ide.

Th is form i s near ly related to Q u e l ch (Cha l lenger Reef Cora l s , p . wh ich i t al soresemb les in hab i t u s .

I n th is [Quelch ’s] spec ies, howe v er , the col ume l la appears a lways to be ab sen t and the ca l ices

seem '

to be deep .P . cal i/briaca ,

V er r i l l , Trans . Connect ic u t A cad . A rts Se.,Vol . I

,Par t 2 , 1 867— 1 87 1 , p . 504, a lso

may be c losely re lated ; at leas t Verri l l ’s descr ipt ion indicates a s im i lar form .

Hawai i,Molokai .

P r ofesso r S t u de r has had the k i ndness to sen d me a p hotog r aph ofth i s spec ies . I can the r efo re add a few notes to t hose gi ven by h im. The septalfo rm u la i s s im i l a r to that of P . lobata

,the do r sa l so l i ta r y d i rect i ve

,the fo u r l ate r al

pa i r s and the membe r s of the vent r a l t r i p let w i th the i r inne r ends not f u sed i n to ag ro u p , a l tho u gh u n i ted by the r i ng of pa l a r synapt i c u l a . The wal l appea r s to becons t i t u ted as in I ’

. lobata ; b u t they do not seem to be the same,as the ske leta l pa r ts

of are th i cke r , the wal l w i de r and mo re dense,the co l ume l l a mo re com

pact , and the u s u a l n umbe r of pa l i s i x , whe r eas in P. lobata e i gh t i s the usua l numbe r .

8 . P O R I T E S BR IGH AM I,n ew spec ie s .

P late. LXXX I V,figs . 3 , 3a .

The co ra l l um of the type spec imen i s attach ed,ep i thecate a ro und the edge. The

u ppe r s u r face i s flattened ; s i des s i n u o u s . D imens ions , abo u t 60 mm . l ong ; 43 mm.

w i de ; 1 5 mm . th i ck .

Ca l i ces deep , f u nne l shaped , po l ygona l in o u t l ine , us u a l d i amete r , mm.

The wa l l i s s l i ght l y e levated above the s umm i t of the septa , th i n , and inte r rupted .

The septa are d ista l l y m u c h t h ic kened and are jo i ned togethe r ve r y nea r the wa l l bya c i r c l e of sy napt i c u l a , th u s fo rm i ng a ‘

th ic k,a lmos t compact mu r a l appa r atus .

The septa l a r r angement i s a do r sa l d i rect i ve,fo u r l a te r a l pa i r s

,and a d i rect i ve

t r i p let : in the t r i p let , the i nne r ends of the l ate r als app roac h the ven t r al d i rect i ve

12 1 0 R EC ENT MAD R EPOR AR IA or TH E H AW A I I A N ISLA N DS AN D LAYSAN .

The loose , trabw u lar st ructure o f th e wa l ls and the b ran ched sp i nu les that co v er them gi v es theuppe r surface a soft , a lmost. wool ly appearance.

Perhaps th is sp in - ies be longs w i th Por ites p orosa V er r i l l , from the Gu l f ofCa l i forn ia (I. e .

, p .the desc r i pt ion o f wh ich answe rs we l l for the specimen befo re me, but an iden t ificat ion w i thout compar ison appears too uncertain .

Lavsan .

The r e i s in th e Ya l e Un i ve r si ty Mu seu m an exce l l en t speci m e n of th i s spec i es,

wh i ch P rofesso r Ve r r i l l has k i nd ly l oaned m e , and th us e nab l ed m e to p r esen t figu r esof i t , H ate LXXXV I I I , figs . 1

,1 a . I t has one, r a r e l y two

, t r abecu lae between apal u s and th e wa l l , end i ng i n a ta l l up r igh t tooth .

P ro fesso r Stude r has sen t m e a photogr aph i c p r in t of his ty pe of th is spec i es . Ita l so possesses a septa l a r r ange m en t s i m i la r to P. lobata . The i n ne r ends of. the septaof the ven t ra l t r i p l et do not fuse toget he r , a l though t hey a r e joined by th e pal a rsy napt i cu l a . Pa l i appea r to be p r esen t befo r e t h e do r sal d i r ect i ve , t h e late r a l pai r si nd t he ven t r a l d i r ecti ve . The r e a r e at l east two r i ngs of synapt i cu la w ith i n thewa l l s

,t he m u r a l and the pa la r .

I O . PO R I T E S S TO D E R I , n ew spec ies .

P late LXXX V I I I , figs. 2 ,Co r a l l u m subspheroidal , th e th r ee d ia m ete r s , 2 8 m m .

,25 m m . an d 20 m m . ,

r espect i ve l y ; su r face rou nded °

no sca r of detach m en t .Ca l i ces po l ygona l , d i a m ete r to 2 m m .

,excavated bu t sh a l low . They a r e

sepa r ated on th e su r face by a s l igh tly r a i sed m on i l i fo r m wal l , wh i ch i s usua l l y cont i nuous and st r aigh t . Wh en the flat su r face is looked at c lose ly pe r fo rations a r e d iscernible. Wi th i n th e ca l i ce , ve r y n ea r t h e wa l l , i s a zone of th icken ed sy napt i culafo r m i ng a con t i n uous r i ng. This zon e of synapt i cu la m ay equa l t h e wa l l in th i ckness .A sect ion nea r the leve l of th e botto m of th e ca l i ces s hows th at t h e wal l between theca l i ces and the sy napt i cu l a r zones

,one on each s i de of it

,m ay beco m e so th i ckened

that th e t h r ee fuse togeth e r , ve r y n ea r l y ob l i ter at i ng any po r es .Sep ta l a r r ange m e n t i s fou r l ate r a l pai r s , th e sol i ta r y d i r ect i ve , and , al though the

i n ne r ends of th e l ate r al s i n th e t r i p l et app roach th e ve nt r al d i r ect i ve nea r the Colamel la

,the usua l cond i t ion is for t h e i r su r faces not to m ee t.

The septa are wedge shaped , w i th dec i ded l y t h ick oute r en ds,becom i ng th inne r

towa r d th e co l u m e l l a . A rou nd the co l u m e l l a as a r u l e th e r e i s a secon d,an inne r

sVnapt icu lal‘ r i ng, and the r e i s a l so m uch th icken i ng of t h e septa be low th e bot to m s

of th e ca l i ces . The i nte r septa l locu l i a r e na r row ; be low the ca l ices in so m e i nstancesthe v a r e a l m os t ob l i te r ated .

The septa l m a rgi ns" s lope gen t ly to the bot to m of th e cal i ce , wit hou t a na r row

uppe r and oute r po r t ion . On th e wa l l is a den tation or k not corresponding to theou te r end of each septu m . The pa l i a r e s m a l l

,c rowded down a rou n d the co l u m e l l a,

seven or e igh t i n n u m be r ; so m e t i m es absen t on the vent r al d i r ective . Outside'

of

the. pa la r r i ng and w i th i n t he wa l l a r e f ro m two to fou r d en tat ion s ; two or th r eeappea r to be the. usua l n u m be r . These den tat ions a r e i r r egu l a r in s hape , and the mse l ves a r e m i n ute l y sp i n u lose ; one see m s to be th e u sua l n u m be r of septa l t r abecu la .

Ea ch septal face shows two or t h ree gr an u l a t ions , u sua l l y w i th b l u n t ends , betweenthe pa la r r i ng and the ou te r synapt i cu l a r zone .

BULLET I N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL MUSEUM .

Co l u m e l l a not s u n ken , te r m i nated by a ve rr smal l co m p r essed t zuberi lo.

Local t .

— Auau Chan ne l between Man i a nd Lana i i s l ands,Stat ion ‘

1 870 ; depth ,2 8 to 43 fatho m s ; botto m , sand , g r ave l ; te m pe r atu r e , F . ; I spec i m en .

Type.

— C-at . No . 2 1 623 .

R emarl w.

— Th i s spec i es needs on l y to be co m pa r ed w i th P . lubc‘

ctrl . I t d i ffe r sf r o m that spec i es

,fi r s t , by i ts S i ze and subsphero idal fo r ;1n second

,i ts sha l lowe r

ca l i ces , i ts septa have not a na r row uppe 1 and ou te 1 pe i t ie n , bu t s lope gl aduall y toth e bo t to m of t h e ca l i ces ; th i r d , i ts septa a r e m u ch th i cke r , and th e i nte r septa llocu l i correspmidingly m uch na r rowe r ; fou r th , the pa l i a r e m o r e i ns ign i fican t , anda r e m o r e c lose ly c rowded a r ou nd the co l u m e l l a ' fi fth , t he co l u m e l l a i s not s i tuatedi n a p ronou n ced dep r ess ion , as i n P . lobata . The r e i s s ti l l anothe r d iffe r ence wh i c hto be. b rough t out necess i tates an add i t ion to t h e desc r i pt ion . The late r a l s on thes ides of the ven t r a l d i r ecti ve in P . loé czta ve r y constant l y have f r ee i n ne r m a rgi ns ;u sual l y th ey do no t even cu r ve towa r d the d i r ect i ve . The u sua l cond i t ion for P .

et iuleré has been desc r i bed above , bu t t he r e i s so m e va r iat ion . The i n ne r e nds ofth e late1 als 1 1 1 t he t i iplet so m et i m es , or 1 at | 1 e 1 often

,app roach the i ent1 al d i r ect i ve

,

and occas ional l i one of the m fu ses to i t net-1 1 th e co l u m e l l a . The 1 e 1 s i n P . stuclw i

so m e i ndefi n i teness in th e r e l at ions of the vent i al d i r ec t i v e and i ts two l ate r a l s ; t hecond i t ion I S i n te r m ed i ate be tween the one i n w h i c h t he i n ne 1 ends of the septa of th et r i p l e t a r e e n t i r e l y f i ce f1 o 1n one anothe1 and that 1 11 wh ich they a1 o defin i te l y g1 owntogethe1 .

xx. POR I'I‘

E S B ER N AR D I , n ew spec ies .

P late LXXX V, figs. 2

,20 .

Co r a l l u m s m a l l,tube rose

,i nc r us ting nod u l es , wh i ch i t u l t i m ate ly co m p l ete l y

enve lops . A basa l ep i t h eca ex tend i ng to th e growi ng edge , can be. seen whe r e t heobject to wh ic h the co lon y i s attached has not been en t i r e l y cove r ed . The fo l low inga r e th e th r ee d i m ens ions of the l a rges t spec i m ens : 56 m m . . 35 m m .

,1 1 1 1 1 1 . The r e

t r e two s m a l l e r spec i m en s .Ca l i ces supe r fi c ial , s m a l l , 1 to m m . i n d i a m ete r . \Vhen the su r face. has not

been da m aged usua l l y no defi n i te bo u nd i ng wal l s can be see n , septo - costze connect i ngad jo i n i ng ca l i ces . Occas iona l ly the r e i s a discontinous r ai sed l i ne a rou nd a po r t ionof a ca l i ce . I n those p l aces w he r e the uppe r edges of the septa a r e b roken down ath i ck co m pact wal l , co m posed of t h e th i ckened ou te r e nds of t he septa and so m e.synapt i cu l a i s r evea l ed . A ca r e fu l un ination of the su 1 facc shows that th i s th i c ken ed wa l l i s co m posed of th r ee ve r t i ca l zon es of synapt i cu l a ; fi r s t . one m a r k i ng theo u te r l imitsc feach co r a l l i te ; second , two zones ofsy napt i cu l a , one on eac h s i de of t hefi r st and ve r y nea r i t . The wal l i s morphologica l lv s i m i l a r to that of studerf

,bu t

has not t h e e levated edge of that spec i es .The septa l a r r ange m e n t i s so m ewhat va r i ab l e . The u sua l sche m e i s fou r l ate ra lpa i r s,a do r sa l d i r ect i ve , and a t r i p l et , w i th i ts l ate r a l s fused to the vent r a l d i r ect i ve

nea r t he co l u m e l l a . Th i s a1 1 angement i s ta i 1 l y constan t ; so m et i m es hon 0 \ e ,t h e

l ate r a l s of t h e t r i p l e t appea r not to fuse to th e ent l al d i 1 eet i vec . No n nal l i the1 are.

s i x s m a l l bu t r ath e r p ro m i nen t Da l i c rowded a rou nd the co l u m e l l a . These. o ccur onthe ven t r a l d i r ec t i ve . at the j u nct ions of the l ate r a l pa i r s and of the septa co m pos i ng

R ECENT MADR EPOR AR IA OF TH E H AWA I I A N I SLAN DS AND LAYSAN .

the t r i p l et Vari at ion f ro m th i s sche m e is r a r e . Betwee n the pa l a r r i ng and th e ou te redge of th e c al i ce a r e two or th r ee s m a l l bu t p ro m i nen t, i r r egu la r ly shaped , rough

dentat ions ; two i s the usua l n u m be r of septa l trabecu lz e . The septa a r e t h ick , espeeial lv d ista l l y ; th e i r i n ne r e nds a l so a r e th i cken ed and fuse r ath e r sol i d ly a rou nd theco luinel la .

The septa l faces a r e rough , w i th seve r a l co m pa r at i ve l y la rge gr an u lat ionson each . The i n te r septa l locu l i a r e n a r row . In so m e i n stan ce the th icken ing of t hesepta and the en l a rge m en t of t h e l ate r a l g r anu l at ion s m ay a l m os t obl ite r ate th e m .

Co l u m e l la te r m i nated by a s m a l l , co m p r essed tube r c l e . The fossa a rou nd thetu be r c l e i s ve r y sha l low ,

i . e th e co l u m e l l a i s not su nken . The th i ck en ingan d fus ionof t h e i n ne r ends of th e septa have been desc r i bed .

—~ A tian Channe l,between Mau i and Lanai i s l ands , Station 3876 ; depth ,

”8 to 43 fa tho m s ; botto m , sand , gr ave l ; te m pe r atu r e , 74° F ; 3 spec i m en s .Cat . No. 20820

,

R ei 1 za'

z'l rs.

— Th i s spec i es occu r s a long w i t h P . studeri,bu t t hey a r e st r ik ingl y

d i ffe r en t ; the m ost not i ceab l e d i ffe r en ce. i s i n the i r fo r m and th e r e lative depth s ofthe i r ca l i ces . The nea r est r e lative of P. bernardi see m s to be P. lan -

uginosa Stude rf ro m Lay san .

Acco r d i ng to P rofessor Stude r P . Zanugmosa d i ffe r s in h ab i tu s,and the ca l i ces

a r e c l ea r l y sepa r ated one f ro m anoth e r by loose r et i cu l a r wa l ls . ” F ro mh i s figu r e th e cal i ces a r e sha l low bu t not supe r fi c i a l . The su r face ofP. bernardi i sverv .rough , and because of the manv s m a l l sp i n es looks woo l l y , as P rofesso r Stude rsays i s the case in h i s spec i es .

1 2 . POR I T E S T EN U I S V err i l l .P late XC

,figs. 1

,l a .

1 866 . Por ites Icmu’

s V E RR ILL , P ro c . Essex I nst . , V ,p . 25.

1 886 . Por ites tenn is (pm -t ) QUELm-i, Reef Co ra ls, Chal lenger Rept ,

p . 1 84.

Ve r r i l l o r igi na l l y gave Loo C hoo I s l ands ? as t he loca l i ty w hen ce th is speci eswas obtai ned . Que l ch subsequen t l y r epo r ted i t f ro m Hono l u lu . Verri l l

’

s typei s i n the. Un i ted States Nat iona l Museu m

,Cat . No . 407

,No r t h Pacifi c

Exp lo r i ng Exped i t ion . The fo l low i ng desc r i pt ion i s based upon th i s speci m en :Co ra l l u m subspheri zal , su r face so m ew hat glo m e r ate . G r eate r d i a m e te r

,63 m m .

,

l esse r,54.

Cal iccs sha l low , po l ygona l , s m a l l , abou t 1 1 1m . in d i a m ete r,or sl igh t l y less , i n

dep ress ions so m et i m es not ove r 1 m m . “Ta l l th i n, usual lv con t i n uou s

,z igzag:

howeve r . i t i s o ften d i scon nected and i m pe r fect . Septa l a r r ange m e n t show n in the

en la rged v iew of th e ca l i ces . The l ate ra l sep ta of th e t r i p le t fuse to t h e sid es of theve nt ra l d i r ect i ve . The fou r p r i n c i pal pa l i a r e p r ese n t

,an d a l so one 0 1 1 th e ven t ra l

d i r ect i ve . Rathe r o f ten a s m a l l e r pa l us i s on th e end of th e do r sa l d i r ect i ve . Thepal i a 1 o. co m pa rat i ve l y l a rge and ta l l , and show s m a l l gr an u lat ions . Usua l ly thereare two s y napt i cu l a r r i ngs wfthin th e wa l l , one n ea r t h e wa l l , th e othe r su r rou ndsthe co l u m e l l a tangl e . The r e a r e abou t th r ee , or m ay be one or two m o r e , m i n ute.dent i c l es on the. septa l m a rgi ns betwee n the pa l i and the i r uppe r m ost edge ; as a r u l eone

,oc cas iona l l y two

, septa l trabeeuhe and a s i m i l a r n u m be r of sep ta l gr an u l es .The co l u m e l l a. cons i s ts of a co m p r essed tu be r c l e l y i ng bet-ween , and in t he p l ane of,th e two d i r ect i ve. septa . The septa l ends

,l y i ng w i th i n the i n ne r synapticu la r r i ng,

2 1 4 RECENT MA DRE PORA R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN ISLANDS AN D LAYSAN .

x4. p oarrs s S CH AU I N S LAN D I S tuder .

P late 1 .xxx 1 x ,fig. 1 .

‘90 1 . Por ites srhau inslandi S'rt'mzn

,Zoo l . Jahrb . ,

X L,p . 424, p l . xxx , fig. 1 2 .

Desm'ipr/on .

-P r ofesso r S tuder’

s d esc r i p t i on i s as fo l lows :Co lony i nc rust i ng,

s i m i lar i n hab itus to P . crihrip ora. Dana . I t forms a t h ick lam i na, Whose uppersurface is une v en and con v ex , edges re v o l ute ; consists o f a l i v ing layer 1 m m . thick , separated by a

t h i n ep it h eca f ro m the lower dead layers . Fi v e o f these dead layers cou ld be d ist i nguished . I nc lud ingt he m

,the co ra l lu m is 1 5 m m . th ick . The w i dth i n one d i rect ion. is 69, i n th e o ther 63 mm .

The U pper sur face is co v ered w i t h h exagonal cal ices, wh ich are separated by d ist i nct wa l ls w i thacute edges . The usual fo r m of the cal ices on th e con v ex p laces is hexagonal . These are th e m ostnu m erous ; the d iam eter v ar ies between and m m . Septa 1 2 , fa l l i ngab rupt ly i n to th e cal icu larfossa, but l i tt l e perforated , w i th 4 to 5 si m i lar , rough teeth on th e m argi n and sm a l l sp i nu l es on thefaces. I n the botto m of the ca l ice is a sm al l , often on l y rud i m en tary co lu m e l la,

sur roun ded by 3 to 6s m al l pal i . W here the upper surface is depressed the ca l i ces are sm al l , to 1 m m . i n d ia m eter

,

defor m ed i n one d i rec t ion and i r regu lar in out l i ne . I n iso lated p laces am ong th e larger cal ices, areca l ices m m . i n d ia m eter

,w i th 6 to S pa l i . The i n crease i n si ze may i nd i cate that fission occurs

along w i th intercal icular budd i ng. Th e for m er may take p lace bv th e cut t i ngoffof a port ion o f one ofthe en larged cal ices .

P laces are seen i n wh ich 2 or 3 ca l ices are st i l l connected , w i thou t being separated by wal ls. Thed iv id i ng wa l ls are fi rst i n i t iated bv the fusion of two septa of t he e longated cal ice .

Laysah .

R emdries — P r ofesso r S tude r has a l so sen t m e a ph otogra ph of his ty pe of th isspec i es , bu t I am u nab l e to m ake ou t m o r e d eta i l th an h e h as gi v en in h i s figu r es andd e sc r i pt i on . I cou l d n o t b e su r e of th e septa l a r range m e n t .

1 5. P O R I T E S L I C H E N Dana .

P late X C,figs. 2

, 2a,

1 846 . Por ites l ichen DANA , Z ooph . W i lkes E xp l . E xped ,p

. 566 , pl LV I,fig. 4.

Origina l descrip tion— Dana’s o r igina l d esc r i p t i on was as fol l ows

I nc rust ing, one - e igh th of an i nch th ick , undulate,m argi n subacute , often flexed upward

, and

f ree for a t h i rd o f an i nch ; under surface sm ooth , or obso lete ly p l i ca te . Coral lu m ha v i ng t h e ce l lsshal low , and often pro m inen t in m i nute , th i n r idges, wh ich gi v e th e sur face a ret icu late appearance.

. l ‘he type i s a s m a l l spec i m en , 36 m m . ta l l, 40 m m . w ide

,and abou t 3 m m .

th ick :on the e m i n e nces i t I S th i cke r , edge th i n . I t i s eccen t r i c-a l l y attached

,has a sin uous

and c r i spate m a rgin ; uppe r su r face u n even , m o r e o r l ess m a m m i l l ate ; l owe r su r faceel

'

n thecate, th e ep i th eca ex tend i ng to th e edge . Be neath t he l i v i ng co r al i s a dead

la m i na , w in ch extends a l m ost to t h e ou te r edge of t h e gr ow i ng po r t i on .The cal ices a r e sha l l ow , s m a l l , f r o m to m m . i n d i a m e te r . The s m a l lest

ca l ices are i n depressmns , th e l a rge r o nes on con vex i ties o f th e su r face . S eve ra lcal i cmal cen te r s often occu r in an e l ongate s e r ies w i th ou t any h i n t of a wa l l betw eenthe m . (b ee Quelch

’

s“JVc/pop om Chal l . Reef Co r . , p .

I h e wa l l s p r ese nt seve r a l d i ffe r en t aspects . These can bes t be desc r ibed bybegi nn i ng w i th th e asex ua l rep r od uct i on i n th e e l o ngated cal ices to wh i c h r efe r encehas bee n m ad e . I n so m e i nstances i t appea r s that tw o opposed sep ta beco m e l engthen ed . m e e t , and fuse, fo r m i ng two sepa r ate ca l i ces . I n othe r ins tances it see m s that

BULLET IN 59,UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL MUS EUBI .

fi r st two cal icinal c en te r s,con n ected by septa extend i ng f r o m o n e to t h e oth e r , are

fo r m ed i n t h e se r i es . Th e se two ce nte r s beco m e sepa rated by a wa l l,sy napti cu la r

in ch a r acte r,dev e l oped be tw ee n th e con nect i ng septa. Th e d i v i s i on of the e l on

gate cal i ce i t appea r s , can be b r ough t abo u t in e i the r o f th ese. ways . Ho w eve r,

i t may be that bo th m e thods act toge th e r , i n m ost i nstan c es o n e be i ng m o re p r onounced than the oth e r . The wal ls bound i ng t he se r i es beco m e co ns id erab ly e l e v atedand t h i ck en ed by r e t i cu la r t i ssue . \Vh e n v a l l s d e v e l op betwe e n the cal ic inal ce nte r s in t he se r ies

,th ey are , at fi r s t. at l eas t , th i n and n o t v e r y p r o m i n en t . I n o th e r

p laces th e ca l i ces d o not sh ow any te nd ency to th e a r range m e n t i n va l l e y s . bu t are.u n i fo r m ly d i s t r i bu ted . I n m ost i ns tan ce s th e wa l l s are th i n and con t i n u ous . Th ef r equ en cy of p e r fo r at i o ns i s va r iab l e . S o m et i m es m u ra l po r es are ra r e ; i n o th e ri n stances perfo ations a r e freque n t , th e wa l l s c l ea r l y be i ng a v e r t i ca l r i ng o f synapt i cu la j o i n i ng of th e p e r i p h e r a l e nds o f the septa. Th e wal l s are ofte n s econda r i l yth ick en ed by r e t i cu la r t i ssue .Th e a r r ange m en t o f t h e septa i s sh own i n th e e n la rged v i ew of th e ca l i ces . Th e

u sua l n u m be r of pa l i i s five,fou r p r i n c i pa l s

,and o n e on th e ven t ra l d i r ect i v e septu m to

wh i ch t h e l ate r a l septa of th e t r i p l et fuse . Th e do r sa l d i r e c t i v e v e ry r a r e l y bea rs a

pa l u s . 'Th e pal i t h e m se l ves are s l end e r,ta l l , r each i ng a l m ost th e l e v e l o f th e uppe r

edge of the wal l , and m i nu te l y gr an u lated . Be twee n th e pains and the wa l l a s i ngl etooth can b e se e n o n m any s epta ; th i s tooth p r obab ly i s constan t l y p r e se n t . Whereve r t he uppe r edge o f th e wa l l i s i ntact , e v en w hen th i ck e n ed and ret icu lar

,tthe r e

i s a d e n tat i on o r sp i n e on i t co r r espond i ng to t h e d i s ta l e nd of each septu m . Th esepta usua l l y a r e th i ck e n ed at th e wa l l a nd th e r e i s m o r e o r l ess t h i cke n i ng in t her egion of the co l u m e l l a , bu t a sy napt i cu la r r i ng sut i ounding th e co l u m e l la i s no tconstan t l y p r esen t . S epta l fu s i on fu r the r than has be e n n o ted i s not r egu la r .

Usua l l y th e co l u m e l l a te r m i nat i on i s s ty l i fo r m , the st y l e p r o m i n en t and s l e nd e r :i n a cons i d e rab l e n u m be r of ca l i ces t he r e i s n o s ty l e , bu t i t may hav e be e n b r oken off.

The co l u m e l l a i s r e i n fo r ced bv th e i r r egu l a r fus i on and th i ck e n i ng o f t h e i n n e r e ndsof the septa.

Local ity— F i j i I s l ands

,Un i ted S tates E xp lo r i ng E xped i t i on .

Que l ch,i n h i s Cha l l e nge r Reef Co ra l s , p . 1 8 1 , c i tes t h i s spec i es f r o m th e Hawa i ian

Is lands,r e efs at Hono l u l u . I f o ne may j udge by h i s not es h e n ev e r se i z ed so m e of

the ess ent ia l c ha racte r s o f the spec i es , th e wa l l in p laces fo r m i ng th e p r o m i nent ,th in r i dges o f Dana. Th e pa l i are not “ s m a l l and often sca r c e l y appa r e n t , bu tas th ey hav e j u s t be en desc r i bed . Que lch

’

s spec i m ens are young. and be l ong i n th eP . lobata se r i es .

1 6 . P O R I T E S R E T I CU LO S A D ana .

Plate XC,fig. 3 ; P late XC I , figs . 1

,I n .

1 846 . Porites ret iculosa DANA Z ooph . Wi l kes Exp]. l ped. , p . 5137,p l . Lv 1

,fig. 3 .

Original— Da na's o r igi na l d es c r i pt i o n is as fo l l o w s :

I ncrust ing, undu late , m argi n scarce ly at al l f ree,sur face m am m i l late and tuberose . Cora l lu m

v ery porous , ce l ls nea t l y angu lar , shal low , ra ther large (t h ree- fourt hs o f a l i ne ) . p lane at bot to m ,

septa th i n and o ften i n th i n r idges, l ike the l ichen .

0 1 6 R ECENT MA DRE PO RAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I A N I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .

The type - spec imen is fan shaped , or liabel late , g r eatest W i d th 1 1 8 mm . The

genera l aspect of P . rel a

’

mclosa i s the same as that of P. l ie/zen,ex cept P. l ielten i s

based on a sma l le r spec imen .

The ca l i ces exh i b i t the same tendency in p l aces to occ u r i n dep ressed r owsbetween e levated wa l l s , but the wal l s be tween the ~a l i ces in the r ow s we re in eve r ycase obse r ved d i s t i n c t l y p resen t . The ca l i ces of ret iculosa are somew hat l a r ge r , 1 to2 mm . in d i amete r . The wal ls are mo r e so l i d and the septa are th i cke r . I co u l dfi nd no othe r di li 'erenccs between the type - spec imens . The septa l a r r angemen t , etc. ,

are the same fo r bo t h . It sho u l d be stated that the s u r face of P. ret iculosa i s cons iderab ly damf-tged. I f the o r ig ina l s u r face of the l i v ing co r a l l um h ad been prese r ved i n tact, the septa m i gh t not appea r so th i ck .

Luca]{ty— Fij i I s l ands .

Type— Cat . No . 663

,Un i ted S tates Explo r i ng Exped i t i on .

M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haims “ p l aced Pori tes reticu losa i n the sy nonymy of thei rGimme/90 77 1

? l ie/zen (Dana) . P. l ie/zen and P . reti cu losa may be l ong to the samespec ies

,b u t I h av e not seen specimens that i nva l i date the d i ffe rences above noted .

The tvpe of Zia/ten i s.

he r e r edesc r i bed i n cons ide r ab le deta i l ; notes are made on

that of P . meticu lou,

’

and fig u r es of eac h are g i ven , so t hat othe r s t u den ts of t heseco r a l s may be ab le to dentify t hem .

I 7 . P O R I TE S (S YN A R IE A ) I R R E GULA R I S (V err i l l ) .1 864. Synmwa h'Tegu laris VE RR iLL, B u l l . Mus. Com p . Zoo l . , I , p . 43 .

Origina l (.le.s -n .

— Verri l l’

s o r i g i na l desc r i pt ion i s as fo l l ows :Th is spec ies fo rms large mas ses , cons i st ing of n umero u s ang u lar , c la vate,

u ne ven , and c rowdedb ranches

,o f ten nodose at the ends , and m u ch coalesced , g i v ing a ro u gh eroded appearance to the

mass . Ce l l s larger than in the fo l low ing spec ies convexa V err i l l] ; pal i prom inen t , s lender ; col u :me l la r ud imen tary

,of ten wan t ing . S u rface co v ered w i t h s lender , p rom inen t , often toothed granulaé

t ions , wh i ch are rat her loose ly ar ranged . Color deep umber b rown . Sandw ich I s lands ; A . Garret .I have seen no spec imens of th i s spec ies .

1 8 . P O R I TE S (S Y N A R E A ) H AW A I I E N S I S , n ew spec ie s .P late XCI , figs . 2 , 2a .

The coral lum'

is i nc r u s t i ng,u ppe r s u r face u nd u l ate. The type

,the on l y spec i

men of the spec ies that I have seen,i s t h in and i nc r u sts a sawed p iece of a Poritid

co ra l t hat I can not i dent i fy : sho u l d t hey be the same, the co r a l l um fo rm masses atleast se v era l cent imete r s th ick .

The ca l i ces are sma l l , s u pe r fi c i a l , and sepa r ated by th i c knesses of coenenchymaequa l i ng . o r in some i nstances exceed i ng

,the d iamete r of the ca l i ces . D i amete r of

ca l i ces , mm. The ceenenchvma may fo rm low r o u nded r idges or be a lmost fiat ;i t s s u r face is dense l y sp i n u lose .

“

The septa show the typ i ca l poritid b i l ate r a l i ty . The v en t r a l d i rect i ve has thei nne r ends of the l ate r a l septa of i ts g ro u p f u sed to i t . The r e are s i x p r om i nen t pa l i ;a sma l le r t h i nne r one on the do r sa l d i r ec t i ve, the othe r s are t r i ang u la r i n shape.

0 H i st . Nat . Coral l .,I I I

,p . 1 92 .

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Fauna and Geogr. Mald i v e and Laccad i v e A rch ipe lagoes, I I , 1 904 0,pp . 755—790, p ls. L IX—LX IV .

The Turbino l id corals of South A f r ica,w i t h notes on th e i r anato my and v ar iat ion .

Mar i ne I n v est . i n South A fr ica, I I I , 1 904, pp . i v , 95— 1 29, pls. i —m .

Mad reporar ia,Part I I I , Pungida ; Par t I V , Turb inol idse . Fauna and Geogr. Ma ld i v e

and Laccad i v e A rch ipe lagoes , I I , Supp l e m en t 1,pp . 933—957 , p ls. Lxxxm—xcm .

GRA Y , J. E . Desc ri p t ion of so m e corals, i nc l ud ing a new B r i t ish co ra l d isco v ered by W. Mac

A nd rews,esq .

,F. R. 8 , etc . P roc . Z oo l . Soc , London , vol . for 1 849, 1 849,

pp . 74—77,p l . 1 1 . Rad iata.

GREGO RY , J. W . The corals. Jurassic fauna of Cutch . Paleeon tol . I nd ica,9th ser.

,Pt . 2

, 1 900, pp .1 —1 95

, ix , pls. I I A—xxvn .

KLI ‘

N Z I NGER, C . B . D ie Koral lth iere des Rothen Meeres. Par ts 1 —3 . Ber l in

,1 877— 1 879.

KON I NCK , .l .. U . me. Nou v e l les rech erches sur les an i m aux fossi l es du ter rai n carbon i fere de la Be lgique.Pt . 1 . B ruxe l les , 1 872 , pp . i v , 1 78 , pls . x v .

LAMA RCK . J. B . P . System e des ammaux sans vertebres. Par is,1 80 1

,pp

. 432 .

H isto i re nature l le des an i m aux sans vertebres, I I . Par is,1 8 1 6

,pp . 568.

Lassox, R . P . I l lust rat ions de zoo logie . Par is, 1 83 1 , pls. 1 .x .

LEUCKAR'I‘

, l“. S . Observationes z oologicas de z oophytis corall i is, speciatim cle genere Fungia. Fre iburg, pp . (50 , pls. i v .

Li xnsrnom, G . Contr ibutions to the act i no logy of the A t lan t i c Ocean . Kongl . Svensk a v et . Akad . ,l l andl .

, 1 877 (and ra H int ) , NO . 6,pp

. 1 —26 , p ls 1 — 1 1 1 .

LI N K,1 1 . T. li t‘Sch reihung cl cr Natura l ien - Sa m m lung der Un iversitat z u Rostock

,3d Pt. , 1 807 ,pp . 1 0 1 — 1 65.

“The exact dates of th e pub l icat ion of these m e m o i rs is not gi v en .

2 2 2 R E t‘

lCN'l‘

MADRE I ’URA R I A or TH E H A W A I I A N I S L AN DS AN D LAYS AN .

V AUG H A N , T . WAYLAN n .A c r it i ca l re v iew o f the l i terature on the si m p l e genera of th e Mad reporaria

Pungida ,w i th a ten tatc c lassi fi cat ion . l 'roc . U. S . Nat . Mus , XX V I I I , 1 905, pp . 37 1 —424.

Re v iew o f J. S tan l ey Gard iner ’s Pts . 3 and4, Fauna andGeogr. Mald i v eand Laccad i v e A rch i pe lagoes . Sc ience , n . s.

,XX I , 1 905, pp . 984—985.

The work o f H ugo do V t ics and its i m portance i n th e study of p rob le m s o f e v o l ut ion .S c ience , n . s.

,XX .” 1

,1906

, pp . 6 8 1 — 691 .

Th ree new F l trrgiaf, w i th a desc r ip t ion of a Spec i m en of Fuh gla granu lom K lun z inger

and a note on a spec i m en o f Fungi} : concoma V err i l l . Proc . U. S . Nat. Mus , XXX , 1 906 , pp,82 7—83 2 , p ls. Lxv l l — LXX IV .

V ERR I LL,A

. 12.List o f po l y ps and corals sen t by the Museu m of Co m parat i v e Zoo logy to other inst i

tutions i n exchange , w i th an nota t ions . Mus . Co m p . Zoo l . , Bu l l . , I , 1 864, pp . 29—60.

On the po l yps and cora l s o f Panam a, w i th descr ipt ion of new spec ies. Bost . Soc. Nat.

H ist Proc . , X ,1 865, pp . 323—333 .

Corals and po lyps of th e North Pac ifi c E xp lor i ng E x ped i ti on , w i th descr i pt ions ofother Pac ific Ocean spec ies . Essex I nst . , P roc . , IV ,

1 865, pp . 1 45— 1 52 0 , 1 8 1

— 1 96 0, pls. IV ,

v ; V ,1 866 ,pp . 1 7—32

, p la. 1,n , 1 867 , pp . 33—50 , 1 868 , pp . 3 1 5—330 ; V I , 1 869, pp . 51 —1 04

, pls. 1,I I .

Re v iew o f t h e corals and po lyps of the west coast o f A m er i ca. Con n . A cad . Sci . ,T rans

,1,1 870 , pp . 37 7—558 , p ls. i v— x .

V ar iat ions and no m enc lature o f Ber m ud ian , West I nd ian , and B raz i l ian reef corals,w i th notes on v ar ious I ndo - Pacific cora ls. Con n . A cad . Sci . , Trans ,

X I,1 902 , pp . 63—1 68 , pls.

x

Notes on cora ls of th e genus Acro‘vom (M adrepora w i th descr ipt ions and figures

of types and o f se v era l new spec ies . Con n . A cad . Sci . , Tra ns , X 1 , 1 902 , pp . 207—266 , pls.

XX XV I - XXX V I F .

“I am unab le to ascertai n th e dates on wh ich t h ese sect ions of th e report were issued .

PLATE I .

Figs . 1,l a

,I‘Lahcl lum paumim tm var. lamel luluwm A lcock (figures after A l cock )

2 , 2a. R'

abcllum p avon inum Lesson (typ ica l ) . Th ree v i ews o f the sam e spec i m en , NO .

8 of tab le , p . 53 of tex t3,3a . F l /tbell -

um Lesson (typ ica l ) . Two v iews of the sam e spec i men , No. 1 1 oftab le

,p . 53 of text

2 2 -1

PLATE I I .

3230 1 — 07 15

Figs . 1,l a . Flabel lum p rwoninmn Lesson . Two v iews o f a path o logi c Spec i m en , No . p . 53 of

2,2a

,2 b. var. [alum S tuder . Th ree V iews o f th e sam e Spec i m en , NO :

2 1,p . 55 o f text

3 , 3a . FZrtbeHu -m pafl'

onimun Lesson . Transi t ion for m to var. distinctum M i l ne E dwards andH aime . Two v iews of t he sam e Specn'

nen,No. 2 2

,p . 54o f tex t

4,4a . Mabellum patent-mum Lesson . T ransi tion form to var. d-ist'incl um M i l ne E d wards andHal m e . Two v iews o f th e sa m e spec i m en

,No . 23 , p . 54 of tex t

5,5a . F laI/elhun pavwz

’inwn var. distiflc lum M i l ne E dwards and H aime. Two v iews oi

the sa m e spec i m en,No. 2 7

,p. 58 o f tex t

PLATE H I .

PLATE I I I .

Al l figures except 51) natural size.

Fig. l . Flabel lum pamminu-m var. p aripacon

-(mun. A l cock . Specimen No. 64of tab l e , p . 6 1 of tex tFlabel lum pavon

-inum var. par/pavommtm A l cock . S pec i m en No. 7 1 of table, p . 6 1 of t ex t .3 . Flabel lum pm

von inum var. paripa'ron inmn A l cock . Spec i m en No. 42 of tab l e , p . 6 1 of tex t

4,4a

,4b. Flabel lum pawvon

'inum var. par'ipavon {7mm A l cock . Th ree v iews o f the sam e spec i

m en,No. 77 of tab le , p . 6 1 of tex t

5, 5a, 56. I label lum dcludcns von Maren z el ler. Figs 5, 5a , two v iews nat . si ze ; fig. 5b,

upper m argi n en larged s l igh t ly m 0 1 e than tw ice2 2 8

PLATE IV .

PLATE IV .

I,l a ,

Hardineria new genus and S pec ies. Th ree v iews o f the sa m e Spec im en . Fig. I

,v iew i te m s ide : fig. i a ,

cal i ce,both nat. si ze ; fig. l b

, V iew o f side , x 2

2,2 a . l

’Im ~

ot new S pec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e Spec i m en . Fig. 2,v iew of

side , X 2 ; fig. 2a ,cal ice

,en larged s l igh t ly more than 4t i m es (greater d iam eter 7 .5 m m .

The lam e l lar co lum e l la is seen i n th e botto m of th e cal ice3, 3a . I ’lacolrochus j i nx

-

pus,new spec ies. Two v i ews of a secon d spec i m en . Fig. 3

, v iewof side , x 2 ; fig. 3a

,ca l ice

,en larged sl igh tl v m ore

-

than 4 t i m es (greater diamete'

r'l

9 m m . The co lum e l la i n th is Spec i m en appears to be b roken4,4a

,4b. Jammy/(dims gardinem

’

,new spec ies. Th ree v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en . Fig. 4,

V iew o f s ide, x 2 ; tig. 4a

, cal ice , about 2 (greater d ia m eter fig. 4b cost -(e,en larged about 4 t i m es230

PLATE V .

PLATE V

fi gs. 1,1 a

,l b. Caryophyll ia alcock i , new spec ies. Th ree v iews of th e sam e spec i m en . Fig. 1

,

v iew of side , nat . si ze ; fig. l a.

,cal ice, 2g; fig. 1 b

,port ion of cal i cular m argi n , X

2,2a

,2b. (Paryophyl lm octopal

-i,new spec ies . Th ree v iews o f the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 2 ,

v iew ofside,X 2 ; fig. 2a

, ca l ice , x 2 12; fig. 2 b, ca l i cu lar edge , x about 2

3a . Carl/ophyl l ia octopul i var. incerta, new var iety . Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en .Fig. 3 , S ide v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 30 ,

cal i ces, cora l l i tes at r igh t - hand end i n fig. 3,en larged

3v

4,4a

,4b. C

'aryophyl l ia hawa iimsis. Th ree v iews of the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 4

,s ide v iew ,

about 2 (he igh t. 1 6 mm ) ; fig. 4a,ca l ice

, X 43; fig. 4b, e t ion o f cal i cu lar m argin ,

X4

PLATE VI .

9t ),

PLATE V I .

’

1 0,1 h . I

'cu

'acyaflms lcnu

'icalg/I ,new S pec ies . Th ree v iews of th e sam e spec i m en . Fig.

v iew ol' side, X 2 ; fig. l a ,cal ice , X 4 ; fig. 1 b

,costze , X 4

"u . Fau l t y/(1 171 1 18 matu

'

mrsis, new Spec ies. Two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en . Fig. 2,v iew

o f side , X 2 ; fig. 2a,cal ice

,X 4} (greater d ia m ete r , 8 m m . )

3a ,spec ies. Th ree v iews o f the sa m e spec i m en . F ig. 3 ,

v iew o f side , X 2 ; fig. 3a,ca l ice

,X about (d iam eter fig. 3b

,costze ,

en larged 4 t im es41 1 . Mal lory/0 1 11 71 3 (mdumam cus A lcock . Two v iews of th e sam e Spec imen , bot h X 2 .

Fig. 4,v1 ew of base ; fig. of ca l ice

50 . Trochocyatltus oahensis,new spec ies. Two v iews o f th e sa m e S pec i m en

,bot h X

about 4. Fig. 5,v iew of base ; fig. 5a , of cal i ce . Greater t rans v erse d iam eter , 6 m m .

6 1 1 . ou ltmixis, new spec ies. Two v iews of anothe r spec i m en , both en largeds l igh t l y m ore than 4 t i m es . Fig. 5

,v ieu‘ o f base ; fig. 6 0

,o f cal ice . Greater t rans=

v erse d iam eter,7 m m

PLATE VII .

PLATE V I I .

1,1 a

,2,2a ,

2b. Cyathoceras (ItO l I tGdG l ’ , new Spec ies. Figs. 1 , 1 a , two v iews of the sam espec i m en . Fig. 1

,side v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 11

,ca l ice , X abou t 2 . F igs.

th ree v iews o f t eli e sam e Spec i m en . Fig. 2 , side V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , cal ice , X about

2 3 ; fig. 2b, port ion of cal icular m argi n , X about -53, 3h. Desmovhyl lum. 1 1 31 1 1 11 1 1 11 1. M i l ne Ed“a1 ds and Haime. Th ree v iews of the sam e

Spec i m en . Fig. 1, side V iew , nat . S i ze ; fig. 1 1 1

,cal i ce

,X about 2 ; fig. l b, port ion oi

cal icu lar m argi n , X 2

4,41 1

,4h. Cerulo/mchus species. Th ree v iews o f t h e sa m e spec i m en . Fig. 2

side v iew X 2 ; fig. cal ice , X 4,fig. 2 b, port ion of ca l i cu lar m argi n , X 4

5,51 1 . Antlwnu

’

p lql l lm pac ifica , new spec ies. Two v iews of the sam e Spec i m en . Fig. 3,ca l ice ; fig. 3 1 1

,base ; each X 2

2 36

PLATE VIII .

1 .

PLATE V I I I ..I/adrepora k aua iensis, new spec ies. Fig. 1

, genera l v iew of the cora l lu m , nat. si ze ; ayouncr 11 1 1 1330 112 cora l is at tached to th e coral lu m , as is show n i n the u pper port ion o f

Madrepow In ua iensis, new Spec ies.

“ Two v iews of a :branch b roken fro m the S pec i m enrepresen ted by fig. 1 . Fig. 2 , genera l v iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2 0

, end of b ranch , X 415"

11 1 . 31 1mm ! sp . young‘F

. Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en Fig. 3 , to S how outside o fthe spec i m en , attached to Madrcpo

-

ra Irauaie-

nsis; fig. 3a ca l ice, X 2

PLATE IX .

PLATE IX .

Figs. 1 , 2 , 2a , 3 . 1fad-

r1 1 c1’

s [manic-

risi'

s,new spec ies. F igs. 1 , 2 , 3 , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a

,cal ices

spec i m en 1 ep 1 esented by fig. 2, X about 6

4 4a . Madi act sKaua iensis var. macrocalyr, new v ar iety . Two v iews of the same speci-meF ig. 4a , cal ices, X S l igh t ly m ore than 6240

PLATE X .

32230 1 07— 1 6

PLATE X .

Pocil lopom ccsp itosri. Dana, typ i ca l .1 . General v iew o f a cora l lum , $6

.

riat . si ze ,Sp

‘

emmen No. 72 2,U. S .

or iginal spec i m ens ; fig. 1 1 1,ca l ices o f sam e Spec i m en , X about 1 0.

we l l - de v e loped septa2 . General v iew oi anothercora l lu m

,nat. si ze . Spec i m en No. 1 86

, U.S .N

of the sam e , X about 1 0 . Septa obscure but m ore de v e loped than i n1 esented by fig. 1

PLATE XI .

PLATE XI .

Pocil lopora cesp itosa Dana, typ ica l .Two specimens fromth e reefs at Kaunau k ak a i I sland ofMolok a i both nat . size.

Fig. 1 Spec i m en v iewed ob l ique ly f ro m abo v e2 . Spec i m en v iewed fro m the S ide

PLATE X I I .

1 . I ’oci llop <7ra ccspi

'

tosa var. tumida ,new var iety

2 . Pocillopora cespi losa, var. stylophoroides, new var iety246

PLATE X I I I .

PLATE X I II .

Pocil lopora. (r

esp itosa var. laysanensis , new v ariety . Coral lu m v iewed fro m side , sl igh t lyreduced

Pocil lo'pora cesp itosa var. laysanensis, new var iety . Coral lu m v iewed f ro m abo v e , sl igh t lyreduced

3 , 3a . Pocil lopom cesp itosa var. laysanensis , new var iety . Two v iews of a th i rd spec imen .Fig. 3

,s ide v iew of a b ran ch

,nat . si ze ; fig. 3a , cal ices o f th e sam e , about 7

4. Poci l lopora cesp ilosa var. stylophoroides , new v ar iety . Genera-l v iew o f a cora l lu m , v erysl igh t ly reduced248

PLATE X IV .

Pocil loziom cesp itosa v

rep resen ted by fig.

Pocil loporu. cesp ilosa vnat. si ze

Pocil lopora met'

U'

IJIT‘Ina,

s i zePocil IOpm

'a meandrina

branches,nat. si ze

250

PLATE X V .

PLATE XVPom

’

l lopom molok ensis , new spec ies. Genera l v iew o f a spec i m en,nat. si ze. (See P late

2,2a

,for two v iews ofa port ion of a b ranch o f th is sam e Spec i m en )

PLATE XVI .

PLATE XV I .Figs. 1 , l a . Poc il lopom l -IgulamDana. Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 1

, genera l vnat. s i ze ; fig. l a , ca l i ces, X 7

2,2a. I ’ncil lomra molol 'ensis, new spec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en , wh ichpart , b roken off, o f the spec i m en represen ted bv P late X V Fig. 2

, general vnat . si ze ; fig. ca l ices, X 7

254

PLATE XVII .

PLATE XVI I .

F1 0 8 1 1 a . Pocil lopnm modumanerwis, new specIeS . Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en .general V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 a, cal ices, about 6Pociilopom l -igu lala , Dana. Two v iews of th e sam e specimen . Fig. l , gener

nat . si ze ; fig. l a ,ca l ices, X

256

0M

’

PLATE XV I II .

32 1il l l — 07— 1 7

PLATE XV I I I .

Pocillopora. l 'igulata. Dana.

S ide V iew,nat. si ze

,ofspec i m en represen ted by P late X I X

258

PLATE XIX .

PLATE X IX .

Paci ZIOpom l -igu lala Dana .

V iew of upper sur face,nat. si ze , of spec i m en rep resen ted by P late X V I I I

260

PLATE XX .

PLATE XX .

Pocillopora Iigula lu Dana.

V iew of upper sur face,nat. si ze , o f spec i m en represen ted by P late X X I

PLATE XXI .

PLATE XXI .

Pocillopora ligul'

ata Dana.

S ide v iew , nat . si ze , of spec i m en represented by P late “

XX

264

PLATE XXII .

PLATE XXI I .Figs . 1

,1 a . Pocil l0pom meandrine var. nobili s V err i l l . Two v iews of the same speci m en . Fig.

1,upper port ion o f a b ranch en larged v ery s l igh t ly m ore than 3 ti m es ; fig. l a , cal-ices,about 65t i m es

o 90..a . Pocil lopora meandi ina var. nobil is V e rr i l l . Two v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en Fig.

2, general v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , cal ices, about 6 1 t i m es2 66

PLATE XXIII .

PLATE XXI I I .PociZZOp om meandrina var. nobi lis V err i l l .

Two v iews, nat . si ze , of th e sam e Spec i m en

PLATE XXIV

PLATE XXIVPoci llopora informis Dana.

1 . Genera l v iew of a port ion of the cora l lu m,nat . si ze ; fig. l a , ca l ices en larged ab

t i m es270

PLATE XXV .

PLATE XXVFigs . 1

,l a . Lep tri slma hawa

'iicnsis, new spec ies. Fig. 1, general V iew , nat. s i ze ; fig. l a , cal ices,

2,2a, 3 , 3a . Leptaslrea agassiz i , new spec ies. Fig. 2

,2a

,two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en ;

fig. 2 , generai v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a,ca l ices

, x figs. 3 , 3a ,two v iews o f th e sam e

spec i m en ; fig.

_

3, genera l v iew , nat. s i ze ; fig. 30 ,

cal ices, x 434 5, 5a. Cyp hastrca occll'ina (Dana ) Fig. 4

,young i n crust ing cora l lu m , nat . s i ze ; figs.

5, 50 ,two v iews of a young spec i m en w i t h p ro m i nen t l obes ; fig. 5, genera l v iew , nat.

si ze ; fig. 5a ,ca l ices, X about 47}

PLATE XXVI .

3230 1— 07— 1 8

PLATE XXV I .

1 ocel l ina Dana. Genera l v iew o f a Spec i m en nat. si ze2 a. Cwlasirea tenn is V err i l l . Fig. 2

,v iew of upper sur face ; fig. 2a

,longi tud inal sect ion

of coral l i tes ; both figures nat . si zeP avia hau'

a'iiensis, new spec ies. Fig. 3 , por t ion o f a co ra l lu m , nat. si ze ; fig. 3a , cal ices

of the sa m e Spec i m en,X 43}

2 74

PLATE XXVII .

PLATE XXV I I .

Figs. 1,l a . Bathe/acme; Iurwai iensis, new Spec ies. Two v iews of t he sam e speci m en , bot h X 2

2, F ang

-ia patella (E l l is and So lander ) . Two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en , both nat.

si ze3a . F ungia patel la (E l l is and So lander ) . Two v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en , both nat.

S i ze

PLATE XXVIII

PLATE XXV I II .

Figs. I,l a. Fungi

'

a fragi lis (A l cock ) . Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en , en larged a l i t t le m orethan tw ice . Greater d iam eter o f base 30 m m

2a . Fungiu patel la (E l l is and So lander ) . Two v iews, nat . S i ze , of the sa m e S pec i m en3,34 , 3b. Fungia soutar ia Lam arck . Th ree v iews of the sa m e Specnnen ,

al l nat . si zeTh is spec i m en is an unthocormus, co m posed of se v era l an thoblasts, th e largest o f wh ichis an anthocuathus, apparen tlv ready to

PLATE XXIX .

PLATE XX IX .

Fungia scalar ia Lam arc k .V iews of the upper sur faces of six spec i m ens, f ro m a ph o tograph , nat. si ze sent by D r.

Br igham . The spec i m ens ex h ibi t var ious abnor m al i t ies280

PLATE .

7Y

X X .

PLATE XXX .

Figs. 1, l a. 1 b. Fungia scutaria Lam arck . Th ree v iews of a young Spec i m en . F igs . 1 , 1 a ,

upperand lower sur faces respec t i v e ly,

nat. S i ze ; fig l b,oute r ends o f costee, about 4. Th is

spec i m en may be a young i nd i v idual o f var. verri l l'iana Que l ch ,one i n wh ich the

ten tacu lar lobes are not yet strongly de v e loped2 . Fungi/1 soutar ia Lam arck . Costze and sp i nes o f base of spec i m en represen ted by P late

XX X I , al m ost 5 t i m es282

PLATE XXXI .

PLATE XXXI .

Figs. 1,1 a . Fungia scutaria Lam arck . Two v iews o f the sam e Spec i m en , b oth nat. s i ze

[The costee and basa l sp i nes o f th is S peci m en are rep resen ted by P late XXX ,

fig.

284

PLATE XXXII .

PLATE XXX I I .

Figs. 1,1 a . Fungia scutar ia. Lam arck . Upper and lower sur faces of th e sam e speci m en ,v iews nat . si ze

PLATE XXXIII .

PLATE XXX I I I .Fungia, oahensis Doder le i n .

Two v iews of a cotype , nat . si ze,f ro m photographs sen t by P rofessor Doder le in

288

PLATE

3 2 110 ]— 07 —l 9

PLATE XXX IVFungia oahensis Doder l e i n .

Two v iews o f a coty pe , nat. size,f ro m photographs sen t by P ro fessor Doder le i n .

290

PLATE XXXV .

PLATE XXXVFigs. 1

,l a. Fungia pam notensis S tu

'

tc l ib ury. Two v iews,

p ine I s lands292

s i ze,of a spec i m en fro m th e PM

PLATE XXXVI .

PLATE XXXV I .

F‘ung

-ia ech inata Pal las) .Upper surface , nat. si ze, of a spec i m en fro m the Ph i l ipp ine I s lan ds. (Lower surface represen ted

by P late X XX V I I )29

PLATE XXXVII .

PLATE XXXV I I .Fungia cchinrtta (Pa l las) .

Lower surface. nat. s i ze,of a Spec i m en f ro m t he Ph i l ipp i ne I slands

(lf

pper surface represen ted by P late X XX V I . )

PLATE X X X I I I

PLATE XXXV I II .Figs. 1 , 1 a . I ’

uvona i'

a'

rians V e rr i l l . Two v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en . Fig. 1, genera l v iew ,

nat . si ze ; fig. 1 a,ca l icu lar ser ies and co l l i nes,

2 , 2a , 3 . I ’a

'

l rona dam-

1m,new Spec ies. Figs. 2

,2a

,two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en , fig. 2

,

general v iew , nat . si ze ; fig 2a,ca l ices, X 5. Fig. 3 , v iew , nat . si ze

,of another

Spe( i m en

PLATE XXXIX .

PLATE XXX IX .

Lep tOSL’TIS hawa i -iensis, new spec ies.

F igures natura l size.

Figs. 1 , I n . Two v iews o f an2, Two v iews of a specim en , lobate and cr ispate on the edges

ioth o f these show th e un i facia l cal ices and the fi ne str iat ions of the outer:

surface .

PLATE XL .

PLATE XL .

c toseris hawai -icnsis, new spec ies.F igures natura l size.

Fig. 1 represents a large spec i m en , s l igh t l yr unclulate , but ex pand i ng subh or i zon tal l y2 represen ts a s m al l er spec i m en

,w i th near ly e rect cr ispa te lobes

PLATE X L I

PLATE XL I .

Lep ioseris scabra ,new spec ies.

1,l a . Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en . Fig. l a

,v iew of upper sur face , nat. S i ze ; fig. l a

,

cal ices and septo - cost ;e , X 3

2 . V iew of upper sw iace of anoth er Spec i m en , nat. si ze304

0

PLATE XLII .

32 30 l — 07— 20

PLATE XLI I .F igs. 1 , 2 . Lep toseris digitata ,

new Spec ies. Cal icu lar v iews o f two spec i m ens, each X3 . Leproseris tubuhfera ,

new spec ies. General v iew , x306

PLATE XLIII .

PLATE XL III .l . c tasaris balml ifera ,

new spec ies . Genera l v iew ofa specimen, X 2

2,

3,3a . S tepm zaria stat/ate V err i l l . F igs 2 , 2a ,

v iews of th e sam e Spec i m en , one ofV err i l l coty pes f ro m Panam a ; fig. 2

, general v i ew ,nat . si ze ; fig. 2a

,th e sam e v iew , X 2 ;

fig. 2b,ca l i ces

, X about 5. Figs. 3 , 30 ,two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en

,f ro m Pukoo ,

Mo lokai ; fig. 3, general V iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 3a

,cal ices, X 5

5. S tepharwrin ln- ighmn'i,new spec ies. Figs. 4

,4a

,two v iews of th e sam e Spec i m en ;

fig 4, genera l v iew , nat . s i ze ; fig. 4a , cal ices, X 5. Fig. 5

,a young spec i m en w i th on ly

one ca l ice , X 5

PLATE XLIV

PLATE XL IVI,l a . 1 ’

sa 7mnocoru. z eiv

ritt'II,new Spec ies . Two v iews of th e sa m e. spec i m en . Fig. 1

, generalv iew

,nat . si ze ; fig. 1 a , cal ices, X 5

2,2a S taph(mophyll

'ia formom’

ssima Mose ley . Upper and lower sur face o f the sam e spec im en , each V iew X 2

3a . Emlopachys oahense, new spec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en , each X 2 . Fig.

3,s ide v iew ; fig. 3a

,ca l ice

4,4a

,5. Bu lanopyll ia luiwai imwis, new spec ies. F igs 4

,4a

, t wo v iews o f the sa m e specim en ; fig. 4

, side v iew ,nat . si ze ; fi g. 4a

,ca l ice

, X 2 . Fig. 5, side v iew , nat. S i ze ; ofanot her spec i m en

PLATE XLV

PLATE XLVFigs . 1

,l a . Balanophyl lia clcsmophytlim

’

des, new Spec ies. Two v iews of t he sam e spec i m en , each

X 2 . Fig. 1,side v iew ; fig. I a , cal ice

2,

Batu Irop lo/l tia lay/sancnsis, new spec ies. Th ree v iews o f th e sam e Spec i m en .Fig. 2

, side. v iew , v ery s l igh tl v m ore than nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , sam e V iew as th e preceding, X 2 ; fig. cal i ce

, X‘7

4,4a

,5. B I I/uuop In/l l ia diomedem,

new Spec ies. Fig. 3, S ide v iew o f a Spec i m en , X 2 .

F i tr 4 441,two v iews o f anoth er spec i m en ; fig. 4

, S ide v iew , X s l igh t ly m ore than 2 ;fig. 4a

, cal ice , X 4. Fig. 5, side v iew o f a t h i rd S pec i m en , X sl igh tl v m ore than 2

6 , 6a . Balanophyll ia diomedefr var. mau ierisis , new var iety . Two v iews of th e sam e S pec im en . Fig. 6

,s ide v i ew

, X about 2 ; fig. 6a,ca l ice , X 4

PLATE XLV l .

PLATE XLVI .

1, l a ,

l b. Den (Ir-ophyllvitz. oahensis, new spec ies. Th ree v iews of the sam e spec i m en . Fig.

1, genera l v iew , X 2 ; fig. l a

,costae , X about ca l ice ,

2,2 a . DendrOp hyl l ia scrpcvztina ,

new spec ies . Two v iews o f the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 2,

genera l v iew , X 2 ; fig. 2a,cal i ce

, X 4

3 , 4, 5. DeadrOphg/l l ia serpentina ,new Spec ies. V iews o f th ree Spec i m ens , eac h X 2

6, 6a , 7 , 7a . Dena-

rep liyltfa mama V err i l l . F igs. 6 , 6a , two v iews,nat . S i ze,of one of V er

r i l l ’s cotvpes ; fig. 6 , v iew o f upper sur face ; fig 6a, S ide v iew . F igs. 7

,70

,t wo v iews,

nat . S ize , o f a spec i m en from Kaneohe, Oahu ; fig. 7

,v iew of upper sur face ; fig. 7a,

cal ice3 1 4

PLATE XLVII .

PLATE XLV I I .Figs . 1

,2 . -

‘In isopsmnmia a (A l cock ) . Two spec i m ens , eac h nat . si ze3 . An isop sanuu fa (unp hcl ioides var. cacaltatu ,

new v ar iety . Genera l v iew o f a spec i m en,

nat . S i ze , ca l ices i n f ront . (Plate X L V I I I , fig. 4,is anoth er v iew o f th e sa m e spec i

men w i t h the ca l i ces beh i nd )

PLATE XLV I I I

PLATE XLV I II .An isop sammza amphelioides var. cucutlata ,

var iety.

A l l figures natural size.

Figs. l —4.

— V iews o f four d ifferen t speci m ens. Fig: 4, w i th the '

cal ices beh i nd , V iew o f th e specim en

,represented bv P late X L V I I ,

PLATE XLIX .

PLATE XLIX .

Acropora echinata (Dana) . Type,Anat . S i ze

PLATE L .

3230 1 — 0 7— 2 1

PLATE L .

Acropom echinata (Dana ) . Port ion o f typ e ,322

PLATE LI .

PLATE LI .

Fig. 1 Acropora echinata (Dana ) , accord ing to S tuder, f ro m t he Hawai i an I s lands, X2 . S pec i m en iden t ified by S tuder as .Ifontv

'

pora patula X 2 }Photographs furn ished by Professor Studer .

PLATE LII .

PLATE LI I .

1 . Montipora (l i lalata S tuder, X 2

2 . Montipora fiabel lata S tuder , X SéPhotographs furn ished by P rofessor S tuder .

PLATE LIII .

PLATE LI II .

Montipora verru cosa La m arckAl l figures natural size .

Figs . 1 —4. V i ews of four spec i m ens : Fig. 1,f ro m S tat ion 41 63 ; fig. 2

,f ro m Kaunakakai , M0 10

k ai ; fig. 3,f ro m S tat ion 4054; fig. 4

,f ro m S tat ion 3999

328

PLATE L IV

PLATE LIVMontipora vermicosa Lamarck

Upper surface of Spec i m en represen ted by P late L V , nat . s i ze,f ro m Kaneohe

, Oahu330

PLATE LV .

PLATE LVMontipora cerrucosa (Lamarck

Lower surface of spec i m en represen ted by P late LIV ,nat. si ze , fro m Kaneohe , Oahu

332

PLATE LVI .

PLATE LVI .

Montipora verrucosa (Lam arck ) .V iew , nat . s i ze, of a spec i m en f ro m Kaneohe ,

PLATE LV I I .

PLATE LV I I .

Montipora Lam arckV iews, nat . si ze . of two spec i m ens f ro m Kahana,

336

PLATE LVIII .

3230 1 — 0 7— 22

PLATE LVI II .

Montipora ver rucosa (Lam arck ) .Fig. 1

,side v iew ; fig. l a

,upper surface, each nat. si ze , Spec i m en f ro m Kaneohe , Oahu

338

PLATE LIX .

PLATE LIX .

Montipora verrucose, (Lam arck ) .1, side v iew ; fig. 1 a

,upper sur face

,eac h nat. s i ze

,S pec i m en f ro m Kaneoh e

, Oahu

PLATE LX .

Fig. 1 , 1 a, 2 . Mon tipora tenuicaul is,new species. F igs. 1 , l a , two V leWS o f t he sam e Speci m en ;

fig. 2,v iew o f anoth er spec i m en .

4. Montipora bernardi , new spec ies . V iews o f two spec i m ens5,5a . Montipora bernardi var. subglabra, new . Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en

342

PLATE LXI .

PLATE LX I .

il l ontipora flabcl lata S tuder .Fig. 1 . Upper sur face , nat . si ze ; fig. l a

,port ion o f upper surface , X 7 ; fig. 1 h port ion of lower

Sur face , X 7

PLATE LXII .

PLATE LX II .

Montipora studeri new Spec ies.

Figures natural size.

Fig. 1 . V iew of upper surface ; fig. 2,v iew of lower sur face . (P late LX I I I , 1 , rep resen ts per

t ion of upper surface enlarged) .

346

PLATE LXIII .

PLATE LX I II .

Fig. 1 . Montipora sindar i , new spec ies. Portion of upper sur face , X 5§ (Fro m Spec i m en represen ted by P late LX I I

2,2a

,2b. i

lvl ontvipora verr il l i, new Spec ies. Th ree v iews of the sam e Speci m en . Fig. 2 , generalo f coral lum

,nat . si ze ; figs . 2a

,port ion o f sur face ,

PLATE LX I V

PLATE LX IVMontipora l new spec ies.

Fig. 1 , general V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. l a,port ion o f sur face, X 7

350

PLATE LXV .

PLATE LXV .

fi’l ontipora patu la Vei‘ri l l :1 , upper surface , nat. s i ze ; fig. 1 a

,lower sur face , nat . si ze ; fig. upper sur face ,

fig. 1 0 , lower sur face , X 7

352

PLATE LXV I .Por i tes nw'rdasr Dana.

Natural size.

Dana’

s tvpe s lwc imen , Cat . 7 1 0 , (Ca l ices and longi tud ina l sect ion , en larged onP late LXX I I I figs . 3 , 3a . )

PLATE LXV’

I l .

PLATE LX VH .

Por ites comp ressa Dana .

Natural size.

Two V iews of Dana’

s type. spec i m en, Cat . No . 7 1 1 S . M . (Cal i ces en larged ,

LX V I I I , fig. 3 )

356

PLATE LX V H I .

PLATEFigs. 1

,l a . I 6 1411 63 comp ressa for m a angustisep ta . cal i cesof the sam e Spec i m en , x 6 3 2

,

2 . Por ites fo r m a a¢zrmstisep tm subforma. c‘

lelirratg'

t-‘lru. new . Gaulaces

”

X 36 : 1(Gene 'rallV iew

,P late LX IX

,fig. 1 )

3 . Porites comp ressa. Dana. Type,cal ices X 6 . (Genera l V iew , Plate LX YH ) £ 9 ;

358

PLATE LXIX .

1 . Porites comp ressa for m a (mgustisep la subforma delicatu‘

la

(Cal ices en larged , P late L V I I I , fig. 2 )2,2a . Porites comp ressa fo r m a angustisepmsu

‘

bfo-rmagp fmreispum new . Fig}. 25 geij eral Vi ew ,nat . s i ze ; fig. 2a

, cal -ices oi the sam e speci m en ,360

PLATE LXX .

PLATE LXX .

P oi - {Ms comp ress“ fo r m a fragilis new“

.

Natural s izeS pec i m en th e Bern ice Pauah i Museu m

,H ono lu lu . (See P late LXX I ,

362

PLATE LXXI .

PLATE LXX I .1 Por ites compressu fo r m a fragil is new. Fig. 1

,a p iece of the type nat. si ze ;

cal ices of t h e sam e , X 6 (See P late LX X )2,

‘7a . POM/(ts fo r m a con-jungens new .

ca l ices o f th e. sa m e , X 6

Fig. 2, genera l v iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2a.

,

PLATE LX X H .

PLATE LXX I I .Figs. 1 ,

1 a.

,1 b. Por ites comp ressa fo r m a new . Fig. 1

, genera l V iew , nat . si ze ; fig.

l a , ca l ices, X 6 ; fig l b,longi tud i nal sect ion , X 6

2,2a . forma p

'ilosu new . Fig. I, general v iew ,

nat. si ze ; fig. cal ices,366

PLATE LXX I I L

l a . I ’m'im comp ressa for m a (lensinn'

traJa new . Fig. 1 , genera l V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. l g ,

cal ices , X 6

9,2a . Porites COINpTCq fo r m a g-ran

-iwwrata new . Fig. 2 , genera l v iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2a.

,

ca l i ces, X 6

3a . I ’m- l ies murdusc Dana . Fig. 3,cal i ces

, x 6 ; fig. 3a,longi tud i na l sect ion , X 7 . (Gen

e ra l V iew o f t he coral lmn,P late LX V I )

PLATE LXXIV

3230 1 — 07— 24

PLATE LXX IVFigs . 1

,1 a. Por ites comp ressa. fo r m a claw s new . Fig. 1

, genera l V iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2a,

2,2a.. Pori tes comp ressa fo r m a comp acta new . Fig. 2 , gene ra l v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. l a

, ca l ices,X 6

370

PLA'

J.

’

E LXXV .

PLAT -E LXXVFigs . 1

,l a . I ’m'iles comp ressa fo r m a diraricans new . Fig. 1

, general V iew , nat . si ze ; fig. l a,

cal ices , X 6

2, 2a . I

’ori/ns wonzpressn fo r m a bre-

viramo.s~

a new Fig ?, genei al \ ie \ \ nat . si ze ; fig. 2a

,

cal i ces, X G

372

PLATE LNXVI

PLATE LXXV I .

F igs. 1,l a . Por ites comp ressa for m a eiongata Dana. F ig. 1

, gene ra l v iew o f o ne o f Dana’

s spec im ens, probab l y h is type , nat . s i ze ; fig. 1 a cal ices, x 6

Porites compressa fo r m a profundm-

um new . Figs. 2 , 2a ,of the sa m e Spec i m en ;

2, general v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a

,cal ices, X 6 . Fig.

'

3 , a b ran ch , nat . si ze

PLATE LXXVII .

PLATE LXXV I I .Por ites comp reesa fo r m a abacus new .

General v iew,nat. si ze . (For cal ices, P late LX X V I I I

,fig.

PLATE LX X V TIT.

PLATE LXXV I I I .Figs. 1

,l a . Peri/cs comp ress“ for m a tumida new . Fig. 1 , genera l V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 0 , ca l i

ces , X 6

Pur l/es coinznwsxa fo r m a abacus new . Ca l ices, X 6 . (Forgenera l v iew of th e coral lum ,see P late LXX V I I )

3 . Par-

7708 (warden -i,new spec ies. Cal ices, x 6 . (For general V iew of th e coral lum , see

P late LXX IX )

378

PLATE LXXIX .

PLATE LXX IX .

Porites duerdcn c’ , new spec ies.

Fig. 1, general v iew of the co ra l lu m , nat. s i ze ; fig. l a ,

longi tud i na l sect ion X 6 . (For cal ices,Q ee P late LX X V I I I , fig. 3 )

PLATE LY X X .

PLATE LXXX .

Por ites evermanni , new spec ies.

Genera l V iew,nat. si ze . (For ca l ices see P late LXXX I , fig.

382

PLATE LXXXI .

P ITATE LXXX I .lu gs. I

,l a

,1 b. Por ites lobata Dana

,type , th ree v iews 1

,f ro m abo v e , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 a

,side

v iew,nat. si ze ; fig. 1 b

,cal ices ,

2 Por ites erermanm’ new spec ies. Cal ices, X 6 . (For general v iew o f the cora l lum , see

P late LXXX )384

PLATE

32301 —07 25

PLATE LXXX I I .

1 . Por ites lobata. for m a lacem new . Upr igh t v iew , nat. si ze . (For cal ices, see Plate

LXXX I I I ,1 a . v ites lobata for m a i

'

nfundibu lum new . Cal ices, X 6 . (For coral lu m , see P lateLXX X I I I

,fig. 1 )

2 . Porites lobata fo r m a centra l is subforma delta new . Ca l i ces, X 6,o f spec i m en f ro m the

reef at Kaunakakai,P late LX XX V

,

386

PLATE LX X X TH .

PLATE LXXX I I I .

Fig. 1 . Por ites lobata for m a in/‘undibu lum new . Genera l v iew,nat . si ze. (For ca l ices, see P late

LXXX I I,fig. 1 a )

1 a. Porites lobata for m a lacera new . Ca l i ces, x 6 . (Forgenera l V iew , see P late LXXX I I ,fig. 1 )

2 , 2a. Porites lobata for m a central is s ubforma alpha. new . Two v iews of th e sam e specim en : fig. 2

, general v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , cal ices, X

PLATE LX X X TV .

PLATE LXXX I V1,1 a

,1 b. Por ites lobata fo r m a centralis subforma alp ha new . Th ree v iews o f th e sam e

spec i m en : fig. 1 , genera l v iew , nat. s i ze ; figs . 1 a , 1 b, cal ices f ro m d ifferen t areason the surface , X 6

2 . Peri/es Zebu/a fo r m a centra l subforma gamma. new . Genera l v iew o f a spec i m en ,nat . si ze

3 , 3a . I ’m br igham-i,new spec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en : fig. 3

, gen era lv

'

ew o f th e coral lum , nat . si ze ; fig. 3e,ca l ices,

PLATE L'

\

PLATE LXXXV1 . Porites lobata for m a centrali s subforma delta new . General v iew of a spec i m en fro m thereef at Kaunakakai . (For en larged v iew o f th e cal ices, see P late LXX X I I , fig 2 )

2 , 2a . Por ites bernardi . new spec ies. Fig. 2, genera l v iew of a spec i m en , nat . si ze ; fig. 3

,

its cal ices, X

PLATE LXXXV I .

Por ites quelc/w'

S tuder , X 31

. Photograph furn ished by P rofessor S tuder :

PLATE LXXXV I I .

Porites Zanugi’

nosn. S tu der , at tached to I flwia rudis V err i l l (see p . 1 06 ) and Lep tastrea. stel lul ata.

V err i l l (see p . 1 0 1 ) (accord i ng to S tuder ) . Photograph furn ished by Professor S tuder..Figure . nat .

396

PLATE LXXX\ l [L

PLATE LXXXVI I I .

Figs . 1,1 a . Por ites Zanuginosa S tuder . Two v iews o f a spec i m en i n Yal e Un i v ersi ty Museum ,

0I

O 0 “o 0

F ig. l,S l Cle V iew

,nat . S i ze ; fi g. l a

,cal i ces, X 6

2,2a . Porites sluderi, new spec ies. Fig. 2

,coral lu m , nat. s i ze ; fig. 2a.

, ca l i ces , X398

PLATE LX Y XTX .

PLATE LXXXIX .

lu g. I . Porites sclmu insland'i S tuder , X 3

2 Por ites S tuder , X 2

F igures f ro m photographs fu rn ished by Pro fessor S tuder .

PLATE X C.

3230 1 — 07

PLATE XC .

Figs . 1 , l a . Porites tennis V er r i l l . Two v iews of th e type : fig. 1, Coral lu m , nat . si ze ; fig.

ca l i ces,X 6

2, 2a., 2b. Porites lichen Dana. Th ree v iews of th e ty pe : Fig. 2

,cora l lu m , upper surface,

nat . si ze ; fig. 2a.

, t he sa m e , X 2 ; fig. 2 b,cal ices, X 6

Por t/es ret-iculosa Dana. Tvpe, uppe r sur face,nat . si ze . (For cal ices, see P late XCI ,

1.

PLATE X CI .

PLATE XCI .P or ites retimtlosa Dana. Two v iews o f the type : fig. 1 , port ion of upper sur face , X 2 ; fig.

l a, cal i ces, X 6 . (For genera l V iew , see P late X C,

fig. 3 )2,2a . Porites (n aravt ) hawaiimsis , new spec ies. Two v iews o f the sam e spec i m en : fig. 2

,

coral lu m , nat . s i ze ; fig. 2a,cal ices ,

3 3a . Alveopom ver ri l l -iana Dana. Two v iews o f the type : fig. 3,coral lu m , nat. S i ze ; fig.

3a,cal i ces,

404

PLATE X (VI I .

PLATE XCI I.Montipora di latata S tuder . V iew , nat . si ze, of a spec i m en i n th e A m er . Mus. Nat. H ist. (New

York )406

PLATE X GTTI .

PLATE XCI I I .Porites compres'sa for m a angustisep ta new .

Figs . 1 , 2 , 3 . V iews o f t h ree spec i m ens f ro m Wai k ik i , Oahu ,each nat . s i ze

408

PLATE X CTV

PLATE XCIVPoritesp uk oensis V aughan , nat. si ze . (Two oth e r v iews o f the sam e S peci m en , P late

41 0

PLATE X CV

PLATE XCVPoni es puk oensis V aughan . (Two v iews o f th e sa m e spec i m en . )

Fig. 1 . Cora l lu m,nat. si ze ; 2

,ca l ices, X 6 . (A noth er v iew of th e sam e spec i m en , P late

X C I V )41 2

PLATE XCVI .

PLATE XCV I .

Pori tes lobata for m a centralis subforma epsi lon new . (Th ree v iews o f th e sam e spec i m enFig. 1 . S ide v iew o f th e coral lum , nat. si ze ; fig. 2

,top V i ew

,nat. si ze ; 3 , ca l ices, X

The fo l low i ng i ndex contai ns th e nam es of the fam i l ies , gem-1m , spec ies, var iet ies ,for m a-1 , and

subformae of B-

‘

Iadreporaria, wh ich occur i n th is m e m o i r.ro man and i ta l ic ; t he for m er i nd icates val id nam es, th e latter synony m s .

Two k i n ds of tvpe are used for the nam es .

I t shou ld he re m arke dt hatwhen a spec ies nam e fo l lows a genus nam e that is a synony m of another genus nam e , both the genusand spec ies nam es o f the co m b i nat ion are i ta l ic i zed , al though the spec ies nam e may be va l id .

subforma”

gi v en i n this m e m o i r to th e nam e .“van ,

” “ for m a, ” orWhen

is i nc losed by a paren thes is after a nam e , i t i nd icates the va lueTwo k inds o f types are used i n the figures referr i ng to the pages ,

the h ea vy- faced type i nd icates th e pages on wh ich descr iptions may be. found . The nu m be rs f ro m224 to 41 4, i n c l us i v e , refer to th e ex p lanat ions on th e pages fac ing the p late s.

Page.

abacus (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa . 1 9,

2 11,29

, 33 , 1 84, 1 8 11 ,

1 90 , 1 91 , 1 92 ,1 93 , 37 13, 373

A croporaAc ropora ech i nata 9

,48

,1 53 ,

320 , 32 2 ,324

3,1 57

actiniform is var. crass iten taculata, Fungia 1 20

actiniformis, Fungiaactin iformis var. palawensis, Fungia 1 20

actin iform is var. salawattensis, Fungia 1 20

actin iformis var. singapurensis, Fungia 1 20

actiuiforn i is var. su luensis, Fungia 1 20

. I ctinoscris l l 1

Actinoseris cenomanens is 1 1 1

acuta,Poci l lopora

acutidens , Fungia 1 2 1 , 1 22

wqttal-is , Lithomyces 50

Agaricia" 7

agaricolformts, F ungia 1 1 0 , 1 2 1

agariciformis (van ) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1

Agariciidae 3,1 07 , 1 09, 1 28 , 1 35

agaricites , Madrepora ”0

agassiz i, Leptastrea 1 4,29

,32 , 1 0 1 ,

alabast ru m,F labe l lum Git H

alcock i , Carvoph yl l ia44

,73 ,

23 "

alpha (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata fo r m acen tra l is 20 ,

24, 29,

3 1 , 34,

’ 1 4

2 1 7 . 4043,2 1 , 2 2 , 3 1 .

I'nare.

23 ,

“

53 . 44. 7 I .

angustisepta (for m a ) subforma dt l icatulzt.

I'1 1 1 i tes co m pressa

An isopsamm ia amp ln

-l ioides IT.

23 ,.i Ii , .i. -H l o l i , 3 1 6

A l l iSfl pS‘d l l l l l l itl aunphel io idcs m r. 1 1 1c 1 1 | l 1 1 t: 1 . IT,

40 . 45 . 47 . 70

Anthemiph y l l ia paciti i‘

a l

24, LT, 30 , vi \ , 4 3 , 49 , N ) ,

Anip/101mamphel ioides,

-\ n isopsam | 11 ia IT.

28,29. 36 ,

RS , 44, 1 56 . 3 1 15

amphe l ioides var. cucu l lata ,l

" 7 .30. 3 12. as, 3 1 1 1 , 3 1 1i

amp lml ioidm. l h ndroplwlh’

u 1 1 56

Amp/1 111 0111 1 30 S "

Amph ihel ia aI/rl ntim

xi 11 01 1u m 1

'

008 1 1 10 0

. lmph ihel ia oculataxImph111 01 in ornate

Imph 171 0110 . mmca.

Anabraeiidm

andaman it'us, De ltocvathus

19.

4, 33 , 1 78 , 1 9 1 . 1 93 , 358.360

a1w 1 1 stisepta (fo r m a ) subforma pauciS pina;Por ites co m pressa 24, I IN. 1 9 1 . 1 1 13 . 1 96 , 36 0

angustisepta (for ma ) , Por ites co m pres s 1 3 .

24, 28 , 3 1 , 33 .

3 . 39 , 1 0 ,45.

I N DEX .

An them iph yl l ia pateraAnth emiphyl l iidae

A n t i l l iaaperta (fo r m a ) , Por i tes lobata .

arc t icus , Ulocyathus .

aspera var. lala , Pocil lopora 8,94

,95

,96

«spam , Poci l lopora 8,85

,96 , 97

(tspcm la, Fungia . 1 20

Aslm 'a hombroni 8

Astra'u ocel lina

Astra’a rudis 8,1 06

Astrangiidae 48

Astra l (Pavia ) hombron i 1 06

Astrea. (Fania ) rudis 1 06

Astreopora 1 58

(l l/antics,Amph ihelia 82

austm le, F labellum 49, 50, 51 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59

bairdiana, Balanophyl l ia 1 50

Balanophyl l ia 3 , 39, 40, 45, 1 48

Balanophyl l ia bairdiana 1 50

BalanOphyl l ia cornu 1 49

Balanophyl l ia desmoph y l l ioides 1 7 ,

22,2 7 , 35, 38 , 43 , 44, 1 49, 1 50 , 3 1 2

Balanophyl l ia desmophyl lum 1 50

BalanOphyl l ia diomedeze 1 7,

23,24

, 30, 35, 38 , 43 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 , 3 1 2

Balanophyl l ia diomedeae var. mauiensis 1 7,

35, 38 , 43 ,

Balanophyl l ia hawai iensis 1 7 ,

44,1 48 , 1 49, 3 1 0

Balanophyl l ia laysanensis 1 7 ,

32,

43 , 1 50 , 3 1 2

Balanophyl l ia red i v i va 1 52

Bathyactis 3 , 39, 45, 1 07 , 1 45, 1 46

Bathyactis hawaiiensis 1 6 ,

1 07 , 1 45, 1 46 , 2 76

Bathyactis marenz el leri 1 46

Bathyactis pal iferaBathyactis sibogae 1 46

Bathyactis stephanaBathyactis stephana 1 07

,1 45

Bathyactis symmetrica 1 46

bernard i , Montipora 1 8,

2 7 , 1 59, 1 64, 1 65, 342

bernard i var. subglabra, Montipora . 1 8,

2 2, 34, 1 05, 342

bernard i , Por i tes 20,23 , 34, 1 72 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 392

beta (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata fo r m a central is 20, 25, 29, 34, 1 96 , 2 02 , 203

brevicorn'is,Pocillopora 7 , 8 , 84, 85, 86 , 88 , 1 00

breviramosa (for m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,

1 89,brigl1 ami , Porites 20, 25, 26 , 1 72 , 2 08 , 390

brigham i, Stephanaria 1 6 , 29, 33 , 1 07 , 1 43 , 1 44, 308

Page.

bu lbosa , Porites 8, 1 70, 1 7 1 , 1 74, 1 90

bul bosa (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,

28, 33 , 1 90 ,

208

o .

o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o

caesp itosa , Poc'il lopora

ca l i fo rn ica, Por i tescapensis, Duncan iacapi tata , Manopora 7

, 8 ,

cap itata , Montipora

Caryoph y l l ia 3,

45,47

,68

,

Caryophyl l ia alcock i 1 2 , 3 1 , 36 ; 44, 73 , 232

CaryOpbyll ia cornuformis 75

Caryoph yl l ia cultrifera 74

Caryophyl l ia hawaiiensis 1 2,

24,2 7

, 35, 38, 43 , 76 , 232

1 2,

2 7 , 36 , 38, 44, 74, 75, 232

CaryOph l i -a octopal i var. i ncer ta 1 2 ,

36, 44, 75, 232

CaryOphyll ia quadragenar ia 76

Caryophyl l i idae 3 , 6 7 , 79

cen tra l is (fo r m a) subforma a lpha,Por i tes

lobata 20,

24, 29, 30, 34, 1 96 , 2 02 , 203 , 204, 388, 390

cen tra l is (fo r m a ) subforma beta , Por i teslobata 20 , 25, 29, 34, 1 96 ,

cen tral is (fo r m a ) subforma de l ta ,Por i tes

lobata 20, 25, 29, 34, 1 96 , 203, 204,

cen tral is (for m a) subforma epsi lon , Por i teslobata 2 0

,29

,34

,1 96 , 205, 414

cen tra l is (fo r m a) subformagam m a, Por i teslobata 20

,25, 28 , 34, 1 96 , 203 ,

cen tra l is (fo r m a ) , Por i tes lobata 29,1 98 , 20 1

Ceratotrochus 3 , 39, 40, 45, 78

Ceratotroch us laxus 44, 78, 236

cesp i tosa var. laysanensis, PociIIOpora 1 3,

3 1, 32 , 34, 85, 87 , 88, 248

cesp i tosa, Pocil lopora 7,

8 , 1 3 , 24, 26 , 3 1 , 32 , 86

87 , 89, 90, 91 , 242 , 244, 246 , 248, 250

cesp i tosa var. styIOphoroides, Pocil lopora 1 3,

24,29, 32 , 85, 87 , 88 , S9, 246 ,

cesp i tosa var. tu m ida,Pocil lopora 1 3,

24, 85, 87 , 246

charcharias, Fungia .1 20

chuni i , F labellum 49, 50, 56 , 57

cla v us, Pa v ona 1 36 , 1 37

cla v us (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,

33,1 84, 1 92 ,

cl ivosa,Pa v ona 1 36

Coe lastrea 3 , 39, 45, 1 04

Coelastrea tennis 8,

32 , 1 04, 1 06 , 274

(CoenOpsamm-ia) amphel ioides, DendroPhyll ia . 1 56

(Coenopsamm ia ) , Dendrophyl l ia .1 56

Coenopsammia mann-

z 8 , 1 56

0

IN D

(1 17 1 1 1 101 1 , .

‘l l l ‘

eop oru

i lc l im tn la Por i tes com pressafo r m a zmgustisepta 1 9

,

1 360

de l ta (subfon ua ) , Por i tes lobata forma cen D iphel ia

tral is 20,25

,29

,34

,1 96

,203

,2 04, 386 , 392 D ip lohcl ia

1'

)elt0 c.yat 11 us 3,39, 40 , 45, 7 1 , 73 D ip lohclia doderleiniana

De ltocyuthus andaman icus 1 2,

D ip lohelia vizenegh'i'u.iana

2 3,35, 38 , 44, 7 1 , 2 34 D ip lohel

'ia p rofimda

Deltovyuth 1 1 s iml icus D ip lohel ia mmea

delndens, Flabel lmn 1 1,

44, G3 , 64, 2 28 d isco idea,

Por i tesDeml rophyl l ia 3 , 39, 40,45, 47 , 1 54

Dendropbyl l ia (Cmnopsamm ia ) 1 56

Ik ndv'op h'

g/l lia amp hcl c'

oicles 1 56

Dendroph y l l ia m ann i 1 7 , 29, 33 , 1 56 , 3 1 4

Dendrophyl l ia oahensis 1 7,30, 35, 1 54,

3 1 4

.Dendropl iyl l ia prof u ndaDendrophyl l ia ra m eaDendmphyl l ia serpe n t i n a 1 7

,

23,35

,38 , 44, 1 55, 3 1 4

densimurata (fo r m a) , Por i tes co m pressa . 1 9,

33,1 8" 1 93

,368

(lemma ,Fungia 1 2 1

den tata (var. Fu ngia fungites 1 2 1

denm’

gera , Fungia 6,7,9,1 1 2

,1 120, 1 32

(lent igera (var. Fu n g ia scutaria 1 07,1 20

,1 2 1

(1es1 1 1 0 11 11 yl l ioides, Balanophyl l ia 1 7 ,

2 2,

38,

1 49,

Desmophyl lum 3 , 39, 40, 45, 6 7 , 68

desn1 0 phyl lum ,Balanophyl l ia 1 50

Desmophyllmn costal -um 6 7

Desmopbyl lum cristagal l i 1 2,

37,44

,47 , 236

Desmophyl lum cumi'ngi 67

Desmoph y i lum incertum 68

Desmophyl lum refiexum 68

DeSmOph yl lum riisei 68

Desmoph yl lum rusei 1 68

D in 40,72 ,

Diaseris (1 1810 71 0. 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20

D iaserisfrag/1 1 13 1 1 4, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 30, 1 3 1

(D iaseris ) f ragi l is , Fungia 1 07

D iase'

ris freyceneti 1 1 3 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8

D iasm-is sp. G1 1 1 1 Ca l i fo rn ia 1 1 8, 1 1 9

[has-8 173 j upmu'

cu

Diaseris 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 71 1 . 1 1 4,1 1 7

D iasc'ris sp . Ph i l ipp i nes 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20

I i iaseris pale/Lelia 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20

d igi t -Aha,Leptoseris 1 6

,23

,2 7

,33

,34

,1 07 ,

d i latata,Mon tipora 9

,1 7

,3 1 , 33 , 1 58 , 1 59,

326,406

diomedeae, BalaUOphyHia . 1 7 ,7 2 3

,2 1

, 30 , 35, 33 , 43 ,

Page.

diomedew ,Cyath oceras 1 2

,

2 7 , 30 , 32 , 35, 36 , 38 , 43 , 44, 7 7 , 236

diomedem var. mauiensis, Balanoph yl l ia 1 7,

35,

80

80, 82

82

82

82

82

9,

discus, Cycloseris 1 14

(l is'

cus, Fungia. 1 2 1

d iscus (v ain) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1

disthzctum,F labellum 49

,50

, 51 , 56 , 57 , 58

distinctun'

1 (van ) , F labe l lu m pavon inum 24,

30, 37,43 , 50, 51 , 56 , 226

distorta,D iase'ris 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20

(l istorta, Fungia 1 1 1,1 1 4

,1 1 7

,1 28

divaricans (for m a) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,

1 85, 1 86 , 1 92 , 1 93 , 372

1 20

1 37

1 9,

29, 1 93 , 380

Duncan ia 48, 65

Duncan ia capensis 65

ech i nata, A cropora 9,1 58 , 320, 322 , 324

ech i nata, Fungia 9,

1 07 , 1 1 2 , 1 20 , 1 22 , 1 34,294

,296

ech i nata var. gigan tea ,Fungia 1 2 1

echinata ,Madrepora 8 , 9, 1 58

ech -inata ,Madrep ora 1 1 2

,1 34

ech i nata var. parviSpina, Fungia 1 2 1

ech i nata var. undu late.,Fungia 1 2 1

ech inatus, Z 0 0 p ilus 1 08

Ecmesus 1 1 1

6 11 11 821 , Mon tipora 1 68

ehrenbergi , F ungia 1 1 2

ehrenbergi , I'Ierpelol

'ilhas 1 20

elegans, Cycloseris 1 1 5,1 1 6 , 1 1 7

e legans, Fungia 47 , 1 1 4,

e legans, Pocil loporae longata ,

Poci 110 pora 93

e longata (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,

elongata (var. Porites mordux 7 , 1 70, 1 7 1 , 1 74

Emlopachys 3 , 39, 40, 45, 47 , 1 47

E 1 1 dOpachys 1 1 1 aclurei 1 47

E ndopach vs oahense 1 7 , 29, 44,1 47 , 3 1 0

IN DEX .

eps i lon (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata for m acent ra l is 20

,29

,34

,1 96

,203

,204

,2 05, 414

erosa, Fungiaeusmil iidae

evermahn i , Por i tes 1

20,33

,1 72 , 1 94,

382 , 384

E uphyl lia p a-

uominu.

Eupsammidae

extensum , F labe l lumeydoux i , Pocil lopora

$13

Fa v ia 3,39

,45

,1 05, 1 06

(Pavia ) hmnb-

rom'

, Astrea 106

(F aria ) rudis, Ast'rea 1 06

Fa v ia hawaiiensis 1 5, 24, 28 , 33 , 1 05, 2 74

Ft t honfl nDn i

Pav ia rud is 1 ,1 7

,22

, 3 1 , 33 , 1 0 1 , 1 06 ,391 ;

Faviidzn 3,40, 48 . 1 04

favosa , Poci l lopora 7 , 8 , 84, 85,94

Fa v osi tes 3

Favositidae 3, 7

fissi lis, Sch iz ocyathus

flabel lata, Montipora 9,1 3

.

24,

33,1 58

,1 59

,326 , 344

Flabel l idae . 3,48 . 49

Flabel linae

F labe l lu m 3 , 50, 65, 66 , 6 7 , 1 26 , 1 27

F labe l lu m a labast ru m 63 , 64

F labellwn austra le 49,50, 51 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59

Flabel lmn cliu -

z'

zi'i 49,

57

F labe l lu m deludens 1 1,23

,3 1 , 36 , 44, $3 ,

64,228

Flabel lu -m dist-inctum 49,50

, 5 1 , 56 , 57 , 58

Flabel lmn ex tensum 50

Flabellum goodeiFlubel lum laciniatumFlabel lum lamel lulosumFlabel lmn latu mFlabel lmn macandrewsi

Flabe l lum magnifi cum 49

F labellmn paripat'on inmn 49

,50

,5 1

,59

l'labellum palens 49, 50 ,5 1

,56

,57

,58 , 59

F labe l lu m pavon inum 7 , 24,30 , 35, 37 ,

Flabe l lu m pavon inum var. distinctum l l,

24,30 , 32 , 35, 37 , 43 , 56 .58 , 59,

226

Flabe l lu m pavon inmn var. Iamel losum 50 , 5 1 . 224

F labe l lu m pavon inum var. lat m u l l ,

44, 51 , 55,

Flabe l lu m pavon inum var. paripavon inmn . l l ,

F labe l lu m stok esifol iosa , Hal -iglossa .

l'

n l iosa, I Ierpelaol itha

o o o o o o o o

frag/0 0 1 001 7, D im-

41 ix

frondosa,Puci l lopma

H , 22 . 32 , 9 13. 97

Fungia 3, 26 35

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

-

l

fnrnmsissima, S tephunuph vl l ia 1 7

44 I

fun'eolata

, Montirmra I'M

frag/11 1k , l h'

umrix , H 4, “7 . ”H, 1 1 1 1 , I 3H . 1 21 1

fragi l is. Fungia “ 35,- I I , 10 7 , I 3“ NH

l'

ragi l is, Leptoseris

f ragi l is (for m a 1 , I ’or i tos q-mnpressa

3 1 1 - 1

o

ms 101 1 1

1 2 1 1 1

Fungia actin i l‘

orm is 1

Fl ingiu actinihwrm is m v. cms.~z itentavul: 1 1n 1 2 0

Fungia actiniform is var. palzuvonsis 1 20

Fungia salawattens is 1 20

Fungia actinifonn is 1 20

Fungia aetiniformis var. su lumus is 1 20

Fungia acutidens 1 2 1,1 2 "

Fungia 1 1 0 , 1 2 1

Fungia. asperam I 20

Fungia (‘hmw'hurias 1 20

Fungia conc inna 1 1 3,1 2 1

,1 2 2

,1 24, 1 2 6

Fungia conc inna var. serru lata 1 2 1

Fungia. confer! 1 fol in 1 [ 0

Fungia 1 2 ”

Fungia costulata 1 14

Fungia crassa 1 20

Fungia crassilunwl lalu 1 2 1

Fungia crass 1'

10 1 1toculula I 2O

Fungia cyc lo l ites 1 1 7

Fungia (Cycloseris) cyc lo l ites . l l l

Fungia (Cyc loseris ) pate l la 107

Fungia (lanai 1 2 1 1 , 11.

Fungia (lanai var. v i tiensis 1 2 1

Fungia denlu la1 2 1

Fungia denl igeru0 . 7 . S . 1 1 2 . 1 20 , 1 3

"

Fungia (Diaseris) fmgil is 1 07

Fungia (113 7- 1 1 3 1 2 1

Fungia (l istorta 1 1 4.

Fungia direrxidcns 1 20

Fungia ech inata u1 211 - 1 4 21 11.

Fungia ech inata var. gigan tea I2 ]

Fungia ech inata var purvispinu 1 2 1

Funv ia ech i nata m l 1 1 1 10 1 1 111 1 11 1 2 ]

Fungia. 1'11 1'1 1 1 11 0 1 0 1 l l "

1'ungia e lesrans 4"

1 1 1 4,

17 1 1 1 1 0 11 1 ornsa .

Fungia frzigi l i - 1 .1

Fungia fungites 1 1 0 . 1 2 1 , 1 22 . 1 23

I N D EX .

Fu ng ia fungites var. agaric i l’

ormis

Fu n g i a fungites var. co lmn n ifera

Fungia fungites var. con fer t i fo l iaFungia fungites var. cras si lzun e l lata

Fung ia fungites var. den tataFu ngia fungites var. discusFung ia fungites var. grandisFungia fungites var. bai m e iFunU ia fungites var. i nc isaFu ngia fungites var. i nd icaFungia fungites var. pap i l losaFu ng ia fungites var. p l icataF u ng ia fungites var. stv l ifera

Fungia giganteaFu ngia glansF 1 1 1 1gia granu losa

1 71 1 1 1171 1 1 11am(1 0 1 1 1 1 11 8

Fungia horr ida 1 2 1,1 2 2

,

Fung ia k lun z ingeriFungia lacera 1 2 1

,1 25

,1 26

Fungia limac ina 1 1 1 0, 1 1 2

F un(71a l i 1 1 1 1 3 31.‘

1 2 1

Fungi a lobulata 1 2 1

Fungia 1 1 1 adagascarensis 1 2 2,1 25

,1 26

Fungia oahensis 1

33 , 1 07 , 1 20, 1 2 2 , 1 33 ,288

,290

Fungia pup i l/0 8 1. 1,

Fungia pate l la l 1 5,2 7

, 30 , 44,47

,1 07 ,

1 2 3 ,1 30, 1 3 1 ,

F1 1 1'1g1'

a patel laris 1 1 0

Fungia paumotensis 8 ,

Fungia, ped inrtla . 1 20

Fungia Sp . 1 , P ln l ippines 1 2 1

Fu ngia sp . 2 , Ph i l i pp i nes 1 2 1

Fungia p i l eus . 1 1 0

Fungia, p laczma'ri 1 20

Fungia p lana 1 2 7

Fungia p l iculosa 1 2 1

Fungia proech inata 1 20,1 22

Fungia repanda 1 2 1,1 2 2

,

Fungia sa1 1 1 boa1 1gensis 1 2 2,1 25

Fungia scabra 1 24,1 2 6

,1 2 7

Fungia scruposa 1 2 1,1 22

Fungia scruposa var. ternatensis 1 2 1

Fungia scutaria 6,1 5

,24

,28

,29

,

1 07,

1 3 1 , 1 33 , 1 3 11 , 2 78 , 280, 282 , 284, 286

Fungia aff. senta r ia 1 2 3,1 24

Fungia sou/arm var. dana i 1 20

Fungia, sen tar ia var. den ti gera 1 07 , 1 20 , 1 2 1

Fungia sentar ia var. p lacunaria 1 20

Fungia sentar ia typ ica 1 3 1

Fungia 8 131 2 2 1 11 1 1 1 1Fu ngia sul 1 re1 '

1anda

Page.

1 2 1

1 1 2

Fungia. talp ina 1 1 0

Fungia tenu idens 1 20

Fungia. lenu'

éfol ia 1 2 1

Fungia tennis 1 1 4

Fungia va l ida 1 2 1,1 22

Fungia verril liana 8,1 20

,1 32 , 1 34

Fungiidae 3 , 1 07 ,

fungites var. agariciformis , Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. co lumn i fera, Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. con fer t i fol ia, Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. crassi lamel lata, Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. den tata,Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. discus, Fungia 1 2 1

fungites, Fungia 1 2 1,1 22

,1 25

,1 26 , 1 28

fungites var. grand is, Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. baime i , Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. i ncisa,Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. i nd ica,Fungia . 1 2 1

fungites, Madrepora 1 1 0

fungites var . pap i l losa, Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. p l icata , Fungia 1 2 1

fungites var. styl ifera, Fungia 1 2 1

Fungus p ileus oblongus 1 1 2

fusons, P lacotroch us 1 1,

24, 30 , 32 , 35, 36 , 37 , 43 , 6 6 230

galeriform is, Litbactin ia . 1 09

gamma (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata formacen tral is 20

,25

,2 8

,34

,1 96

,201

,2 03 , 204, 390

Gardineria . 3,39

,40

,45

,48, 65

Gardineria hawai iensis 1 1, 30. 36 , 37 , 44, 65, 230

gardineri , Paracyathus 1 2,2 2

,

gigantea ,Fungia. 1 20

gigan tea (van ) , Fungia ech inata 1 2 1

gigan tea, Pa vona 1 36 , 1 37

glans, Fungia 1 1 4

Gon iastrea 1 04

Gon iopora 195

Gon iop om .2" lichen 2 1 6

goodei , Flabellum 63

grand is (van ) Fungia fungites 1 2 1

grand is, Poci l lopom 97

gran imurata (forma ) , Por i tes compressa 1 9,

29, 33, 1 83 ,1 92

,1 93 , 368

granu losa, Fungla 1 1 3 , 1 2 1 . 1 22 , 1 24, 1 26

Gu l f Cal i forn ia, Diasem'

s Sp

hainwi , Fungia 1 2 1

baime i (van ) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1

Haliglossa 1 1 2

Ha l iglossafoliosa 1 1 2

Haliglossa inter rup ta 1 1 2

H aliglossa stel lari s 1 1 2

I N DE X .

Leptose l’ is scabra

Leptoseris tubul ifem 1 6 , 23 ,34

,107 . 1 41 306 , 308

l ichen,loniopm

'a.7

l i chen,Por i tes .

2 1 4, 2 1 5, 2 1 6 ,402

Iichma, I’oritm 1 96 , 20 1

l igu lata ,Poc i l lopom 7 ,

l imacimu,F ungi ; 1 1 0 ,

1 1 2

l imax , H erpetol itha 1 09,1 1 0

,1 1 2

Iimavi , FungiaLit,hact.in ia 1 09

Lithact in ia galeriform is 1 09

Lil/mmyces 50

In'

ihomyfles a’

qual fs 50

Lithmnyws cosiatus 50

Ixflmctis 1 1 2

LUZ/(1 431 73 conferta 1 20

Lobacl is (lu'n zv 8,1 20

lobata fo rma aperta, Por i tes . 20 , 34, 1 96 , 2 0 6

lobata fo rma cen tral is subforma a lpha,Po

r i tes . 20 , 24,29

,30 , 34, 1 96 , 2 02 ,

203 , 204, 388 , 390

lobata fo rma cen tra l is subforma beta, Por i20 , 25,

l obata fo rma cen tral is subforma de l ta ,Po r i

tes 20, 25, 29, 34, 1 96 , 203 , 2 04,386

,392

lobata fo rma cen tra l is subforma epsi lon , Por i tes 41 4

lobata forma central is subforma gamma, Por i tes 20

,34

,1 96

,2 03 ,

204,390

lobata fo rma cen tra l is, Po r i tes 29, 1 98 , 2 0 1

lobata fo rma i n fund ibu lum ,Por i tes 1 9

,

34,1 96

,1 99,

386,388

lobata fo rma lacera,Por i tes 1 9

,

33 , 1 96 , 388

lobata fo rma parv icz-l lyx , Por i tes 20

,

24,29, 34, 1 96 , 200

lobata ,Por i tes 6 ,

7 2 7,28

,29

, 3 1 , 33 ,

1 7 2,1 96 ,

1 98 , 1 99, 207 , 208 , 209, 2 1 0,

2 1 1,2 1 3 , 384, 386 , 388 , 390, 392 , 41 4

lobi l’

era,Poci l lopora 1 00

Zobulata, Fungia. 1 2 1

Lophelm. 80

80

Lop/JUSM'idze 1 28

Lophosev'in ze 1 1 1

macandrewsi , F label lum 63

mac lurei , Endopach ys

mac rocal y x (van ) , Madracis k auaiensis “ ,

35, 84, 240

Page.

madagascarensis, Fungia 1 22 , 1 25, 1 26

Madracis 40,5, 48 , S3

Madracis k auaiensis 1 3,

22,2 7 , 30 , 35, 36 , 38; 43 ,

44, S3 , S4, 240

Madracis k auaiensis var. mac rocalyx 1 3 ,

2 7, 84, 240

Madracis m i rab i l is 83,84

M ad repo ra 3 , 39, 40 , 45, 80 , 8 1 , 82

Madrepo ra(Lg/armi es 1 1 0

flimdrepm'a cola-M am 8

,9, 1 58

zl l adrcpora. echinata 1 1 2,1 34

Madrepom faugites 1 1 0

M ad repo ra k auaiensis 1 3 ,

30 , 36 , 38 , 44. 8 1 ,

M ad reporam iocen i ca 82

M ad repo ra ocu la ta 8 1

Madwepom patel la 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 1 28

Madrepom p ilcus 1 1 0, 1 1 2

11’

1 adrepora p rol i fera 81

flfadrepora radians 1 36

Madrcp om mmea 82

i lfadrepom varrucosa 97

magn ificum ,F labe l lum 49

maldivensis, S iderastrea 1 36

mann'i,Ccenopsammia 8

,1 56

man n i,Dem lrophyl l ia 1 7

,29, 33 , 1 56 , 3 1 4

Manopom capv’

tata 7 , 8 , 1 60, 1 6 1

fifanopo'

ra werrucosa . 1 60

marenz el leri , Bathyactis 1 46

Ma ire/mm 80

mauiensis (var . Balanophyl l iadiomedeee 1 7 ,

24,35

,38 , 43 ,

mauiensis, Paracvathus 1 2,23 , 35, 38 , 43 , 70 , 234

meandrina var. nob i l is, Poci l l p pora 1 4,

24,2 7 , 28 , 29, 3 1 ,

85, 86 , 98 , 250, 2 66 , 268

meandrina,Pocil lopora 7 ,

1 4,24

,26

, 3 1 , 32 , 84, 85,

97 , 98 , 99, 1 00, 250, 266 , 268

meandrina var. tuberosa ,Poci l lopora . 1 4,

2 2, 3 1 , 32 ,

mencgh iniana , D ip lohel'ia 82

Metastrea 1 04

M icrabaciidpe 1 2 7

microph thalma, Cyphastrea 1 03

M i l lepora 80

Mil lepo-

ra muricata 80

7niocen ica , Amphihel'ia 82

m iocen ica, M ad repora 82

m i rab i l is , Madracis 83 , 84

1 1 0

I N D EX

modumanensis, Poci l lopora

molok ensis, Paracyath us 1 2,

molok ensis, Poci 1 10 pora 1 3,

85, 9 1 , 252 , 254

ni onthxnwlMontipora bernard i

159,

MontipOra bernard i var. subglabra

Mont ipora mp itam 1 06,1 58 , 1 60

Montipora cl i lat-ata 9,

1 59 , 326 , 406

Mon tipora effusa 1 68

Montipora flabel lata (1,

1 8,24,

29,3 1

,33

,1 58 , 1 59, l b s) , 1 67 , 326 , 344

Mon tipora foveolata 1 60

Mon tipora i ncogn i taMontipora obtusata

M on t ipora pe ltiformisMontipora patu la .

1 8 , 22 , 3 1 , 33 , 1 58 , 1 59, 1 1‘

) 7 , 1 68 , 1 69,324

,

Montipona. studeri4V

J

30,

Montipora tenuicau l is

2 3,2 7 , 33 , 34, 1 59, 1 . 6 3 , 1 64, 342

Montipora v en osaMontipora v err i l l i

2 7,29, 30, 33 , 1 59, 1 6 8 ,

1 69, 348 , 350

Montipora v errucosa 8,

26 , 2 7 , 32,

328 , 330, 332 , 334, 336 ; 338 , 340

Montiporinae 40

mordax , Por i tes 7

- 2,

mordar /5 elonga la , Poritesmordax: var. elongata, Porites 7

mortoni, D iaseris

mm‘i cata, Mil lepom

M ussa 3,1 5

,30, 1 06 ,

2 "

Mussidae 3 , 4S, “1 13myco ides, Cycloseris ”4

7uflfifis, 1 %xfiUoporanob i l is (vain ) , Poci l lopora meandrina 1 4

,

24,27

,34,

85, 86 , 98 ,250

,266 , 268

nobil is var. tuberosa,Pocil l'ipom 8

,97 , 98 , 99

uona’

, Porites hawa'iens is 1”

oahense, Endopachys 85, 38 , 44, 1 47 , 3 10

oahensis, Dendropbyl l ia 1 7,

38

nulwns is . Fungia1 1 1

30 ,- 1 1 , 72 . 1 0 7

uahensis .

’7 , 511 3. 313 , 4- 1 . 74. 75. 331”

inm -rta . (‘

zl ry h ph y l l iaowlopa l i var.

oblong/us, Fl ing/77x [ 771mm

7 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 71 1 1 1 , Ma ntipom0 0011 1 1 1 1 1 , - lsl ru u (Ur/7777 110 )ocel l ina, (

‘

y phastre'

24

orlara . I 'oril 7 x 17mmmums0 0 1 0 11 11 1 1 , (

‘

ary nph y l l izl

orulam, Amp/7 771 7471 1

ocu lata ,Madrepm a

0 0 71 1 11 1 77

1 1eul imidaeOrbice l la

l sh ‘

fi'l l

Orh icel lidzv

arm /77, . lmphihvh

’

u

1 1 11 0 111 0 1 1 , Anthemiph y ll ia l

< 0

palawensis (var. Fungia actimfmwn ispal iferzl , Bathyactiq 1 46

pup il/(mu Fungi/1 l l’ l

[ 121 11 1 1 10 571 lungites 1 2 1

p a p_

\ 1 a 1 ea,Leptose l 1 : 107 . 1 41

l’aravynthns 4 7 1

I’aracyathns gardineri 1 2 . 22 , 6 5 2

Paraoyathns maniensis 70 ,14

Paracyathns 1 1 1 71 1 7 1 k 9 11 sis l ’ 77 7 1

I ’aracyathus tennical vx 1 2 ,33

, 44. 6 0 ,

“

234

Parasmil ia 7 1

Parastru'u ham/770 1 71 7 1 0 6

paripuron inmn ,F lubdlum 49.

30 , 5 1 ,

paripavon innm (var. 1 . Flulwl lmn pzn’

nni

num I

parxica lxx (forman Pori tes l oba ta 20 ,

1 116 ,20 1

parviSPina (var. Fung ia och inamparvistel lata , Porites ‘03

p a tel la , (tr/1 1 41 30 148 1 1 3 . 1 1 5. l 1 6

p a te l la,Fungia 1 . 1 5 . 2 35

1 20 l 2x-

. 7s

p a te l la,Fung ia 107

1 1 1 11 1410 , Jflldrvpm‘

u 1 1 0 , 1 1 4.

palellaris, Fungia 1 1 0

1 1 0 10 1 1 3 ,49 , 50 ,

5 1 , 511 , 57 ,39

p atera , Antholn iph v l l iup atu l a , “ontipom

I NDEX .

Page.

paucisp ina (subforma ) , Po r i tes compressafor m a angustisepta . I 78 , 1 91 ,

paumotensis, Fungia, 8,

l’a v ona 45, 47 , 1 07 , 1 35,

Pa v ona c la vus 1 36 , 1 37

Pa v ona c l ivosa 1 36

Pa v ona crassa 1 36

l’

zwona c r istata 1 36,1 37

Pa v ona (luerden i 1 5, 24, 1 07 , 1 35,298

Pa v ona gigan tea 1 36,1 37

Pa vona lata 1 36

Pa v ona latistel lata 1 36

Pa vona pr-

(eto rta 1 36

Pa v ona repens 1 07,1 35

Pa vona var ians 8,

34,1 07 ,

Pwuon-

l'

a 1 34, 1 35

pavon ina ,E uphyll ia 7

,49, 52

pavon innm var. distinctum,F labe l lum 1 1

,

24,30 , 32 , 35, 37 , 43 , 51 , 54, 56 , 226

pavon inum ,F label lum

1 1,23

,24

,36 , 44

,49, 50, 52 ,

54, 55, 56 , 57 , 58 , 59, 228

pavon inum var. lamel lulosum,F label lum 50 ,

51 , 2 24

pavon inum var. latum,F label lum 1 1

,

24, 36 , 37 , 44, 51 , 55, 2 26

pavon inum var. paripavon inum ,F label lum 1 1

,

23 , 24, 2 7 , 30 , 35, 36 , 37 , 43 , 51 , 54, 59,228

pectina la ,Fungia 1 20

pel tiform is, Montipora 1 67

ph i l ipp i nensis,H alomitra 1 08

Ph i l ipp i nes, c losewis 1 sp 1 1 5, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7

Ph i l ipp i nes, Cycloseris 2 Sp 1 20

Ph i l ipp i nes, D iaser'is sp 1 1 8,1 1 9, 1 20

Ph i l i pp i nes, Fungia sp . 1 1 2 1

Ph i l ipp ines,Fungia sp . 2 1 2 1

I ’hg/llode's lucin ialum 63

p ileus, Fungia 1 1 0

p i leus,H alom i tra 1 1 0

p i lm s,il l adrc’pom 1 1 0, 1 1 2

p i leus oblong/us Fu-

ngus 1 1 2

p i losa forma,Po r i tes com pressa 1 9

,

366

P lacotrochus 3, 39, 40, 45, 48 , 6 6

Placotrm h ns fuscus 1 1,

24, 30 , 32 , 35, 37 , 43 , 48 , 6 6 , 230

p lam nmv

'

a, 1 20

p lacnnaria (vain) , Fungia sen tar ia ] 20

p lana, Fungia . 1 2 1 .

I ’leum ctis 1 1 2

p l icata (van ) Fungia fungites 1 2 1

p l ic’

a la,I ’ocil lopom . 7

, 8 , 84, 85, 93 , 94, 95, 96

p l iculo-su,Fungia 1 2 1

Poci l lopora modumanensis

Poci l lopora molok en51 s

Page.

Poci l lopora 84, 85, 92 , 1 00, 1 06

Pocil loywm asp era, 8,85

,94

,95, 96 , 97

Pocil lopora aspera var. lulu

Pocil lopom brev icorn'is 7, 8 , 84, 85, 86 , 88, 1 00

Poc'il lopom cwsp ilosa, 86

Poci l lopora cesp i tosa 7,

8 , 1 0, 2 7,28

,3 1 85

,

Pocil lopora cesp i tosa var. laysanensis 1 3,

3 1 , 85,87

, 88 ,90

,

Pocil lopora cesp i tosa var. sty lophoroides 1 3,

24,29

,32

,85

,87

,88

,

Pocil lopora cesp i tosa var. tum ida 1 3,

24, 29, 32 , 85, 87 , 88 , 90 , 246

Poci l l0 pora coronata 93

Poci l lopora damicorn is 86, 1 00

Poci l lopora (lame 94,96

,1 00

Pocil lopora e legans 97,1 00

Pocil lopora elongata 93

Poé il lopora eydoux i 93

Pocil lop om favosa 7 , 8 , 84, 85, 94

Pocil lopora f rondosa . 8 , 1 4, 85, 86 , 92 ,

Pocil lopora grand is 97

Pocil lopora informis " 7,

Poci l lopora l igulata

1 4,

28, 3 1 , 84, 85, 86 ,

94,95

,254

,256

,258 , 260, 262 , 264

Poci l lopora lob ifera 1 00

l ’oci l lopora meandrina . 7 ,

1 4,24

,32

,84

,

97 , 98 , 99, 1 00, 250, 266 , 268

Poci l lopora meandrina v ar. nob i l is 1 4,

24,26

,28 ,

85, 86 , 98 , 250 , 266 , 268

Pocil lopora meandrina var. tuberosa 1 4,

1 3 ,

3 1 , 32 , 85, 86 ,

1 3 ,

2 7, 32 , 85, 91 , 92 , 252 , 254

Poci l lopora nobi l is 8 , 85, 92 , 97 , 98 , 99, 1 00

PaciIIOpm-

a nobi lis var. tuberosa, 99

Poc illopora, p licala 7 8 S4,85

,93

,94, 95, 96

Pocil IOpora rugosa 93

Poci l lopora sol ida 92

Poci l lopom verrucosa 7,8,84

,85

,96

,97 , 98 , 99, 1 00

Pocil IOpora v er rucosaPocil l0 poridae 3

,40,

polon ica ,Milra 1 1 0

Pol yph y l l ia 1 09

Por i tes 2,3, 4,

5, 34,

1 69, 1 70,

1 73,

1 94, 1 95, 200, 204, 205, 207

Po r i tes bernard i 20,2 3

,34

,1 72

,2 1 1 ,

I ND EX .

Page.

Por ites tennis 8 , 9, 1 70 , 1 7 1 , 1 96 , 20 1 , 203 , 204

Po r i tes: tenn is 1 72 ,2 1 2 , 402

1 00

l ’m‘itidze 3,40

,1 6 9

poms Por i tes 2 10

po rta l- 10 0 1 1 3 13 , (

"

yathoceras 78.

prmtbrta , .PaVOnu

[777.70 7 77'

ensix

7777771 77 , Por ites 177773 77777.Prionastrea

pmoch inam,Fungia

pro funda , Demlm ph y l l ia77 7

'77f77 777/77 , Dip/(711 74727 7

profundical vx (fo rma) , Por i tes compressa 1 9,

(fo rma ) , Po r i tes compressc 1 9,

7“

pro l i fera,M ad repo ra 8 1

I‘sammocora 26

,39

,45

,1 07

,1 44

l’sammocora superficial is 1 07

I’sammocora v er r i l l i 1 07 , 1 44,3 1 0

pn k oensis, Po r i tes1 78

,1 95, 1 96 , 41 0, 41 2

p ale/7775177 , 0 771 307 76 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 ,

quad ragenar ia, Caryophyl l ia 76

quart“, Poriles hauxrfiensis 1 7 1

quelch i , Po r i tes 9,

20,3 1

,34

,1 72 , 394

71 771-

77777,1 7 0 7 71 724 17777777773 77253 1 7 1 , 1 74, 1 90

wadia'ns

, 1 36

7 0 777071,Amphihel ia 82

ramea, DendrOphyl l ia 82

77 7 7777177, D ip lo/wl iu S2

red i v i va, Balanoph y l l ia 1 52

reflexum , Desmophyl lum 68

repanda, Fungia 1 2 1,1 2 2

,1 25, 1 26

repens, Pa v ona 1 07 , 1 35

re t icu losa,Po r i tes . 9

,1 7 1

,1 72 , 2 1 5,

Rh iz otrochm 48, 65, 66 , 67

riisei , Desmophyl lum 68

rubescens, Cyathoceras 78

rudis, Aslrma 8, 1 06

7 777773 , 44317 077 (Fa-

77177 ) 1 06

imuns; Favu7

rugosa,Poc i l lopora 93

7 77171 7731177, H eme/77 1 771771 8 1 20

rusei,Desmophyl lum 68

sa lawattensis (var. Fungia acti n iformis 1 20

sam l_ >oangensis, Fungia 1 2 2,1 25

,1 26

scabra, Fungia 1 2 1 , 1 22 , 1 24, 1 26 , 1 2 7cahm , Leptoseris 1 6,

schau inslaml i , Por i tes34

,2 1 4

,400

Sch iz ocvyath us fi ssi l is 65

scruposa,Fungia 1 2 1

,1 2 2

scruposa var. ternatensis, Fungia 1 2 1

scutaria (afi ) , Fungia 1 23, 1 24

scutaria v ar. (lanai , Fungia 1 20

scutaria v ar . (len tigera, Fungia 1 07,1 20, 1 2 1

sen tar ia,Fungia

sentaria var. p lacunaria, Fungia 1 20

scutaria typ i ca, Fungia 1 3 1

secunda ,1 777 -11 03 hawa ienx'is 1 7 1

,1 74

373731 7770177 , Pori tes laysana 1 7 1

361 71 7177777, Pow ba lm -76 77317

3 1 7 1 , 1 74

serpen t i na,Dendrophyl l ia 1 7 , - 3 , 35, 38 ,

8777 7 771771 77,Fungia 1 2 1

ser ru lata (var. Fungia conc i nna 1 2 1

sex ta, Porites 1 7 1

,1 96 , 201

sibog'ce

,Bath yactis 1 46

S iderastrea 1 36 , 1 37

S iderastrea maldivensis 1 36

6 77773773 76 , C’ycloseris 1 1 4

Singapurensis (var. Fungia actin iformis 1 20

sismoml 'iana,D iplohel ia 82

so l ida, Poeil lolmra 92

stel la r -is, 1 _

1 2

stel lata, S tephanaria 8,

1 6,

47 , 1 07 , 1 42 ,

stel lata,7S'

lephanoc0 7‘

a 1 42

stel lulata,Leptastrea 1 4

,22

,3 1

, 32 ,

stephana,Bath yactis 1 46

3722777777777, Bathyactis

S tephanaria 3 , 47,1 07 ,

S tephanaria brigham i 1 6,

1 43 ,

S tephanaria ste l lata 8,

1 6 , 47 , 1 07 , 1 42 , 1 43 , 1 44, 308

Step hanocom 1 42

S lephanocom . slel lata 1 42

Stephanoph yl l ia 3 , 39, 1 46

S tephanophyl l ia formosissima 1 7 ,

2 3,24

,2 7 , 28 , 35, 38 , 1 46 , 3 1 0

stok esi , F labe l lum 57

st-vieta, H erpetol itha 1 09

studeri , Mon tipora 1 8,

30, 34, 1 59, 1 6 6 , 1 67 , 346 , 348

studeri , Por i tes 20, 1 72 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 ,

styl ifera (van ) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1

S tyloph oridze 3 , 83

styloph oroides (var. Pocil lopora cesp i tosa 1 3,

24,29, 32 , 85, 87 , 88 , 89, 91 , 246 ,

subglabra (var. Mon tipora bernard i 1 8 ,

I ND EX .

Page.

subrepanda,Fungia 1 2 1 1 25

,1 26

1 0 1 7 l‘“

suluensis (van ) , Fungia actin ifon n issnperficial is, Psammocora

symmetrica, Bath yactis

83777777 3 1 7 1 7 ]

Syna7 71 71 . pan‘7 1 6

(Synarze a ) hmvaiiensis, Por i tes 2 1,22

,28 , 2 1 6 ,

404

877777772 71 7 8 , 1 70 , 1 7 1 , 2 1 6

(Synarma ) irregularis , Por i tes 2 1,2 1 7;

Syzygophyl l ia 79

lalpa,Fungia

talpina, Cryptabacia

(77117771 77 , Fungia 1 1 0

tenuical yx ,Paracyath ns 1 2

, 69,234

tennicaul is, Montipora 1 8 ,

1 63 ,1 64, 342

7071 777712 773 , Fungia16 77770771777, 1 7 77771 777 1 2 1

ten1 1 is , l ast1 ea

7077 1773 , Cyclosen s 1 1 5,1 16 1

777 71 1 773 , Fungia . 1 1 4

tenn is, Por ites 8 , 9, 1 70 , 1 7 1 , 1 96 , 201 , 203, 204

tennis, Por i tes 1 72 ,

ternatensis (van ) , Fungia scrnposa 1 2 1

177 741777 , Por ites hawaiensv’s 1 7 1 ,

7737-7777, Por ites lays-71 7777 1 7 1

Thamnasteria 1 37

Thamnasteriidae 1 37

Thunnmst'ra'a 1 37

TI777777777‘

1stm a-‘

7fdw 1 2 7 1 28 1

Trochocyath ns 40, 45, 72

Trochocyathus oahensis

23 , 30 , 36 ,

ERRATUl\'

l .

On p . 1 35 ,i n se r t 1 1 1 77 70 77076 k aucw

'

ensi sVaughan on the l i ne next, helnw1 6 777770 776 76 Vaughan .

Trovhoseris

tuberosa (var. 1 ,- i ll 7_ 1p7 1r71 1 1 1 1 'a1 1 7l 1

‘inu . 1 4.

1 7717077 73 77 (var . .Poril l ipu'

ru 77771717771 . 8,1 17 , 1 11 1

tubn l ifem , Il epmseris 1 07 ,

1 1 1 1 1 1 171 1 1 (v ar. I’m- 1110 1 10 1“ 7~

7~s 1 1 11 7 1sa . 1 .

71 . 29. xx «11 1, 2471

tum ida (fo rma ) . Po r i tes co m pressa 19

29, 1 9171 . 1 7 10 376

tydeman i, Cyathocerae

Ulovyathns arvtions

1 1 1 1 71 10 11 1 1 1 (van ) , Fungia och inata

val ida, Fungiavar ians, Pav ona .

298

77 7772771 13 , 1 1 7170 77777 1 34, 1 36

v enosa, Mon tipm'

a 1 60

v err i l l i,Montipora 1 8 ,

27 , 1 6 8,1 69,

348 , 351 1

v err i l l i , Psammocom 1 6,25 2 6

,33 , 1 07 . 1 44. 3 10

verri l l iana, Alveopora S , 2 1 , 22 . 34, 2 1 7 . 404

Fungia . 8 ,1 20 , 1 32 . 1 34

7 6 77 7700 371 , 97

zvm‘

rucosu ,”7771 0 170 77 7. 1 60

v errucosa,Montipora

1 8,

77 77 7 700 377, Povil lopom . 8 , 84, 85, 96 ,97 , 98. 99, 1 0 0

verruvosa, Poci l lopom

Por ites . 1 60

v itiensis (v ar. Fungia (lanai 1 2 1

Z oopi lus ech inatus 1 08

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