Table of Contents

CHAP I: INTRODUCTION...........................................31.1 Introduction..............................................31.2 background of the study...................................41.3 The statement of the problem..............................51.4 objectives of the study...................................51.4.1 General objectives....................................51.4.2 Specific objectives...................................51.4.3 Research questions....................................6

1.5 research hypothesis.......................................61.6 significance of the study.................................61.7 scope of the study........................................61.7.1. Time scope...........................................61.7.2. Space scope and geographical location................7

1.8 organization of the study.................................7CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................72.1. Overview of the issue....................................72.2 General literature review.................................82.3 Rural area................................................92.4 rural area electrification progresses in Rwanda...........92.5 challenges encountered...................................102.6 Causes of Failure of Decentralized Renewable Systems.....10

CHAP III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................113.1 Introduction.............................................113.2 research design..........................................12

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3.3 source of data...........................................123.3.1 Primary data.........................................123.3.2 Secondary data.......................................13

3.4. Population study........................................133.4.1 Sample and its determination.........................133.4.2 Sample and its determination.........................133.4.3. Multistage sampling method..........................14

3.5. Data collection instrument..............................143.5.1 Questionnaire........................................143.5.2 Interviews...........................................143.5.3 Attentive documentation..............................153.5.4. Observation.........................................15

3.6. Data processing.........................................153.7. Data analysis...........................................15

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ABSTRACT

The urban-rural divide in developing economies is a well-known. This inequity is reinforced with unequal distribution of resources and amenities. Energy as a resource and electricity as an amenity are no exception. There exists urban-rural difference in electricity access both in quantity and quality.

The World Bank identifies as the main world challenge in the energy sector, the need to make more energy available at affordable prices to enable all people to use modern energy to meet their basic needs, given that more than 1.3 billion people throughout the whole world do not have access to electricity today which makes 18% of global population. Despite the modest improvements many challenges present themselves, particularly those regarding electricity supply to rural and remote areas in the developing world that still lack it.

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The RPHC4 revealed that kerosene lamps are the main source of energy for lighting, especially in rural areas. It also showed that access to electricity is still limited to about 18% of the households in the country but that this level has improved since 2002, when only about 5% of the households had access to electricity. Energy for cooking comes almost exclusively from theuse of biomass, even in urban areas, and only about 35% of the households have energy-saving stoves installed.

Consequently, Rwanda as a landlocked and developing country is also affected by this worldly challenges of rural and remote areaelectrification. This is why I thought of a paper which is to present the effect of electricity access onto the population in remote and rural areas.

CHAP I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 IntroductionRemote areas are becoming a topic of increasing international interest as they can provide insight in the transition towards a more sustainable energy future (IEA-RETD, 2012). Being geographically isolated and distant from different services (e.g.energy, health and education) remote areas has seen their development delayed for a quite long time in various parts of theworld.

Remote areas in the world vary significantly in terms of resourceavailability, infrastructure, and institutional setups to provideelectricity access. Yet, common challenges arise for both developed and developing countries that are concerned with how toprovide reliable electricity services to remote communities, promote their development, and protect sensitive ecosystems. At the same time, the geographic specificity of remote areas and their isolation from traditional models such as huge electricity

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interconnected grids, provide an opportunity to implement and evaluate innovative solutions. Furthermore, since there are common challenges, lessons and experiences can be reciprocally shared by developed and developing countries.

With the customer population of 10.5 million, Rwanda has the per capital energy consumption of 41kwh which explain the overdependence on wood-fuel currently, 85% of the overall primaryenergy consumption in Rwanda is from biomass, 11% from petroleum products and a little 4% from electricity.

The country’s installed capacity has increased enormously over the last two decades from 25MW in 1994 to the current 115 MW. Thenational electricity generation mix is currently composed of 53% of hydro consumption, 46% of thermal with a small percentage of methane and solar. The high cost of fuel consumption is estimatedto be $40 million annually has made government electricity subsidies inevitable to keep electricity tariffs in Rwanda in a computable range of the retail tariff of US$ 0.12 and US$ 0.18 inthe region.

Along with all those tremendous increase, the experience has shown the electricity access in remote areas in is positively linked to the overall progress of the resident population, in connection to that observation this paper is to present, evaluateand analyze the impact of electricity access in remote and rural areas for the case study of Huye district, Rango Sector.

1.2 background of the study

In Rwanda, fuel wood largely remains the single source of energy of the rural population and the majority of city dwellers. Wood and charcoal are generally used for cooking but also in some other corners of every day’s life. The extended use of the fuel wood has proven effects on health and results in massive deforestation due to the indiscriminate cutting of trees over some few years back in Rwanda.

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Regarding this issue, The Government of Rwanda has charted out anambitious development agenda aimed at transforming the country into a middle-income and knowledge-based economy by 2020. Thus increased access to energy is the key to setting the Rwandan economic machinery in motion.In April 2011 about 14% of the total population had access to electricity from the grid and the government has started a roll-out programme to rapidly increase this to 16% (350 000 connections) by 2012 and 60% by 2020.However, currently the 2012 census revealed that about 18 % of Rwandans have access to electricity. In Rwanda energy remains far too expensive in relation to people’s income. The high cost compels the governmentto subsidize production and distribution.Across Rwanda, about 57% of households rely on kerosene lamps (about 40%), candles (about 10%) or firewood (about 8%) as sources of energy for lighting. At national level, only about 18%of the private households have access to electricity. As expected, electricity is the single most important source of energy for lighting among private households in urban areas.Kerosene lamps are the most commonly used source for lighting among households in rural areas, accounting for about 44%, which is a percentage almost three times higher than the one observed in urban areas (about 18%). A substantial percentage of the households in rural areas reported using other unspecified sources of energy for lighting. This may be related to the use ofdry cell fed lamps often found among households in rural areas (Muhizi etal., 2013).The lack of access to electricity is dire, especially in rural areas. Thus, for example, it is difficult to perform basic needs by using electricity or to attend to remote schools over the night, etc.So, this research study will try to analyze the effect of the electricity access and its impact in social, economic aspects of the rural population, case study of huye district.

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1.3 The statement of the problem

Despite the all the desire of the government and the international willingness to support the energy sector, major challenges still lie ahead on the way to increased access for rural populations. The topography of Rwandan landscape makes power extension expensive. Despite subsidies by the government, the capacity of the population to pay for connection and consumption is still a major setback for low-income households inrural and remote areas. Due to the above stated challenge, most of the population in rural and remote areas experiences tragic shortage in access on different services and infrastructures. On the other side of the issue, once remote and rural areas have access to electricity, they benefit from numerous angles of the daily life; we can name:access to suitable health services, access to telecommunication, reduced environmental degradation and better education.

However, once a quiet deep study of all challenges on the side ofelectricity providers and impact of electricity access on rural and remote area dwellers is carried out, some useful policies maybe implemented and the development of rural and remote areas. This is why, I personally thought of working on this study and come out with good results.

1.4 objectives of the studyThe study is to analyze the impact of electricity access on welfare of the population in remote and rural areas and for this to happen, I shall need the following general and specific objectives:

1.4.1 General objectives Assess the Importance of electricity in rural and remote

areas Evaluate the Advantages from the electricity access Find out Challenges encountered when providing the

electricity in rural and remote areas

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Evaluate the perception of the population view on the policyof rural electrification

Evaluate how useful is the electricity in rural and remote areas

1.4.2 Specific objectives To evaluate the link between population welfare and the

electricity access How far is the provision of electricity in remote and rural

areas Assess the impact of electricity access on wood fuel

consumption Observe and assess the progress of electricity provision to

remote and rural areas Evaluate the improvements of the households due to

electricity access in rural and remote areas Evaluate some new activities due to electricity access in

rural and remote areas

1.4.3 Research questionsFor the usefulness of the study, this research paper will seek toanswer the following questions:

How people are benefiting from the electricity access in rural and urban areas?

What are the challenges encountered to reach electricity in remote and rural areas?

What have been the changes before and after the access on electricity in rural and remote areas?

What are the progresses in social and economic aspects of the rural and remote areas dwellers?

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1.5 research hypothesis Electricity access in rural and remote areas affects the

population welfare. Lack of electricity hinders the progress of the economic

activities in rural and remote areas. Population welfare before and after the electricity access

in remote and rural areas has improved Social economic progress is directly linked to electricity

access in rural and remote areas

1.6 significance of the studyAfter the end of this research, the following will benefit from it:

I will personally acquire data collection skills, field research skills and inference making skills.

Huye district administration will benefit from it. This paper will help Policy makers in huye for rural and

remote areas This study will give a clear picture and evaluation of the

progress of electricity supply in remote and rural areas. It will help for completing my undergraduate studies. It will help to overcome the challenges encountered in

supplying the electricity in remote and rural areas

1.7 scope of the study This study will focus only on impact of rural and remote areas electrification on the population, and will be limited in time, space and geographical location.

1.7.1. Time scope This research paper will study the impact of electricity access on population welfare for the period that covers the population census of 2002 up to 2014 period.

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1.7.2. Space scope and geographical locationThe research study will put the light to the impact of rural and remote areas electrification on the welfare of the population in Rwanda as a subject matter and will be limited to a survey of selected households in huye district rango sector. This is to say, the study will not consider households or any other entity outside the rango geographical area.

1.8 organization of the studyThe research work will be divided into five main chapters:

Chapter one will compose of the general introduction, backgroundof the study, statement of the problem, general objectives and specific objectives of the study, research questions, hypothesis,scope, significance and interest of the study.

Chapter two will involve the review of relevant literature with reference to different sources of data, definition of terms and concepts and framework of the study.

Chapter three will concern with the methodology to be used in carrying out this study. Research designs, techniques of data collection and methods used.

Chapter four will focus on research findings, analysis and interpretations of data collected, these findings will be interpreted and edited in relation to objectives of study.

Chapter five will deal with summary of findings, suggestions and conclusions of the study and areas of further research

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CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Overview of the issue

During the last ten years Rwanda has experienced one of the mostexciting and fastest periods of growth and socio-economic progress in its history. It was tenth fastest growing economy in the world during the decade from 2000. At the same time more thana million people have been lifted out of poverty. Population growth is stabilizing and the country is making tremendous progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and middle income status.

However here comes a big challenge: how would Rwanda boost urban,rural and remote areas at the relative rate of growth and socio-economic progress without or with a lagging behind pace of providing electricity in rural and remote areas? How could the electricity in Rwanda contribute to the overall social economic progress in rural and remote areas? What could be the best use ofthe electricity in rural and remote areas to get the best interest from it?

Consequently, this paper will provide an eye witness analysis of the reality, and possibly some recommendations to provide remedies to the stated above questions.

2.2 General literature reviewUse of electricity as the prime source of lighting is a more useful indicator in this regard. Starting from an extremely low

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base, the government has expanded electricity access by an impressive 160% between 2008 and 2011. However, still only 18% ofRwanda’s households are connected to the grid (RPHC, 2012). As mentioned above, the government has now set a national target to increase electricity access to 70% by 2017. It has also prepared an expansion plan aimed at increasing the electricity generation capacity from about 100 MW in 2012 to 1,160 MW by 2017. The installed capacity in 2017 would comprise: 340 MW of hydropower, 310 MW of geothermal power, 300 MW of methane-based power, 200 MWof peat-based power and 20 MW of diesel thermal plants.

As per 2012 census in Rwanda, the share of households in rural and urban areas using electricity as the prime source of lightinghave raised to 6.4% and 67% changed respectively. This indicates there is a substantial difference in provision of electricity in rural as in urban areas. Development in any aspect (namely: the per capita domestic electricity consumption) must simultaneously lead to fall in inequality among different groups in the society in rural and urban areas (Nathan and Mishra, 2013). In other words, with improvement in per capita electricity consumption, one can expect the gap between rural and urban per capita will decrease in Rwanda.

Electricity is recognized as a basic human need and is the key to accelerating economic growth, generation of employment, elimination of poverty, and human development especially in ruralareas (WEC, 1999; Modi, 2005; MoP, 2006; Kemmler, 2007). Lightingis highly correlated to productive hours in the household, that is, study hours of children and working hours of adults (Reddy etal. 2009; Reddy and Nathan, 2011). The availability of illumination is also advantageous to women in particular (Modi, 2005). Global evidence has shown that the availability of illumination in the home and streets increases female literacy and educational attainment; income-generating options, and safetyin public places (UNDP, 2001).

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According to Sen’s capability framework (Sen, 1999), energy carriers, particularly electricity can be understood as a commodity or an input factor that expands one’s set of capabilities by providing lighting, motive power and access to mass media and telecommunications, and thus enable his functioning in society (Kemmler, 2007). There is a large set of literature which shows that rural electrification greatly contributes to the welfare growth of rural households and promotes rural-urban integration (Barnes et al., 2002; ESMAP, 2002b; Toman and Jemelkova, 2003, Martins, 2005; Valencia and Caspary, 2008; World Bank, 2008a; ADB, 2010).

From social justice point of view, energy services are a right tothe individuals; and there have been advocacies to make basic energy services as fundamental rights (Narain, 2010; Practical Action, 2009). Moreover, energy poverty is universally recognizedas the bottlenecks in achieving millennium development goals (DFID, 2002; Flavin and Aeck, 2005; UNDP, 2005; World Bank, 2005;WHO, 2006; Practical Action, 2009). Hence, in terms of domestic electricity use normative threshold, rural and urban households must not be distinguished.

2.3 Rural areaIn general, a rural area is a geographic area that is located outside cities and towns.1The Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines the word "rural" as encompassing all population,housing, and territory not included within an urban area. Whatever is not urban is considered rural."2

1 "WordNet Search - 3.1". Wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-252 "Defining the Rural Population".Hrsa.gov.Retrieved 2013-04-25.

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Given, the current definition with regard to rural and remote areas, it is quite surprising that Rwanda also has those areas which are bigger and are located outside the city or towns

2.4 rural area electrification progresses in RwandaThe recent literature on rural electrification has emphasized theimportance of linking its development with productive uses for energy. This has been viewed as necessary to increase the pace ofrural electrification and reduce its concentration on relatively small group of developing countries.

Though rural electrification has been in the focus of policy makers for the past several decades, there was a continuous neglect at the ground level because of a combination of factors ranging from low tariffs, high cost to serve, poor efficiency levels, and inappropriate organizational frameworks, and state electricity boards’ concentration in concentration of efforts in urban areas, metros, and industries (Padmanabhan, 2003; Chaurey et al., 2004; Ernst & Young, 2007; Kemmler, 2007).

Starting from an extremely low base, the government of Rwanda hasexpanded electricity access by an impressive 160% between 2008 and 2011. However, still only 18 % of Rwanda’s households are connected to the grid. As mentioned above, the government has nowset a national target to increase electricity access to 70% by 2017. It has also prepared an expansion plan aimed at increasing the electricity generation capacity from about 100 MW in 2012 to 1,160 MW by 2017. The installed capacity in 2017 would comprise: 340 MW of hydropower, 310 MW of geothermal power, 300 MW of methane-based power, 200 MW of peat-based power and 20 MW of diesel thermal plants. The plan would have an estimated investment cost of at least $500 million/year of which about $200million/ year is designated to be undertaken by the public sectorand the rest by the private sector.

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2.5 challenges encountered The paying capacity of the rural consumer is lower as compared tothe urban consumer (Chaurey et al., 2004; Ernst & Young, 2007; Kamalapur and Udaykumar, 2011). However, World Bank studies (ESMAP, 2002; World Bank, 2008a; World Bank, 2010a) show that willingness to pay for electricity in rural areas is high, exceeding the long-run marginal cost of supply. Also, there are evidences from the fields that rural communities are able and willing to pay for reliable electricity services (Barnes et al., 2002; Cust et al., 2007; World Bank, 2010b). Electricity consumption has high value for rural households and where access exists; willingness to pay is high for shorter outages and betterquality supply, even amongst poorer households (Cust et al., 2007). In general, people in rural areas appreciate the benefits of electricity and are willing to pay for the same (World Bank, 2008a).

2.6 Causes of Failure of Decentralized Renewable SystemsIn rural areas, small energy generation systems are installed to provide electricity to small villages or communities, frequently last a few months before being abandoned (Practical Action, 2009). I have highlighted some of the important causes of these failures below.

Cost factor: Planning Commission (2002) recognizes an important limitation on the extent to which one can shift to renewables is the high unit cost at present, compared with other conventional sources. As the system becomes smaller, the cost of electricity production per unit will be higher. The typical cost of electricity generation and supply to rural areas is relatively high considering the real affordability capacity of rural dwellers.

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Even if the installation is provided almost free, the finances for operation and maintenance might turn out to be higher than the paying capacity of villagers. Affordability is an important consideration in realizing energy access. Energy poverty, indicated by the lack of access to modern energy services, is a direct outcome of income poverty (Balchandra, 2011). Most of the mini-grid projects suffer from financial un-viability results in closure of these projects after few months of operation (Palit etal., 2011).

Shortage of skill: The service life of small decentralized energysystems is critically dependant on proper maintenance, which requires technically trained personnel (Ramamurthy and Kumar, 2012). Lack of such skills leads to frequent stoppages of such systems in rural areas. It is strange but true that while urban households are considered as only energy consumers or customers, rural households are treated as energy producers and scientists and engineers (Balchandra, 2013).

Natural damage and theft: The safety and security of renewable energy system is difficult to maintain in rural areas. There are instances of theft of solar panels and batteries and these incidents are on rise (Global Advisors, 2012). In most rural parts of Rwanda, electricity poles and cables are stolen and damaged by local dwellers.

CHAP III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 IntroductionFred.N Kerlinger, (1964:700) stressed that the methodological research is a controlled investigation of the theoretical and applied aspects of measurements, mathematics, and statistics, andways of obtaining and analyzing data. Contentmporary English

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dictionary (1995: 231), defines methodology as a set of methods and principles that are used when studying a particular kind of work.

A method comprises of all intellectual process, an orderly systemor arrangement that enables a researcher to reach on aspect of knowledge by using various techniques. This chapter intends primarily to highlight the methods and techniques that have been used in order to collect data for the purpose of carrying out this study.

This research methodology primarily intends to make description and analysis of the impact of electricity access in rural areas in huye district. For this reason, it will bear an exploratory aspect, especially because there has not been a similar study before.

This chapter gives a detailed presentation of the tools and techniques that will be used to investigate the research issues in the field. It includes spelling out the area of the study and study population. It further describes the methods and techniquesused in the choosing the sample size and selection instruments like questionnaire, interviews and documentation that will be used. It also includes data processing, analysis and problems that will encountered in this research, finally this chapter provides the back ground against which the findings and conclusions of the study were examined and appreciated regarding their reliability and validity.

3.2 research designA research design is a framework or a plan for the study used as a guide in collecting and analyzing data as quoted by Churchill (1992:108). It is a blueprint that is followed in completing a study. He further defines a research design as a plan of action, for the purposes of this study; the researcher adopted a survey as his research design.

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3.3 source of dataA source is one of the materials that the researcher uses for collecting information during the investigation (Paige Wilson, 1989:2). The sources of data are both primary and secondary data.

3.3.1 Primary dataPrimary data are those data collected to the specific problem or issue under investigation. Primary data are necessary when a trough analysis of secondary data is unable to provide satisfactory information. Joel R. Evan and Barry Berman (1995: 20), consequently primary data are collected to fit precise purposes of current research problem.

To evaluate the overall value of primary data, the researcher must weigh precision, currentness and reliability against high cost time pressure and limited access to materials.

The main techniques of primary data collection to be use all along this research will be interviews and questions asked to thehousehold members and population in the neighborhood of the same rural area.

3.3.2 Secondary dataSecondary data is seen as «A data gathering method that makes useof pre-existing data» Richard M. Grinnell and Margaret Williams, (1990:228) Extensive study and review of published and unpublished documents, reports journals, newspapers and policy reports relevant to the study was used. This technique is important because it reviews the literature and tries to canvas both global and national perspectives so that the researcher could have a comparative framework for analysis and evaluation (William, 1982:401).

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Secondary data sources for this research work will be drawn from the surveys in Rwanda and international reports on electricity access in rural and remote areas.

3.4. Population studyA population refers to the total number of elements covered by the research questions (Scott, Iet al 1998:307). Population can be defined as the totality of persons or objects with which a study is concerned. Grinnell et al (1990:118). Christensen (1991:101) asserts that, population refers to all the events, things or individuals that are the objects of investigation or study.

For any study to succeed, information needs to be representative of the population covered by the research questions. This research is made to study the impact of electricity access in remote and rural areas of huye district. Thus the target population will be drawn from huye district in rango sector.

3.4.1 Sample and its determination The study must consider a sample size that is within the cost constraint but should provide the ability to detect an independent variable effect (Christensen, 1991: 372). Williamson (1982:113) comments on the sample size as being a phase of research, which is crucial because of its major impact on time and money that must go into data collection.

3.4.2 Sample and its determination The study must consider a sample size that is within the cost constraint but should provide the ability to detect an independent variable effect (Christensen, 1991: 372). Williamson (1982:113) comments on the sample size as being a phase of research, which is crucial because of its major impact on time and money that must go into data collection.

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For my study, i shall follow the same procedure of meeting the lowest cost, time and accuracy. This will require a well chosen method of sample determination.

3.4.3. Multistage sampling methodThis is the non probability sampling method where sampling is done in various stages of sampling. Considering the way my data collection will be carried out, i shall also use: simple random sampling and judgmental or purposive sampling methods.

3.4.3.1. Simple random sampling methodSimple random sampling was used to select families. Simple randomsampling as defined by Baker (1988:148) refers to the situation whereby each individual case in the population theoretically has a chance of being selected for the sample.

We shall consider this useful method, because all households in rango sector have equal probability to be chosen. Thus all households in rango sector are eligible to participate in this research.

3.4.2.2 Judgmental or purposive sampling methodBailey (1978:83) explains purposive sampling technique as a technique whereby the researcher uses her own judgment about which respondents to choose and picks only those who can best meet the purposes of the study.

This non probability method will be used because of number of reasons:

I will consider only households that have access to electricity.

I will only consider households that are in rural area.

3.5. Data collection instrumentThe information from the primary data will be obtained through a structured questionnaire, a close observation, an interview

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schedule and an online documentation searches mainly on rural electrification and publications on Rwandan energy sector, all ofthese will be used as to obtain secondary data.

3.5.1 QuestionnaireKenneth D. Bailey (1987: 93) defines questionnaire as a list of questions generally mailed or handed to the respondents and filled in by her/him with no help to the interviewer. The questionnaire contained both open and closed ended questions wereaddressed to the respondents. With open-ended questions were keptto the minimum so as to enable the respondents to focus on aspectof the research. With open -ended questions, the respondents willgive personal responses or opinions in their own words on Impact of electricity access on their welfare progress whereas with close-ended questions, respondents will be given different alternatives to choose from.

3.5.2 InterviewsAccording to Bailey (1978:93) an interview is an instrument that is not given directly to the respondents, but is filled in by an interviewer who reads the questions to the respondent. In this case the researcher has to access to the respondents, interviews them and responses will be filled in the interview schedule.

During the interview process, I shall have a list of questions that I will read to the respondent, this process will be of greatprecautions to get the respondent’s attention for the sake of accurate information. This will later facilitate the coding process in SPSS.

3.5.3 Attentive documentationBailey (1978:266) defines documentary study as a careful reading,understanding and analysis of written documents for some purposesother than social research. Regarding my concerned study, I will need to use online documentations, books and reports on rural areas electrification progress in Rwanda.

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3.5.4. ObservationObservation is a fundamental way of finding out about the world around us. As human beings, we are very well equipped to pick up detailed information about our environment through our senses. However, as a method of data collection for research purposes, observation is more than just looking or listening. Research, simply defined, is “systematic enquiry made public” (Stenhouse, 1975).i shall need a not biased observation in my study when asking respondents about the impact of electricity access in rural area.

3.6. Data processingData processing is concerned with classifying responses into meaningful categories called codes (Roth, 1989: 58). It consists of editing, schedules and coding the responds. The data processing began with editing, coding and finally ended with tabulation.

After carrying out interviews with respondents and questionnaire were used and collected, they will be edited and the information will be arranged in a meaningful and organized form by coding it.The data will be processed by using a computer program of SPSS.

3.7. Data analysisData Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. According to Shamoo and Resnik (2003) various analytic procedures “provide a way of drawing inductive inferences from data and distinguishing the phenomenon of interest from the statistical fluctuations present in the data”.

Accordingly, my study will take into consideration all of these aspect. After questionnaire design, interviews have taken place, data collected, data coded and processed, I will finally analyze findings and at that stage, I will be able to draw useful

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inferences about impact of electricity access in rural areas in Rwanda.

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