LBA

“HOW TO.. .MAKE MONEY FROM YOUR

MUSIC" SERIES AN E-GUIDE BY ESTÉE BLU

S O U N D C O N N E C T I O N S P R E S E N T S

LEARN MOREWWW.SOUNDCONNECTIONS.ORG.UK

WWW.YOUTHVOICEWEEK.COM

#YOUTHVOICEWEEK

"DEDICATED TO EVERYONE WHODARES TO DREAM AND CREATETHE LIFE THAT THEY WANT FOR

THEMSELVES"

ESTÉEBLU

CONTENTS

3

Page 4

Page 5

Page 6

Page 7

Page 8

Page 9

Acknowledgements

About the Author

Part 1: Explaining Copyright and Intellectual Property

Understanding the Basics:What is Intellectual Property?

What is Copyright?Why is Copyright Important?

Why is this Relevant to meas an Artist?How long does Copyright last?

Making Music:What are the Rights that Existwithin a Song?Who owns the Rights within aSong?Music and the Music Industry?Is my work eligible forCopyright Protection?

Page 10 Summary

Page 11 Test Your Knowledge: Questions

Page 12 Test Your Knowledge: Answers

Page 13 References andRecommended Reading

Page 14 Part 2: The Money FlowThe Recording and PublishingIndustries

Page 15 Recording and Publishing inAction:'Queen's Speech 6' by LadyLeshurr (Case Study)Royalties

Page 16 Royalties continued

Page 17 Collection Societies in the UK

Page 18 The Money Flow in Action: TheJourney of 'Hide and Seek' byImogen Heap (Case Study)

Page 19 Summary

Page 20 Test Your Knowledge: Questions

Test Your Knowledge: Answers

Page 21 References andRecommended Reading

Page 22 Parts 3: Copyright and You

Page 23 The Paperwork

Page 24 Other Things to Consider as anArtist

Page 25 Summary

Page 26 References and RecommendedReadingBibliography

Page 26 Bibliography

Page 27 Bibliography

Page 28 Bibliography

Page 29 Image References

Thank you to JessicaLoveless for creating andcurating the live launch ofthe “How to…” series inFebruary 2020. Your vision,support and enthusiasm onthis idea was a hugemotivator for itsdevelopment. Thanks to CoriChinnici for presenting theWired4Music Presents 2020workshop on “How to makemoney from your music”.Your presentation onCopyright and IntellectualProperty for musicians wasan inspiring contribution tothe event and this guide. Inaddition, thank you to DanielBeckley (LLB) for yourincredible expertise andadvice on helping me to editthis guide.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The right of Esther "Estée Blu"Bokuma to be identified asthe author of this work hasbeen asserted by her inaccordance with theCopyright, Designs andPatents Act 1988. Firstpublished in Great Britain in2020. Whilst every effort hasbeen made to ensure thatthe information in this guideis true and correct at thetime of writing, it should notbe relied upon as legaladvice. You should alwaysseek professional legaladvice if you are in anydoubt as to your rights.

COPYRIGHT ©ESTHERBOKUMA 2020

4

Estée Blu, is a London bornRnB and Jazz-influencedArtist who has beencompared to the likes of SZAand Solange by NME.Supported by Help Musicians,the MOBO Awards and theRoundhouse, the singer hashad features on platformssuch as Beats1, COLORS,AfroPunk and Sofar Sounds.She has been involved inWired4Music since 2017, co-producing, chairing andhosting annual Wired4Musicevents in collaboration withthe Roundhouse andBattersea Arts Centre. Shesits on the SoundConnections board as aWired4Music Trustee, as wellas the F-List as a boarddirector.

ESTÉEBLU

She has a background inteaching as a qualifiedFrench Teacher, beforemoving into artistdevelopment and coursemanagement from 2018 to2019. She has recentlycompleted a Mastersdegree in Music BusinessManagement at theUniversity of Westminster,with a focus on exploringinequalities for Black Britishfemale musicians, at theintersection of Afrofuturismand technology.

ABOUT THEAUTHOR

5

Literary works (e.g. books) InventionsMusical works and soundrecordingsArtistic worksDesigns and symbolsNames and images

Intellectual property is the legallyrecognised property that exists inthe expression of ideas andinnovation. These ideas caninclude:

Patents - which is a form ofprotection for inventionsTrade Marks - which protects brandidentities (e.g. a logo, name, slogan)Designs - protects the aestheticdesign of an productCopyright - protects the expressionof original works

In the UK, there are four main forms ofIntellectual Property:

This guide will focus on the last form ofintellectual property: Copyright.

In Part 1 of this “HowTo...Make Money from yourMusic" Series, we’ll focuson explaining the basicsof Intellectual Propertyand Copyright.

EXPLAININGCOPYRIGHTANDINTELLECTUALPROPERTY

UNDERSTANDINGTHE BASICS

PART 1:

1. What is Intellectual Property?

It is important to recognise,however, that this intellectualproperty does not attach to theidea itself, but to the expressionof the idea (e.g. there’s nointellectual property in the ideaof a wizarding school, but thereis in the expression of that ideain the novel “Harry Potter”).

6

Economic Rights: Allow the owner of the

copyright to makemoney from the

commercial use oftheir works.

Assign: To transfer ownership

of your rights fully

License: To transfer your rights

for a set limitedperiod of time or on

particular terms

Waive: To give up your rights

The right to be recognised as the author of a workThe right to oppose to a derogatory treatment or

use of a workThe right to refuse to be falsely named as the

author of a workThe right to privacy regarding films and

photographs 

Moral rights: Protect the non-economic interests of the author.

These rights include;

These moral rights cannot be assigned or licensed.However, the copyright holder can decide to waive

these rights.

Copyright is a legal termused to describe theexclusive rights thatcreators/originalauthors have over theirartistic “works” (e.g. theparticular expression oftheir ideas, such as asong or a novel). Theseexclusive rights are splitinto two categories:economic rights andmoral rights.

In the UK, Copyright isan automatic right anddoes not need to beregistered. The primaryAct governing Copyrightlaw in the UK is currentlythe Copyright Designsand Patents Act 1988.

Copyright protects and prevents other people from using a piece of workwithout permission from the author. For example, it includes preventingacts such as: copying, distributing copies, renting, lending, performing,playing, making an adaptation of or/and publishing a work on the internet.Without permission from the author of the work, doing any of these thingswould be an infringement of copyright.

2. What is Copyright?

3. Why is Copyright important?

Definitions:

7

"THE ARTISTICEXPRESSION OF

YOUR IDEAS CANGENERATE

RECOGNITIONAND/OR MONEY"

The artistic expression of yourideas can generaterecognition and/or money. Socopyright works are valuableassets which can be bought,sold, licensed and exploitedlike other property. Byrecognising IntellectualProperty rights as valuableassets, you can legallyenforce your rights.Intellectual Property isprotected in UK law and existsto make sure that thishappens.

4. Why is this relevant to meas an Artist?

5. How long does Copyrightlast?

The Copyright in musicalworks and sound recordingsthat are published, lasts forup to 70 years after theauthor’s death (or the lastauthor to die, if there aremultiple authors).

8

MAKING MUSIC6. What are the rights that exist

within a song?

Within a song you have:

The musical work - whichare the lyrics and themusical composition.

The sound recording -which is also known as the

Master (e.g. audio file,mp3, WAV etc.)

7. Who owns the rights within a song?

The composer of the music andthe writer of the lyrics are the firstowners of copyright (these can bethe same person).However, theCopyright in a sound recording isslightly different, as the owner ofthe recording is the person thatarranges for the recording to bemade, for example a recordcompany or producer.

8. Music and the Music Industry

In the music industry, the copyrightof a musical work (the lyrics andthe musical composition) andsound recording (Master) areusually assigned or licensed to arecord label and music publisherso that they can “exploit” theserights.When the copyright of a songis exploited (e.g. commerciallyreleased to the public), itgenerates income for the recordlabel and music publisher, whopass a share of this income to themusic creators involved in makingand performing the musical workand sound recording as “royalties”.

9. Is my work eligible forCopyright protection?

It is an original piece ofwork.It exists in a fixed form, forexample a recording ormusical notation.The writer is a British Citizen,domiciled or resident withinthe UK.The musical work is firstpublished in the UK oranother country that hassigned up to the BerneConvention.

In the UK, a musical work iseligible for copyright protectionunder the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988 if:

9

What is Intellectual Property?What is Copyright?Why is Copyright important?Why is this relevant to me as an Artist?How long does Copyright last?What are the rights that exist within asong?Who owns the rights within a song?Music and the Music IndustryIs my work eligible for Copyrightprotection?

In Part 1 of this “How To...Make Money fromyour Music" Series, we focussed on explainingthe basics of Intellectual Property andCopyright, covering:

Now here’s a chance to test your knowledge. Feelfree to revisit the guide above, as it can be astruggle to understand Copyright and IntellectualProperty the first time round. It took me monthsto learn, and I still double check and seek legaladvice when necessary! Try and answer thequestions below, but if in doubt, the answers areprovided. Additionally, you can also read thereferences list and recommended reading forfurther study. Part 2 of this guide will talk abouthow the money flows.

SUMMARY

10

What is Intellectual Property?Name an idea that may beprotected under IntellectualProperty?How many forms of IntellectualProperty exist?Who does Copyright protect?What does Copyright prevent?What are economic rights?Can moral rights be assigned?What is the Copyright of a songmade up of?When does the Copyright ofyour song make money?What makes your work eligiblefor Copyright protection?

1.2.

3.

4.5.6.7.8.

9.

10.

QUESTIONS

11

TEST YOURKNOWLEDGE

Intellectual property is the legally recognised property thatexists in the expression of ideas and innovation.Literary works, books, inventions, musical works and soundrecordings, artistic works, designs and symbols andnames and images.In the UK, there are four main forms of Intellectual Property.Copyright protects the exclusive rights thatcreators/original authors have over their artistic “works”.Copyright protects and prevents other people from usinga piece of work without permission from the author. Forexample, it includes preventing acts such as: copying,distributing copies, renting, lending, performing, playing,making an adaptation of or/and publishing a work on theinternet.  Economic rights allow the owner of the copyright to makemoney from the commercial use of their works.No moral rights cannot be assigned or licensed. However,the copyright holder can decide to waive these rights.The copyright of a song is split into: 1) The musical work -which are the lyrics and the musical composition. 2) Thesound recording - which is also known as the Master (e.g.audio file, mp3, WAV etc.).The copyright of a song can make money when it iscommercially released to the public.In the UK, a musical work is eligible for copyright protectionunder the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 if: 1) Itis an original piece of work 2) It exists in a fixed form, forexample a recording or musical notation. 3) The writer is aBritish Citizen, domiciled or resident within the UK. 4) Themusical work is first published in the UK or another countrythat has signed up to the Berne Convention.

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

12

AN

SWERS

REFERENCESCopyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988Intellectual propertyLength of CopyrightThe Berne Convention

13

RECOMMENDED READINGMusic: The Business (7th edition) by Ann HarrisonAll You Need to Know about the Music Business (10th Edition) by Donald S PassmanDissecting The Digital Dollar - Third Edition by Chris CookeCMU dailyIncorporated Society of Musicians (ISM)

For further understanding on Copyright law in music please read:

Publishing - whichdeals with the

composition of amusical work (e.g.

a song), alsoknown as the lyrics,melody, harmony

and rhythm.

Recording - whichdeals with the

Master, also knownas the sound

recording

In Part 1 of this “HowTo...Make Money from yourMusic" Series, we focussedon explaining the basicsof Copyright andIntellectual Property. InPart 2, we will discuss howmoney is generated fromthe copyright that existswithin a song.

Within a song thereare rights that

involve two sides ofthe industry:

THEMONEY FLOW

1.THE RECORDINGAND PUBLISHINGINDUSTRIES

PART 2:

The owner of the rights in acomposition can use them togenerate income, by licensing orassigning their rights to a thirdparty e.g. a Record label and/orPublishing company. 14

Whilst every effort has been madeto ensure that the information inthis guide is true and correct atthe time of writing, it should not berelied upon as legal advice. Youshould always seek professionallegal advice if you are in anydoubt as to your rights.Copyright © Esther Bokuma 2020The right of Esther "Estée Blu"Bokuma to be identified as theauthor of this work has beenasserted by her in accordancewith the Copyright, Designs andPatents Act 1988. First published inGreat Britain in 2020

Composed by Lady Leshurr and Ellis “Show NProve” TaylorPublished by Kobalt Music Publishing and BMGRights Management (UK)The Master (sound recording) is licensed to SonyMusic Entertainment (on behalf of RCA Records).

In 2016 the Birmingham rapper Lady Leshurr releaseda song called Queen's Speech 6. This song was:

When an Artist assigns or licenses their music to aRecord label or Publishing company, this is usuallydone in return for a payment known as a royalty. Aroyalty is a percentage of the total income generatedby the work, paid to the original copyright owner,depending on the actual use of the work. Forexample, in Lady Leshurr's case with the Queen’sSpeech 6, she and Ellis Taylor should receive royaltiesevery time the song is played.

2. RECORDING ANDPUBLISHING IN ACTION:'QUEEN’S SPEECH 6' BY LADYLESHURR (CASE STUDY)

You can find out the Publishing information of a song through the PRS for music’s website as a member. You can alsofind out who owns the Master sound recording rights by searching through discogs, the information in the Youtubedescription bar of a music video and also on Spotify, in the song credits section.

TOP TIP!

3. ROYALTIESA song (as opposed to a Master) can generate royalties.Thereare two main types:

A Mechanical royalty: which is generated whenmusic is copied as a physical product (i.e. CD,Vinyl and DVD), or downloaded/streamed. Inthe UK, mechanical royalties are collected by

MCPS and PPL.

A Public Performance royalty: which isgenerated from a public performance (live orrecorded), broadcast of a song in TV, Film or

Radio, or a download/stream. And in the UK, thisis collected by PRS.

A Mechanical royalty is usually paid to publishers by recordcompanies. A Public Performance royalty is normally paid byradio stations, companies, and anyone who publiclybroadcasts music.

15

3. ROYALTIES...continued

Who wrote the musical works andcomposition (also known as thelyrics, melody, harmony and rhythm)The splits (royalty percentage) ofeach composer and the publishersinformationMetadata also includes informationabout the Master/sound recordingfile, e.g. the song title, Artist name,Producer, release date and songduration.

To receive this money as an Artist, youneed to make sure that you haveregistered your musical work(s) withroyalty collection societies e.g. PRS,MCPS and PPL. And in order to do this, allof your paperwork and metadata mustbe in good order.

Metadata: is the collection ofinformation about a song. This involvesdetails about the Publishing e.g.:

16

4. COLLECTION SOCIETIES IN THEUK:

PRS for Music (Performing Right Society) representsSongwriters and Publishers. It collects and distributeslicence fees and royalties when a member’s music hasbeen performed or broadcast. MCPS (Mechanical Copyright Protection Society), which isnow part of PRS for Music, collects and distributes licencefees and royalties to writers and publishers, when theirmusic is copied on CD or as a download.PPL (Phonographic Performance Limited) collects anddistributes royalties from recorded music to Masterrecording rights owners and performers, when a song isbroadcast or played in public.

Please take the time to explore the websites of the royaltycollection societies above, to find out more about them.These companies also have informative videos and ahelp/FAQ section that you can read through, to betterimprove your understanding. Some royalty collectionsocieties also run events, so I would suggest followingthem on social media, and subscribe to any newsletters tokeep up with what they are doing.

TOP TIP!

17

5. THE MONEY FLOW INACTION: THE JOURNEY OF'HIDE AND SEEK' BY IMOGENHEAP (CASE STUDY)

Imogen Heap is a London born Singer-songwriter,producer and audio engineer. Most well-known forher song Hide and Seek, Heap has had acommercially successful over 20 year-long career inmusic.

'Hide and Seek' single is written and produced byImogen Heap and registered with PRS in 2004.She owns a percentage of the Publishing as thecomposer and author of the song.Concord Songs Limited is responsible for thePublishing rights of Hide and Seek. So they ownthe remaining percentage of the Publishing forthe song.Before releasing this song, Imogen Heap assignsthe copyright of the Master/sound recording toMegaphonic Records under license to the RCAVictor Group.2005: Hide and Seek single is released on CD.2007: Hide and Seek is synchronised (when asong is used in a TV/Film) in the season 2 finaleepisode of The O.C.

2007: This scene from the O.C is later parodied in SaturdayNight Live, commonly known as “The Shooting,” or “DearSister” skit. And it becomes an internet meme and aphenomenon.2009: Hide and Seek is sampled in Jason Derulo's singleWhatcha Say2016: Imogen Heap rearranges Hide and Seek as SuiteTwo: Edge of the forest for the Harry Potter and The CursedChild musical.2018: Imogen Heap releases an album version of themusical’s soundtrack called The Music of Harry Potter andthe Cursed Child in Four Contemporary Suites. Thecopyright in this version is assigned to West EndLimited/Metrophonic Limited under exclusive licence toSony Music Entertainment.2020: Hide and Seek appears in the second episode ofNormal People.

Listed above are just a few of the peak moments whenImogen Heap’s Hide and Seek has been popularised in TV,Music, Entertainment and Internet culture. Over 15 years afterthe song’s initial release, royalties are still being generated forthis song. Congratulations to Imogen Heap! Each one of thesemoments involves the exploitation of the intellectual propertyin Hide and Seek. So this is all the more reason to make surethat you understand how to protect your intellectual property,and the copyright in your music.

18

SUMMARY

The Recording and Publishing industriesCase Study: 'Queen’s Speech 6' by Lady LeshurrRoyaltiesCollection societies in the UKCase Study: the journey of 'Hide and Seek' byImogen Heap The questions below presentanother chance to test your knowledge! In Part 3,we will discuss the paperwork and some of thekey things you need to know as an Artist whenmaking music.

In Part 2 of this “How To...Make Money from yourMusic" Series, it focussed on explaining the basics ofhow the Money Flows covering:

19

TEST YOURKNOWLEDGE What does the recording industry deal with? - The

recording industry deals with the Master, also known as the

sound recording

What does the publishing industry deal with? - The

publishing industry deals with the composition of a

musical work (e.g. a song), also known as the lyrics,

melody, harmony and rhythm.

What is a royalty? - A royalty is a percentage of the total

income generated by the work, paid to the original

copyright owner, depending on the actual use of the work.

How many kinds of royalties are there? - There are two

mains kinds of royalties: Mechanical and a Public

Performance royalty

What does a collection society do? - A collection society,

collects and distributes licence fees and royalties to rights

holders

Who does PPL represent? - PPL represents Master

recording rights owners and performers, when a song is

broadcast or played in public.

What royalty collection society deals with music when it is

copied as a CD or as a download? - MCPS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

What does the recording industry deal with?

What does the publishing industry deal with?

What is a royalty?

How many types of royalties are there?

What does a collection society do?

Who does PPL represent?

What royalty collection society deals with music

when it is copied as a CD or as a download?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

ANSWERS

20

QUESTIONS

REFERENCESBMG Rights Management (UK)

Discogs website

Ellis “Show N Prove” Taylor

Harry Potter and The Cursed Child musical Suite

Two: Edge of the forest by Imogen Heap.

Hide and Seek

Imogen Heap website

Jason Derulo Whatcha Say

Kobalt Music Publishing

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

RECOMMENDED READING

Music: The Business (7th edition) by Ann HarrisonDissecting The Digital Dollar - Third Edition byChris CookePRS and MCPSPPLSongtrustThe Music Publishers Association (MPA)The Ivors Academy

For further understanding on generating income inthe Recording and Publishing industries music pleaseread:

9. Lady Leshurr

10. MCPS

11. PPL

12. PRS

13. Saturday Night Live Dear Sister Parody

14. Sony Music Entertainment

15. Season 2 finale episode of The O.C

16. The Music of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child in

Four Contemporary Suites by Imogen Heap.

17. The Queen’s Speech 6 Official YouTube video

21

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this guide is true and correct at the timeof writing, it should not be relied upon as legal advice. You should always seek professional legal advice ifyou are in any doubt as to your rights. Copyright © Esther Bokuma 2020The right of Esther "Estée Blu" Bokuma to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her inaccordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in Great Britain in 2020

PART 3:COPYRIGHT

AND YOUIn Part 2 of this “How To...MakeMoney from your Music" Series,we focussed on explaining thebasics of how money isgenerated from the copyrightthat exists within a song, lookingat the Recording and Publishingindustries, as well as royaltycollection societies. In this finalPart 3, we will discuss thepaperwork and some of the keythings you need to know as anArtist when making music.

22

In the UK, because Copyright is anautomatic right, there is not anofficial method to register work.However, you can evidence thecreation and ownership of your workthrough things like emails, or theelectronic saving of the work on adevice that can provide you with atime-stamped copy.

After you have just created anoriginal song that you would like tocommercially release (e.g. writtenthe lyrics, melody, harmony, rhythmand recorded it), to protect yourIntellectual Property you should:

1. THE PAPERWORK

Cover your Publishing rights by forming a writtenagreement (usually referred to as “the split sheet”)signed and dated by everyone involved in the creationof the song to make sure the splits (royaltypercentage) on the song are in place. This is bestdone at the end of a studio session, when a song hasjust been completed.

As for your Recording rights, if the song is to becommercially released, there also needs to be aseparate written agreement that states who owns thecopyright of the Master/sound recording.

Next make sure to register the musical work with therelevant collection societies.

If you decide to commercially release your work e.g.through a digital distribution company like CD Baby,please make sure to keep track of all the metadata ona document. As mentioned in Part 2 of the “Howto...Make Money from your Music Series”, this caninclude things such as title of the song, length, writerand producers names, date recorded, ISRC code,ISWC, UPC and Catalogue Number. It is important toupload these details correctly and these should bestored securely along with the artwork and otherimportant assets.

23

The Musicians’ Union websiteThe CD Baby websiteThe Songtrust website

If you are an Independent self-releasing artist, you canfind templates of things like splits sheets and recordingagreements on

Have a look on the websites listed above and start tofamiliarise yourself with the layout and terminology ofstandard Music Industry agreements. It can take a whileto get your head around this, but when you do, you’ll feela lot more confident about how to protect yourIntellectual property and Copyright when making music!However, it is very important to seek legal advice beforeissuing and signing agreements, as these are legallybinding contracts.

2. OTHER THINGS TOCONSIDER AS AN ARTIST

Revisit this guide as many times as you need to in order to refresh your knowledge and look at therecommended reading section of this guide to continue your learning about the Music IndustryCreate a checklist for yourself when making, registering, and releasing music. And create secure folders on yourcomputer to store this information as well as templates of relevant agreements.Join the Wired4Music network and subscribe to our email list and YouTube channel for more resources, eventsand opportunities in Music.Join a union for things like workers rights, advice and insurance. They normally have discounted rates forstudents, or those under the age of 25, e.g. the Musicians’ Union, which is £20 per year for students.Find a music lawyer for further legal advice, sometimes they can be accessed through joining a union.Attend events run by collection societies to find out more about their services.Undertake an accredited course, read books and articles about the music businessFind an experienced music industry mentor that can help to give you more guidance on building yourprofessional career.Follow and find out more about UK Trade bodies such as:-AIM, BPI, FAC, ISM, Ivors, MMF, MPA, MPG, MVT, PPL, PRSand UK Music.

24

SUMMARY

Intellectual Property and Copyright, and why it is important for ArtistsHow money is generated from the copyright that exists within a song, lookingat the Recording and Publishing industries, as well as royalty collectionsocieties.The paperwork and some of the key things you need to know as an Artistwhen making music.

So we’ve come to the end of our 3-part series on “How To...Make Money fromyour Music", it focussed on explaining the basics of:

1.2.

3.

Please revisit this guide as many times as you need to, to understand howIntellectual Property and Copyright works in the music. Also do some furtherreading by clicking on the references hyperlinked and recommended readinglist. I hope that this has been helpful, and wishing you the best of luck on yourmusical journey!

25

REFERENCESANDRECOMMENDEDREADING

Association of IndependentMusic (AIM)British PhonographicIndustryCD BabyFeatured Artists CoalitionIncorporated Society ofMusiciansMusic Managers ForumMusic PublishersAssociationMusic Venue TrustPPLPRSSongtrustThe Ivors AcademyThe Music Producers GuildThe Musicians’ UnionUK Music

1.

2.

3.4.5.

6.7.

8.9.

10.11.12.13.14.15.

BIBLIOGRAPHYAssociation of Independent Music [no date]. Available fromhttps://www.aim.org.uk/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

BMG Rights Management (UK) [no date]. Available from Officialhttps://www.bmg.com/uk/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

British Phonographic Industry [no date]. Available fromhttps://www.bpi.co.uk/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

CD Baby [no date]. A publishing split for songwriters guide.Available from https://cdbaby.com/campaigns/request-publishing-split-for-songwriters-guide.aspx [Accessed 14 July2020].

Chinnici, C. (2020). Wired4Music Presents 2020: How to makemoney from Music [lecture presentation]. Featured ArtistsCoalition [no date]. Available from https://thefac.org/[Accessed 14 July 2020].

Derulo, J.(2009). Whatcha Say. YouTube. Available fromhttps://youtu.be/pBI3lc18k8Q [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Discogs [no date]. Available from https://www.discogs.com/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Gov UK [no date]. Intellectual property and your work. Availablefrom https://www.gov.uk/intellectual-property-an-overview[Accessed 18 June 2020].

26

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gov UK [no date]. Performers Rights. Available fromhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/performers-rights/performers-rights [Accessed 18 June2020].

Harry Potter the play [no date]. Available fromhttps://www.harrypottertheplay.com/uk/music/[Accessed 14 July 2020].

Heap, I. (2009). Hide and Seek. YouTube. Availablefrom https://youtu.be/UYIAfiVGluk [Accessed 18June 2020].

Heap, I. (2018) Life of a song project. Mycelia formusic. Available fromhttp://myceliaformusic.org/life-song/ [Accessed 18June 2020].

Heap, I. (2018). Suite Two: Edge of the Forest.YouTube. Available from https://youtu.be/q-ePJg4DUNM [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Incorporated Society of Musicians [no date].Available from https://www.ism.org/ [Accessed 14July 2020].

Imogen Heap [no date]. Available fromhttp://imogenheap.com/livestreams/ [Accessed 18June 2020].

The Ivors Academy [no date]. Available fromhttps://ivorsacademy.com/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Kobalt Music Publishing [no date]. Music Publishing.Available from Officialhttps://www.kobaltmusic.com/services/music-publishing [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Legislation Gov UK [no date]. Copyright, Designs andPatent Act 1988. Available fromhttps://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents [Accessed 18 June 2020].

Leshurr, L. (2016). Queen’s Speech 6. YouTube.Available from https://youtu.be/Twetae-HwCE[Accessed 14 July 2020].

Music Managers Forum [no date]. Available fromhttps://themmf.net/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

The Music Producers Guild [no date]. Available fromhttps://mpg.org.uk/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Music Publishers Association [no date]. Available fromhttps://mpaonline.org.uk/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

The Musicians’ Union [no date]. Available fromhttps://www.musiciansunion.org.uk/[Accessed 14 July2020].

27

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Music Venue Trust [no date]. Available fromhttp://musicvenuetrust.com/ [Accessed 14 July2020].

Nichols, P. (2016). Queen's Speech, Lady Leshurr. PRSfor music. Available fromhttps://www.prsformusic.com/m-magazine/features/wrote-queens-speech-lady-leshurr/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Performing Right Society [no date]. Available fromhttps://www.prsformusic.com/ [Accessed 14 July2020].

Phonographic Performance Limited [no date].Available from https://www.ppluk.com/ [Accessed14 July 2020].

Songtrust [no date]. Split sheet download. Availablefrom https://www.songtrust.com/split-sheet-download [Accessed 14 July 2020].

Sony Music Entertainment [no date]. The RCA LabelGroup UK. Available fromhttps://www.sonymusic.co.uk/label/rca/ [Accessed14 July 2020].

Spirit Music Group [no date]. Ellis “Show N Prove”Taylor. Available fromhttp://www.spiritmusicgroup.com/Clients/Library/Ellis-Taylor-Show-N-Prove [Accessed 14 July 2020].

UK Music [no date]. Available fromhttps://www.ukmusic.org/ [Accessed 14 July 2020].

World Intellectual Property Organization [no date].Available from https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/[Accessed 18 June 2020].

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