Hinuq-Russian language contact

S. 1

Hinuq-Russian language contact

Diana Forker

S. 2

The road to Hinuq


S. 3

Hinuq


S. 4

Hinuq

• Russia, Daghestan, Cuntinskij Rajon

• mainly in two villages: Hinuq, Monastirski

• ca. 600 speaker

• used on a daily basis for oral communication

• Nakh-Daghestanian language family,

Tsezic branch

• ergative case, five genders

• contact languages: Avar, Georgian, Tsez,

Russian


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Russian influence on Hinuq

• phonology: lost of front rounded vowel, labialization

• syntax: noun phrases containing numerals, clause conjunction, constituent order

• lexicon: nouns, particles, light verb constructions


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• ongoing loss of labialization

rekʼʷe rekʼu ‘man’

qʼʷiya (ked) qʼuya (ked) ‘another (girl)’

rokʼʷe rokʼe ‘heart’

qʼʷidi qʼudi ‘grapes’


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• clause conjunction by means of Russian i, a ‘and’

a uži-y b-ux-no kʷar ƛoči

and boy-erg iii-take-cvb into.hands frog(iii)

i poka b-iker-ho haze-qo-r

and bye.bye iii-show-prs they.obl-at-lat

‘And the boy takes the frog and waves goodbye.’


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• use of postposition as preposition

uži=gon Ø-ix-no ƛʼere ažey-ƛʼo-r

boy(i)=prt i-get.up-uwpst up tree-spr-lat

‘The boy climbed up the tree.’


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• Russian light verb constructions often have Avar equivalents

• loan + Hinuq -iq- ‘be, become, happen’: intransitive verbs

Russian loan Translation Avar / Hinuq

padružitsa -iq- ‘become friends’ hudulɬi r-uː-

paprašatsa -iq- ‘say goodbye’ ?

razazlitsa -iq- ‘become angry’ bixzi -iq-

pastupat -iq- ‘join’ ?

igratsa -iq- ‘play’ kʼošiliː-


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Constituent order

• preferred constituent order at clause level: SOV

• typical for Nakh-Daghestanian languages (Testelec 1998a, b)

• Russian is usually assumed to have free constituent order with underlying SVO (Tomlin 1986)


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Constituent order

• Skopeteas (2012) reports for Caucasian Urum a change from OV to VO constituent order under the influence of Russian

• Hinuq: compare published texts from old grammars (Imnajšvili 1963, Lomtadze 1963, Bokarev 1967) to new texts


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Constituent order

• frog story corpus (1359 words)

6 stories, recorded in Monastirski (lowlands)

speakers’ age: 19-29, never lived in Hinuq

• pear story corpus (1724 words)

10 stories, all speakers live in Hinuq, age 13-57

• published old texts (1507 words)

collected in 1950, 1952 in Chechnya

• new texts (2503 words)

recorded in Hinuq, speakers’ age: 12-62


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Constituent order


VO

OV

old texts new texts pear stories frog stories

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Constituent order

• age?

‘new texts’ also contains a text from a young speaker

‘pear stories’ contains 6 texts from young speakers (under 30 years)


VO

OV

speakers’ age ‘frog stories’

19 23 23 25 26 29

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Constituent order

• gender?

all speakers of the old published texts are male

‘pear story’ corpus: 3 male vs. 7 female speakers


f f f f m m

speakers’ sex ‘frog stories’

VO

OV

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Constituent order

• place of living?

(higher) preference for VO among speakers living in Monastirski

other ethnic groups in Monastirski: Tsez, Dargi, Russian, …

the language of interethnic communication is Russian

but not all young speakers from Monastirksi show the VO preference


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Constituent order

• parents from different ethnic groups?

‘frog stories’: 3 speakers have one Tsez parent


T-H T-H H-T H H-H H-H

T-H: Tsez father, Hinuq mother H-T: Hinuq father, Tsez mother H-H: Hinuq father & mother

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Bʡeži barkala!

(Thanks a lot!)


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References Bokarev, Evgenij A. 1967. Ginuxskij jazyk. In Evgenij A. Bokarev & K. V. Lomtatidze (eds.), Jazyki narodov SSSR, Vol. IV, 436–454. Moscow: Nauka.

Forker, Diana. 2013. A grammar of Hinuq. Berlin: De Gruyter.

Imnajšvili, David S. 1963. Didojskij jazyk v sravnenii s ginuxskim i xwaršijskim jazykami. Tbilisi: Izd. AN Gruzinskoj SSR.

Lomtadze, Èlizbar A. 1963. Ginuxskij dialekt didojskogo jazyka. Tbilisi: Izd. AN Gruzinskoj SSR.

Skopeteas, Stavros. 2012. Syntactic change and language contact in Caucasian Urum. Talk at the conference “Typology, Theory: Caucasus”, Boğaziçi University Istanbul.


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References Testelec, Jakov G. 1998a. Word order in Daghestanian languages. In Anna Siewierska (ed.), Constituent order in the languages of Europe, 257–280. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Testelec, Jakov G. 1998b. Word order variation in some SOV languages of Europe. In Anna Siewierska (ed.), Constituent order in the languages of Europe, 649–679. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Tomlin, Russell. 1986. Basic word order: Functional principles. London: Croom Helm.


Hinuq-Russian language contact

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