HIMACHAL PRADESH - Forest Survey of India

GmiERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ,AND FOREST , - .

(DEPARTMENT Of FOJlfSTS AND W'L.DLlFE)

for Offi£l.1 0 •• Onty

REPORT ON FOREST RESOURCES,

OF

.SIMLA, ROHRU AND CHOPAl·DIVISIONSJ

HIMACHAL PRADESH

fOREST SUIWEY OF INOI"

NORTHERN ZONE

19,5,

(JOVERNNFtJT 010" INDIA ,

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FOREST

(DEPARTt-JENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE)

RE?ORT ON FOREST RESOURCES

OF

SIMLA, ROHRU AND CHOPAL DIVISIONS

HIMACHAL PRADESH

FOREST ~URVEY OF INDIA NORTHERN ZONE

1985

PREFACE

Preinvestment Survey of forest resources in Rohru I Simla and Chopal :forest divisions nf Himachal Pr:adesh wos undert~'en by this organisation at the request of Department of Forest E'arming and EnvironmentalConservation, Himachal Prudesh. The main objectives as nrutu~lly decided were to prepare thematic maps by interpretation bf aerial-photograpM to estimate total £orest gr~ling-stock in survey areal to estimate present/futur~ local requirement Of wood and to indicate possibilities of establishing new or expanding existing \\loOd-based industries in the area. Fiel.d inventory work was completed during the year 1980. However, part of the data was destroyed in fire accident in office during l1arch 1982 and had .to be reconstructed denovo which resulted in delay in finalising this report.

This report presents results on the abQve objective:. The total qcogr~phical area covered by this survey is 3984.08 km? J:::)f which forest area is 1725.53 km2 (43:3'2%). The -report gives area under different fOrest types and position of growing-stock in them, i.e~ stems' and volume per hectare. The local demand of wood in survey area estimated for the y~ar 1981, 1991_and 2001 is 2~E6;275 m3 , J,Jl~B37 m~ ~n~·~;lS,271 m3 r~3p~ctively. Again~t thi~ demand, the safe annual yield, which the I

forest resources of the survey area can give is only 2,57,498 m3 , indicating therebYi that forests are, overbu:r_'dened with demands. The gap between supply and demand which has been estimated to be 8778 m3 in 1981 will further widen to 74,.339 m'3 by 1991 and 1 / 55,773 m3 by 2001/ depleting the resources further, unless immediate rc-medial measures to lessen the burden on them arc initiated. There is no ,possibility of Gstabiliishing or expanding new WOOd-based industries in the area. The main reco~nendations mude to overCOme shortage of WOod in the survey area are augmenting the growing-stock in existing denud0d forests l undertaking large scale af:t:orcstation on vTaste lands with fast growi_ng multiIlurpose speci~s and finding some cheaper SUbstitute for tin~~r pncking cases for fruits to reduce pressure on existing forests.

The_ forest type (naps on 1 :50 J 000 scale using aerial photo-interpretation techniques have also been prepared for th~ survey area and suppli8d to the Oepartmcnt of Forest Farming and Environmental Conservation, Himachal Pradesh.

The report has heen .... rrittcn by. Shri S .R. Hehta, Deputy Director under the guidance of Shri S.C. Joshi/ Joint Director. S/Shri 1"1. S. Mehta l Sr. Technical Assistant and J"ui Gopal Sharma, Jr. TE;chnical Assistant hclp~d in c ompilat ion/computation of' "'::r_ricus tcilil cs incorporated in the report~ This organisation acknowledges the

hard wo~k put in by the above officers and other staff who did field work in difficult turrain. The help and cooperation extended by the Dp:_:l3rt:-:!8i-,t -:'c Forest l"a~ming and Environmental Can serva,tion, I:imacha 1 Pr'.::ldesh in completing this survey is gr.::ltefully acknQl..vledged. It i5 hoped that this report wil.l prove useful to all. those concerned with better planning 2nd management of the forest resources of the area.

D.S.MISRA Director, Forest Survey of India, Debradun

PARI' - I

RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Tf:>!3J·A_.O? ~.OtJ.TpN.TS

( Part -I )

Botanical & Local Names of Important Sp~c~es.

Abbreviations used

(i)

(i i)

(i ii) Location Map of Survey Area

Summary 1 - 4

Survey ArEla 5 Location 5

1 .1 1 .2 1 .3 1 .4 1 .5 1 .6 1 .. 7

Climate 7 - 9 Physical Feature & Draino.<~e 9 1 Cl Geology Rock & Soi~ 1~ Natural Resources 10 The People & their Socio- 11 12 economic Condition

:.8 1 .9 1.10 1 .11 1 .12

Ri~hts & Concessions 12 13 Infrastructure 13 Existing Industries 13 14 Objectives of Survey 14 Definltions & Quantilieations14

2.1 Forest Types 2.2 Area 2.3 Number of Stems 2 .. 4 Volume Tables 2.5 Volume of Growing Stock 2.6 Standard Er:;,or

( Tables of' Chapter-II) 11.9 to I1.23

CHAPTER-III COST & ACC2SSIBILITY STUDIES .~------- -~ - -.-~-_...--- .. '-"""'''' ..... ..--. __ .... ----_ .... ------

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3.

Objectives Logging & Transport Costs Mechanisation of Operations Existing Road net work & Accessibility of the Area.

DEl\1A~lD & C 01"(3 UMPT I ON PA TTERN ________ ~_· .... r _ ........ _ •• ~ _-___ ...... _"" ~ _ ......... _._

16 17 24 25 26 27 27

4.1 Demand zone 48 '-1.2 Recorded F'roduction of wood 48 4.3 Consumption 49 4.L~ \ Export & Import of Wood 50 4T5- Apparent Consumption of I'lood 51 4.6 Consumption Pattern 52 4.7 Wood consumpticn by local 52

peo~le for domestic purposes 4.R. Consumpti0D by Industries 53 4.9 Supplies to different local

Departments/Organisations. 54 4.1l Present & Puture pupulation , & number of housel101ds 54 4.11 Present Consumption of Wood 55 4.12 Future Demand Trends 56

- 17 24

- 25 26 27

41

49 5C 51 52

53

54

55 56 57

CHAPT~-V TERRAIN CU~SSIfI'TCATION .... - ...... ___ ..... ~ ... ""-....... ',_ ... ~._-_ ......... """ ... _-" ..... =-w: •• "_ --. ... ..,.-:-.. ...

5.1 5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5 .. 11 5" 12

5.13 5 .. 14

5.15

5.16

5.17

5.18

5.19

5.20 5 ~ 21 5.22 5,,23 5.24 5.25

Introduction Descript:i"v2 Terrain ClassificatHm Division Catchme.nt Slope Stoniness Raw Humus HUJnus Soil Type Soil Erosion Altitude Distance from nearest floating n8,11a Distance frotn nearest Road Inter-relationship of altitude with slope Inter-relationship of slope-soil type Inter-rE.la tionshLp ,of s 101)eetoniness Inter-rela tionsh ip o:f slopE:soil-erosion Inter-relationship o£ slopG

stoniness soil type. Operational Terrain Classification. Slope class of .less than 36.,1-l-% Slope Class 36% to 58% Slope c las s 58% ·to 10CP); Slope class 100% to 173~ SJ.ope C lass mor~ th2.n '173% Conclusions

CHAPTER-VI AE.!qJ;/~_~_EHQrr..Q.-;:n.:£_~ER~~~Z~.TJON . .§s.~fR:Y'~

6.1 Ob<iectives 6.2 Land use Classes delineated 6.3 Forest Type Haps Prepared

CHAPT·ER-VII g_R_Q1L1'H .BATE. §<_)?O':r2~tlJ_I~~ ABFY}.t.k.Y_~~

58 58

58 58 58 - 60 61 61 61 6'1 69 70 70 70 76

77

77

77

77

77

77

77 - 84 E;I+ F34 '34-sJ 98 90 90

91 91 -- 92 92 S3

7.,'1 7~2 7 .. 3

Growth Rate 94

7.4

Present & I·'ut:ure Forest Nanager.:\(mt 94- 95 Valuation of' tbe Growing Stock in various 20rest ~JPes . Po~ential Annual Cut(Yield)

(Tables OI Chap·ter VII -VII,1 _r

to VII.12)

~lood Balances Conclusions & R~comm0ndation~ Bibliography

)- ,0

95 - 10! 10'1 - ;03

'118 119

120

I.1

I.2

11.1

I1.2

11.3

11.4

11.5

I1.6

11.7

11.8

1I.9

1101 ;...

II.11

11.12

11.13

11.14

11.15

II ~ 16

11.17

I 1.18

11.19

11.20

APPENDICES --, ... _.- .. --...... _ ... -(Part I of report on Forest Resource$ of Shimla,Rohru, Chopal forest divisions H.P.)

List 0:[ important roads "in S~T'" la Distt. -; 21 - 124

Copy of noti~ication No.Ft.43-24 I~A/49-3 specifying nature o£ various rights/conce ssions in the forosts 125 - 129

Distribution of forest a rea by' division and soil erosion iricidence 130

Distribution of forest fire incidence

Distribution of' forest lopping incid~nce

Distribution of £orest and vegetation type

area by division

area by division

area by catcl:lmcnt

Distribution of forest area by catchment and canopy density.

Distrib1...ltion of forest araB. by catchment and p.lan tat ion potential Distr ibut ion o£ forest area by- ca tcrment and soil erosion Distribution of' forest area' by catchment [1nd grazing incidence Distribution of for(~st area by catchment and fire incidence

Distribution 0:[ forest area by catchmE'nt and lopping incidence

Distribution of forest an~a by catchment and ,:forest type

Distribution of exploitable forest area by catchment and forest type

Distribution of exploitable forest area by forest type and c~op condition

Dist~ibution 0:[ forest·area by division and ringal occurrence

Distribution of £orest area by division and forest types

and 131

Gl.nd 132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

148

141

142

'143

144

Distr ibut ion of exploitable (b eJ.ow 600 slopc') .forest area by divisions and forest types 145

Height-diame~ter table for somo important species.

Local Volume table

stems per hectare by species & diameter classes i~SiQla division

Stems per hoc tare by species & diameter classes in Rohru division.

146

149

11.21

II.22

II.23

11.24

I1.25

I1.26

11.27·

11.28

1I.29

11.30

1I.31

I1.32

I1.33

S~0ms ppr hectare by species & diam6ter classes in Chopal division.

stGInS per hecta.re by species & diam2tcr classes in fore.st typo- Chi'r

stems per hccta~e·by species & diameter c~ass2s in forest i/pe - Deodar

stems nor hectare by sp~cics i diameter classes in fores·t type -Fir/Spruce SternB per hectare by species & diameter classes ir. forc;st type -Mixed conifers

stems per hGctare oy species & diameter clas3cs in i'orost type -Upland hardwoods.

s'tems per hectare by spe,c ies & diameter classes 'in forest ty:pe:- Conifers mixed with broad l~aves.

Stems per hectaro by species & diametGr classe s in fores-t, type -Oaks

Stems per hectare by species & diamnter classes in .forest type -Lowland hardwoods

Distributio~ of total stems by species & diameter classo:;> in Simla division.

DiGtribution of total stems by SP~Ci0S & diametGr classes in H.ohru division

Distribution of total stems by spc=cios & dlnmeter -c].assr~s in Chopal division

Distribution of total S.t<?ffiS b}r species c,& diam8ter classes in forost type -Chir

150

151

152

153

155

157

159 16r

161 162

164

165 166 11.34 Distribution of total stems by species &

diameter classes in fon~st typc- Deodar 167 ·168

r1".35 Distribution of total stems by species & diameter classes in forest type -Fir/Spruce 169 170

II.36 Distr i"but ion ,of total stE'ms by spc=c h: s & 171 172 diam~ter 6lasses irt forest type-Mixed conifers

11.37 Distribution of tota.l stwms by species & dlamct0r classes in forest type -Up121nd 173 - 174 hard,vood

.I1.38 Distribution of total s-c8ms by speoies & diameter classes in for(~st type- Conifers mixed with Broad-leaves.

II.39 Distribution of total stems by species & diamGntcr classes in £orest. type- Oaks

II.LtO. Distribution bf total stems by species & diamcritcr C13sses in :forest type - LO\'lland hardwoods.

II.41 Volume per hectare by species &: diamct·cr class\:' s in Sin-,lo. div"i 5ion.

II~42 Volume per hectare by species & dia:neter clas~es in Rohru division.

., 75 ..... '176

177 17e

179

180 18-1

182 183

11.43 Volume per hectare by species & diameter classts in Chapal division 184-185

11.44

I1.45

I1.46

Vo lwne per hect;:u"'e by spec {es &. di8mE':roer classe~ in Iorcst type - Chir

Volume per hectare by speci~[ & diameter cIns~:; e:s in :fares t type- DeodElr

186 187

188 189

Volume pGr hectare by species & diameter classes in forost type -1ir/Spruce 190- 1.9'1

11.47

11.48

II .. 49

II .. 50

11.51

11.52

11 .. 53

11 .. 55

11.56

Voltume per hectare by sp(;cie.s & di2m~~tcr class8s in .:forest type'-11ixed conifers.

Volume pe~ heetar~ by species & diameter classes in lorest type-Upl8.nd hordwoodA

Voldme per 'hcc-tfl.re by spGcies & diameter classes in forest type - Conifers mix8d with broad leaves

Volume pcr h8ctare by species & diameter classes 'in lorest type- Oaks

Volume per hoc tare by species & diamet2r clasSGs in :forC?st type- Lowland hDrdwood~ .. Dlstribution of total vol~~c by speci~s & diameter classes in Si~la Division.

Distirbution o:f total volume by species & diameter classes in, Rohru Division.

Distribution of tot2l volume by species & diameter claSS8S in Cnopal, division.

Distribution of totnl volume by species & diameter classes in forest type-Chir

Distribution of -tot'll volwne by sp2cies & diameter classes in :forest tYVe- 'Deodar

194

196

198

200

201

203

205

20rj

209 11.57 Distibution -of tot:::t'l volume by sp.:?cies &

diameter classes in :forest type-Fir/Spruce 211

11 .. 58 Distr ibut:Lon of totol volume by species & ;;:13 diarneter classes in forest type-Nixed conifers

11.59 Distribution of' totQl volume by species &

I1.60

11.61

II.62

diameter cl~sses in forest type- Upland 215 bardwood.

Distll"ibvtion of toial volume by species (>( diameter clAsses in .:forest type -Conifers mixed with broad loaves.

Distrj_bution ai' total volume? by sp(:;cies & diameter classes in: fOI'Gst type- Oaks

Di~tributi6n of' t6tnl volume by spocies & tii2m8ter clClsses in Ior,cst type -Lovdand hQrdwood;,; •

219

221

195

199

202

204

206

208

2-10

212 ,_ 214

- 216

218

220

IX.1

IX .. 2

IX.3

IX.4

IX.5

IX .. 6

L~st ten y('ars annual incr'€mcmt-percent;).ge of EasDl area of conifer s~8cies.

Heieht dic9.1ncter curve of pinus roxburghii

Heigbt-diamet&r curve of Cedrus deodara & Pinus wallichian2_

Heigh't diamoter curve of p,icea smi thiana &, 'I3Xl?-s b~ccnta

H<2ight-dinmcter curve of Abies pindrwo &' Quercus incana

Hr:: ight-diDJneter curv(? of QU<J!'cus se:mGcarpifolia & Acer spp.

Hbight-dioM2ier curve of Quercus dilatato & rest of sp2cies.

- 0 -

222

223

224

225

226

227

?28

BOTANICAL AND LOCAL NAJ'ft.2S OJ:;' IMP OR TANT SPEC 1::::::S. '''~''''' .• "r:. .... "' ..... _ ..... r ... ,. ____ ••. ~ __ ..... ,".'"T _ , ........ _ ... ...... _ ............. ....... , •• "'" .~'_._'.""'_."

Botanical Name Common Naw8 ':"-'~_ .• __ .... 4 .• ·.-,__.--..· .... _~ •• _ ... _,'"'-._. • ._,."" ...... __ ........... _ ", ....... _'"'"

Abies smithiana (Ficce smithiene) Rai

A~ ies P:mndrow Tosh_

Acer Species Maples

Alnus nitida Kunish

Aesculus indica Akhnor (Horse chestnut)

Betula utilis Bhojpatra (Birch)

Cedrus deodara DevdartDiar~Kelo

Juglans regia /,khrot

Pinus roxburghii Chil,Chir

Pinus wallichiana(Pinus excelsa) Kail

Prunus padus Padam~ Birdcherry

Quercus inc ana

Quercus sernecarpifolia

Quercus dila~ata

laxus bacca ta

- 0 -

Ban Oak

ICharsu Oak

Nohru Oak

Thuna, Brahmi.

A.A.I. E.A.i·""L.

13. L.

B.H.

em

'oc

C.e.G.R. D. D.H.O.B. D.B.H.U.B .. ha./hec H.P. Km. Km2 or Sq.Km. !'vli sc •

rom m3 or eu m • j •

N.A. a.B. P.D.F.

SPP.

T.S .. F'.

% mt .I"I1If

ABB:{EVTATICNS USED ... __ ._ .... "._,. __ . '.,~ "L ""._. '",. __ .... _

Average Annual Increment

Bnsal Area Fact~r .BroEld Leaved

Breast height (1.37 metres from ground on uphill side of. sloping ground).

Centimetre

Degree centigrade Cluster Centre Grid Reference

Diamet.er at breast height over "burke

Diamete~ at breast height under bark.

Hectare.

Himachal Pradesh Kilometre

Square Kilometre. Misce1.lanGQus Hillimetre

Cubic metre

Not applicable

Over bark

Plot Description Form

Samnle ~ree Form & Regeneration Enumeration rorm. Species.

Tally Sheet Form

Percent r,letres.

-- 0 -

· FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA lNorthe1n ~)

.... 7

- 1\1-

$1 M L A LOCATION MAP OF SIMLA. ROHRU 8 CHOPAL

FOREST OrvlSIONS HI AvHAL PAADESH

SCALE: Ie.: 40 K.1i

- 1 -

SUYlMARY

1. The survey area comprises of Simla, Rohru,& Chop8.l fbrest divis~Dns in Siml~ ~istrict'of Himachal pr~desh. The total geographical area covered is 3984.08 km .

2. The terrain is mountainous with elevation varying frcm 600 metres to 5520 metres and slopes generally steep -'to P:D2"Cup.it:::ms ~ _ # Depending upon altitude, the c limato varies from sub-tropical to teJrlperF3.te .. Sno;,; fall is quite common in the area 'and 5nO'\l1 remains for considerable poriod at altitudes 2bove 2500 metres. The tract is comparatively rich in forest resources 2nd popUlation of 309583 is mainly dep2ndf-.ent on agricul tun~ inc luc.1ing horticulture I-Ihich is developing fRst. Communicatj_on is fairly devGlop:.'!d in rP.aj Or portion of the area but from industria 1 point of view the area is backvlard there being no industries worth mentioning. ,Forests and rivers are important nC'ltural reSOurces of the area ..

3. Forest inventory was carried out duriB9 1980. Da~a on lCost & AccEssibility' an':'!. 'Market & Demandstudies had to be collected afresh during 1982 due to the destruction of the origin?.l data in fire accident on 6.3.1982.

4. The main obj ectivcs of' "the surv8Y vJere - to estimate the total grOWing-stock over the entire survey arou, preparation Of forest type maps based on ae~ial photo-interpretation, to estimate the present requiroments of wood for lOcal consump,tion, to cnrry out 00st and acc8ssibility studies and to indicate the industrial possibilities depending upon wood ba._lances in the; art2:a.

5. 'Total geographical c:'.rcc. covered by 'this ,surve¥ is 3984.08 km2 out of ,""hich fore'st area is 1725.53 km • Geographical area of Simla, Kohru & ... Chop21 ~orcst divisions is 1513.79, 1631.9~ and 838.35 km r~spectiv~ly and forest area jn them is 566.41, 691.51 and. 1,67.61 km2

rc spcct ively. 'The a.rea as per' survey under forest type.:: s -Chir, Deodar, F ir/Spruc.:::.. Mixed Conifers, Uplun:.1 hc"H'dw()ods, Conifers mixed "lith Broi'ld Lcaves l Oaks "nd LO'l'llC1nd ha:&dwor:>ds is 15074, 11510, 25323, 61108, 4765, 26011, 12195,& ~3Q2 hectar,cs respectively.

~

G. Total o2'timatGd stems in the entire survey Llrea are 43.56~ mill~on. stems per hectare in Simla, R~lru and Chopnl forest ~ivisions'are 270, 290 and 229 respcc'tively. Stems per hactarc in forest types - Chir, DeOdar .. Fir/Spruce, Mixed Conifers, Uplf'.nd hard1,;oods, Conifers mixod with broed leave, Oaks~ Lowland h0rc1woods arc 1Q2, 274, 328, 219" 212, 380, Ins and 163 n~spectively.

7. Total estimate:d volume:; of growing-stock over 3 entire fcrcst "lcnd of survey arca is 34.361 million m whose species wise ,break up is 9iven below:-

- 2 -

-·-·-·-·-·---·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·~·~·-t-·---·-·-·-·-.~ Species Tota.l underbark

volume <m3 ) %agc of total volume 0 fall spG.lcies

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-

Abi€s pindro ...... J

Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana P lnus roxburghii Abies srnithiana Acer spp. Carpinus'viminea Jugl<ins regia Aesculus indicD. Quercus incanu. Quercus dilatata Quercu s semicarpifolia Mise. spp.

Grand Total

80t.l:5418 5852560 6776ti.94

973309 5361351

725199 3404 2364

128000 9602'H

1034042 29fS9771 1522678

34360831

23.42 17.03 19.72

2.83 15.62 '2.11 0.01 0.01 0.37 2.80 3.01 8.64 4'.43

100 -.-.-D-.-·-·-·-.-·-.-_-.-.~.-.-~-.-.-.-9-.-.-.-.-~-.-~ -_-

Volume per ~ptare in s~mla I Rohru and Chopal DivisioDS is 155, 257 and 210 m respoctively~ wh2roas volume pel.' hect(lre in forest types - Chir I Deodar, Pir!Spruce, MixeC"l Conifers, uptund h2rdv.;ooc.1s, Conifers mixed wi th broad leaves, O;'1.ks end LO'V/land hcrdl,Joods is 54, 232, 380, .195, 130, 222, 190 and 34 m3 resp~'ctivcly.

8. The estimate of present ClS woll as futuro consumption bf 'VJoC-Q Vii thin s'lrvey area for various purpOses is given in Table NQ. S-l.

Table No. S-l

~

Unit - m~(1tT.R.E.) -.-.-.-;-.-~-.-A-.-.-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-~-.- __ ._ .. _._._._ .-.-.-S1. - Purpose No. 1981

Years 1991 2001

-·-.-·-.-·-.~.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-_-.-.-.~.-.-G-.-.-.

(Pigures vlithin p.3renthesis 1. House constructiC'n, ." 47298

replacement & repc:drs (17.8)

2. Agricultural implell1ents 5416

3. c; ;:;r!SH1Tlpt.:i.<m ,0£ ,..roDd for f~lit packing cases

4. Supplies to variolls Govt. dopartmei)ts

5. a) :fatal F~e 1 ,..;ood b)75% of conv€rsion

wastage (i.e.50% of quan'tity of item 1~2&3.

c) Net Fuel demand (a-brat itGIT'. 5

(2.0)

78061 (29.3)

2<)'20 (0.9)

182120 49042

133078 (50.0)

are in percentages) 58506 72368 ( 1,7.6) (17 • 5)

6701 (2.0)

101380 ( 30 • 6)

2(120 (0.9)

225300 G2~70

162830 ( 49.1')

8289 (2.0)

130752 (31. 6)

2420 (0.9)

27872') 79278

199(112 (48.3Y

-.-~~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-D-.-.~~-.-.- . -.-.-.-.-.-.-._.-.

Total (jstimated consumption 266276 in'tbe survey' area (100.00) (sum of itcm NO.l,2,3,4 2nd S(r).

331837 113271 (l00_00) 100.(0)

- 3 -

9. -Depending upon the grcwth r"ltc, cc'ndi tion of the crcp and rct2tion etC. potenti.:'!l annual cut (yield) _is given in Table NO,. 3-2.

Ticlble No. S~2

Potential Annu;::\~ Cut (Yield) :from v8rious Forest Typ8s

Unit _ m3

-_-.- - -.-.-.-.-.- - - - - - -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. FOREST TYPE ,- Total % Specie's

DeOdar Fir/ Mixed Coni- Upland Oaks SPIUC0 coni- qcrs hard-

fcrs mixed woods ·t-,'ith B.L.

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-

Pinus 17 64 521 57 659 '0.26 roy"burghi i

Pinus 1392 2216 40651 2,1-0 -1 58 116 46774 18.16 wallichiana

CednJ.s i635 664- 11652 3467 441 ,1-5259 1 7.50 deodFlra

Abi£s 193 19292 13896 2979 58 666 370£)4- 14 .. :10 smithiana

Abios 53 35077 7306 7066 160 065 52207 20.27 pindrow

Total 27627 50.049 76619 17237 276 21'~5 101983 70.67 conifers

Total B.L. 12,''l '7870 3550 2,1672 4·051 34(1.,1",,0 75515 29.33

Grand Tota~ 27751 65919 80207 41909 5127 36505 257498

% 10.78 25. GO 31.15 16.27 1.99 1 'L 21 100

10. Taking into cc'nsideration th(:~ derniJnd Qf wood i'\nd pc>t.ential annual cut, the present/future ,,'Jcod ba12nces hClVC been cstim.Ol.ted .~nCJ. arc given in 1'ablc No. S-3.

Tn_ble No. 5-3

'Present Gnd futu~'?_Qosi tion of l..vood bal;:mces

Unit - m3(H • .R.E~) -.-.-.-o-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

Year:- Total yic' 1d Conifers B.L.

De~icit(-) Total Su:q;~us (j-l_____ D .. :::fici t (-) Conifers B. L. CU L-V1us( -:-)

Local demand of v·iood within surveY' 8.roa Ccnifers B.L.

- 1[1 - _. - _' - .. .- • -- • - • - coo - _ - .. - "" - D - III .- _ - • - • •. - '" -- (10 - ..... • -- " - • •• "-- ...... 0;0 ~'~" -. - .... _ .. - • - • - •

1981 181903 75515 181013 85263 (+) 970 (-) 97~8 (-) 07:0

1991 181983 75515 227430 104399 (-) 45i55(~ 28004(-) 74339

2001 181983 15515 285317 127954 (-) 103354(-)52139(-)155773'

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.. -

- 4 -

11. The log0~ng cbsts ,data (1901-02) for various ,logging operations in' tho :::;u:rvey a.rea 1.JGre collected from H.P . Pcriist Corpora.tion. ,Felling cost v_~lric:s from, Rs. 3.25 to Rs. '5.50 per m3 c1epen(}ing upon the size of trees I L

conversion into logs' R's. 1 (1,. DO per m3', s.::lwing -Hs. ~17 • 75 to Rs. 125/- per m3 depending upon .s;)oci~;s vnd area I off--road transI-Yortation F~s. 22. 7S to Rs.. 29.75 per m3 Rer, km. depcn~d~ng upon wet ',?r dry 18od, r~p(o"""-2Y' car~i<3ge

s. O.SO p<::r ple'ce and c<1rr1cge by wet slldes Rs. 1{.;.25 tr_ Hs. 19.00 per- m3. 'per krn. Road trcnsportatic,n cl12rgcs per m3 per km. Rs. 1.20 f0r katcha r03Js and Rs. 0.64 :for Fucca rO<:1ds. Loading 2rFJ unlct=l-dirng chi1rg(~s per m3 of logs are Rs. 5.50 ~nd Rs. 1.65 rospoctively~

12. .Forest type maps on 1; 50.r 000 SCQlp based (':on

aerial. photo-int(:)rpr'etation have been pr~;;)0r-e('\ :f,_,r t he survey area' and were als i ':: supplied to the Department of Forest Farming and Envir()nment(11 Conservation, Himachal Prac1e sh.

13. The (:tre~ is al,r<;ac1y deficit in wood to mj:"et its local requirements and thoreforc, there is no possibility of csti1blishing any new wood-based industr:-ics.

1 <1. The, 'main rec,)mlT'enc1Qcions to overc elmo this :-:;hol.-t;:1gc of '..;Ood in sur:v<8Y' area ,-,re - augrnenti ng the growiJ1':J:"'_stc.ck in existing denuded fore fits I l.lndcL-taking lal.'<J e sCL'le afforestaWO on '-Jc.ste lands ,vi til f<l.st growing multiruL'pose spec ics "_'-1n:l finding che aper subst i tutos fe,r -t.irribur ,fruit ,pp.cking c<}sos.

CHAPTER -I - 5 -_ ..... '.r _.,.. ___ .,_,_., ___

1.1 §_u£~ey A_r!=!J:,: The Survey t~rea covers Simla p ROhru & Chopal fore8t divisions of Simla ~istt. in Himachal Pre Qesh" V~ho Ie of Theog, Kotkhai, C!:1opa1 1 Rohru & Jub b-a 1 tehsi Is 8~ part of Siml8. p Surd, Rarnpur tehsils of Si~18 district comeS under survey aieB.

'1.2 hC!_Ci:_-t;.J-.oil 6 The Survey 2reB is si tU8~ed betweeg 30°-45' . to 31 ,,·26 I .North latitude and 77 --0 I to 78 -19'

East longitud~s & is covered by the following map sheets :

(i) 1 :2,50,000 ~C21G map sheets: 53/E,F,1 ~ 3 sheets.

(ii) 1 :50,000 sC31e maps sheets

53 E/3,4,7,8,11,12,15 p 16 = 8 53 F/1,5,9~13 ~ 4 53 1/3,4,7,8 = 4

Total 16 Sheets

la3 Clim8te : There is great vcriation of altitude in the tract and so varies the climate which is subtropicel in lower areas 810ng Sutlej~ Giri rivers to 'temperate and alpin~ on higher altitudes. There are three distinct seasons viz. the summEr (April--June) ~ the rains (July-September) & the winter ( October-March) which is longest includin8 a short spell of 2ut'mun. Except for the Chil zone forest working ~s not feasible in win ter due to s·evere c Id. Pre cipi tation is recel ved both in th-2 form of rain Bnd snow, the later increasing with altitude. Almost 211 places above 1500m (m"s.l.) experience snow fall with rvins lower down. Dr<Jught.s occur occasionally in November, Decemb2r before, ,first heavy snovdall 8.nd in Hay-June when fire haz8rds is maximum

Rain Fall: R8.in fall dElta of st2tions falling 1rlithin tE-e--s-u-rve·y area for some pa st years are given below:

14 I~

f

i~ I~ i~ ; IN i~

io i; IN

Lf"\

ICD

I~ jl'C"\

I.f\ N

..::t C\.!

(\J N

-.:t N

6

(ij

~'3 H t'J -I

-' .. (fj ~ !'...

O(n ~~

fJ... " .. .c [!)

r- '>,f.'N r-<:ll~

-::tfl

... ~. ._,

.-OJ

0\ N

t"--'---

o

([) -d"

(\j (\j

r<"\ tN

I.~ .

00.0

riD (',j CO ):l. ~ 0,71 c {()CTI

" a', ..c:C +l+> 4-Hi> 0\0

: It] LrI -iJ\O (!lO"-w" S-.'-" o ~ I •

Ii! f... • o::x::

<,-j '+-i

• 0 P, . ~ ~~

o rl -rl ct1 V! .D 'r-i ..0>;j 'rl IJ~

• o

8 . > o Z

+-' o o

-.. -I' .......... r<11.0 (Q 1'1"',. ..- N ~O ON 0\..0 \O~. '" l.r\ 1:'-_ I:'-

Lr'\ ;....._ ",..:t (J"'\

N I -4"0 .,. ........... -....; t<1 1 ..._,

1- -~- Lr\"'-'" I (\J.I !"'I 1

- '1 -

--. .......... \D~~

",,,,rot-..- (\J \D \D \.0 '---'

....:..-

,-... ......... ,....... N '-DO..- I..(',

0\ Q\" ~ CO t<1 .,CO '...0 " 0, CO l.ll " (J"'\"'_' 1..0 -.:t.,-

...-.. r

1-

CO ,-." co CJ\ Lf'I,....--.... 1.[',,,.---.., 1 1..0 t<\' l.ll 1 N I .._.. ..._, ..._

......... ......... C-- 0 Lr'I (J\ 1.D-1"Q)CO OOCD~ .,.--ON Lf\ .._... ..........

...-... ~ CJ\ ~I....:t lJ\' 1'--._.,.

...-.. ......... ........ " C--

a)~ U\(\j 00'l..:j' r<l ..... ('-('-O'IOLr\ ('- ..- -:t t<"\ K1. r-- N .....__. ~ ~

--. ".-...

" L!1 t<l N...-... t<\C\l 1 0

I .,. -- (\j ...._. ..._,

,--.,. ...-... r<1-OJ O'I-.:t

11'1'";.1 \..0" '-' .._, ......,

.....,.. ~-I'I"',,-.... ..-~ ............ ..- ........... t1111N1\..01

,........, - t----,ll\-CX) --N .......... '-""" "-'" "--" ........",

CO-",'-""N- 0 t--INII..()I C\I " ......... ..-'-"'N ......... N

co ......... r---o ......... (\J "I.,. 10 ~ 0'1 ~...._,.~ ........... ~~ ~

Lf'I-1..O ,-..., ~ ,-..., U),-...,~ .,..---,. <DII'I"',I NIQ\llCll N ...__, N ....__.... '" ..._, '" ...._. N ..._,

I I I co I-d" l-.:t I~ "-'...._., ........_" ....._, ............

O-I..D- N-Ol-O-"Lf\ 1'<\10)1 Nlf'(ll...:::tl-.:t N-N-"'_" ..._.,

~t<\- 1'<'\-.. \01.,.1..-' t<1~ (\j ,_;... ..._,

...-.... 1 .......,

......... I I ...._,

(l)

Q\r-I\o-O-0'1.-0\0 C.,.-- 1

-N-CX)I IN l-.:t I

(D '-'" '" ...;... ,..._, '-' r-I 'r-!

~.-... 1..0 -- t<\-c--- CO...-.....::t".-.... co ,........ NI "I NI~I NI-.TI-:tl

r<\CIJ 0:> I 1

.,.. ..-.. ...-"'-'" 0'\--

....:t~r<\lr<"'Il '" (\j ...._, ..__, ~~~~........._,

~ ,--...... 1 r<1- CO..-... N co

I--..::t I 1...-0

..-.. I ...._.

...._,. ...._. \0 '---"

--- ---N 1..0 '" co co I.D 0'1 ..::tN..::tNCDt-- ..::t

" -1" ex)

".-... ,--..., ---1..0 I.D 0 L!1 t<"'\ 1'<\ 1..0 '" 1..0 1'<\ 0 U\ t<"\ '" "U1 t<1 I.r\" _-

....-... 1

I'<'\-N-['-I.DI.,.--IOI

..._, N"'_' '" '-'"

- --.. N 0 1'(\ C-- ",-... ..::tC\J-1"t<"\ 1..0 I

....:t -:t.,........,

,-.......... t<"\ 1..0--1" -::t 0-1"

1010'\ N", 1'<\.,. "

N \D ICDCc\J

t-- C\l

........ OJ Lr\

I <.., C" ---

r I t 1 I I I r I I I 1 I I

~ t:Q j H

;; <1; ! t 1 I

: I ! I ~ I

E-1 o 7 c I t E ~ 1 , I I I I I I I

•

,.....,. .-.. - I"Q c"--

1<'I\.OC\J..j-..-L{1~ L{1r--.O\O..-OQ \.O~O'rI..DC\J~

N ...--..--

"" ~ - (\) \.0 "" t(\ Q'\ (\)

It'--Q\.OrrlI"Q ~ N_ U"'I_

; ,-..-..LN~...:t:; , t I!'.' I lS"I U"'\

- '-" C\I (\J

lrv", ~ t--......... .,:t C\JI I...-I~

- .- -N

I , 1

t , r : r I I I I , , I , , , , I ,

C\I,.._CO-N-IUI Lt'\IO'(\Jlor' /'('\-"-_"-_"-1 ,

1 , , 1 r

r--.- .,....;.;,) -0\, {\I , ,_ I -.' I CD I \.0'- '--' ........... N 1

o.--..~-co............;, Ol...:t,...-. ll"\ .......... ..,- '-' C\J-

;j j:Q

j H

, ' ~ o-ro-Ln-or;:> NIIJ\I.t--'LC\~ ~ ............. "-"" ........"

E-i o Z I ,

O-....:t..--CXJ-..:t-I """'N IN l..::tl

I

,.._ O-r--......... ...:j- NO 0;). IN' 'r t'-.;j'\"- ~ 0\

N --.. .........

\O ............ <X)C\JCO ___ ..::tIO'lO (]J r-n..- -.::- <:"" ........

...-... .............. I I

f I ) J I J , • I I ~ I , t I J l I 1

;--...

-.0 ,.-...,-..., - <..0 CO..-t-t--..::tt--N 1[\ If\. /'(\ ('('\ \.0 ~ ~.\ 0- ..,- 0'1 1'4"'\'-" 'r ~ '-"..,-~ 'r 'r -, ........

u"\ t..r\

......._. 0"1 1[\'-'" 0'\ ..-1<'11 IN 1-

'-'" N

--:;t'-"O-~-r(1) 1..010:-1 COO

'-'" ...__.. t<'\ ..,-

-I

\

..;;t "....._ Q) -"..::t .--.. 1[\ ..- I~ ICO l...j ..- ..._... f("'\"'_' 1<'\- 1<'1

- 8 -

,.-.... "......... I!".

00'1,,0'\ ~~.I:'--C:O ('- 'r \.D N

-~ ..... OJ---..... -~COIJ:lO....--... U"'\I~.O ,cn~['..I'1 ,

..._" """-J'~"""_" H '-"" ~ H <l;,

O----"'O ........... ['--C\J> .............. CON 1 ~ IN' r--.....s:. , I N I

..-... N

tt--l '01

N·. --........ ...-... \.0 ~

IOICO -~ ,,""

. ........... -l!'\..;;t 0-

I I N L()~ I .._.. (\j ..-...._,

E-t o ~

..._,

! 1\.0"'-"'0-I Lf\ l..:::t I . ...._, ........, . i 1 , 10-0-, If'\ 1 CO ,r I I I I I I"Q I C\j_""_ tr\ I 0'\ I I ('-.. , I I I I U'\...-... 101 I ""......... "'" '

I I '-"

.-... CO o 1<'1

I Lt'\ /'('\

ill ,-.._, .............. ... l)

CO ". (1) H o ~~.p;:3 'l!'\I<U 00

..._. "I""" Z ti.l ..._,

- 9 -

!e.~per~j:~ The fJonthly mean te0perature veriea. in the tract from place to place between 24 C to below )0 c •• However J very little. data on .temperature vc,riation for stations in the survey area is available. Temperbture data, for Simla station is given as . under:

Jl'lozlIth

Jan. Feb. March April Hay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. l~ean

Annual

1~G~er.8.t.l<Te_,_C?-~E:;____;~or_J?}_.lp..la

l'fJanthly average f'or 30 years 1931-1960) Monthly rneGn .. t 0

~~'!p}lrn _..£I!lJ? • _~ c

1~0 3.1 6.8

11 .2 15 .. 0 16.2 1506 15.2 13.8 10.8 7.3 4.2

"-lu.T-

J:.1o'1.thly mean 0

maximum temn. C. --_._._._,_,....._,__ .. , .. --8.5

10.3 14.4 19.2 23.4 24.3 21.0 20.1 20~0 17.9 15.0 11.3

_!7.:r=

Il'jon thly mE:8n o t ~P.l.P .. e..£.':l_tur_~s.

5.2 6.7

10.6 15.2 19.2 20.2 18.3 17D6 16.9 14.3 11 .1 7.7

1"'3.6-·

R~latJve Humj._Q.l..1Y..: 'RelEltive humidity for past few years at ~imrasta tlon which t.'a Ils near the survey area is giveri below: ' .

..,..llfi.~_t~y.~ ___ hurn-iq;!-t,Y .... _a..!_~teor!J.l..()..&.t~.§l_l __ _centr_~

Siml~ Ti!.!!£... 1977 1l?78 ~3.7..2_ 1980 0830 hrs ~ 56 54 55 52 I.S.T.

1730 hrs. 51 64 63 62 I.S.T.

Source: Statistical Outline of H.P. 1981. (Issued oy Directorate of Economics and Statis~ics H. P c Simla)_.

1 .4 Physic~_~_"!_eat_~£~~q_cl __ di~~~i. The, terrain of survey ~ area is mountainous with elevation varying tram 600 meters neClr Tattapan5_ to 5520 meters near Narma. The slopes are genera.lly steep to precipitous. Flat land in valleys/along rivers, moderate to gently slo.ping . lands upto 2000 metres elevation are mostly under cultivation though ~t certain places on' higher elevation/steep slopes cultivation can be seen particularly in Rohru area. Well stocked and economically import~nt forests are mostly confined to steep slopes ~etween 1500 m to 2500 metre altitude.

-10-

The entire $urvey area lies in portion of catchments of r:i v;er Sutlej and Yaml.'na. Me jar· portion o.f tributaries like P&ba'r, Giri, Andhra rivers fall in the survey BreS. Altitude of ~ome of the important places falling within the survey area is given belm;l:

~_lll~£ . .E.l :8,5?.e ~..htl~~..£.l1~~~O'1e.t~?..2, 1. Anti 1360 2. Bagi 2691 3. Chopal 2350 4. Chirgaon 1800 5. Chhailla 1346 6. Jubbal- 1760 7. Gumma 1120 8. Ku.fri 2600 9. Khadrala 2880 10. Mashobra 2240 11. Naldehra 2097 12. Rohru 1520 13. Sa1trr8 1480 14. Tukri 2000 1 S. Theog 2350

1 .5 Geol~o..&Y..1_£.C).£.li._~~s2_i,1: The entire tra ct mostly Covers middle and inner liJestern Himal?yas. The common underlying 'rocks are micaceous and chloritic schists, with ~ccasional int~usions of quartz, shales ~nd slates - Gneiss appears in the higher ranges while hard dark grey lime;::;tone occurs in lower ranges. The main characteristics o£ thls lime-stone is its st~epness. The soil produced by this limestone although dry, is however favourable to tree growth. Over the remaining part of' the tract the Tftsu1tc::nt soils vary .from .88ndy 108m to Clay 10amA&Jclay depending '--Won the v2.rying proportions o£ sand J silt and clay.lfdil&(are genepally f'c~vourable to forest growth. On easier slopes~n cooler aspects the soil is deep, moist and ~ertile but on steep hot slopes is generally dry~l(.shD.llow.

1 .. 6 Natural Resources: The areEl is rich in natural resowctespar-tD::Ularly the forests and rivers. t!]ost 0:[ the .forests have been brought under commercial. exploitation except thOSe in very interior areas lacking transpor.t/communication facilities. Rivers are important re'~ource for hydroelectric gener~tion 8nd play significant role 8S means of' transportation of timber to outside markets and provi~ing irrigation to cultivated lands in suitable places. Andhr3 hydel project over Andhrcl river - <) tributary o.f Pabar near Chirgaon is under construction at present.

-11-1 .7 The people ~nd their So ci'o--economic conditions: The

economy of almost the entire population of the tract with the exception o~ ~e~ traders, is based primarily on agricultu~e including horticulture. People 2re dependent upon forests for timber end other forest produce, e.;sentiiJl for day-to--day requirements, for agriculture and horticulture.

The land holdings are ,small snd unirrigElted except f'or the small proportion of' l8nd 8long nalahs & s treE,rna. Agricultural pr.sctices ar e generally pr i-mitive, not making use of .modern scientific methods. Conseqtiently the yields are low. The principal .food crops grown in -the area CIre \I,lheat, borley,' maize, p6ddy, pulses and millets. Area under principal crops in Simla d~strict is as under:

A. Foo9~_CRqf£

I. _g_er~;!._s_:_

'Wheat MElize Rice Barely Millets & others cereals Ragi

II. P~li~s~: Gram:;' Other pulses Total food grains

III" Oth.§.r f'o_o.d __ ~LoP.t~. Potato Sugarcane Ginger Chillies

B • t!.?.!!.=..F .2_o_ci f.E.?J2 .. ~..!.

Rape & I1usterd LinseEQ. Se8s.8.mum

( Area in

31.5 21.9 5~5 7.3

8.7 '4.3

0.1 4.6

83.9

7.1

0.2 0.2

0.3

0.1

000 hac.)

Apple & potatc 8re two very important c8.sh crops besides ginger and Chillies. Apple being more paying has become more popular being raised in suitable localities extensiv€ly •.. wring 1979 & 1980 from Sirnl3 district 61585 tonneS (3387183 boxes) & 58817 tonnes (3234937 boxes) apple respectively were exported. The trDct in sparsely populated, villages are small & sCdttE?red. RUral & urban po pula tiOD of' Tehsils/sub-Teh2.ils

-12-

falling in survey creel is cJ S under:

Teh~i~/sub-Tehsil t,re6 in No. of Rurc:tl Urban ,Total sq.km. inhabited

---.......... - --.-. ....... __ -__ ... __ ",_ --' __ .- -........ ,. -~' ....... -,- v:!.ll~E.e_§,_ _ ..... -._-- . __ ........ ..,.-..... _ ...... ~I ..... --

Sun1 '240.4 196 26926 26926 Simla 482.4 558 65626 72919 138545 Trreog 479.7 388 55226 1528 56754 RLmpur ) 187.2 89 42.244 3307 45551 Nankheri(S.T.) ),

221.6 90 19327 19327

Rohru 169 72730 2216 74946 Jubbal '244,.7 86 27271 27271 Kotkha'i 201.9 170 28467 28L~67 Cbopal ~. 584.3 124 21256 21256 Nerwa(S.T.) 165 33302 33302

In Simla. district in which survey urea .falls, there are 59576 operational holdings covering an ar28 ,of 119668 hec. There is~overall improvement in the living condition of people due to various developmentel & public health works undert<"jken by Govt. el3pecially dur.ing last one decade. The houses are simple, built of s"tone "Walls with wooden binders. ':& provided '\dth exten~ive verc.ndhhs cnd commonly SID te rOQ,fing. Bett er end big,:~er house s <,,;."e nOw ffic.king [:ppe<.,rc,nce in ,,,hi ch us e o£ timber is generc:lly very 'libercl & even w2ste~ul. People keep f~irly lrrge herds of cettle, which ~re generolly of inferior ,breeds wi th very low mill.;: yield but their m:: intenc.nce is' very necessury to pr9duce _f,rm y.::rd mC":nUl'e essenti<:'l for ogriculture. S~e8P & goats Qr~ elsa recred in smell numbers to supplement C1gricul turcl income. As per' live stock census (1977) there were 333915 cettle, 19766 buf.f[~ loes, I, 5~23 sheep, 98183 gocts 8< 4348 others ffi<:cking totQl llves stock 607535 in SimI,' district. Aport ~rom timber for construction/repoir of houses, egricultural implements, other import.::'nt demands of the IOCRl populotion on foreBts Gre firewood, gross cutting,loPPing , grozing, collection of litter for mcnuret building stones & sl",tes & Y~rious other minor forest prqducts.

Source: St~ tistico I Outline of· H. P. '1981 issued by Director-te of' Economics & St<ti,stics (H.P.)

1 .8 Rights ...:'2..t:l_d_ . ...£.C?!,l..£e§J2...ions: In the tract all the three categories of Forests viz. Reserved, Demarcated, Protected forest ~d Und~marcated protected forest are met \'fith. Hhile reserved' forest ure C1lmost free of rights/concessions 9

demarcated nnd undemnrco.ted protected for'ests Dre burdened wi th rights/ conceSS ions to <1gr icul tur<::l tenonts and 1,"- hd ownerS qccording to record of rights in :forest ,settlements. Principel rights include

-13-

right t6 timber to meet bon~~ide' requirements for constructiQn & repcir of house p right to grizing~ right ~o loppine;.. Copy o:f H.? Govt.' notiiicrtion No.Ft.43-24-1-A!4~-3 ~PGcifyinG ncture of v[·rious rights/concessions is given C'S Appendix I.2 Forests <'re he.-vily- bUrdenGd id.i th rights, under which Bcient1fic mc'n,~gement of forests is very difficult job.

1.9 In.fr[;structure~ The ore' is mountninous connected With ·r:deq-u~te ro,']ds except some interior cre('-s in Chapel & Rohru forest divisions where transport & communicotion has not yet developed to the desired extent Q Dodr:"'--Kr'w::-r [' ree in p~.rticul;:r in R.ohru division is .still very b.~ckw~rd from communic,tion point o£ view. However the process o£ construction ot: net-'\{Ork of roc'ds to COnDGct new/interior E.reO$ is under progres:3, Rocd density during 79-80 .in H.P. &2its Siml~ district wQS 19.88{1& 34 Kms. per 100 km2 Gre, res1?ecti vely. Survey r·.reO c~vering 3984km geogrDphlc~l 2re r h~d ['bout 806 km. r02ds mc'int[~ined by P. W.D • .& 241 kmL2 ro,ds by .forest 2-dep2rtment giying r02d density of 26 km per 100 km of areo. The list of import,nt r02ds p~ssing t hrough survey ~reo is .-ppended DB Appendix I.1. Notional High1"J<"Y - Hindust~'n Tibet Rm'd (NH 22) [',nd n2trrOvf gC'uge Kc Iko-Siml;", rctilvJ[~y line pnss through some portion o£ the tr'ct. Mrjor rivers-Sutlej, PDbQr~ Girl, Tons 2nd their tribut~ries plQy a significnnt role*in trc.nsport of tim~br to pl[lcGS lower down 1. e. to Peont,' IY~'mun[',nng2r in river Yc.munc, end to Bho.krc: Dc:m in river Sutlej. Power' is L1v2il'.'ble in most of the survey ~re~. F~cilities of post, telegrcph/telephone 2re ~lso 2vni18ble over most port of survey creD.. There is however shortrge of skilled, unskilled V bour within survey L:t'eo. becou5e of' smC".ll POpul2~ion wi th prim~rily ctgricul tur['l economy.

L1 St0tistic~1 Outline on H.P. 1981.

L2 H.P. Forest StctisticB 1980.

1~10 ~xJL~ti~~n2~r~: There ~re no l~rge sCDle wood bcsed industries in the 2reo except sm;:,ll sccle ~~nd cottcge industries mrdnly sew mills which Dre qui te l~rge in numbers .:-.nd s.:wing timber to meet lcicC'.l demo,nd for fruit })C1cking c:':'ses, }louSe construction- ['nd furniture etc •• There nre :3bout 290, 60 & 250 smt:ll sawmill units in Rohru, Chopnl & Simln forest divisions respectively. These srne.ll units e2ch h2ving gener~lly one to two verticcl bend snw mills with instrlled cspncity vrrying ~rom 3000 to 25000 fruit boxes annuolly operote seo.sonolly.

-14-

Each o~ them employ 2 to 4 skilled and 4 to 10 unskilled l~bourers.

1.11 9.bj~i~~~_2~~ Sur.Y~: The survey was undertaken ~t tbe request of~imachDl ?radesh Forest Depertment and its objectives were decided after discussions between this organis8tion & Himachal Pradesh Forest Department. The oQjectives of survey ere given belo'vl: -( i)

,( ii)

(iii~ (iv)

(v) if

{vi)

to estimnte the totol growing stock over ~ntire survey area of the .following species/group of speci es dov..'l1 to 10 em. di8.me"ter .. 1. Deader 2. Knil 3. Chir '4. Fir-s pruce 5. Walnut, Mnple, Bird Cherry 6~ Kharsu oak, Moru oak, Bnno~k 7. Horn Bec:l[D, Aesculus, Birch

to estimate.prescnt requirement of wood for local population & industries. to carry out Accessibility and cost stu4ies to indicate the industrial possibilities: possible, to indicate Clreas ,ovailable for r2ising p~antat~ons.

to prepare a thematic map on 1·:50,000 scc::le by photo-interpretation showing diffe,rent land use, forest types, stocking ~ensity end nge classes details. Detailed methodology adopted td achieve the ubD~e ojectives i~'given in Part II of this report.

1.12 Defi!).2:..!!2..,!gl __ ~~,.q~~n_t_:h..':(.J:..c?'0_tJ2[l.~~ For definitions, explB',~nations ~nd quantitative limits of various ter~s, expressions end classifications used in this part , please refer part II of this report.

-16-CHAPTER -II ,. __ 1IE~_ . __ .. _ ...............

FOREST RESOURCES OF SURVEY AREA ",Co ..... ~~-... .... _. _ . __ y ___ r",~~·I1_· _.,.. .~~ __ .• - __ ...... _ ... __ . ___ _

2.1 The forests of survey area are mostly sub-tropicBl Elnd Himalayan temper2Lte types. By composition the forests are both coni£Grous & bro8.d-leaved. Conifers on higher elevations are mostly pure and broad-leaved species at IO\Jer elevations are also pure. In trE:msi tionnl zones ~ more than one conifers & also broad-leaved species 2refound together in various proportions. The main forest types in survey areD as per· revised forest types of India by Champion and Seth are as follows:

(ij· ( , . (i~~

5B/C2 9/C Ib 12/C 10 -12jC lb -12/C lr. -12jC Id ._ 12jC Ie 12/C 20. 12jC 2b 12/D 82 12/E1 12/2 S1

Northern dry mixed dGciduous forest. Himalayan Chir pine forest. Ban oDk (Quercus incoD2) forest. t'lohru D:::k (Quercus ni12tute) forest. Moist Deoder (Cedrus deodcrc) forest Western m~xed coniferous forest. }'!joist temperc.:te deciduous forest. ,IQ1orsu oak (Quercus sem.:i..cnrpifolin).forest. Vlest Him2.luY2ln upper oo.k-fi~ forest. Himnlnyon ternper2te park-lend. Cypress (Cupressus toruloso) forest Low~level Blue-pine(P.wollichiona)forest.

From the point of v.iew of this survey. the forest types were classified acco~din~ to their species composition nnd percentage of such species in the growing stock. Sepor.a.te forest types Vlere recognised in field inventory, bnsed on species or group of species constituting equnl to or more then 75% of crop. Although 16 forest types were recognised in the inventory mnnnucl, but for the purpOse of preporing this report these were amalgamated, into 8 types as the GreD under some of the individuDl ~ypes was very sffi2l1.

Thes'e 8 types o.re QS follows:

(i) Chir: Com~rising of chir forest type ----- (forest type code No.01)

(ii)

( iii)

12~.9.£i..:._"1£.: Comprising of' DeodDr fo rest type (forest'type code No.03) .

Fir-s£ruce: Comprising of spruce, fir &!spruce -, .. - . --~ type (forest type code 04, 05 &06)

(iv) Mixed conifers: Comprising of blue-pine, DeodGr!blue-pine & mixed conifers forest types(forest type code 021 07 & 08)

-17-

Comprisj_ng of upltlnd hClrdwoods Gxcept ock- types ~bove 1500m altitude (forest type code 09}

(vi) Conifers rilixed with ,bro[ld-le2ve: Comprising of -- -------.----.-~--~.;~ -;:--",\"C--~- '··'-~6onile!'s mixed 'l;fi th brd~d-.

leuves fdrest type (forest type code 10)

Comprising o _I- Bon oQk J Moru o2k, Khorsu o::.'k & mixed o2!ks forest type (t:orest type code 11,1 2,1 :3 l> 1 4) ,

(viii) LQ~IIClnd hordwoods ~ Compris ing of hc;rdwoods except ock types occ;uring 2.pprox,imctely below 1500~ altitude' (forest type code 15)

Note: For detsiled co' scription of', these types Port II _o~ this report moy pJ.e8 se be ~ef'erred.

2.2 Aren:

,2 _ 2 .. 1 A-£...e.£ . .YE..g_~~. ~~.f':fer.2_n.E_, l-..':-:p_ci__E.§..§__Sf-£_~_-?._;_ The totcl geogrt:phicDl c,ren surv~yed is 3984.® km2

out of which forest <:reG is 1725.53 km which;-consti'tute 43.329-6 of geogrc;phic.<:: 1 arNJ. -Geogre'phiccl ond forest cree have been worked out by Photo-i_nterpretction. Whole of Rohru <:Ind, Cho:p2.1 fores-t divisions were covc:red by Photo-inter_pret2tion while ther'2 Wi.::s <." photo gBp of 812.22 km

2

in Siml~ .di vision, f'or vlhich fores-t, [!r~n (grsc'n' we sh cree) weB estimoted from 1° = 1 ~ile topo sheets. Distribution of forest & non-forest Qrec by division is, given below~

Table II. 1 -~~-

DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST & NON·-FOREST AREA BY DIVISIONS - 2 ( AREA IN km )

-.-~-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-. L2nd use c12ss

-::U:J _.~._~.,_,=--= (i) ~otEl ~orest

~ren as per photo-inter-~ pretGtion

(ii)Totc.l fore5t oren in 'photognp -------.--Totnl forest

Forest division

*~:riml;:' Rohru Chopcl-

-C'J::-- ~'T:rr- ~{"!t.r-.".~. -' . ._ ,{AT 2FORE.sT~XRET·

310 i 39 691 .51 467.61

256.02

-_....,__ _ _ -.. __ 566.41 691.51 467.61

Totel % of totCLl Are8 geogr2phi-

c21 2rea : 310 ____ .1:91_ ~

1469.51 36.89

256.02 6.43

--1725.53 43.32

-18--1. ~-. D)~'· 77 ....... -~~. -&-.--

(iii) Permc1,nent SUO\'i & Glcciers·

(B) NON-·FORE3T AREA _. __ .0: __ .~~,,, ... " __ '-~ .... _.,.-_ .. .___

14.05 14.0~

(iv) "vater 1~53 3.91 5.44 (v) Expos~d rocks 80~57 536.42 155.26 772.25

and burren slopes

(vi) Agriculture 309.08 386.05 215.48 910.61 & h8.bitction/ orch~;rds

(vii) Non-forested 556.20 area from pboto-g'-"''P

556.20

0.35

0. 1 4

19.38

22.85

13.96

- • --:, -_ .. -. - •• ., lit -,. .- I • ._ .. -. -. -.:I - ...... " - a --. - .. - .. - • - ,. - • - .. - ....... - • - • -. - .. - • - • - •

Totcl Non-forested 9~7.38 940.43 370.74 2258~55 56.68 Dren -.-.-.-.-.-.-. . -.-.-.-.. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-. Total geOgrn2hicCl 15'13.79 1631.94 838.35 3984,0.8 100 Ar e.o: ( A + B . - • -- • - • ...- __ - ., - a _ - _ - ". - ., - .. ..,. III - .. - ff - .. .... - • -. - .... - • - lit - ' ... - • - lit - .. -. -. - c ~ • - • -. -

.;;.!i2.t§.~ There '11m,s photo-gGp of 812.22 km2 (53.7%) in Simln forest divi~ion. Thore~ore, f'orest 22en (green wesh ~ren) In photogap ~.e. 25&.02 km w~s estimD ted from 1" := 1 mile tapa sheL:;tS. Hence figures Qgcinst itom (i), (iii) to (vii) under 2 column for Sim12 division pertain to acen 701.57km covered by photo-interpretation for this divieion.

2.2. 2 A[.e.£.,y\l_fl.9:~3 diife.!'_ent __ Y.EM.:!E tio_n_T'yJ?_e1!, : Distribution of forost 2reC by division. nnd

vege~ction is 26 follows:

:-I.c_Q_k_lJ;d ;_I.?_T_~I~.~T.r.QR,QE..J~'7R~::l.~_ AI~'?d:.,pY __ DIY.!.s_:r9r-r.§ .. ~"'ygg~l'A.T,I.oI'J. 2..I:P~

- • _ • -. -. - • - •• " ••. -. - ~ ,;.. - 0' - •• _ 0 .'-. -. -. -. £~£;~ . i~ _ ~~~ 2.. -. -. -. -. -. -.' -. Division _"~ _'_' ._._ ... "y'e_get_~td-_Q.l) __ ~Y.E£_ ___ . ~_ ~" __ h_ ,._,

-._. - •• ~. _. _~!:.~ £ c f~£:~~r_. J2;g~s:.~~~_~Q.~~~t .. _~£r:ll~ _~Q.:£~i. _!2.!£~_ Chop2l 41248.4 102.1 5411.3 46761.8 Rohru 68498.1 108.9 544.5 69151_5 Simln 50100.4 1110.6 5429.6 56640.6 -o-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-.-.

Total 1 598/_f6. 9 '1321 .6 11385.4 1,72553.9 -.-~-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-;-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-o-.-.-.-.-~ Per'centc ge 92.64 0 .76 6.60"100 - • -. -. - ~ ~." • - .. - .... ~ ..... ~ - It - • - .. - .. __ •• - .. - It - •. :""'"'" 41 - • -. --. -. -. - • -. - • -. - .. - • .. ~. - . -.

-].'9-

The bre~k up ot forest ur8~ into vegetGtion t

forest types ~nd other clossific(tions WtS done on the basis of ground in~or~"tion by giving proper. . -vreightr'gE 1;0 eDch snm-)le .point bCJsed on the forested

-Drea o~ et6h division. However, it moy be noted thct some of the estimates of ~reu und~r vcrious closses given in t8hles ore b[1.sed on very :few sc:mple plots c:nd the.refore cDr:cy n lLlrge s€mpling error. Therefore, the GstirnDi.;O..'3 may be considered os indicstive only.

2.2 .. ~ E;_x.P.12_ij._~~b,lS~,.f,~d;._'::~l}~'p.~? i tF_b2-~ __ %gre.s_t _ _,;"":£..£;?, ).l!?.ci.eI. .. sJ._~JJ..e,r.c.n..t_ .:f_or_,,:.~.~~J:y2.§ ~: . Distri Dution of .forest [~re.:t by fo res t types &'

exploi i:uble/unexJ>loi toble [ll .... ec is given 2 s follmJs: The .figure given in brE'.cket represents the percentf'ge Crea.

- • - .. - • -. • •• -. ;.- 0 ~. - fI -:-" - (I "'""" • ,- 0 - " -... -- ....... " - • - • - • - .. - • _ ... _,. '~ .... -

S.No. Forest'Type " Forest area -- 'Ex'pI"oi"tob"l e' . 'UnexpToTt~' .. To tn-f

- 2ble -. -. - .... __ • -. -. - • - .. --. - 0 -.. ••• - 0 ... - '" -,. -. -. --0 ..... -. - • -. ~. - ....... _ fI _ • ".._. r .. a

1 . Chir

2. De-odnr

3. Fir-,Spruc(?

4. Mixed Conifers

5". Uplbnd hurdvlOoQs

6. Conifers mixed with bro~d lD~veS

7. Oc.ks

8~' Lowl.::'.,nd h':q:-dwo ods

9. To to+-

10. Unrecorded

11. Grc:nd to tCll

'P~027 (8.13)

13770 (7 .. 98)

23911~, C: 3.86)

5Sl438 (3'~~4L~)

4656 (2~70)

25~90 (14~77)

11 B~S (6.87) 2178.6

( 1 .26)

155320.6 (90.01) 11385.4 (E.. 50}

166706 (96,,61 )

1047 (0. s>1 }

740 (0.43)

1409 (0.82)

1670 (0.97)

109 (0 .. 06) '524

(0.30) 349

(0_20) ...

5848 (3 .. 39)

5848 (3 .. 39)

15074 (8.74) 14510 (8.41 )

25323· (14.68)

6110B (35.41) 476"5

(2.76) 26014 (15.07) 12195 (7.07 )

2178.6 (1 .. 26)

161168.6 (93.40)

113854-(6.60) ..

17255~ (100)

'-'-.~.~ .. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .. -~-.~~-.-.-.-.-.-.

-20-In -tJ;1e c.bove -tp,ble & e~s ewhere in the report.

~re8 hQving slope less then 60 have b~en taken 8S exploitDble & those hnving slope of 60 2nd ubove Cl"S unexploi tcble.

2.2,;4

ccmopy

Are8.. ~_~:i~X u_~_ff_c:r:~!}-.t ___ c.?:.!}_o'p'y~.£.~s_ij:''y-ST~.::.g_~~:. Distribution of £orest ~rGO by division &

densi ty c12sses is cs follows:

1'.8 bl_~._I_I~Jt. P13_tri '9~_t.i~E._s?'!.,.lg£_C.F~t .. E.Y. _..-q.i '!_i~~op.,_.2_n~~~ S_"~_n.9.l?y ___ d_t;_!l_s__i_tY..

._ . ~. - .. -. - . ~ . -. - .. _ •. -.. -. - . -. -. -. -. -. {~!.:~~. i~ -?~?!.t - .. -. -'. Forest Ct,NOFY DENSITY di vis ion Clo-sewd Den-s-e'-- '-Ave'r~ge ~bpen'----Very'~ . ~·Un·--· Totnl

open recorded _ - " - C" -- Ib - • , .... - • - • -- • .,._ ~ - ... "'. • ...... -,.,;,. - ... :. It --. -. r_. .,._. - .......... -. - ....... _ .. -. ..... .... ~-;" . _ . _. -. Chopcl 510.5 10516.3 14498.2 7861.7 6023.9 7351.246761.t Rohru 326.7 17859.6 28422.9 12087.9 8276.4 2178.0 69151.~ Simlo 123.4 9255.0 18510.0 10365.6 12957.0 5429.6 56640~ ... "II ._. -. - ............ 0 - • .....,... -. -- .... -. --,go -. - • - ........ - • - ......... -. -- • ..",. ...... ' .. - a -_ II - ...... -. -. -.

Tot:.l 960.6 37630.9 61431.1 30315.2 27257.3 14958.& 172553. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.. -

21.81 35.60 17 .. 57 15.79 8.67 100 -.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-~.-.-.-.

In this tcble d~fferent canopy c18sses hove been t~ken os follows:

.g_~_O..EY_.s.iDS ~_. Closed c.cnopy 'Dens e c[;nopy P.vercge cnnopy Open c8nopy Very opcm ccnopy

'£2 Q..O_:ey_d'§?B_~ ,),.!~ 1 .0 0.75 to less thon 1.0 0.50 to less than 0.75 0.30 to less thon 0-.50 less thou 0.30

...... I'" .~ 0(1 --".7" ...... - •...• --,'0 -.. _ - •• ' ..... ',. • - • II ... - .... -. - • .-. -,. - .......... - • - • --- • :---. - • - •

The index of full utilisDtion of.s~te i~ th~ presence of compl(3te ccnopy. .As would be seen from the abOVe tOble th2t only 22.37% of totel forest areo is under closed to dense cover whicn could be reEison8bly considered for harvGsting operation~ 2nd the remaining 77.63% creb which is open not ~ble to cfford ~rotection og2inst soil erosion need rest & enrichment of stocking by planting for er..s·:-ring overcll envil'onment21 bclnnce.

2.2.5

Plcnto.ble cre2.. by divisions' is given i:1S follows:

-21-

Table 1I_.5_

~l8n_tQb.1..e <JI..s_~_~_g_y_" d~y_i_s_i_~ (c rea in h';c.) Q_.:!-~ision ~

Chapal Rohru Sim~o.

Total

11129 8494

17893

__ __.TI.!?2.L._ Fnctors l~ke soil depth, slope, existing vegetation

in the area etc. were kept in vie~ while a~sessing suitDblity of area for plantations. On forest 12nds, plantation potential nt thoBe sample plots alone w~s assessed wh~ch hod canopy density less than 0.3.

2.2. 6 .J!.,£_E;!~"f'!.ger_§J-!le~rent gr~~A, incid~p.~£!£.~''?f!.§_:' , Distribution of forest 8rea by division end

grazing incidence is as rollows:

Ta ble . II. 6 - .. --f..0.r...~st ~r:~_~~ by diyi sJ-.2Jl_il!l.~_ M.f!..zinA. _ _i.!}_c_i£_e_nce..:._

.( Area in hec.) . .

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-a-.~~_.r_.~.- .-.-.

Div;i.sion Heavy Hediurn Light No Un re- Tot~l grozihg cord2d'

,-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~~-.-.

Chopal, 18480.1 10720.5 11843.6 Rohru "2254243 "22651.2 13939.2 Simla 13574.0 13944.2 18633.4

3675.6 8494.2

10489.0

2042.0 1524.6

46761.8 69151.5 56640.6

-,-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-.

1?'tal 54,596.4 47,315.9 44416.2 22658.8 3566.6 172553.9 -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-.

%'._ 31.64 27.42 25.74 13.13 2.07 100 -.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- - -.-.'-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.

As would be seen ~rom the ebove th~t 59.06% of the forest area is subject to heavy to moderate grazing which is deterirnental to the forest growth & regeneration & hence need checking.

2.2.7

Distribution of exploiteble i'orest ere~ by forest type and size/age class is as follows:

-22-

TQ. b1..e_,_I"hI

~~tf3t~~-l~9..~-.-'5'il-~¥.},g}-_tE_~1-.e_._fgJ'_~S_!;.-~~ I'~_D._ byJ.9F9..f!_t __ tY.E£_

,,,,:-.. -.~ ..... ,~.-.~.-~-.--- (Area in hec.) - , ........ - .......... - • -....... - .......... - ........... - ....... ~ , .. ,. - ... -=- .... ":, - .. - 'P ..... - ........... - ......... I •• -.

Forest type Frei"ene~- ··-Yo-un·~·i~M{d~i'eC·~f~{ure·'· Qver-- Un re-- Tot<).l , r<:-:.tion .r: ged m~~ ture corded

- • -. - .. -. ~ Ir - ...... - • - •• _ ................... - 0 ...... .,._ III " ... "". -. D .................. _" .""11. -. - • ~.-. -:.. - ,., .... - ... _ .. - • - • Chir ,.. 428.8 Deodar 428.8 Fir-Spruce Mixed coriifers 3573.0 Up10nd hrrd-woods Conifers mixed with B.L .. Oaks 24608 Lowl~nd 246.8 hc.rdwoods Unrecorded ...... _. _. _ ...... _ .. _. ___ • _. _. _. _ .. ". _. I., _. _. _ ...... _. _. _ •. ~. _. _ •. _. _. _. _. _. _" _._ •. '"

Tot9l 4924.2 41964~8 7309604 23808.3 9423.5 ~

13488.6 2.96 25.27 43.85 14.28 5.65 8.09

16705.8

100 .-.-.-.-0-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-0-'-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-,-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.-.

As would be seen fr'om the Dbove tElble ('table 1'$.,7) that maximum i.e. 43.85% of the area hos got middle age crop Vihi~e only 19.3% contain mature to over moture crop.

~or the purpoRe of Dbove table, following 'size-age c12sses depending upon most Dbund~::mt diameter cl8.~-g~ of trees occuring in £orest area were recognised. -

(i; _9pir ...I_D~g.d.~rJ_ fJ-_r 1.5.p.r .. YE..~..L.rI:~i~?_~ _c0!l~fgf3 __ ~;_C~o_'9_i_f.~.s. ~i~,Si __ 1!.ij:h.4b!:p..f;_d=1.cp.Y..~-12_r~~U.Y.P.§...e..:.. .

(a) Regener~tion Aver~ge D.B.H.D.Bo less th8n 10 ems. (b) Yo.ung AverEge D.B.HoO.B. 10 to less

th2n 40 ems. (c) Middle aged Aver~ge D.B.H.CoB. 40 to less than 60 ems. (d) Mtture . Aver~ge D.B.H.O.Bo 60 to less then 90 ems. (e) O~r mature AverDge D.EoH.O.S. 90 or more.

(ii) _g..P1-E.n.<L..~_2.rd""!2..?d?L-2.E'_k:.s_ & low}.£!l.9-__ h_!lF..9:.'\;P.2.9_ .. f.!?£.§;;t types;

!Bi Re~ener8tion - Aversge DoB.H.O.B. les; then 10 em. b Young ~verage D.B.H.O.B. 10 to less th2n 20 em. e Middle Dged - Average D.B.HoC.Bo 20 to less than 30 ems. d Mature - J.yerage DoB.H.D.B. 30 ems. to less thnn 40 em:! e - Over m~ture - ~verage D.B.HoO.B. 40 cms. or m6re.

"':'23-

2.2. 8 g~.R~ne .. tQ t i9.!1_!~.:t~.t,u~.-2_r_.:_iplJ2PF_i;.~!.?-.1.,_~§_s:.~_~J:!L'?J.Jf~ r:' en_t .EPRE_~T TY'p'~,:2...!. . ,

. The reg2nerati9n of· moin end commerci81 species in two ot8ges i.e. seedlings (plants having height e~u81 to or more than 0.5 ID1.Upto 1.37 Il}\) & saplings (plants with height more than 1.37 m~ but d.b.h.-o.be less then 10 em) was recorded by IDying out fixed square. plot of 0.01 hD. around plot centre. rfwa ,seedlings. WGre considerGd equal to anG sapling for tbe r~rpose of compiling final data. Total, nurilber 0;[· plots on ldhich regeneriJ tion wa s recorded in various forest types, 2cnd p2rcentage of plots fL:lling in different classes of sapling regenercit{on is 'given in table No.II.8

.!p.ll~ !Lo,,~_, _IJ . Ci .EeLc_$.pt_8..s.~..9...t.....P_l.p_tS~~.~.l.lYlg_ .i!l~ _dJ.%.f.e.r..e},"l:i: __ cl.C!:_s.s,e_s~._o_f. '§'§..E..li nJL .r_~Ke_q_ es_g_~_i_o_ll : -. ~ • -. - • -. -. - •• -- • - •• - • - .... - • -.. <CI. - .......... "'. - ......... - • - II --. -.. • - • ~. - • - • ....--

Forest type Species _CCo_q~J . _~_. __ ,_~,

No.of N6 of sapling p_l_~~.§. [10 _1_0.:;,!=3:_ ~.j25

No. rt;;:gener3tion

__ 1...!_ .. ....- _ ._._ 2. ... ._.,_ .... _- ... _-Chir t,ll 111 (~1) Chir Mix'ed Coni- All. 503 fers Conifers ( 02, ,07, 08 )

Deodar (03)

All 119 Deodvr

Fir-spruce (04,05,06)

.All 178

Upland hardwoods (09)

Fir-spruce All Upland

hardwood

34

Conifers All 183 mixed with Conifers B.L. (10)

Oaks All (11 • 12 ,1 3, 14) 02 ks

Lowland All hardwood

89

14

_~ _,_ . .~2.~ ... ~ .J~ ... ~,_, .7_~ ~ __

29.7 26.1

39.0 38.0

47.9 52.1

51 .7 39.9 20.5 8.8

50.8 42.1

50.6 49.5 28.6

5.4 4.5

16.1 13.9

16'.0 11 .8

8.4 3.4

64.9 69.4

5.3 39.1 5.4 42.7

9.2 4.2 1 .1 o

26.9 31 .. 9 38.8 56.7

11.8 11.8 55.9 11 • 8 11.8 67. 6'

13.7 4.4

3.3 32.2 o 53.5

14.6 2.2 11.2 1.1

o 0

32.6 38.2

71.4

- 110 - • -. - • - III -. -. - • ..;... -. -. - • -. - ~ -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. ,...,.. III _ .....

-24-Less than 10 saplings in~01 hee. plot m3 y n?t be

considered &S ad~quate regeneration. On adding percentages under column 4 &. 7 in vbove toble,. it is seen that 95.5% 0:£ chi.rlO 80.7% of' mixed conifers, 84% of Deodar, 96.6% o~ :fir!sprucs, 76.4% of uplEnd hardwoods, 95.6% of conifers mixed with broad leE.ves~ 87.7% of' Oaks & 100% of Lowland h6rdwood~ fore5t type areast havG no regener6tion/inadequate regenerEl tion. SucL areas. need immedi~te s'ttention to regenerGte them by artificial means/planting & complete protection ~rom biotic teetors like ":grazing, lopping etc. llhich ere dGteriment2.1. for establishing regeneration.

2.2.9 In addition to these tables, ~ome other tableS relevant to area information lil{e distribution 6f forest area by div~sion/catchment into Boil erosion incidence . classes, fire incidence clc"1.sses, lopping incidence classes, canopy de8sity classes, grazing incidence classes, forest types etc. 8re given in appendices I1.1 to ,11.16

Note: Tables No.II.10 to II.23 ar-e- 8.t the end Df this chapter.

2. 3 N}.lP!.9.§£...2..:t s telIl~_ ~

2.3 .. 1 §..tj2-_m~_,.E.eL_hi';;..c..__in 5~j-!J~I?I~E..-S_9-_,.i..:'d-,.?_i..Q~ ': The stems per hec. diviSion-wise cmd species-, ..... ise

irrespective of d~amater class have been worked out & given in table No.II.10.

The di8met~r class0ise and species-wise distribution of stems/hee. in each forest division is given in Clp'i')endices II. "l_9' to 11.21. -

2. 3.2 St ems 1!J._f!_0 _.1!l_ di:LL~.£...p::...r!_"t __ :f9s_e~s.1.. "tYlle.E.:

The .s terns/he c • forest type-",,-ise & sp2cles-wis e irrespective of diameter ~12ss 8re given in table No.II.11.

The diameter cla~s-wise & species-wise di~tribution of stems/hee in e6ch forest iype is given in appendices I1.22 to I1"~29.

2.3.3 'fotal stems in e.£ch diviSion: --·· ... ---·,-....---7-..._....-..-·----- _ .. __ -,_.... ...... ____ The total. number 0:[ stems in the survey area

species-wise & forest division-wise irrespective of diameter are given in table No .. II.12

The diClffieter clas.sv/ise and species-wise distribution ox these total stems lS given in tSble No.II.13.· .

-25-

The dic~meter clEws-wise & speCieS-\HSe distributibn ~f total stems £01" eacb foresi d~vision is givnn ih ~ppendices 11.30 to ·II.32.

2.3.4

The, distribution of total stems specias-wise and forest type-wise irrespective of diameter class for entire ·forest area is given in table No.II.14.

The cliDmeter class-wise & species:-wise distribut.ion of thes~ total stems of forest aren ~s given in table No.II.1S. The slight difference noticed betwwn figures of this table & table NOaII.13 bre with~n allq&ble limits & is due to the re8S0n tha't same t~pe of dc,t8 2re processed acCording to different ''types of str8.ti£icntion i.e. total figures over forest types ~re obtained irrespective of forest divisions & total -figures 'over divisions are obtained irrespective of' forest types. -

The distributiori uf total stems diameter clusswise 2l.nd Eipecies-\'rise for e8ch forest type in forest 2rea is given in Appendices 11.33 to II.40.

2.3.5 ~.i~~ .£t

e£Lh_2 ·_ . .f:9I.~!2.L~~;:y_i§.~. in._~.!=8.B _~\l£~md ~.~.L -

Comparative statement showin,; sterns/ha. forest type-wise in some:! of the 3reas·surveyed in past by this organis~tion is given in tnble 11.16.

No :felling of' trees wc!s done tu wurk (..Jut the: generr.l volume equations for the s.pecies of thi~ survey 8reCl. The datE: reg2rding volume and grO"wth of past surveys clrcady avsilable with this organisation for different species w8S eX2mined by dre-vling heightdiameter curves ,from the sample tree d~ta of these specie~ and also diameter-height curvee of sample tree dEl. ta of same s.pecies 0 f this survey. Ait8r detailed eXDmiu8tion of these curves, it was found thDt this data of' cert8in species of this survey, comperes very well with §uch d~ta of same species of past surveys. However diameter-heicht dCJta o.f Taxus baccat8 did not compare reasonably with any species data & hence no volume equation/table could be adopted for,-this species. Volume of a tre'e is function of its height & D.B.H. Accordingly the general volume equr1tion of these species were adopted from the relev8nt past surveys. For £urthei detsilS Chepter II of Part 11-of this report may be reffered to.

-26-2.4.1 The lOC2l volume tables of di£ferent species ado pted for this report are given in Appendix No. 11.18 and height diameter table :lor some import2mt species is given in Appenqix No.II.17 2.5 V2 J,[email protected]_ . .9t-.~wiJ.3:g . .s tu_c£ 2.5.1 V91U_f"!l~J;:. h_~_~.l}~:[:!:-lh.G.r.~I?-.~.~d}.'y'iE'j.9.D_~~

Vo lume .stock tLbles ref-:'err ed in subsequent paras do not include volume of Taxus bec~ata for which neither

any volume equB_tion was flvai12ble nor the data compared wit-h any of the available general volume equation.

Volume- per hec division-v;ise Elnd ~opecies-'wise 'irrespective o£ diClIDeter cl&ss has been worked out & is given in table, No.I1.17

The di8.m€ter. class-wise & speciesk-wise distribution o£ volume per hec. in each forest division is given in Appendices I1.41 to 11.43.

2.5.2

Volume per hectare f'ore~.t type-wise 8< species-'Nis e irresp:2ctive of di8meter C1228 is' given in table No.L:.18.

The diameter C18Ss-wise distribution of volume per hec. of different species in 88Ch forest type is given in Apperidices 11.44 to II. 51.

2.5. 3 .T..9j:a:;t:'Y:o'+_'-:l.m_~_ .!.!L~e.§_c_h __ ci}~.ig.!l

Total volume in the survey area species-wise and forest division-wise is given in Table No. 11.19.

The diDmeter class-wis e f)lld ,species-wise distribution of thi_s total volume is given in table No.II.20.

The diameter clos s-wise & spe cies-vrise distribution of totE'll volume for e8 c1'1 forest division is given in . Appendic'es 11.52 to 11.54.

2.5. 4 1's>_t~l.._y£.lYrn_e_,!P___9_i1'_{e.£.e!1~ __ %o~£§_t.",iY'p.eE":_

The distribution of total volume species-v-!ise & forest type-wise irrespective of diameter clDss is given in Table No.II.21.

The diameter cl~ss-wise & ~pecies-wise distribution o£ this total volume. (of all forest types) is given in table No.II.22. Thp- slight diIf~rence noticod between

27

~lgures of this tabl~ & table No.II.20 Dre· within allow~ abl~ limits & i~ due to processing of same~ type of data according to di:ffer'ent t~pe$· of strCltifiC<l tion.

The distribution of this totai volume by di~m~te~ class & species-wise for euch forest type is given i~ Appendices 11.55 to 11.62.

The volume in all the foregoing tables refers -to underbark volume upto a top end diE-meter limit of 5 bms. over bark of stem. In c~~e of broad-leaved species , it is 81~1 0 inclusive of brenchwood volume upto. a lim! t of· 5 ems ()verbsr'k dis['1e ter. In the subsequent por-tion of report except otherwise speci£ied the volume referred to will be in this context.

Comparative st8tement showing vol./ha. forest type--wise in some of th:2 areas surveyed in past by this organis~tion is given in t~ble No.II.23.

2. 6~ Stand8rd err-or: __ --'"*-_" --eo _.,_.. .. _.__.. ..........

The standerd error expressed os percent~ge for estj.mates of tree forest 2rea (tree forest and . degraded forest vegeta'tion type). and volume per hec for three diviSions separ8telyi is given in table No. -_II,g below:-

Di~si0l'! s. E...!-.-~ l:!'~~a S.E. ~i YEUE_u_ ..

Simla 2.56 7.52 Rohru 0.4e 4.94 Chopal 2.80 7.12

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~ .. -.~~~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

-28-

Tc ble No. II. 10 ... ,- ,',-- , ........... ~,.~-... .._ .... ~"". STEl1S PER HEGT.t'lRE SFECIES-WISE IN DIFF,::!:nEr~'r DIVI2IQNS ........... _' .... , ............. ,.,,-~. _.~ •• _ •• ~_. r __ .. ..., ....... __ .. ., .• ' __ • __ ._ ...... _ ............. ...,....' ..... _._,.,___. -___ ._-~ ........ ". .. f--_

- .. -.-.-.-~-'D " - .. - ~ "-.• - 6 - 0 .- • - • - • -. -. --. - • -. -""". - • ---. - ... _ • .. .-.-. -. - •

Species

-~ .. - • - • - I - C) - Q - ........ -- 0 - • ~. - ~ .. , 0 - • - -II - .. _, •• .;... • --- .. eo .... -. -. -. ,.;.. • ........ IIil - 41

1 • Abies pindrol"" 15.370 54.923 20.212 2. 'Cedrus deodm:-8 59.027 27 .. 922 50~10S 3. Pinus w.::,11ichian3 52.776 39.735 32.479 4. Pinus roxburghii .20.730 1.879 12.885 5. Abies smithi.8n8 10.700 30.491 20.491 r o. Taxus baccata 12.399 27.823 20.002 7. hcer spp •• 1 .519 9.676 1.903 8. Aesculus indic8 0.507 1.148 00071 9. Carpinus viminee' 0 .. 133 10. Jugluns regic~ 0.018 11 • Quercus inCc:ln2 45.853 1.462 14 .. 105 12. Quercus dilat2t2. 25.474 3.928 13.143 .., 3. Quercus sernicarpifoli~ 3.085 47.953 18.551 14. Ni3C. spP • 22.708 43 .. 721 25 .. 403 -~ . . -.-.-.~ .. - .. -. - .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Total 270.148 290.812 229·.350 -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- . -.-

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- 41 -(]) p.

...c: I . 1:1) -(1) ->. · ... .. ......, • P< '0 .. . "Cl.l L,..., n. 1"'""l+' · I ~ (l) • .-1 CIl ~ 0 rl o:u s... p.. CO..., >. <l) '..-1 1 .. CO·.-10~QJO 0 CO·..-I 0 cD • .-1 >.. ·m...LJ .. ctj. ~ · I oC'J:::l P..()~~ • a) :::l ...t:: ..... O..':!: o ~ CI) I .. 0::':: ~ VI :>, "d O~ ~ 10 Z +' Z (]) · I Z P. '-< +' ~ Cll s.. Z p., .. +' Ct-JU:l It-io:.. I · .. • Ii-4 .." OJ .. .!:r:: C\l It-itll ~ It-; (/) ~OQ) .-iOO · 1 I ,.....o-...'"ri~r-Ico~ .-io~ o 0 Q) 0 H 0 fH I .. 0 s......-lVlOO o Sot 0 s.. C) "'tj 0 C)'tj U:l I () 'd . .-1 s:: Cl> 0 Qj () '0 'r! · 'd 0 (lJ~ (l)~ .!Ie! ap+, 0 s.. ct-r +' Q)'H S=IDCi-j ~ en s::cn(ll H ~IJ) -oot::Oro t:CI} ... 0..-1 IIJ ." . .-1 ~ • .-t ..-l "0 '0 .......... .. 0r-i'..-I H (H . ..-! s.. ....... .-1 '"' 'r-! ~ ~ro .~ 0 5 I~ I H<Il'O 'dID s..ro fls..lU B o,'d e 0. (J) I .. QJ .. .-- · e P.."d Q) ·GruP- 13 0.-0 ()J 0."0 CIJ S 0 CUEl'Cl 0

I 0:: I ......... I ID E!OX...:I<llene QJ80 +-'80 +' 0Cl> +'0 I .. +oJ o Q;I·rl ...f.'.r-! Q) +;lO(J} HO(u H 0'0 HO~ ,. I H O'dSQ::IHs..+, 1-10-0 U 'U. I

·~I · ~ · a) . 0 a 0 0 I (1J I I 0\ \.0 \.D t<""\ I.f"\ I C) .......... .. If"I r:--- IJ\ I.f"\ co · ......... :;l 10 I .. - .. .. I <Ll j H~ -,- · -::t 0 0'1 C\J as 0

t1 • .-1 A I- I (jI 00 ~ 0\ I TL.tIl - r<\ N r<l C\J tc\ I , , - - ~ 0 C\J

EI H I I 0 ~ ro* .. C-- 01 · 'd,..-{ 1- ~ • • 'O- I 0· ..... .. 0\, .. ..-~ 0 C\J · &1 ~~ .-1 ..;t'N ['-. t<"\ I .. · ~'* .-- N · t'\-i I I '" I .. .. co \.D ..;t 0 C\I OJ ..

1 J I.f"\ I!(l ~ CJ'\ r<l tc\ I 8 · 'd. C/) .. - \0 co ('J 0 . ...j" 0 · ~ I ~ H ~ · · .. r I .. X~ w .- .. r<"l C\J r<'\ l!"\ U'"'I I.f"\

(1)' I :t..:P.tr-t ICO l:"- N Cl) ['- N 0'"1 s..' · ~o .- 0 0:- "I"""' ..-- (".) 0:- .-- -ro I . I I

tl~1 · ....:I. I s... -I C\J -::t 0 co \.D IDI~ Q) f:!:I. · r<\ ..::t ['- IJ\ t<l · .s:: I • <t-r"d I I ~ 0 (J'\ m -::t l Itf.l '.-1 ())..c .. ~ · .. · · .. :HI., I s:: x ~r C-- I "I"""' 0'\ t<'\ 0 C\J I

~~; · 0'.-1""'·- · t< 0:- r-- \.D .... ' • E-t H · .. ~ 0 '" IJ\ ... • I . .., 1- 1<'\ t() 1'("\ C\.I .. - I

~ • E-t .s:: .\0 · · · ...:t I tJ1 {.) .-- ~ 0'0 r<"\ 0 \0 U'"'I

I~ ,- l!", m tf' l:"-I or ~~ ·0 "d · .. or- co

~I ~r" I ~ s:: I I .,- C\J · (\J "d "'tj .- · ~ ~ j"d I rl M 01 U"\ . .. (lJ1 · Po ell C.·"""_" • 0 0 · COj

S::' ~ I ;:J~ ~r I r<'o ~ I E-I · .. .-- 0:-..... 1 >t I I ~,~. · O;::J, J. N ~ C\J 0 ~ I

~I:r U:l · · ~ (j\ CJ'I ;- C\I · .!Ie! 1- ..:t co ...j' ..- C'\J I ~ • ..:t · .. • • 0

~;!Ot 0 1,- N 0" a 1'("\ 0 ~(l) · .. 0 co 0 0 0'1 (lJ s..' I .,. ... N N 0::-!!lJi ........ ....._ 0 ~ "CI I l'-

<'l .• Sl · "00 • · 0 "" 0 0 ...:t '1'<'\ • , CO 1:1)\-- I \D (l) 1'("\ 0 . co ~

C\1 ~ ~ •• f'(\ · 0'1 "" OJ C\I ...:t 0 · .-l "CI OJ ! · . 0 . I

I · >: H...c·- .. '\"'"' ~ ro 0 .-- ..;;t I O·m~1 0 co ..- ..:t t'- * t<'\ .. ...:l..c:o. • .... * - .. ,,_.;..._ ~ I I .0. >.. · 0.. .. ~r""'i ClJ · I I "" .. .:,.I,: ~ • C\l .-i ::::,1:"-1 · • .. . or-;, ::r: ......., ~p. .-i H 0. • • : I ..- tl. 'ro .._.. . ., cu .._ QJ (I) ):: ::r:: I · .. .. ;..:J .. ~. f-4~tIl ~~ :., :z; > 0 ......... • 1'1--1 I I ~p., X· (lJHi:: +'C\) a 0:: .-il

t5l • 0 >. • (l) . ...c:.._.. Cf.) ('J 0:. CObO CJS;::: ~ .. cu· I w I ,ox i.J .. tlO'ri ~CltleH ..-i CiJ.o.a • OJ >ro · .. ......... rJ s:: ;j ..., IJJ

..-I ro ~.t:! C,l s ....... .-I o. r :8 H ID ,.,,-... 1 ~C'Il tIO,u r-IO°r-{ bDr-i. 0 +' {i~ E ..c\

• OJ ::J H oh,l .. 0.-1(1) . r:;I..t:! r-I~> ro·..... +' Cf.I . ...,0 • I Z (I) ro I ..._... I .s::~ mIG ;:::l . ., ...t::..r.I\lCOCJJ all-:> .c I · .. Uro c::t::;;:; :::.:::~'t;j p:j p::j >< 0 ~~ ~.._ CI) ~ .. I I ........ I • r-I • or- o • • • • .. · J tfl 1- '<"" C\) t<l ...:j" tI\ ~ t'- I

flY\PTER-lII

~g2_1'.;_}-· ND_.l\_CS:~!3S IBlL I TY _SlJJ'..P~~!L

3.0~09~actj~i: The m2in objectives of study were:

--(;1.) ,. to_'{:~1,~d 6u:t Qthe l1cx:lytlnt ~c',of t ?,f(vfrio us logging end tr~nspo~t ope~ctions;

. (~i-~ Jto .... lsiiow tho' existing levei of meqh~nis~tidn:\~f ·thos e opere tions

(itf~ '<=-'to cll?ssif'y the terrain into ~llope, nlti tudE;, - distcnce from nC8rest ro ... d, fl0,~tin8 nollah'

based on map or field obscrvRtions during ~invcntory with n view to obtDining the ideo p~out nccessibi1.i ty [',nd -t:y.I>e o"f ~quiI>m~.ntsl ~~chineries needed for logging. Inf~rm~tionf 'ubout extent of roc:d net-work in the 2rea was ~lso to be collected. ... -

-J Tl-\'lP_Gr barv~-stin:g tjperd:tions' 'i:n the oren: u..."1.der -sury.eY r,is.J.n~.ttioPne l~~ed,;& :be.ing" c~&ried -:-out by 'Himc'cho 1 Pr8decsh StDt~~Fi~rest Corpor<tion. To know the existing cos~ ~~,)I~iF.:lous _lo!~Ging _fll1d tr2Dsport operet i.ons, da tp applic:i?ble -to" survey drca: WDS coll'ected from v2_rious offices of CQrporG~lon & ,compiled._

~.1 '~EEK:hng'" -&~l'LanE.J?.ort_ Co~s_: The present >2.verr'ge loggi~~·&:tr~nBport costs Drrived et refers to tha .year, 1.981,.82. The,Qe tlre bc.sed on the dr'tc: collected from offices of H.P. £orest carporDtion 2nd is given in t~tile No.lII.1

T~ble .. ·tI..?.:.ll.I.1 (Cost'in Ils.) Ncme of Ru~e per tree for Opercti~~ conifers spepies

,Ii. FELLING -. . --_ .. _----

~ver- Av.volume lege"... per' t're'e

of _ (m3) in C 01..'2 '. 3,4 surv~y

~reC) os per vol. tobIe' for three Dvns

Fell:-:;~ .ing

ch;-,rgcs per (m3 )

.f\emorks

DBHOB(~ms) 'Sim~c -~t3J_C_l Rohru -:'-:-r"rl- --.-- ~ ---12-r'- I4I--' -m:= '((")} ~_:::'_I-I- -r"' ___ , __ "-=~___ __ \LJ__ - -

'T?71---- -(81'-'" ...\..!..)-.---\.,;~-~

I- 'J.25 Cost r,'qunded 'off to

106'~& as_ove 2,9._00 30.00 ,30.00 29'.75 '9.0,6

90 t'o foo', 80 'to -90 70to 801r

60 to 70 50 to 60 40 to 50 30 to l~O 20 to 30 Below 20 Tot[:l' J..vcragG

29.00 23.50 18.50 14.00 10;50 7.00-3.00 1.25

cm' 0.50

136.25

'30.00' 24.25 19.50 '14.' 50 11.00 -7.25 - }~25 1.25 0.50

·)(}.oo 24.25 19.50 1'4.50 11.00

7.25 3.2.5 1.25 0.50

29.75 24.00 19.25 14.50 1_1 .00

7.25 3.25 1.25 0.50

_ 0.91 7.50 5.85 4.26 -2.75 1 .. 62 0 .. 76 0.28 0.07

141.50 141.50 140.50 41.06

nel:: res t 12 5NP. 3.50 ." ~

3.25 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.50 4.00 4.25 5~50

39.25 I,: .00

_._ .. _",_.._---_ .... _ ---------.... .,..-.... --~-,-,--. --.-----.. --~~ _. .. ._ ---

B.CONVERSION Unit Simlo

-. '__,.: -.-__ .~1l_ .• .. _

Chop~l Rohru Av~of col.

'-C4~\-" ~·(~l-·' 2~ _ -...L-. -.- ... _. ~~_" .. _l£L

Remcrks

D) Conversion per m3 14.0G of trees

14.00

into logs

b) Debcrkine per m3 2.25 2.25 Cost rounded off-.to necrest 25 N. P.

c) EngrC'lving or Khundon

14.25 14.25 14.25 14.25 l'"I

d) §j,Yli .. §_ ~£'BTJi i) RDi/Fir per rn3 113.00 118.00 125.00 118.75

ii). Deodur/ per m3 97.75 102.75 109.00 103.25 Kc;::il

e) Axe squ3 red per3 scc,nt m 82.75 88.50 93.00 88.00

~) Dirndim8s per m3 29.25 29.25 Dimdimo! is a GXe squ8red timber of length between )Ocms. to 1 50cm3. obtoined nor-· molly from bu';;"; end of' the tree.

g) Round bollis. per 0.75 0.;)0 0.75 - rmt.

h) Hokrics

i) Poselc.

j) KaselCl

per .2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 H~kri is rrnt. obtcined ofte~

splitting with 8xe/wcu.ge t'round log which. clue to d.efect::; like rot/knot etc. ccnnot yield 0. sawn timber.

Per m3 79.00 83.00 88.00 83.50 P8sela is side sl~.b obt8.incd on squaring a round .log with s~w

per rn3 92.50 97.00 102.75 97.50 -._..._,.,_ . -.-.... ,---,-----~--- .----...... _-~ ._--.,.._. ---.----~ -

- 44 -

TFA~RT COST

P.. OFF ROj:,D TRANSroRT OR D~ND-·cTRRI7,-GF. -- :-'~----. ~ 'Simlc 'Chopal

~_=--Ol --- -crr=_.:TIT-m 3--p-;;: km 1 • Uet leE:d per 22.75

2. Dry le8d per m3 per km. 27.75

B .. ROPE YTJt.~Y __ C.£BE...I.AGE. gl],RGES

Rope way Carri~ge span upto:

24.50 29.75

Rohru Av.of Remarks col. ?V

rrr==....hl::::._rEI-== 24.50 24.00 29.75 29.00 Cost

rounded off to

nei:lrest 25 N.P.

1200 mts_(~) Erection 510.25 453.50 453.50 472.50 (b) Dismentling 233.00

(c)Roping per 0.50 piece"

Over 1200 rots. (n)Erection 588.50

(b) Disrn4ntling 233.00 (6) Roping per 0.50

pie.c e

c. WET SLIDE

We~-slide per m3 per krn. 18.25

D. ROAD TRhNSPORT CHhRGES. (0) KcCh~o.d-;-;-;;5p-e~--km.

(b) PuCCG Ro~d per, m3per km.

(~) LOGding of ,ogs into track per m

(d) LOOding of S<::lJn timber 3 Ho.kries & bullies per m

(e) Unlooding of logs, sewn timber & H~krieS3& bc.llies per m

(f) Stacking of timber in depots including c~rriage3upto 50 mts.

per m

E. CONVERSION OF LOGS INTO SL8EPERS AT GOVT. -S"M'I' ffI1I _$AWRA -:-M2 chine s2.wing Of logs into ~leepers & sconts per m

207.25

0.50

520.75 207.25

0.50

19.50

207.25 215.75

0.50 0.50 ..;. do -

520.75 543.50 207.25 215.75

0.50 0.50

19.50 19.00

1.20 1.20 These

0.64 0.64 figures have

5.50 been coll.-

2.75 ected from r·E

• 1.65 divi-

sion SA~/ARA

3~45 j

27_50

- 45 -

'3.2 !'Iech8.~i.s.~:..~ .. i2..~o_f __ ~_~:t:'_<?-,tJgp_~ Most of tl1e logging ure done m2nunl1y mainly by USe of axes Dnd two ,men raKGr sow, peg-toothed saw. POWQT chnin sow and po~table saw mill 1s,c1so being mnde US~ o~ on limited sC2le in Chhacbpur forests of Rohru Division. The Conversion into sizes is done at site to reduce tr8nsport costs. The of£-road transpo~t is done manually a 5 well as ,through &ruvi ty ropeweys, -i"let (dry slide~. Tha on-road transport i~ done mostly by truck5 though som.e timber is 2,lso f'loDtcd down in Tons!Yarauna rivQr. The loading & unloading of trucks is done manually.

3. 3 ~xis_ti~.B_,£..Q_~:st_r:l.~"t. ___ '12F_~. §__l1:.~_~_c2~~_§_iJ?_+}i t..L.s'_f_!_b:.e_a.F~e_.§l_~

The information about road net-work in the survey Brea as collected from P.W.p., H.P. ~s given ~n 8.ppendix I.1. Only KClll<a·-Sinla nClr~O"i.;I' gauge raihJRy line passes through some portion of Simla £orest division.

The distribution of forest area by forest type( altitude clnsses and slope classes is given in t3ble No.III.2 & III.3 r~sj)ecti\Jely.

T 2 P 1 ~_ I I I • 2~

~*~.r.~Q.~_1~.fLBl#_, _f.9B_r~:(;j*T_ /1_ffJ~A~ .. ( i~ }~~."). Ji'( _f~O.~.0L_'l:':(PE __ ~_ .!':b.T IJUD.E Forest type Altitude

800 m 800-1500m 1500- 3000m+ ,Tot8l . 3000m -. ... _._,.,--, _'.'_. _ .... , .... ,_ .. '------~--,...._. ..... _."._ .. ----. ...---..,--*'-------.._-~___....---

Chir

Deodar

Fir'-8pruce

!'-1ixed conifers

Upland hard woods

Conifers mixed with brand leaf

Oaks

Lo""land hard 370 .. 2 wood

Unrecorded 493.6

7129.0

1046.7

102.1

1808.4

5069.9

6898.4

13769.9 19775 .. 7 57368.7 1825.0

18364.8

7639.7

5406.7

14027.4;

i3769~9

4138.2 23913 .. 9 2069.1 59437.8 283104 4656.4

6078~ 9 2549C < 4.

4101+.2 11846 ~ 0

2178.6

41502 11385.4

Total

% , ___ 8;;..:::6.3~._E?_ :1212.6_.L_J 3jQfi§~._Q. _1_9_637 . ._0.,_j_~.6]qh§.",

o • 52 9.09 78.61 11 • 78 '1 00 .-.---._..,_.. ___ __ "1:"_' ,_._~_...... .. __ .... __ _ .. ____ ._ .... _ .. _ .... _ .... __ ..• .._ ..... _ .. ____ ... ___ _

- .+6 -

T<':'ble ,111.3 __ ~ _·· .. ·._..,..,L_ .... ·~

__ -___ .• _. __ ,,: ... '.' _ ............. . __ ........ -"'''' .. " .~~.,.. .... __ ............ - .~ ......... ___ .. ___ ..,.,.,_-.... -_ . .........._-._, .... -<t._... __ ,_. ~ ..... """" ..... ..._. .. _. ____ "':"'._~'

FOR2,(":>T 'tYPE SLOPE IN DEGR2.ES _'.,. _~ _._ . __ • __ ~~_.". , • .J';O:t _ •. _4.5.-:(2C ._~ __ ~~Q::.'J:? __ ?Q_~_3_0 __ ~ . .i..29 ___ . __ T.£.1f.l~ Chir 10h6.7 3723.4· 8002.0 2302.0 15074.1

Deader 740.4 1257.7 9020.6 3491.6 ) 451 0.3 Fir-Spruce 1408.9 4185_9 10236.2 8185.0 1306.8 25322.8

Mixed coni£ers 1670.2 7810.8 35079.5 15349.6 1197.9 61108~O

Upland llc.rd 108&9 537.7 2144.0 1756.9 217.8 4765 •. 3 wood .

Coni.fers mixed 524.1 4900.') 140,10.5 6252.3 326.7 with bron.d leaf'

Oaks Low lund herd woods

Unrecorded

348.9' 22S0.5 5489.2 3521~B §44.5

123.4 944~6 1110.6

33S8.5 7405.7 581.2

26014.5

12194.9 2178.6

11385 .. 4 _._;._. --' -..._ .,,-.~--__._....... -- ,,_ .. ~._,. --.,,--... -.. ---.,--. ._..._,,-~-.. -=.--... _,.. .... .. '--"'" .~ ... --,---

Total 5848.1 28228.8 92332.3 42551.0 3593.7 172553.9

3.39 16.36 53.51 24.66 2.08 100 _....... ~-.. -:-~ ... ,_-___ . _._.__.~ __ ..... ." ._, ....... ___ .....,.._,._. _ _._ ...... __ .. _. __ ~ . ...,. . ___ __ .... ____ .. _ .. _y ... _ .. . ,.... ... JOo .. ~

As would be SGE?n fron'l t.sble 111.2 maxiIilum are2' 131048.9 hec. or 78.61% of total exploit2b1.e area falls between Dltitude 1500-3000m & minimum 8rea 863.8 hee. or 0.52% fGIlls below altitude 800 m. Areoo lying cbove 3000 m cannot be worked during winter due to heavy snow. From Tabl~ I11.3 it isdseen thet only urea of 3593.7 hec. or 2.08% is below 20 slope which is suitcble for vehicular machines such as tractors/crJ.\'flers!skidders for off-road transport while in maximum area 631-12.1 ha. or 94. 539~ off-road transport Qay be poSSibl~ by ~im?le grcvity ropeway~ or skyl&ries cranes. ~n 5848.1 haG or 3.~J% urea lYlng at 60 & above worklng moy not be poss~ble.

Table No. III. 4 & .IIL 5 belo1;{ gives dis·t:ribution of Iorest aren according to distDnce £rom neerest rond & distance from.neGreet floatirig nallah respectively. {Table on next page)

- 47 -

Tnble 111.4 FORE1'?J'_ .~~q L:!-.!l. p.§l~.)~~'( :Q··l'r:t~_lQ}~.)"~_I!ll3::rj\~.q~, P'R.QJ2_N.?i·A~.:r. ?'_Dj"IP'

_._.-__ ,_._. __ __ _ • .... I '_--.._. ,_ ••. _:._ .. .......-_. _ .•.• ___ ... _ ,....T __ .. _J . ..- _, .. .,. ...... ~ ....... ____ 'I ..... _ ...... _ -. ,_ "..._

Chopal 3~81.9 4084.0

Rohru 8712.0 3593.7 Simla 18139.8 9995.4

Total 30833.7 17673.1

5921.8

9147.6 10735.8

32569.9 476';)8.2

17399D4

25805.2 97667.5

204.2

370.2

46761.8 69151.5 56640.6

574.4 172553.9 - .. ---.... ---:-::... ... ... _ ...... ~., _ .. ____ ..... __ , _6_, .. ,.. '_"_',. ___ .. ___ ... _, _. __ ,..,..~ .. ~ .. _. __ ~ 17.87 10.24 14.96 56.60 0.33 100

___ .. ". - • _- .. _~ .. - _. __ ' •• _ .... " .......... -.OR .. .,. _ ....... ~ - • ____ .. ___ .. , .... ' .... _... -_ .. __ _

__ , ... _____ .. , - • _ .. ,..._.. .... - .' 'V ... ....1 .;......... a' ..... _ .. _ • __ • ·ow ...... ,. ~. , ........ _ •• __ ._.._-_._- ",'_, : •..• _ . .-.-

Di visi on [5b'orri '--5'0'0:':1 g3~·l8~]l·~·~O~~-~'60b-riia!'-~~~o{i~_o~a.t.&.g~_~~1.+_a~~o-t51 corded _._.,_.',,_ .... _'·"L,. .. _____ • _ .... _ ._~",_, __ ,,_ .•. _"W ., ..... __ •••••• ,~ ........ _ .... _._, ........ w., ....... • ._'.,_' ___ ' __ ' __ .... p"-,....,_ • .,

Chopat 0168.0 7567 . .5 8882.7 21849.4 204.2 467E1.8 Rohru 18839.7 10890.0 16226.1 23195.7 69151.5 Simla 8638.0 5709.8 10489.0 31343.6 370.2 ,5~640t6

Total 35645.7 24347" 3 % 20 • 66 1 4. 11

35597.8 20.63

76388.7 l~l~. 27

574.4 172553G9 0 • .33 100

As would be seen frohl tzbls III.4 & I1I.5 only 48506.8 hee. or 28.11~ of total forest ~rea is within one KID. < 1 km.) ·o~ rosd & 59993 hec. or 34.77% of total forest area is within i km. of floating nallah. Since harvesting timber £rom areas involving off-road transport of more th8n 1 km. distance will be quite costly, construction of roads in such areas would be necessary for reducing timber harvesting costs as .... lell as for scienti:fic m8nagement of the :forests more effectively.

.... 43 ..

.f1:1!!-.P.T_I;._R - I V

PNIV"fi-·~.D.JND COJJ:S_Ul1P..T1.9.N.. ~i> r.'tmn. 4.1 ~~E.8_n_4__ Zo~~

There is no i~portant ti~ber market in the survey BreB. Most of the timber is utilised locally for house constructio~/repair~ p~ckin; C8S€S and ss fuel. Besides, substantial portion of total prodpctlon is exported to depart~ental depots at PnrwanoJJ Yamuncnnger for open auction 2nd STIlDll quantity to other net::rby towns in Haryana/?unjab. The? entire survey o.rea is considered to be demand zone and local requirement tre2ted as first charge on the fo~est' produce from the area. The variety of species, numero4A Sizes/shapes in which timber is used and gr~8t variety of cionsurners & poor Mointenance of detailed Upd8 ted records in offices makes the' study very complex and thercfore~ the estimates o£ dem2nd are rather indicat~ve~

4. 2 REi:29}:d_~.a_.£t2.Sll.s~i.21l .of~~o.9.

Most of the for~sts are under the control of St3te Forest Department and removal of wood by different agencies ~rom thesG forests is controlled by forest department. Timber extraction is nationalised 8nd almost nll ti~ber from Govt. forests is extrscted by H.P. state Forest Corp0i."ati on and qui te substantial quantity of" timber from Govt. IOrGst is given to right-holders at concessional rates every y~8r. Some wood is also removed by agriculturists from their priv2te holdings for their o\'m use/trade. Extro.ctio:n througb contractor I s agency is negliGible. ThQ J_nformation regarding production of timbG:::" has been collected. from records of con~erned divisional offices and for this purpose removal from Govt.. u£ well DS privDte lands by all agencies havo b~~e.n taken into C1ccount.

The information for last three. years i. e. 1078-79-to 1380.81 is gi7en in Table No.IV.1.

- 49 -

Ta bl,.§ No ~J_V_~':!"

ye.8rwise Pr'oduction o:f. Timber from Govt. Forests and P~~t-e_bal-ids--'-~"'~-"'-'~ ... _ .. -.----.. ---.--.----. ~ .. ~- ... _-

Uni t m3 ('ilRE)

-_.-" '''~ -, ... -.---~ .. -~-·-sJTEC~IE·S-6Fr-GROUp-Crr"~··SPECTES--·~~~'-· --- .... -_-_ ..... _..._ ......... ~,'-- ...... ..., ....... ___ ,._ ........... --.......... ___ ....... -.--... _ •• ",-#" ._.-.-... r-.•. -. __ - __ ~ .............. I ... ' - __ jl _ .... _ -.( , , _ .... ',., .......... .,... .... ,.. ... _~l

Year Chir Keil Deodar Fir! Bro~d Totcil Fire Pulp __ . ______ ~E~ ±..e~2. Vlood wood ~- -,.,.."".~~

1S78-79 3002 41839 27512 55241 1738 130232 425 150

79-80 5070 52604 32828 67738 1648 159888 '1293 1628

80-81 13351 62009 50438 Lf';225 557 175560 2697 2648 -.-.- .. - .. -. - • -. - ... _ .. - III - ... -- .. -.. • - .. -_ • ~ . - .......... ~ .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. T0t"l1-'22303 156452 110778 172204 3S43 465680 4415 4426 Av. 7434 52150 36926 57401 1314 155226 147'1 1475 ---_-, .... ..-- --. .... ;------- ........ ---.-.._ ..... _--..... _. .. '-_. __ .. ~- .. _....".~---,........---''''.-.- ......,. .. -'' ...... ; .. ,. .. --_ .. 4. 3 £q!l§~E£tel1

The forest department supplies timber to ,V8riOU8 Govt. depo.rtments, corpore ti,;nslautonomous bodies. for their use, lOC8.1 people h~ving rights :for their ciom2stic 6onsumption Dt concession~l r~tes 2nd to local s~w mills for meeting demand of p.:::cking c~ses. The informBtion on supplies to diII0-rent consumers h8S been collected from concerned division~l oil ice rGcords & yec,n:Jise detGils are given in T2ble No.IV.2, IV.3 & IV.4.

!p p):,e. li.?dL_S. y ,§S~s.J?_. -:>.u.P j)1-L 0 f...!!2..o.£.. to _v_!:rJ-2_ u ~9.:y.:b _,_g...?.P..£..r.:.trl!.E?p..t~"

. Unit m3 (WRE) -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.-'.-.-

YC?C1r

1978-79

79-80 80...;81

Totel ~

l\v~

SPECIES OR GROUP OF SPECIES \...nfr-"K2TI-~-Deodr;'i~-· --jFi"i7

!3prus~ 11

8

29

720

555

333

1048

1082

475

8

64

63

-Brood l.~tive.£ 1103

1433 329

TotE'. 1

2890

3142 1229

--~ ...... -. -.--- . .,-.,..._......._ . .-_.,._-':'" ------~.~ --~~~---~: .. ----48 1608

16 536' 2605

868 135

45 2865

955

7261

2420 -.-'-'-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

- 50 -

!£.J~ .. +"e_ IV ,.2 y C? 9,£';',' J-_.;,?..§~U1JJ?.f_y_ oJ. ~Y[92g __ t.9._ RJ-_gh~t:-h..9l<;l e r ~ En.£., Co l1..~.e ~ ~}. 9_:q_i s -t s_ . . . Unit m3 (\1'RE) -.-.-.-.-.-.. ~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. Year SlJecies or Gj_~oup of species Totol

Chir [(ail Deoclrr Fir! ·BroGd

- .. ~-----.... -,"'" ,..,... ... ~._. SJ2fuc'e b§'Dved _." .. ..,..__..,. . .--

1978-79 280 25065 13783 693· 198 40019

1979-r80 338 12408 1164'3 80 109 24578 1980-81 1.J54 11887 16133 62 200 28741 ..-.-.-,,~. - • - • _.. It - • -- , -." - • - • - II -. -. - • -- • - • - • -. -. - • -- • _ ... -. - • ............ _" ., -. •

Totol 1072 49360 41564 835 507 93338 . Av. 357 16453 '13855 278 169 31112 ~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.-_-.-.-_-.-.-.~.-.~4-.-.-.

Table No ~_~ . .!i YeaT'!fJ-_sL _s~~.P2)..Y ,.0 f_:.1'_i_IT.l}?.§I_ to _ Sn ~!9-_:l.1-_2..!'!..~_ .. .w.~r:,!_e'y'~<2.E~

Uni t- m3 (IIWRE)' -. -._. -=- If -- ~. - ........ - .. -. -. - • - .'--11 • - • Io_. 1_. ~_ .• _ • _ . _ • -. - . _ . - •. _. _ . - • - .. - . - ... ,. Year

1978-79

1979-80 1980-81

__ ~ _ _§p_~g i €..?>._'? E_Q!:,2}l]?__ _0 :!j_~~<?J£. ___ . __ Chir' K8il. Deoder Fir/ .Broad ~.__ _____ .SJ?ruce h.~<:lved

83 493 19481 24

82

54 735 470

19986

17723

20081

20803 18247

-.~ .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-D-.-.-.-.-.-.-'-.-.~.

Total

Iw"

219

73

16g8 566

57190

19063 24

8

59131

19710 -.-~-. -. -.' .. -.-.-.~-.- .. -. -. -. -.-.-.-. -. -.-.-. -.-.-.-.-, -. -.-4.4 gxport U-m..£9.r.L2!_JL~

There is no import of timber into survey area but sub~tantiQl quantity of timber is exported from survey area to' depcrtmental dopots nt Pnrvrr..noo & Y2..mun2!nOgnr for industrial. & domestic ~bnsumption by open cuction in Punj8b & Hsryvna b(?sides supply'to railways through, DGS.&D. Some qU8ntity p<lrticularly those removed froI!l private land is exported direct to consumption centres in Punjnb/H.::ryc::mo. The information on exports by river/rood. have been collected from concerned divisional offices & figures for th2 yecr 1978-79 to 1980-81 is given in T2ble No.IV.5Q

-51-

T.£J? 1 e .1LC? ~.!~ 'ye£<..ry!J..~tt.<.~3Y.oF:!__o_;( '!I-'929; !.r..o~lQ_}:.9L.f?_~ ts~ ~ __ ~r_i_'::'E t_~. lQncl~ __ ._

Unit - m3 (hiRE)

Yen!" --·-·Spe·cTesor~crroup· o1-··S1)-e·6I'€'s·-···'-~"'--··--"T·o·-feY··Fire' 'Pulp Chir Kc.il Deader li'if6 Mixed Br02d WGrJd wood

5p ce ConiIers le~ved __ ___....... .~ ... ,''''' ......... __ ... ___ .--. ___ ., •••. " "'=--. __ ~_ ..... _:_ ., •. __ • ...,_._._ _,'. _ .. ·_r "'.,...._ ..... oj .... __ ......... ~_~

1978~79 2633 16490 15683 38419 7296 628 81149 1876 1766 1.979-80 5230 28440 19622 61258 3624 1928 120102 4469 6136 1980-81 11139 40485 32354 62338 2702 2151 15J169 2il.S 5880

_~,_ ...... __ ,- ................ ._- . __ ":._,..,..;,.-__ _,..,. _____ • ...-. _____ ... _ " ._ .. _ ..... _~._ ... _ .. ~. '_r .••• ·~··· ..... ._... ... _ .. _._

Tot81

t.v. 19002 85415 67654 162915 13622 6334 28472 22353' 54005 4540

4707 352420 847j 13782

1569 117473 28?~ 4594 ____ r~ __ •• ___ .J&·· _ _...'I. __ .. ~ ....... _._.._._ ...... ~_ ... ~ r •• ,,. .• ___ ._. _____ ~,_~ _~:~ __ . ____ .•

4. 5 fu:>~l'_~~.:t,.f.2!:.§.YmEt ioq_ _D..f...!loo_cl The average <:tnnual product on of' wood less the export

outside survey 8re0, should be 2..verage cnnuc:l c.ppnrent consumption within the survey area ~nd the SDme is givenin TGble No. IV.6,

-Table No.IV.6 ... ---,.,--.. -_~-.:-':l: ,

Uni t .... m_, l ~.lRE)

Yenr Item _...§I?~2.:i..?..2. RF __ Cir:9}!E,S2..(~E?J2..~_gJ_eE~ ______ ._ Chir Kail Other Bro&d Totcl . l'j_r e--woo d.,'

-~ ~- ...... ". . <?_?}]2-"£§£s Le2.ved p.~ lp ~Vf.£q9-. -~---~

1978-79 Production 3902 41839 82753 1738 130232 515 Export 2633 164S0 6139iJ 628 81149 3642 ,t,ppnrent 1269 25349 21355 1"110 4')083 (-)3067 consumption

1979-80 Production 5070. 52604 100566 1648 159888 29~1 Export 5230 28440 84504 1928 120102 10605 Appnrent(-) 160.24164 16062 c-) 280 39786 (-) 76~4 Consumpti on

1980-81 Production 13331 6200') 99663 557 75560 5345 Export 11139 40485 97394 2151 51169 OOCl8 App2 rent 2192 21524 2269 (-)1594 24391 (-)2663

consuJ.lption

Yearly Production 7434 52150 94327 1314 155226 2946 Average Export 6334 28472 81099 1569 117473 7L~18

Appurent 1100 23678 13228 (-) 255 37753 (- )1:4 'T~ consumption

~ ... -,.----. - ... --~ ..... ---

- 52 -In certain cases, export for a particu~ar year

exceeds production ~igures which may be due to the fact that export out of production takes place tn more than one year due to various transportation problems and Qur figur~s Qre based on data for a short period of 3 yeal~s.

4.6 f.2n.sum£lliE_ ~~~1.eD

Wood is consume.d within survey urea mostly for house construction/repairs, f"uel, packing cases and for agricul tural imIllerne:nts. There are no major \\lood based industries in the area ex.cept smo.ll s"'", mills whose number is about 500. In addition, weod is exported to markets outside the survey ar~a, The ,wood consumption by local people, local industries have been considered as the committed dem&nd ~hich survey are8 has to meat and com,i1erciCll exploi.tation for other purpos€s should be resorted to only j~ surplus out of scientific yiel~ wo:--ked out from a fOj_~Jst is aVClilable after ~ully meeting these local requirements, The estiffiDte of :unnual wood consumpt ion llas J therefore, been made in following categories:-

(i) Wood consumption by loca~ people for:

(8) House construction,. repairs;

(b) Agricultural implements; (c) Fuel wood.

(ii) Consumption by industries - only by small saw mills :for pacl{ing CClses.

(tii) Supplies to different Gcvt. departments/ organisations.

4,7 Wo 0d_~o.n_~_UiTI...:e..tLqn. .. J.?y_lgS.a 1 ..J?.~.9.£.k_£or~q.omestJ£.~p()se The data collected on the basis of low intensity

sampling survey done dur iug 1980 for es ti,ma ting per capi ta/househc Id c'~nsumption of viOod by 10 cnl people for domestic purposes was de'ztroyed on 6.3,82 due to fire accident in Kennedy Cottuge Bui~ding housing this office. Since collecting the d8ta afresh besides requiring man-pc .. rer and cos t wou~d. have delay~d completion of the rcport~ the pGr cap1ta/houschold consumption of wood for different purposes for th0 survey area has been estimated taking thQ figures arrivcd nt for lCulu/Scruj/Kotgcrh area surveyed ~arlier by this organisation. Kulu/Kotgarh/Seraj being adjoining & almost similar in to~ographY/clim~t0 to thG present area, household w'oocl consumption would not differ much. Pcr capita!household/piGce consumption of' wood for different purposes c:sti_mntcd f'or 'Kulu/Kotgarh/ Scraj area E~~ 8pplicd to pr~scnt survey is giv~n below:-

- 53 -

Boust! Cl)nstruction~ (i) ~"1- ~~~';~-L;c ~~;-2;~1""m3 C~iRE) t irnbcr is rcquir0d

per hou~Qhold for c0nstruction of n new house. MRinly, Chir. l(ail & Dcodtir QrQ used for the purpose.

(i i) IN.i_c_1!l.-t.!:fI:c._~ __ J;.m'p_l..,.cH.e!lt.s_:_ Plough & leveller/plainor (8) Yoko

comprise of fQllowing:

(b) Plough set comprisQd of Ha l8s, Hal & H~ndlo

(c) Levcllcr/PIBincr

Total

- 0 .. 020 m3

0 .. 118 m3

- 0.196 Dr say 3' 0.200 rn (~RE}

The consumption of wood for other agriculturol implements is negligible. Mostly oaks ara used for ,makipg agricul tur~l implements ..

(iii) Firc~wood -...--...-_ .. -853 kg. per hQad per year or 1.18 rn3 (WRE)

No_"!:..£: 725 kg. of" f'uelwood is t~kcn D.S one m3 (HRE)

4 .. 8 f,9 P"'?_~~'.E.t.ig_r:! .2.Y •.. mAl!.? ,:tr:.~....'l§. There Ore no major wood based industrios except

small s~w mills. M~st of them hsve only one vertical bend saw & work seasonally to moct demand of packing cases. "Thcy have no commi ttcd supplies. The inforrna tion on total orchard araE, production of apple/othor temperate fruits in Simla district was collected ~rom Horticulture Department H.P •• The orchard area. in survey area wDS estimated in proportion which survey area for~s to the tot~l arc~ of the Simla district. Average production per he. & percentoge annual increase in orchard arc~ was estimated on the basis of production & area under orchOrd during 1975-76 to 1980-81 in Simla district. About 55 packing boxes per metric ton of apple Ure roqu~r8d and 8bout 45 such boxes cun bG mode out of 1 m (tiRE) of timber. Size of pocking bOXQS for other temperate fruits being half the size of apple box, 8bbut 100 bOXeS per metric ton of fruit arG rQ3ui~Gd End abcut 90 su~h boxa~ ca~ be made out of 1 m (loiRE) of timber. "lIule proJcctlng Iuture requirementLPer hec. and percent annual increase in orchara area will continue to be some DS at present and no substitute likely to effect substantially denand of timber for packing cnses will be developed in the forceable future. Details of present and future orchard area in survey area & timber requirement for packing cases etc. ar~ given in Table No. IV.?

eLof timber f.Clr pocking caSeS it has been assumed th~t production

- 54 -

1.~E..~.9 __ N ~.' JY.!-Z .:PF5L::.cn..t.. _(.}_SJ.8.1) _. & ]J.r.Q_,ic_c..t.Q. q.~.}J?P.l.(?_/_C? .t.(le,r, _'t.c~~I',e.r§_t.c_ .9r~llPT_d.§, 'E£_Q _'C!.. __ up5\, .r .§.9..\,l.iT E.m_E.'p.,t .. 2.1: .•. !'Ig.() .d.~J.2F_ "pP.c_k:..tn_g__~'..~~~_)·p_~F.~~Y _£ r_e.?

ye8r"Rlll.d -o"f-" - T()'ta't '-,' 'Avcra"ge "--~, l\nnt'tnT'· -·P8 cki"n-g-C:-'l·s-c· T'o-:fa~i~---fruits orchnrd production increzsc wood rcquire~ wood

area in p8r hee. ~n area mont per hG~. r~qu~rc-.survey a£ orchnrd a:f orchOrd mcnt in area Drea aros based the

on average survey production areD.

l1J~~'---_ .. ~~i~~~~~~~~_~~T.=,:, .. _:I~:. :-_:_~,:~JL~l 1981

1991

2001

.Apple 13582 4.58 340 5.60 76059 Other temperot8 1806 1 .00 2.5 1 ,11 2005 Fruits

Apple 17656 4.58 3.0 5.60 98874 Other temper~ 2258 1.00 2.5 1 .11 2506 ate fruit

.Apple 22953 4.58 3;0 5.60 127619 Other temper·· 2823 1.00 2.5 1 .11 3133 ate f'ruits,

.•.. - ._.__......,. ...... _." ... _.".._,,_

4.9 S~I?E.JJ5~s_J;.2. . .£..iJ_i'2£~fl-L..~2._c!j1 ~de~_~entsl 2£gunjsati()D;:'_: -

. . \,. Iniormc:tion on supplies to di.fferent departments

hnve been given in TAble Nc.IV.2. Since there is no commitment & obligation to inCre6&e supplies to other department in future9 the future dem8nd- on these accounts is taken ihe same es ut present.

4.10

Population and "lUlmber of h':Jusehr,lds for 1981. in the .survey are6 has bE-en taken as p'2r 1981 census (Provisional Census figures 1981). As per 1981 Cens~ growth rate of populat ivn WE'S 23." 7% during 197~ -81 which gives the annual rate of increese of' 1.9 or say 2% during the peri6d. Presuming same decenial rate of growth for population 2.5 well as households future population and households f'or the year 1991-2001 h&s _ b8en worked ou~by discounting the figures Ior

- 55 -

the yenr 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively 3t ~hc rote 2%. Popu18 tion End hous ch-.J ld "lorkGd out in this ',"rEly arG giv~n in Table No.IV.3.

T,_c._b_lg_Jto._o .r y_. 8

!?_r.~.§.§_~.t__~ .Fy._t.Y-..L~ .. J'9 . .P.u_1E..!.~_\:.n_ §5_Ji9~ GhoJ-d§..

1980 5:''(0 1231 53101.

1981 304716 4867 309583 52908 1256 54164

1990 64168 1524 65692

1991 376;;64 6021 382985 65452 1554 67006

2000 79383 1884 81267

2001 466342 7449 473791 80971 1922 82893 ---._ -. -~ ._._-.-...--...... -- .:--.-~-..... -----.-.--~--~ -----..,_...... -----....... --... ~ ... -. _._........,.,.._

4.11 PrE_seIl~....s:.0n.~u§lJ?ti.9E-?_L~2.:~.:.1

In OrdGT to estimote thG present (1981) consumption of wood~ from the survey area., following as s.umptions hove been Ii1nde:-

(i) The life of house is 100 years cnd 1% o£ timber required for n~w construction will be required £or repairs of old houseS every yeClr.. In other words ~ b()sed on .figures in Table No.IV.8 8.beve, during the yee.r 1981, 1% of 54164 i.e. 541 nevi houses will have to be cDn~tructed in replacement of old outlived houses and 54164-53101==1063 new houses will have to be constructed to meet the dem2nd of increase-in population/hOuseholds. Thus in tot31 1063+541 =1604 new houseS 'Nill required to be c6ns~tlcted 8.nd 54164-541 ::;53623 houses \1i11 need repair durin~ the ye~r. Similarly during 1991 totol 1314+670~198~ new hous~s will require construction and 67006-670=66336 houses will need repairs 2nd during 2001 totel o:f 1626+820=::.2454 nevi b:uses will require! construction and 02893-828=82065 houses will need rGpairs. 1\..1so it is assumed th2t no re-useoble timber from 100 years old hduses will be available.

(ii) Li£e of all agricultural implemen~s (yoke, plough & leveller) on c:n 8verCl~w is 2 yeiJrs i. e. the yGarly roplacement timber requir~ment in this case will be 0.5 new m2nUI8cture.

- 56 -

(iii) 50% of fuehmod r'Ql:Juirc:ment, th~ugh very conservEltive will come f'~om forest covered by the survr2Y'& remcuning 50% ,,·,'ill bG met irolli privs te lc':nd.s and 8gricul turQl ltl8ste Gtc. Chiei' C;)nServ2tor of' F_;rests, H.P. to whom dr~ft report wa~ sent observed thereon vide his let'ter No. C-I-3!1837 clE:ted 24.8.83 that most of_ the requirement of fuelwood is met from conversi8n W<:I s te, brDnches, bushes etc. end' not ~cotGlly from standing trees. In view -0.£ this observation, it has been further assumed thnt 75% of' conversion wastage (50% of W.R.E. '~consumed .for house co.nstruction/repair,. agricul.tural implements end fruit packing cases) is utilised DS fuelwood.

On the basis of DbOVG assumptions, the consumption of wood fo.r different nousehold purp0seS during 1981 works out. as _undcr:-

(i)

(ii) ( i'ii')

(iv)

(v)

Un i t - m3 (\1. R. E. )

House construction, rep18c3ment and 47298 repairs (1604 Nos @ 22.1 rn + 53623 Nos @ .221 11\3

3 Agricultur81 implem2nts 54164 @ .1m

CODsu~ptioD of wood for fruit pocking caSGs.

Supplies to v8ribus Govt. Dept'ts.

(a) Tot8.1 fuelw(lc,d for 309583 @7~§3 x '2

(b) 75% of Conversion wostDge (50% 'of item i,ii & iii 8bove)

(c) Net fuclwood demand from surveyed .forest resources ~ (a-b)

78064

2420

1-82120

49042

_' 133078 , --.-.-~--~ I

Total (item i to iv & vec) ) 4'1~ ~~ &!-n'I~. \¥~a:

___ 2&627_6__

.. The future demand of wood will depend on many fectors such a5 increase in popu12tion, change in income structure, price trends of various cdmm~ditiesi change in utilisation pattern of WOOd, availability of substitutes for WOOd, consumers preferences etc.. Population being mainly rural sC2ttcred allover survey areD, major dem2nd of. wood a.t pr€sent and future will be from rural population firstly because no substitute of wood is likely to be ~v8ilable to these people and secondly due to tr8nsportation nnd distribution problems. 'Therefore, per capito/household consumption of' wood for domestic USeS is pres'umed -to be constant for future <:.nd the increase in consumption of wood has been t2ken in proportion to increase in populc:~tion. The demend of wood I9r packing cases will also increGse dUe to increase in orch2rd areas a.nd people's inclin2tion to go in for horticulturo.

- 57 -Supplies to other departments within the survey area has been taken' same ns :th8ir pres ent deI!l8nd. The. estimated demand of wood for dif£erent purposes at prese.nt and in futur0. i"s given in Table No.IV.9.

PRE~;EN.J & FUTURE DEW,ND OF }!,OOD_E.1lQ!i.. THE SURVEY Af~"Ef-._

Unit- m3 (lV.R.E.) ~,-...... ,._;;.__,__ .-• .--_,----..-.. ~--.--..,_...._. ____ ._ .. __ -. __ ... ___ ._ ... . '-:-_'_"'-J_.~

51. Purpose? _r-_~.EE~ ~ _ _ .r~_ No~ __ v_. __ . L' ___ "_~_~ __ ' ___ j Y~__ }9_Si2_ 2QQ..!__

1. H~use construction, replace- 47298 58506 72368 ment and repairs (17.8) (17.6) (17.5)

2. Agricultural Implements 5416 6701 (2.0) (2.0)

Consumption o.f wood for 78064 1.01380 fruit pucking cases (29.3) (30.6)

Supplies to various Govt. 2420 2420 departnents (0.9) (0.9)

4.

5. a) Total Fuel wood 182120 225300 b) 75~ of conversion wastnge 49042 62470

(i.e. 50% of quantity of item 1, 2 & -3)

8289 (2.0)

130752 (31 .6)

2420 (0.9)

278720

79278

c) NGt Fuel demand 133078 162830 199442 _____ C8-bl.£!~~ tern 5 ~~ __ " __ .. ___ . _0._Q..&Lr~!..1)_._(!±8. 3) T0ta~ estimated consumption in 266276 331837 413271 the survey 8rea (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (sum of item No.1,2,3,4 and 5(c) )

The app8.rent consumption as·-~t\lod{_Gd out in TEo l-e IV. 6 is far less than the present (1981) consumption worked out in Table No • IV. 9. This dis peri ty may be dUe to the Ia ct th2 t f'ir.Gwood being rE:!moved by villagers from nearby forests is not being accolmted for and in case of demrind ~orked out for house construction/repair some timber might be coming from trees standing on farm lands. 29.3% of wood demC"nd is :for packing C2SeS Clnd thGre is urgent need to f'ind out some more economical substitute for conventional timber packing cases to reduce heDvy drain on forest resources of the QrQB. on this account as finding substi tute :to meet other local oem.;-:nds seems core difficult though possibilities for theso also need exploration to conserve the valu8ble forests.

---,,-"- .. -o'_"

-58 -

CHi~PTER - V ---.---.-~--

l:"ERru;IN C¥~FICJ~n°l'l

5.1 HLTBQQVCTIOlf:

The survey 8rea extends ov~r 3,984 sq. kms. o£ vlbich 1,725 sq. kms. haS been classified as fores·t area. The data of 'this areo as collected in the field have been processed on electronic digit81 computer for this report. The data for the non-forested area \'laS not Clvailable. Thus this report is C onf ined to forest terrain cle.ssificaticn only.

The b<;1sic tcrrc..in details such [is slope, soil type~ humus~ cltltude, stonincss etc. is discussed for' each catchment/division in subsequent p8rcs to give descriptive 'terrain classification.

Further classification End grouping h~s been done to arrive at on operational terr2in classifictition.

5.2 Descriutive Terrain Classification: --.- -_.......... -.~ -..". .."'"

The bosic terrain data is classi~ied as under:-

5.3 Division: -.~~---.. ........ --The o.rGa .foIls illlder three fprost divisions; viz.

C.hopal ,(27 a 10% of the totcl study 8.reQ")~ Rohru (40.896) ,and Sim;t-c:\ (32 .. 82%) ( Refer T2.ble No'. '1.1)

5-'.4 ~ G2tchment:

ThQ~tract is spl~t into 5 major catchments i.e. Y8n1Un8 (0.30% of the tot2l study Q_r~ri) Sutlej . (11.73%), Pab8r (33.55%), Giri (25.1B%~ ond Tons(29.24%) (table V.2)

5.5 _Slope:::

Most of the orCEl (53.51% of the total studyareG) has slope 57. 7ro-1 00%; 24.6696 GroG has slope 36.4% - 57.7%; 16.36% 8r88 hes 100% - 173% slope; 3.39~ oreD has slope of over 173% and balonce 2.08% of the total study ~rea has less than 36.4% (Tab~e -V.1 & V.2). Within slope clsss 57.7% tc 100% Chopal division & Simla division has ne~rly cqu8liproportion' (36.05% & 34.35~ r~spectivcly) t;{hereCl.s -Rohru h8.S lesser proportion (29.6% Table. V.1). Within the serne slope closs Tons cctchment hEl S D8ximum oreC. (34.54:%) followed by nearly s['.mo o.f Pobar & Giri (26.63% & 25.68% respectively) follow.:;d by Sutlcj (12.7%) & Y~munQ (0.45%) (T<:.1ble V .. 2)

- 59 -

· r--i • c:tl OJ Ln ._. 1.0 " (j\ · +' ~ooo ~oCOOCl OONN t r<lO 0 0 I · ~ 1..00..-..- LnOOO ~00Cl(lJ .. U"\OOO .. I .. .. · · · · · · · · • . .. .. .. .

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_No st Gf the [! re.c. (S9. 11 % o£ the toto.l study 8rcc) h28 no signs of soil erosi8n where2S only 26.17% of the cr~n h2S ~igns of light soil erosion. The soil crosion is <moderf'te uver 1.73% of thC' 2reLl, He2vyover 0.54% O.f the ere:?2 ond vQry hef~vy over only O.06~ and 1.88% of the 2re~ is un-specified. Division-wise breDkup is' shown in table V.11 & c8.tchments-wise in V.12 •

5.11 .. 'J..LTITUDE: _~"''__'.r _____ __

Most of the Draa (78.63% of the arsn) has nn cltitude of 1500-3000 0lttres wherens 11.94% areG has nltitudo over 3000 metres. 3.93% Drec hcs altituQe of 800 ~et~es to 1500 metres end only 0.50% of -tbe Dre~ hGS altitude less th6n 800 metres.

Within altitude closs 1500 to 3000 m Rohru & Simla divisions bnvc necrly Berne? proportion of Dra.u (36~36% nnd 34.74% respectively) whcr~as Chopal division h~$ slightly lesser (28.9%). (Table V.13) Within the 52-mE:! G1 ti tude cless, P2b2~r cDtchmtont hc;s mcximum nren (31.77%), clOsely follot.rcd by Giri (2,9.65%) und '.rons (28.59%) cDtchments. TobIe V.14)

5.12 DIST1\NCS FROM NEJ.._REST FLOj,TING NULL/,H: ---- _... --:-.-._ .. ~-----'--:-.---.. --",'~~-

Most of ~he 2roo (44.27% of the total study crea) ~s at 0 distance of more th2n 2000 metres from the nec.rc at floating nullah; wherG<ls 20. 63~ of the Ureil is distDnt 1000 metres -2000 metres 8nd 20.50% is at n di!;jtnncD o~ 12ss thc;n 5Q.0 metres. 14.,11% of the QreC! is ~t 0 distcncci of 500-1000 metros. 0.33~ of the ~reU is unspoci_ficd (tcole.V.1S)

Simle:: division he.s 55.34% aren having more then 2000m. di'st2nCQ 'whereas Chopn1 hns 46~ 72% cnd Rohru 33.54% For n dist[cDcc of 1000 to 2000 m. ~ Rohru has 23.46%,of .<:treo. wh~reQs Chopal has 19.0% und Simla 18.5% (t<J.blQ V •. 15) 'J:he c~tchm8nh'1ise dot;:-;ils Dre given in tcble V.16.

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5,.13 DISTANCE FROM NEAREST ROAD: _ .. __ •. _ ....... __ ._~ __ 1.'-_-'''' ___ .. __ .~

Most of the area (56.6~') is at a distance of more than 2000 metres from the nearest road, whereas 17.87% is at a distance of less than 500 metres;14095% o~ the area is at a distance,o:t' 100 metres - 2)00 metres; 10.24% is at a distance of 500 metres - 1000 metres; 0.33 of the area is unspecifi~d . (Table v.17 & V.18 ).

_ _ _ Simla d1visi~n ha~ maximum.ooa¢'density as 32.07% of it3 a~ea has ~b~d within 500 m.(table V.17) and Chopal has least. Within catchments Sutlej has maximum road density and Tons least (table V.18)

5.14 _ II~TER-REU.;TImJSHIP Oi? ALTITUDE ~JITH SLOPE: ._._.""_~ .... :.... _._ ...... ,._~ __ ._ ......._r¥'..,._._~ .. ___ .... ,_ ... .... -.~ .... __ ~

.. Within each altitude zone, .slope has been class1f{ed.(t~~leV.19). Most of the area (43~57% of tne total study area) falls between 57.7% -100% slope class .and, the altitude zone 1500-3000 metres.

5.15 IIITER-RELATIONSIJIP OF SLOPE-SOIL TYPE: _,._.'· .. ~_ ... c~ ____ .. _ .. ~ __ ..... _-.,----,. ___ .. ""-"' ......... ". •••• '._'_

VI1 thin each slope 'clas's f soil type has been classified (Table V.20). Most of the area (30.0% of total study area) has clay loam/clayey loam and this falls in the slope class 57.7% - 100%.

5.16

vii thin each slope c-lass stonines-s -has been classified (table V.21). Most of the area (30.46% of the total s"tudy area) has less than 25% of the land covered by stones and has slope cluss of 57.7% -100){, ..

5.17 INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF SLOPE-SOIL EROSION: -- ~__... -...,-'-~ ....... ._ ...... ~_&_-- .... .....- ... .,. -- -~ .'-II:"<..: ..... -~,..- ..... , ___ ..._,.... ......... __

Within each slope class soil erosion has been classified (table V.22). "1o~t 01' th~ area (38.74% of the whole study area) 'does not 'have signs of soil erosion this in turn falls in the slope 57.7% -100%.

INTER-RELATIONSHIP o~ .. SLOPE-STOlHNESS-SOIL TYPE .;;;;,;;,.~=.:_~ ................. ""_;,a;.~ .- _~_ ...... __ • ______ . __ .-._ .... __ _,.., ..• __ ....... __

Within each slope class and in each stoniness range so~l type has been clazsi£ied (Table V.23 to V.25).

Most of the "area- 923.323 sq.kms. falls in the slope class 57.7% - 100%. Most of this area 3 6.78% of above has, clay loam/clayey loam and this has stone-density of less than 25% (table v. 25) •

5.19 OPERATI ONAL TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION: ---- ----",_ _...,.---=-...,. ----..... - .. ~-. ---_

The operational terrain classi~ication is done keeping- in mind certain types of technologies which may be o£ use under local conditions (Semset, 1968,Berry,1978, 1981). It must be mentioned here that vClrious technologies operate over a certain range of'conditions, each having its ,optimal zone within the operational spectrum. unde~ given conditions. The range, oi" each type of technology can be extended by changt~ ing the m,€:thodology of its use (Bjerkelund 1 971')or by innovation O~ by using different attachments. Thus this classification c a n be taken as indicative on~y~

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Baloons, Aiy.,.ships t fir-cushion vehicles, Hybl id systems, Pipelines~ e-ec. are not '·eing conside~ed at present.

5.20

This is the slope ranre (2.0~J of the total region in which vehic.les or ground sufface running machines can be used normally. In the low.er slope cl.asses machines/animals like Puffaloe or Bullock Cart may be used. In the steepeT slopes tractors with winches (meohanical or hydraulic), skidders., Forwarders etc. c:?n be used.

57.5~/a of the a,rea. w:1.thin this slope cl;ss (2.24% of the total study regio'n) has less th8n 25% or no surface covered by stone. Thus no sbecial ext ractibn will be needed for off-road or minor trans prot within this tract. Within this tract 39.39% of the area 1of this slope class has clay loam soil which will normally not have any adverse impact on vehicle. move~ent. GenerFl l ly the bal~nce ares of 60.61% will also be of goO~ bearing capacity as it has loam :3nd ,s."'3ndy. loam scli:j. (table V. 23)

Nearly no extract~on pgth will be needed even when 25 to 50% of the surface (15.15% OI the\slope class or 0.32% of the total region is covered by stones but extraction"'" paths wi"ll have to be made where (9 . 0g,h) area of the slope class or 0.1 g/o of the total region) stpnes are closer.

This is the'region (24.65% o:f the total region) where Simple Donalds gravity ropeway may be usSd for hill faces upto 100 m length, i'or small dimensions OI wood and for downhill extrqction.

Longer c.fimensioned wood for shorter distances of say upto 300 m C3.n be extr8.cted by 'High leadyarding' using a spar or a tree.

For longer distances .. uphill extraction and for larger dimensions the need will be for some si~ple light to medium si~ed cable cranes.

High lead yardmng in which the LOg is mostly along the surface, may not be possible where more than 50% surface is covered by stones (22.3~fo of the total area of the slope class or 5.52% of the total region). The balance tract (77.63% of the slope c~ass ) can be extracted by high lead yarding provid~d the leads are short i.e. upto 200 - 300 m only.

5.22 Slope cla~s~2~(~9~0~6:-This is the slope region (53.51% of the ·total area

~here either gravity ropeway is used or simple light duti cab1.e cranes can be used. Mule extraction can.'also be tried for the Small \flood. ThiS region may be treated as a transitional Zone between easy to difficult terrain.

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5.23 - 90 -

Slope Cl2SS 100 to 173% ~~'-'.-'.~- ---'--'~--'-"-" .. ,,_, ..,..,.._

This fs' the slope :reeion' (16.36% of the total reg ion) 'tlb lch '1:iotillc. most ly be extra ct ed out by some sort of cRble cranes unle~s the dimensions are sm811 . Mules mAy be used by m8king some mUL~ paths. In the conventional logging where in-situ sawing is ~till practiced, this region may be ex-l;;rf!cted out by log cJ;lUtes or Slides (dry or wet) ~lso. For wet slides, enough water Ehould be aV8ilable.

For shorter dj.mensions 8S scantlin~s or small wood a,s fuel wood or pulp 1trood, grav i ty ,ropeways QJ.so be used with proper care of not aligning it fully acro'.::,s the contours.

5 .. 24

,In alL 3.39,!,~ area of, the study region falls in thi 5 zone. Extracti on fror.a th is region though can be. done~ but' it may perhaps be better if such SlO1)8s"are normally not extracted' due to environmental and prote'ction

, .' reClS ons •

The det8iled terrain.~ata which i~ of some permanen t na~ure ,is given in pera 5.2 to 5.1$. It can be of use ~o~ pla.nning mAcro-level logging operations. A mode1. of this is shown in parR 5.19 to 5-2,Lj.

vn th some more l ocal data inputs. further analysis can be done by the help of various t3bles provided 'here. These tab1.'e-s C"ln be used ·for read p1.annlng'(Samset,1967; Berry_ 1980) hy estimating local ;l1rinding F::)ctor " and t h e extent of various types of existing roads.

The d~tails given here can also be used for planning man and mochine inputs required at t h e ti.me of a cttcal execution of the project. Detl) i led cost and other inputs may also be calculated using the existing cost distribution into v"Irious co~t heads of the Su1J-operati ons.

- 91 -C HAPTER-:._y:r

AERIAL PHOTO-INTEaPRETATION -_ r-a, __ ........ . -_.$~'_ r ~ __ ........ - _

6.1 The Interpretation of Aerial photographs of the survey area was done with followL&g oDjectives in view ;

o

o

D

o

o

To Classi.fy the area under dL~ferent land-use and forest cover types;

To Classify forest stands according to tree crovm cov~rage showing dense, me4_ium and low density forests;

To separate the suitable areas fit for plantation purposes irrespective of legal status Qf land;

~o identity degraded £orests i.e. forests demaged due to biotic interference near the habitation;

Tc_ prepo.re a land·-use and forest Dover type map on 1 :50,000 sc~le and calculate the area under different lqnd-use and forest type.

The photographs used for interpretation were of the period 1973 to 1977. While Rohru & Chopal forest divisions were fully covered under photo~interpretation, Simla £orest division had photo-g~p of 812.22 k~2 (in sh~et No.53 E/4,s, 53 F/1 & 5) out o.f its total geogt'<I-phical area of 1513.79 km2 •

6.2: Land-use classes delineated ____ '_. ...... _.--__ -_--. ___ 1 __ •• _"" ___ ",~ ......

Various forest types, other vegetation and land-use classes delineated were follows:

( i)

, o

o

o

o

• o

o

o o

o

o

o

o

o

Forest Land .. _. _ _._. .... _-,.--_--!,Yp ... e_ Alpine pastures, High levelalpine scrub

l;'ir Spruce

Mixed Conifers (Kail-deodar,Kail Fir, Cupresses etc.)

Deodar

B~oad leave mixed with conifers

'Blue pine

Chir pine

.Upland hardwoods

Low land hard .... 'oods

Sal Forest

Forest Blank

Plantations

Degraded li'ore s ts . Low land Scrub

F2

F3

F3 d

F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

F9 B

P

Df

SC

(i i)

o

o o

o

o

92 -

Permanent snow e1acier

Area under wate~

Exposed barren ,roclcs

A~ricultural lund and habitation

Orchards

A1

A2

A3 A4 o

For determining individual forest 'types the 'Percent;i~"e compos:i. tion of" speci.es has been considere'd 50% of the crop & above. For mixed forest type the percentage composition of mixed species should be more than 50% of the 6rop.

(i ii)

Forest t'ypes F2 to ]79 ",ere further elas sii' ied into following three density classes;

o

o

o

( iv)

High denSity more than 61%

f1ediurn density 21% to 60%

Low denatty 5 to 20%

£.o9~ I

II

III

Area of 0.5 x 0.5 em. on aerial photographs (measuramg minimum 6.25 ha. on ground) was considered as minimum area for delineation of land use and for~st stands. Smaller areas \\Iere riot delineated and vrere merged in the adjacent large startum. Rivers~ Nalas, Lakes, Reservoirs, Roads etc. \'lere not delineated as they are already shovm on Survey of India 1 :50 9 000 topo maps which have been used as base maps.

(v) A.n.!l2_-t:..~~ iOE._ Forest type Density

Numerator is"enom ina to r

Example J?2 IT"'"

6. 3 f.0!,_~_s.!._,_!YJl~_m.'?Jl_§_.pF.ey.~~5!

Numerator

Denominator

Fa re s t._J~.Y~ Density

I'.'irLs..IlF~ r-1eQium. .

The details of the interpreted serial photoGraphs were transferred to the base maps on.1 :50,000 scale by Survey of' Tndia. Instruments lBce vertical sketch master and stereozoom transferoscope were used for the transference purpose. The transi'err~d details and symbols were jointly corrected by the stai'f of Forest Survey of India and Survey of I ndia.

The map sheets on 1 :50.000 scale prepg._red were;

53 E/3,4~7,8,11,12,15,16 53 [.'/1,5,9 y 1 3

53 I/3, Lf-, 7 , 8

- 94 -

CHP:PTI~n - VII _ ..... ,--.,... ....... -__ .... ..,._--_, .....

9. R.ovr:~ILR.i}J:Ii.J! . .N.P •.• r:_Q~!:S.K:L TJj>_r~ _ _il~.!~].Y A~. f . .u.1. 7.1 Gro,,·[th rate: _. __ . ........_ .... _ .. _-

The growth rate of Chir, Deodar g Kail,Fir & Spruce was studied by taking out borings with the help of Pressler borer & measuring thiclmes S 01: last 10 years and 20 years annual rings of a 'large number of randomly selected sample trees. From this, annual basal area increment percent of these species ·for di ·:Ierent diameter classes 'Has to be Vlorked Quto On examination of this da'ta it was lound that it did not· shlvo any systematic trend in growth, probably'due to iDSU'~'ficj_ent data OVeL' whole range of diameter c12sses & hence ",as not considered reliable Lor adoptiml. Hence it was ~ecided that annual basal area increment percent as "'lorked out in adjacent Kulu-Kotgarh·Seraj area surveyed in P8St and based on larger DUmber of tr2es be adopted. The present survey area being adjacent to above area, grouth pattern in them should not di:ffer much with each otllero ~Chese past annual increment percent 0.1' Kulu~KotgQrh-Seraj area which were. adopted for present survey area are given in appendix No.VII.I. Presuming that volume increment percent in any diameter class is equal to basal area increment percent of that class, the "..{e ighted average annual volume increment percent of different conifer species of the crop has been worked out for the whole lorest area (By using volume as given in table No.II.22 and basal area increment percent as given in Appendix No.VII.1) & tbe same are l2;iven belo\tl:

SpeciBs

Chir

Deodar

Kai!

Spruce

fi'ir

vIc:igthed Average Annual. Volume ___ J.n~!l.:L.J?~£cen t.: __ . ~ ___ _

2.52 2.28

1.88

"1 .37 1.30

No felling/stamp analysis were done to assess the age of crop to find out age-diameter-hight re18tionships ~f lew important Sl)ecies. hClve. been worked out & ~is given in ~ppendix No.II.17.

7.2 ,Er_e.s.e_JCl_t §:_tu_i:;Y.E.e.,E.QF.~.s.trl1..aE_a£,~p)_en~ :

The Present Iorest management in this area is regulated by the working plans o£ respective divisions. Chir, Deodar, Kai 1, Fir/Spru_ce i'orests s i tua tecl on comparatively easy terr-ain are being managed under tmiform system or its modifications like Punjab shelteI''\'lOod system or Indian irregular 'shel terwood system while those situated on very steep to precipitous slopes & broken ground are worked under se).ec tion or its modificat,ions like group selection .system... The rotation/conversion period for conifers is 120 years &'" exploi tab le d. b • h. vverbark is 60 ems. whicb is cons idered sui table. for conver s ion in-to sleepers & 0 ther large size scantlings most in' demand. Hm'{ever~ in forests J,.t!JO~- ~rl.J-'-1. ~...{ ~ .. ;t, .. ~ ./yh/r! -,4 ... /I(JIV'i .p~. k·"MA-t.E-:t.ltf ~J4 o;/Uck.'2r'o..v.~rd-'

- 95 , worked under selection system exploitablG diameter prescribed. for all the species is 70 ems. D.B.H.O.B •.• Retention of advance growth upto 30 cns. in Chir,& upto 40 cms. D.B.H.O~B. in other coni:fer :forests is prescribed.

Oaks & misc~llaneous broad-Ieavod forests are ,being managed 'mainly for meeting the dema,nd of. firewood/ charcoal including agricultural implements. Under coppice vii th standards sy.stem about 70 to 80 stnndards uniformly spa6ed~re prescribed to be ~etained & rest felled. Tak~ng up of artificial regeneration has been prescribed in all forest areas' 'where natural regenerat ion is not coming up satisr8ctorily. '

Suggesting future management requires in depth studies in various respects like:.- composition or type of ~orest, size of crop, extent in area, terrain, pace of l1egen eration, size of timbe~ r2quired to be produced, 'local d~mands etc. - which is beyond scope of this survey. Moreover, management is a long-term planning and should not be changed Ireq uently 'tlh ich may lead to sacrificing major portion of the cro:p and eIfect locality conditions adverselx· Hence forests of th~ area may continUe to be managed under existing silvicultural systems ~nless modifications therein for better management have been evolved after p~oper research. In this report, eight forest types have been adopted bas€d on species occurence as explained in Ch?pter-II earlier.

7 .'3 ~_~.ii..c?n:.._.of.._the_,_g_-r2Y~~P.B. _s.tg.ck_jE._y'~_r_~_I2Y.s __ f.2.l_"~ ,!yJ?e.

(-i) ~.hi]::j;)~:

The area under this type is 15074 hec~ with total 1544117 number of stems of which 1386566(89.79 percent) a're of, chir. The total vQ1ume in this forest type is 815727 m5 · of which 766067 m~ (93.91 percent) ~s Chir. The 'volume of chir above expldli table size (60 ems. d.b~h.o.b.) is 16.31 percent" of total chir volume.

49'Yo area (.table II.7 has young. (10 to 40 em 'dia) and 46% middle aged (dia 40 to 60 cms~ crop. Regeneration is 'in-adequate over 95% of the area (table 11.8). Sterns and basal area per' bee. in the t:ype is 102 number and 6.7 m2 respectively.. From 'these~ average "crop dia works out to 29 ems •• Percentage distribution of 54.8 m3 vol. and 102 stems 'per hee in young, mi'ddle and old classes .( corresponding to dia 10-20, 20-40 and above 40 em.) is 7,42,51 and 42,44,14 respectively. Percentage of over mature (of dia~more than 60 em.) vol. & sterns per hee, ~s 16 & 2 respectivelv. Proportion of young, middle '& old~"volume in a·normal fo~~st which is based on 60ncept of triabgle of growing stock. is 1 :3:5, 'as against which forest of survey area' have unbalanced volum.e dj_stribution. Among the var1.oUB parameters of. crop wbich can be- measured with .fair accw'acy, ba~al area (calc~lable from.d.b.h~o.b. als6) per hec. is on~y parameter varying least as compared to others with change in age/Site qualities and hence can give some idea about extent of deficiency of stocking of crop as

- 96 -comparEld to fully stocked (normal) forest. Yield tables published though are a~plicabl~ to regular forests where various age eradations are situated on separate areas neverthele.ss inf'orma tion in -them when compared "'Ii th that of, irregular forests prevailing in' the- survGY area where all aU;e gradations are interimingled over entire area can ~ive some indtcation about stocking posi.twnn in th~m4- In fully stocked (normal) chir lorests(as per yiGld tables) number OI stems~ basal area growing stock per bec . .for crop cl~a of' 26.92 ems • .f9r IIn9. quality _is 390 nwnber 26.4 M & 221 ,M3 respectively as against which in survey area these are 102 stems. 6.7 M2 & 54 M3 respectively for crop dia of 29 ems •. All these. Give an indication that forests are understocked by more than 75% compared to fully s~~cked forests. Considering the- grossly understocked nature of the forest, no green felling i.e. yield is to' be tak~n out £rom these forests tQ check further deterioration of site conditions. However dead dry, uprooted trees due ·to natural cal<1mitie,o;; which cannot be quantified may continue to be removed by local population against- their rights/ concessions. These .forests sho uld be given.c ample te ' rest 8: protection 'from adverse biotic factors li.kegr3.zing and uDaxegulated f81l1ngs etc. till they are' brought to nearly fully stocked dondition by resorting to enrichment planting., Such open/ depleted rorest render site to excessive soil erosion and other ecological imbalances & bence there is urgent need to rehabili~ate them and checking ft~ther deterioration.

(i i) D~odar_~t.Y..E2':"

Area under this type is 14510 hee. with total 3983960 numoer' of'- stems of ",11ich 3403043 (85.42 percent) are of deQdar~ The-total volume in this forest type is' ~379605 M5 of which deodar is 3124278 M~ ,(92.45 percent)~

'-~The' vDlume of deodar 3bove exploitable size (60 cms. I;\";b.h.?b.) is 21.70 percent of total deodar velurne.

42% of the a rea (table II. 7) is ha ving young (diametifr '1G to 40 .cms.) & 51% middle aged crop (dia,~ 40 to 60 ems.). 84~b of the area (table 11.8) is having inadequate regeneratiun. Stems and basal area per hee. in the type is 274 number & 20 -square me,tar respectively and .from these ave-rRge crop diamet'er works out to 30 ems .• Percentage distribution of 232 m3 volume and 274 stems per"'hec. in youn.g, middle and old classes (corresponding to diameter 10-20, 20 to' 40-and ab6ve 40 cms.) is 8,)8,54 and 37',i{8,1 5 respectively,. . In a -normal forest, propo.rtion beu.reen volu.'!1€ of' young, middle and old classes is ., :3:5 wherea-s in survey area proportion of middle and old c~asses Ls also approaching this proportion. In normal deodar forests, number af stems, basal area & growing stock per hec. for a average crop diameter 0 1' 30.26 ems. -for lInd' quality :Lorests is 704 number" 59.23 M3 & 607 Jl13 respectivelY:J whereas in the survey area these are' 274

number 28 m2 and '232 -m3 respecti vely for crop dia of 30 cms ..

- 97

All these give an indication that fore-sts are'tmderstocked by more than 60 percent compared to fully sotcked :forests (normal). Though ·under-stocked nature of f'orest demands that n~ yield should be taken out from them till they attain nearly normal stocking, but from localities,having almost full stocking some yield by removal of overmature (which co:nstL"tute as high as 23% of vol.) and silviculturaJ_"l_y avai l.able trees ma:r be -taken out.

( iii)

This t)~e occurs over 25323 ha . area & has total 831 L~234 ntl.mber of stems of which 1232859 + 3186581 "_ :::: 44194LI0 (53,,26 percent) are of spruce/fir~ The total volume in this forest type is 9644128 j}3 of' It/hich fir is 5519652 (57"..23 percent) ;n5 & spruce is 281 EA.'94 !ti5 {29020 pe-:._~cent). The volume of fir a~ove exploitable size (60 cms. d.b.h.o.b.) is 52.48 ~er6ent & of spruce is 70.33% of their total volume. Thus pro~ortion of over-mature £ir/spruce is Quite high. The other conifers forms 25.8 percent of stems nnd 3.87% of total volume in the type ..

43% of the area (table 11.7) has middle aged (average~ crop die 40 to 60 ems.) & 34% of the area haSLmature' (average crop dia 60 to 90 cms.) crop 96% (table 11.8) of the area has inadequate regeneration. Total stems anC1_ basal area per hD._ • is 328 number (of which 126 is of fir 48 of spruce) and 31 square metre respectively and i.rorn these average crop dia works out to 35 cms o , Percentage distribution bf 380 'm3 volume ( of which 21 7 J~13 is' of fir and 111 m3 of Epruce) c-:md 328 stems per hac. in young~ middle and old classes " (corresponding to, dia 10-20, 20-to 40 and a"cove 40. ems.) is ~~15~8~ a~d'45~29,24 res~ective~y. In no~~al (fully stocked); ~s 1:3;5 as agalnst wh1ch propor~1on of old. stock in ~'e survey area is vE,'ry high. In ahsenoe of any yiel~ table for f~rlspruce to ~et some id~a about extent of understacking in these forests it may be worthwhile to compare smocking as given in yield table for Deodar & Kail. For erop dia of 31.50 cms. no. of stems, basal a.r.ea~ growi..6 stock in lInd quality ~as per yield tab.le) ka iI. forests is 442 number" 44.77 m . & 575 w 3 respectively and :for crop dia of 30.26 ems. ~n IInd Q.uality deodar for8["ts these are 704 number, 59,23 m & 607 :m5 'respectively~ As against these ~urvey area has 328 stems, 3.1 In_? basal, area & growing stock of ~eo m_3 pur .r_3. .• Even though number of stems, basal area, growing stock in normal fir! spruce i'orests which are comparatively shade bearers with const'ric~:ed cro"l'n formations \'rill be far. More than kail.& deodar but even comparing with these sp~ci~s stocking in survey CJ.rea is less by more then 50% as compared to fully' stocked forests. Though understocked nature of f:6rests ,demand no felling' '(yield) to be done but consid.er ing overmature stoc).~ (above 60 cms.) which is as high as 54~ 'of' total veil" '& nc-ed removal within reasonable period, some yield by fell~ng overmature & silvicult~rally available tree's may be tnhen out to avoid deter io'ration due to development of cull in ove r mature stock. /_forest proportion of volume of young,middle & old classes

- 98 -

( iV) fUxed ConIf'ers: -'-'''__'-~- _ .... __ ..... _._",---This forest type occur over 6110S' hee. and is

maximum in extent in survey ar'ea ",'i th total 13385LI-98 number of stems 01' which 10896090 (81.3996) stems ar e of fir, spruc~·;. deodar, kail and ChiS" The· total volume in this fQr~~t type is 11918256 M of which kail ~s 5864482 M' which ~s maximum followed by 2183747 M deodar, 2028708 M.J spruce and 1136381 ~1j3 fir. These four species constitute 94.07% of total volume in the type. The volume of these four species above exploitable diBmetre (60 ems d.b.hoo.b.) is 29.95% of their total volume.

. 30% of area (table 11.7) ~s having young crop (dia 10 to 40 ems) ahd 51% middle aged (dia 40 t~ 60) and only 9% area has mature crop (dia 60 to 90 ems.) 80% of area (table 11.8) bas inadequate regeneration. sterns an~ basal area per hee in trl,(~'type i's 219 nUlnber & 16.7 N respectively. From these, average crop dia works out to 31 crus. Percentage distribution of3195 m3 vol. (of which kail/deodaT/fir/spruce is 183.4 M ) and 219 sterns :per hec. in young'~ middle and old classes (co.oresponding to dia 10-20, 20-l+0 and above 40 cms.) is 8,25,67 and 49p31,20 respectively. Percentage of overmature (dia over 60 cms.) volume & stems per hac. is 30 & 4 respectively. This type has maximum perc8ntage of Pinus \1allichiana by volume as well as number' of stems per hec. and as such stocking of the type is being compared with y~eld tnbl~ figures for Pinus wallichiana to get some idea about extent oJ: understacking. In a normal lorest proportion of middle to old volume is 3:5 against which this type appears to have more overmature stock requiring removal. within reasonable period to avoid its cleterioratioli. due to development of ,cull .. In fully ~tocked kail fdr6sts, number of stems, basal area & -growing stbck per hec. (as per yield table) for crop die: of '~\.5 cms. for; quality .II :forests is 575 number, 44.77 M -r 442.23 1'1,) respectively as against which survey area has only 219 stem~, 98sa1 area of 16.7 M3 and growing stock of 195 M-2 per hee. thus giving an ind i cation that forest in ,survey area are understocked by more ~han 60~'b compared to fully. stocked forest. Thus though understocked nature of forest demands that no yield shoul~ be taken out fForn·them till they' attain normal stocking but overmature. volume whQse proportion IDS 2go;6 need' removal to ,!3,void its deterioration due to·overage. H0nce, harvesting of -timber. frqrn' l~ocali ties having nearly' full. stotking can be cons i dC,red "by removal of' OVGrma ture and silvicul turally aya lIable trees., Stocking in, understocked loca:!-i ties is to be improved upon by enrichril(2nt planting & protection fr6m adver~e bio~ic ~Qctors like g~az1ng & f elling etc ..

(v) C 0E-~f e£o?_"rn_i'?c_9.d_ ~'l i_tE_R_r_<?.?.d...; lE.9_;L.~YJ? .. e_;_

This type occupies 26014 bee. area with total 9898983 number: o:f sterns o:f which 3580283 (36-26 perc~nt) are of fir, spruce, deodar, kail, chir & Taxus SPp. and rest of bfoad leaves. The total volume in this type is 5586565 M.) of which 2625910 f13 (47.p£rcent) is of fir! spruce!ka ill de odarl chir & 202Lf514 M-.) (36 .. 24%) is of oaks.

- 99 -

The volume of above menti~n€d five3conifers above 60 cms. d.b .. h.o~b. in the -type is 969Q60 m' which is 36.92% of' their total volume (262,5910 ro . .J) ... Volume of

3all oaks above

60 ems 0 d. b • h. o. b. in thE: type is 627()173

m which is·' 30097~6 of their total volune (2024514 m ).

25% of the area' (table 11.7) is having young crop (dia 10. to 40 ems.) 471b middle aged (dia LfO to 60 ems.) and 18% matu~e (60 to 90 ems. dia crop). Regeneration Ls adequate over 95% 9f the area (table II~8). Stems and_ basal are:a per hee in the: type is 380 number and 23 m-.2 respee t i vely. ~:'rom the se, a vera e erop diameter I"forks out to 27 ems. Conifers ~rid broad leaved constitute almost equal proportion in the type. Percentage distribution of 222 m-3 vol ood 380 stems per t"p in young~ l'Uddle & o,ld c las ses (corresponclin~ to dia 10 - 20, 20-40 and above 40 ems.) is 11,25,03 and 57,30, 13 re6:pectLvely. Percen.tage of overmnture (of dia above 60 ems,) vol. and stems per hn • is 35 and 6 respectively wh.i_cb bei.ng quite hign need removal within reasonable period, For crop dia of 25.40 ems. basal area, sterns & gr01tll'ing stock pC'.':' ha in .11 quality kail 'fares ts (as per yield table)is 36,,7::', ?,,;L, ,.724 n',lffiber & 32.'1 m3 respectively and 'for' same crop diameter IInd qual .. i~y deodar forE:'sts (as P?r yield tab Ie) they are 49.33 m J 973 number & 431 m'::> respectively v..rhereas in s~rvey area i",hose aver~ge crop d ia is 27 cm these are 23 I;] .' 380 number & 222 m:;;. All these give an indication that these forests are und~rstocked by more than 50%.

(vi) Oaks:

Oaks occur over "12.195 nee •. area with toa1:al 5070810 number os stems of" which 3915634 (77.22%) are o:f·- ,three oal-:s" The, total volume in the type is 2319831 m·3 of. ;w~1j_ch Quercus semicarpifolia is 1364943 m 3 (58 .84~) wh~ch is. maximum~follm"ed by 471058 D1l3 (20",.30%) of Quercus inc ana , 146096 rrV {6.300/0) fir and 104142 l;lL (4.49%) Quercus dilatata. A.ll the above three oalts eonsti tute 83.63% of total volume in tfuis type. Volume of all the oaks above 60ems. d.b.h.o.b. is 22.800;6 01 their total volume ..

, 14% of U·_e area (Table 11.7) is having young crop

(dia 10 to'20 cms.), 30~ middle aged (dia 20-30 ems) and ~5% mature (30 to 40 cms_dia) and 24% overmature (dia more tban 40 cms .. ). RE!r~eneration is inadequate over 8?O/o of the areCi (table 11 .. 8). ,. 'St~ms & basal area per ha. 'in the type is L+15 :number & 21.9 TIl respectively. From these average cr6~ diameter wQrks out to 25 cms~. Percen~age dist~~-butl.on of 190 m5 vol. & 415 stems per ha •• In young,rnlddle and old classes (corresponding to dia 10-20, 20-40 and abb;"e L~O eD13.) is 14, 30, 56 and 60,29, 11 respec. tively. Percentage 0.[ o\Terma~ure Cof dia above 40 ems.) vol. & ste~5 per h8 • is 56 & 11 ~espectively.

- 100 -

In a norrqal forf;st pro12ortion, of middle to O-::Ld volwne is 3 ~5 and thus as seen- from agove~ distribution 'of volume in survey area appears to be a'Pp~oaching this proportion. In a fully ,stocked Quercus incana forest stems~ basal ar:ea & growing stock per hec. (as gel~ yield 2 te.ble; !or a. crop elia of 25.40 cms. is 432 number» 22. 27!". & 158 111 2espectively as against which survey area has 415 .22 M & 190M3 thus indi~ating that forests are almost fully s tacked and wh ich is a ma'ttqr 0 f sat isfac tion. This good stockihg fuay be due to the fnct that these ;forests- have n6t so far been subjected ,to heavy cO_!l1mercial exploitation as- other for,est types. These forests should be- lTtClintoined in th_eir prC?sent state of stocking :for protection of site aiainst soil e~osion & overall ecplogieal balanc~.

(vii)

. The upland hardwood .forest type occurs over ~765 hee. area-& has total 1010719 stems of which 122302 (12.10 percent) are, of Quercus incana which is maximum. The· total volume _in -this forest type- is g22465 M3 of which"miscellaneous species ·are 217871 m w~ich3is . maximum followed by 212242 1>13 oaks and 138225 MAcer SpP" These three Grou}) of species conati tute 91 .'31 percent of total v&lum.e in the type.

46% of the area (table 11.7) has middle aged (dia 20 to 30 ems)~ 34% mature (die 30 to 40 cms.) crop. Regeneration is iD8dequate over 76% of the area (table 11.8). Stems &_basal area per h~c. in ,the type is 212 and 14 Me:: respectively. From thc'se, average crop diameter works out to 29 ems. Pc:rccntage distributio-n of 130 m3· Vol. & 212 stems per hec. in young,middle & oJ.d classes (corresponding to -dia 10-20, 20-40 and above 40 ems.) is 9~2ll-,.67 & 51,34,15 respectively. PercQntage of over-mature (0£ dia more than 60 ems.) volume & stem.s per hee. is 38 & 4 respectively, & thus prGportion is. quite high which need removal wi th,in reasonable period - to avoid_ itsdeterioDa tion due to d-evelopin'g cull. It may be "rorthwhile to compare stocking with yield table figures of QU8rcus incana (single largest s~P. occuring in the type) to get

,some icea about extent of un<;ierstocking. }"or a crop dia of 30.48, ems. avera"e number of stems, basal area & volume per hec~, .. in normal QUl2reus incona forest is 443 number, 32 1,,],2 and 330 1\13 respectively- as against which in _ survey area these are 212 number, 14_ M2 + 130 M_} respectlvely thus giving an indication that t-hes€ forests are ul)Qe:('cstock_ed by more than 5 Or-;. as' comparC?d to fu'lly· stocked -forests. Understocking need -improvement by enrichment planting &: protection ~f forests f~ofu adverse biotic factors like excessive felling &_ g;razing ,etc ••

(viii) Lowland hardwoods: _. ............ _ ..... ... , "'"':10'" T,.. .......... _:. ..... _.", .. -_. __

Lowland hardwood £orest ty~e occur over 2302 ~ec. & is least in e:x:-~ent in survey area. The type has total. 3559,15 number of stems of misQellaneous species. Total volume in the typ~ is 74254 JIT'? of which 7 .. 6496 is above 60 ems. d#-b.h.o.b ... /

- 101 -

59% area (tab Ie I.I.. 7) has young cro:p (d ia '10 to 20 cms. & 25% middle ~g~d (dia 20 to 30 cros.). Regenera~ tion is completely absent over entire area (t~ble·II.8). S't~ms 3< basal area per hO~. in the type is 163 & 4.6 rj21 respectively. From th6§e, average crop dia works out to 19 em. & thus cr012 on the whole is young. P.crcenta-:;e Q.istribution o:f 34 mj vol & 163 stem per t_a .in young, middle & old classes (corresponding to dia 10 to 20, 20. to 40 & above 40 GIDS.) is 4~,38,21 and 76,22,2 respectively. In normal f'orest proportion -of volume under above m~ntioned three -classes is 1 :3:5 but in survey area proportion is :found tobe undbalanced i. e. volume is less in older classes compared to yOlli~g. Since 70 to 80 standards are to be ren-ta ined under coppice with standards system o:f working tot3l stem o_f 163 per hw • as "Tell as growing stock of 34 m Vol. in the type are far less than normal requirement. In view of gross understocking & young nature: of crop no green :fellings i.e .. yield is to be taken out from th8 tyP€ till their stocking improved. However dG·ad, dry, uprooted trees due to naturalcalami ties may continue to be removed by local po~ulation against tbeir' rl~htsJconcessions, Such open forest cannot p~otect, the site against soil erosion. Hence these forests are in need of complete rest & protection :from biot~c factors like graz.ing fell ing etc. till they are, brought to >

conditiori of nsar full stocking by resorting to enrichment pl~ntirig so that full potential of site is utilised ~ they can also afford proper protection to s·i te against soil erosion.

The goal of scientific manacement of forests is to bring them to normal condition (full §.tocking) lJllder which a ~ite will yield maximum wood and~deteriorate least. ~om such forests maximum yie~d thnt can be taken out i~ equal to the increment per year put on by the crop. The survey area being in Himalayas & in catchments of few important rive~s, the necessity to maintain good tree cover in tbB area against soil erosion & over all maintenance of ecological balance need no more emphasis and removal of wood from these forest should be 'only after their protectil7e fole has 'been -fully ensured. Only fully stocked forest hav~ng complete conopy cover can en:?ure full protection to site & maintain prpper balance.

Growing stock as earlAer explained varies'from place to p1-ace and is not nOrm L, posi tioD being wor:st & critical in Chir & Lowland hardwood typ_e of fore.sts & as such :po' fellings are su.:'·[,;e sted in these two types. Further yield (annual cut)" from remaining five forest type~xcept oak type which are not normal has also to be part of the increment they are putting on annually. Yield from a forest depends'upon the position of growing stock, its conoition/ age, gro'IJth rate, s11vicultw~al syst~m' rotation, pace .of regeneration etc. There:forG~ in order to estimate yield precisely a more detailQd study of growing stock & its condition in each mG.nagem~nt unit is necessary which is beyond scope of this st\!dy.

- 102 -

Though some data on growth rate of conifers is available no reliable gro1Jlth st..::ltis tic s for Broad leaved spee ie sis avai1.able. Broad leaved sljecies besides occuring in local pure patches are also found mixed with conifer species through'ot;t coniferous zone and h€DCe rotntion 02 120 yc:ars & exploitable d.b.h.o.b. 60 ems. i.e. same as :for conLi:er spec iGS is being adopted for them. Due .. to above li~itations viz. abnormal condition of £orest and want of reli~ble growth data for species, no single yield formul~ b2sed o~ growing stock & increment can be applied "in arri ving. at reasonable yield. HOirlever, a ttc:mpt .bas been made to work out the yield, using var ious formulas for ~fi~e fores.t ty-pes viz. Deodar~ l.i'irjSpruce, hixed Conifers, Upland7hardwoods~ Conifers mixed with broad leaves and most conservative yield 8dopted to be on saier sicle.

(a) Yield = §:..\'~~£S£:.pp~~_l... _1E£.r.~e_n~(A. A. I;. ) -Applicable 2 in case of conifer sp}Js r

(b) Yield G I:_ 0 J!.. i!l..8..~;s .. t o.£_ 1<;: Rotation

1:lhere rotation is 120 years. This is modified Vori Nantels[ formula wheie only half of the growing stock has been considered since fores.ts are understocked Clnd . not normal.

(c) y = +

This is also ~alled FrencS mGthod of 1B83 ~oryield regulation Vlhere Y = Annual Yield

Y ;:: volume. 0:( old class o r ;;;;; rotation (",'hich is ) 20 years in

present case)

t 'Increment per unit volume per annum of old class. ",;·"]hicb is taken asf:t .• 01 in p:resent case.

The method is :bascd on the theory that normal select'1.on forest is just I·ike. a normal even o.ged forest except tho.t various age ~c8.d8.tion5 are intermingled over ·the entire area in normal selection forest whereas in regular £orests eacb age gradation is on'a separate area. The theory of the method is that if a normal fo"rest is represented by triangle & perpendiculars are drawn from points corrsspondihg to 1/3r & 2/3r, the triangle is devided into thr8e parts such that their areas a.re in '{ the proportion of 1:3:5 & it f'ollows therei'ore y tha,.t volU1TJe of :young, middle & .old classes in :the forest are in the proportion of "'\:"3: 5. AssumptiDn is also made (not ne~eisarily correct) that th~ diamet~~ is directly proportional to age. f.'Jethod is' simple--vJben proportion 'of the old \· ... ood to the medium wood is 5 :3 ..... ·or n2arly so but this normal ratio is not usaally found &.there is ~ither e,xcess' of old wood 'or excess of medium wood.

- 103 -

On the other hand although proportion o£ old & middle c12ss ~ay be'normal, th~ total volume of two classes may be too great or too .small & thus must be compared with yield table figures or by other l'18ans. In either cas€, an approximate' normal r~tio caD be s9cur\::d by tranierr ing diameter cilaeses fro~ old wood to the medium wood for or vice versa, ~f\~a£~ 5ilviculturally. .

Cd) In case. of oaks forest type in which stocking as men tioned earlier 'is noarly full ~ the maximum yield that ean be taken out is total annual increm~nt \'Jhich crop is putting OD. As per yi~ld table for Qu~rcus ineana total gro'vving stoel'>. por hec.. at 55 .years age (wh ieb corresponds' to average crop die 01' 25 .. 40 ems. i e .. almost saine as e stima ted ·for the survey- area) i5 179 [,1 5 .'lhich works out to mean onnual increnl.ent of 3 .. 2. or say 5:1').

Oaks t 'pe occur over 12195 hn .• area 8~ tota~ mean annual incr{;:ment for the area \'lOrks out to 36585 lIP "It/hieh is th.e safe yield that can be tnken out from these forests. Total vo lume of conifer spec ie s vi z. Cbir, Kai 1, Deodar,I,1ir & Spruce ~n this forest type is 2267 p 6210,19379~ 66607 & 48683 T,! respectively. Total average annual incremant 3 OI these species works out to 57, 116, 441 865 & 666 n respectively & their total comes to 2145 !j~. Thus

30ut of

the total yield of 36585 m3 from this type, 2145 ti may come from conifer species <St. the balance 34440 m3 from broad~_l€aved species.

The tota1 volume by spec iss and diameter class~s in var ious :.Lorest types .is given.· in Table No 0 VII.1 to VII.8, annual yield calculated by' above mentioned these methods in Tables VII.9 to VII.11 & the potential annual cut (yield) that ean be safely tak€n out ~rom these for~sts is givGn in table No.VII.12. These tablGs are given at the 18nd of. thi s chapter. As would be seen f'rom table V17I. 12 that out of total 256848 m3 yield, 181333 m3 (70.60%) is of ,conifer species & the remaining 75515 m3 (29.40%) is of' broad -loaves.

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. ..0:~\~_T_E!t.7.. yI},l WOOD BALANCES AND I1F.cCT.!J1·'1E,NDATIONS ___ ---== ..... -'~ '4'.~~_ .... _. __ ..... ,... .. .. ....... .. ___ __. ..... .,.. ........ ., -. ...... _ . ......", ...... __ <_ ...,...,_,,,.~

8 • 1 JLC?.9_cl2~_~_a.n~_e.~_

From the consumption studies, as discussed in Chapter IV it is observed that Lor house tonstruction ChiI', Deodar & Kail are prGferrc;d. The use o.f 'other species' for the house construction/repairs is almo~t negligible. For agricultural implements only broad leaved specic.0s are used though Oaks are preferred. For ~ackine cases conifer species i.e, Fir & Spruce ~re mainly used. Oaks are generally preferred for firewood and charcoal, but availability of Vfood next door rather than its quality as fire wood is more important. ~herefore, almost every species which is available nearer to habitation is used as firewood.

T8.Fling into consideration the above consumption pattern and presuming that 60% of firewood from fores~s is to cornEl from broad leaved species, potential annual cut and presulning thot it ,,;ill not increase in future t the present and project~d future demand~ the present Elnd future wood surplus/deficit position is given ,in T8.ble No.VIII.1.

J_aE_l_c_ po !X~)J_~1. • f£~e.s_ep_t.. 2<. ,f_ll.t2-:tT.e. 'p,o.s.i.t.i.o!l ___ ~f .. w.C?.9_C! _J?a.) .... ~.~.c~.~ (Uni t M3('T.1D ~ _ _ _ _ _ .... _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ ... _ _ _ .. _ _ ._ _ _ _ ..." _ _ .L ........ wr~.L

Year' J'ot...,a_~,):i~~.J.._d Local demand Defici't(-) /Sllr5'lUS Total

~_~.n_i.~_e:.:.~.~_'_ .~~;;~_~~;!;_~~: ~ __ ..... ____ -__ ~~" .. 4'o _~~~~~~~~;l_ ._, •.. , .. _ ..... _~ •.•.. -"_ .. _,_ f_q:n.i!~.r:s_,_B,r kL. w_c;_o_n,i,f,e.r.s_ .. ~~B .• J,.! ___ .. __ " .#' •• _

1981 181983 75515 181013 85263 (+) 970 (-) 9748 (-) 8778

1991 181983 75515 '227438 104399 (-)45455 (-)28884 {.;_) 74339

2001 181983 75515 285317 127954 (-)103334 (-)52439 (-)155773

LAs would be seen from above that as compared to safe yield that these forests can give, area is deficit 'by 8778 'M3 at present (1981) and the gap between supply and demand vill further widen to the E'xtent of 74339 and 155773 M3 by the year 1991 & 2001 respectively. In other words~ requirement of ':lOod for c.onsumption by local people alone is more than the yield thes~ forests in their present condition can ~ive without degrading them further ,and has already started eating awSly the capital and position is going to become more critical in the years to come. Taking into account tile local reC1_uirements of wood which in fact is being removed (whGtller accounted for or not) by local -populat ion fDr the ir susten Bnce and which alreQdy for exceeds the scientific, yield these forests can give, there is no scope of further felling in these forests for C ommerc ial purpa se •

- 119 -

8.2 Conclusions & Recommendations _ ..... ___ .-... __ -____ .... -.a. " ...... _."T _-.,. , ... ", _ ...... __ #'E ._£. .... tr:-..

1 • Tree fore,s t a rea in the sur vey area is 1725.5"3 km2 forming 43% _of total ge9graphic<3.l ar-ea,o:f 3984.0B km2 • These :forests are understocked by more than 50% and hence the effective land area under r£o~e~t cover' is not ~ore than 20~6 as against 60~ 1a id. do\:,in ~f·or'1rl.ma""Iayan reg ion in National ('orest h)licy to .ensure the quality of environment ~nd overall ecological balance of the area. Thus area has less than' 1/3 0:[ the requirement under :[orests and need increase. This deforestation or opening of the forests have no doubt led to the ,r:,xtensive soil erosion, land slips iri the tract causing dtsastrous ~lood.s and damage to life7 property in down fertile f{aDeGtic plains and siltati.on of multipurpose hydro-electric projects reducing their life. Therefore~ there is urgeht need to create complete forest cover in these denuded £ore~ts Dnd barren areas by ~arge soale reLorestation works so that tbey can provide e£fective protection against soil eros~on, floods besides utilising full potential of site for productt.g wood.

2. Bore than 60,% of the forest area is subject to heavy. to modera. te graz i.ng and th is togethe r vii th 8xcessi ve iellings 'have resulted in denuding the :forests. Tbough £elling of t~ees ~or gGnuine requirements of local populatiop cannot be stopped but tb.e ir COmi~\e rc ial exploi tat ion can be ,stopped. till their stocking is improved. Effective steps are needed to check- these adverse biotic fnctors.

3. ~'he sur1/ey area can ::;iV3 without further degt'nding the fares:ts, yield of 25'7498 m annually as a~ainst which pre~ertt demand of IDC~l population is 2§6215m 8nd thus area.·is already sbort of wood by 8778 m'. This gap between supp~Y and demand will increase further to 74339 m3 and 155773 m by the years" 99,1 & 2001 respec ti vely. Hence to save the forests from further degr8.dation and to meet the increasing demand fer wood, immediate steps are needed to au~ment the stocking in exj.st~lg forests, so that they can gi.ve more, yield and undertake tnn,ssive plantation of fast growing 0.nd multipurpose spec ia s on "ms te land s both Govt. and private ,,!hieh are available in the survey area, thereby also increasing the area under i'orests to 60% as laid down ih National For~st Policy for overall· environmental balance.

4~ In viGW of heavy demand of wood for packing cases, "'tiich is' on 'the: increase every year, it is desirable that immedia te. ef:f~orts are made for eearchign .a tern9.'ti ve and less expensive sources of packing material to reduce pressure on forests.

5_ It would also be appropriate to put certain ceiling on the quantu.m of' timber being gi ven to right holders.

6_ There is no 'possibili ty of setting up new \"food based industries in the are~ in near future.

Anonymous (1931)

Anonymous (1982)

Anonymous (1978)

Sharma p.e.

Anonymous (1 980 )

Ghildyal J P. N •

Anonymous (198~)

Kaul, P.-L.

Naslekar, A.ft.

:Anonymous (1976)

.f:!.nonym oUs ( 1 982)

Anqnymous (1975-76)

- 120 ...

~eport on Forest Resources bf Cbir Belt Area of H.P. prepared by ./oro5t Survey of' India,Ds;hradun ..

Report on forest Resburces D~ Kulu-Kotgarh & Seraj~Divisions of H.P. prepared by ?or~st Survey of .rnclia~ 1)ehraaun.

Report on ~orest Re~6urccs of Rajgarh & Nahan ( Catchments) J

Himachal Pradesh prepared by Preinvestm~nt Survey!of ~ore~t Resources, Dchradun.

F'irst Intee;rated \'.forl~ing Plan ,for Simla Forest Divi~ion (1966 to 1980) •

H.P.Eorest Statistics 1900 issued by Department of Forest Far~ing & Environmental Conservation, Himachal Prad€sh, Simla.

1,'J'orking Pla' :for Rohru Forest Division ('1~o9-70 to '1993-94 ).

Statistical Outline of "H.P. 1981 issued by Directorate OI Economics & stat~stics, H.P.~Shirola.

Jubbbal 'Jorking Plan for fore,sts of thE;! ,CrlOpal & Pabbar Vqlley Fores-I: Divisions 01 H.P. (196S;T66 to , 1979-60) ..

;J'orestel~r s Companion (1981).

Report on 20rest Resol~ces of BhagirathitBhillangan~ & Yamuna catchments (U.P.) prepared by L Pre investment Survey olf ~'orest, Resources, DBhraqun •

Report on ji'orest'Resources of t'cstern Nepal prepared by l<"'orest Survey of India,Dehradun.

Report on Forest Resources of Kashmir Valley (J & K) -prep,ared, by Pre investment Survey of Forest Resources, Dehradun.

- - .-. . . .

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A:f!~}~]_L.': .. _~_~ GOVERNMENT Of? HIMACHAL PRADESH

NO'TIFICATION

-Ft.43~24 1-A/49-3. In excercise of the power conferred by section 32 of the Indian For2st Act (XVI of 1927 as applied to Himachal Pradesh read with. the Gov2rnment of India, Ministry of s.tates;- l)!o±itic.ation No .146-J dated the .6th D8cember, 1950 the Chief Commissioner Himachal Pradesh is pleased to make the £ollowing rules :for such areasin the old Kumat'sain p Khaneti, Sangri, Darkoti p

Theog l Ghund, Bulson, Harlhan, Keonthal, Koti Ra tesh and Bhajji states including the papsu enclaves illlhich have been declElred as protected forests in Himachal Pradesh Govt •. Notification ,N0.29.241.BB/49 dated the 25th February,1952.

Rules _"_",,-._-

1. In these. rules, unle~s there i~ something repugnant in the subject or context:-

"First class ptotected forestsll means the demarcated~ forests detailed in Schedule I of this Notification".

IISecond class protected forests" means the (a)un€lemar-'ca ted ..forests(b) uncul tl:v<1ble waste lands with or

without trees (c) all ghasnies and banis in the posse'ssion of Zamindars and labds near hnbitation~ which are the property of Goverhment and not assessed to land revenue.

~Division Forest Offic~rll means the officer £or the time being in charge of the L01"er Busbahr or Shimla Forest Division as the case may De. Record;of rights means t48 record approved by _Superintendent, Hill States, Shimla in resP?ct of' the various states nameel above.

TlRigbt-holder" means a land holder, whether as owner cultivator or mortgaro who settled or may settle £uture in·the territories of th~ ab6ve states.

rTTrGes and Timber" shall huv-e the same meanin~ as defined in' the IHdian Forest Act (XVI of 1927).

nCattle\' means Oqws, Bullocks~ Sheep 8< Goats Ponies., and mules but not btlffaloes elephants camels piES " Right;1 means rigllt:s admi t~ed f.h t1}e recol·(f or rights.

2. Exc€pt vi/here the contrary is stated, the rules ap~ly to the protected 'forests of all classes.

3. The excercise of rights is ·restricted to the bona£ide use', produce obtained ,in the excercise ·of right shall not be bartered, sold or given-as. a gift or in any other way di~posed of by right holders.

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4. Grant of trees, req~ired for building construction by right holders will be subject to the fo~lowing conditions:-

(a~;. II Trees ~hall be marlt.ed by the Il'orest Department for ~'~(11law.ine- only on payment of fees to be fixed from

O'time to time.

(b) A righi-holder will apply to the Divisional Forest Qfficer ·for the grant of tree when a new house is 1::9 be. buil t or an old one is to be rerc:l.ired.'

(c) The assessment of number of trees' to be granted' will be b.'01.sed on the sole condition that house to be constructed and repaired con£orms to be the usual -pattern of building "IIJ'hich right holders generally use for their residence in the locality concerned. No tree will be granted for building to be given on rent or tobe ased as a shop.

(d) The Eree granted shall be used only for the purpose for which they are granted and no timber or tree aoquired by right-holders in the exercise of their rights may be sold, bartered or in any way alienated.

(e) Saw and not axe would be used by the righ~-holders for spliting the tree into planks nnd scantlings.

(f) The period of fellirig of trees and removal of timber sball be three months. It 'may be extended to six months on paym0nt o:f one-fourth of the ori,gina~ fee.

{g) Trees will not ordinarily be granted more often than once in f~ve years to any right-holders but in case of accidental burning of the app~icant's house to meet the:: o.ctual requirement of a riBht-holder • .

(h) The building shall be constructed within the limits of the Village where the cultivated land on account of which the trees are given is situnted unless

(i)

(j)

(k)

the contrary has been sp~cially allowed.

If tree~ are not av~ilable in the II class protected forests these must be given first fro~ there other-~ise Irom the first class protected forests.

Unmarked trees of all species except Deodar,Kail, Chir,Rui, Oak "and Walnut may be cut 'tre~ by rightholders under a written permits for the following purposes:

I •

(a) Fuel for marriage feasts (b) fuel for funeral ceremonies and (c) for making agricultural and domestic implements.

Right-polders may cut crooked and unsound tree of inferior class where these are not available for burning, the dead withQut ~ermi5sion provided intimation is given to the local forest-Guard ifl i thin one week of such felling. li'elling deodar trees for burning the dead is prohibited.

- 127 -

5. Trees required by the custodians o~ village templES shall be mar Iced by the Forest Department in forests owned by the temple Llnd· • if no ',trees are available therefrom, from the second clas~ protected forests and if no trees are available 'there, then from the 1st cltiss protected forests.nccording to the rights specified in the record of rights. .,

6. The right-holders IDuy fell nirgal and bhashal tree for making kiltas and baskets requ:lr'ed for their own domestic and agricultural requircrJ1en-cs 'provided inform~tion is ~{ven to the local forest guard hefore us '\Ilelcl as 'after felling.

7. The right-holders req_uir ine trees fDr: v,rater mills, water courses, forked wood for oil mills will apply for the gran~.and on the application being sanctioned. Kail or Chil shall be grDnted ~ree of charge, if available.

8. Right-holders may lop oak and other broad1eaved tr&~s for m~king Hal, Halish, Sohaga and Shamains etc.

In case they cut trees for this ~urpose, an intoomotion must be given to the local forest guard within seven days' of their having done so.

9. Right holdGrs may be granted oak, Kail. or Chil trees on payment of pre.scr ibed fees for c onvers :Lon into charcoal required for tho preparation and repairing of agricultural implements. In first class protected forests, Divisional Forest Of£icer, may allow lopping of hig Kail trees free o~ b~rning in to charcoal.

10. Burning charcoat in the first class protected forests is ~rohibited except in the nalas, khad~ and unp.er suqh coriditions as the Divisional Forest Officer may impose.

11. The right-holders may graze such Cows and Bullocks ns are required by them· for domestic and agricultural ne~ds in the I and II class protected forests, except Hoharanal Forest of Bhajji Range.

12. (a) Grazing o.f shGep and goats in 'Shall (flocl{s) is prohibited in :first class protected forests.

(b) Grazing of sheep and goats in 'toli' is prohibited except' in the fir forests.

13.~ 'Grazing~o~ buffaloes is prohibited in deodar and kail forests e::::.ce-pt for the limited number (to be specified by the Govt. from time -to time~

14. Non agricultural residenti may also graze; cuttle in the second cl~ss protected forests on payment of prescribed fees provided that no right is thereby conferred and that the concession may.be revoked any time.

15. Right-holders shall not sell or lease their rights of grazing in the forest nor giv~perrnission to others to graze'.

16 (i) Nd land shall be broken up or cleared for cultivation or any other purposes in the 1st class pr9tected forests.

(ii) No land shall be broken up or cleared for cLlI tivation or any other purpose in the 2nd ,class protected forests,' except with the permission in writing of the Deputy Commissioner of the District.

17. Removal of bark from green trees is prohibit~d.

18. Girdling and tapping of trees and cu~ting of torch wood from deodar and other trees is prohibited.

19. (a) Oak and broad-leaved species above 1 f~et in girth may be lopped provided upper one~thlrd of tbe croWn is not touched.

(b) Rai trees (spruce and fir) over one and a half foot in girth may be lopped provided tbe upper half of the cro~~ is 1eft untouched •.

20. The, right-:-holqers may cut, collect and remove the £ollowing'£or purposes of domestic find agricultural requirements without ohtaining anY' permits:-

(a) All dry fallen trees, except deodar~ wa~ut.Shisham and Rail, over 2 feet in girth.

(b) Branches OI all dry and fallen trees.

(c) stumps of felled trees provided the hammer mark on the stumps is left intact.

Cd) Refuse from felllngs.

(e) Brushwood.

(f) Such trees as may be ID3rked for the pusposes by the forest Department.

(g) Stone"s and, slates from second class protected forests for' their o,~ demestic and agricultural requirements. Starting of new quarries without permission is prohibited_

(h) Earth for plastering and moking pots.

(i) Grass for domestic cattle as specified in the records of rights ..

21. Construction of water courses in the £irst and second closs protected forests is prohibited except with the permission of the Government.

- 129 -

22. Burning ghats admitted in the settlement will be permitted to be used as such.

23. Subject to suen restrictions (including complete stoppage) as the Government may impose the right holders, and other may exercise the privileges:-

(a)

(b)

(c)

Cd)

Collection of small quantities of violet flowers in the hot, and reiny' season, collection of musbromn and edible medicin::;.l roots in summer, and collection of' vmlnut_ and sharoli in autumn and sale of Bny of these pro~idcd the sales do not take the n~tpre of' trade ..

Removal by the shoe-makers o£ bark from fallen trees and wood from the ckQdar stumps (of fei~ed trees) leavi~g the hammer marks intact.

Removal of yew leaves.

Extr'act ion of deodar 0 il from deodar ch~j;l s or wood from its stumps and roots or making of-kilrr for the purpose in 1 st. class protected forests is pr,ohibi "ted but Di visional,- ·Forest O~cf'icor may permit its construction in II class protected forests on paymRnt of fees prescrj_bed by Government. -

24. Grazingcby nomadi~ gujja~s is prohibit~d except to the extent G.llowed by Government on specified conditions and reg-ulCltions and on payment of such f'ees DS mny '.:>e pre scribed.

25. The following rules are only npplicable to the II Class protected forests:-

(~) The tree are divided into two categories as under:-

Tr.~e_s_ .oj_ __ 't.l:Le_ YA~:?_t ___ C:?- t.S&<?F.'l,: - Deodar, Ka i 1,Chi 1, Rai, P indra i J

Ban,Mohru t Kharsu, Aknrot, Shisho.ln f Tun, Kakar 9 Sil.'is, Shamsad,. Kana and !Chair.

l'E~e4--,..Q! _ _!!l_~.§_~.cpt:_l_d., 9at~,r.2.I_Y: - Karole, Bcvml p Dreak, Karol., C hul c;i ~ Cal1Qn~ Kemish 1\:a inth, Figs ~ Bares, Beens ~ Tayamal Umar, Nire;al.

(b) The zamindars may lop all trc/es of the first and second categories except, deodar. Shisham and Tun~ pr~vid~d that the lopping is confined to the lower~ midrtle part of" the crown. In the case of Ban, M6hru and Kharshu the lopping may extend to the -top of. the tre es.

(c) v{hen'there are no kail tre~s available near the cremation grounds, the zomindars' may cut Deodar trees upto 3 feet in girth for burning the dGad ..

(d) C ut~ting of' grass from the gh-3. sni(2:::; is prohib i ted except ~y ~hose who are in'r~corded pc~sGssion of them. Likewise lopping of Hohru and Ban in lands near h:=.lbitatioD is prohibited, except by those t'lho are in pO,5sess ion of them"

By order, Sd/-

For Chief Conservator of Forest & Secretary (Forest Deptt.) to the Chif2f Commis.sioner,HimL".chal Pradc3h.

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ROHRU , CHOPAL~ SIMLA

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APPE " x II;

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ROHRU t CHOPAL , SIMLA

68 HEI GHT - D1AME TER CURVES

34 QUERCUS SE:.MIGARPIFOLIA

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ROHRU~CHOPAL,SIMLA

R CI

ERCUS 0

9

PART - II

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER-I

CW",PTER-II

PART - II

TABLE 01"" CmJTENTS

INVENl'ORY

1.1.

1.2.

1.3..

1.4.

1. 5.

1.6.

1.7.

1.8.

1. 9.

Sampling Design

Referencing of cluster centre

Field proc2{lure

Referen.ce ma.rking

Instruments

Fiold Data Forms

Plot Description Form(P.D.F)

Tally Sheet .Form (T.S.F.)

Sample tree form and 'regeneration enumeration Form (S.T.F.R.F.)

DATA PROCESSING

2.0. Introduction

2.1. Design

2.2. Data 8.qsp'

2.3. Area

2.4 General V~lume Tables

2.4.1 Sample tree volulTE!

2.4.2 Scatter diagram

2.4.3 Local volume equCit.ions

2.5~ Enumerat~d tree volume

2.5.1 Plot/Point Volume

2.5.2 Stand tabl~s

2.5.3 Stock tables

1

1

1-2

2

2

.9

3-28

29-32

33-39

40

-10

40-41

41-42

42

42

42-4<1

114

2.6. Height-Dtameter Relation 45

2.7. Increment d2.ta 45

2.8. Regeneration 45

CHJ\PTER-III AERIATJ PHOPO- IN'l'ERPRE'l'l~TION & M.t-WPING

Page 3.1

3.2

3.3

~.1

SurVG~· Area

Photo-·cove rage

Objectives

Land· use classes delineated

46

46

46

46- i_i-O

3.5 Forest:. type maps p:cepa:r:00 48

3. is AroR Calculation for dii'fercmt 40 land use & fOrest typcs

APPENDICES

I Cluster Centra Grid Reference of surveyed clusters::

II

III

(i). Chapal F0rcst Division

(ii) Rohnl Forest DiY::"sion

(iii) Simla FCi;:-est Division

Instructions for traversing from reference feature to a

sdJTIple point

PrOcedure fOr taking tally of 11 IN" trees &. tablos shov-ling plot radii for checki.ng marginal trees~

In5tructions for meaSurement of Height o£·trees(by Blume Leiss Hypsometer) •

19-50

51-53

54-56

57-61

61-f:,3

61-65

1.1

LHowever

1.2

CHAPI'ER-I INVENTORY __ ........ ;;..,;"oo~

§~I~g -DESIGN

- 1

Field inventory is done to assess the growing stock in the area keeping in view the co-efficient of variation of p~pulationtand ~recision of growing stock desired. r:eeping in view ·the precision requirement and the variance present in the population as revealed by the pilot survey. Systematic cluster sampling at 2 kID x 2 kIn grid distances was fo llo".,ed in this survey. Data \-Jas collected at 3 sample points located at hori .... zontal distance 6f 1CO metres from cross sections of grid lines (which correspond to cluster centre) so as to form a equilateral triangle. Variable plot method of sampling was done usin~ basal area factor of 2 square meters of rela.skopLa fixed square plot of 0.01 ha. was laid ardhd tach plot centre of the cluster to collect r8gen~ration data. Systematic sampling was preferred over random sampling as the former can also giVE fairly accurate area estimates under di-f:ferent strata. The sampling design is depicted at page (2 a ) for rea dy r eferenc:e ,,'

C~uster centres were marked on 1:50,000 topo sheets and ser1a~ly numb .. red map sheet "lise. Out of to~al 901 cluster centres marked in the surv~y area 731 cluster centres lying ~n green wash ereD (which correspond with forest areO for the purpose of field inv~ntory) were physically visit~d and all possible d ... ota ".'9S colli:cted ..

REFERENCING OF CLUSTER CE~ITRES! - -.----~- -Each cluster centre was referred to by cluster c~ntre grid referenci: which '''Os 8 digits number. First fcur digits rl::f(:rr~d to X-coordin~te (longitude value or eClsting) } cmd l.:tst four digits to Y-coordirl<lte (lctitude value or northing) of the cluster centre in grid kms.

1.3 FIELD PRbCEDURE The inventory work was corried out by deploying 10 field crews during 1980. The Junior Technicu). Assist~nt conducted the crew and the formotion of eoch ~rew consisted of a crew leader assisted by a Deputy Ronger und three trained Fieldmen. The Crew party was solely responsible for location of cluster centrel somple plot nnd collection of dctc for the 'PUrpOSE of inventory as laid down in the Field Mnnunlo .

Each cre'd WD..s provided \1'1 th c set of topographic mup sheets of the crea to be surveyed by it~ elust~~ centres cl:r:eudy ffi8.rked on the topo sheets lirere loc~ted on the. gr~d \·,i th the help of prominent ground fuatures (nlso cnlled rQfer€ncc features/point) such as nclas, rivers, Villages, saddles, rocky cllfs,

- 2 -

bench mnrks, bridges/culverts, ro~ds, temples, mosques ond chruches etc •• The cluster centre Wo.s then located with the helps of S11vo. Compass by taking correct bearing & meosurement as. per the instructions in the field mauQl. The instructions for trcversing Irom reference feoture to £1 sample 'point is given in Appendix -II attached to this p~rt of the report. -

1.4 R:§f~RENCE 1\1ARKING

Correct loc~tion o£ s~mple plot w~s considered very important os wrong 'locQtion wi~l render all the d~to collected of nO use. Detnils in brief nbout·route followed were kept in the field no:tehook and plot Description Form on which following informations were .0.180 recorded:

( i)

( i1)

(iii)

( iV)

Ref~rence Fenture used.

Silva compass gr.:J.de :from ref(;rcnce fenture to cluster c(:ntre.

Distcnce measured.

Grnde/distunce of reference tre8.

Also .foll"ov/ing in.formntlon. on the refer8nce tree WD.s written:

(i) Distcnce of the tre~ from the ref~rence ~octure; (ii) The bock· benring of the treE: from reference

feature.

After reaching ct cluster centre, ~ stout peg of ~5 ems. l~ngth and 10 cms. diameter blazed at top was fixed s€;curely in the ground with bli:!zed surface feeing the. direction from which clu'ster centre ·Wc.s approached. The cluster centre No. its grid reference and dQte ' were Written on the blazed su~foce by n copyi ng_"pepcil. T~~c neo:rby prominent trees IJre:#.:erCl'biy ':-.t. rigl.:.tt t.:f.glL·s:f ror.! ~the p€gJfor pe~~an~t rc.fc~enc2~g'of3th~ elusLc~ centre ".T~rc. se-l(;c.ted •. : (In ':cnth -_of' tht:se '_ref"(!rbncc t:tG€:.s tla~e :was uado be16 .... !_c~t'"c5.B:!; lieie}if:.·fcci~'l.g the. peg _D.p.d tbe follm·,ing d£~~ils ~t~~~copying pencil were written thereon.

(1) Cluster Centre No.(os numbered on ~he m~p Sh8~t)

ei!) Cluster Centre Grid· Reference.

(ili) D'-l.te

(iv) Horizonto.."l distonct:! in metres (upto -second pltlce of decimal from the peg to the tree)

(v) ~he Silva eomposs gr~de from tree to the peg.

Similorly reference mcrking was done £or nIl the 3 snmplc plots ns per above procedure Gnd recorded in fit:ld note books Os ... ,ell. as on bn'-ck of P.D.F ••

1.5 ~STRUMENTS:

·The latest precision instruments like speigel relGskop. Blum~ Leiss ~someter, Hegn Altimeter, S ilvD. compa.ss ",ere used for t r e e meosurements a.nd lOCution of s n.mp J..e plotT .

-~-

SAMPUNG

i

sz REGEN

C N

8 S ~AK

3 -

1 • 6 f. I.£:._L.Q._Q~.~ !}_X~·!!lrL~. : The pre-codedmta 'las 'recorried by the respective

crews ~n ~he field in the fo:lo~~ng pre~cribed forms;

(1) Plot D~script~on Form (p.n.p) eii) Tally Sheet Form (T.S.F)

(iii) SamJ)le Tree Form ane. Rege~e):,a :-:5.on Enum-.-eration Form (S.T~[i'.FLF)

Detailed instructions wer~ iS3Led and 'Field I~enual fOr I:.~ \(1':11 tory Elnd 'viood C cnsumpti.on St'C.cl iea' in Cho~al, Rohru 8: Shir.:J_f1. F'orest Divi.sions 0:': Hi~ach2.l t-'radesh \,!BS su?plied to eac:h crew. The re lev?n t pa::ca_:,rapl:s of vario"--s importa:1 t

t2cil.ni-::al details from i:;h~ :field m::.:.nu2l are jetailed in the fol1.ouing paTegrej)hs.

"'! • 7 ?L_o:ru_pr-:.SC!::.;r.l~.T.I~:"N. !"S~mlJ;E~p_ .. y.). A specimen form is .'~iven a ~c pate. __ 4 • The instruc

tion £O~l fiLling 11.J? V?riOU3 colurrns t?"1'? as fol.l..o·,'s:'

e' - • - .. __ . '/ - .. - • - • - • - II' - •• - , .,. II; - • _. I • __ • - 0 .. ~. • - • -- 4> - •• " .-. - • _., - • - • - • - • - .. --

S.No. :;:tc;-m Col-No • Description/C ode No. . '- --. __ .... __ .--------- -..-.. _._ ..... -----............. _- --.. -- .. - .... -. ~.- --. ... __ ..._----... .,. ....... ~, .... _ 2. C""rd design

3. Hep':l:-:'t No. 4. S';.l"t -; cport

5. A "2. t 1. ~ .. 1d e

6 ... Pl,-:~· ._::~ .i:a tUG

1-3

8

9-10

1"'1

Leave ~t bl~~k, To be f~l]ed in by Data Processing unit at the time of' punc;hing.

-dc-

-do--do--

F .• 'om ~.::;he toro sheets of 1 11= 1 mi Ie or 1:50,000 ~.F. rind out the altitude of' sc.mrle plot in metres. '81' i i~e I-hoe alti tude in four c'.igi t.s. ~rhen n:nmd j.-t 0;['1' to the neare.3t hundred. Dl'OP tb:e l[.st two dig~ts and write the remaining t',fO dj./Si ts in i:his co1umn e.g. an altitude 0f 550 metres should be 'ritten &s ~550. ~his should be ~ouDded 0f£ t~ the nearest bundrecl i..e. 0600. Drop :~he last t·w·o digits C'!nd write the remainj_ni:~ two digits in this column. R€membcr? while rounding off the las'j;; tom dit,.i ts into J!earest bvnrlre':' 50 or more Hill become hl_1n(irel ':-'nd less 'chan 50 \-!j_ll be o:ui tte(:.. The foo·t/metre conversion factor is 1 metre= 3,28084 feat 01' 1 feo-I; = 0.3048 metre

Vri1;() any of the relevant codes given below' de-gen,'Eng uVon the pL)t s tEJ.tus of' the plot concerr.ed.

- 1 -

, ~'-. : l iH I I to ~ I+' tlO C .

IU It! il - _ _J_

I I . ; ;

I~ i.02U • ! C'-I I~ jj,' lu I C'-; I !'

i

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l--~-· +' li:l

;:;. . ,,-ell L!"1 I ~~ q , ,.., ..._.__. !

~ ,~,. '~L ....... Cl

I 0::1 i : rl I ! I . ..-! I q+QoP r~Os I ]..~ i I 0 !

cJLU\.,L ! O~ OJ ,

-- ---l

i L SS8UTUO:::j·S i 6; -~'i--"" r,J - I

P1=",tl1= e;:If::9: ...;,_ i 'z..V >".

1 I :'1' :BUTZ8Jfj 1 --aoua-PTour 2:iy -l j :aa~ctdot ].0 ~CI]\w I L-i? ! pi r---"':"";_____

--~-G·t~.Ff ~tt'f~ldo'1 01] ~ I ~ --~~.tJn~oo r8Z!u~B . b£ --+-±I ~ ,

I - - ~-~~ '~'-'V v .... ·'1.~"v"dc d\,:. ,

S1l:):u~~ '(101'::). eJaua~atI ~

LC;_ -= - I - .cu ~ '-J<:#u.:::; .':7 \,:. .;

·-----~Tsuap AdoUB,:) ~~ . -

S'<3 .. ~:n)~~ ,d-O ON "'7~ +-dea3 JO ~2,,/aGts ~l:. .~

.-.:.0 I % 2:~ i Mm % i l-Il- -r-' ~·F

'..-I ~

-~ ~'G CJ

sar:'JadS Pk -aH--- ---L-o () -

% 'LZ + 0 H

I - , --.p(l)

8e "fDa dS C')~

,9~3~1 I L_-"J PU8lS JO UTE'T..1:0 : f: (;1 I I S~~~it; ~B;~'I '1 n: ~ -+ -, _......._--------

""eM + 8 ~ . I: G 0 l -f=-,_:-j - t;~Bt 0 uor:p"qa:dGA ! 6].. I.J_ I -- Q~~Uj;\_O It--. · ___ 1 _l 8e; ~ t--.

;";::'BL.v oS-(l PUB'} Lrr-'r -~. +UoU!q~+B~ .EA1H I ~~-;-:-=:z---=.-. i r'

U~T.I\Ta ::]..~aJOat~L_ !_±_j -----------:+:) T J:p:: ~p an Ue.l\.8 _1:1 liz..1:. -_f ~ L _'._ -_-

O+B+S C~-t t - --'---~IT:P~:f S 't Old , ~ ~ -- ',. - I

apn::n+LV o l- --61 ! -

I

7 State 12

- 5 -

Co.9-_~_-D~scr~U?.ti~ .. 1 Sample plot falls, outside the sur

ve/ area. Only Col. No. 9-10,69, 71-78 and ~f possible col. nos.12-16 of the PDF will be :filled in th:is case.

2. Sample plot not visited and rejec-, ted-by the study of maps and/or photographs. In such cases c~ nos. 9-22,56-65,69 and 71-78 of P.D.F will be filled up basing on map information and local information.

3'. Sample plot and its surround could not be visited due to inaccessibiYi ty • Plot surv eyed wi l.l no t be visible in this case. In such cases col~ nos.9-22.56-65,69 8 71-78 of P.D.F. will be filled up basing on map information and 10ca1 informationo

4. S~mple plot or its surround visited but tally and tree measurements could not be taken. Surround for plot status code 3 & 4 will be considered upto a 'distance of 100 m radius 'from plot centre. In such cases all columns of P.D.F except col nos. 1-8, 37-39 & 79-80 will be fi TIed up ..

5 Sa~ple plot located, laid out and necessary data collected. In such cases all field forms (except Tal'ly Sheet & S.T.F. & Regeneration Form for certain plots/clusters in very rare cases i.e. where land use class & vegetation class are other thun forest land. tree forest & degraded fOrest respectively) will be filled up. If for a plot~ tally sheet and S.T.F. & R.F. are not :filled in this case, all columns of P.D.F except 1-8,& 79-80 will be filled in this case also.

Different States in the North Zone are, coded as under:

g~o.d~

1 2, 3 4 5 6

State

Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & K£lshmi r Punjab Rajsthan Uttar Pradesh

B

9

Revenue District

Forest Divisi.on\

10 River Catchment

11 Lnnd use class

13-14

15

16

1'7

- 6

Code will

for Revenue Districts of H.P. be as under:-

Code 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Revenue District

Sirmur Solan Simla Bilaspur Una i1andi Hamirpur Kangra Chamba Kulu Kinnaur Lanaul & Spi ti

The Forest Divisions of the survey area are coded as under: Code

1 2 3

Forest Division Chopal Rohru Simla

The catchments are coded according to the following main rivers as follows:

Code River catchment -_ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Yamuna Sutlej Ghaggar Rav! Chenab Beas Pabar Girl. T10ns

Consider the present land use o~ about 5.0 hectres area around the plot centre and classify the land use in one

Code

of ~ollowing categories.

... _-__ ._-- D§..§..crip_!:ion Forest Land: Consider as fore:stlana'all lands with forest cover of any density (including 'bamboos & palm) e.g with trees and/or scrub - grovJth and where land surface is not used primarily for: pUrpose o1;her' than fores~ry ~Y~a~8~djr~~1~r~OfJpg~¥ge.

have been clear-felled or burnt and which wil1 be reforested in the ~orseeable future.

7 -

b) Public and private forests.

c) Forest plantations of Bny ·height!denisity.

d) Nurseries surrounded by forests. '

e) Temporarily unstocked or uhderstocked areas.

f) Shelterbelts, wind breaks, trees in strips along roads and canal banks. such strips should be of minimum 2 ro" width.

g) Bamboo "bearing areas pure or in ~~xture with tree species.

h) Abandoned cultivation in forest areas.

i) Taungya cultivation/shifting cultivation areas.

j) Al~ grassy blanks of any extent surronded by forests all around.

k) Degraded/scrub forests even if tho height of the trees/bushes ~s less than 3 m~tres.

2 Pastu~,"e & Grass Land: Lands Pri'ma-rilymartaged for cuI ti vation of grasses and grazing cattle scientifically e.g. rotational grazing or strip cutting of grass etc.

3 CuI turab'le 'l:raste 'Land: This inclucfesa~iT'Tandswhich presently are not under any specific use but the presence of 'some weeds & grasses etc. indicates that this land can support better vegetation.

All the waste lands having :-;'ome vegeta ti·:)!::' cover as dGCCribed above \'lith slope less. than 60 flO:'! the soild depth more than 20 cm will come under this category~

4 Un-Culturable 'VJ"aste Land: This ·:Lnc·lud'Ets-'aTI· t:eear~-v;hich are not 'under any specific use and devoid of any soil and vegetatiOD o Such areas are incapable of supporting any vegetative grOwth" Rocky out crops, 'sand dunes, s..,,,amps etc. will come under this categoryo Such land will usually be with slope more than 600 & soil depth less than 20 cmo

12 Ownership 18

~ SA -

5 ~l2::fE_~~t.ry_?l~!..a..:t.i_~_n..§: This inoludes area with tree growth pri:tarily p~anted f or purpOses ,other than .:forestry e.g. fr'uit plantations (Orchards), sericulture plantations tea/coffee plantations etc. wi l l come under this ca1...2goryo

6 AgI:.icul.!..':l_!:.._~?_l_~ r..££...h~t:1d~ This incldes al~ areas which are primarily used for growing agricultural crops. It ~lso includes farm forestry . areas ",here trees are grown on boundavies, of fields or in 1rfide:ty apart .rows ,'= " ",":".1 together vii th agricul tu' .al crop s in between these rows.,.

7 .R.i,ver andY.2_teL .. spreads: Areas which are covered by river beds, lakes, ponds etc~

8 Other Land: Areas under habitation~ "industrial: sites, roads other than forest roads etc •• This also includes all such lands ·which cannot be classified in any of the above mentioned classes.

OvlI\j'ERSHIP: This column is to be filled for~ all land classes except for agricultural crop land, non-forestry plantations arid other land. Ascertain the ownership of the land with the help of available maps, records and or local enquiry and fillllip the appropriate code as given below:

1 Government Land: land under the administrative~ontrol of any deptt. of Central or State Government or Corporation wholly or substantially 01Nned by Government.

2 Community' Land: Land under the control of Gram Sabha, Panchayats etc .,

3 Private Land: Land belonging to an" in.dividual, Cooperative Society .. , TrUGt: Limited Ccmpany, Private School and Private Hospital etc.

4 Other~: Land which cannot be class?led-rn any of the above categories.

5 Not applicable e.g. agricultural crop land etc ••.

13 Vege-~ tion 19 Clas,

8 B

This_ colw:m, is -to' be filled only f or ,sample plots wh'ich have, 'been classified as forest ~and.' Obser.ve the vegetation growth 'and, 'tlas"sify it in one of the. 'fQTlowing classes: £s>de ,D~~scr~.~~_OE

2.

Tree Forest:lncludes 8.11 the forest lands'-havin"g'tree cover of any cr.bwn dens! ty and free from degraded conditionS given in code 2. It ~ill also include the £ollowing areas ir;r.espec-tive of density cover.

a) Ten:porarily clear felled under , stocked or' unstock~d areas i.e.

ree en-t ly 'felled areas. burnt area'etco

1»0 1~-i

b}, Young natural stands or forest planta.'tions of any a;:;e i .. e. forest areas in the process of restocking.

c) Ab~ndoned cultivation i.e. shifting~ ~aungya or other cultivation having no forest covero Forest roads~ small open areas. (less than 5 ha.) like nurseries timb~r depots etc. which form an integral part of the forest.

Striu :£orests like shelter belt's wind- breaks, road side 'planta-' ' :t ~~ons .etc.. wfth norc than two rows of foest trees n

f) Pure bamboo forests of any crown deh~ity with or without tree cover.,

>g) J?rivate .. £or,est s. 'p_~r.?E.§'d_;cirests: Includel:Of the f9rest lands '\;here more than 90010 trees are badly' demaged due to excessive. biotic. interference like hacking'~ lopping, ~razing and 'fire etc. leaving iri fuost of the cases scattered trees 'of open density' arid, low height (Generally )ess th~n 3m)' having these injuries. The 'forest must~ give -a sick and· d~f~ctive look ,in this case. In, hills near habitations trees are gEi'neralf_Y ;:Lopped' upto the tip of the leading shoot· but if more than 1()O/a trees are healthy, well grown and £re~ of defects/inju~i~s the vegetation should not be put under this clal:jsi buf, under code_ ~I j_. e. Tree Eorest~ In most of th~ degraded_ .fore sts CTown densi ty made by low height damaged trees will be very open ..

09 VptanCi Bii haJld';'7

ivoods , -I ~ -;.

15 Legal Status

22

-'10-

10 Cbn~fers Where coni£ers either ~lt~.L.individually or together .§il'.~0e§ or oaks individually andl

or up land hardlFoads( even mixed with Oaki) are not equal to or more than

11'Ban Oak

'12 Moru oak

75% of the erc:;,::> 0.

;';!here Ban Oak is 'equal to or more than 75% of the crop.

Where Maru oak is equal to or more than 75% of the crop ..

13 Kharsu Oak

Where Kharsu Oak is equal to or more than 75% of the crop_

14 Mixed oaks

vThere mixture of oaks is equal to or mor9 th~n 75% of the crop but none of these oaks qualifi~s to be its O1'm t}q)e.

15 Lowland hardwoods

All pure or mixed hard woods except Ban oak 6r any other oak type occuring in the lower Chir Zone and below (app& belOw 1500 m altitude) Such hardwoods should be more than 75% of the crop~

16 Others Vegetation which cannot be classified in any of the above classGso Such cases will be rare or non -existent",

For legal status the following categorie.s have been made o Classify the plot in one of these categories and write the code in this column. Each c~tegory is to be identified seperately only if it is not less than 5 hectare in extent R

2"

.h~p;a1. Sta~~

Reserved Forest: For0.st declared as reserved forest under the Forest Ac~ applicable in the area. .

Demarcated Protected Forest: t-6-rest de-cTar-e-d- -as pr'otecea ~orest under the Forest Act applicable in the ~rea and having demar~a.ted '~:Jundaries.

:16 Origin of stand

17. Stocking percentage

23

24-26 20-30,

&27,31 3~

3

4

5

6

- 11 -

Un-demarcated Protected Forest: ---..... _ .. _-. .... _.,---_._ .~ .... -,,---~.-- ...

Forest declared as protected forest under the Forest Act applicable in the area but withour demarcated boundaries.

Private 'Forest: Forest o\'med and managed by individuals or cooperative societies or TrustJ or Panchayats etc.

Other: For'ests ""hich cannot be c"1:asslfied under 2.ny of the ab')ve category ~.e. village forests and £orests under the control of Revenue Department etc •• Such Forests will be usually not under the ,exclusive ~ontrol of state Gcverriment.

__ Not applica.£_l~ For agricuJ_tural 'Yands, non-forestry plantations and habitations where recording OI legal status is not necessary this code may be given.

Assess the origin of stand in about 5 ha. area around the sample plot and codi'y in one o£ the following codes:

1 • Hi.,gh_for:est:. Forest Stand (crop) which has grot,.ill by natural regeneration of seed origin.

2. COJ?pice,For_~: Forest stand (crop) wnichJhas grown by natural regeneration hf Copp~ce origin&

3. Hig_h Fore_s_t_ hliJ.q_~G.o.l?..£!~ __ E.C2.~~~:E.._ Forest stand-Ccrop) which has grown by the combination of above two methods. Such cases will be very rare.

4. 'L1§tEmad~: Forest s t and (crop) which has been grown by artificial regeneration i.e. by sowing or by planting.

5. Others: Forest stand (crop) which haS-been grown by comb ina ~ion of man-made and any or both the above method~ i.e. 1 & 2 above~

This in£ormation will be recorded separately for two roost abundantly .occurring species over about 5 hec._ are a around plot centre. ~or these two species, species code columns 24-26 & 28- 3 0 are pr 0 vided in the P.D.F~ These two spcies wi l l be recorded uy their code numbers in a manner so t hat

18 Size/Age 33 oi' crop

- 12

Species \lhich forms higher percentage ~bf the stand i~ recorded ~irst in Col. 24-26 a'nd its Occurrence percen-::;age 'is <recorded in COl.27. The species which ~£orrns next higher percentaga of the .stand is, recorded in COI.28-.30 and its occur~ence percentage is :recorded, in Col.,3-1 8 The rest 0.1' the ..Isp.~c{esl wil1 .. p.e grouped tOt;ether and ,their percentage occurrence will ' 'be -tecorded; in Col.32... Species code will"not be- rec~orded for these! rest l

~pecies ~~.these will ~sually be more 'than_ one. _ If nUI:lber of speci.es :i.s . 'less than ,ti·1O wri te r 000: in species code col. 28-30 & :0' in Occurrence pe~deht~ge eols'. 31 & 32. Codes for pccurrence perc~ntage will be as fO~19ws: '

,fade Occurr~.?,ce perce~_!;age

'1 Less than. 20 . ·2 20' to less. than 30 3 30 to less than 40 4 40 t6 le§s than 50 5~ 50 tb less than 60 6 L 60 to les's than 70 7 70 to less than 80 E,3 _, 80 ,and 'more <

The sum' of codes in occurrence percentage columns i .. e~ 27-,31 & 32 will be minimum 8 and maximum 10 0 I~ for example ,a, crop consi.sts of. 55%. Blue ~ine; 20% Fir and 25% Spruce, the ~ntry of'Blue Pine wil~ be made first in col. 24--26 &- 27 as ,it is the most abunc.-::lnt species (%age "code for this specS.e's in

'Col. 27 will be 5)~ The entry of spruce which 'is noxt in abundance will be made in col" 28·~30 & 31 ( its occurrence perc,entage' code in col~-31 wl1l be 2) anq. ·then entry o:f FL'" which .ls in least"abundance will be made '''i-ch no entry.rela.tirig to its species code o .::' Only occurrenc.e percentage will be recorded in .this case under C'11" 32 rits ~obburren~e ~ercentage code will be ;al~o 2:') ~ . " .

ObserVe 'the crop in an area oi' about 5 ha~ 8TOund, the. plot centre and assess oc,ularly the diam.eter class which is most .. ab'Uridant.. Or~ the basis of this abundant diameter (over bark at breast ~eight) class, ~odify the plot in one of the following size/age classes:-

,~-3:

. ~f.!22-.~- §.~.:;e/AGOi';¥:_B_.l!~ J.':1 cr.-,s ~or

~forcst ty~pes 01 to '08 and 10

D.B.H.C.B 1rtcr~s-.for forcst typ~ es 09 l 11 to 16 ...

--~~~-----,--~--- ---------11 . R eger.(!'r.e tion 'lc-~s t!1U~' ...... ·"less th<:.1n 10 ;. '·i 'v;" 'f 'J. ~ -410

: 2 Yccr.g _ .J$.-~S1 0 to les z 10 to 1~5C: :' c ... J ... , Jo·JA~ them 40 than 20

-ri. oJ. .4 • ~ • .(0: ? Mi_C1.dl.e.· IS~"1q;:40 to lC.3!3 20 to 1es.<; ) -,~ged, ~~"f ')~t!lGn 60 tha!"l. 3::) ,. ~-!.\ • _"'!)~ i>[;-"j '~J." J~:;f'~a,!;u;.T.:t<. (~L .tt~(:0 to less 30 to less 1';; blJ..i~ c ··J'fUI'l! ~.tthan 90 than 40 ~."'\ !O\f~l: ~l:n~l.irtV[90 or rr:ore 40 0 r ::1O:--C

a&j -- TI ~ ~ _·~~stc:.~ -:'''''':11:[, .. ) ,"-::i>,,:i J~ ~9 .I(~ g~ .f

,Q 1~o~."' .• Q..:t:,~ "1'~J3L,-! ~!-t€-~. ,Cl1ff03i'cie~.,tf~·~~bre st crop oller n bout 5 ~S.t...9rey~~ ~ .') )'f:~:j ~Cl8-: .")'1 hac ~')-f~l"~~(lr~O-L.-ij~~ p 10 t cent.re and dcs

C~ibe( .t~e:N-cr~lcal distribution of height-'of the ,tx'ccs 1n the stand~in, ~

., ·Car.opy ~ dC!1si ty

'35 -

on~'-of th~~-f61r6~:1ng c·lcs~Qs·: .. 'Do ~ot ' cons'icf!!" sl:;:rc_s·f . ..3s, ~'.:s--:'?r{?Y/· (;lso -G-._ .... _ not =co,n31.~~ -th~_.:re~~~--t.(..on of the S;::lJ'OC-"=-p(!.Ciea as~(undc'r storev.

1.1'. ,2.:~!~,~..1.e_~tor!tY..££l: __ ~-or_~~::)_~: All trc€:s 't re:~,p0J».~:,of.~ saro.el1 eight • . ' .,

2. Two Stcre~Q~rfo;cst: Tr.c varlet~o!"l. • Tn-hcrg~t~l~~UCh that the trees

cor. be erouped into one upper anu one lower storey. . - . '. -

3. t!.ll:l.~.i_-~~Or?y£d._f.2..r.Es t: 'fhe va 'i~ t_ , tic:1 ":"r: 1ie~8ht is ~uch thi'lt it !.!" '. !"l.ot pc~sible 't.o ero~p, the treas in do"~ two storeys~ . .' .' 1<: _4 ..

Canopy dcn~lt~ .is th~ relative completeness of' c·ar.op'}i l;sua lly f'.'xpressecl 3S

.. n 'dec.1r.ial-"1c ·o,:cf.flci(:r.t tE!kir.g clo~cd cnnopy" ,as one. eo' ·B. If' yO'...1 Dec tho t tree crmms cover the whole sky and no 'part o'f. i t i's~ v isi ble then the canopi qensity is 1 and when 5~ of the sky' fs,·lcovci:ed uy tree crc',ms ant

-5056 is"",.:l si ble. the cano;>y ~ens i ty J.5 S~ 1~~ 't9;' bc\._O .• 5 •. :1 On 1y canopy dens! ty of itop s~o:rey' O,fj 1II0st abundant species will bC"cor.!i1dcred for this purpose. This crino~~ d~n~ity of the crop oller nbo.ut 5 hec. arc~ arour.d the plot ... ' centre wi11 tc studied ocularly and th~ appropriate ~odc will bQ recorded;

21 Spacing

·-22 Regener-ation Status

36

37

~14 -Code CanoEV Class CanoE:! densi'!y

1 Closed canopy 1&0 . 2 Lense canopy 0.75 to less than

1.0

3 Average canopy 0.50 to less than 0.75

4 Open cano:py 0.30 to less than 0.50

5 Very Open less than 0.30 Canopy

Observe average spacing of trees over about 2 hec. area around the plot centre. Take a ~ew measurements in the beginning. After a fe\rl d2lYs you ' should have enough experience to assess the ~verage spacing.

Classi~y the average spacing in one of :the f'ollowlng classes:

g.2..g..~ §..l"@__8._!_lg in ..!!l_ej:.£§.§ 1. Less than 1.5 2. 1.5 to less than 3.0 3. 3.0 to less than 4.5 4. 4.5 to Less than 6.0 5. 6~o to less than 7.5 6. 7.5 to less than 9 0 0 7. 9 .. 0 to- less than 10 .. 5 8. 10.5 to_ less than 12.0 9. ~'iore than or equGl to 12.0

It will be obtained by laying out a fixed square plot of O~01 hecJ _area around the plot centre (as in Fig.II). The regeneration of main and commercial' species in two stages i. e .. seedling pJ'td sapling wil~ only he considered for recording regeneration status. Plants with height equal to or more than 0.5 m and upto 1.37 m \..rill be considered as seedlings. Plants with height more thon-_1.37 m but-d~b .. h.o.b. less than 10 em. _ will be _consider"ed as saplings. 1£ both these stages are found in a p~ot .the regeneration status ilJill be recorded after converting the less abundant stage to most abUndant stage e.g. if in a plot there are 5 seedlings and 3 saplings, it should be converted to seedling stage only~ The conversion factor will be 2 seedlings ... one sampling. Codes used for this purpose are as under:

?3 Bamboo 38 Occurrence

- 15

Code r tern Qe_§.~:!'p' t i 0E

1 •

2.

3.

4.

5.

Profuse 30 or more seedlings or 15 or more sa..plings.

Adequate '\6 to 30 seedlings or 8 to 14 saplings.

Scanty 6 to 15 seedlings or 3 to 7 saplings ..

Poor 1 to 5 seedlings or 1 to 2 ,saplings.

Absent No stage available.

Bamboo Occurrence is to be recorded b~ ocularly es'timating the average spacing

of bamboo c'lumps in an area o:f about one " .

hee. around plot centre. To make the ocular estimate more'reliable some

actual (4-5) measurements of' spacing

of most adjoining cl~mps should 'be taken at each sample plot.

Record the bamboo occurrence as per

following codes:

Code fles:orip tion -----1, Averag~ spacing less than 10 2 Average .$pac.i:ng ~O m to less

than 20 m.

m

3 Average spacing 20 m to less than 30 m.

4. Averag~ spacing more than 30 m.

5. No bamboos.

24

:;--'-

Ringal Occurrence

Lopping incidence

Type of lopping

39

40

41

- 16

Ringal is a bamboo but grows as individual stick" Its. occurrence is also to be reco~ded by ocularly estimating the

'average spacing o:f ringals in an area of about one hee. around plot centre.

':Co make the ocular estimate more realis..;.. tic some actual (4-5) measurements of spacing of most adjoining ringal sticks should be taken at each sample plot. Record the ringal occurrence as per following codes •

.9.2d~ _p_~~.cri.p_ti9E 1 Average spacing less than 10 em. 2 Average spacing 10 cm. to less

than 50 cm~ :J Average spacing 50 ern to less

than 1 m. 4 Average spacing "1 m to less

than 3 m.

5 Average spacing more than 3 m. 6 No rineals.

Have a ~ook on the crowns of tree species over an area of about 5 ha. around the plot centre and c'lassify the lopping incidence in one of the following categories;

1. Y-fJI':L_ heavy'! 'l',1here more than 50,% of the trees ar~ lopped.

2, ~_y_y: ~-;-!here 25% to 50% of the trees areLopped.

3. tModera te: l'lhere 10% to 25% of the trees are lopped.

4. ~~~t: Where less than 10% of the trees are lopped.

5. Absen~~ No lopping.

This will be judged depending upon the length of the crown upto which lopping has been done in case of lopped trees and recorded in the following codes:

1. Very Badly 'irrhere the entire crown lopped has been lopped leaving

a few branches at the top of the crown in case of more than half the lopped trees.

2 •. Badly lopped

Where about 2/3 or more of the cro"m length has been lopped (mostly from lower side) in case of more than half the lopped tree s.

2.1 Grazing incidence

Fire incidence·

Weeds and grasses incidence

S~ Growth of weeds & grasses

42

44

45

.- 17 -

3. Wrongly lopped

4. Prollerly lopped '

Where about 1/3 to 2/3 o£ the crown lQngth has been lopped (mostly from lower side) in casa of more than half the lopped trees.

Whore about 1/3 or less or the crown length has been lopped (mostly from lower side) in case of more than half the lopped trees o

5. No lopping ~lhere no lopping has been donee

Note: Crown is the upper branchy port-tioq of a tree above clear bole.

Dt?pending upon the intensity of grazing over about 5 hGc. area around plot cen'!:re, c1assify the plot in one of the following grazing incidence classes: '

1 Heavy grazing 2 f'ledium grazing 3 Light grazing 4 No erazing

" Judge the fire incidence over about 5 hec. area around p10t centre and classify it in one of the i'ollowing classes.

1 Very higll 2 Fr..:quent 3 Occasi.onal 4, No fire ..

The incidence of weeds and grasses o~~r about 5 hee. area around the plot cer .. ere will be studied ano coded as follows,

_9..2.Q.g 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -9

Class. ---Dens~ bushes Open bushes Dense gras'ses Open grasse s Dense bushes & open grasses Dense bushes & dense grasse s Open bushes & dense grasses Open bushes & Open gras ses Bushes & grasses absent

The growth of. weeds and grasses will r e fer to thej.r height'. 'v.]eeds and grasses equal to and more than 1.37 m height will be taken as hiGh and those with les s than 1.37 m height wi~l be taken as low. Classi~y·the growth of weeds and grasses in one of the £ollowing classes and record.

31 Crop , condition

p~-32 PrQaOn-t

rocK:

46

18 ."""

f.9~ 9.§..~.§. 1 High ... reeds 2 High grasses 3 Lovr we eds

.4 Low grasses 5 High weeds and low grasses 6 High weeds and high grasses 7 Low weeds and high grasses 8 Low weeds and low grasses 9 Assent.

Judge the health of the crop over about 5 hec. area around the plot centre and record the general condition of the crop in anyl of. the Iollmtring codes:

Code Crop Description condition. --- ..... '. _ . .-'----- ---~, . ..._-~ --- _ .. --.... ..,_..

1 Healthy Crop grovlth normal

2 Crop Equal to or more than

3

4

5

defective 25~ trees having defects.

Crop Equal to or more tban 25% dying trees dying/drying. Crop malformed

Twisted grain

Equal to or more than25% trees malformed.

Equal to or more than 25% trees with twisted grain (this defect mainly occur-s in chir only).

47...;,48 On each sample plot geology of the area will be studied~ It may be done after examining the road side cuttings, land slides etc e in the area. After this study, ciassify the parent rock ~s under~ -

01 Sand Stone: Sand particles cemented tog-ethGr _by fGi"T1igemi-otis' m.ateria J:.. It- i~ generally light brown in colour.

02 Lime Stone: Rock in which calcium carbonate content is high. It is generally grey~ brown or blue in colour. The rock should be broken into pieces c Lime stone rock when broken give gun-powder smell.

03 Conglomerate: Where different types of pebbles are aggregated to form a solid structure. Lt has diI£erent colours in the same rock. :.

04 Shale: It is hardened clay material which has lo~t its plasticityo

.::It splits into thin .flakes parallel 'to original stratification.

33

34

Stoniness

Sbil Data (i) TyPe

49

50-54 50

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

-19-

Slate: It is s~milar' to shale but more-smooth and fit as roofing material. Varies in colour. Generally these are black or dark gr~y but frequently- green or purple.

Schists: These rocks are foliated TComing~out, in small chips)',., Schists have high mica content (Shining).

Gn~~~ These are banded rocks, harder than shales and s~hists.

Quartzite: Sand stones with greater hardn-ess:and more crystalline. These are harder and heavier than sand stones g~nerally white in colour but more frequently formed in colours like pur~le and brown •

. :P.hYJJ-~: These are like slate but very shlning. They have glassy appearan(:L (high mi.c a content).

Grani te: H8rd condensed lava. GenQ..· ra~ly black/brown in colour. Un-identified.

Observe an area of about 5 bec o around the plot centre and consider the extent of grcks/boulders greater than 25 cm~ in d~ameter. Boulders less than" 25 cm. in d~ameter weight less than 40 Kg. and can easl1y- be moved manually. Hence keeping in view the presence of stones and boulders greater than ~5 cms. in diameter classify the plot in' one of the following classes ..

~ D£.s_criptio..!.L

1 More than 75% of the land surface is covered with stones/boulders.

2 50% to 75% of the land surIace is covered \,i_th stones/boulders.

3 25% to less than 50% of the land surface ,is cover with stones! boulders ..

4 Less than 25% of the land surface is covered with stones/boulders.

5. SionesJ~oulders absent.

This information is to be filled' for sample plots v.rith" land class 1,2,3,4 and 8. This .information may also be collected for sample plots with land ~lass not fallirig in any of the above reIerred category but which are visited. For soi1 data consider the predominant soil type around the sample

-20-

plot. Judge and record the soi16 type

L., sOil.' Feel of powdered

by examining the texture of the powdered .soil by the :t'ee-~ of the hand. This texture of the saild should be examined by taking soil froni- that horizon where humus and soil are mixed. The coding of soil types will be as follows:

Code §..£..:h.!.....1'~ De scriptio_n

1 Clayey Clay is the finest soil

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

particles under 0.002 mm in diameter. A soil containing nigh proportion of such particles is clayey. When p m.,rdered soil ·is fe), t 'by hand it is very .smooth, :~;"oft and fl.uf'.fy like face

'powder. It is very sticky when ·wet.

Clayloam/A heavy soil intermediate clayey in texture between clay loam and loam. Particles beloy.!

Loy Loam

..sandy loam

Sandy

0.002 mm diameter size are le.s$ /predominant hthan clavev L sOll~ranQ lS s~ig ~r~ coarse A,SOll composed of clay sl.:lt and sand particles in such proportion that the proper.ties of soil are not dominated by any of them. Feel by hand of powdered soil ~s coarse. -

A loam soil. with high proportion of sand particles. Feel by hand. of powdered soil is quite coarse.

A soil with high proportion 'of sand._ Slit andMcJ.ay::ar~ .. bl~6st -epserit~ Fee~-by'hand

is un-pleasant' i.e. like sand paper.

Pebble~ A soil. with high proportion of pebbles. Pebbles can be ~asily distinguished by 'naked ~ye.

N~'SOil Soil absent. It will be case in land use class

Not. applicable

4. It ,,;11"1 be in land use-class 5.6 & 7. ..... ',

Note: ;For your inforrna.tion sake the sizes o~cdifferent soil particles are given below:

(ii) Soil depth

to

(ili) Raw Humus

(1v) Humus

51

52

53

1. Clay: S~oller than 0.002 mm diameter

2. Slit: Between 0,,002 and 0.02 mm diameter.

3. Fine': betvleen 0.02. and 0.2 mm sand diameter.

4. Coarse: between 0.2 to 2.0 mm sand diameter.'

5.'. Pebbles: gravels: OVer 2.0 mm diamete~.

Examine the soil dep th \vi thin an are of about 5 hec o around 'plot centre by digging a pit or by road and river side cutting and codify the soil depth as Iollows. For this purpose soil depth will be considered from humus i.e. decomposed leaf litter. (excluding raw humus) to the parent rock .. c ~ §_o i l_ d.~J!.:~.h 1 2 3. 4. 1- 20 5. 6. 7.

100 em or more 75-cm to less than 100 em. 50 em to less than 75 cm. em to less than 50 em. 10 em. to less -th~n 20 em. Less than 10 em. No soil ( it can be in landuse

class 4)

Not applicable- (:it can be in laLlduse class 5,6 & 7).

Raw humus is undecomposed leaf litter. its depth should be measured in ems and coded as follows.

Co..?..§. D~Jh

1 1 15 em. or more 2 10 em to less than 15 eID. 3 5 cm to less than 10 cm. 4 less than 5 em~ 5 Absent (as in land use class 4) 6 Not applicable

( as, in landuse class .5,6 & 7)

Humus is the decomposed leaf litter (leaves, needles, twigs etc.) which has become a par-I; of the upper roost soil horizon. This should be clearly distinguished from \m-decomposed leaf litter. Remove the' up-decomposed leaf l1 tter ~rom the surface be~ore taking its me8-Burememt~ Dig a smal~ pit 20 ems. deep irr-the representative soil type near the plot: c-entre and measure the depth of hUmus. Write the code of the class in ,"hich it falls~

(v) Soil Erosion

54

35 Plantation 5~ potential

- 22 -

~q_9-_EL_, i 2 3 4 5

6

fEs..§.... '10 ems or more 5 ems to less than 10 ems, 2 ems to less than 5 ems. less than 2 ems. Humus absent '(as in land use -class 4) Not Elpplicable (~s in land use class 5,6 & 7)e

Examine as much area around the sample plot as you can see within the total area represented by the cluster and depending upon the existence o£ land slips~ scouring by rivers and nall2:.hs, sheet erosion etc. Classify all the sample plots of cluster in one of the following soil erosion ea-::egories. an-d record this category egainst three sample plots in P. D .. F.,

1 ..

4.

5.

Ver.Y __ fl~av"y:: vlhere more them 50% area is af£ected by erosion.

Hea~v: Where 20-50% area is aff-· e-c~d by any 'type of erosion~ Mod'erate: 1!!here 10-20% arc9. is

--aiiecte~by any tu~e of erosion • . LiE.!.l.t.:. Less than~ 10% area is ~ffeet(?d by any type of erosion.

_1\._b,.;L.~: Erosion is abs:?lTt",

6. jio.i. _?-p.£1.i.9_8b'le: It will be thecase in landuse C'Iass 4, 5 ~ 6,7 ..

This information will be recorded in nase of land use class 1, (except with mor~ than 0.3 canopy dens~ty tree fo~est) and land use classes 2,3J8~ Factors like soil type, --..drainage, so i1, depth aspec t,

'biotic intrcr:ference, Gxisting vegotation in the area, ~limate etc. wi~l be studied and plantation potential r0.corded in any of the follc ..... fing; classes. This st\.\dy wi 11 :-fP c: (; _...",-~ ~ "i'l~::;_ rI;' 'n .'IM!<;- l.."':..l .. ::.a ._:.: ~ c-&:.o.tt 5 ,L -

~ ~ ~~ ...... -if n -;-~ . ."._ _ , _ 11.-1 ~lGC_. cround tIw plot cGn;t:;·Y';.; .. ;~:cc<:,s Hi-en slop..:: .:10:'0 th._l.n GOO c.cnd soil d,_nth less .:tpo.n 20 CD '\[i II not be considered as :potential.areas. Code Class r--- ffi.W"Iy potential Where good plan-,

ta lons of any forest tree species cnn be raised.

"2.. P)-an~le: 'v-fhere 3vcrage plantations of any forest -tree species can be raised.

3. Unsui ~able: VJhere planta tioD of any forest trea species can not be raised e.go land use class 4.

36 Working circle

37. Periodic block

38 Topography (i) Terrain

56

57

58-62 58

4.

- 23 -

N<?t a_P£lic~ble: It can be ,in case of land use~a:sses 5,6,7 nnd 'p~rtly land use cla,ss 1. (with more than 0.3 canopy density tree forest).

The working circle in which the sample plot lies will be recorded here as per the following codes" If a working plan has 'expired and new working plan: _ is not ye£ prepared the working circle should be mentioned as p~r the expired working plan. .

2

!is' !.'hlPEl _£.irE l.~ Uniform including all types of shelter wood like Punjab shelterwood, irregular sheterwood etc.

Selection .. 3 Protection

4. Improvement and/or selection-cumimprovernen t.

5. Coppice including coppice with standards and coppice with reserv~ es o

6. Rahabilitation

7. Others i.e. not mentioned above. ".

Note: Overlapping working c~rcles will no~ be mentioned here.

If' the vvorking circle code is 1 under column 56, the periodic block in which the sample plot lies will also be rocorded here as per the following code.

£2~ Peri~c b~ock

1 I

2 II 3 Inter i.e. other than I,II and

Y01!l1g/1ast

4. Last/Young

5. Not applicable i.e. working circles with code other than 1.

Note: For recording information in col. 56 & 57., range office, divisional office or any other office will have to be consulted.by you.

This refers to the topography of the.sample plot_and its surround. From topographic maps or pho~ographs and by field observation judge, the general topography Over an area represented by the cluster and classify this terrain in one o:f the following classes:

(ii)Blank 59 (iii)Slope 60

(iv) l-\.spect 61

- 24 _.

'1 •. _P.r_S_5::J.p_~j:J?.l:l§.: Step area s where logging is not possibJ:e'by existing methods.

2 e ~S . .te_E:?..p.. _~.}.9.P..~£ Areas ~vhere logging is possiole but i~ difficult by eXisting method's ..

3. Jii.ll.x: i\reas .wi-th moderate _slope INhere l~:;-gging' is no problem as per existing practices.

4. G~P.t]JC~I29.11ih~: Areas "'lith e. series of' rmmded hi 'I top:s and gentle ,slopes wlth the valleys in between where logging is easy.

5. Fl.§....-La~sl~.';JJ1dulat2-!!,g~ Slope variation not very significant.

,:Example: A hillocl~ 100-200 meters high covering an area of about 1 sq.Km .. surrounded by 4-5 sq.~s. of gently undulating areas is to be classified asgently rol-ling. '

Leave it blank

Ocularly estimate the most prevalent elope class in the SUrround of the sample plo-t (covering about '1 sq. kIn. area). Ocular estimate should be checked "/i th 2-3 actual uphill and down hill slope measurements and also vfith_2-:-3 slopes as worked out from the tapa ShD~t with experience your ocular Gstimates will become quite accurate. The slope so found out should be classed and c'oded as f'ollows ..

f ode B1-ope in degre.§_§,

1 600 and above

2 45° to less than 6(iJ

3 300 to "less than 45°

4 20° 30°

to less thEm

5- ILess than 20°

Slo_pe._ iD2

(above 173%)

(100%-173%) "

(57.7%-100%)

36.4%-57.7%)

( Below 36 .. 4%)

ASp ec t reJ'<::,rs to the direction of. the qlope. General aspect of the bill slope on \;1Ihich the sample plot lies is to be studied in the field with the help of Silva compass and the map or photographs and re-col'<lod here as per the following ..;vcl r"S: "1. North ? Nl).L·I~h-E8st 3. East 4.. south-East 5. South

(v) Position on hill slope

39 -Dis"tance, .frorr: near-est habi...:. t8_t:"on

-25 _

~.. South-< 'est 7. Vest 8. Nortlff, ~r est 9. None,.

62 Examine the posittcn of th~ sample plot in the f.ie·l_d end on the map sh'eet with reference to hill slope on which it lies end clClssi.fy it in one of' thE' fo'llowing categories depending upon its position on this hill slope:

1. Ridge top 2. Upper 1/3rd 3. r,1iddle 1/3rd '4. Lm .... er 1/ 3rd 5. Valley 6. Plateau

63 Pith the help of map and/or local enquiry, ascortnin the actual di~tance of the sample plot from tho nearest habitation and fill up one of the following codes depending upon this distan(.;c. .

f.ok.. -12.~?~_'?_€ )-}} _ _!l1ei:r.::e_~ 1 Less than 506. 2 5eO to less than 1000 3 1000 to 1(;0'35 than 1500 4 1500 to less than 2000 5 ·2000 to less than 3000 ~ -300Q to less taan 5000 7 Ey_ual to or more than 5000.

40 Distance from 64 ~earest road

With the help' or map and! or local enquiry assess th:e actual distance of the sample

4i Distance from 65 the iH?arest floa "t:ing Na-lla

plot f~drn~the'nea~~st motorable road bnd fill up! one of the following codes depending upon this distance.

~.Q.£.e~ Pi5_t~_l!-~c.e .. ill J!1.e.tF"&.~ 1 Less than 500 2 500 to -le3 S than 1000 3, 100() to less than 1500 4 1500 to less than 2000 5 2000 to less than 3000 6 3000 to less than 5000 7' Equal to o~ more than 5000

'With the help of map find out the n('arest rna,jor nalas. and on local e{~uiry find out \Thich of th.!='se is/was being used for· timber floating. only most nearest nella used for timber floating 5r.Quld he:;. consid~red lvr fi 11. ing up this inl'ormation. HmfleV(?r, you nE:ed not go ~nto details of flo~tib~lity of any nalla i. e. \-JhGther it is fiI: for timber floating or not? only most

42 Technique of 6~ f~)-')_ing and Donvering trees

- 26 -

nearest ~olla u~ed for timber ~loa~ing should b( considered for recording this information:

Code .P.:t_~t3}:t;s:.e_"_-0}_.p~e.!.r~,

1 L~ss than 500 2 500 to. less than 1000 3 1000 to leAs than 1500

-4 1500 to 'less t.han 2000 '5 2000 to less tban 3000 C 3000 to less th8.n 5000 7 Eq0al to or more thaIT 5000

Note: This information reg2rding floatable nc;tla can be collected from thE: vi.l1age where you camp/or the village you visit on way to locate the sample plot.s.

Depending upon the tools/equ.ipment being used in the area for felling and cenverting trees this iri.form8.tion will be recorded iti any of the following codes. In ca.se no :felling is gOing on in the area you can find out this information by local enquiry or on the basis of in.formation ga·thered in course of your tour. in the relevant area. The information you record will relate to felling and convel~sion m8.de by forest contractors and not by petty and localised £ellings and conversions made by local people of trees granted to them for bonafide personal use.

e ode ~~ e_~hl} i9.~2.f._j~li i~ .22...I}Y.~.r.!_ in_g

1 By Axe 2 By conventional sa'\i~S i.e. peg

'to'othed saws .. 3 .By axe and by conventiotlal saws. '4 By raker saw or' bow saw 5 By aXe and raker saw or, bow sal'{. 6 'By peg toothed sa'ir ,& raker sa'\ii

or bow,.s aw. 7 By power Chain Saw. S By power chain saw and axe or

peg toothed saw or raker saw or bOIi'" saw ..

9. By any other means of combina·tions of above techniques.

Note: In case code 9 is given, 8 note regarding the actual technique of felling and conversion should be noted in .~our ~ield note book.

L~3 T10d.8 of transpor-~ oI tir.lber

- 27 -

67-68 Depending ~pon the -method of transport being u~?d for removing timb~r from the area tllj_S information wi-ll be recorded in one of the following codes. In case no expor-t o£ ti!:lber is goin!5 on :from the area you can .find out this information by lOGal enquiry or on the oasis o~ information gathered in course of your tour -:Ln this urea. ThG in1'orh1stion you recordlYill relate to transport! removal of timber mada by forest contractors and not to petty and -localised removals by local people of timber granted to them fo~ bonafiae personal USC'. Code .. ~---01 02 03 04

05 06

07 08 09 10

11 12

13 14

15

16

17

1.6

'19

.~P.:t.~

liode of Transl)ort -...'---"0 __ ._~~ __

By ma.nual labour By animals By vehicles By manual vehicles

labour and

By animals and vehicles

By manual lab0ur ~nd animals & vehicles By floating By manual lc:.bour E'_nd floating By enililal and floating By munval labour and animals and Iloating. By -ehicles and flo2-tjng By manual labour and vehicles and floating. By animals and vehicles 8-; floating By manual labour and animal end vcBicles and floating. By skyline crane "I gravity rO}Je'lla:rs "-/inches t. vehicles. By skyl~n_e tranc J gravity ropr: ... !ays vlinches o_ f'loating. By skyline crane, gravity rop~wayp winches, vehicles and rloatius. By a combination of above modes but combination not given above. h~lY other means ..

(1 )

( 2)

The information in this cnse should cover transport/remov~l from fnrp~~ to major mark€t.

In case code 19 or 18 is g i ven you should keep D

note o f this modo Ol trRnsport/removal in field note bnok.

45 No. cf 70 form 1':

(3) Transport/removal by wet slides "'.'i'n_ be taken 'as f'loating and b~r .(ir), slides and sl\:idd ing etS maual labour. l'Iher-ever th0.se modes 01' ·transporth';emoval 8.re j_:r1 vogue, please keep a note of {hese in your field note book.

'l'he s:".mpl(i. plots lY'in;~ 'on different hearing/grade from the cluster ccnt~e rn'e coderl as follows. T'fr ito the code of' sarr:ple plot to which date reccrdEd pert~in3. While recording d~ta ·i~ di.ffeJ: ent f1 eld forms, it St1Cllld. be ent Erell. first for samp Ie plot No.1. then :(01""' 8f'::n:Jle plot No. 2 P1.~d las:t1y 1"01' s2nple plot No.3

Cod e ;?_e.D_~~ ~~/3!:.~d.£. b f _s,~gp If!_ p.1o ~ 1 OOCO/GOO' grade

2 120°/133 grade

3 240°/267 grade

Plot description form \v1l1 defini '-:8}.V be fille-d for ~.l'l the sample plots of a cluster centre allotted to you for survey" Depending upon the oth:;:~1. forms used f'O.T a 38,IDple plot it "riI1 hE"' rn.di~ cated by any of the codes eiven 'uel,?"'" Please rote that any of these CO~2R is to be gi:-'7en for each 'sample plot.

Code 'Forms -----~-~.-...

'1 Tally Sh,C()t and Samplj Tree F01'II!

& Rcgcnriratlon Form. 2 Tally Sheet only.

46 Cluster Centre 71-78 Cluster CI~ntre Grid ne:fel';enco wi'll be-gr.id :'eference fi'llod' in ej_ght digits as per insb:,uc

tions giVen undQ~ b~ading referencing in th8fugin.ning of this manuaL, '",

~7 Inve:i tory" 79-80 Leave, j,t bInnle. To' be- -:t:i l.l.ed in by Design Da-ta Prnccssing Uni.t at' the tim8 of

punching 4

29

1-08, TALLY SREET rl RORJ"i (,'tJS;:P. \

A specimen .6_:f""Ta1I!y) .Shee·f'For'm _t:s givEn a t page, 30 Codine; -Instructions 'to ,fill. up various co'l umns of the :fom)·-·' Hre a,S ~fQllo\"/s ~ .', • t J:') .. ,. C)+", 'r' .• r>\ "7 .;':j 1:~ ~r ,~jJ_[-

. i...J. .~-',.- .~~ ..... ,':",' " _:~' ~J' J..: ~ I ~ .~ l'G .. 'r,-.:.L:: .~" ~ ~~4 17 ·t~ --'" ~,J a c!) ':cr' 1'1 ;: f'","'i-, ':1, ~i-" C·odi-:n~ .• fnsl'tirc~ions ~. "

.,.- r,' :~" .• '~ ,~. '~ .. ~ ~:: -;.. :¢~-J-f:F.o.i:r p:·t-)TIrf .. ·~:-··~·.~T . .I·~ .':--:~~~~.'~" -----. '1. '-T-n~1:?.i~ff't;~t·cE·mi3l~btq"r?,~~jf;i~J~p.ib6~~:Y l-:'nen veget3tion.

class ·d:f"'·a .... sarflptj?e ,plot as ::r~corded_ ,lP ~o_ly.rQn 19_.0.1: )~,.D ... ,F. i ,~:{tI?~;e li:f O'~-e.5dj "'0 ~'_:?~t\tJgra~:~~ ,c~~.&C~$-lZ~,_ ,', ~Fo ~)<T~l 'loth ef L FY:cfs~~F s of.l>yeg~r.t::J ti-oh :..tthm::.'f.tt:m":,u.1!i 'o~n6fl to'''be':'- fllled. >- ,

2. 'rall_Y:-i.s' tn 'b~)takeri'_'?u» ''L!sj..'nit~~i:ill.';(}reC1 Factor CB.A.F.2)' t';ro square meter of B; ,,:re15skop.

3.

4.

5.

6.

'7 I ~

10.

19no~G bomhoo clu~m~~~n~~tte~s-~0lo~ 10 ~m. D~B.H.O.B. \.. ~}heri measured at ·right. B,ng1.e"to plot cent.re) -v;hile tak-ing~ tally.. "'. "I' ,"

J-n case. a treE.: i,¥ for;Jrcing pelolAj or at thc:.' breast hei:'gM' point 'e,acb ,st~'m originating 'from~ this point of forkin,g"iU \.v:l,1.]-' ,b'e' consi,dj::re.9:f 88,a .EO epar9-te:.tree for taking ta'lly

PJ)·,8.rid reco~d.ing c;_~}~. ,~~l._L~ '.,0 .: ,r'

tCodes of dffferen't- sp'~c'fe,s \lrill 'h'e- filled up as given in Appendix of ~~~ ilianUal. : _ ,

~;Each ,talli'e'd' tree 'wilL, be blazed ,,8. 1i ttl e below brE'ast hD-ight ,and given a'" serial number starting ,from 1" The numbering should be started 'from north direction and continued in a ClOcK" .. ise manner till al the tallied !-'ree s are' m.iriibe,rpd •. 'I:his Dl+illb.ering viil1 be done -r,y cop y..,. 1.ng penci1. ..

, ~

'rally of' al.l trees OI, and above 10 ·,cm.D.B.H.O~B . inclllding'de~d'and dyi6g will be taken. ," _ ~

'Tal~ly s.hee1:~ (orni. ".c()h~is,ts 9f: rec}.an:g0lnr b\O_c_ks.·,~ .D(.i~ta ; from 6h'e "t£ee: ;;sho'ulct" ~be' r'ecorded ,in' one bl'ock. The data shb'uld~~ b_e '+bcord.kr~f~~:C.if'st itt th'e 1}lo-c'i-s of: fir st row ~ ~.rhen in the th'ocIcs' d'i' ~Jeco-ild ro\~' i'and SO 'on ti 11, dat'a of a J.l, the{ r IN~J 'tr'ees< 'h~s' ebee~. recorded. 't''')l'hB erit~Sr' of d<:,(ca"jTf

f

,

the: blocks should '~be"rin ~ithe' ';<same ser-i'a tum as t he nUlnb'e:t'ihg of lre,es has ' been done 4 In e8.ch block on the top portion vrri te ;the local· or botanical ,name of the tree cmd in the lower portion species 'code, diameter and tree grade should be \lrri tten as per their headings:.

" . During the field. checking it has b(,en' 'f'ound. th.e,t ID3r2;inal treos are not being rQ~hecke~ Eor thei~ being ~IN' or 'SlUT' by diarne'ter.""CiiYJ_d distance, measurement s,. In such C2.SES reliance is~ only placed em relaskop r0ading. This7 is ,not at all correct. f: .. ll 'margin~l trees should be rechecked fo~ 'th~ir being 'IN'or ·OUT1 by diameter end ~l.is't2.nce· meci~ur€ment' 'pefore deciding for tbeir being , IN' or 'OUT' as per in§tructions for taking tally~ Tally 'wilL bc t~ken astper procedui~ detailed in )\ppenqix,:. '

- 30 -

•

.~ Q)

S ro ~

'~ o trI .. <ll

o Q) :;2;H '-0

8 \.D r-I I Cd-4JZ I,..Q OH

~Il~ _1 • I-f--- 1- ~ ..___ j I I - ',.

~I · '. +---1

_,

~ ,__ I-- - 1-. I tl - I . . I • , oj '. I I I

i-I ~ ,

f-- I- i- 1- ,_I -I I I j I

I-- . I f-- !- 1--1 ! - r-- 1-ri I ,

I I

1_J_ .,_,

I- I- j r-j ! l - l- . -

I I t

H I ~'f I-- .- '--- I-I I

, I i I !

>., QI,

>-H ;:1, (/) (/),

rol p..

co: (\j rl -• .-1 :8 S 'U l • .-1 ~ U) H

- 't-!Q) ;J O~ ~ 0

~l :>-,N Q)

;> s:: H ~

rl~1 ::> (J) CJ)..£:

en .p Pf +'~ 0 til 0 .s:: w:z; U H

0 ~

i I -, f-- j- - I-- -- I- - r-

I .~ I-- 1- !---- I- I- - -I

i [ .. ~

j I-I

'-- - :- - -

f-- I--- f-- - - I- I-

- I 1 - 1'-- r- 1- - I- - I-

I--- I- f-- I-- I-- I- r--- ----U) ]j.., ::i

o H rl

1 ~w 0 OJ,D co cr:§

'CJ) '?

L _,_:'

1---

I I

1- ,__

lkOJ I ! &'3 It-! (U ~ I I cC ~ \.D

tD I V'r1 ,~ H l'fl

~ C\l OJ I up ..:t

.a ~ 0 ,I-;> "

1- 1- t-- !-

1 I-1- L- 1-

- 31 -

Instructions for filli~g up Tally Sheet Form: ~-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-... -.-.~.-.--.-.~.-S1. Item Col. No. Desc~iption' No • • -., - 'I - .... ~. - 41 -. - • • -:--. - • -. - •• -. -. ~ • -. - ... -. -. -- • - .. -. _ • _ 0.- ;, - Qo _ .. _ .... _ c _ •

'1. Job

2 . Card Design

3 • Report No,

4. Sub-Report No.

5. Species Code

1-3

8

9-;11,16-18,23-25,30-32,37 -39, 44-46 t 51-53 p

58-60 6. Diameter 12-14,19-21

26-28,33-35 40-42,47-49. 54-56,61-63

7; Tree-:' Grade 15',22,29,36, 43,50,57,64

Leave it blank. To be filled in by' Data Processing Unit a-t the tiine of punching.

-do-

-do-

-do-

Write the species code of the tallied tree as per Appendix V in 'the; ·;'left hand side of the lower portion this block.

Mea~ure with calliper tbe D.B.H.O.B. in a direction toward~ plot centre in centimeters of this tree nnd reord. The diameter will be rounded o£f to the nearest centimeter. While rounding off 0.5 wlll be considered as one~

Each tallied tree should be throughly examin(~cl for its health and growth. Health & growth can be exteraally and ocularly judged from colour and si2::e of leaves, colour and appearance of bark, shapG and fattening of main ste~ etc •• DependT ing upon the utility of the tree as judged from its health and growth its grade should be recorded ~n one of the following codes:

fOc(Q. De_~_riptiorl:._., . __

1 Green;salvaga'ble-when the entire tree iE green and 2/3rd or mor~ of its main stem will prcduce timber.

2 Green not-'salvqgable - when the entire tr~e is gree~ but more than ;?/3rd of lts main stem will not produce timber ..

8.,,/Total No" of 'IN' Trees

9. Plot number

10. Ble.nk

41. Cluster Centre grid reference

12~ :inventory .design

-32 -

3 Dying sa~vagable - when 1/3rd or less of a tre~ Ls dry or dying but 2/3rd or more of" its main stem r,',ill not produce timber.

4 Dying not-salvagable - ~"hen 1/3rd of less pf 8 tree. is dry or drying but more than 2/3rd.of its main .stem will not produce timber.

5 Dr'y saJ-vagable - ItJhen more than 1/3rd of a tree is dry or ~rying but half or more of its main stem will produce timbero

6 Dry not-sal~vagaDlG - when more than 1/3 of a tree is dry or drying but more than half of its main stem will not produce timb8r ..

7. Not applicable - Tree grade will be .indicated only for trees of and above 20 em diameter (as recorded under columns. 12-14,19-21 etc.)" For trees below 20 em diameter this code may be given.

Note: Timber here will mean.-Commercia 1 wood a .fts.: converted

iri any £orm except fire~ood. It is more than 5 .. 00 em in least dimension and is generally clnssified as beams~ stringers, posts, s11.1s, girders, purlins etc. and is useq in ,house'.-consfruction, furniture and 'fixtures, bridge construction, ship building; railway sleepers and other'such industries"

65~66 Give the total No. o£ IINI tees of this plot here •

. 67 Here give the sample plot code as given in P3D.F. j

68-70 Leave it blank ..

71-78 Here give C. C .G."R as given in ,column Nos.71-78 of P.D.F .. , for thi's cluster centre: .

79-80 Leave it blank .. _ To be filled"in by Data.Processing Unit at the time of punching.

1.9

- 33 -

SAHPLE TREE FC'RH AND REGENERATION ENtJ1"1ERATION FORM "{S.T.F~R.F.) ----.---- - -,---~-

A Specimen of this form is given at page -24_Coding Instruction for fi1."U.ng up this form are as follows:

, One combined form will be used for collecting

sample tree data and regen-eratlon data .. The procedure for collecting data for both these items will be as follows~

(a) §_~J!1'ple Tree D:l~

This data is to be collected and recorded in this form only for I IN' trees lying in N-·'\'J quadrant of a sample plot. A separate i'orm will be used for each sample plot .. Thi's data is not to be collected from the sample -plots whose vegetation class isdegradcdiorest. This data 15 also not to be collected Lor dead trees.

(b) ~egener~tion Data

, This portion of the form will be filled only when regeneration status code as r~corded in column 37 of the P.D.F. is 1 to 4. Regeneration data will be collected and recorded by laying out a square fixed plot of 0.01 hec·. size (as ,in Fig.2). The regeneration of all the species available in tl'lis plot ,vill be recorded in two stages i.e. seedlings Dnd saplings. Plants with height equal·· to or more than 0 ... 5 metres to 1.37 metres will be considered as seedlings and plants OI height more than 1.37 metres but D.B.H.O.B. less than 10 cms will be considered as saplings. The number of seedlings and saplings of each species in th~s :fixed square plot- will be cOW1tcd and recorded. ThcrQ is a provision in the form for recording of two species in one row. ThQ data should be rccordcr.1 first in 'thE: first row and then in the second row and so on till ell. the data is recorded. First entry should relate ,to sp.ecies \'Jhose rcge:neration is most

'abundant and then it should follow in de:?scanding order. For deciding this order of abundance tbe number,of ~ecdlings will only be considQred. For Example, if one speci e s bas 10 s8(;dlings 6hd fl.:::'I3apugngs and another as

IS seedlings and 7 saplings. the data of Iirst species should be recorded first as it has more seedlings. than other species though the other species has more saplings. The local or botanical name of the species should be mentioned in th~ space _provid~d for the same.

INSTRUCT-l(NS FOR FILLING UP SAMPLE TREE DATA

. ~. - . -.. -. -. - . -. -. -. -...... - .. - " -....... --. - . -.... -. ~ . -. -. - . -. - . -. -~ - . -. " -. -- .-Sl. Item Col. N0 4 Description No. - " .-.-'-.-.-.-.-.-.~'-. - .-_-.-.-4-4-~-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

1. Job 1-3 Leave i t blank. To be filled in by data processing uni.t at the time of' punching.

2. Card design 4-5 -do-

3. Report No. 6-7 -do-4 .. Sub-re.port No. 8 -do-

"

· 0:: · o u · u

~ 0 14~ (!Jill cc:,o ~ . • _. ;:::s

UJZ

+J '"' '"' ell

0..0 p,~ ru.;:::s o::z

~ tl.()

']j'rl H ill ro (!J U~

.0 0

'r::J

~

'''!

CO

-

L'-I \..0;.-

l!\ 1 ~

f'() I ...

.. H

U

~ 0

(J)

s ~ :z;

+J III Q) ,.q UJ

p, ro ~

~T-----~---------------r----~I--T--h~~+--~~~ ____ ~-+ __ ~~~

~ 0 • .--1 .I.

~ GJ

~ 2 w

8 • .--1 +J rv H (lJ

c::

~ (J) 0:;

8~U1"L dBS JO ·ON T8lOJ,

;-<'I. l!\ I..f) \.()

I

~·--------------------1-----~~~4-~-4--.~4-~~--4--+~~~~

.~~ <JllJ"eN S61'jad

S I I ~---~--------------------~~.~--~-L~~!-L~~-L-L~~_

5. Spec'i 08 .l'1am€;

6. Serial No. .9-10

7. Tally number 39-40

8. Species Code 11-13

9 Dominance 14

- 35 -

Writd. the local name'of botanical name of' the species in this ,column as given in Appendix of :field manuell

Write the sampling serial number of the tree.

\,lrite the tally serial number of this tr€ e . :J. S given in Tally Sbeet Form. .

Giv-e the. code numb8r of the species as given in Appendix of field man~al.

Classify the sDmple tree in one of the following dominance classes and record the code accordingly:

Code Dominance -~- --'mass 1 Dominant.

Q~L.:j..P._tio n A tree \rJhich forms the" upper most, ·leaf canopy and who~e leading shoot is free.

2 Dominated

:3 Supnressed

4

5

Tree of under Storey

Old ab-normal & dama~ed treGo

fA tree which does not form part . '. . 0 f the upper most leaf canopy but the leading shoot of Which is not definitely over topped,by the neighbouring ttees. The 'height of such trees ts usually 3/4th of the tallest trees •.

f\. tree vlhich 'reaches only about 1/2 to 5/8th of the height 01 the tallest trees and whose leading shoot is definitely over topped by neighbouring trees of atleast shaded on all sides by thiem. A so.mll. tree of· height typical of suppressed trees' standing with its leading shoot free in a chence gap should not be class&d as dominant ox dominated tree

f1' tree which is ~part of the under storey.

Such trees ~ill be either dead or mo~ibund or badly bent Over or diseased or over Ir.J.&tlir..e or damaged etc.

11 Total heightt ~8-19 in metre.s

12"Clear"bble in 20-21 metres

.... 3/Deiet ~. natural

22

.,Sol;L tar.y l\ tree which is standing alone in a blank. .

rlJeaSllre ,,!i th ca'lliper the diameter o'ver' t.ark a.t breast height towards plot centre.dir~ctiDn ~nd record it by ro'unding off to the nearest centimetre. 0.,5 em should be rounded off to- 1.,0 cm~

M'easur(= the height of the tree .,'!i th Blume Leiss Bypsometer or Hega Altimeter as :per the procedur-e givG in Appendix IV and record. The he:dght should also be rounded off to the nearest metre and it; should ~e from the baso on the uphill side to the top n£ the ,leading shoot. 0.5 metre should~ be ,rotinded of:f to 1.

IlIeasu::,o 'the height along the :stcm of 'the tree from the base- on the' uphill _side to ,the be~8inning of' the r2gular crovff.l Q :in conifers the beginning of the l~egular crovm is the point :from where the first complete live whorl starts and in case of broad leaved species this point is the place from 'llh€l:'e ithe major liv-e branch takes off 01' from ilhere main stem forks if f'orking is- ~bove breast height point, it should 8.1so be rounded of'f to the near'est 'metre"

Examlnp the main stem of the tree and classi...1 y it, in one 'of t he, fallowing codes on_ the 'basis of the extent of natura.l d,ef.'Gcts present. The main stem in this CDse will be from the ~ase on the uphill side to tip of the tre~ i"e" the part of the tree which is taken 'as :tree portion for grevJth-and vqJume . studies. ..,

·9.2.9Q :~9£:hE.ll..2n 1 Complete stem length free of

ria tural' de.fects. • • 2 On thi~d 0:[. stem lengtl1 af:fected

3

4

by natural d.eiec ts.

,T,V'O third of 'stem length affected by natural defects. .

Full stem length having 'natural defects" '

., - . Note,: Natural defects w'ill include

all those abnormalities which are very natural ,.and normal in the trees eog. knots, callus "formation, . t"-visted, or spiral grain~ shakes etc. '

',- ~~7,' :...

,'.'.. "1."T L L,.· ....". ...,

~,,23- U. )...:,Ex~m.irl:$.:. 'l.he: Jll.ain stem of the tree and . ,,~1.0' ~1p~~'+fy ;i,~.+;~n one 'of the following L.lthe. 9 o,de..s onibas.l,S of the extent, of defacts

:.J. t I ,ca,:~qd qy.' <'~~,ter~al~~genc).,.~s~r,'. The:. r;_ t ... ~":r '~m~:ln "~:t~r!l ,~n:.;:this c-ase alsq' JV,ill_ bE.J

fiJ.fron):~·the :'bCl.s€ ron the uphill 'side to- the ~~tip gt the ~ree i.e. the part of the

tree' 'ihich is .,taken as tree portion for Lgr..o~1th ::an'cl f':v'O'lum c s tudj_ es ..

• ~ ~ .... ,...., ~(' 'J,' fo. :tc'6de)~ Dc?5-cr ip tion 't~1~~~~ ';" -:-'-',' 1}:., c.otnp~e_;t'e~ s.tem length £ree of defec-~R '~f!t'SI~ 'lV" 'c,

l'C'''b~n:I1th~~d 'qf stem'Jlengtfl[Ei fte~t~d ~~; _' ;\>~'tfe:rectSi. . •. -K ' ;!.:. I .:J

·••S1"UJt:F3!'l, ~ l-,' ~~~~, ~d'~M:~~~f stem length affected -r .... ~?,~ ~?:jt "

4,':' _iF,t.ill?:-st~m i'Cngth haying defects. p ,i_"'''Ull-5ifj_-, ~ ifP- " :N:dte:' De-:-l'ec-t~ :,<ythers will include damage --;.-. ,'c~us€"d' ,to the tree by pathologi-

cal, ,climatic or biotic factors. Damage by these agencies may res-

'l.ult 'in: 'loss o:f cellulose materla1 .and t.,eakening~_of the !:!trertg~h ~ ,t proper.ties of timber. !,'jain de.fe:...rc~s, o~ this categorY are: Borer 'attaCk

'Fungal '9- t tac k ,.... . .. Rot e!" 'Hollowne.~s_

Fi:r~ .dam~ge

,Snow~'&-' wind ,a,amage etc. '15 Crown width'" 24-26:~Measure the ,cr01'111. 'width in a direction

in" decim~ters-·· . . ,,*,, ,~O"j~r..d,s. p'\o~ . c~ntre and record the same ~ j"f'" n::f ' "i}~t'}-:',Jp~1 fle~;-i:,rp;E~tres.

. . ~ ... ~ J.. * • • ~ . "' •

16. Bark thick;... 27-2srGive a."neat 'blaze to the tree at brebn'iess :toltl8.rd's,_r '1- .J~li., ast ~11Ie'i";'h:c·~p6 'irit towards the plot

plot C entre ~ · .,;i~' ',' :~ 'ce'ht'r;e'~~Reinove: :t)1.e barK: and mea sure" tl ;.;. j__ , ... +- ,t .l':'-~'T. J. -i'i ts "thi~kne~~s vii th a scale to th~ l ' ~ ;.': "_2i~*}-"'inearest"lmm('and, record.

17. . ...l. :§~S~dcthi.c.~~1~29-::.30;~ ,-By' ,abov,-el" pr·occ_.d;ure m(?a~ur£' the bark ness 'opposi- thickne~s at 1)reast hel.ght point on

, .te l to. plot, the'r-isid~ '.oplf6'si.'~c ,to pl:bt centre and .centre ... {;k,,:r ;:-r;t' ;,q- "r'ecofd' "in~~rirri1>. "-'"

. iJ ~ .... , .~~ 1(" l' ._... l~:J .-'.' - , - ' • ~ , r . . , ',. " , '

"1 B;i' Radiall .3' 31.:! 32~ Remove- a core ~"li th the help of incre-_ - In'crement 'meni'1bo~er at '"'tlreast height from the

:t6w.a~ds·!p.C, side tOl-lnrds 'plot centre. Count the ('10 ye'ars)'.. "number of "annu'al rings from the peri-

. phery tov,rai-ds the pith with the 'help' of magnifyil)g glass ~nd measure the 'length i'n mm of 10 such rings.- This

'19.Radial 3'3-34 Increment Towards P.C. (20 ye2rs)

20 Radial 35-36 :ncrement Cpposite ':;0 PaC \10 yee.rs)

21 Radial Incre- 37-38 iY-ent opposite ':0 P.C. '. 20 years)

22 31ank 41-45

- 38

will be the increment for the last 10 years. Record. this ~ncrement in this column. '

In th~ same procedure as given above measure the radial increment for the last 20 years.and record it in rom. in this column.

By the same procedure measure the radial increment at breast hei~ht point on the ~ide opposite to plot centre a.nd record this increment j_n mm. ,for the- last 10 years.

By the seme proced.ure measure thG radial increment at ~.H. point opposite to plot centre for the last 20 years and record it in mm. in this C olurnn.

Leave it blank.

81. Item No.

COl. Description No •

. -.- . . -.-.-.-.-.-.-.. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-2J :3pec ies Name

24 Qpecies Code

25 ~,C. of seed.:_ings

26 1'·0. of' ~. 03.'9 1 in:~ s

27 Tc.tal No. of seedlings.

26 To-:al l~O. of S8J :"ings

29.Blank

46-48 53-55

49-50 56-51

51-52 58-59

EO-62

63-65

66-67

Wr~te ~hc local name or botanical name of the species in this ~ol~ as give:'} in /ippendix of .fieJd manual.

\~!ri to tbe sp eci as code as per t.pp endix of field manual for I'/hich regene-atj.on is being re~orded.

The number of seedlings of this species in the O~01 hee. plot should be counted and recorded. Ii' the number ~3 more than 99~ record it as 99. The number of 3aplings of this spe~ cies in the 0.01 hec. plot should be counted and recorded. If the number is more than 99j' record it as 99. This w~ll be one entry relating to 'seedlings of all the species showing the total nur.1ber of seedlings of all these speCies In 0.01 hec,

This will be one ent~'y relating to sapling of ell. the species showing the total of saplings of all these s1!ecies in Oe01 hec. plot.

Leav-e it Blank.

jo Plot No. 68

-:31 Forest Type 69-70

32 Cluster 71-78 Centre Grid Re.fernce

33 Inventory 79-80 Desi[,';n

- 39

Give th~ code of the s8wple plot for 1 .• :hich this data, is bE'ing recorded as giv~ri in the P.D~F. ro:.,69.

Frite the code Ol fO::--8st type as given in P.D.F. column No. 20-21.

Should be given as ~ivcn in P.D.F. col. 71-78 ..

L<}ave it blank tn bE' rill.cd in by the Data ProcessinG TJn~.t at the time of punching.

40

CHAPTER-: II - -- ... _ DA~''\ PROCESSING

2.0 ~In_tI'?_ci_ug_t.~_oE __ , The data of Rohru-Chopal-Simla area was punched,

verified an d sorted for proper input to ~omputer on the unit record equip~ent available in Forest Survey of India and was processed on IBM-370 Computer of the K.D. Malaviya. Institute of Petroleum Exp lora tion ONGe., Dehradun •. The computer IBn has the following configuration: .

2.1

(a) Memory - 512 K-bytes (b)

(c)

(d)

( e)

Card Reader - "1

Line Printer'- 1

'rape Drives - 6 Disk Drives - 4

Systematic cluster sampling at 2 km x 2 km grid distances was followed in this survey. Data was collected at three sample points located at a distance of 100 metre from the cross sections of the grid lines so as to form 'an equilateral triangle. Variable plot method of sampling was done using 8AF of 2 sq.m. of relaskop~ However, a fixed square plot of 0.01 hal area was laid around each plot centre to col18ct regeneration data.

2.2 Data Base -~-.----- -The basis field dat2 of the survey was collected

in plot Description form (CD 01), Tally Sheet (CD 03) ,and sGmple Tree form (CD 04). Total number of field forms invol

ved,{ was 2~.2!3 __ and the number of cards punched for eoch c2.rd design Here as below:

2.3

9 _~.rs!.._ ~.e.§. i BE. CD 01

CD 03 CD 04

- T'otal--cardS" _ ... , .. ,.~,,--,.- - ,_ ....

,rJ_<?_ ~_.~ 01. s: aF_d E_ 2193

2310 3E53 ..

=:§j)~fi': ___ ," , ..

The Phot(') and Mapping Section provided area figureS :for this survey. H01;-/8Ver, . it -was Iound that threre ",as about 53. r(~ pho togap in Simla Divi sian Bud the c lassifica tion 2.nd definition of 'forest types in groillld survey and. PhotD-1_nterl?reta-~ion did. not match completely. Theri'ore, forest area (green wash area) in photo gap was estimated from 111 ::= 1 mile tapa sheet and :further breElk up of the forested area, ,i.n to vegetation, forest typ e etc. was done on the basis of ground information by giving proper wei~~htage to each sample point based on the forested area of each division. Tho forested area' in. each division and ca tchment was distributed in

vprious vegetntions canopy dens.ities, Plantation potential, ·Soil erosion, Grazing inci~ence, Fire incide~ceJ Lopping incidence and forest types'. Forest area under each division V,8.:;, also distributed by distance to nearc,st road, distance to nearest nala and Ringal occurrence .. Explo.ltable area in each division 2nd. catchment \"r(lS determined and. distributed by fares L type ..

The exploitable 8.rea 'under 12D.ch forest t~;rp~ "(8.S further distributed hy Ag~/Size classes, Crop conditions, Altitudes and Slopes.

However, it may be noted that some of the estimates of area under various classes given in the tables mentioned above, are based on very faw sa~ple plots and therefore carry a large sampii~~ error. Therefore, the estimates may be considered as indicative only and used with due caution.

2.4

Felled tree datn for volume and cull study 'was not collected in this area. Therefore, general volume equations could noc be deve1oped. The height· and diameter da ta of sample trees of this area , ..... ere compared ,wi th he ight and diameter of the sample trees of different 3r2Bs for l'ihich general volume equations 7dere available. It W').s decided in consultation \', i th the Jt. ,Direc tor, N. Z. that the general volume equations from the area indicated'below a~ainst each species be applied for developing local volume equations from sample trees of this area •

. ~P.£9),~ f.At.c,q~.0.n.t· 1) Pinus roxburghii Uttarkeshi g U.P.

2 Cedrus deodara Chenab 3 Quercus Semi!...carpifolia Uttarkashi U.P. 4 Quercus incana Uttarkf:lshi U ~P. 5 Quercus dilatata Gttark8.shi UoP. 6 Acer species Bhutan 7~ Pinus wallichiana Chenab 8) Pieaa s~ithiana Uttarkashi U.P. 9) Abies pindrow Uttarkashi ~.P.

10) Rcstaf species Chenab

It was also decided that est~uatc~ o~ stems only be calculated for Taxus bac6ata as no general volume Gquation for any cornpar.s.ble species was fm}nd.

1. ~P.ip'u.s __ rglSb,~~_gl}_i_i, V/D2r~ = 0.27408 + O.002L~9/D2H or V=O.002Ll9+0.27~08 D2H

'" 2. Cedrus deodBr~ ;;if.;;-~'·-;"253916 + O.354658/D2H

or ~

V =, 0.354658 + 0.253916 D2H for D2H7/10

2.nd V :::: 0.091531 +~0.294:J23 D2H for 62H L 10'

3. o.,u,~_r.<:_u_s, _i!l..~..:~

V = 0.0'1480 :le 0.31906 D2H

- 42 -

4 9.u_€:.~c_y-s,_.~e.m.,i.earp.i!o.li~_&' Jl .. AilaJ.?.ta. V = 0.035(0 + 0.31504 D2H

5. /.cer. species .' . ~ ... ___ ... ".... . .... --.-Lo,~ev = 0.595550 -:- 2.r02481'.O.loG~D+ 0.854745 logeH

6. P~P_\ill-_ : .. /§ill}:..c~~ V /D2rl -:;: '0.239729 + O. 724E,84jD2H

Or V = 0.724684 + 0.239729 D2H for D2H~710 and V == 0.070572 + 0.296062. n2H for D2H i_10

'l~ Piees smithiana 'V/D2i{'-." O~_2483'18"-+ "'. 03370/D2H

V = 0.03370 + 0.28319 D2H

8. A_!?"i"~~ p)-P_1.r..'?8 v ::;:: 0: 17507 + o. Z2EOS n 2H

9. Rest of the snecies ViD2H---~" 0' •. ~2·96~46--+-"O .. 050260 ID2H

or v =0.050260 + 0.296846 D2H

. ( -.; "here V - underl:lark vo lume m-) upto 5 ern, tOJ)

over bark limit

D Ereast height diameter (rn) over bark.

H - Total standing height (m)

2.4.1 Samole tree voltlme

2.4.2

2.4.3 , '

"",-- ,"" .... _ ...... ., __ ........... _ .... --._ ......... _--,_---._ .. ,

'-Volume of each sample tree, /2.S estimated using one OI the above general volume equations and the heisllt and diameter measurement of the sample :tree.

§.c_a.~t_eE. di,?f,I_~2 The' estima te of volume of each samule tree

was plotted againsi the corresponding breasl height diameter of the tree 'to detect an'! abnormal. observation. Abnormal trees were de~e~ed before development of local volume equations £rom the data. Lo_ca.l_y.o.1_\!iJl_e._ ,eg,u;a_t ions., . ~j_l"o' aevelop .rucal "VO"'h.:me equat~ons, the ",ample tree vo lUuJe estillla ted from the !:,~enera'l vo~0me equation or its :t;rans:formed fO:L TIl li,JaS tal(en a'3 dependent variaable and diBmeter at breast tie±ght of the dorresponding trees or its tr8nsfor~ed £orm as the independent variable. l'11e £ollovlin(~ reg,re.'3s, ion functions were t~ied for each species:

- 43 -

v =' a + b fj,2

V :;; a + b D + c D~' V == 0: -I- b D + c If+ d Ii)

v 0:: a -l- b ID-{- C D2

7V- = 8- + b D

,ff ':: a -1- b D -I- C jD-V!D2 - a + blIP-V/D2 = a + biD + c/D2

V /D2 == a + b/n2+ C/D + d D

Loge == a -I- b LogeD

, '}1ere V = under b3..rl{ vo lllID.e (m3) up-to top over llark Ij_mit 'f' 5 em. 0_,

D ::= Over bark diameter at br~a'8't hGight (lll}

One of the above regression equations was selected taking into consider~tion, (1) the standard error of tho estimate, (2) the multip'le determination cae:fficient and (3) the app liC2,bili ty- of the Bq_-uation in 'cne entire r8.nge of data~

The fo llovrlng equations '.veT(=! s alc:ct ed lor the various. species,;

( 1) _A.b_ie_~_ 2J}ld.r2_~r .. (~.96)_. v jD2 =' 8.55 3LO + C. 03'1~.e./D2

or 'v = 0.03728 -:- 8.553L}7 -02

(2) ,C_ e.df'_':~s_ >i__e,Sl_d..ar.9. (5 2r~) V/D2 == 14.77955' + 0.24210/D2 -2.S8191/D -2.63126 D

or 2 3 V = 0.24:110 - 2.68191 D ~- 14.77955 D --2.63126 D

(3) .Ei,n.u~sL_~L?_11>~cl1i~_ (6,3~O_) V/D2 = 1S.51901.+ O.28497/D2_3.32891!D-3.73140 D

or

V = 0.28497 - 3-.32891 D + 16.5190'7 D2_3.?31Lto n 3

(4) Pinus roxburghii ("'104) .... -~ ... _.. _.-_ - ... _.,-.,._.... ..

Iv=< -0. '17399 + 2.89718 D

(5) !!.b_~~_s.ml-.lh.-i~!1~' (L~27)· V!D2 ==. 14.712~f6 - 3:29t92/D -I- 0.260'12/])2

or

V == O.2G072 - 3.29£92 D + 14.71246 D2

- 44 -

( G) J\c~.!'_ _.w.e_,?_~.e.s. (79) V /D2 .. - ..,.., .1891'1 - 2 .. 2.0276/D -:- O.1825Q/D2

OT V ~ 0.18259 - 2.20276 D + 11.1B91~ D2

, .) Querc'us incana (143)

V = 0.08519 - 1.24724 D + 7.94479 D2

: b) gl.:iS£~9.. _cg~~__§i~aJ:...'LlL~_ V/D2 = 11.92346 _·2.54947/D + 0.21126(n2

or V = O.2112E - 2.54947 D + 11.92346 D2

( 9) Q~~:r:s.u_!?_S~~c!l.r._"p"i.:t:0}_~~ __ C.2_~.1) V/D2 ;: 10 .. 823[1-1 + O .. 13581/D2 - 1.8L'908/D -0.6270 D

V :: o~ 2 3

0.13581 - 1.84908 D + -'lO.823Li1 D ~-o 627(;0 D

, ()). I . Lle.:s.t. .0.:£ .,sp"e.c_~_e_s _ _C_1_~9)

v!n2 '= 9.20497 1.75410(D + 0.16587/D2

_" or V = 0.16587 1 .. 75.'.10 D '1- 9_-,20491 D2

.. "3" The ~_igures in tIlE' br~.cket;_) after the n8L"nl::: (If -tt'lc species ind.icate the number L):f observa t ions on \Jhi('~" L:l1c 2: ...::gre·ssion equation is based.

~.rl.~Ii~y.a. t_ e,~ ~_~r.e_E' y() ~!~~~~. An est imate- of t,h& volur,:le 0:( eDcll en,",O:0r~ -::cd

tree 'l:fG .. 8 ob·tained b~r ~~ubsti t,uting the bl~e'-:.;·-I: :De1gl-:>-c diameter 0 f ee.ch e1~U\D.er~ ted tree in the cUl"rr?spcnr1..ing :.Local voLu:J~e eGua t.iQns sC::lect,ed for -the SDe :-oleo., These vo]urr0~s. arG Btore·c\ 'in ~ 'tre" v01.l)f::C! file ·t;osE:<1Wr' wi+,h ,spec lp.s code ~ diBlneter, forest t:..rpe 1 dj_vi '35_0:':1 ~ cat-Cl1!lWn't etc. so' 'as to U3.bulat.e the resu-lt accordin2 "-0 the il'1f·oriil.G. tion collected rl:uring inventory •

. ~.~ "" -'1 !:lgjLp_o)~r~!_Y.2.1~~~

Plot/pOi.nt VOlL'i'.es are also calc'i.11",i::ed by adding volumes 0::[ 81 i the trees enumerated at a s,-':lly;;-)le J)l .. int· .. These are .s.lso stored as an element of: the t::'3-8 volurllc tile dnscribed under para 2.5 •

.; " ) , 2 p_t,.§!~d. _ t.~.Q.le S

Informati.oa on trees enumerated 2.1. ~:ach s{~T.Dnle point and stored in tree va lumc file 9 was ., l-i;5~J:t '3 ed to c lassif'y thre trees by diameter and sp ec_i_e3 r Fro'D.l {his data an es tima te _of stems/ha. and tota1. :st~'-n8 by sp'e-cies and diameter closs' for each forest typ,.~p," di.vision, catchment and exploi tabl~ area of the div~.~;:LU:l "f{~rt_ o b'ta,incd.

2.5. 3 §,~,9~.:t...~.?1_~~

2.7

Volume of e8cb envrnerated tree stored ~n tree vo lume ii Ie ~:-l'as 'v.ti 11 s~d :to es-tima te- the volume/ha. and total volume species arid Jiumeter class,,\yise for eech forest tupe, division, ca-l:chment· anc_ exploitable eree of the division~

HeiDht-diameter relation . ~ ... - .. -- -- ._._ .. _ --.- ..... _-Average heights corresponding to the mid dia

meter of a .diameter class ",Jere obtained "from neight 'diemeter curves.

Increment dsta . --- ....... - _._,_ .. -The increment data taken 1;/.1 th the; 1'1e1, of incre

ment borer were ~lot adequate to estimate lmsa]. area increme~t during last 10 ~'ears <:I.nd .20 years'. The 1)<:1sal area increment determined for the conifer species of KuluSeraj-Kotgarh ~ich is an edjacQut area has been adopted far Rohru-Choual-Simla area. -. .

2. 8 ~_e_g,~!!.e.r.?t.i.<?n

Tbe regeneration recQrded in 0 .. 01 hectnre plot l,'.;as converted to nUJ_ober' of sapling by considering 2 seQ.d-lings quivalent to one' sapling. A,':J_ estimate of the . perce~t_age of sarnpl~ p'lots having regeneration L_10, 10-25, I 25 and no regeneration in terr,) of saplings \-las obtained lor important, species a:::ld all speci.es combined in each f orest t~'Pe.

3.1

- 4 f)-

CHAPTER III

Jl. ?FUi~,L PHOTO! INTEnPR:::;,],ATIt.JN 8, NAPPING a_' ... __ ... _ ...... , ... _'._ ..... _ ..... .u:.~' .. _.~ _ __ .,'" _ ' ............. _ ....... ~ ..... ___ .-._ ...... ......., _.'

Sur'Jey area - ..... -~-........... _ .. _ .... __ ... The area of Rohru, Chopal &: Simla forest Divisj.ons

of H"P~ covered under the Ph-otointerpretation and thematic mapping approxir;in"iely lieE3 beOViE.:,en 770 -0'. 73( -30' East Lon~~i tudes and 300 - 45 1 -31 -30 r 'North Lati tu.des.

3 .2 F)1_O.!:...9.-::_c.o:::!.?_r?-M.

3.~

)'.4

( j_)

o o

Entire Hic2chal Prade;:; area "Under Photoj.n terpretatjon :is ~_;overcd under the spocification No. 8-14A & 773.'\. 'the det.ai 1 of aerin]. photography is ;sj,ven "as under.-

o o \)

c o

o

Specification

Year o.f F'hotoc;raphjr

Scale of A:.P.S Camera Focal length of camera lens i"orma t si2',e

814 ~ 773 A

1975-7'/ 1973 1:50,000 1:1fO,OOO

milT{ (!\ppr~'):x) RNK (.t;pprox}

15.3 eM. 15;3 em.

23 c~ x 23 ern 23cm x 23 em

'l'he flight runs East- eS'G. The forvJard overlap varies from 60% to 75% and lateral overlap from 15 to 30%. Due to hilly 'terrain t~e veriation . in the scale o~ Aerial photo~raphs ran~es from 1:50,000 to 1:75,000. 90% of area is covered under specification No. 8"14 A. .

Obiectives , ."~~ ",~"--'-"

The objectives of '-photDinterpretation ~,rerc ,as under:-

° To classify the area under different land-use and forest cover types.

o To classiry £oresi ~tands according to tree crmom covera~:;~e shO(ling dense, ffiedi UI;'l and 'lo,\,v density - forests.

o To S€Jl2..ra te -,_·p-e sui t8..hle 2..reE'.s fi·t for p lClntation purposes irrespective of legal statu' s of 1.l3nd~

o To identify ~egraded forests i.e. £orests dcrnaged due to biotic interference near the h2,bi ta tion;;

° 1:'0- prepere a land-u3e and forest cover t!-~e map on ~; 50, O()O scale and c a1.cu],a te the area under different land-use and forest type.

Land-\_1se classes de'lineated \rar'{o'u-s- -i'or"c;;,"st -typ"es-;- "o·t1]e.-r ve~eto.t_i.on anc1 land-use classes are- given below: f.q_r.8 s,t, .. l-:!3:n,d

Svn-:.bols _.....:::_-.... .-;--. jYlpine pastures, High "level alptne scrub -·F 1

" 1:" ir SIl ruce -F2

47 -

o riixed Conifers (Kail--Deodar, I{ail-Fir, Cupre.sses e~c.)

o Deodar

o Broad leaved mixed with coni£ers o L1u.e pine

o Chir pine

o Up land hardwoods

o Lo~Land hard\~ods

o Sal Forest o Forest Blank o Planta ti')DS

o Degrad~d Forests

o Low' 8m] Scru.b

(i i) ~.~:n~.~'?.!'..<7_s.t. l--_a:nE:. o

o

o

o o

'PermanC:'nt sno',J glacier

Area under .. ater Exposed bar-ren rocks

llogricl)'l tura 1 land and haiJi tat.ion OrchFrds

-F3

..,lF3

-F4 .... F5

-FG -F7 -F8 -F9 - B _p

-DF I

-sc

1-1.1

A2

A3 -_ J\4

o

d

For detE:>rmin..;,;ing individucl forest types the 'Percenta.l~e composit ion of' species 1183 be~n considored 50% of .he crop and nbove. For mixed Fores·t Type the percentage compo.sition of mixGd species should 'te more,' than 50% of' t. .... e crop.

( iii) .1J.e.n.~.i J;.,Y., ,el, e~3_ s.}.,:(i_C.9,,-t.~~l1: Forest types :&'2 to ~ '\.·Ier.e furtrl.0r classLried into

follo·.dng three denl3C1ty cf-L~ sses.

o o

Hi,~~h densi ty more t!12.n C~~

Medium density 21% to 60%

.C.o.d. e, . . .• I

II

o LOr! density 5 '[:0 20;~' I I I

(i v) r·I_i,nJ.m,upl, .a.:r:c3!-. _~t _9.elin.e~ti9P' Area of 0.5 x 0_5 em. on aerial photogra~hs

(measuring IJ.inimut12 6.25- ha. on ground) ",las consi~ dared as minir.1UJ:1 area for delineation of l and use and forest s t ands_ Smalle r areas were not delineated anct were merged in the adj~cent large strat~m . Rivers f nalas, 'lakes I>' rese rvo:Jtrs 9 roads e tc. were n o t delinG-a ted as they are a lready shOvn: on S urvey of L'"!.dia 1: 50, 000 tope maps "hich have been used cs base rnaps4

- 48 -

(v) .l\n,n.9_!~,a_t_i_?_l?: Forest type

Densi ty

Numerator 15e'n'o'rriina t or

Example :F'2 T:r

Nuraerator

Denominator

f_o,r~s:~~_t. _tY'p.e Density

,F~i,rJ.$p.!'~u.~~ l<cdium

3. 5 f_o_r.e.~..i. _'tD_e~8.~. jJ.r..ep~E~~C!

3.6

The details of the inter9rcted aerial photographs '.lcre transferred to the base? maps on 1:S0pOOO scale by trained staff of survey of'India. Ins trur;',en ts like vertical sketc}l lJIas tor ~~nd 81:ereozoom-transferocope were used for the transference. purpose, The translerred details and symbols were jointly corrected by the staff of Porest Survey of India and Survey of India

The map sheets on 1~509000 see.le under prepa-ration are:-

53 E!3,497,8,11~12,15?16 53 F/1,5,9,13

53 .. I /3,4-~ 7,8

Area calculation for different la~'1d-l.Jse & forest t"srpes:-'" . - ---'.- ..... ~~ ... " ................... --"_.-.. , ..... --... __ .L'

Area under d~fferent land-use & Forest type ~or Simla, Rohru and Chopal Iorest division was calculated.

;,.-49-

APPENDIX -:- I

c LeSTER. CEN~tR&. .• G.R_IR ~~_F.E.3?Ng_l;:.. PI'. ,S_UJ3.YE~12 CLU'S'T'ERS ' 4_·~ __ , .... _01 _' •

( Chopu~ Forest Divisio0)

triu'it-e-i '._ E-ap"-- ~ -'~;C-~'Cr~G- :R.· ,0" cl"u~s-ter- - --j'{ap' _, - --' c. e'eG 0 R:-~' ·7·-~

No. Sheet No. No. Sheet No. No" No.

_._ ...... _ - ..... --,-...... --..-............-- •.• ,_ .... , ••. .- ~ ........ '___ ----. --....... - .... ~,. •• ---.. _... ... ... ,' ~ .. 1_" .......... _ , ...... '" ~ ...... • r_ , __ ............... _ •

_ 1_ ... ~. __ . _.2 .. ____ '_ ' ...•. _ )_ ....... "._,,: _ ... ~1 . ____ .. ... __ ? __ . _____ ._ .. 3. _ .., ..... '_ ... _- ...... 225 53 L/8 36460790 627 53 pis 36480784 2B1 53 E/12 3G52079[ 628 Ii 3E480782 282 11 36520794 629 II 36480780 283 il 36520792 630 II 36480778 284 II' 36520790 631 II 3648('776 297 11 36540792 632' " 36480774 298 " 3654079(') 633 11 36500770 309 II 36560796 634 11 36500768 310 11 36560794 635 53 F/9 36500788 ·311 " 36560792 636 II 36500786 312 II 36560790 637 11 36500784 323 II 36580796 638 It 3E5007B2 324 I: 365807-94 639 II 36500780 325 " 36580792 6LfO 11 365007~ 326 II 36580790 641 I; 365001 337 II 36600796 642 IT 36500774 338 I: 36600794 643 Ii 36500772 339 It 36600792 f,4/+ n 36520788 351 IT 36620796 645 11 36520786. 352 II 3 ~620794 647 " 36520{'82 353 It 3E620792 649 I: 36520778 354 n 36C20790 E50 11 36520776 366 II 36640794, 651 ~, 36520774 380 l' . 3666079'+ 652 11 36520772 3~1 II 36660792 653 n 36520770 ::594 II 36:)80794 654 II 36520768' 395 II 36680792 655 I: 36520766 406 II 36700792 656 Ii 36540788 407 " 36720792 657 Ii 3654078G' 513 53 E/16 36740792 658 " 36540784 608 53 F/S 36420780· 659 l' 36540782 . 611 n 36440784 660 11 36540780 612 n 36440782 661 Ii 36540778 613 II- 36440780 662 .. 36540776 614 i. 3( 4 ~D7,.7,8 . 663 11 36540774 615 :t 36,+40776. (65 IT 36540770 61:) " 36460774- 666 II 3(,540768· (;47 ~I 364G0788 EG? II 36560788 618 11 364G0786 (;68 II 36560786 620 II 36460782: 6G9 II 36560784 621 II 3(:,460780 670 I; 365(.0782 622 II 364G0778 671 IT 36560780 623. II 36460776 G72 H 36560778 624 II 36460774 673 II 365L0776 626 " 3G480786, -67l f II 36560774 r

- 50' -

.. -.- .-.... -~ - --- ... ----~.- -- _ .... ~. p---- - ---'" ._ .. _ .... ~.-....... - _.. . . __ ... -__ ~2_._, ... ___ .2._ ..... :. :.., ___ ., . _ .. 3_ . ..;_,._. c .• ,;.1 .... ____ 2 __ ~_,._.!~.}_. __ .

678 679 680 681 682 683 684-685 686 688 ~90 692 693 694 695 696 697 ,698 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710. 711' 712' 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734

53 Fie) ~ ~

II

n

" '11

Ii

" fl

II

II

II

n tl

II

II

II

n

1/

II

II

II

Tl

II

II

II

U

'iT

U

11

II

II

(I

n il

n II

II

II

TI

II

11

II

TI

II

11

II

36560766 '35580788 36580786 3$580784 36580782 36580780 36580778 36580776. 36580774 36580770 36580766 36600766 36600784 36600782 36600780 36600778 36600776 36600774 36600770 36600768 36600766 36620788 36620786 36620784 36620782 36620780 36620778 36620776 36620774 3662.0772 36620770 36640790 3(,640788 36640786 36640784 36640782 36640780 36640778 36640776 366407'74 36640772 36640770 36660790 36660788 36660786 36660784 36660782 3666078G 36660778 36660776 36660774 36660772 36660770

735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 748 749 750 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773. 774 775 776. 777 778 781 782 786. 787 788

Total 189

53 /F9 II

II

(1

" " " " " 11

11

\I

11

" If

IT

n

II

" 11

II

" " " II

11

II

II

\I

II

il

II

53FJ'f3 " II'

It'

" " ,r II

n

II

" II ,

36680790 36680788

36680786 36680784 36680782 36680780 36680778 36680776 36680774 36680772 36680770 36680768 36709788 36700786 3670D784 36700780 36700778 36700776 36700774 367(j0772 36700'"/70 36700768 36700766 36720790 36720788 36720786. 3672~?84 '36720780 36720778 36720776 36720774 36720772 36720770 36720768 367407c;fJ 36740788

·36740782 36740780 36740778' ·36740776 36740~' 72 .. 36760'80 36760 78 36780780 36700778 36780776

- 5_1 -

( Rohnru' F-ore'st ,Division ~ ~ I,' ........_. ;",..,_ ,

, ~~' '."~,:-~--~-~--~-, ~-"-,-,-,.,~"";,,,,,,;:-,-,-~,.-_______ . ~ ____ .r"" __ .~~~~ 1 ,,~,-,,/ ;\,~" 2 " 1 . , _l .' ,2 3, _

-'.'.,.-, '~~.;--~. -~('"":"",,,"-----""'_'--, t .'--. -., .• ---.:....-----.-.. -.-~. _.........._....._._,.

j

'$,~}E/11 36560:81'8 355" 36f40cH6Z"' 228; 53 E/12 229 n 36580818 ·35q~ II 3664081ft~ 230 " 36600820 ~3S7~ .. 3G640812.~ 231 11 36600818- 359" " 36640808: 232 " 36620824 '360 1- II 36640806, 233- II 36620822' .361 " 3664080Li$ 234 II 36620820 '~63' II 36840800 235'1 11 36620812 ,364:: " 366,-0798' 236 IP 36640824 ,365 II 366L.-0796 237 Ir 366?+.O822 -368 " 36640818 238' Ir 36640820 ,369 .,'. 36660816 239 ~ i 36640818 ~:371 II 36600812. 240~; " 17 36660822 372 Ii 366001B1'0 241 :. 36660820 373 TI 36660808 2421 1r 36680824 '374_ ,n 3666{,806 243' 11 36680822 377 II 36660800 244-· 11 36680820 378 ;1 3E660798 245' 5'~E/12 36480816 379 " 36660796 251.' . II 36500816 382 II 36680818 .. '..,

271 if '36520816 383 II 36680816 272 (~1 36520814 387, " 36680808 285- ,', 36540816 388 " 36680806 286' ,,'. '36540814 '390 r; 36680802 287J .11 365408-12 392 It 36680798 299' ~ =}. ~

,365698.16 393 II 36680796 ..

300:, !! '.)65608:)4 39,8,.. If 36700808: 301' " 365608:]2 400 II 367008041 302: '" 365608:10 402 {. 36700800 313 .. 11 36580816 403, " 36700798 314, " 36580814 404: II 36700796, 315', Ii 36580812 405'· II 36700794; ,

317 1; 36580808 ,408, 53 EllS 36700826 327 II 36600816 409, % ' 3670082Lj. 328 1\ 36(;)00814 4J.O· .'Ii 367 00822 .. 329 u 36600812 411 36700820', H 330 II 36600810 412 " 36720826. 331 'n 36600808 413 II 36720824 332 11 36600806 41 L~ 110. 36720822. 333 " 36600804' 415 " 36720820 334 " 36600802 .. 416' Ii 36740828 335' II 36600800 417 II 36740826 336 11 36600798 418 " 36740824 341 II .. 36620816 419 " 36740822 342 II 36620814 " 420 II 36740820 343 II 366208~2 421 " 36760828 344 II 36620810 422' " 36760826 345 " 36620808 423 " 36760824 346. II 36620806 424 Il 36760822. 347 H 36620804 426 " 36780830 349 ;~ 36620800 427 11 36780828 350 n 366207.98' 428 11 36780826.

- 52 -

- ••.. --~- .• --~. ~.--..... __ .... -~- .• __ - ,. •• _____ ! ___ L, ....... ;, .... -. _ ........ _____ • _ ...... : ..... ___,_ ....... __ ., .•.• _~ __ • _. __ ...... .,..._, •••

.. _J ___ . _____ .2 ... , .' .. ~'.- ., .... , .'.- 3 .. _ .. ~ - , .. - .1 __ . ____ ..... _:.......:2 •..•..•• ~ .. , .3 .. _ .. __ ... _ 432 53 F /.15 36800832 429 53 'Ej15 ' 6780824 505 53 E/16 36740808 430 II 36780822 506 Ii 36740806 L,31 Ii 36S'808~Q 508 II 36740802 433 II 36800830 509 11 36740800 434 II 36800828 510 II 36740798 435 II 36800826 511 tI 367L~0796 438 11 36800820 512 H 367f.,j.o794 439 11 36820832 51lf II 36760818 440 n 3£820830 515 tl 3C760816 441 " 36820828 516 Il 36760814 442 ;i ]C820826. 517 n 36760812 4L.f3 " 3682082Lf' 518 ,: 367(·08'10 445 .. 36820820.; 519 'j ~ 36760808 446 i; 3(8[+0832 520 " 3G7C0806 4~+7 n 3(;840830; 521 to 36760804 4[1-8 ~(; 36840828 522 II 367608',e 449 11 368,+0826 523 II 36760800 450 " 3E·8!+0824 524 Ii 36760798 Lj·51 Ii 368~O822 525 " 36760~(96 454 I; 36860832 526 " 36760794. 455 I; 36860830, 527 II 36760792 456 i; 368C0828 528 Ii 36780818 457 II 36860826. 529 n 36780816 L~58 11 36860824 532 II 36780810 459 II 36860822 533 II 36780808 463 II 36880832 534 ., 36780806 464 11 368GD830 535 n 36780804 466 I: 36880826 536 u 36780802 467 Ii 36880824 537 " 36780800 473 " 3690C828 538 II 36780798 474 II 36900826 539 11 36780796 L~75 " 36900824 5'-+0 11 36780794 476 II 3690C822 541 11 36780792 479 If 36920830 542 " 36800818 480 11 36920828 5/15 11 36800816 L~81 II 3(;920826 546 fl 36800810 484 53 E/16 3670081-'3 547 .' 36800808 485 Ii 367008'16 548 -_. 36800806 487 II 3672081 c- 5L~9 11 3680080h 489 II 36720814 550 n 36800802 491 I: 3G720810 55"1 n 36800800 493 11 36720806 552 i, 36800792 494 a 3C720804 553 .. 36820814 495 i: 36720802 556 II 36820812 496 II 36720800 5~)7 n 3G820810 497 Ii 36720798 558 TI 36820808 498 II 36720796 559 ;; '36820806 499* " 36720794 560 II 36820804 500 " 36740818 561 il 36820802 501 11 3674081 S 562 11 36840818 503 II 367408'12 563 II 3684081 6 504 Ii 36'140810 505 u 368t+0812 ,,' fjrst plot; of this cl1.1ster f(!el in Rohru F.D. Hhile

second & third' plots fell in Chapal F.D.

- 53 -

~.~--,.. .......... ~"' .. --..... ").,..__ . .,...~,_._ •• k.:-._ ... _ ... _, ... 06 .... " __ "~_' ..... _ ....... _ ..... __ ..... ',_ .._ ................... ~_ .............. _ ... _ ..... _ ..... _ ................. _

... - ... ~ ..... -........... ,.'" -.- .. -......... .... ,' W .~ "'"-...... ':'-"~ ... ---_ .. _... _ ............ ----..- ..... - ... ___ ... -- .... _ ":....... .. .. ~... _ ..... -. .,. . ~-. .,_ .................

566 53 E/16 3E~~Lf081 0 842 53 I/3 370/-+0826 567 ~l 3c8'l()808 843 II 37040824 568 n 3684f/o06 844 II 37040822 569 .. 3Ce(G'3"18 850 11 37060826 570' II 361J6081 G 851 TI 370608.2L~ 571 il 368E(}3'j 1+, 852 II 37060822 572 u 3C~8G03"12 856 " 37080826 573 " 3E~360810 857 ;1 3708082L~ 576 11 36eto81 b S58 f1 37080822 577 !I 3683('0814 86'! .. 37100826 578 11 36l3308'12 862 :1 371 0082[~ 579 rl 36880?'310 865 ;; 37120826 580 Il 36900820 866 f ~ 37120824 581 n 36S00818. ,'358 Ii 37140828 582 11 369b;),~1 6. 869 if 37140826 583 11 36900314 870 " 3714082L~ 584 10 36'900312 8)4- .. 371(0826 585 rr 3b920~20 . 816 53 1/4 3691+0820 586 ~ ; 3692(,818 877 II 3694081 8 587 rI 36Y2:>81 (j 878 II 36940816 588 11 3692081 L,L 879 " 3694081 L~ 589 u 3692)': . .:12 S31 1i 36960818 590 11 369£10812 8B2 11 36960816 779 53 p/i3 36?((),:;O 883 :1 3696081Lt. 780 11 3E7(:O'7S2, 884 i. 369G08~2 733 r: 3678')-790. (8) 11 36980820 734 n 36'it3 )'188 866 11 36980818 793 53 1/3 36S'.'! ,)832- 887 Ii 36980816 794 It 36040g30 888 11 36980814 796 )) 36940826 889 11 37000820 797 f1 3G9i }C'224 890 II 37000818 7':'8 u 36940C<2:::, 891 - 1\ 370008-1 C 8(1 II 36S60834 892 11 37020<320 8C2 11 3C96v332 893 ;. 370208-18 8(3 11 36S'60630 895 n 37040820 804 :! 3C'9(:C8~8 89() II 37040818 805 rt 3696(\d26. 897 11 37040816 806 1; 369E~O;'12/, ' 899 I; 3iOE.0818 807 II 36Sf ·1822 900 If 37080820 811 t. 369[30832 901 " 37000822 812 II 36S30(',3v 815 ., 3698082Lj. 816 f1 369::08-22 Total 300 82'1 .. 37000S,:)2 823 ':. ,,)70')(828 824 n '37000B26 825 rI 3700082Lf.

826 I: 3700082;: 829 ,. 37G208]4 832 " 370;zOe28 333 II 3?0~i_)r~2_6. 83L,L 11 37020824 835 n 370201322'

-. 54 -

( Simla Forest Division

_~-~1:-~~ ~~-_''''~-?--.'~.~.~ .·.~-... -_-_~'~ __ 3,_.:~. ~ __ ' .. _~--' '-1-"~" --... - 'Z" , ...... ~.-, .-.. -_ .. 3'--J~--'-~ ~ _______ ._-. .... _ .• __ .""-h_ ... _.· __ .-. ............ _ .• _ ....... _ .. __ ._ ....... .:# •. _ ...... _ ...... _

001 002 003 004 007 008 009 011 012 0'13 01/+ p\5 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 027 028 029 030 031 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 042 043 044 O,r~5

04G OLf7 048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 059 060 061 0(,2 064

53 E!3 35020814 065 53 E/4 36220802 '1 36040814 066 Ii 36220800 tI 36200814 067 II 36220798

53 E/4 36040812 068 Ii 36220796 Il 36060810 070 II 36220792 .1 36080812 071 11 36220790 ,~ 3 E-08081 0 073 II 36240792 11 36100810 074 .. 36240790 [: 3612081 ~ 075 ;: 36240788 i1 3t.120808 076 53 B/7 36240816 " 3(.140810 077 n 36260816 Il 35140808 078 '1 36280818 11 36140796 079 [1 :3 6280816 I: 36140794 080 11 36300818 if 36140792 OBi 11 36300816 II 361Lf0790 082 rl 36320816 It 36140788 083 53 E/8 36240814 11 36160812 084 II 3624")812 II 36160810 085 II 36240810 I: 36160808 086 'I 36240808 11 361 G08CO 089 " 362 l ,0802 ,; 36160796 090 II 36240800 " 36160794 091 ti 36240798

11 36160'''(92 092 II 3624~796 53 E/4 36160790 093 Ii 36240794

Ii 361808"'12 094 II 36260~14 11 36180810 095 II 3626(;812 " 36180808 096 II 36260810 Ii 36180806 097 i1 36260808 n 36180804 098 II 36260806 II 36180802 D99 Ii 36260804 ,I 36180800 101' :i 36260800 ;; 36180798 102 11 36260798 11 36180794 103 Ii 36260796 \1 36180792 1 OL~ Ii 36260794 II 36180790 <105 II 36260792 Ii 36180788 1CJ6 II 36260790 ,I 36200812 107 Ii 36260788 n 36200810 108 11 36280914 11 36200808 109 il 36280812 ,/ 36200806 110 II 36280810 II 36200804 112 11 36280806 t; 36200802 113 II 36280804 II 36200800 115 II 36280800 rI 36200798 116 ~I 36280798 11 36200796 117 oj 36280796 11 3620079h 118 II 3628079L~ Ii 36200792 119 II 36280792

36200790 120 II 36280790 36220814 121 tt 36280788 36220812 122 fI 36300814 36220810 123 11 '"16300812 36220808 124 " ~6300810 36220804 126 II 36300806

" II

II

'i

- 55 -

.. _ .... . __ J_, .. _ __ .. _ . -...._ ...... ~---~ --.--.......... __________ ___... _ ____ ... ".~--.l._

1 2 3 " 1 2 3 . _~ _ _ •• L __ --=---. _._. ____ ._"..-........~, _~.a.o.,........_ ____ ........_ _ ....... .--.. ______ .. ____ . __ .~ ___ , . ....__ ___

127 53 E/B 36300804 2.02 53 E/8 36420792. 128 .. 36300802 203 II 36420790 129 11 36300800 205 n 36440804 130 11 36300798 206 " 3.6440802 132 Ii 36300794 207 [I 36440800 133 " 36300792 208 11 36440798 134 tr 36300790 209 II 36L~40796 135 " 36300788 210 " 36440794 137 iT 35320808 211 n 36440792 "

138 Ii' 36320806 212 II .35440730 :139 II 36320804 213 II 36460814 141 II 36320800 214 11 36460812 142 11 36320798 215 II 36460810 144 11 36320794 216 [I 36460808 145 rl 36320792 217 It 36460806 147 II 36320788 219 .. 36460802 148 11 36340810 220 II 36460800 150 II 363408~6 221 Ii 36460798 151 II 36340804 223 II 36460794 153 J! 36340800 224 il 36460792 154 " 36340798 226 II 36480792 155 " 3 63/+0796 227 n 36480790 159 I' 36340788 246 53E/12 36480814 160 I' ' 36360810 247 II 36480812 162 rI 36360806 248 II 36480810 163 II 36360804 250 " 36l~80806 164 1\ 36360802 251 It 361r80804 166 I[ 36360798 252 II 36Lf80802 167 II 36360796~ 254 -11 36LfB0798 168 11 36360794 255 It 36480796 170 " 36360790 256 ,. 36480794 171 " ·36380812 259 II 36500812 172 it 36380810' 260 .. 36500810 174 11 36380806 261 II 36500808 176 II -36380802 262 I t 36500806 177 PI 36380800 264 II 3650080.2 178 .. 36380798 265 II 36500800 181 II 3638079.2 266 tI 36500798 184 " 36400806 267 " 36500796 185 II 36400804 268 11 36500794 186 71 .:56400802 269 11 36500792 190 " 36400794 270 II 36500790 191 H 36400792 273 " 36520812 192 II 36400790 274 II 36520810 195 II 36420806 275 11 36520808 196 Ii 36420804 279 II 36520800 197 11 36420802 280 If 36520798 198 II 36420800 288 11 36540810 199 II 36420798 289 II 36540808 200 n 36420796 290 II 36540806

- 56 -

.. - . .... _ -.,'''____ ,'_ ...... _._. ...... ~-----.,;. .--. _._ .. _. _ ..... _ -___ ... a. _____ .• ___ ~_ .. ___ . ,...._ ...... ___ . __ ...... ~.......___ ..... ,.. ..... ~ ... ___ ._ ..•.. _ ... ~ L ......... ""O'-. __ ,.4-......... _. _ .......... .. __ ...... _.<-_ .. __ .. -.-.

293 53 E(12 36540800 294 11 36540798 303 " 36560808 304 " 36560806 305 '1 36560804 306 II 36560802 307 11 36560800 308, 11 36560798 318 II 36580806 319 .1 36580804 320 11 36580802 321 11 36580800 322 II 36580798 591 53 F/1 ·36220786 592 ., 36220784 593 " 36240786 594 " 36240784 595 II 36240782 596 II 36260786 597 ~3 F/5 36260784 598 Ii 3Ei260782 599 fl 36260780 600 11 36280786 601 II 36280784 602 II 36280782 603 II 36300786 604 I' 36300784 605 II 36300782 606 tl 36320786 607 Ii 36420788 609 r, 36440788 610 II 36440786 619 11 36460784 675 53 F/9 36560772

Total 242

Grand Total 731

- 57 -

INSTRSCTIONS FGl1 TRAVERSING FRQlI'i REFERENCE ~- -- u - FEAYUlfETCfjr' 'SJU~:PIE- POI}.IT~-----·· . -~.~.-

.. -'~ ... ~- ._- ............ -~ .,.,~". , ........ -............,,_. - .-.....

. The f'o11o.ring instructions were given to crew leaders for this purpose. The sample point will mean clus~er centre or plot centre as the caSG may be.

After you have correctly located a reference i'eature on the r,round '.·ri th the help of a map/photo.;;raph the sample point 1il1 be located by working out the distance and directions of the sample point from this refe.r::ce feature. For this work proc~ed as under:-

Orient the map tOl·lard· North ,,fith the help of S lIve C ompas s. Draw t,.:O straight line s one vertical and one horizont~l paJ allel to vertical and horizontal gridlines respectively-passing through the centre of the r~ference i'eature. If maps are not grid!ed in kms. these two lines can be drawn parallel to longitude and latitude lines respectively. The parallel lines should be dravm with reference to ne~rest grid lines or' latitude longitude lines so that the chance of any error is less. The two ·tines now' dravm wiTl be crossing at the c entre of the re.ference feature. Draw another line passing through the centre of the reference feature and the sample pOint. Now keep a graduatE'd protactor with. its centre on the centre of the rei'erence feature, its zero on the northof the North-South line and 180 readin~ on tbe South of the North South line (vertical linel. Reading 270 and 360 on the protractor will be respectiblely on East and West of the horizontal line. J1e8.sure the bearing i.e. angle of the straight line dra,m .from the centre of the reference i'eature to the sample point ',lith reference of North Direction i,e. zero of the protractor. The protractor viill give this bearing in degrees .. fiiultiply thi s reading .. ,rith 10/9 to get tho bearing in grades. This ...,ill be the bearing in grades at which you are to procee~ to locate the sample paint, Note it in your .field note book.

RE:check the above bearing by keeping the map in the same position i.e. oriented towards North and placing the Silva Compass on the map sheet in such a way that the pivot of the 'needle ±s placed over the centre of the reference feature. The Silva Compass should be placed here after adjusting the dial of the Silva Compass in such a map~er that the pointer is on the 400th grade of the dial. In this posi tion the compass needle shov.s N-S direction and cit will be usually over the line previously drawn in North-South direction. Note the erade marked on the dial of the Silva compass at ""hieh the straight line already dra~m -from the centre of the reference feature to the sample point is cutting it. The bearing in grades worked o-ut by both the methods i.e. by graduated protractor and by Silva compass will be the same.

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If any discrepancy is found in both the be->a.ring repeat the process by both the methods till this discrepancy is remo~ed. An error in measuring the correct bearing may result in complete ,wrong lOc8:~ion of 'the sample point.

N01l adjust -the graduated disc of the Silva Compass so that the scale pOin-ter reads the bearing (grade) as deter~ined ~y you. From nO~l on the disc will not be moved and its pasi tian should remain fixed till the sample point is : reached.

(B) DISTANCE

~~ASyRFI'l}"4~OF H,9RIZ:_Of.'o'Tt:.If F~91:I_TBE :HAP:,

Measure the distance betwe-n the centre of the reference feature and the sample point on the map in centimeters. Nul tiply this vii th 50000 if 1:'50, 000 map sheet is being used and by 63360 if 111 =- 1 mile map sheet 'is being used'and divide the product 'by 100 to get the ground distance in metres. The distance thus obta ined \IIi II be the horizon':' tal distance at v,hich the sample point i'rom the centre of' the re:ferenc e :feG. ture J_ies Note down thi s distance in you~ Note Book.,

(C) '-

rmASUREHENT OF HORIZCNTAL DISTANCE ON THE GRolJn6~ .... ........ ..-.... • ......... __ . --. ...... _, .-....-...._~ _ ... -. ~ .. _, ... _ • __ ._ .... _~~' ~'':''' .. ,._<r ._._, .. :. _____ ......... ~-'oI.

For reaching the sample point from the reference feature you should measure the horizontal, ground distance as determined -by you earlier from the map. In flat terrain the ~easurement of the horizontal distance will pose no problem but when the terrain is hilly direct measurements 'on the ground will give sloping distance. In such cases the slop~ ing distance should be converted into horizontal distance as per the ins-tructions given here. By this method >you can measure long stretches on a uniformally sloping' terrain by converting the known horizontal distance (as already worked O'L'.t) into slopping distance or by measuring the sloping distance on a uniform slope, the horizontal distance . c'an 'be calculated. Remerfber that for varying slopes se:prate, measurements should be taken and each measurement should be converted into horizonta.l-distance separately.

While measuring on a lsoping ground determine the angle of slope and convert the sloping distance into . horizontal dist8.nce with the help of the Iormula exp~ained" below:-

L ;:: COS A or L L - LI COS A

or L' = L - L x SEC.A _7---) ~ CoOS

.,

" "" ---'------------

L

- 59 -

W~en L' is sloping distance, L is h~rizontal distence and·A is ang1.e in degrees. Thus if the va'lue of COS }\ and any o:f the distance L or L I is kno\'m then the other dis"":,, tanc~ can be calculated. A table showin3 the value of COS fi ~Or different ang~es is gi~en belo~:

P. ~~. __ ._C_O.§_!l_ £~_~_~~c...O§_.~;_. 1. 0.9998477 46 0.6946584 2. 0.9993208 Lf.7 0.6819984 3. 0.9986295 48.~ 0.6691306 4. 0;9975641 49. 0.6560590 5. '0.9961917 50. 0.6427876 6. 0.9945219 51. Oa6293204 7. ,0.9925462 52, O~6156615 8. 0.9902681 53 .. O~6018150 9. 0.9876883 54.. 0.5877853 10.. 0.9848078 55. 0.5735764 11. 0.9816272 56. 0.5591923 12. O~9781476 57. 0.5446390 13. 0.9743701 58. 0.5299193 14T 0.9702957 59. 0.5150391 15. 0.9659258 60. 0.5000000 16. 0.9612617 61. 0.4848096 17. 0.9563048 62. 0.4694716 18. 0.9::;10565 63. O~4539905 19. 0.9455186 64. 0~4383711 20. 0.9396926 65. 0.4226183 21. 0.9335804 66. 0.4067366 224 0.9271839 67. 0.3907311 23. 0.9205049 68. 0.3746066 24 0.9135455 69. 0.3583679 25. 0.9063078 70~ 0.3420201 26. 0.8987940 T1. 0~3255682 27. 0.8910065 72. 0.3090170 28. . 0.8829476 73. 0.2923717 29. 0.8746197 74. 0.2756374 30. 0.8660254 75~ 0.2588190 31. 0.B57'1673 76" 0.2419219 32. 0.8480481 77. O. 22119511 33. 0.8386706 78. 0.2079117 34. 0.8290376 79~ 0.1908090 35. .0.8191500 80. C.1736482 36. O.809017G 814 0.1564345 37.. 0.7986355 82. 0.1391731 38. 0.7880108 83. 0.1218693 39. 0.7771460 84. 0.1045285 40. 0.7660444 85. 0.0871557 41. 0.7547096 86. 0.0697565 42. 0.7431443 87. 0.0523360 43. 0.7313537 88. 0.0348995 44. 0.7193398 89. 0.0174524 45. 0.7071068 90. 0.0000000

However, small horizon~al distances were also measured by stepping method.

- 60 -

(D) PRECAUTICNS TO BE OBSERVr~D "lHILE USING SILVA COf'""PASS: ~. __ •. , ____ ....... _ • ___ .....,.., ,_~ • __ ...... _._ .... ,.,_,_ .• __ _.._~_ ••. ............,.. ............ _ ................ L.A. .. ____ . ___ .. ......-..... ~,

WhLle using Silva Compass observe the lol'lowing precautions:-

(i) When sighting through the Silva Compass keEl) the centre o£ the instrument ex[\ctly above the stati~m •. For this, stand at such a distance :froe' the -,station so that thE:: centre of: your stretched palm is just abov~/over the station~

(ii) At every station check that the bearing adjusted at the starting po~nt is in the same,position.

(iii) Hold the instrument horizontally at your palm.

(iv) 'ifhen aligning the next station take care that the centre of the needle, the hair line and the notch at t110 top of the mirror are all i.n a straight line.'

(v) Hold the instrument on the right palm if you arG closing the left eye. But i.f you are ~n the habit of closing your right eye hold the instrument on the left palm. ';j1hichev6r practice is ~dopted at the starting point the sBme should b~ cohtinued till you reach the sample pOint.

(vi) Do not keep any object made o.f iron near the instrument while using it.

(vii) it l\.fBys lock the needle of the instrl.lfIE n t v-.,'hen you are no~ using the instrument.

For traversing the distance .from the reference .featuie to the sample point the method narrated below should be followd:

From the reference feature the Crew aeader should direc tone F.ieldman to ,stand at a convenient distance apprQxima tely in the direc tion in \/hich the sample pOint lies. This fieldman \/ould carry with him an aligning rod for giving a lignmen t t()' the cre'~{ leader and a sharp i.nstru.:... mont Ilike Khu){ari or 8xe for cleaning the bushes and pranches etc. which, might obstract the visibility and s tretching!'laying dOT.m· o£ nylon rope. NOt! make- this fie Id-

,"man to stand.. i.n the correct line of direction of tbe sample point by alighing with the help of' Silva Compass. Once the alignment o.f first station is done the Crew Leader will move to this' station and stancf exactly over thE: place where .fieldman was standing. Afte" the laignment of the first station is done. and Crew Leader r~aches and stands over this station the Feldman shall !lOVe furth.er on ~ cOllYG'nient distnDco_to'-thb nexl;,s'ta't_ion":alang the p8.m~. 'direc:t±on. Tbe Crew Leader will again make this Fieldman stand in the exact direction of the sample point with the help of Silva Compass. This proce-ss of aligning will

- 51 -

Continue till the; sample pOint is reached. v-ihile you (Cr~w Leader) and one of your Fieldman are busy in alignment w-ork direct your other crew member.') ( I.e. Deputy Ranger and ~Fieldmen) to go on measul"ing' and recording the hori.zontal ground. distan~e along the line of alignment. This distante measurement ','rill be done "lith th~ help of a tape Dr a nylon 'rope having fixed lengths marked on it. The alignment by ·tne· Crew Lt?ader and t11€ ground mC8surement by the [ollovers ,10uld be so sync)1ronised tha;t at no stage ",ork is held u~ 0

For ground measurement,_ the F ieldman No.' 2 wi"ll hold the for-w'ard end o'f the tape or the measured nylon rope and. shall alsokeep a ranging rod and ten steel arro_ws '~li th him. the rear end, of the measuring tape/rope sha}.1. be held by the Deputy Ranger, "rho vriTl· also be- responsible for,' recording the measurements. l'.fter a measurement, is completed, the Fi~ldmen shall f'ix an arro\J' on this -point.. He shal-: then move fonmrd along the line of' alignment to a dista,nce till his fa 1 r O",'TE;r ( Dy. Ranger reaches the point where the fires t arro., ',lias fixed on. the ground. This arrml will be refilOved ' by the Dy. Ranger from the ground and kept '\tli th him for record. Each arro\! ",,,fth tpe Dy. Ranger wi 11 repre'sent the fiXed measured length of tape/rope~ Successive measurements shall be repeated as per the~i~st measurement and arrow f·ixed a.fter each measurment by Fieldman \'Iill be removed and kept 'by D-y.Ranger su.ch measurements shall proceed till all the 10 ar ows have been pickQdup by the Dy.Ranger. At this po int he shall record the total distanc e so :far measured in' his No te Book and hflnd over all the arro\-\l'S to the- F ieldman Ior rep~ating the process again.' This process shall continue till the sample point is reached. In some cases when arrOws are ,not available the measu~ements will be don~ without the use of arrows by recording each measurement of tape/rope in the Note Book by Deputy Ranger. The process of 'alignment and measurement of ground distance must go on simultaneously to avoid any mistake in mesurement and also to make it quick

APPENDIX -III -_._---.'--PROCEDURE FOR TJ.F,ING TALLY OF 'IN TREES AND TABLE sHOTTfNIf"15LO"T- RLDlr FOFC"Ci-iEC1{fNG i'tiARG-rN"KC "TREES __ , -~ __ ___"_. ___ ·' __ ~~ ____ •• L_. __ ~L' -...: ___ , __ • __ -_'" ~_

1 • f..r£~.£.du_:t;.§.,_f.or takin~_~.~l},"'y_ £i.:. .. ~JJ.l __ .:tree..§

The tally for this survey is to be taken only for, trees of 10 crn. D.B.H.O.B. and. above. The tally is to -be tal~en ';li th B.A .F-2 m2 (Basal Area Factor). ThE! trees will alvays be seen at breast height at the time of taking tally. For takirig tally stand at th~:plot centra peg and take a . svreep by sighting :the trees at breast height through Basal Area Factor - 2 m2 strip of relaskop starting frOm North Di't'ection in a circle in a clock-\'fise direction till the circle is completed and all trees ar:e sighted. If the \/,lid·th of ·the strip (B.li. 9 F .-2m~ strip) is defini tely sma.ller than ~he diameter of tree being sighted than

the tree \/i11 be counted as. 'INI i. e. the

- 62 -

diameter of the tree is de_finitely bigger than the "lidth of this strip and ±:fthG width of the strip is definitely bigger than the diameter of tree being sighted p -then the tree will be considered 'OUT' i.e. the dia~eter of the treG is definitely SL'na ller than the width 01' this strip. \'.Jhi 1e taking tally there may be such cases where it is not possible to decide defini~ely as to whether a particular tree is ~IN' or 'OUT' i.e. its diameter is about as wide 2~ the projected strip. Such tree Hill be marginal trees. rJ.18rginal tre€s should be checked by measuring its diameter at right angle to ~lot centre 'at breast height over 'bark from uphill side. This diamE=ter should be multiplied by 0.3536.. This multiple will give the plot radius in meters. Now measure the horizontal. distance :from the plot centre peg to the centre of - tree and if' this measured distance is -less than the calclilated plot radius this tree is I IN' and if this measured dis-tance is more than the caiculated plot radi~s, then this t~ee i~ 'OUT. Remember that every marginal tree must be verified ,for its being 'IN or 'OUT' by 'this procedure.

. . However, to avoid calculetions for this horizon-tal distance frequently. the horizontal distance for different diameters for'B.A.F.-2 M2 are given below and i£ the actual horizontal distance is less than the tabulated distance o~ a particular diameter the tree will be considered 'IN' and vice-versa~

Note: "Thile takin-g tally make sure that every tree: has been sighted through the relaskop. Observe extra caution on this score 1"here the crop is dense and stems of some trees may remain hidden behind the stems of otoer trees.

2. Table showing plot radii for checking marginal trees with B.A.F. - 2 m2 ( Plot radius factor 0.3536).

D.B.H.O.B Plot radius D.B.H.O.B Plot radius _-'-C-cmj-- -(metresT- -refiT -_- ~-Tm-etl?e'~} - -1 • ~3536 21. 7.4256

. 2. .707.2 22 • 7.7792 3. '1.0608 23. 8.1328 4. 1: '.)-144 24. 8.4864 5. 1.7680 25. 8.8400 6. 2.1216 26. 9.1936 7. 2.4752 27. 9.5472' 8. 2 .. 8288 28. 9.9008 9. 3.1824 29. 10.2544 "10. 3.5360 30. 10.6080 11 • 3.8896 31. 10.9616 12. 4.2432 32. 11.3152 13. 4.5968 33. 11.6688 14. 4.9504 34. 12.0224 15. 5.3040 35. 12.3760 16. 5.6576 36. 12.7296 17. 6.0112 37. 13.0832 18~ 6.3648 38. 13.4368 19. 6.7184 39. 13.7904 20. 7.0720 40. 14.1440

- 63 -

D.B.H.O.B Plot, radius Di? .,H. O •• ,B. Plot,radius '-'\--J~- -~rmet'i'e s) _." " -rCIn)---' -Cine-tre-S)-em .

41. 14.4976 81. 28.G416 42. 1 '+.8512 82. 28.9952 43.' 15.2048 83. 29.3488 44" 15,5584 84. 29.7024 45. '15~9120 85~ 30 0 0560 46 .. 16.26Sf._ 86. 30.4096 47. 16.6192 87. 30.,7632 1.:,8 .. '16.9728 88. 31.1168 49 .. 17,3264 89. 310'4704 50" 1,/,,68']0 90. 31.8240 51 . 16t0338 9'\ • 32.1776 5/" 18.3872 92~ '32.5312 530 "\8,7408 93. 32.8848 5L ., 19.09'+4 94. 33.2384'. 55 ... 'i 9. Lj.4so 95. 33.5920 56. 19.8016 96. 3~.9656 5'1 ~ 20eJ 552 97. 3 .2992 53, 20.50P,8 98. 34.5528 50 '

, ". 20.86~4 99. 35.0064 6(' , 2"1.21 EO 100. 35.8600 64

0 2-'1.5C96 101. 35.7136 62 .• 2-: .9;' 32 102. 36.0672 63 .. 22.2'768 103. 36.4208 6u., 22.6304 104. 36.7744 &50 22.93hO 105. 37.1280 66!> 23.3376 106. 37.4816 67', 23.6912 107. 37.3352 60a .24.0448 108. 38.1888 6° 2LI • 'Y8/~' 109 • 38.5424 . . 7C., 2L( ~ 7520 110. 38.89~O 'f .. 25.1556 11 '1 • 39.2496 , I~"

:: 7~';;- l' 25. L~·592, 112. 39.6032 7'; 25,8128 113. 39.9568 " . , 7!!r~ 26.,"1664 114 .. 40 .. 3104 7 i: 26.5200 115 • 40.6640 .-0 lb. 26.8738 116, 4 1 ,0176 77. ?7 .22~2 117. 41.3712, 73. 27.5808 118. 41.7248, ...,,.., 27.9j44 119 • 42 .. 0784, I ~.

80 ~'. 28,28(0 120~ 420432Q

- 6A -

For lr18asuring hoii;,;hts of trees ~,li th the Blume 'Leiss Hypsometer hIO steps are involved:

(a) Fixing of the position of the observor and

(b) measurement of height. ( a) .f.!.~i~o__f., Jfl!LQ_os_i!.i.911~±' _1h_~ __ £bp_~F'y_C?r:

To tal';:e accurate hE:'igbt measurement it is essential that the obser~er stands at a corr0ct horizontal distance from tl'le tree < In case of' trees '.lhich have conical cro\.fl1 the tip of the crown is easily seen and as such height measurements can be taken from a shorter dist9nce. Eut in case of' broad leaved trees where the cro\-m shape is "genera'lly rourided and diffused the o£server has to stand at a farther distance to oe ahle to see ,correctly the tip of the crown. One can stand at a horizontal distance o£ 15 or 20 or 30 or 40 metres from the base- of' the tree as there are strips of 15,20,30 and 40 metres provided in the B.L.Hypsometcr end any of these ean be used for measureing the height of a particu-lur tree, however, as far as possible the horizontal distance selected should b~ such t&at it' is approximately equal ~o the height o.f the tree being measured. \-Ihile adjusting your position :for taking the hei'ght measurement always take care U"lat 'the white strips are not giving double images (the images should cOT!rpletely _over-lap) from the place you are sighting the B.L.Hypsoineter scale hung on the tree i.e. the~e should be no parallax. -

(b-) ~?~rement __ ,2f, h_eigh.:tl.

Remember that the height s.hould.'be measured to the tip of the 'leading shoot ~qhich is just verticul above the base of the tree. finy point ""hieh is not vertically above the base of the tree is not at the same horizontal distance at IJhich you are going to re8.d the height. Never see the tips af -the- crown. ,,,/hich are on the fringes as it 1,/i11 give a 'rlrong height measurement. The following' -example vJil1 shOW as to hOll the height measurement Hould be wrong if the tip (.i on the fringe o.f -the crown are seen.

, . In tbe diagram be'lov.r B is th€ base of th€! ~ree

T the tip of t.he tree vertically above the base B. T is the, tip at the fringe OI the cro\om. t~ -the position of the observ~r at fixed. horizontal distance ancl C the pOint \If'here the line AT I will meet the vertical line BT. If instead of T you ar~ sighting T' then'the height measured v,ril1 be ,Be and not BT which is the correct heiG;ht of the tre~. The va1u~ of Be will go on increasing as distance T'P' increa :3es and di-stBnce fiB decrease s nnd Over estimation _\-'lill be more and more. It is thus evident that the

""~ ct:' . - ':J:I -

.. t, , I : I

I"

'd "~

_~. "t'

( c) ;Sl?J?~ Cd:Pre_c:±i~ 4 I.f tqe terrain ,is such 'where it is not possible

to stand atr a horizontaL distanc~' f~6m ·th~·base ~f th~ , tree, apply the ;slope:. correctiOrl" fac'tor -1:;0 the ;height"' rneasl!-re~ 0' F ind_: the \.,~ngle'" of, slop eO by sighi;,"ing' the tree. wi th the .Hy-psQ_peter ~a t, ~th¢ ~yeleve'l. Fr.ai:n' the carrec tion: table eiven on {ttie Hypsometer read, "the corresponding -correction .factor for this angle of- slope. Jliiultiply the measured tree. height with !th~ cd¥rection .factdr substract the pr_odq_C,t, from the :measured tree height' to <get' 'the: correc~ tree ,height.

HIMACHAL PRADESH - Forest Survey of India

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