Green chemistry and sustainable development

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GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Irina Volf and Valentin I. PopaTo disaster or to ecological paradise/ Mother Nature is the best designer of all.

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What is “green” chemistry?• Chemistry for environment;• A philosophy and a way of thinking what can help chemists in research and production to develop more eco-friendly and efficient products and processes;

• The term describes an area of research arising from scientific discoveries about pollution and from public perception in much the same way as the identification and understanding of a deadly discuss stimulates the call for a cure;

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• The term represents the assumption that chemical processes that carry environmental negatives can be replaced with less polluting or nonpolluting alternatives;

• Green Chemistry is utilization of a set of principles that reduce or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products;

• Green chemistry involves the design and redesign of chemical syntheses and chemical products to prevent pollution and thereby solve problems.

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Green chemistry principles, strategies and tools

1.It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.

2.Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.

3.Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate

substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.

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4.Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity.

5. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and, innocuous when used.

6. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized.

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7. A raw material feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable.

8. Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/deprotection, temporary

modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible.

9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.

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10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products.

11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time in-process

monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should chosen so as to

minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.

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What’s your definition of sustainability?

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Definition of sustainability - what is sustainable?

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of

three preoccupations

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Sustainability and development

Stability and sustainability of energy supply means the development and implementation of biobased chemicals and energy urgent. Domestic energy security and rural economies could both benefit from a plant-derived chemicals and energy economic base.

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Econom ical issues

Environm ental protection

Sustainable developm ent

Society acceptance

Social issues Econom y Env. pollution

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Main Problems!•FOOD•FUELS•FEED•CHEMICALS

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Resources• Renewable phytomass for sustainable development

• New products and services from natural resources

• Sustainable management and utilization of forestry resources

- 5% of oil production is used in chemicals manufacture;

- 95 % is used for fuel and energy

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• In 2020 :-20 % energy from renewable; -10 % of all road transport fuelsReasons for promoting renewable energy:-Reduce green house as emissions;-Diversity supply sources for energy;-New agricultural market outlets and employment opportunities in rural areas;

-Technology and innovation: impact on the overall economy.

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Advantages of using biomass as an energy source and chemicals:

• Is a indigenous source and therefore ensure reducing dependence on imports and increase security of supply (most resources are located in unstable areas, politically speaking);

• As other renewable resources, biomass offers enormous potential for jobs creation in agriculture and silviculture, as well as small and medium enterprises;

• Renewable energy carrier technology offers promising opportunities for business according to multiply energy consumption expectation;

• In many industries, biomass is a secondary product, outcome from manufacture and can be the answer to the wastes and energy problem.

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Secondary resource recovery involves:

• Establishment of secondary biomass resources (availability, physical and chemical characteristics and variation limits);

• Modernization and development of new efficiently refinement technologies;

• Selection, admission, transfer and assimilation of technologies by potential users.

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RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

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Emission of carbon dioxide, million t

• U.S.A. 7,068

• Russia 2,024

• Japan 1,335 • Germany 1,015

• Canada 758

• U.K. 665 • Italy 583 • France 563

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Recycling (or renewing) times for chemicals

feedstocksChemicals Recycling timeAlgaeAgricultural crops

GrassesShrubsTreesOil, gas and coal

1 month3 months-1 year

1 year1-5 years5-80 years280 million years

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• The best time to plant a tree is twenty years ago. The second best time is now! Mark Twain

This is a great Mark Twain quote and sums up where we are with our sustainable development situation. Had we taken this crucial subject so seriously at the time of the Rio Earth Summit in '92 we would have had the time to put in place interconnected economic, social and environmental programmes and change systems that would be moving us away from climate change, resources depletion, biodiversity loss, social disintegration a.s.o.

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Benefits of Bioproducts

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The carbon cycle applied to consumer goods and fuels. Left: Petrochemical material streams. Right:

Industrialbiotechnological material streams

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• A major biological raw material for making fuels is the plant cell wall. Microbes annually hydrolyze10 exp11 tons of plant biomass, principally plant cell wall material, that contains the energetic equivalent of 640 billion barrels of crude oil.

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The most important energy technologies based on

biomass • Direct combustion– it is a thermo- chemical conversion process type that utilized as major biomass feedstock wood, agricultural, waste municipal solid and waste residential fuels for heat, steams or electricity

• Gasification– it is also a thermo-chemical conversion process type in which wood, agricultural, waste municipal or solid waste are used for low or medium Btu producer gas

• Pyrolysis - it is a thermo -chemical conversion process type that utilizes as major biomass feedstock wood, agricultural, waste municipal and waste solid for synthetic fuel oil (biocrude) and charcoal

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Anaerobic digestion • a biochemical (anaerobic) conversion that process animal manure, agricultural, waste landfills and waste water for biogas obtaining

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In 1925 Henry Ford predicted that

biochemistry would unite agriculture

with industry

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Ethanol production • a biochemical conversion that could transform sugar or starch, crops, wood waste, pulp sludge and grass straw into ethanol

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Biodiesel production • a chemical process that transforms rapeseed, soy bean waste, vegetable oil and animal fats into biodiesel

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•CHEMICALS

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Wood as raw material

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Agricultural raw materials

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•POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES

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Non-petrochemical based polymers in the car

construction-reduce the weight-reduction resistance to wind

End of life vehicles:

Year

Recover, %

Recycle, %

2010

80 75

2012

90 80

2017

95 85

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Typical life cycle of green composites

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Mercedes Benz A/falx/polypropylene

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U Ford hybrid-electric/recyclable

composites

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MixingDrying and

prepolymerization

Biorez

Cellulignin

Lignin / Protobind

PrepolymerGrinding

ProductInjection molding and

forming

Flow sheet for obtaining and injection molding technique of WPCs

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• The adhesive properties of furan resins and lignin as well as the interaction with lignocelllulose were proved by SEM analysis

• The WPC composite microstructures show a good interfacial adhesion between the components: there are not observed free spaces between the WPC components.

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Physical-mechanical properties

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WPCs material for injection molding thermosetting process; Distance holders for restrictors; Base plate for tripolar lever type switch; Sliding piece for cam switch

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•BIOREFINING

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Biorefinery The biorefinery is a manufacturing concept for converting plant biomass into energy and chemicals in which plant biomass can be separated into a number of compounds and energy is recovered.

Environmental and economic aspects of biofuels cycle must be assessed in terms of land use changes and impact to the environment, society and the economy.

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Biorefining definition

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Possibilities of hemicelluloses valorification

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Possibilities of ligninvalorification

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Possibilities of cellulose valorification

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Studies in the field of polyphenols utilizations

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Research and development focus is on separation, characterization and utilization of plant polyphenols in biological systems• Polyphenols as renewable sources of industrial chemicals

• Advances in chemistry and biochemistry-chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, conformational analysis and mechanism of their actions in biological systems.

• Polyphenols in plant-plant, plant-animal, plant-insect interactions and other aspects of ecological significance.

• Polyphenols in everyday life, e.g. their properties on health effects in human nutrition and disease prevention

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Sources of polyphenols• Spruce wood bark• Beech wood bark• Oak wood bark• Asclepias syriaca• Vine wood• Grape seeds• Tannin

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Polyphenols testing in:

•Seed germination•Plant cultivation•Bioremediation•Plant grafting•Vegetal tissue culture•Microorganism cultivation

•Diabetic control

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Germination capacity of bean seeds treated with nonmodified polyphenols and LS: 1-ammonium lignosulfonate2-polyphenols from spruce bark; 3- polyphenols from oak bark; 4-polyphenols from beech bark.

Germination capacity of bean seeds treated with oxidized polyphenols and LS: 1-ammonium lignosulfonate; 2-oxidized polyphenols from spruce bark; 3- oxidized polyphenols from oak bark; 4-oxidized polyphenols from beech bark.

020406080100

0 0,25 0,5 1Concentration, [g/L]

Germ

ination, [%

]

1234

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0

50

100

150

200


Biom

ass, [%

]

1234

050100150200


Biom

ass, [%

] 1234

Biomass variation for millet seeds treated with nonmodified polyphenols and LS: 1-ammonium lignosulfonate; 2-polyphenols from spruce bark; 3- polyphenols from oak bark; 4-polyphenols from beech bark.

Biomass variation for millet seeds treated with oxidized polyphenols and LS: 1-ammonium lignosulfonate; 2-oxidized polyphenols from spruce bark; 3- oxidized polyphenols from oak bark; 4-oxidized polyphenols from beech bark.

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Influence of polyphenolic compounds from various types of bark, and of the crude extract from softwood bark on the development of carrot callus.

Inoculating

agent cultivated on:

Development

Variant of medium2,4-D0.5 mg/L

OPPH0.51 mg/L

BPPH0.43 mg/L

SPPH0.51 mg/L

SPPH + BPPH + OPPH

SBE2.56 mg/L

SBE0.84 mg/L

B5 + 2,4-D

CallusAdventitio

usShootsRoots

+--

++--

+++++-

+++++++++++

++--

++--

++++++-

B5 + 2,4-D + OPPH

CallusAdventitio

usShootsRoots

++++--

++++--

++++--

++++--

+++++++++

-

B5 + OPPH

CallusAdventitio

usShootsRoots

++++++-

++++++-

+++--

+++++++-

+++++++-

Estimation of development was made in conventional units from 1 to 5.In the blank spaces, the samples have been removed as infected.OPPH-Polyphenols from oak bark.BPPH-Polyphenols from beech bark.SPPH-Polyphenols from spruce bark.SBE-Alkaline extract from spruce bark (crude)

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The variability of some chemical and biochemical characteristic in vegetative organs and callus of Daucus carota L.

The source and the analysed

charactersitic

% dry substanc

e

% organic substan

ce

% mineral substan

ce

% d.w. a chloroph

yll

% d.w. b chloroph

yll

Beta-caroten

Callus/control 11.00 72.02 27.98 0.032 0.014 0.0135

Callus/polyphenols

12.00 86.73 13.27 0.065 0.040 0.020

Callus/hydroquinone

12.48 87.95 12.05 0.040 0.018 0.0148

Callus/galic acid

11.75 - - 0.031 0.015 0.022

Leaves,Shoots/

polyphenols

8.18 71.24 28.76 0.850 0.550 0.326

Leaves,Shoots/

hydroquinone

7.06 82.34 17.66 0.052 0.031 0.028

Leaves,Shoots/gallic

acid

6.64 83.82 16.18 0.027 0.017 0.018

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Influence of additions of polyphenols from Vitis wood on the formation of (a) – semicircular callus and shoots; (b) – formation of pointed callus and shoots; (c) – formation of circular callus and shoots and (d)- formation of different callus types.

0,1 0,25 0,5 1Reference

CalovitPolyphenols0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Vines n

umber, [%]

Concentration, [g/L]

ReferenceCalovitPolyphenols

0,1 0,25 0,5 1Reference

CalovitPolyphenols0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


Vines

number,

[%] Reference

CalovitPolyphenols

0,1 0,25 0,5 1Reference

CalovitPolyphenols0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Vines

number,

[%]

ReferenceCalovitPolyphenols

Reference

Calovit

0,10,25

0,5 1Pointed callus

Sem icircular callusCircular callus

0102030405060708090


Callused vin

es

number, [%

]

Pointed callusSem icircular callusCircular callus

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Vines with circular callus obtained after the treatment with polyphenols extract with

a concentration of 0.5 g/L

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Cross section through the contact area between the newly formed wood and the initial one ( x 200)

At vines treated with polyphenolic extract in concentration of 0.25 g/L,the cross sections reveal a homogenous callus whose structure doesn’tdiffer from the common one in case of reference variants. The use of

the polyphenolic extract does not introduce morphological or structuralmodifications at the level of the newly formed tissue.

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Cross section through the contact area between the newly formed wood and the initial one ( x 400)

At the vines lot treated at the grafting point with the commercial growth

regulators the quantity of newly formed wood is lower as compared to

the reference. In its composition, libriform and medullar rays prevail.

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Wooden vessels with modified route (perpendicular to the axis of the organ) (x 400)

At the vines lot treated at the grafting point with the commercial

biostimulator, the sections produced demonstrates that the numerous

wooden vessels from the newly formed wood show an irregular route, being almost perpendicular to the

axis of the organ.

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Detail with tracheids appeared by re- differentiation in callus (x 200)

The sections achieved at the grafting point in a circular callus reveals a compound in the outer area in which a well developed callus is noticed, uniform at outside, with tracheids inside and a detail of incipient vascularity forms.

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Table 1. Extraction of natural materials and analysis of polyphenolic profile

AnalysisBlueberry anthocyanin

s

Grape seed anthocyanin

sGrape seed extract

Spruce bark extract

Flavonids (mg echiv. catechine

/ L)- - 44.67 56,.3

Anthocyanins (mg/L) 46.52 25.34 89.77 36.65

Total polyphenols (g

echiv. ac. galic/L)

0.94 0.67 2.14 3.09

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• The physical and chemical characterization of the grape seeds, spruce bark and blueberry extracts shows an extremely rich phenolic composition, which promotes the used raw material on a higher rank in the hierarchy of the available vegetable resources that contain polyphenolic compounds;

• From the vegetal material composition, the spruce bark had the higher content in total polyphenols and flavonoids substance, not a bit surprising if we take into account the natural protective role played in nature by this structure, and blueberry fruits are superior to grape seed from the anthocyanins and total polyphenols content point of view.

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• The grape polyphenolic extract affects the duration of fermentative process, depending on concentration used.

• For small quantities of vegetal extract (10-70 mg/L) added on fermentative media the duration of pre-fermentation phase is the same as in case of control samples for the two yeast strains used. At 140 mg/L vegetal extract used the duration is greater with 33.3% and at quantities between 740-4240 mg/L extract by 160%.

• The duration of pre-fermentative phase does not depend on the yeast strain used.

Pre-fermentation phase for S. ellipsoideus

(A2B) and S. oviformis (7.2)

NATURAL POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS – MODULATORS OF YEAST FERMENTATIVE

ACTIVITIES

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• For yeast strains used, the duration of tumultuous and post-fermentative phase is identical with the duration of control samples for the extract added between 10 – 1240 mg/L (120 hours).

• In case of Saccharomyces ellipsoideus (A2B) the duration of this period is greater with 2 h for 1740 mg/L extract and 12 h for 4240 mg/L extract added on fermentation media, comparative with the same quantity of extract used on Saccharomyces oviformis (7.2.) yeast.

Tumultuous and post-fermentative phase for Saccharomyces ellipsoideus (A2B) and

Saccharomyces oviformis (7.2.)

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• For the wines obtained using both strains, in case of adding 10 to 30 mg/L vegetal extract in the grape juice, the color intensity was

close to the control sample, at a difference of only 10%. • For quantities, exceeding 30 mg/L the color intensity was higher compared with

reference sample. • Also, the color intensity was different in the case of the two yeast strains, Saccharomyces ellipsoideus (A2B) strain showing an increase up to 10% in

case of the maximum extract dose, in comparison to the same dose used in the Saccharomyces oviformis (7.2) strain.

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91

m artor 10m g/L

20m g/L

25m g/L

30m g/L

35m g/L

70m g/L

140m g/L

740m g/L

1240m g/L

1740m g/L

4240m g/L

vegetal extract (m g/L)

color intensity

S. ellipsoideus A2B S. oviform is 7.2

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• The reduction of pH and the temperature level for quantities from 10 to 70 mg/L sustain the existing data on the polyphenolic compounds degradation through acids forms intermediates and utilization of these structures in yeasts carbon metabolism.

pH evolution in grape juice inoculated with S. oviformis

(7.2.)

Temperature evolution in grape juice inoculated with S. oviformis

(7.2.)

pH evolution in grape juice inoculated with S. ellipsoideus

Temperature evolution in grape juice inoculated with S. ellipsoideus

The inhibitor effect of grape seed extract on yeasts showed through slight increase of the pH and temperature decrease, for the samples containing from 140 to 4240 mg/L vegetal extract.

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• The experimental data points to the role of natural polyphenolic compounds as modulators for the alcoholic fermentative processes, a role that is strictly dependent of the relation between the extract dose, fermentation medium and yeast strain.

• The mechanism of interaction can be exclusively physical, involving the establishment of weak and reversible interactions mainly between anthocyanins and yeast walls by absorption.

• Various yeast metabolites, such as pyruvic acid, and acetaldehyde, were shown to react with different classes of phenolics, suggesting that they offer an important way of stabilizing pigments during the maturation and ageing of wine.

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• Depending on the used dosage, the polyphenolic compounds obtained from the grape seeds influence the alcoholic fermentative process and therefore the quality of the obtained wines, by promoting the accumulation of higher quantities of total and non-tannins polyphenolic compounds and modifying their sensorial and organoleptic properties.

• In addition, a high quantity of biomass is formed by the use of the vegetal extract as a carbon and energy source by the yeasts, which is a fact shown also by both pH and temperature in dynamic evolution.

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Yeast Interactions with Anthocyanins

• Stimulation effect of anthocyanins on yeast biomass accumulation and on glucose consumption

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Carotenoids production by the yeast Rhodotorula:

Use of polyphenols as a carbon source• Stimulatory effect of phenol on b-carotene ratio in cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis K-501 which had been isolated from soil.

• The biosynthesis of carotenoids started in the growth phase and continued even after stationary or death phase.

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• It was observed that the cell mass and composition of carotenoids produced by R. glutinis K-501 was dependent upon the addition of phenol into medium.

• The ratio of b-carotene increased and that of torularhodin decreased with increasing phenol concentration.

• The b-carotene content increased up to 35% when phenol was added to culture media at 500 ppm.

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• Inhibition effect of grape seed extract on b-carotene ratio in cultivation of Rhodotorula 9.3.

• Stimulation effect of polyphenols on yeast biomass accumulation.

The HPLC chromatogram of yeast carotenoids extract

Yeast biomass accumulation in the presence of polyphenols

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• The study of the influence of polyphenols on Sacchaoromyces cerevisae development have practical implication in the field of alcoholic fermentation or in biomass obtaining when acid hydrolysis products are used as substrates.

• At the same time, this strain represent a model recommended to be used with the aim to obtain information about role played by the polyphenols in its lifespan when the microorganism is cultivated in the presence of different stress factors.

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LIGNIN IN CROPS CULTIVATION AND BIOREMEDIATION

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Returned in the atmosphere

Lignin 20%

Lignin Humus

Ash,Fat,Protein10%

Cellulose

Starches, Pectins, Gums

Sugars 10%

Microbial bodies

CO2 CO2

CO2 CO2

Reused by plants

start after a week after a month after a year

The progress of humus formation resulting from the microbial

degradation of plants

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Living organisms

Lignins and phenols resulted from the

transformation of organic wastes

Phenols from microbial synthesis

Degradation of proteins

Monomers and decomposition products

Depolymerization Demethylation

Carbon and nitrogen sources for microorganismDirect microbial

synthesisDifferent phenolic

intermediates Final products of energetic metabolism, CO2,H2O,NH3 and other

organic compoundsOxidation degradation of side chains – formation of carboxylic

aldehyde groupsMono, di- and triphenols, benzoic acids, phenolic polymers

Enzymatic oxidation, self oxidation

Free phenolic radicals, hidroxyquinones

Oxidative splitting of the aromatic ring

Direct microbial synthesis

Humic substances condensation

Integration in different circuits in

the soil

Consumption by plants

Decomposition and biological transformation of dead organisms and organic wastes including all

types of manures

The pathway of humus formation

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Plant residues

Transformation by microorganisms

Modified lignins

PolyphenolsSugars

Quinones

Lignin decomposition

products

Humic substances

2 34 1

Amino compounds

Quinones

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Lignin

Attack by microorganisms

Lignin building units

Further utilization by microorganisms

Residium

Demethylation, oxidation and condensation with N compounds

Humic acids

Fulvinic acid

Fragmentation to smaller molecules

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HOOC

HOOC

OH

OHOH

O

OHN

O

COOHO

O

RO

HO

HN

NH

RO

N

O

OHCOH

OH

O

HO

HO

O

O

O

HOOCCOOHHO

HOO

O

OH

Model structure of humic acid

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HOO

HO

OO OH

OHHO O

OH

OHCH 3

OH

OOH

OH

OO

O

Model structure of fulvinic acid

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Lignins and their derivatives are used with the following purposes:• Soil conditioners;• Mineral nutrient sources used in an

unconventional manner (i.e. low rate);• Wetting agents and surfactants;• Biological inoculants and activators;• Plant stimulants and growth regulators;• Unconventional fertility concepts or

programs

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Lignins and polyphenolic compounds play an important role

in :• The energy management and distribution

(regulation of the carbon cycle);• The management of chemical nutrients;• The maintaining of the trophic web;• The soil structuring.

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Lignins/lignin derivatives Utilization

• Kraft lignin• Oxidized kraft lignin• Grafted lignosulfonates

(with acrylic,metacrylic acids, acrylonitrile

• Composted hydrolysis lignin (HL) or ammonized

• Lignosulfonates (NH4+,Na+)

• Alkali-treated hydrolysis lignin followed by activation with CuO

• Lignosulfonates mixed with inorganic fertilizers

• Hydrolysis lignin mixed with inorganic fertilizers

• Nitrolignin• Ammoniated alkali-lignin• Ammoniated nitro and

sulfonated lignin

• Soil preservation• Soil conditioner,

fertilizer, saline and eroded soils

• Humus formation

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• Oxyammonolyzed lignosulfonates and hydrolysis lignin

• Lignosulfonates• Highly sulfonated kraft

lignin• Ethoxylated lignin• Lignosulfonates (Na,Ca)

Sugar free• Desulfonated LS• Crosslinked lignin with

epichlorhydrine• Kraft lignin• Alcell lignin• Lignosulfonates (non-or

modified)• Sulfonated Kraft lignin• Polyphenols/lignin

• Fertilizers with N-slow release, granulation, binding agents, micronutrients formulation, chelating agents (Fe,Cu, etc.), dispersants, emulsion stabilizers, microcapsules, wettable powder, pelletizing

• Controlled release for pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, seed coatings, nutrient cycling

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• Oxidized lignins (lignosulfonates, hydrolysis lignin, kraft lignin, organosolv lignin)using O2(air)/ammonia with/without catalysts,H2O2-oxidative nitration-persulfates)

• Condensed lignosulfonates with urea and aldehydes (formaldehyde)

• Nitrated hydrolysis lignin (lignocellulose) non and treated with ammonia

• Polyphenols

• Plant growth stimulators (root development , seed germination, plant grafting, cell differentiation, plant development –biomass and fructification yield)

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• Polyphenols• Terpenes• Lignin• Hydrolysis lignin• Alkali lignin

• Mushroom production• Bioremediation (regeneration and metal uptake)

• Detoxifying-solvent and sequestrating agents for pollutants

• Co-substrate in the biodegradation of PCBs and PAHs

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Microorganisms involved in the soil formation

1) Brown rot fungi -e.g.Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma harzianumFungi decompose plant material→glucose(carbon source)White rot fungi :Phanerochete chrysosporiumFungi decompose very quick the organic matter

2)Bacteria: Arthrobacter globuliformis, Streptomycetes baduiisThese bacteria live in close proximity with fungi and they utilize the decomposition by-products and convert them to carbon and nitrogen compounds

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3) Nitrogen fixing bacteria: Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhizobium sp.They use the gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it to ammonia compounds. These bacteria produce growth-promoting hormones that increases root hair development, enabling the plants to accumulate a greater amount of nutrients

4) Mycorrizae fungi – soil may be improved with these fungi which prevent soil compactness, enable water to percolate in the soil, absorb water near the soil’s surface, stabilize soil and inhibit erosion. Mycrorizae fungi help plants to acquire their nutrients

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5)Bacteria Peudomonas fluorescens which produces antibiotics that attack and kill pathogen agents.Observation:This mixture of microorganisms is commercially available

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Granite-Lignin,type Pf 3035 (Flax/Soda Pulping)

477 - reference56 - 126 kg L/ha266 – 252 kgL/ha15 – 504 kgL/ha

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Productivity of P. vulgaris seeds as a function of flax lignin add-on.

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The proportion of aberrant anatelophases in the cells of radicular meristems of P. vulgaris under the effect of flax

lignin (a) and LSNH4 (b) treatment

Beside the biostimulating effect of flax lignin and LSNH4, a protective effect appears, especially for LSNH4, effect proven by the decrease of the level of aberrant anatelophase in the vegetal material treated with specific concentrations of these compounds.

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Bioregulators

Hormonal balance

Metabolism

Biological processes influenced by phytohormones:oThe root system, offshotsoThe plant size floweringoCapacity and intensity of storageoDuration of storage the stomatic mechanismoSenescence, abscission

StimulationInhibition

Influence of bioregulators on essential physiological processes in plants

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CH 3O

OH

+

CH 3

OH

CH 3O

OH

CH 3

OH

Lignin Lignin

HRP/H2O2

CH 3O

OH

+

CH 3

OH

CH 3O

OH

CH 3

OH

Lignin Lignin

HRP/H2O2n

OH

OCH 3

Lignin

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• .

Lignins and polyphenols can be used in bioremediation processes based on free radical mediated reactions that are characteristic to white-rot fungi and are in operation during composting and in the humus dynamic of soils.White-rot fungi produce extracellular enzymes that non-specifically oxidize polyphenols and lignins by electron elimination. The fungi generate such a high redox potential. This metabolic approach was termed “enzymatic combustion”, which means that they “burn down” all available aromatic compounds present in the proximity of the mycelia.

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Conclusions• From the data obtained results that phytomass

represents a renewable raw material which could be used as energy source or processed by biorefinery principles with the possibilities to separate both secondary and main components with chemical and energetical value. The application of chemical and biotechnological processes allow us obtaining compounds which are compatible with environment and which could substitute a lot of chemicals resulted from synthesis.

• At the same time it is evident that permanent improvements will be needed in biomass/phytomass management, process and product technology, product standards and performance, and even public education if these materials are to play a key or even significant role in society in coming centuries. Research, technology transfer, and education in the field of green chemistry will be important in determining the future of raw materials in the context of sustainable development.

Green chemistry and sustainable development

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