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APxAto^orIKo EPlo KPHTHE 2

Ilpat(xrx.a rqg 2tts »uvàvrlonsPéluttuo, 26-28 Noepfqiou 2O1O

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN CRETE 2

Proceedings of *@ 2nd MeetingRethAmnon, 26 28 November 2O1o

EnrornlovrK4 EmpÈ"\ero:

MrxoLls Av6plqvqr<4sn€rpoùÀo BopooÀirouIplg T<qxiÀ4

Editing:Michalis AndrianakisPetroula Varthalitoulris Tzachili

o 2012 EKoòoerS @rÀooo9lxrls »xoL45 flovemoqpiou KprFq5

xor ot ouyypogeiS

O 2012 Faculty of lÉtters Publications, University of Creteand the contributorshttp/ / :www.phl.uoc.gr

ISBN: 978-960 943O-O7 -4

Eurtovropò5 & Opyovoon EpYoolòv »uve6piou:

NlKoÀèttq Iluppou

Enlpè-tr,elo'EK6oorìg - EeÀr6onoi4o4:ELni6o DuyyeÀoxq

Exrunoo4:f poqrxèg Tèxveg "TYIIOKPETA,06òS A' , r8rpoYovo 9BI.nE. HpoKl€iou KprtqsT4À. 281O-38280O, oo§ 281o-380887Email: typokreta@her.forthnet.gr - inf@J<azanakis grwww.kazanakis.gr

Gon'rvs oF CRETE

THE ExcAvATIoNs IN THE NYMPHAEUM BLocK

INTRoDUcTIoIT

LIPPOLIS ENZO

Some years ago, the University of Rome "Sapienza', with the PolytechnicUniversity of Bari and t}re University of Bologna, has started an archaeologicalresearch in l,o.e area of Praetorium in Gortys, with the collaboration of studentsand young researchers from each universityÌ. The explored area (plan 1) is verymeaningful in understanding the city development because of its position close

to the important urban sanctuary of Apollo futfuos. This sacred area wasenlarged in the Hellenistic era and, consequently, it became the epicentre of anew residential quarter in the Roman period, when the urban area was extendedtoward east.

The excavation works (in the years 2OO3, 2005, 2007, 2008), togetherwith the methodical analysis of the archaeological frnds, have concerned several

buildings 1n l!r,e NAmphqeum insula, a block in the northwest sector of thenorthem crossway (plan 2). The area is particularly important due to thepresence of the N5rmphaeum and the Hellenistic temple, t}re Caput Aquae leanedthe latter on the street side and on the other side of the sErme street a sacellus ofImperial times was founded. The research, moreover, dealt with the re-examination of published data on the Praetorium complex, the stadium and theexcavation area near tl.e eastern street. The previous studies have considerablyincreased the knowledge of the general topography of the town, allowing theunderstanding of the development of both the blocks of Nltnphaeum andPraetorium, which were the centre of Gortys from the Hellenistic to theByzantine era. This knowledge has permitted to obtain a more complete overallview of the already excavated areas, regarding the v/hole issue of the urbanplanning in a functional and historical perspective. ln fact, the resumption of thearchaeological researches in Gor§s in the last decades has led to a newtopographicat pattern through the recovery of architectonic contexts and

I The archaeologicat excavations were led in several areas of the block Temple: F. Giletti,E. Interdonato, D. l,ebano, A. Sassù, M. Vasiteiadou; rooms of the Byzantrne era: D.Carrafelli, M. De Paolis, F. Ferrara, F. Frasca, C. Giatti, G. Marsili; area between templeand Nymphaeum: L. Bernardini, A. Borlenghi, I. Brokalakis; Coput Aquae area. A. Caruso,L. Caliò, A. Vielione.

246

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VàYIHO IIIVIO TO V1'ISSVSI INIO'IVg'roln'I oI'IVC 'vJrNoI I rJJoIovAI'I 'ozNg sI'IoddI'I

GoRTYS oF CRETE - THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE NYMPHAEUM BLOCK

city organization in the Post-classical period. Later, when the street system andthe public spaces failed and their functions are no more necessary, it is clearthat these areas are excluded by the urban pattern, which is a strong sign of anurban and institutional revolution. [n the next period, in fact, the settlementsshow a different pattern, definitively linked to the rural world, even if still ratherintensively settled. The area is now occupied by spontaneous units that risearound the ancient ruins, still visible, which form the supporting structure ofthe new architecture. These units are directly jointed with the chora through asimple route system, more oriented towards the external country, rather thanthe urban centre, by this time no more functional. In this process the singlesettlement units inside the Imperial urban area are differently developedaccording to several different factors. So the excavations in the Nymphaeumblock allowed new important observations in an area that was essential in thecity life, mainly in the 6th and 7th centuries, when the Praetorium building wasseat of imperial administrative power and one of the main centres ofcommunitarian life.

THE TEMPLE I{EAR THE CAPUT AQUAE: HELLENISTIC AND PROTO-IMPERIAL PHASE 3

LIVADIoTTI MoNICA

The finds in the temple area and inside the emplecton of the temple'smasonry fixed the initial stage of the frequentation of the block at the late 3'd

century BC, at the time when the sanctuary of Apollo PAthion and the buildingsin its square were restructured and enlarged. Particularly, in this phase it ispossible to fix the date of the so-ca-lled Heroon lwhere black glazed pottery, withsome high quality finds, was found); the emplecton, in fact, shows features verysimilar to the one found in the Stadium (Lippolis 2O04), both in the compositionand in the structural features, and testifies a close analogr between the twobuildings. Because of the lacking of an analytic study of the pottery productionsof the period, a generic date between the second half of the 2"d century and theearly 1$ century BC can be suggested.

During the researches in the temple area, fragments of a limestoneentablature were found collapsed or reused as building materials in the laterneighbouring structures. The ensemble of these finds permitted to reconstructthe building in its Hellenistic phase (plan 4a-b): the temple occupied an area of1O.75 x 15.90 m and was articulated in a pronaos 19.34 x 3.69 m), a sort ofclosed vestibule, and a cella (8.54 x 7.59 m) (Lippolis, Livadiotti & Rocco 2O03,

3 We should like to thank all the architects and students of the Faculty of Architecture ofthe Baii Polytechnic, who collaborated \À.ith us in the graphic documentation: D.Camporeale, V. Castagnolo, A. laco\1),zzi, E. Iannucci, D. De Mattia, F. Di Carlo, N.Massaro, G. Mazz1,l\, M. Mellace, A. Nitti, P. Pietanza, L. Schepisi, S. Valentini.

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GoRTys oF CRETE - THE ExcAVATroNs rN THE NYMPHAEUM BLocK

dimensions, with the moulded base of the wall of the three-apse hall, the so-called "triconco" in the Praetorium bath-g,rnnasium complex (Lippolis, Livadiotti& Rocco 2003; Livadiotti 2010).

The §ryolory of the temple, with closed fagade and cella and anapproximately quadrangular plan, is peculiar to the Cretan architecture mainlyin the Hellenistic period: another example is the near temple of Apollo -Pythios(Ricciardi 1986-19a7, with previous bibliography). So, the architecture of thebuilding could be placed in a local tradition, strongly renovated in Hellenisticperiod with the introduction of Ionic and Corinthian order. At the same time, theorganisation of the arca, with the rymnasium-stadium complex, displays severalEsptian influences: especially the stadium, completely built in masonry,probably finds its prototype in the Alexandrine world (Lippolis 2OO4). TheHellenistic temple may also reveal alexandrine features, with regard to the blindfaQade with half columns and, perhaps, the central door flanked by windows(Lippolis, Livadiotti & Rocco 2003 and 2005; Livadiotti 2010; Caliò 201O).

The temple belongs to a building complex made of public structureswhich reorganizes the entire sector north arld west of the Praetorium betweenthe 2"d century BC and the 2"d century AD (Baldini et al. 2OO7, 289-290). Thequarter comprehends public and sacred areas, such as the temple of Apollo

{Ricciardi 1986-1987') and the open area dedicated to t}re Theos HApsistos (Rizzo

2OO4), some structures previous to the Gjrmnasium (perhaps also sacred anddated in Hellenistic era), the same Gymnasium (Livadiotti 2o1O) with theStadium (Lippolis 2OO4), the compihtm near the Caput Aquae lcfr. infral andfinally the temple of Antonine period situated north of the Stadium (Rocco 2004,Di Vita 2O1O). All these constructions reflect a precise functional order in thebuilding development of the quarter; in fact, this has undergone a progressiveincrease of its monumental feature and a gradual expansion of the sacredoriginal area: since the Hellenistic period, the area between the Stadium and theApollo temple took the form of a great urban sanctuary, functional to the sacredcelebrations linked to tL,e PAtlaon sanctuary, with lesser sacred buildings andstructures relative to athletic competitions. The importance of this area wasfurther increased by the later urban development of the entire zone that,between the end of the Hellenistic era and the flrst two centuries of the Imperialperiod, knows the birth ofa new and wide, regular urban quarter. The sanctuaryis now converted from a border sacred space to the epicentre of a new city andassumed the role of a privileged space with representative, public andmonumental functions.

TEE I{YMPHAEUM BLOCK BETWEEN THE 2NDAND 6TII CEI{TURY AD

CALIo LUIGI

Since the 2"d century AD the area of Nymphaeum block has knownsizable changes because of several building phases of the hydraulic system and

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eq] Jo aprs quou eqt ur uollesrue8ro Ieluerunuou E punoJ dlrr eql Jo .{lddnsJol€À{ arll '}cEJ ur 'poued stql uroJJ :raqlo qcEe 01 paìull ,{ItuBcutuBrs saJnlcnjlso,r1 ;o Surppnq eqt qlr.rl paaupBJoeJ dldeep sr pÉoJssorc eql 'pouad slql uI 'oS'te.4s eq] SuL{loJrpu 'llnq sExr aonbv ydDC aqt Jo alntcn-4s tsrU aql 'alduraleql aprseq 'lea4s eql Jo aprs Jeqto aql uo 'pouad I€uadurl sules aq] ul

'(q uEId) aJldulgeql Jo ued learC aq1 u1 aceld parcEs Jo pur.]l slrn Jo uorluau fluo aql satnlqsuocasneceq luepodu.rr .{l1ercadsa sr uorlelonb sIqI CV 691 uI pe}Bp qde:8rdaue dq palrc uryrdtuoc er{l q1rrr paupuapl eq pFoc acgpa aqJ 11nc puadurr eq1

ot pelEcrpep sEÀ\ unilacr2s aql lEql ]se88ns pFoc '(Z 3U) uoqcrulsuoc anbquvalB.I E Jo ,{.ruosEur aql ur pasner punoJ 'rrBupEH Jo.tadug Jo lrB4Jod ar{} aldurExaJoJ se 'sanlEls lEcluocr lErclllo Jo draÀocslp aqJ 's4ur2 ut sryfilsrp Jo sfqn,so4al'Ellac JEInSuEJpEnb puÉ soEuord t{lp\ 8uryInq percBs al}lq u azu8ocer o1

alqrssod sr 1r lnq 'EerE srr{} ur s3urplnq :a1el aq1 fq uapprq ,{1pqjed sI ernlcrlrtsaqJ alull euruotuv ur 'oV -,Crnluac puZ agl Jo JlEq puocas eql u! -{lqBqord

'tlnq sr sn[acps IIEurs E ',taa\ssorc aqt Jo apIS 1sa,4\ eql ul .&epunoq ìcolqsnot^ejd eql p:em:o; Suraour 'taa4s eql uo pau.do sruooJ Jo gull luelcuE arorx €ur pepnlcur sl sIqI '(2861-986I EBaUO) runaeqdru,{g erll Jo uo4crìl}suor tsru aql

vàvIHc IJJVTC § V',r,lAgVSI INIO'IVg'rcrn.I ot'IVC 'vctNoI I IJJotcv^11 'ozNg sI'IoddI'I

GoRTYS OF CRETE - THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE NYMPHAEUM BLOCK

In the 4th century the documentation is plentiful. The archaeologicallayers are more sizable and rich in finds. Maiy of these are residual finds fromthe previous middle Imperial period, that were spread in the area by thecontinuous excavation works and construction of the buitdings and theirpavement levels. A new analysis of the published documentation about the northfront of Praetorium, the north street and the temple area has permitted to

anticipate the chronolory of the same archaeological layers, relative to therestructuring of both the front side of the northern street, from the late 4th

century AD to the middle ofthe same century. This event marks the beginning of

a new course of the history of the area that completely modifies its use. Since

this era, in fact, the temple structure seems to be fully modified because of the

foundation of a new edilice. This one occupied the temple area and the three

reservoirs adjacent to the Nymphaeum that, perhaps, collected the water fromthe monumental fountain (Lippolis, Livadiotti & Rocco 2005, 336; Baldini et al.

fotthcomingl. These structures are now used as lateral rooms communicatingwith each other through leading doors. ln similar way, on the westem §ide, there

are three other rooms. This complex was buitt with reused material and rubble.The lateral rooms border a central rectangular room that is superimposed over

the original floor. The main door of the temple is now moved to the east and

collocated on the a-tis of the new building (the threshold is still in situ). The

architectural study of this building and its function is still in progress, but the

lacking of domestic tools, the finding of special objects, as, for instance, seals,

the regular pattem and finally the character of the inscriptions found in front ofthe building, suggest a public use of the structure (plan 6a-b), Perhaps this was

connected to the opposite Praetorium and to its legal duties. The discovery of anew epigraphic document on a central column of the portico added to the

structure in this epoch gives new light on the building history (Baldini e, al.

forthcoming.). This dedicatory inscription, in fact, shows among other things thatthe Praetorium could have been created before the rebuilding of IcumeniosAsklepiodotos Dositheos (Baldini Lippolis 20loa). In the same time the area was

reorganized in several spots. Probably there was a new constructive phase of the

Nymphaeum, that was heavily restructured in a new form and it is no more inuse, with the reservoirs transformed by the new public edifice; contemporarjrworks are noted also in the calidaium of lh.e thermal complex.

In the late 4th century, the monumental arch was probably sub§titutedwith two fountains that maintain in faQade the two cipolin slabs and that used

as reservoir the towers of the Caput Aquae.The analysis of the structure revealed that this new arrangement

followed a destructive event, perhaps the earthquake of 365, that struckextensively the city and damaged also the hydraulic structure§ and the Caput

Aquae. The troubles of the water supplies were overcome only by theconstruction of a new branch of the aqueduct (ramo C), in the late Justinianianperiod, that is a sign of a new urban organization of the area.

aql pue osruod eql uee^$aq BaJE aql unoc Jo uos E ul peu'LtoJsÌreJl ajnlcrulssrqJ IBuelEur paJaÀocal wIlY' llFq 'IJBlvr SnOnUquoJ e .{q pasolc sE1À 1l lelElpuE patBperdap aJe.{\ 'pesdBIIoJ ,{IFIUEd 'oclUod aql Jo sreqlualu fBcruolrallqclEaql esBqd slqt q .{lqBqoJd pauarBr ,{Iìcmb uJeDed uBqrn aq} puE (pEorssorc

aql ur sladEqc atult o1(1 ]decxe) fletalduroc parEeddEsrp uoqcunJ rrlqnd eqJ'@BZ-ngZ'LOO, T) ta IuIptEd EaJE aql Jo trolsre^uocar [EuoqcunJ elalduroc e

s,/(oqs r(lruIq JBcrSolouoJqc Ja,{!oI eq} xrJ ot llnclJjlp ra a,a\or{ sr }ll 6y drnluec ,,9aql ur puB qrl a EI aql ur'esPqd lsEI arIJ Ieueltlu Surp[nq ra^ocer o1 'parapunldaJe^\ Sur Ed aql Jo srolJas praÀas eurl eurBs el{l lE :sroou prp ,{a,{u1c 3o suueru

,(q 'alqEJaprsuoc osfe seluqauros 'SursrBJ E aAlesqo ol elqlssod sI 1I alaH ìcolqurnaeqdruf,ll erll Jo rolces aql ur osle pauquapr selt\ sla^31 pEoJ aseql Jo dn SUIAIE

aqtr 'serrrnbur snor^aJd aql Jo .{cÉJncce lEltuelsqns E &nsal puB urnuoleBJdeq] Jo ,{.rotsrq aqt ot puodsaJJoc BlEp esaqJ .funtuac qrz aq1 ;o :egenbpJlql aqt Illun 'pror pa^Pd aql Jo esn eql uI puB EarE eq1 jo Suquanba4 eq1

ur dlnuquoJ B pa^\oqs 'leaJls lse/t{ eqt Jo uIEJp aq1 ul oBB sJEe,{ eluos papnlcuoc

's}IJo,,r\ uoqe ecxe aqJ OV ^rnlual

puf, e{l aculs pasn 'slee4s paAEd aq} Jo dn3ur^6 aq] ,{q pazuetcerBqc sr aseqd srql snllceJaH Jo pouad eql ;alye ,{lurepac

'CV drnlugc qìZ eql Suunp sr ,&olslq reuEnb eql uI ErnsaeJ reqlouv

V'I'IA gVS I INIO,IVE

vug sNIùNvz,lg gHr cI{lunc st{oIrvrtrìro.{s}IvuI ,IviùorrcNod sIII

'urnrJolaErd eql

Jo aJtuac IBcrl{od anbquv e}€'l aql uro4 de,,rlB rEJ '(slodo4rl I se uurrou>1 -,{epo1)

dlrc aql Jo lculsrp urelsBe uEqrnqns eql ul pelcare sE/ri qclq/( '[B]peq1B3 aql IlE

Jo lsJg 'l[nq aJE seqcJnqJ uErlsuqC luE]rodur lsou eql Jo auros ueqrvr ',{.rn1uac

qr9 aql Jo plpprur eqt lnoqE lE peSueqr dlrec4sÉlp -,{pee{e eq ol sluaas uoqEnlls

IEJauaB aql 'aJuapl^a lBcrSoloePqcit eql SuuaplsuoC 'BaJB urnuoleEld eq] Jo

ls3^\-qlnos o] 'sEdÉdoJ^el l Jo qJJnqc aql Jo ssEc eql ur elduBxe loJ sB lsuollcunJ

cqqnd luBuodur qll^\ seurlauos 's8utpllnq puB sacBds seldnJJo ,{leAtsserBo.td

qcrq.,r{ 'uoqrzrlElueurnuour uBr}suqc aq} Jo luaudote^ep eqr qly{ uoqcunfuocur 'd-lnluac 3ur,uo11o; aql q dluo seBuÉtlc 'lceJ ur 'uorlEnlls aqJ

'(qOlOZ pup q6OOZ slloddr'I IuIplEg) euseuepcqqnd aq1 ur aBESSEd Jreq] lelJ3 sauEnlcues ueBed aql Jo saruedold eqluo ,{luoqlnB sEq qcrq,.( 're,.l\od lEuedrur aql Jo e^qP8o.r3ld E ale seqr^IlcE esaql.{.rnluac qrt aql Suunp tsEal lE lnq 'saJuenuur IEJa^es Jo uoI}JÉ aql Jepun pue

',{e,À\ luarolJrp e ur peJlnJco o^eq Feu s8urplnq Jrlqnd reqlo Jo lueure8EuEur aql pue

sauÉnlJuBs eql Jo lualuuopueqB eqJ 'searB IEJluaJ ul oslB 'uollBzllelueurnuotuuBrlsuqc eql lueurdole^ep eql ol &BJodrueluoc sl uouaurouaqd srql ,uoqs

upc selduel ueqrn eql Jo asn laqlo ol suolsJa^uocel eql prrB sluauuoprreqeaql sE ',{inluec qrg elpplu aql aJoJaq peuBls ssecold e 'e8Elueq peJces aq] Jo

luelu]§e^rp aq] Jo uralqoJd eql Jpplsuos ol luEuodurr osle sI ll /dlrrlual qri erll Jopue eql relF eere eql Jo puE -(]Ic eql Jo suollElxloJsuPJl aql SuuaplsuoJ

vdYrHc lIIvIc § v'r'Isavsl INIC.Ivg'totn'I ot'lvC 'vJrNoI I tJJoIovAI'I 'ozNg sI'IoddI'1

GoRTYS oF CRETE - THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE NYMPHAEUM BLOCK

fagade of the Late Antique complex. Some walls, built with stones of irregularsize and recovered material, subdivided the area into four more little spaces,which in the rear zone leant against the front of the 4th century building. The

engraved column, mentioned above, was collocated in the room three and in thisphase was reused as a bench. This building work seems to cau§e a space

reduction of the Late Antique structure with the abolition of the lateral rooms. Inthe central room of the building a new floor level was realized, which iscomposed in the northern sector of road pavement slabs, irregularly replaced.These allow the arriving of an insta-llation of undetermined nature, Perhaps apress or a grindstone, placed in the northern area of the room. In the oppositezone, to the south, corresponding to the temple pronaos, a silos has been

discovered, excavated in the emplec.ton of the temple, in form of a flask and linedby clay on the walls and bricks in the bottom. These structures seem to testi§/,as well as in other buildings of the quarter, a new productive function of the site,linked mainly to the fabrication and the conservation of foodstuff.

Probably, since the last thirty years of the 7th century, an apse chapelwas built, in the south-westem area of the complex, rvith reused material. The

Christian occupation of the area is testified also by the construction, on theoppose side of the northern street, of another chapel, with two apses, datedsubsequently the earthquake of 670 (De Tommaso 2OOl,372-3741. Between the7th and the 8rh century, therefore, the area seems less urbalized but maintainsan enough widespread occupation, with very simple houses linked to theproduction facilities for the transformation of the foodstuff.

A similar process occurs in the crossroad area; here, the arches of theByzaartir,e aqueduct were closed by walls and the entire zone was reorgalized.T]ne compitum is now completely dismantled and new structures took its place.

The presence of bronze or iron working scraps and iron nails suggests that thearea was used as craftsmen quarter.

The area was frequented until the 8th century; the next period shows no

more archaeological traces and probably testifies a state of abandonment, whichcould coincide with the Arab conquest of the island and the cessation of thepolitical and institutional activities in the city.

Only after many years systematic spoliation of the structure§ wasactuated: the perimeter walls of the temple were completely removed. The

discovery, in the superficial layers of the area, of some pottery fragrÌents allows,maybe, to date these works at eaÙ Medieval period. On that occasion, theHellenistic temple and the entire area were transformed in a factory for therecovery of building material and its reworking; several architectonic fragments,only partially worked, were left in situ. It follows that the walls were completelydismantled and big pits were excavated under the floor level.

s9z

'auorlSr^ v'nopprelrsP^ w 'ouEIIBns v '\lzzeyl D'IISJeI I C'olÉuopretq S'IlrEIC J'ecserd J 'epnv,C J'ola8uEloC V:suoq€^pJxo eqlSupnp punoJ sessEll aqt Jo ,(pnls e rsuoqerduroc aqt uo 3up{ro^i sl sreqrreeser Jo ureet V z

É ql!y\ '(8/g à OI Iesunw) uÀ\orq qslppar o] lurd uro{ 3uÉuBr sanq.{Blc,{q pezuetcErEqc '"V,, dIS pat uEqd.{3g Jo sedEqs SurllEcar (wc ZZ-91 ratauErp)sl,{\oq IIEurs sa^lolur srqJ SuqBoc eq1 Jo eJnpacoid aq1 ut pue §1enb aq1

ur 'serpoq eq] Jo .rnoloc eql ur puE uorlrsoduoc eql ur seinlEeJ q1n lnq 'sad§J ueluoà alB.I puie C ,&SàV qlyy\ paìull ,{l}cuts '(urc yZ-ZZ\ ra7autetp p"3n.p"J

Jo stt\oq daap ro (urc Zt-Og JataurErp) seqsrp 8ur^Jas aBJEI dltsour aJE daqJ'elqEztuSocal dlpJEq erE sluau-684 Jaqlo Jo sarnlcEJnueur leuÉuo eqtr

'160Z- LOe'tOO6 deJluog) .(e1c dpoq puedqs :o.1 pa: ìJuq asualq dq pezuelcereqc pue 6y d:n1uec qrZ plu Jo slxsluoc uIpunoJ 'tO ssElc eql 01 pau8rssB eq ol ulees saldurExa rerllo (OIZ 'vOOZ ,{EJIuog)ed€qs SOI sa,{BH arll SullBlrurr ,(f}sour puE rìcElq ro u,&oJq 'pal lJEp dllsE qlv$ paJeÀoc puB sJndur 'dplc .,{poq rqSI &a^ 'rapual E rllyr! saqslp 1Ear3 qll,\\'djnluac qr8 -,(lJEa eql puE qrz alEI aql uea,4qaq InaqeN ul peuqsel eJr suorlJnpoJd:eyurrg '(pa: o1 1u1d uro:3 sapeqs) aqoBue ue o] Jelrrlrs eq ol suees pue

Ieed ol spuel qrrqa 'd{s eq1 go ,{1qenb aql ur ro (uorlBcuund Jo saaJ8ep IEJa^es:lcuq ot ìurd uro4 Sur8upr sapEqs) fEIc aql Jo uoqrsoduoc puE rolor aql ursuorlErr€^ Jo lunoure eSrEI E /r\oqs slueurSE{ ew lllz-Loz'tooz , eJruog) dllseq1 prre deyc ,{poq aq1 uee^\leq JoIoJ ul }sBJ}rroJ peryBur eql sr arnleeJ relncadeqJ (9OI 'gSOI 'rOI '66 se,{Ed CV saunluec qrz puE qrg aqt uea,{qeq ecFJVur sad,& uoululoc SupnpoJder stualu8E4 aql

^fiEcurceds suJacuoc {p '3g) ersrunl

Jo uBd JElsEoc puB rolrelur aqt Jo srerlalB elBI qtl^r drqsuoqBleJ eqJ'ernlElcuetuou uoruruoc B qsllqElsa o1 puE slxeluoc uorlcnpo:d

pue sasEqd lEcrSolouoJqc ,qlceds ol 'scrurEreJ asaql Jo uollEJrlqnd pue -,{pn1s

eql ur qJEoJddB snoaueSouroq pcrSolopoqleur e ;o acuepodurr 1ear eql Jeprsuocol e^Bq eÀ{ 'lgZt 'OOOZ Éurad qB ruuqÉd :q-etOOZ slloddrl :/66I uruEl l rA etrardoltac) searE Suunoqq8reu eqt Jo puÉ lunuolaErd aql ;o dqde;8gals relel eqlur lrrJalErrr srql Jo acuesaJd lualsrsuoc eql 01 anq sarroloeJ pcol pqualod q1r,u

prre BJI{V qpotr1 ;o sdoqs>1:o1( rourur q}L!\ sarBoyod.{1 crrreJec IEJe^os Jo acuEIIaJaql seulrapun qJreaser aq] '(SOf-lOf '600Z olBuoprelul s rllEro 'sltoddl'I:q-EIOOZ ozztd :q-e L66I puB t86I elrard ollao) saLrnluac qrl eqt puB qrtaql uaa/rqeq EudUoC uI paUIUec puB peqslqnd dpEaJIE 'slEualeur rrurereJ arrros

Jo ]uaure^our eql lnoqr ElEp e qelquEnL, aq1 Sururrguoc ol uoqrppe ul'aJe,tr euquez-{g pelured-:a,ro pue s1ees uepeal

aurluezdg '(t 3U) C ueruoà elEI pue (ZOl '9OI 'EI-VIOI 'C-V66 'Vl6 se,{EH)

CI 1Ì\SUV Jo sruroJ elEI 'e'r 'seunluec q18 aqt puE qll aql Jo JIEII puoces aqluro:g 8ur1ep ,&eDod dq pazrJeloEJEqc aJE 'sla^al JooU

^\au aql o1 Surpuodsa:roc

'slxeluoc IEcr8oloeEqcrE aqJ zelrs aq1 Jo sesEqd reuq eq] ol peìuq,,{11cu1s sr uolle^pJxe eq1 Suunp punoJ JrrreJec Jo a8e}uacrad q8rq V

vdvtHc IJIvIcIIX Àv§§g I{OU.{ ÀUe&,tod er{r.{ sùV'J

VàVIHC IJJVIC § V'I'ISTIYSI INIC'IVg' ìcrn'I or'rvC'vJr No I,^l rJJorovArJ' ozN g srroddrl

GORTYS OF CRETE. THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE NYMPHAEUM BLOCK

schistose structure and rich with mica, covered with a light red-toned paint'

thickandwithSmoothsoapyappearance(Munsell1oR7/6).Moreover,bigdishes imitating African and Eastern shapes were found in great amounts The

body clay is g.ainy, rich of mica and lime (frequently present in small particles)

withvariableshadesofred(MunsellloRs/3,10R5/6,1oR8/4);theslipconsists of a glossy paint lying with bands inside the vessel (Munsell 1oR 4/6'

roR 7 /6)..' The presence of late African pottery testifies favourite trade routes

between the city and minor workshops from the coa§tal Tunisia These ateliers

show a substantial local spread bui we can frnd their products also in the

Mediterranean area. Moreover, the local tralfrc of line ceramics could document

a background and a significant spread of Gortys pottery between the 7th and the

gth centuries. This situation appears with increasing clarity in studies led by the

missions that work in Gortyss. These local factories may have developed until at

least the 8th century AD in response to a strong decline in maritime traffic

around the Mediterranean. A" a ion".quenc", Gortys shows to have achieved a

bigger autonomy also in the goods production beside the pottery' as testifled by

th"a" ""u".al production workshops, which are characteristic of the urban

landscape in this Phase.The Peculiarities of Gor§s

manufacture in proto Early-Byzantinecity until at least the Arab conquest'

evidences in regard to the ceramrc

era show the economic richness of the

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allegro, N. & Ricciardi, M., 1999' Gortina N' Le Fottificazioni di Età Dllenistica'- 'Morogr.fte

della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene e delle Missioni

Italiane in Oriente 10. Padova: Bottega d'Erasmo'

Baldini Lippots, I, 2O1Oa. La virtù dei govematori: monumenti onorari

tardoantichi a Gortina e Afrodisia ln: S De Maria & V Fortunati (eds )'

Monumento e Memona. Bologna: Università di Bolo gna' p 21'9-232'

Baldini Lippolis, I., 2O1Ob. Mon:umerrializzazione pagana e cristianesimo a

GJina. In: 1Gh Cretological Congress, vol 82' p' 13-24'

Baldini Lippolis, I.,2OO9a. La basilica di S Tito a Gortina e gli appunti inediti di

Giuseppe Gerola. ASA,ene, a7, p 635-679'

Baldini Lippolis, I., 2oo9b. Statuaria pagara e cristianesimo a Gortina tra IV e

v i secolo. lrlt ldeologia e Cultura Artistico tra Adiqtico e Mediterrqneo

s Over-painted Byzantine ware: Vitale 2OO1; Rizzotto 2oog Cretan amphorae: Portale &

Romeo 2001, 4Od ff. "Demetrian ware": Panero 2009'

256

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