GENETICS Maya Shovitri Biology – ITS Surabaya

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GENETICS

Maya ShovitriBiology – ITSSurabaya

Planted Syllabi

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I. Introduction to Genetics

Mendel : Monohybrid Crosses• What Monohybrid Crosses Reveal• Predicting The Outcomes of Genetic Crosses• The Testcross• Incomplete Dominance• Genetic Symbols

Mendel : Multiple-Loci Crosses• Dihybrid Crosses• The Principle of Independent Assortment• The Relationship of the Principle of Independent Assortment to Meiosis• Applying Probability and the Branch Diagram to Dihybrid Crosses• The Dihybrid Testcross• Trihybrid Crosses

Mendel : Observed and Expected Ratios• The Goodness of Fit Chi-square Test• Penetrance and Expressivity

II. Basic Principles of Heredity

III. Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics

The Toothless, Hairless Men of SindSex Determination

• Chromosomal Sex-Determining Systems• Genic Sex-Determining Systems• Environmental Sex Determination• Sex Determination in Drosophila• Sex Determination in Humans

Sex-Linked Characteristics• X-linked White Eyes in Drosophila• Nondisjunction and the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance• X-linked Color Blindness in Humans• Symbols for X-linked Genes• Dosage Compensation• Z-linked Characteristics• Y-linked Characteristics

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Dominance RevisitedLethal AllelesMultiple Alleles

• Duck-Feather Patterns• The ABO Blood Group

Gene Interaction• Gene Interaction That Produces Novel Phenotypes• Gene Interaction with Epistasis• The Complex Genetics of Coat Color in Dogs

The Interaction Between Sex and Heredity• Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited• Characteristics• Cytoplasmic Inheritance• Genetic Maternal Effects• Genomic Imprinting

Interaction Between Genes and Environment• Environmental Effects on Gene Expression• The Inheritance of Continuous Characteristics

IV. Modifications of Basic Principles

Analyzing Pedigrees• Autosomal Recessive Traits• Autosomal Dominant Traits• X-Linked Recessive Traits• X-Linked Dominant Traits• Y-Linked Traits

Twin Studies• Concordance• Twin Studies and Obesity

V. Pedigree Analysis

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The Hardy-Weinberg Law• Closer Examination of the• Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law• Implications of the Hardy-Weinberg Law• Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law• Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Proportions• Estimating Allelic Frequencies with the Hardy-Weinberg Law

Changes in Allelic Frequencies• Mutation • Migration• Genetic Drift• Natural Selection

Molecular Evolution• Protein Variation• DNA Sequence Variation• Patterns of Molecular Variation• The Molecular Clock• Molecular Phylogenies

VI. Population and Evolutionary Genetics

Pustaka

Benjamin A. PIERCE. Genetics, a Conceptual Approach

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Mekanisme pembelajaran

STUDENT CENTRED LEARNING (SCL) !!!!

MAHASISWA adalah PELAKU UTAMADOSEN adalah PENGARAH dan FASILITATOR

GENETIKA

DOSEN MAHASISWA

Kuliah adalah tempatkonfirmasi pehamanan

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Fungsi Kuliah Kelas

Presentasi dan konfirmasi pemahaman mahasiswadan dosen terhadap suatu materi pengetahuan

Penguatan pemahaman mahasiswa terhadapmateri pengetahuan sebagai hasil kegiatan mandiridari membaca materi dari pustaka (TEXT BOOK dan JOURNAL)

PRESENTASE PENILAIAN :

• Teori 75 %– Tugas 10%– Presentasi 15%– Aktifitas kelas 10%– Evaluasi I 15%– Evaluasi II 20%– Evaluasi III 20%– Kehadiran 10%

• Praktikum 25%

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History of Genetics1. PANGENESIS

The ancient Greek physician Alcmaeon (circa 520 B.C.) proposed : the brain was not only the principle site of perception, but also the origin of semen.

Specific particles, called gemmules, carry information from various parts of the body to the reproductive organs, from where they are passed to the embryo at the moment of conception

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2. INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICThe ancient Greek

Characters acquired during one’s lifetime become incorporated into one’s hereditary information and are passed on to offspring

ex. A musical ability through diligent study produces offspring with a music ability

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3. PERFORMATIONISM Late 1500s after ‘microscope’finding

Inside the egg or sperm existed a tiny miniature adult, a homunculus, which simply enlarged during development.


MODERN GENETICS

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4. CELL THEORYModern study of geneticsTheodor Schwann (1810–1882) proposed the concept in 1839.

All life is composed of cellsCells arise only from preexisting cellAnd the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.


5. GERM PLASM THEORYAugust Weismann (1834–1914)

The cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information that is passed to the gametes

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Since the twentieth century

DNA/RNA concept is involved in Genetics

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• Gene is the fundamental unit of heredity

• Gene is DNA or RNA coded the instructions for making proteins within the cell.

• DNA or RNA is a polymer of nucleic acid

• DNA is double helix strands• RNA is single strand

• Cells are of 2 basic type: eukaryotic and prokaryotic

• Each cell has about 2 m of DNA.

• The average human has 75 trillion cells.

• The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times.

The earth is 150 billion mor 93 million miles from the sun.


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• Genes are on chromosomes.– Bacterial cell :

1 chromosomes– Human : 46 chromosomes– Pigeon : 80 chromosomes

• One chromosomes carries a large number of genes

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• Chromosomes are in a pair homologous chromosomes

• Human : – 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs

chromosome– 35.000 genes

• Homologous chromosomes separate through mitosis and meiosis

HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

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HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

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Eukaryotic Cell Division : Mitosis

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Gene for hair color

Allele for blonde hairAllele for brown hair

• Genes encode phenotypes

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• Phenotypic characters are affected by multiple factors

Some characters are influenced by multiple genes that interact in complex ways with environmental factors.

Human height, for example, is affected by hundreds of genes as well as environmental factors such as nutrition


The Importance of Genetics :

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GENETICS

GENETICS Maya Shovitri Biology – ITS Surabaya

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