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Foreign Missions Year BookOF

North America

1920(Covering the year 1919)

Edited by

RODERICK BEACHAssistant Director

of THEBureau of Statistics and Research

Committee of Reference and Counsel

of THE

FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA, Inc.

25 MADISON AVENUE

NEW YORK

5"°

5>ffc

Copyright, 1920, by

COMMITTEE OF REFERENCE AND COUNSEL

OF THE

FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA, INC.

©CI.A559798

f

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGEA Foreword John F. Goucher. ... 5

The Home BaseThe North American Home Base Charles R. Watson .

.

9The British Home Base Miss G. A. Gollock. . 12

The Continental Home Base 17

The South African Home Base Amos Burnet 19

The Australasian Home Base 20

Field ReviewsLatin America Samuel Guy Inman . 23

Asia

China Lewis Hodous 33Chosen William E. Lampe. . 38

French Indo-China Lewis Hodous 41

India John Clark A rcher . . 42

Japan William E. Lampe. . 50

Malaysia John R. Denyes .... 54Siam Hugh Taylor 59Former Turkish Empire and Persia. . . . Stanley White 61

Turkey in Europe, Armenia, Anatolia . James L. Barton. ... 61

Syria and Palestine Stanley White 63

Arabia and Mesopotamia William I. Chamber-

lain 67

Persia Robert E. Speer 69H

Africa

\^ Egypt James G. Hunt 71

<Y Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 73

Negro Africa John M. Springer . . 74

^ The Philippines P. H. J. Lerrigo... . 89

3

/ /

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

General Articles pageMissions of the Roman Catholic Church . . JosephF.McGlinchey 97Geography and Missions Samuel W. Boggs. . . 104

Selected Bibliography of Recent Literature

Relating to Foreign Mission Work. . . MissHollisW.Hering 11

1

Miscellaneous Information

The Treaty of Peace as Affecting Foreign

Missions Bureau of Statistics . 149

General Tables " . 155

Postal Rates " . 157

DirectoryCanadian Societies Bureau of Statistics . 162

United States Societies " . 170

International Societies . 232

Foreign Societies " . 233

Statistics

Table I. Incomes Bureau of Statistics. 265

Table II. Missions to Europe " -274Table III. Missions to Latin America. . .

" -274Table IV. Missions to the Non-Christian

World " . 280

Indexes

Directory of Mission Society Officers 293

International System of Initials 301

Index 314

The Continental Home Base /. W. Gunning 342

A FOREWORD

"The Foreign Missions Year Book of North America" for 1919,

issued by the Committee of Reference and Counsel by order of the

Foreign Missions Conference of North America, received such anappreciative welcome that the entire edition was exhausted in asurprisingly short time, and all through the year applications werereceived for additional copies which could not be supplied. This wasa gratifying return for the laborious task involved in assembling,

from so wide a range, the record of such a variety of facts andclassifying the material for ready reference in the initial volumeof what it is hoped may prove to be a continuous series reaching far

into the future.

Its varied and inclusive content, its brevity of statement, its

accuracy of detail seem to serve a growing demand of this busy,

progressive and increasingly scientific age. In the evolution of the

Kingdom of Christ, the various branches of the Church and the

different peoples of the World are drawing closer together. Everyethical organization is becoming interested in similar organizationsand their activities and accomplishments are matters of concern to

all others. Therefore, the demand for such a compilation seems to

be a normal one.

Facts are fundamental to conclusions and the fuel of enthusiasm.The inexhaustible reservoir of facts in the "incomparable Mis-sionary Research Library," its corps of experts, working with Mr.Burton St. John, Director of its Bureau of Statistics and Research,the cooperation, available on call, of the Secretaries of all Boards in

America engaged in Foreign Missions work, and the special commit-tee in charge of preparing and issuing the Year Book, together withtheir growing experience in this particular work, make possiblecontinual improvement. Some evidence of this may be found in

the present volume.While it is not as perfect as its compilers hoped it might be, nor

as it is hoped its successors may be, it will prove valuable to the verybusy leaders of thought and strategists in method who appreciateaccuracy and prize the most up-to-date information available.

Cordial thanks are extended to all who have assisted and especially

to those who have given their generous cooperation by preparingthe articles to which their names are attached.

John F. Goucher,Chairman, Committee on Bureau of Statistics and Research.

THE HOME BASE

THE NORTH AMERICAN HOME BASERev. Charles R. Watson, D.D.

The Methodist Centenary

One of the most powerful influences affecting the programsand activities of foreign missionary agencies in North Americaduring the year 1919 was the remarkable success achieved by the

Methodist Episcopal Church in its Centenary Movement._Aiming

originally at $80,000,000 for a five year program, the splendid figure

of $113,000,000 was reached in gifts and pledges by the NorthernChurch; while the Southern Church reached the high figure of

$54,000,000. Such success became a challenge to all the Churches.

Nor was it the financial result that constituted the chief challenge.

Long before the final financial result was known, the high aims, the

comprehensive program and the thoroughgoing educational methodsadopted by the Methodist Centenary Movement had stimulated other

bodies, so that in a great number of churches Forward Movementswere launched. The distinctive characteristics of these movementswere: first, a unification of the plans of the several Boards within

such Churches, resulting in a unified budget, a unified campaign of

education and a unified canvass for funds, within each Church

;

second, a serious effort to survey the responsibilities of each Churchso as to discover the full scope of the task, measured in money,workers and spiritual dynamic ; third, an attempt to work out a five

year program looking toward the accomplishment of the task.

The Interchurch World Movement

The logical result of the wide adoption of these conceptions,

methods and plans was the proposal for an Interchurch Movementwhich would unite all the Churches of North America in a surveyof the task of American Protestantism, in a campaign of educationand finally in a campaign for funds, whose national character, unitedappeal and comprehensive scope would make it irresistible. Theproposal was submitted to the Foreign Missions Conference at its

annual meeting at New Haven, Connecticut, January 14-17, 1919,

and received hearty endorsement. It was similarly endorsed byother missionary and Church conferences and became organizedunder the title of "The Interchurch World Movement." As its

program affected the home base programs and activities of all theChurches, this Movement may properly be said to constitute the mostoutstanding and determining feature of the Home Base activities ofall the missionary agencies of North America for the year 1919.The record of the varied undertakings of this Movement, both upon

9

io THE NORTH AMERICAN HOME BASE

its own initiative and through the Forward Movements of the coop-erating Churches, would constitute a volume, for which there is noteven space for a summary here. The following may be enumeratedamong the most important services being rendered by the Movementto foreign missions: it is carrying still farther forward the surveysof foreign mission fields, previously undertaken by individualmissions or by inter-mission agencies ; it is forcing a definition ofthe requirements of the task for a period of five years; it is

accordingly challenging the Churches to make adequate provisionfor these defined needs ; it is coordinating as never before in aunified plan the separate foreign missionary efforts of North Ameri-can Protestantism; it is suggesting cooperation at the Home Basein innumerable directions never contemplated before; it is develop-ing among the Churches of America a wholesome sense of spiritual

unity as they labor for world evangelization.

Canadian Advance and Cooperation

A separate organization of the Interchurch Movement was effected

in Canada with much the same methods and objectives. With char-acteristic effectiveness, the Canadian societies were working in practi-

cal cooperation some time before the organization of the InterchurchWorld Movement.

Peace Conference Negotiations

American missionary boards followed with much interest andanxiety the negotiations of the Paris Peace Conference. Recogniz-ing that property interests representing millions of dollars wereinvested in lands affected by the Peace settlements, steps were takento make representations such as might safeguard religious andmissionary liberties in the future, particularly in ex-German andex-Turkish territory. The Emergency Committee of CooperatingMissions was charged with this task, and Drs. Barton, Mott andWatson represented the American section of this Committee at

Paris. Unsuccessful efforts were made to. secure a paragraph in

the Covenant. A clause in the Treaty with_Germany saves the

properties of German missions from confiscation and makes them"trust property" which will be entrusted to approved missionaryagencies for carrying on the work in behalf of the native populations.

It is expected that when the Mandates are issued there likewise will

be a section inserted to safeguard missionary liberties. The wholefuture of the League of Nations bears a vital relationship also to this

question.

British Regulations Governing Missions

As a result of War experiences and the War situation the British

Government enacted certain regulations governing the admission of

missions and missionaries to British territories. These regulations,

which exclude German missionaries, commit to the Committee of

Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conference of

North America the task of scrutinizing the applications of Americanmissionaries for admittance to British territories.

THE NORTH AMERICAN HOME BASE n

Special Aid from American Societies

German missionary work in areas from which German missionswere excluded continued to be the object of special assistance fromAmerica, in part by funds contributed through the Committee ofReference and Counsel and in greater part by assistance extendeddirectly by American societies operating in the same countries, as thePresbyterians in Kamerun and the Lutherans in India. The faminein India led to a special appeal for funds and over $220,000 weresent over to relieve the suffering. Aid to devastated areas in

France came within the scope of the appropriations of several

churches.

Deputations to Foreign Fields

With the termination of the War, a great number of boardsrecognized the imperative necessity of sending abroad their executivesecretaries or still larger deputations, to study the changed situation

in the mission fields committed to their care. The survey work ofthe Interchurch World Movement stimulated such special investiga-

tions. An Educational Commission went to India consisting ofPrincipal A. G. Fraser and Miss M. M. Allan from Great Britainand Prof. D. J. Fleming, Ph.D., representing America. The Federa-tion of Woman's Mission Boards arranged to send a large deputa-tion, made up of representatives of the leading woman's boards, to

China and Japan, to study problems there in connection with workfor women, and it is planned that another deputation later shouldgo out to India. These groups will both work in close cooperationwith the Interchurch World Movement and the Continuation Com-mittees on the fields. The Committee of Reference and Counselreleased ' Mr. C. H. Fahs, secretary of the Library Committee,for a trip which carried him to Japan, China, India, Africa andGreat Britain and yielded large returns in material of priceless

value for research purposes. Among the executive officers of lead-ing missionary boards who went abroad for purposes of missionaryinvestigation and survey were the following : James L. Barton, C. H.Patton, Stanley White, Stephen J. Corey, J. H. Franklin, Paul deSchweinitz, F. M. North, and A. E. Armstrong.

The Young Men's Christian Association

The War work of the Young Men's Christian Association led tothe extension of the work of this Movement to a number of foreignlands, such as Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Rumania, Greece, and to thenecessity of enlarging the scope of the work in fields previouslyentered, such as China, India and sections of Africa.

Student Volunteer MovementThe Student Volunteer Movement holds its delayed Quadrennial

Convention at Des Moines, la., December 31, 1919, to January 4, 1920.

12 THE BRITISH HOME BASE

General Financial Record

Reports from the larger Churches indicate a marked increase in

gifts to foreign missions for the year ending in 1919. The total

for North America is $30,872,882 which is an advance of $8,690,059over the report for 1918. It is noteworthy that about^ one half ofthis advance was in the mission boards of the Methodist EpiscopalChurch. In Canada, despite the much heavier drains caused byher longer participation in the war, there was an advance of oversixteen per cent.

THE BRITISH HOME BASEMiss G. A. Gollock

Situation Among the Societies

The year 1918-19, which has seen the close of the world-war andthe slow and troubled dawning of the day of Peace, has been aperiod of lights and shadows in British missionary wo*k. The"Survey of the Effect of the War upon Missions," the first chaptersof which appear in the October number of the International Reviewof Missions, will give within the next four issues some idea of theextent to which missionary operations were interrupted and plansput out of line during the period of the war.

The Year's Finance

On the one hand the income of the larger mission boards showsan increase. The Baptist Missionary Society reports a gain of£14,400 on their general funds and nearly £2,000 on their Women'sAssociation. The China Inland Mission received in Great Britain

in 1918 over £2,600 more than in the previous year. The ChurchMissionary Society, not including its Thankoffering Fund, increasedby over £12,000. The income of the London Missionary Societyfrom ordinary sources was £9,600 above that of the previous year,

though that income was a record one. The Society for the Propa-gation of the Gospel reports an advance of £19,000, the income fromdonations, subscriptions and collections for the General Fund beingfifty per cent above that of fifteen years ago. The United FreeChurch of Scotland shows a very small increase in income fromliving donors, but the funds of the Women's Committee have goneforward. The Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society has risen

more than £14,400 over a record income of last year. A five per cent

increase was asked for ; a ten per cent increase has been given. TheWomen's Auxiliary has also gone forward in receipts.

But on the other hand growing expenditure constitutes a grave andpressing problem. At a time when every Society hears the call to

move forward the heavy loss on exchange cripples advance and bids

fair to imperil the maintenance of existing work. The China InlandMission reports that £1,000 will not now buy as much silver in China

THE BRITISH HOME BASE 13

as could be bought for £400 in 1915. The Church Missionary Society

states that its loss on exchange in the past year amounts to £58,000.

The London Missionary Society finds the cost of silver exchangeparticularly has amounted to £10,000 in the year. Loss under this

heading has sent the expenditure of the United Free Church of

Scotland up £2,400 in its Manchuria Mission alone. The WesleyanMission reports that owing to exchange they lose in China £79 onevery £100, and in India £25 on every £100. During 1919 it is

estimated that the Society will lose in this way about £39,000. Whento all this is added the fact that the increased cost of living is press-

ing so heavily upon missionaries that, at the request of several ofthe societies, a committee has been appointed to report on the wholesituation as to their salaries, it becomes apparent that missionaryfinance is facing problems more serious than any which confrontedit during the war.There has been in Great Britain no parallel to the Interchurch

World Movement in America. The London Missionary Society,

however; is sending its Home Secretary to America to gather sug-gestions for a strong new propaganda at the British Home Base.Meantime, general societies have initiated thankoffering schemes.The Church Missionary Society is asking for a Peace Thankofferingof lives and £500,000; the Society for the Propagation of the Gospelfor a Peace Thankoffering Fund of not less than £250,000.

Missionary Forces

Tabular Statements in the "Survey of the Effect of the War uponMissions," to which reference has already been made, show howseriously the forces of British Missions have been lessened duringthe war. Twelve of the larger British Societies had actually on thefield in 1918 a foreign staff of 4630 as against 4899 at the beginningof the war. The new missionaries sent out in 1917-18 by the sametwelve societies were sixty-three as against two hundred and forty-

five at the earlier date. In 1918 India received from them a rein-

forcement of twenty-eight as against a previous ninety-six, Chinanine as against fifty-four, Africa seventeen as against fifty-four, theNear and Middle East four as against fourteen. And now, whenrecruiting work begins to be active and all societies are urging theneed of men and women for waiting work, the terrible effect of theloss of so much of the best young life of the Church is beingrealized to the full. A long and responsible task in the preparationof missionaries lies ahead.

The Passage Problem

During the war period it was so difficult to obtain permits forwomen missionaries that a Missionary Passport Committee wasformed and succeeded in getting over two hundred and fifty pass-ports

_up to July, 1919. By that time, however, the problem of

shipping accommodation became so acute that the societies found it

necessary to take concerted action. At the time of writing steps are

14 THE BRITISH HOME BASE

being taken to see what provision can be made for the autumncontingent of British missionaries waiting to proceed to their fields.

Other Matters of Interest

Among other matters of interest in home organization may benoted the amalgamation effected by the Baptist Missionary Societywith its Women's Missionary Association and its Medical Auxiliary;the union of the Home and Foreign Committees of the Church Mis-sionary Society and the large increase of provincial representationon the new body; the appointment by the same Society of a Mission-ary Missioner to conduct "Days of Prayer and Gifts," and theholding of a number of "Days of Information for AlissionarySpeakers" in different parts of the country; the opening of a newHostel for the Training of Women Teachers and Nurses, also bythe C. M. S., the formation of a Candidates' Board by the BaptistMissionary Society and of a Candidates' Sub-Committee of Men andWomen by the China Inland Mission ; the development of corporatefellowship, as illustrated by the general conference of the workersof the London Missionary Society followed by a three days' con-ference of missionaries in the autumn of 1919, the holding of the first

conference of missionaries by the Society for the Propagation of theGospel and the first Summer School of the China Inland Mission;and the raising of an Earthquake Restoration Fund by the EnglishPresbyterian Missions for the devastated area in South China andthe initiating of a campaign fund for £100,000 by the Women'sAuxiliary of the Wesleyan Methodist Mission. A twelve-daysUnited Medical Missions Exhibition, in which a number of Societies

took part, was held in London in June and July. Among the

visitors to it were the Queen and Princess Mary.

Changes in Personnel

The outstanding changes in Missionary personnel during the yearhave been the resignation of Bishop Montgomery after a seventeenyear's secretaryship of the S. P. G. and the appointment of BishopKing of Madagascar as his successor, and the death of Sir AndrewFraser, K.C.S.I., late Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, a trustedleader and an honored friend whose service to the cause of missionswas valued throughout the world. Mr. Kenneth Maclennan hasresumed his work as joint Secretary with Mr. J. H. Oldham of the

Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland,

after two and a half years' absence in Government service.

Conference of Missionary Societies, June, 1919

The eighth annual meeting of the Conference of MissionarySocieties in Great Britain and Ireland sat at Norwood from June18th to 20th. It was reported that three further societies—the

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Jerusalem and the

East Mission, and the Representative Church Council of the Episco-

THE BRITISH HOME BASE 15

pal Church of Scotland—being eligible for membership under the

rules of 1912 had decided to join, increasing the number of societies

constituting the Conference to forty-six. The main addresses at the

Conference were on Missions and Governments and Relations withAmerican and Continental Missions (Mr. J. H. Oldham), Educa-tional Opportunity at the Close of the War (Sir Michael Sadler,

Chairman of the Bengal University Commission), and Co-operation

in the Mission Field (Rev. H. Anderson, Secretary of the NationalMissionary Council of India, and Rev. E. C. Lobenstine, Secretary

of the China Continuation Committee). The principles of co-oper-

ative finance were also considered at length and an importantmemorandum was sent forward to the mission boards (See pp. 11

and 12 of the Conference Report).

Financial Statement of the Conference

The financial statement showed that during 1918-19 British mis-sionary societies had contributed the sum of £2,672-0-7 to co-oper-

ative finance by means of a levy at the rate of 33s per £1,000 of

income on the general account, plus £233-1-9 for the National Mis-sionary Council in India (us per £1,000 expenditure for the societies

working in that field) and £254-11-0 for the China ContinuationCommittee (22s per £1,000). The Conference voted to invite the

societies to approve a budget of £3,565 for 1919-20. Of this, £2,050

is for the Standing Committee of the Conference, to cover salaries,

rent, office expenses (including removal from Edinburgh) etc., £465for the Board of Study for the Preparation of Missionaries, £300 for

the proposed Press Bureau and £750 for the British share of theEmergency Committee Budget. Contributions at the rate of 40sper £1,000 of income will be required from the co-operating societies

if this budget for 1919-20 is to be met. Up to the date of writingthe Societies have been responding well. It was also agreed to

invite further contributions for the National Missionary Council ofIndia, and the China Continuation Committee from the Societies

working in those fields, the amount for which each board is re-

sponsible being calculated on their expenditure in the mission field

concerned. The amount recommended for India was the rupee valueof £300 at par, and for China £1,000.

Other Recommendations

Amongst other matters, the plan for a Press Bureau submittedby the Home Base Committee was approved, the necessary supportwas granted, and Mr. Basil Mathews of the London MissionarySociety was invited to devote part of his time to the work. TheConference also generally approved of plans put forward by theHome Base Committee for the establishment of a general illustrated

missionary magazine for British readers with a view to enlarging thecircle of those interested in missions. The London MissionarySociety has generously released Mr. Basil Mathews to edit this

paper in addition to his work for the Press Bureau. The Con-

16 THE BRITISH HOME BASE

ference has no financial liability for the proposed magazine. TheUnited Council for Missionary Education was encouraged by resolu-

tion of the Conference to enter the field of more general missionaryliterature (whether on its own account or as a publishing agency for

the mission boards) in addition to its large scheme for graded text

books for mission study. The Standing Committee was instructed

to keep in touch with the Interchurch World Movement of NorthAmerica—reports of which were presented by Mr. F. H. Hawkinsand the Rev. E. C. Lobenstine—in order to consider whether there

are any ways in which missionary societies in Great Britain andIreland can collaborate.

Work of Committees of the Conference: Missionary Liberty

The responsibilities of the Standing Committee in regard to therelations between missions and governments entered a new and morecritical stage when the Armistice was signed and steps were beguntowards a final settlement. After careful inquiry into the actual

situation, representations were made during the year to the properauthorities as to the place of missions in the political resettlementof Syria and Palestine, and as to safeguards for freedom of con-science and the carrying on of missionary work in any new interna-

tional agreements as to tropical Africa. In conjunction with Dr. J. R.Mott and Dr. Charles R. Watson, representing the Foreign MissionsConference of North America, a statement was submitted to theBritish and American delegations at the Peace Conference in Paris,urging that in all mandates for the administration of formerGerman and Turkish territories "(i) Freedom of conscience andreligion should be guaranteed to the followers of all religions, includ-ing expressly (a) the right to choose freely the form of religious

belief and to make a change of faith without incurring any political

or civil disability, and (b) liberty to exercise all forms of divineworship publicly as well as privately; (2) that Christian missionariesand other persons engaged in charitable and philanthropic effort

should not be hindered in the peaceable pursuit of their calling andshould be allowed to purchase and hold land and erect buildings forreligious and philanthropic purposes

; (3) that there should be nodiscrimination against missionary schools and that there should beequality of educational opportunity as between private and public

schools."Provision for German Missions

The Standing Committee has given careful and detailed attention

to the needs of missions formerly carried on by German societies.

In particular special and successful efforts have been made to ensurethat German mission property should be held in trust for missionarypurposes. The British Government having decided to exclude theBasel Mission from India, the Standing Committee guaranteed thesum of £1,000 to enable the National Missionary Council of Indiato take over the work in the South Mahratta area, and made repre-sentations which led the London Missionary Society and the

THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE 17

United Free Church of Scotland jointly to guarantee a sum of £1,250for five years and enable the South India United Church to carry onthe work of the Basel Mission in the Malabar area.

Constitutional Reforms in India

An influential committee has been appointed to consider the effects

of the proposed constitutional reforms in India on missionary work,and especially on Christian education. This committee is in close

touch with the various missionary educational organizations in India.

Educational Commission to India

One of the outstanding events of the year has been the sendingof an Educational Commission to India to study the needs ofvillage education, more especially in mass movement areas. Thisenterprise has been undertaken in conjunction with missionary leadersin North America. The Commission has as British members theRev. A. G. Fraser, of Trinity College, Kandy, (Chairman), and MissM. M. Allan, Principal of Homerton College, Cambridge. TheAmerican member is Professor D. J. Fleming, D.D., Union Theo-logical Seminary, New York. Mr. K. T. Paul and probably anotherwill be the Indian members. Mr. Samuel Nasir and Mr. Olcott arealso of the party. The Commission left the United States, after acareful study of rural education there, in the end of July, travelingvia Japan and the Philippines to India. Plans are laid for un-hurried visits to many centers, and for conference with experiencedmissionaries, Indian workers, government educational officials andothers. The Report of the Commission will be written in India, sothat expert advice may be secured.

THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE*The Continent of Europe—even more than America—is suffering

from a period of unreliable information. The world has been givennot facts, but what our Governments have felt it wise for us to

accept as facts. This has been true to a marked degree even in theneutral countries of Europe. At times there seems to have been adeliberate endeavor even in Christian circles to create a distrust ofthe Christian leaders of other lands. Moreover, the suspected un-trustworthiness of published statements has given rise to a decideduneasiness as to what the real status of missionary work is, or as towhat may be looked for in the future.The Continental leaders of missionary thought, together with some

British leaders and a few from America, fastened great hopes uponthe theory of the supernationality of missions. This thought seemedto be a natural concomitant of the idealism so strongly emphasized

*An article on the Continental Home Base by Dr. J. W. Gunning of Holland wasreceived too late for inclusion here. It has been inserted after the index.

18 THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE

by America. The Peace Conference shattered the hopes of theseleaders ; in fact it took from the German Missionary Societies five-

sixths of their foreign work, and left them not the shadow of a hopethat this condition would be revoked.What more natural than that the leaders of the neutral countries

should therefore wonder as to whether or not the British, and par-ticularly the American leaders, had done all that could have beendone to urge action which would have preserved to the GermanSocieties the fruits of their Christian labors of years? Moreover,if it is an established principle that missionaries may have their workoverturned at the word of the controlling Government, whatassurance is there that a mission enterprise may be built up withany sense of permanency? If the missionaries must individually passin review before the governmental authorities, may not the missionsthemselves become the tools of scheming officials and cease to beindependent religious organizations standing fearlessly, even against"spiritual wickedness in high places"?The supernationalism of missions became a lost cause. This was

a rude shock to the once rapidly growing sense of internationalfellowship in world wide endeavor. In its place there arose doubt asto the future standing of the whole missionary enterprise. Notwith-standing this there has been a steady growth in missionary conviction.

Though definite data are not at hand there seems to have been everypromise of substantial increase in the incomes of the societies withheadquarters in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Holland.France has been so occupied with the intense task of living, that

her Protestant groups, at least, have not been disturbed by these con-siderations of international relationships. It was to be expected that

in this country there would be a falling off, both of interest and ofcontributions. The contrary has been true. The Paris Society, the

great Protestant Missionary Society of France, which is just begin-ning the one-hundredth year of her history, seems to have shown adevotion beyond anything she has before known. The receipts ofthe Society were greater than ever. Although the deficit also wasincreased, this was due to the responsibilities assumed in the care

of the former German Missions in French territory. From Franceone gets a clearly optimistic note, while from the countries to the

north, the spirit would seem to be rather that of determined persist-

ency in the face of an unsatisfactory future.

In Germany the spirit runs to the opposite extreme. The sting

of military defeat, the chagrin in the loss of the greater part of hermissions, the failure of the theory of supernationality of missions,

has engendered not suspicion alone but bitterness. This has not beenpalliated by the persistent though unsubstantiated report that GreatBritain has lifted the embargo on all Roman Catholic missionaries,

of whatever nationality. There has come a dire falling off of inter-

est, if one may judge by the appeals being made to the missionaryconstituency. There is even a distinct questioning as to whetherGerman missions within the next generation can be of any usewhatever in the world.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN HOME BASE 19

Having given up hope as to their missions in territory controlled

by Great Britain or France, they sadly turn to the contemplation of

the possible places for future expansion. The Dutch East Indies,

South America and China are the fields most frequently mentioned.

The larger number look to a building of their missionary future

in the Republic of China.The Basel Missionary Society, the great missionary organization

of Switzerland, met the same fate as did those in Germany itself.

This Society was supported alike by a constituency in Germany andin Switzerland—chiefly among the German-Swiss. Consequently, in

Switzerland, there is found much the same temper of mind as exists

in Germany. Since there was not the terrible depression, following

as an aftermath of war, there seems to be a more ready adjustmentto the new conditions and a greater cheerfulness in meeting thefuture of their missionary work.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN HOME BASERev. Amos Burnet

It would be useless to deny the fact that for a long time theEuropean Churches in South Africa did not do what might be ex-pected in the task of evangelising their heathen neighbours. Thereare many historical and sentimental reasons to account for this state

of things. The last generation had a very vivid recollection of all

the horrors of the great Kaffir Wars. Perhaps it was not surprising

that their attitude towards the native people was not alwayssympathetic and, indeed, not always Christian. The Dutch people ofthe Cape still remember the days when they held the natives in astate of slavery. They resented the abolition of slavery by the

British Government, and this to a large extent affected their atti-

tude towards missionaries and mission work. One is glad, however,to be able to say that there are signs on every hand of a very greatimprovement in the growth of a very real and influential missionaryspirit. The Dutch Reformed Church, which, in numbers and influ-

ence, stands at the head of all the churches, has lately developed avery praiseworthy and extensive missionary work. This work is

carried on not only in South Africa itself, but also in Nyasaland,where excellent results have been achieved. The WesleyanMethodist Church, which, in numbers of adherents and members,comes next to the Dutch Church, has a Missionary Society of its

own. The income last year was about ii4,ooo. About half of this

amount was given by European Churches and the rest by native andcoloured congregations. There is a very real missionary spirit in

many English Congregations, and many of the native members areexceedingly zealous in spreading the gospel amongst their owncountrymen. Other Churches, especially the Anglican and manysmaller bodies, have done work which deserves honourable mention.The change in the attitude of European people in South Africa

towards missionary work has been very great during the last twenty-

20 THE AUSTRALASIAN HOME BASE

five years, and there seems to be a growing sense of responsibility

for the condition of the heathen peoples. The position of thecountry is quite unique. Great masses of heathen people are foundhere and there and English communities are interspersed. It

follows that many Europeans see the most repulsive side of nativelife, and unless they themselves are convinced Christians they arenot likely to be enthusiastic in regard to missionary work. Still

the change has been so marked and so general that many of thebest people in the country, led by officials such as Lord Selborneand others, have spoken out so strongly as to the duty of theEuropean people who dominate South Africa, that we may fairly

expect a very happy increase in the missionary spirit and a veryrapid growth in missionary work. In connection with all thechurches there have been cases of Europeans born in South Africagiving themselves to missionary labor and their example has notbeen without a very wonderful effect. The Dutch Churches drawall their workers from local sources, and this is a state of thingswhich other bodies might very well emulate.

THE AUSTRALASIAN HOME BASEThe Missionary Societies of Australia and New Zealand have

given especial attention to work among the Aborigines of Austral-asia and among the people of the Islands of the Southern Pacific.

In large measure they have inherited the work of European Soci-

eties. Little by little, as they have grown in strength, they haveassumed added responsibility. At the present time nearly all their

work is independently conducted. Several of the Boards have workin India. A few of their missionaries are to be found, also, in

China, Japan and Korea. The Bolivian Indian Mission had its

beginning in New Zealand, and the Sudan United Mission has acouncil with headquarters at Melbourne.Before the war the income of these societies was about three

quarters of a million dollars. During the war there was a decidedincrease. In 1919 the rate of increase apparently was not kept up,

and there was fear of a slight decline for the year. This uncertainty

is laid, not so much to a decline in interest in the Missionary enter-

prise, as to a condition due to the epidemic of unrest everywhereprevailing.

Notwithstanding this note of uncertainty there was a general call

for advance, and several writers wrote hopefully of the prospect ofa good increase in the incomes.

All societies seem to be facing a most urgent need of candidates.

Here, again, there is a spirit of confidence in looking to the future.

The return of the troops from Europe, the augmented enrollment in

schools, and the general spirit of progress all buttress the conviction

that within two or three years the young men and young women will

offer themselves in numbers entirely adequate to meet the demandsof the Missionary Societies.

FIELD REVIEWS

LATIN AMERICARev. Samuel Guy Inman

Growing Interest in Latin America

With the signing of peace the attention of the economic world is

shifting from Europe to Latin America. Food, room for over-crowded populations, and a market for surplus goods and capital

are the great quests of the world, which will compel the wooing ofthese twenty great, rich, undeveloped nations to the South.

The "Continent of Opportunity"

Beginning at the Rio Grande and stretching down through Mexico,Central America, across Panama, over Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil,

Peru, and the abounding plains of Argentina to the Straits ofMagellan is the largest stretch of undeveloped fertile land in theentire world. All the population of the world could find place hereand be only one-third as crowded as is Porto Rico. Argentina, far

more capable than New York of sustaining a dense population, wouldhave two hundred and twenty million people instead of eight million,

if it were as densely populated as that State. Little Cuba has moreforeign commerce than China. This is why capitalists, manufactur-ers, steamship directors, food economists, and political leaders in

Europe, North America and even Japan are so intently fixing their

attention on these fallow lands. A great part of our newly built

merchant marine is being assigned to Latin America.

The Need of Mission WorkThis forward position which Latin America is coming to occupy in

human affairs forces upon the Christian agencies of the world acondition which must be met quickly and adequately if religion is to

exert the supreme influence in the further development and solidifica-

tion of these relationships.

Mexico: Republic. Area, 767,198 square miles. Population (census of1910), 15,115,612; (estimated for 1912), 15,501,684, of whom about 3,000,000are Whites, 7,000,000 Mestizos and 5,000,000 Indians. Prevailing religion,Roman Catholic. There is no state church and all religions are tolerated.No ecclesiastical body may acquire landed property.British Honduras. British Crown Colony. Area, 8,598 square miles.

Population (census of 191 1), 40,458; (estimated, 1916), 42,323.Canal Zone. United States Possession. Area, 502 square miles. Population

(1917). 35>049. Of these, 18,840 are Americans. Prevailing religion, Prot-estant.

Costa Rica. Republic. Area, about 23,000 square miles. Population (esti-

mated for 191 6), 441,342. Of these, almost all are Whites, although thereare about 5,000 Indians and 26,000 Negroes; (18,000 are colored British WestIndians.) The religion of the state is the Roman Catholic, but entire religiousfreedom exists.

23

24 LATIN AMERICA

For centuries these countries have been in the main exploited byoutsiders ; made to yield of their riches to benefit people other thantheir own._ Marked by motives of self-interest and unfair dealing,

materialistic forces from without have made paramount issues thepossession of such things as gold and silver mines, oil lands, rubberforests and sugar plantations. Imbued from within with a spirit

peculiar to themselves and living until recently in semi-isolation,

misunderstood and misunderstanding alike, they have been suspiciousand distrustful of each other and fearful of us. Experience withRoman Catholicism has caused untold numbers of the intelligent andeducated classes to discard religion, disavow allegiance to the Churchand become open skeptics, agnostics and free thinkers. Millionsmore have never even heard the Gospel and are still bound up in

their old superstitions and practice.

If Christian forces fail to take advantage of the present situation

it will mean that materialism will triumph and the radiating influ-

ences of spirituality will have no part in shaping the interactions ofLatin American future civilization and growth.

The Land and the People

Latin America, popularly so called, is composed of the twentyrepublics south of the Rio Grande River: Mexico; Guatemala,Honduras, Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama in Central America;Cuba, Haiti and Santo Domingo in the West Indies ; and the coun-tries of Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina,Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia in South America. These com-bined countries have an area of 8,321,081 square miles and apopulation of 80,000,000 roughly divided as follows : Whites,18,000,000; Indians, 17,000,000; Negroes, 6,000,000; Mixed White andIndian, 30,000,000; Mixed White and Negro, 8,000,000; MixedNegro and Indian, 700,000; East Indian, Japanese and Chinese,

300,000.

The Language and Its Literature

Eighteen of the twenty republics of Latin America are predom-inately Spanish speaking. Haiti uses French and the 24,000,000Brazilians, with the exception of their few hundred thousand un-

Guatemala. Republic. Area, about 48,290 square miles. Population (1903),1,842,134; (estimated for 1914), 2,003,579. Of these, about 60 per cent areIndians, the rest being half-caste. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. Allother creeds have complete freedom.Honduras. Republic. Area 44,275 square miles. Population (1910), 553,-

446; (estimated for 1914), 562,000. Chiefly Indians, with an admixture ofSpanish blood. On the north coast there is a considerable proportion ofnegroes. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. The church is not aided bythe state, and freedom is guaranteed to all creeds.

Nicaragua. Republic. Area, estimated at 49,200 square miles. Population(estimated for 1914), 703,540. Of these about 400,000 are Whites andMestizos, and about 250,000 Indians and Negroes. Prevailing religion, RomanCatholic.Panama. Republic. Area, 32,380 square miles. Population (census

_of

1912), 336,742; (estimated, 1916), 450,000, of whom about 300,000 are Whitesand Mestizos, and 30,000 Negroes. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic.

LATIN AMERICA 25

civilized Indians, speak Portuguese. There are about 10,000,000

Indians who can only be reached by their own tribal languages, ofwhich there are a number of varieties. As some of these have notyet been reduced to writing the situation is a difficult one, requiring

vigorous treatment if conditions among these people are not to drift

along as they have ever since the white man came.The Latin languages, of course, present no serious barriers to

interchange of ideas and experience, but it is a lamentable fact that

in the Spanish and Portuguese there is practically no Christian

literature. For centuries the people have been taught that the Bible

is a dangerous book, not to be owned or read except under priestly

guidance. The Roman Catholic Church even today does not stimu-late good reading and produces but little good literature.

Races and Social Groups

A social grouping of the people may place them in three classes

:

the Indians, the peons, and the aristocratic or landed class.

Although there have been some Indians who have risen to promi-nence and some tribes which are noted for the high degree of their

civilization before they were subdued by the Latin invaders, mostof them are today in a primitive state, ignorant, and almost whollyneglected by social and religious forces. They are absolutely with-out knowledge of the laws of health and live in unsanitary conditionswhich cause a high death rate.

The peons, although the class above the Indians, cannot be con-sidered the "middle class" such as exists in the United States andEurope, as they, too, are ignorant and live in squalor. They aregenerally oppressed by the upper classes ; work for small wages, in

some cases barely enough to exist upon ; are too poor to own prop-erty and are usually in debt. This, if they are unable to meet it, is

made a charge upon their families and their children are forced to

inherit it.

The third class includes the wealthy people, the professional men—lawyers, engineers, physicians, journalists, etc., those whose tastes

and interests ally them with the upper classes, rather than with thepeople beneath them. The rich, of course, control everything, live

Salvador. Republic. Area, 13,176 square miles. Population (estimated1916), 1,271,336. Of these, 234,648 are Indians and 772,200 Ladinos orMestizos. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism.Santo Domingo. Republic. Area, estimated, 18,045 square miles. Popula-

tion variously estimated at between 600,000 and 700,000, chiefly Mestizos,Indian and Negro blood being largely represented. Prevailing religion, RomanCatholicism. This is the state religion, but other forms of religion are permitted.Bahama Islands (including Turks Islands and Caicos Islands). British

Colony. Area, 4,628 square miles. Population (census of 1911), 61,559;(estimated, 1917)9 64,538. Prevailing religion, Protestantism.Cuba. Republic. Area 44,215 square miles. Population (1916), 2,627,536.

About 680,000 of these are negroes, the rest Whites and Mestizos. Prevailingreligion, Roman Catholicism.

Haiti. Republic. Area, estimated, 10,204 square miles. Population (esti-mated for 1912), 2,500,000, the great majority of whom are negroes. Prevailingreligion, Roman Catholicism.

26 LATIN AMERICA

in luxury, and give their children every advantage as in othercountries.

Religious Conditions

Roman Catholicism of the type which flourished in the middle ageshas been the dominant religion. Since it has opposed all progressand all democratic movements it has largely failed. The thinkingpeople of the nations, especially the young people, the students, aredissatisfied with it, realizing that it provides no way by which theymay be Christians and yet true to the laws of the mind, and to theaccepted forms of modern knowledge with which their best institu-

tions are abreast. In practically every one of the large cities theeducated classes either have turned in violent opposition to theChurch of their fathers, or have grown so indifferent to it that it

has no influence upon their lives. You speak to men who are leaders

in philanthropic and educational enterprises about religion and theywill say: "What! Religion? That is the thing above all things for

which we have no use. Religion has been the cause of our revolu-tions ; religion has opposed our progress ; on account of religion

from fifty to eighty per cent of our people are unable to read orwrite. In the name of progress deliver us from religion!" A uni-versity professor lecturing on the "Conception of God" in one ofthe leading schools in Brazil, said:

"The Catholic faith is dead. There is no longer confidence in

Christian dogma. The supernatural has been banished from thedomain of science. The conquests of philosophy have done awaywith the old conception of spirituality. Astronomy, with Laplace,has invaded the heavenly fields and in all celestial space there hasnot been found a kingdom of God. . . . We are in the realm ofrealism. The reason meditates not on theological principles, butupon facts furnished by experience. God is a myth, he has noreality, he is not an object of science. . . . Man invented gods andGod that the world might be ruled. These conceptions resulted fromhis progressive intelligence. The simple spirit refrains from all

criticism and accepts the idea of God without resistance. The

Jamaica (not including Turks Islands and Caicos Islands, but includingCayman Islands, Pedro and Morant Cays). British Colony. Area, 4,207square miles. Population (census of ion), 831,383; (estimated for 1917),

906,485. Of these, 15,605 are Whites, 163,201 coloured, 630,181 black, 17,380East Indian, 2,111 Chinese. Prevailing religion, Protestantism.

LtssER Antilles. United States Possessions, Virgin Islands. Area, 132square miles. Population (estimated), 23,000, mostly neg/o. British Posses-

sions, Leeward Islands (Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda, Virgin Islands (Br.),

Dominica, St. Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla, Montserrat). Area, 715 square miles.

Population (census of 1911), 127,193. Prevailing religion, Protestantism.

Windward Islands (Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia). Area, 516 square miles.

Population (census of 191 1), 157,264; (estimated for 1917), 175,278. Bar-bados. Area, 166 square miles. Population (census of 1911), 171,982; (esti-

mated for 1917), 184,259. Government Grants in aid are made to the Churchof England, Wesleyans, Moravians, and Roman Catholics. Trinidad andTobago. Area, 1,868 square miles. Population (census of 191 1); 333,552;(estimated for 1917), 371,876. Of these, about one third are East Indians,

the remainder being of mixed negro and white descent.

LATIN AMERICA 27

cultured spirit repels the idea in virtue of its inherent contradic-

tions."

Any strength which Christianity possesses among the well informedseldom comes from a sense of personal allegiance through faith in

God and the saving Christ, but is, rather, based upon political ex-pediency, class interest and inherited religious sentiment. Thegreat mass of womankind, whose educational opportunities havebeen prescribed, are still loyal to the Church and Roman Catholicismremains the axis on which turns the elite social order in most of the

countries.

Indifference to Religion

Recent investigations, however, have been startling in their revela-

tion of the way the working classes are abandoning the Church anddrifting into extreme socialism and an antagonism to all forms ofreligion.

In Mexico the revolution has brought about a widespread propa-ganda in favor of anti-Christian socialism, the result of which is

seen in the new constitution, which contains the most drastic restric-

tions on religious activities ever written into a state document. InCuba, a recent book, which attacks Christianity, known as "LaReligion al Alcance de Todos" ("Religion in the Reach of All"), hasreached a circulation of 50,000 copies. It is said that agnosticism is

found even among field laborers. In Chile there are continued labordisturbances, and a growing opposition of the working classes to

the ruling classes and to the Church which many believe must endin a bloody revolution. In Argentina anarchists are very active

among the workmen. The Roman Church is so concerned about this

movement that their priests are addressing meetings of workmen onthe street corners. In Brazil there have been strikes and food riots

in almost all parts of the country. In a strike at Sao Paulo, onethousand rioters were killed.

Limited Evangelical WorkIf one visits only the capital and port cities of Latin America, he

will be impressed with the smallness of the evangelical work, butwhen he visits the smaller cities and towns he will be appalled at thelack of strength. In Mexico there are states with as many as a

French Possessions (Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Les Saintes, Desirade, St.Barthelemy, St. Martin'). Area, 688 square miles. Population, 1912, 212,430.Dutch Possessions (Curacao Bonaire, Aruba, St. Martin, St. Eustache,

Saba). Area, 403 square miles. Population, 1917, 57,381. Prevailing religion,Roman Catholicism. There are 50,117 Roman Catholics, 6,616 Protestants and613 Jews.Porto Rico. United States Possession. Area, 3,606 square miles. Popula-

tion (census of 1910), 1,118,012; (estimated for 1914), 1,184,489. Of these50,245 were negroes and 335,192 mulattoes, and 732,555 whites.Argentine Republic. Republic. Area, 1,153,119 square miles. Population

(census of 1914). 7,885,237; (estimated for 1917), 8,574,000. Chiefly Mestizos,but there are about 1,750,000 foreigners, the majority of whom are Italians andSpaniards. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic; there are about 55,000Protestants and 30,000 Jews. The Roman Catholic Church receives statesupport, but there is no state church, and all other creeds are tolerated.

28 LATIN AMERICA

million population where no foreign missionary works. There areonly two hundred ordained ministers, both foreign and native, topreach the gospel to fifteen million people—a parish for each of 75,000souls. Yet a representative of the Guggenheim interests said beforethe revolution that practically a million Mexicans, one out of fifteen

of the population, were dependent on that and allied corporations.To help Mexico teach the eighty per cent illiterate in her popula-tion, there are altogether one hundred and seventy-seven missionschools. American capital has invested a billion dollars in Mexico.We have invested for missionary purposes little more than a five

hundredth part of that amount. Panama is the center of one of themost backward parts of the globe.

_In two of the five republics of

Central America there is no organized Mission Board doing work.Our missions support four schools and one hospital in all of CentralAmerica. In little Panama, which owes its very existence to theUnited States, there is only one missionary preaching the simplegospel of Jesus to three hundred and fifty thousand Spanish-speak-ing Panamanians. There are eight ordained missionaries in theRepublic of Venezuela, trying to serve a population of nearly threemillion. To educate the eighty-five per cent of her population whocannot read and write, there are two little primary schools with asmall enrollment. In the whole history of this Republic only onebuilding has ever been erected for school purposes either by Churchor State, and that was a military academy. In Colombia, which is

larger than Germany, France, Spain and Italy, there are only twoordained Protestant ministers to every million of the population.

In Ecuador there is practically no established mission work, and noProtestant church building has ever been erected in that country.

In the northern half of Peru, a stretch of territory larger than ouroriginal thirteen states, there is not one evangelical missionary.There are ten provinces in this historic Republic, all larger thanHolland, where there is no evangelical work. In Bolivia the

Evangelical Church has only one hundred members. Great areas in

Chile and Argentina are still untouched by evangelical missionaries,

and only the fringes along the ocean and river fronts of Uruguayand Brazil are occupied. One missionary couple has recently beensent to Paraguay as the first step toward facing the great problemthat country presents. The greatest stretch of unevangelized terri-

tory in the world is in the center of South America, including the

interior of Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, andParaguay. An irregular figure two thousand miles long and from

Bolivia. Republic. Area, 514,155 square miles. Population (census of

1900), 1,744,568; (estimated for 1915), 2,889,970. Of these (census of 1900),920,864 are Indians, 231,088 Whites, 3,945 Negroes, 486,018 mixed. Prevailingreligion, Roman Catholic. The Roman Catholic is the recognized religion ofthe state, but the exercise of other forms of worship is permitted.

Brazil. Republic. Area, 3,290,564 square miles. Population (census of

1900), 17,371,069, (estimated for 1915), 26,542,402, of whom 8,000,000 areWhites, 8,000,000 mixed (Whites and Negroes), 4,000,000 Negroes and2,500,000 Indians. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. Absolute equality

exists between all creeds.

LATIN AMERICA 20

five 'hundred to fifteen hundred miles in width would only include

two or three missionaries. In Northern Brazil there are sevenstates, with populations ranging from that of Maine to that of NewJersey, with no foreign missionary.

Among the Indians

Large numbers of the native Indians and negro ex-slave descend-ants in given sections of Latin America are pagan, in some areas

without any contact whatever with Christianity, and in many others

with too little to affect appreciably either their religious conceptions,

their character or their low economic state. They constitute a field

of pure missionary endeavor as apostolically conceived, which nobody of Christians can ignore who accept responsibility for the

world's evangelization. There are 3,500,000 Indians on the plateaus

of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, including the former Inca Empire.Practically nothing is being done for them. Going down into the

valley of,the Amazon and through the lowlands of Bolivia and Para-guay, there are many other millions of Indians—no one knows howmany—who still live in their savage state, with no efforts madefor them except those of the splendid little band of missionaries ofthe South American Missionary Society.

There are some three million Indians living the tribal life in

Mexico and two million more in Central America. No Americanmissionary society is conducting any comprehensive work for anyof these tribes. It is one of the most imperative problems beforethe American Church.

Strategic Centers for Missionary WorkFor South America the following six centers are suggested for

strategic stations from which the work could spread: (1) CentralPeru; (2) Highlands of Bolivia; (3) Matto Grosso, interiorBragil; (4) on the Rio Negro, Brazil; (5) on the eastern slope ofthe Andes, Colombia

; (6) Upper Orinoco, in Venezuela.

Unprecedented Opportunity for Enlarging Our Christian Workin Latin America

The people of Latin America are doing more fundamental think-ing than ever before in their history. They have hitherto beenruled more by sentiment than reason. They have rested on theglorious past of the Latin race, have magnified the differences be-

British Guiana. British Colony. Area, 89,480 square miles. Population(census of 191 1, including an estimate of 13,000 aborigines in unfrequentedparts), 309,000; (estimated for Dec. 31, 1916), 313,859. Of these, about136,000 are East Indians, 120,000 Negroes, 11,600 Portuguese and 4,300 otherEuropeans. The Church of England and the Church of Scotland are estab-lished by law, and grants are made to the Roman Catholic Church and theWesleyan Church and several others.

Chile. Republic. Area, 289,829 square miles. Population (1917), 3,870,002.The majority of these are of European descent; (Whites, 1,500 000, Mestizos,2,100,000, Indians, 1,400,000). Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. TheChurch is maintained by the state, but all religions are respected and protected.

30 LATIN AMERICA

tween Latin Catholics and Anglo-Saxon Protestants, and haveminimized the great economic moral bases of American solidarity.

They had ceased to regard religion as a real factor in a modern life

as they were developing it. But this world war, with its rude shockto their economic progress and to many of their philosophic theories,

supposedly beyond attack, has compelled them to re-examine their

individual and national relationships and to restate their theories.

This spirit of inquiry impresses one profoundly as he talks withmen of every status from university professors to laboring men.One of the evidences of this openmindedness and interest in spir-

itual things is found in the magnificent welcome given to the NorthAmerican fleet when visiting Montevideo. The Dean of the literati

of Uruguay, Dr. Juan Zorilla de San Martin, said, in speaking to

the boys : "We love the United States as a great collectivity ; we loveyou as citizens of the United States, but we want you to understandthat we love you as individuals. We talk of our common mother

—

democracy; there is some one else still dearer to us—our commonFather." Then, leaving the interpreter, he repeated in a charmingbroken English the Lord's Prayer. It is worth while to note that

Dr. Zorilla is one of the leaders of the Catholic party in Uruguay.Such a man speaking such sentiments on the platform of the YoungMen's Christian Association is significant of a new day in SouthAmerica.

Growing Friendship with the United States

In the past Latin America has been ruled by Latin sentiment; herpeople have considered themselves apart from Anglo-Saxons andopposed to their philosophy of life. They have held it to be un-patriotic to adopt the religion or* any other features of North Ameri-can life. This attitude is surely, though slowly, undergoing a change.North America's sacrifice of her profits on munitions with herunselfish entrance into the World War as a crusade for Democracyhas given the Latins a real appreciation of her idealism and a desire

for her friendship. 'American Solidarity" has come to be the mostpopular phrase in Latin America. The establishment of NorthAmerican banks, steamship lines and many new commercial houseshas added much to these closer relations. Trade between the UnitedStates and Latin America has increased more than a billion dollars

in the last four years.

Latin American Students in Our Country

The great increase in the number of students from the Southcoming to this country is another indication of this growing friend-

Colombia. Republic. Area (estimated), 440,846 square miles. Population(census of 1912), 5,071,101, not including about 30,000 uncivilized Indians:(Whites, 700,000; Mestizos, 2,300,000; Indians, 800,000; Negroes, 1,600,000).Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. Other forms of worship are permitted.Dutch Guiana. Dutch Colony. Area, 46,060 square miles. Population

(191 7), 91,622, exclusive of Negroes and Indians living in the forests.

Prevailing religion Protestant. There is entire religious liberty. There werein 1916, 35,782 Protestants, 18,959 Roman Catholics, 881 Jews, 11,985 Moham-medans, 20,231 Hindus.

LATIN AMERICA 31

ship. At the Student Conferences in Northfield and Lake Genevathere were enthusiastic groups of these students earnestly seeking

to solve their spiritual problems. The Brazilian government has

recently sent to this country twenty-seven graduate students who are

to take -two year courses in agriculture, forestry, sanitation, andengineering, to return to their country with these North Americanmethods to help develop the marvelous physical resources of their

country. The missionary forces have impressed Brazil to such an

extent that missionary leaders in this country were requested to meetthe students and advise them concerning the institutions they should

attend and help them in other ways to get the most out of their stay

in this country.

Northern Leadership in Latin American Education

Many national leaders are turning to North American missionary

forces to direct either new institutions or old ones, which, while well

equipped, have failed because of lack of unselfish, devoted service

on the part of the directors. Often there is frank acknowledgmentthat they have not the altruistic prepared leadership which they

realize can be found only among North American Evangelical Chris-

tians.

The new day is well expressed by a word, just received from aleading missionary of South America, who has an open door in

practically every University of South America."With the present spiritual unrest that signifies a deep longing

for something morally and spiritually better and with the UnitedStates standing today beside France in the affections of the SouthAmerican peoples, one longs to see every North American agencythat can make a genuine contribution to the moral and spiritual

progress of South America give itself wholeheartedly to this oppor-tunity for Christian effort in South America. No such time hasexisted since the days following the gaining of their political

independence."

Once the Most Neglected of Fields

Five years ago Latin America was one of the most neglected andleast known of all fields. There had never been held a conferencewhere all the forces came together to consider common problems.There was not a union school, union paper or union administrative

French Guiana. French Colony. Area, about 32,000 square miles. Popula-tion (191 1), 49,009. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholic.

Paraguay. Republic. Area (estimated), 65,000 square miles. Population(estimated for 1917), 1,050,000. Of these, the larger portion is of Indianblood. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. This is the state church,but the exercise of all other forms of religion is permitted.

Peru. Republic. Area, 722,461 square miles. Population (census of 1876),2,660,881. (This is the last official census return. An estimate for 1896places the population at 4,620,201, and for 1908 at 4,500,000, but these figuresare not trustworthy.) There are about 700,000 Whites, 800,000 Mestizos,3,000,000 Indians. Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. This is the statereligion, but full religious liberty is permitted.

32 LATIN AMERICA

committee in all Latin America. With the exception of Porto Rico,there was no definite delimitation of territory. There was noco-operative committee of the Boards to consider its needs. Thehome Church was ignorant of and indifferent to its claims. Northand Latin America had few commercial relations and political rela-

tions were very unsatisfactory. Little intercourse was had betweenintellectual leaders of the two Americas. Few visitors from either

people were found among the other.

The Committee on Cooperation in Latin America

Today all is different. The Committee on Cooperation in LatinAmerica, appointed by the thirty mission boards doing work in thoselands, held the Panama Congress at which there were representativesfrom more than fifty different organizations interested in the spir-

itual life of Latin America. Seven Regional Conferences in theimportant centers of Latin America immediately following Panamaaided in outlining a comprehensive program for the whole field.

Combined Christian forces found in these twenty nations a peopleunited by a similar language, history, government, social structureand ideals, making possible a joint program for this continent and ahalf. This program, which in its comprehensiveness and practica-

bility is astounding to those who have not followed it -step by step,

has been developed by the Committee on Cooperation in LatinAmerica.

Accomplishments in Cooperation

The outstanding accomplishments for cooperation during the yearof 1919 have been

:

1. The consummation of the proposals of the Cincinnati Confer-ence concerning Mexico and the development of a most inclusive

cooperative program for Mexico, outlined in detail under the head-ing, Mexico.

2. The Surveying of the virgin mission fields of Hayti and SantoDomingo and the development of a union plan for occupying that

field.

3. The beginning of a monthly review, "La Nueva Democracia,"which will circulate in all parts of Latin America.

4. Cooperation with the Interchurch World Movement, makingthe surveys in Latin America for them, and drawing up for them a

five year program, budgeted in terms of men and money for eachLatin American country.

5. Arranging for a Regional Conference in Central America forthe spring of 1920.

6. Employment of a Secretary of Literature for Brazil, a Secre-tary for Education in Mexico and a Secretary for the Committee onCooperation in Mexico.

Uruguay. Republic. Areas, 72,153 square miles. Population (estimated1917). 1.378,808, chiefly Mestizos and Whites, with about 100,000 Indians.Prevailing religion, Roman Catholicism. There is no state religion, and com-plete toleration exists.

CHINA 33

7. Publication of a directory of missionaries, mission schools and

periodicals in Latin America.8. Preparation in Spanish of the first General Commentary on

the Sunday School Lessons for the ensuing year.

9. Beginning the publication of Temperance literature in Spanish,

which will become an increasingly important function of the Com-mittee on Cooperation.

10. The beginning of the Union Evangelical Seminaries in Porto

Rico and Brazil.

11. The opening of the Union Book Depository in Santiago, Chile.

Venezuela. Republic. Area, about 398,594 square miles. Population (offi-

cial estimates for 1917), 2,827,762,* of which 2,000,000 are Mestizos andWhites, 550,000 Indians, 200,000 Negroes and mixed. Prevailing religion,

Roman Catholicism. This is the state religion but toleration for all others

exists.

* Very much questioned—most say that 2,250,000 is nearer the truth.

CHINARev. Lewis Hodous, D.D.

Political Situation

The outstanding event of the year was the awakening of public

opinion against the regime of the military governors, especially their

subservience to Japan. These military governors or tuchuns, as they

are called, are quite independent of the central authority. In the

northern part of China they have formed a coalition and are back-ing up the Parliament and government in Peking. In the souththey have a loose organization with its center at Canton. Duringthe early part of 1918 these two governments were at war with eachother. Japan was supplying money to both sides and was not deal-

ing with them as governments, but with specially selected individuals.

After the signing of the armistice in Europe Japanese loans for warpurposes ceased and the tuchuns appointed an internal peace con-ference which met in Shanghai. This worried along, hampered bythe military governors, and finally the members resigned. Thereare now plans to resume the peace conference. There is no doubtthat this will be done and peace made in the near future.

China and the Peace Conference

The meeting of the Peace Conference in Paris aroused high hopesin China. The delegates representing China were strong men andon the whole did their work well. When it became evident that

China. Republic. Area (including Mongolia and Tibet), 3,913,560 squaremiles. Population (Mr. Rockhill's estimate), 329,617,750. The prevailingreligions are Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. "Probably all Chinese (notMohammedans or Christians) profess and practice all three religions." Thereis no state religion, but Confucianism is the basis of the ethical teaching in thegovernment schools. There are between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 Mohamme-dans (Mr. Marshall Bromhall's estimate), 1,956,205 Roman Catholics, 654,658Protestants and 5,500 Russian Orthodox Catholics. In the south of China area considerable number of aboriginal tribes who are Animists.

34 CHINA

German interests in Shantung were to be transferred to Japan themerchants and students of China and Chinese all over the world senturgent telegrams to Paris advising the delegates not to sign thetreaty without reservations on Shantung. The delegates finding it

impossible to make reservations or obtain any written agreementfrom Japan as to the return of Kiaochau refused to sign thetreaty.

When the failure of China at Paris became known the studentsand merchants organized a nation-wide strike, and inaugurated aboycott of Japanese goods. They compelled the three men mostresponsible for putting China under the power of Japan to resign.

The strike was so effective that the military governors were com-pelled to sit up and take notice because this national spirit was pene-trating their retainers so that Japanese borrowed money could nolonger hold them. The boycott has been successful. Those whoknow the situation intimately state that Japanese trade was cutfifty to seventy per cent. The serious part is not the stoppage oftrade, but the earnest efforts to produce goods in China formerlyimported from Japan.

Awakening of the National Spirit

The most pressing problem before the government of China is

the disbandment of the soldiers and the dispossession of the military

governors from their position of power in various sections of thecountry. More than fifty per cent of the revenues of the country,are being used for military purposes. Last year the deficit was twohundred million dollars.

On all sides the awakening of the national spirit is regarded as amost hopeful factor in the whole situation. The movement wasnation-wide, orderly, well organized and very efficient. If rightly

used it will result ultimately in the relegating of the military gov-ernors to their proper place and establishing the power of the civil

population.

The International Consortium

The formation of the International Consortium to finance Chinais a sign of progress. It is hoped that the operation of this bodywill tend to obliterate the spheres of influence, bring about the inter-

nationalization of China's railways and put the country on a soundfinancial basis.

Industrial Progress

Industry is progressing. Chinese raise now two and a half

million bales of cotton. They have in operation over a million

and a half spindles and five thousand power looms besides tens ofthousands of hand looms in the villages. The government dockyardat Shanghai is building four ten thousand ton boats for the UnitedStates. The silk industry is being revived and efforts are being

made to resuscitate the tea trade.

CHINA 35

Foreign Trade

The foreign trade of China reached its highest record in 1918,

amounting to $1,241,645,003 in U. S. currency. This record was at-

tained in spite of internal disorganization and the high silver ex-

change. The U. S. dollar has dropped to $.86 Mex. A fewyears ago it exchanged for $2.50 Mex. Of this trade more than two-fifths was with Japan. The United States holds second place with

12.96 per cent to its credit.

Education

The statistics of government education for 1915-1916, the latest

available, reveal some advance in education. In this year there

were 4,294,251 students in schools of all grades as compared with

2,933,387 in 1912-1913. Not only in numbers, but in scope and effi-

ciency some progress has been made. Vocational and physical edu-cation has been promoted. Popular education has been extended bymeans of libraries, lecture halls and public reading rooms. Teachertraining has been emphasized. The Boy Scout movement is taking

root in the schools. The use of Phonetic Script is spreading. NearPeking over 100,000 have learned to use the new Script. Just re-

cently the governor of Shansi ordered two million and a half

primers for teaching this Script. The frequent educational missionsto foreign lands reveal the desire of the government for improve-ment. The ending of civil war and retrenchment of military ex-penditure should stimulate educational progress.

Opium Reform

In January the government purchased the remaining stocks ofopium from the Opium Combine for twenty-four million dollars

Mex. currency and consigned it to the flames. The InternationalAnti-opium Association was organized with branches in different

parts of the country. It has prevailed upon the Paris Peace Confer-ence to adopt the Hague opium convention.

Social Ferment

On all sides there are evidences of social ferment. The cities areimproving their roads and installing electric lighting plants. Overeighty cities are now lighted by electricity. They are adoptingmeasures which will gradually improve the sanitary conditions. Anew literary movement on the part of the younger men is attractingattention. It favors the use of the vernacular in literature. Themen of wealth are promoting education for boys and girls, establish-ing trade schools and enterprises for social amelioration. Thissocial awakening is bound to make itself felt in the political life ofthe nation.

Missionary Work—ExpansionThe missions have been looking toward the regions beyond.

During the war the missions from the neutral countries, Norway,

36 CHINA

Sweden, and Denmark have been increasing their staffs and enlarg-ing their work. Tibet is opening up to missionary activity. TheC. I. M. and the Foreign Christian Missionary Society have begunwork in this long closed country. The Tibetan Tract Society wasestablished and printed and circulated 50,000 tracts among Tibetans.The Presbyterians are opening work among the Tai races in Yunnan.The Christian and Missionary Alliance has been extending its workin French Indo-China. The Salvation Army has occupied severalcities in North China. Its paper, the War Cry, has reached acirculation of over six thousand copies all paid. The AmericanBoard has set off Shaowu, formerly a station of the Foochowmission in western Fukien, as a mission. The Methodist EpiscopalChurch is on the eve of a great forward movement in evangelisticand educational work. China is ready for the Interchurch WorldMovement. The Chinese merchants of Singapore recently promisedabout a million dollars for a college in response to the MethodistCentenary.

Mission Universities and Medical Schools

During the year two union Universities have completed their

organization. Peking University elected Rev. J. Leighton Stuart,

D.D., as its first president. The Fukien Christian University elected

Professor Edwin C. Jones, M.A., as its first president. The latter

institution also conferred the degree of B.A. on five graduatesunder its charter from the Regents of the University of the State

of New York. The Christian Educational Association has outlined

a large policy in teacher training and vocational education. Thesurvey of Christian education is progressing. The total number ofstudents in Christian schools reported for the year 1917 was 194,624.

The China Medical Board is completing the buildings of the MedicalSchool at Peking. The first class was admitted this fall. TheBoard is considering plans for a medical school at Shanghai. It is

supporting premedical departments in St. John's University at

Shanghai and in the Fukien Christian University.

Facing the Cities

The Protestant forces in the large cities have been getting togetherand facing the problems of the city as a unit. At Nanking theyhave formed a Provisional Church Council uniting the work ofeleven different missions. They plan a headquarters, a survey of the

city, a definite evangelistic program and the organization ofChinese laymen for civic reform. Similar cooperation is takingplace at Canton, Tientsin, Foochow, Hangchow, and other large

cities.

Church Union

The Lutheran churches have made progress toward organic union.

Several of the home Boards ha^ve assented to the proposed consti-

tution adopted by the General Conference, Kikungshan, in 1917. Thevarious committees on the field on organization, ritual, and the

CHINA 37

hymn book, will finish their work before 1920 and it is hoped that

the second General Lutheran Conference will be held then.

The preliminary work to establish a union Lutheran college in

central China has been completed and proposals have been made for

the founding of a Lutheran University at Hankow.The Lutheran paper published at Hankow which has been circu-

lating among the Lutheran constituency for the last five years hasbeen made into a weekly.

In South Fukien the Presbyterian Synod and the CongregationalProvincial Council have adopted a plan for the union of the twobodies. There is now in South Fukien, barring the Seventh-DayAdventists, one union church, indigenous, self-administering andpractically self-supporting.

The representatives of the Presbyterian churches, the churchesestablished by the London Missionary Society and the AmericanBoard met at Nanking in January and adopted a plan which will

eventuate in the organic union of these churches. A preliminarydoctrinal basis has been adopted. The Presbyterian Synods and the

Congregational churches all over China are giving their heartyapproval to the union. The union has also been approved by theUnited Brethren and the English Baptists. The spirit of union is

in the air and several denominations are carefully considering their

attitude toward the whole movement. The broad evangelical basis,

the local church autonomy and the possibility of local and nationalcooperation make the plan flexible and practical and commend it to

many denominations who are realizing the need of a united witnessfor Christ in China.

The Survey of the Continuation Committee

The survey of Christian work by this committee has made sub-stantial progress and plans are being made for a conference ofleaders in 1920 to consider the findings of this survey.The Christian Literature Council has been organized and is making

plans for the promotion of the production and distribution ofChristian literature in China.The Committee on Work among Moslems of China has appointed

Rev. C. L. Ogilvie as secretary. The Committee has published abook of Moslem terms and the Gospel of Matthew and a Primerprepared by Dr. Zwemer.

Social Application of the Gospel

The emphasis on the social application of the gospel is growing.The churches are realizing that they must do something toward thetransformation of the environment in which they live. At the sametime there is a deepening conviction that it is not sufficient to changethe mechanism of society. The ideals, values, the motives must beenlarged and the spiritual life of the individual and society must berecreated by the living gospel of Christ.

38 CHOSEN

Missions Building

The site of the Missions Building at Shanghai has been purchasedand plans are being drawn for the building. This building will serveas headquarters for the Christian agencies serving all China center-ing at Shanghai. It will promote cooperation in the evangelizationof China.

Union Version of the Bible

The year has been marked by the publication of the union versionof the Bible in Mandarin and one in Wenli, the classical language,authorized by the General Missionary Conference of 1890. Dr.Chauncey Goodrich has the honor of seeing the completed workbegun twenty-nine years ago. The versions have the approval ofChinese scholars for their fidelity to the original and felicity ofstyle. A concordance based on the new versions is being published.

The Yunnan Mission

The company of men and women sent by the Chinese churches to

Yunnan reached the province and was received enthusiastically bythe Christians, the missionaries and the officials. They are investi-

gating conditions with a view to starting home missionary worksupported by the churches of China. The "Gospel Bell," anoccasional bulletin in English and Chinese, is keeping the movementbefore the public.

The Outlook

The religious situation is full of promise. The leading membersof the middle class are turning toward Christianity and are finding

it a source of strength for their emerging personality and a broadfoundation for the new social life. The incoming of this class is

revolutionizing missionary work. There is a growing national

consciousness. There is a deepening sense on the part of the churchleaders that the church has a mission to serve the nation and bear a

united witness for Christ.

CHOSENRev. William E. Lampe, Ph.D.

A Year of Disturbance

All Christian missionary work in Chosen during 1919 was pro-foundly affected by political disturbances. Reports and letters

written before the first of March had little reference to the condi-tions which came to a head that day. It would seem that the nativeChristians, wishing to not involve the foreign missionaries, wentahead with their plans without confiding in the missionaries. The

Chosen. An integral part of the Japanese Empire. Area (estimated).84,000 square miles. Population (census of 1915), 16,278,389. Of these,about 12,000,000 are Confucianists and Ancestor-worshippers, 3,000,000 areBuddhists, and 800,000 Animists (estimated only). There were (1917),219,000 Protestants and 87,000 Roman Catholics.

CHOSEN 39

storm broke on the first of March and for the next six weeks terror

reigned.

Causes of the Uprising

Following a series of preliminary steps, as a result of which herhold was more and more strengthened, Japan practically annexedChosen in August, 1910. There is no question that the land has beenbenefited and all of the people have been greatly helped underJapanese rule. There is hardly one item that enters into the physical

welfare of the people in which there has not been very commendableprogress. The Koreans claim, however, not without some degreeof right, that moral conditions have greatly deteriorated since the

advent of the Japanese. There is no denying that Japan has beenalmost ruthless in her treatment of the people of Chosen. Possiblyit has been necessary to rule with a firm hand. Japan's military

system, as it worked itself out in Chosen, brought suffering andwretchedness to the people, and called forth expressions of indigna-

tion from the whole civilized world. There is no space in this brief

review to give a bill of particulars, but the facts are on record andadmitted even by fair-minded Japanese.

Manifesto of Independence

A proclamation of independence in behalf of the people of Chosenwas signed and issued on March 1, 1919, by thirty-three persons,fifteen of whom were members of the native cult Chundo Kyo,

—

the Heavenly Way Association,—fifteen Christians and three Bud-dhists. The movement had been so secretly organized that even thesecret police of the government did not know what was going to

happen. In a very few days it spread to all parts of the land andpolice, gendarmes and soldiers were called out to disperse the crowdsand arrest the leaders. During the first few days no very roughmethods were used, but gradually more and more brutal methodswere employed. Official records show that at least five hundredKoreans were killed and several thousand wounded, and it is likely

that the number was very much larger. Scores of churches wereburned and more than half of all of the Korean pastors were throwninto prison. The Church is strongest along the Manchurian borderprovinces, and there are some thousands of Korean Christians living

across the border in Manchuria. Very many of the churches ofthese latter were also destroyed.

Intent of the Japanese

It is only natural that the Japanese should look upon the ChristianChurch in Korea with somewhat of suspicion and even with fear. TheChristians have been leaders among the people. The growing powerof any organization would attract the most careful scrutiny of thegovernment. The native Church took no part in the movement forindependence, but the pastors and many of the Christians did soas individuals. Eight years ago at the time of the "conspiracy" case,

40 CHOSEN

when native Christians were tortured and imprisoned, the Japaneseseemed bent upon total extermination of the Christian Church. Thedevelopments of the last few years and the treatment of the Chris-tians in these last few months indicate that the Japanese fear thegrowth of the Christian Church in Chosen and would be very gladto uproot it altogether.

Result and Present Status

The "revolution" has been conducted without resorting to the useof arms, the method being that of passive resistance. The onlything accomplished has been in whatever impression may have beenmade upon the Japanese and the outside world.The Japanese Government was subjected to great pressure from

the people of Japan and other nations. Christians in America joinedin the protests against Japanese rule in Chosen. In August AdmiralM. Saito succeeded General Hasegawa as the Resident General. Mr.Saito was appointed to conduct a civil and not a military administra-tion. Control of the soldiers and all authority for using them wastaken from him. He has begun his administration in a very com-mendable manner. He has received callers in civilian dress andgives assurance that he intends to help the people of Chosen in everypossible way.

Effect on Missionary WorkChristian work has gone on despite the interruption. Of course

it has not been possible to hold the regular services of worship, norto conduct schools in the same way as before. Native pastors havebeen away from their flocks. Yet with it all the Christians havemanifested a wonderful spirit in their suffering and in their martyr-dom. They have shown themselves worthy of their Master. Theyare more highly respected than ever before and many now look uponChristianity as their only hope, if not in this world at least in the

world that is to come.Bible Study

The people of Korea have been devoted students of the Bible,

but there is now a greater desire than ever before to hear and studythe Word of God. They travel long distances to attend a BibleInstitute and after spending several days together in study andprayer go away strengthened and more determined than ever to

lead others to Christ.

Sunday-school work too is progressing. At first the Sunday-schoolwas for the adult Christians and their children. Now the so-called

"ragged Sunday-schools" are being organized and a much larger

number of children is being reached.

Self-support and Expansion

The church in Chosen was begun on the principle of self-support.

These native Christians out of their poverty have supported the workto a degree that is almost incredible. They are carrying on home

FRENCH INDO-CHINO 41

missionary work on a large scale and have sent out several foreign

missionaries.Christian Work among the Japanese

The dearth of workers has left without pastors nearly one-third

of the churches and preaching places where work is carried onamong the Japanese. In spite of this fact there has been steady

growth, several new stations have been opened and additional work-ers, Japanese and Americans, have been assigned to the work amongthe Japanese in Chosen.

FRENCH INDO-CHINARev. Lewis Hodous, D.D.

French Indo-China is one of the largest single countries as yetpractically untouched by Protestant missions. The country is

divided into protectorates and possessions. The protectorates con-sist of the vassal kingdoms of Annam, Cambodia, Tong-King andLaos. They are governed technically by the treaties made withFrance and according to these treaties only the Roman Catholicshave freedom to promulgate their religion. The possessions consist

of the cities of Hamoi, Haiphong, Tourane and the colony ofCochin-China. The colony is represented in Parliament by onedeputy. These are governed by the laws of Paris which allow theProtestants to preach their religion.

Occupation

The Christian and Missionary Alliance has three main stations:Tourane, in Annam, opened seven years ago ; Hanoi, the capital ofTong-King, opened three years ago ; Saigon, in Cochin-China, openedin 1918. There are two out-stations, Haiphong, the sea-port ofHanoi, and Haichow, a village near Tourane. The Mission ownsproperty at Tourane. Last year property was purchased in Hanoiand the first building erected. This gives a sense of security andpermanency to the work.At present this society has ten missionaries with three more under

appointment to go forth this fall. The Rev. R. A. Jafrray, of Wuchowin the province of Kwangsi, is acting Superintendent, making two orthree trips a year. The membership at present numbers ninety.

Most of these belong to the oldest church at Tourane, which hasrecently become self-supporting.

In Laos, which has become a part of French Indo-China, there are

French Indo-China (not including Kivang-Chau-Wan). Consists of onecolony and four protectorates; total area, about 256,000 square miles, popula-tion (1914), 16,722,229. French Cochin-China, a direct French colony, area,20,000 square miles and a total population of 3,050,785, among whom are someChinese, Indians, and Malays. Annam, protectorate, area, about 52,100 squaremiles, population, 5,200,000. Cambodia, protectorate, area, 45,000 square miles,population, 1,634,252. Tonking, protectorate, area, 46,400 square miles, popu-lation, 6,119,720. The Laos Territory, protectorate, area, 98,000 square miles,population, 640,887.

42 INDIA

three workers of the Swiss Plymouth Brethren. They have twostations and about thirty-nine members.

Bible Translation

The British and Foreign Bible Society has helped in the publishingand the distribution of Scriptures. The four Gospels, the Acts andthe Epistle to the Romans in Annamese are now ready. ThePlymouth Brethren have completed the translation of the New Testa-ment into the language of the Laos.

Outlook

_The missionaries on the field are hoping that necessary permis-

sion from Paris or from local officials will be obtained to enter theother parts of the country from which they are now restricted. Inview of this hope the missionaries of the Christian and MissionaryAlliance are asking for six new missionaries a year so that at least

three new stations may be opened each year.

INDIAProf. John Clark Archer, M.A., B.D.

No year as significant as this has ever come round in the Indiancalendar. This brief record of it is arranged under conventionalheadings in an order suggestive of their relative importance in themind of India, and indicative of the extent of the movementsenumerated.

The Reform Bill

The British promise of August 20, 1917, issued ultimately in acomprehensive scheme of reform which came before Parliament last

June as the Indian Reform Bill, passed two readings, and now rests

in the hands of a Joint-Committee. With the formulation of this

definite scheme and its consideration by Parliament has come oppor-tunity for comment and interpretation. The ends in view areself-government for India within the Empire and the union of Indiainto one political whole as a nation. These ends are not so much in

dispute as are the means of securing them. Leading Indians insist

that the experiment should have to do not only with the Provincesbut with the Indian Government itself. They desire for themselvesand the people, so they say, participation at the very top as an in-

India. British provinces and native states more or less under British con-trol, five French colonies and Portuguese India. Area (including French India,

196 square miles, and Portuguese India, 1,638 square miles, but not includingAden), 1,804,463 square miles. Population, 315,973,667, including FrenchIndia, with 268,499, Portuguese India, with 548,772, and the colonies andnative states with 315,156,396 (census of 1911). Of these, 217,586,892 wereHindus, 3,014,466 Sikhs, 1,248,182 Jains, 10,721,453 Buddhists, 100,096Parsis, 66,647,299 Mohammedans, 20,980 Jews, 10,295,168 Animists and3,876,203 Christians (1,490,863 Roman Catholics, 1,625,018 Protestants, and732,368 members of various Eastern churches).

INDIA 43

centive to ambition along the way. The Bill and the Report onwhich it is based have furnished much political capital in both

England and India. In India definite political parties are assumingform. Nationalists criticise the Report as defective—because it doesnot measure up to the extreme demands of the India NationalCongress and the All-India Moslem League, in both of which bodies

social and personal enmities, ethnocentrism, and anti-British senti-

ment are very conspicuous. The Moderates in general favor the

Report but are fearful of the acquisition of power by the Extremists,

in whose hands, they believe, reform might be a new form of

tyranny. The Liberals support the scheme. They met in their

first All-India Conference last October and declared themselves in

favor of it and of communal representation, thus speaking out, in

the latter case particularly, on a really grave issue.

The communal method—by caste or sect rather than by territorial

arrangement—would provide representation for the DepressedClasses and non-Brahmins, and for the Christian community. TheCouncil of the All-India Christian Conference submitted last Novem-ber to the India Government a request for communal representation

as necessary, at least pro tempore, Christian representatives to bedesignated either by election or by nomination. With reference to

all classes, it is not always easy to define "communities," or to sayhow many shall be represented.

Special committees of Parliament have reported on various aspects

of the Reform Bill. One, in favor of a relaxation of Home controlover the India Government, the India Council to be purely advisory,and the Secretary of State for India to be relieved of finance by aHigh Commissioner. Another, that women may not vote. Anotherhas inquired into the administration and organization of the IndianArmy. Although the Bill leaves many things to be desired, its

passage will mark tremendous advance in the reform of a "woodeninelastic, and antediluvian Government." Various associations,

parties, and interests seek modifications and additions, but in general,in so far as India is articulate, she speaks in favor of the Schemeand looks with hopeful expectancy for better days as a self-govern-ing nation of the British Empire.*

Unrest throughout the Country

This year has seen more than "silent revolution" : disturbances andoutbreaks have not been infrequent, particularly in the Panjab. LastMarch a conservative Englishman, well-acquainted with India andwell-disposed toward her, wrote, "It can scarcely be doubted, how-ever sadly we deplore the fact, that relations between Indians andEuropeans are at the moment less happy than they have ever been."

* The Bill has become law as this article goes to press. The center of thescheme is a diarchy of a nominated executive council and ministers chosen froman elected legislative body. Communal representation is provided for; andthe matter of woman suffrage is left with the Provincial governments.

44 INDIA

The Government of India had to meet political danger on several

occasions by a rigorous application of the Defense of India Act.These 'least happy relations," however, developed in connection withthe Rowlatt Act (the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act,passed in March as an extension of the purely war-time DefenseAct). All the Indian members of the Council opposed its passage,and as law it aroused immediate protest throughout the country.Opposition has seemed to be directed not so much at the theory ofthe Act as at the practice of it, at "the putting of such powers into

the hands of high-handed executives and unscrupulous police."

Because of its passage the Education Member (a non-BrahminIndian) of Government resigned. Because of the "severity" of its

first application Rabindranath Tagore resigned his knighthood.Criticism has ranged all the way from merely "an extraordinaryemergency measure masking as judicial procedure" to "unworthy ofa civilized government." At the instigation of Mr. Gandhi andunder the auspices of his Satyagraha Sabha April 6th was observedas a day of fasting and prayer in silent disapproval of the ActThis movement remained in operation until July, More violent

protests issued in mobs of incendiary, robber, and murderouscharacter, the immediate occasion for which, it is claimed, was thePanjab Government's arrest and deportation of Mr. Gandhi who hadcome from Bombay in behalf of the Sabha. It is true the Act be-

came law at an unfortunate time when the Moslems were uneasyregarding the final treatment of Turkey and when the anti-Brahminmovement was under way in Madras. In Amritsar, for example,there was the looting of a bank and the murder of its two Englishofficials—crimes for which twenty men suffered capital punishment.Prompt measures were taken to suppress all disturbances, and out-

ward quiet was speedily restored. To meet the charges of "severity"

the Home offices have promised to investigate the occurrences. Inpassing it may be noted that Mrs. Besant approves of the RowlattAct. And Har Dyal, once the center of anti-British propaganda in

America, now professes to find in British government due considera-tion for India's welfare.

After all is said, however, it appears that India looks on Englandmore than ever as an alien administration. "Dominance," even "forIndia's good." is called undemocratic. There is, nevertheless, wide-spread satisfaction in India over the recent preservation of herintegrity, and at the immediate prospect of opportunity and incentive

toward self-realization.

When the government of India was transferred from the Companyto the Crown, it was declared that "administration was to be ac-

companied by Ministerial responsibility" to "Parliament, to public

opinion, and to the Crown." The India Bill now declares that

responsibility shall be concerned not only with the Indian peoplesalso, but actually devolve upon them. In this connection it is ofinterest to know that India's two representatives on the ImperialWar Council sat also about the Peace Table, the Maharaja of Bika-nir for the Princes, and Sir S. P. Sinha for the Government of

INDIA 45

India. Since last January, the latter has been Under-Secretary of

State for India in the new Lloyd George cabinet—

"the most encour-aging political happening in the history of British rule in India for

many a long year."Economic Distress

India needs not only constitutional reform but contentment andprosperity, in the words of Lord Sinha. India, that is, the ryot, is

very poor. Economic pressure is keen and universal; and manywould trace recent political outbreaks to it. "Anna-paisa" (coins)

conversation still holds its place of common currency in the bazaar.

Only extraordinary circumstances have forced political issues into a

place of primacy.It has been a hard year, distressful beyond words. One mission-

ary says that "in forty-five years of service he has never known a

time of so painful economic distress." Last July in all India there

were a million and a quarter persons on relief works or receiving

free assistance. In Bombay alone there were 64,000 homeless. Theprice of grains trebled and quadrupled. Seven dollars bought onlyeighty pounds of rice in Bengal. Salt, kerosene, and cloth rose to

such heights that a policy of State control had to be resorted to

under "Defense of India Rules." Exportation of grain, insufficient

rains, influenza, and some speculation were added to war as funda-mental causes of the economic extremity. The Government esti-

mates great shortage of crops this year, due to decreased acreagecultivated, and decreased yield. For example, this year comparedwith 1917-18 stands about as follows: Sesamum: 19 per cent less

acreage cultivated, 43 per cent less yield; cotton: decrease of 19per cent and 8 per cent respectively; sugar cane: slight increase in

acreage, but 29 per cent decrease in raw crop ; wheat : same acreage,but prospect of very short yield; rice: 5 per cent and 34 per centdecrease.

Industrial Progress

A new industrial era is on for India. Having been made moreself-dependent by the war, she is competing for Asiatic and worldtrade, now that the war is over. Industrial chemistry departmentsare being opened in leading colleges, e. g, Forman Christian College,Lahore. More attention is being given the working classes. LastNovember, in Bombay, a Workman's Institute was begun. It ac-complished much in the organization of cooperative credit societies

in the mills, the opening of night schools and reading rooms, themanagement of sports, and the provision of medical relief. Duringthe year beginnings were made in the organization of labor ; and thefirst labor-union strikes occurred, e. g., in Bombay, Madras, andAhmedabad.An Anglo-American Missionary Commission is studying this year

methods of work among villagers. The India Y. M. C. A. is givingadded attention to rural work, the organizing of cooperative creditsocieties, etc. The issue of paper rupee-notes continues, and thoughthey may be had now in books of twenty-five each for greater con-

46 INDIA

venience and safety, they are still objectionable to the peasant forthey will not ring, and are subject to destruction by water, fire, andmice.

Influenza and Famine

Plague losses were only about 85,700 as compared with recentaverages of half a million deaths yearly. Influenza, however, morethan made up the figure. Relief was not at all comparable with theneed caused by famine and disease. The Famine Relief Committeeof the National Missionary Association distributed Rs 200,000. Vari-ous home boards and agencies contributed when possible. TheAmerican Red Cross was appealed to, but could not offer assistance.

Aside from the general situation, "thousands of faithful pastors,

preachers, and teachers, with their interesting families had hardlyhalf enough to eat." For reasons somewhat connected with the hardtimes certain of the Kunbi groups of Kathiawad resorted to the sale

of their daughters. During last hot season ten thousand girls weremarried to the highest bidders, at about $325 per head. Thesecultivators thus found means to buy grain and implements, to paytaxes, and—doubtless a considerable and symptomatic motive—to

live above their humble peasant station.

A decrease in vital resistance for 1918 is reported for Bombayby the Anti-Tuberculosis Association, being due to overcrowding andinsanitation, the high cost of rents and food, and to intemperance.By way of correction for all India, the Government made its first

grant in May toward a public health fund, and promises more ade-quate legislation.

The Temperance Movement

The drink evil has been further curbed. The Government of Indiahas raised the duties on liquor and closed certain liquor shops. TheIndian rulers of Bhopal, Hyderabad, Mysore, and Bhavnagar issued,

during the year, pronouncements favoring prohibition. The last-

named ruler actually abolished a majority of the shops in his domainas a step toward total prohibition—progressive action which makeshis recent death seem so untimely.

The Caste System

The spirit of swift and radical change which exists in India re-

garding administration is seen also, although in less emphatic form,in matters of social import. For example, there is strenuousadvocacy of wholesale inter-caste marriage and the break-up of thejoint-family system. Indians are beginning to realize that village-

loyalty and caste- (or sect-) loyalty may harmonize only in onesupreme loyalty to the nation as a whole, to humanity, in fact.

There is hope that democratic government will aid in the achieve-ment of democratic customs, and that caste and karma may notprove insuperable barriers.

In South India caste-feeling grew very intense during the year.

Non-Brahmin effort toward communal representation has led to

INDIA 47

anti-Brahmin demonstrations. The effort is far more than political

;

it was likely forced into being by Brahmin inertia and opposition to

social reform. It has its organ in the new Madras "Justice," butis certainly wrong in its conception of all non-Brahmins as forminga "community"; and it is too pronouncedly a Dravidian movement.Its leader, Dr. T. M. Nair, recently died suddenly in London, whitherhe had gone to espouse the cause.

On the other hand, new signs of inter-group fraternity have ap-peared. Sir Sankaram Nair is a leader of both Brahmins and non-Brahmins alike in South India. Two Indian Christians have beenelected to the Madras legislature by Hindu majorities. Caste is heldin little esteem by the Bombay Hindu Missionary Society. A BengalVaishnavite movement has started in the interest of inter-dining andinter-marriage among castes. At the twenty-fifth anniversarydinner of the Madras Hindu Social Reform Association Brahminsand non-Brahmins ate together. The League of Liberal Brahminsreadmits to Hinduism converts to non-Hindu faiths, and gives aid

to "untouchables." At Jamalpur a Moslem presided at a Hindu re-

ligious gathering and laid the foundation stone of their new temple.

A Hindu spoke for the first time from the pulpit of the great FridayMosque in Delhi, and Moslems have been permitted inside Hindutemples in Bombay, Patna, and elsewhere,—all this due, however,to the temporary fellow-feeling engendered by anti-British propa-ganda. On the ground that public school funds are for all, thegovernments of Travancore and Mysore admit Depressed Classes to

the state schools and do not isolate them in separate institutions.

The Patel Bill (now before the India Legislative Council) providesfor inter-caste marriages,—phenomena which have been actuallyoccurring in all parts of India.

The Bill is criticised for not touching child-marriage and polygamyand because it may lead to a multiplication of castes by the formationof new castes from the progeny of mixed marriages. Christian mis-sionaries and other progressives favor the Bill if it be made to insist

upon monogamy, civil marriage, and marriages between differentreligions as well as castes. Among conservative Hindus their ownmarriage-reform is reducing the cost and time of the ceremony,—

a

community gain, as well as religious concession.

Indian Prison Reform

An India Government Commission is now in America investigat-ing prison administration. Which leads us to note that the Govern-ment is renewing its social program which the war interrupted, andwhich includes not only the improvement of the penal system, butalso the reclamation of criminals, measures to deal with charitableand religious endowments, and the protection of the poor andignorant from usurers.

The Indian Syrian Church

The ancient Syrian Church of South India has awakened to newlife, "has harmonized its divided elements." Some 30,000 members

48 INDIA

met in convention, listened to Dr. Eddy and others, and enlisted by-

thousands for Christian service. Priests and Bishops have planned aprogram in the interest of the lower classes, whom they have solong ignored. During the convention a coolie outcaste was admittedto fellowship.

Mission Advance and Union; Deaths and Retirements

Protestant missions continue to baptize converts at the rate of10,000 a month, and that only a tenth of the available number.Evangelistic efforts of note have occurred during the year, somepurely denominational, some of more personal character, e. g., thoseof Tamil David, and of Sunder Singh, others cooperative. Amongthe last were: the Mission of Service, under the leadership of Dr.Eddy and a composite party, at various centers ; a series of meetingsfor both Christians and non-Christians at various points in Calcutta.

Other aspects of union effort appeared in the conference (Tran-quebar, May, 1919) between the South India United Church andthe Anglican Church which recommended "that the S. I. U. C.

choose men who should be ordained by Anglican bishops togetherwith ministers representing the United Church" ; in the union of theBasel Mission of Malabar with the S. I. U. C, and the Church ofthe Khassia and Lushai Hills with the Presbyterian Church; in thetransfer of the Hermannsburg Mission to be a "mission of the

Joint Synod (Lutheran) of Ohio in the U. S. A.," and the LeipsicMission to be the Swedish Diocesan Mission. In this last body aholding company was formed and a movement begun to organizea national Indian Church. The Chhota Nagpur Mission has becomeautonomous under a committee of the National Missionary Associa-tion. For the first time an Indian presided at the S. India WesleyanSynod. An Indian, Dr. S. K. Datta, has been elected Principal ofForman Christian College. Many Indian Christians—seven in oneparty, including a deacon of the Syrian Church—have come to

America for study.

The list of deaths includes: the distinguished Maratha poet andscholar, and a devoted Christian, Narayan Waman Tilak, Rev.Tukaram Nathoji, called "the most helpful Indian preacher ofWestern India," Bishop Lefray of Calcutta, Metropolitan of India, a

Christian statesman and friend of India (Dr. Foss Westcott has beenchosen in his stead). Commander Booth Tucker, acknowledgedspecialist in the India Government on work among the criminal

classes, has retired.

Non-Christian Religious MovementsIn non-Christian India, the Satyagraha Sabha (vide above) was a

Hindu religious movement, but for political ends and to promulgateswadeshi vows relating to trade. Its suspension* was preceded bythe withdrawal of many leading Indians from membership. Theywere not quite sure of its value as an instrument of protest, howevercordial they might have been toward Mr. Gandhi himself, in whom

* It was resumed in the fall.

INDIA 49

the masses also have great confidence. Hindus by the hundredthousand resorted to Allahabad on the occasion of the Kumbh Mela(a once-in-twelve-years' festival). The second All-India CowConference met in Calcutta, ostensibly in the interest of cow culture,

but a symptom as well of an extensive movement which is beingorganized secretly against cow-killing. It is a movement of the

Brahmins, who, unlike the Samurai of Japan, refuse to renounce anyright to special privilege. A chair of Comparative Religion hasbeen established in Calcutta University. An indication of the extent

of Hindu charities may be had from Bombay's record for the year

:

$8,500,000 spent on 759 objects, such as temples ($3,500,000), medicalrelief ($750,000), and education ($2,500,000). A new phase of re-

ligious sanction for social reform has appeared in the policy ofcertain Indians to reinterpret Karma to fit the newer needs. In the

words of one of them, "only when Indians as individuals and as a

nation realize the full significance of this great doctrine will India

be finally purged of all her social and other evils, of which the

chief is caste." This is interesting to the Christian not only as aneffort to root social reform within Hinduism, but to universalize

Hinduism.Educational

The loss of funds (by the Roman Catholics especially)

occasioned by the war resulted in serious impairment of educational

activity. For example, though not merely a question of funds, oneenemy mission in Madras had one college, four hundred and seventy-

seven schools and 31,000 pupils. A pronounced tendency has ap-peared in certain mission circles to decline grants-in-aid and thus

avoid state control, and to question the soundness of the policy ofcompulsory religious instruction for non-Christians in missionschools. Sunday School teacher-training received further emphasisby the holding of two training schools under the auspices of theIndia S. S. Union, each for a month's duration.

Another state Quinquennial Report on Education has appeared.Three and two-tenths per cent of the population is at school, andthree and eight-tenths years is the average length of school life.

Only one and three one-hundredths per cent of the female popula-tion of India is at school. Indian Christians rank no higherthan third in regard to the education of their girls. Among civilized

nations India is in the fourth class in secondary education, and tenth

in primary. Sanskrit and Arabic schools are in decline. A start-

ling increase is shown in university education, sixty-one per cent

more students than in the previous five-year period. There are sevenhundred and forty-two women students in the eight women'scolleges. Fifty-one India Educational Service men and one hundredand seventy-nine teachers went to war.

Education for WomenThere were thirty-eight graduates, including one woman, at the

first convocation of the Benares Hindu University. The India

50 JAPAN

Woman's University had its first convocation with one graduate.For the first time a blind student, prepared at a school for theblind, sat for entrance into a Provincial University (Calcutta).

Plans are laid for enlarging Queen Mary's College for Women,of Madras, into a Women^s University for Madras. Mysore heldits first ladies' conference, and considered among other things thehigher education of women. The Bombay Female Education Sub-Committee has offered six scholarships to women in Bombay institu-

tions. The Maharaj Kumar of Tikari bequeathed seven million

dollars to found schools in which girls from five to sixteen maystudy in residence according to modern methods. The last All-

India Mohammedan Educational Conference did not discuss theeducation of women. Its president was not able to note any advanceat all in Moslem literacy.

The India Government has not yet adopted free and compulsoryprimary education. An increase in the number of private schools is

significant of dissatisfaction with the official system of higher educa-tion. India's woful illiteracy and mass ignorance is a heavy weightupon her political aspirations, and her leaders are becoming zealousfor the education of the common people. It was primary educationespecially which suffered from the influenza, almost all of theBaroda schools, for example, were closed from two to six months.

India and the WarIt may be of interest to include within this arbitrary selection of

data some facts regarding India's war personnel. The total was1,457,000. There were 552,000 combatants and 391,000 non-com-batants over seas; and 433,000 combatants and 81,000 non-com-batants at home. The 106,594 casualties included 36,696 deaths.

Of the hundred and twenty-five Indian students in the United States,

some twenty were in the U. S. military service, a number as com-missioned officers.

Indirect results of the war are illustrated by events bringing Indiainto closer communication with the rest of the world. An air flight

of nearly 6,000 miles was made from Ipswich to Karachi in seventy-three hours. The plan is under way for a rail line to India acrossher northwest frontier.

JAPANRev. William E. Lampe, Ph.D.

Japan and the Close of the World-WarThe opening of the year 1919 found the Japanese bewildered

and confused. The Armistice had been signed and the Peace Con-ference was about to open. Japan, a non-Christian nation, was tosit at the peace table as one of the five great powers to adjust the

Japan. Limited Monarchy. Area, 148,756 square miles. Population (1916),56,860,735. There is no state religion and entire religious freedom prevails.Shintoism and Buddhism are the prevailing religions.

JAPAN 51

affairs of the nations in the new world. The position of Japan wasone of not only tremendous responsibility but also of stupendousdifficulties. No other one of the five nations was less preparedand ready to face the great issues. Was Japan willing to enter aLeague of Nations,—and who knew what form of league might beproposed? What would be expected of Japan as the dominatingpolitical force in the Orient? In how far would the principle of"self-determination" affect Japan? What would be the attitude ofthe other nations in the matter of Japan's relations to China, andpossibly even to Korea? Would the Peace Conference make adeclaration of race equality, and if not would the Japanese protest

and threaten to leave the Conference?

Relations with China

The relations between Japan and China have been strained formany years. At the end of the war China insisted that Japan with-draw from Shantung and surrender all territory, rights and priv-

ileges which Japan had taken or assumed after driving out theGermans in 1914. Japan's unwillingness to do this and the declina-

tion of the other Allies to compel her to do so, led China to refuseto sign the treaty of peace. The effect of this is far-reaching. Tosay the least it has embarrassed Japan. On her decision in this

matter may rest not only the future peace of the Orient, but also

her policy as to international brotherhood.

The Uprising in Chosen

Chosen has been, since 1910, a part of Japan. On March 1, 1919,a manifesto of independence was issued by the Koreans. Withina few weeks several thousand Koreans were killed and thousandsmore, including the majority of the Christian pastors, were throwninto prison. Scores of churches were burned. Representatives ofChosen made an appeal to the Peace Conference that was not recog-nized. It is to the credit of Christians in Japan that the Federationof Japanese Churches sent a deputation to Chosen to investigate andthat the Japanese Christians spoke in open condemnation of thewrongdoing of their countrymen and of their own government in

Chosen. The demand of the Christians reenforced the demand ofother high-minded Japanese for improvement in the administrationof Chosen, and was productive of immediate and good results.

Japan and America

There is no disguising the fact that there is bitter feeling towardAmerica on the part of a section of the Japanese people and thatthere is strong antipathy to the Japanese in certain influential circles

in the United States. There is no need to state the causes for this

feeling, but it is well to call attention to it, for it has an importantbearing upon missionary work. More than three-fourths of all themissionaries in Japan are from the United States. Missionaries arejust now being looked upon with somewhat of suspicion and distrust,

52 JAPAN

but let us hope that this is only temporary. The Japanese may notknow and some of them might be unwilling to admit the fact, but theChristian missionaries are Japan's best friends and are renderingher invaluable service in maintaining cordial relations between Japanand other nations.

World's Sunday School Association

The holding of the next World's Sunday School Convention in

Tokyo in October, 1920, affords a most excellent opportunity to the

Japanese and to the many Christian workers from other lands whowill go to Japan for the Convention, to demonstrate the spirit of aChristian world brotherhood. The Convention may prove of greathelp to all missionary work in the Orient.

Democracy

The victory of the Allies was quite generally regarded in Japanas the triumph of democracy. Although Japan has had a constitu-

tion and good government, the very limited suffrage (two and six-

tenths per cent of the population), the clan control, the ascendancyof the military party, the muzzling of the press and check upon free

speech, and the fear of Christians that they should be regarded aslacking in patriotism, have suppressed the people. They rejoice that

the end of militarism in Japan has come. "Democracy," withouttranslation, is a very popular word.Ex-Minister Ozaki, the most progressive leader in Japan, said

recently, "I wish that you, young men of Japan, as well as all

foreigners, would fairly understand the fact that Japan was origi-

nally a democratic nation. Japan has been practically Germanizedin the last few decades and all that has been spoken or done bythe militarists in this country, like Count Terauchi, ex-Premier, areas the Germans would have often spoken and done."

Interpreters of Democracy

Early in 1919 the Japanese Federation of Churches issued a strik-

ing Declaration in which the statement was made that the victory in

war was the victory of democracy, based upon international right-

eousness and justice, principles which Christianity has always up-held. The Declaration named five points as the fundamentals ofdemocracy which need special emphasis at this time.

Christian Education

Christian schools have made real progress during the past year.

The influence of the schools is increasing. Large gifts were madeby Japanese, many of them not Christians, for the promotion ofChristian Education.The new Woman's Christian College, a union institution in which

six Mission Boards are cooperating, has completed the first year ofits work and has met with a success which surpasses the expectations

JAPAN 53

of its founders. Nearly 150 students were enrolled. Over half of

the students are professing Christians. Almost all of the members of

the faculty are Christians and there is no one connected with the

teaching staff who is not friendly to the Christian ideals for whichthe institution stands.

Government Ordinances for Higher Education

The promulgation of the University and High School (KotoGakko) Ordinances in December, 1918, has a great bearing uponthe problems of Christian schools in Japan. The number of yearsof the courses of the several grades of schools has been changed.There have been thus far few schools above the Middle School gradeunder Christian auspices, but several High Schools (the equivalent

of smaller colleges in America) have been established. Henceforthsuch institutions must be well provided with general equipment anda qualified faculty and must also have an endowment of at least

yen 500,000 ($250,000) in the form of cash, national bonds or suchbonds as are approved by the Minister of Education.

The Church

There was not a large increase in baptisms or accessions to theChurch during 1919. One reason for this is that for several yearsthere has been unusually aggressive opposition toward Christianity.

Some at least of the causes of this opposition have already disap-

peared. The victory of the Allies greatly enhanced the prestige ofChristianity in the eyes of the Japanese.

Evangelistic work has been carried on vigorously. Mr. Kanamorihas conducted strenuous campaigns and many thousands of his

hearers enrolled as "deciders" for Christianity. There are manyindications that the time is ripe for a great harvest.The middle class, which has been the main support of the Church,

is being crushed by the high cost of living. Prices have gone up andunless salaries soon follow Christian work may suffer.

Social Service

Christian missionaries have been recently deeply impressed by thecall to social service. Japan has been an agricultural nation, but a

wave of industrialism has been sweeping over the land and hasbrought new and in some respects pitiable conditions. The numberof industrial workers increased nearly fifty per cent during the fouryears of the war. More than half of the employees in the privatefactories of Japan are women, and the majority of them are undertwenty years of age. Christians are now strongly agitating the mak-ing of Sunday a rest-day for laborers.

The Future

Japan must be speedily evangelized, for her own sake and that ofall Asia. Deputations have been in Japan in 1919 and surveys are

54 MALAYSIA

being made to determine the needs in men and money that Japanmay be evangelized.

The missionaries are calling loudly for reenforcements. TheJapanese Christians are emphatic in their appeals for more workersfrom America.There never was a time in missionary history when Japan was so

open to hear the message of Christianity.

MALAYSIARev. John R. Denyes, D.D.

The term, Malaysia, properly includes the Malay Peninsula and the

whole of the archipelago occupied by the Malay race. But for the

purposes of this report the name is restricted to the lower, orBritish, part of the Peninsula and the British part of Borneo. Theupper part of the Peninsula belongs with Siam and the remainingpart of the island world is covered by the report of the NetherlandsEast Indies.

Political and Social Matters

This part of the world did not figure much in the war telegrams,

yet it felt the effects of the war. As the country grows most of its

own food, there was little hardship during the first two years of thestruggle. But as this is the great tin and rubber producing part ofthe world, the commercial life of the country depends upon theshipping. By the beginning of 1918 the number of ships com-mandeered by the government made it impossible to dispose of thelarge stocks of tin and rubber, and prices, especially of rubber,dropped fifty per cent. Government work on buildings and railwayconstruction was stopped by the lack of material. Business waspretty much at a standstill. With the coming of the armistice andthe loosening of the regulations on shipping has come a rapid returnof prosperity. All this has its direct relation to mission work, formuch of the work in British Malaysia is self-supporting educationalwork, and progress depends somewhat upon commercial conditions.

Near the close of the year 1917 the government railway was com-pleted from Penang on the west side of the Peninsula to connectwith the railway system of Siam. This makes it possible to travel

British Malaysia. Including the Straits Settlements (British Crown Colony),the Federated Malay States (British Protectorate), and Non-Federated States(British Protectorates, except Johore, which is an independent Malay state withinthe British sphere of influence, accepting a British advisor). Area, 51,592square miles (approximate). Population, 2,659,525. Of these, 1,016,326 areMalays, 958,266 are Chinese, 274,984 natives of India, and 14,878 are Siamese.Mohammedanism and Buddhism are the prevailing religions.British North Borneo. Under the British North Borneo Company. Area,

about 31,106 square miles. Population (191 1 census), 208,825, including26,002 Chinese, 1,612 Malays, 5,511 East Indians, 5,700 Filipinos, and 170,000aborigines.

Brunei. British Protectorate. Area, about 4,000 square miles. Population(estimated), 30,000.Sarawak. British Protectorate. Area, about 42,000 square miles. Popula-

tion (estimated), 600,000.

MALAYSIA 55

by rail all the way from Singapore to Bangkok, Siam, a three dayjourney. The coming of this railway opens to settlement millions of

acres of extremely fertile land where now there are scarcely anypeople at all ; and also opens up great stretches of tin-bearing terri-

tory as yet scarcely explored. As this section of the Peninsulabecomes settled the trade will naturally flow down towards Penang,for the railway shortens the journey from Europe for passengersand freight by seven days or more.At the beginning of the war the fear of complications led to the

stopping of immigration and the repatriation of many thousands ofChinese and Indian laborers. But as the prospects of trouble de-

creased the bars were lifted and the stream has turned to its old

channel again. More than a hundred thousand Indians, mostlyTamils from south India, and a quarter of a million Chinese find

their way -to Malaysia every year.

Public MoralsIt is a matter of regret that the government of British Malaysia

has not yet seen its way clear to the prohibition of the opium traffic.

This is here a government monopoly. Out of a total revenue for theStraits Settlements of more than nineteen millions of Straits dollars,

three-fourths is derived from licenses and excise. Opium sales

realized nearly thirteen million dollars ; the revenue from liquors

nearly two and a half millions, and from tobacco over one million.

The Chinese business men in Malaysia make money easily, andthere is a strong tendency to copy not only the clothes and houses,but also the vices of the Europeans. The country is being floodedwith cheap, poisonous liquor made in China and drunkenness is onthe increase. There has been a marked increase in insanity as aresult of alcoholism. Also the Indian coolie has brought with himhis toddy-drinking habit, and the larger wages lead to excessivedrinking. The planters, doctors, and Churches continue to protest,

but toddy-drinking is on the increase.

The Mission ProblemThe mission problem here is three-fold: that of reaching the

aborigines, the Mohammedan Malays, and the immigrants fromIndia and China.The Anglican mission in Sarawak, Borneo, is doing evangelistic

work among the Dyak head-hunters. They occupy four or five ofthe principal valleys of Sarawak, and some three thousand of theDyaks have been won to Christianity. Through its industrial colonyin Sarawak the Methodists have also come into contact with theDyaks and are making a beginning of work among them. TheAnglicans have had some little success also among the tribes ofBritish North Borneo.For the million and a half of the Mohammedan Malays of the

Straits Settlements and the Native Malay States practically noreligious work is being done. The Anglicans have a small hospitalfor women at Malacca, and the Methodists have two small day

56 NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

schools for Malay girls in Singapore. There is freedom to workamong the Moslems in the Straits Settlements, but there would beopposition in the Native States, where the government is nominallyunder Mohammedan Sultans.

The work among the immigrants from India and China is largely

that of evangelism through education. The reason is that thedemand for English education is so great that it is possible to con-duct large educational work on a self-supporting basis. Thepolicy which lies behind is that of providing Christian leadership forthe multitudes which will shortly occupy this fertile land. About ten

thousand boys and girls are now in Protestant mission schools. Ofthese about ninety per cent are Chinese and Indians.Two years ago a large amount of money was pledged by the

wealthy Chinese of Singapore and the Peninsula for the establishing

of a Methodist University at Singapore. But for a year the projecthas been held up pending the formulation of plans by the governmentregarding higher education.

Industrial Colonies

For fifteen years the Methodists have had in successful operationtwo Chinese industrial colonies, one in Sarawak and the other on thewest side of the Peninsula. In each case a small group of ChineseChristians were brought down from China and given small grantsof land by the government. These colonies have grown till thereare several thousand people in each colony. Schools and churchesare flourishing, and the people are becoming well-to-do. The pur-pose of these colonies is, first, to provide homes for Christian peoplewho are living on a low economic plane in China ; and second, toform a Christian nucleus for the coming civilization. Financiallyand religiously these colonies are proving a great success. Twoother colonies have recently been started on the Peninsula.

The Centenary

Under the impulse of the Centenary the Methodists plan to extendtheir Anglo-Chinese school system along the lines of the new rail-

ways, especially in the unoccupied territory on the eastern side ofthe Peninsula and up towards Siam ; and through evangelistic mis-sionaries carry on a more intensive follow-up campaign among theschool constituencies.

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIESThe American business man has just discovered the Dutch East

Netherlands East Indies. Dutch Colonies and subject native states. Totalarea, about 735,000 square miles, population (official estimate, December, 191 7),47,000,000. The larger islands are Java (and Madura), area, 50,557 squaremiles, population, 34,157,383; Sumatra area, 159,739 square miles, population,5,027,073; Borneo, 212,737 square miles, population, 941,439; Celebes, area,72,070 square miles, population, 3,094,074. "The bulk of the natives areMohammedans; there are also some millions of converted Christians andAnimists, and a small number of Buddhists." Entire religious liberty is

granted.

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES 57

Indies. A recent trade paper says, "The combination of completesafety and a friendly welcome and an unlimited opportunity andprotection by a strong and liberal government is not to be found at

every turn. Also, when it is to be had it calls for prompt action

over here. The Dutch East Indies offers just that combination ofconditions."The submarine warfare forced the Dutch companies to transfer

their steamers from the Holland-India route and to begin regularruns between Java and San Francisco. This led to an enormousincrease in the trade between this country and the East Indies. Theembargo by this country on the exportation of many lines of goodshindered a free exchange, yet one-fourth of their exports are nowbilled to America. Their exports to this country have grown from$6,000,000, in 1913 to $80,000,000, in 1918. Their imports from theUnited States were $2,769,000, in 1915. In 1918 they were $19,778,000.The Dutch Colonial Government is so desirous of continuing this

trade which the war has started that they have sent one of their

foremost bankers here as a special commissioner to awaken Ameri-can business men to the opportunity offered by the fifty millionpeople of their islands.

The People

In the Dutch East Indies there are three classes of people, apartfrom the Europeans. These are, the uncivilized tribes living in theinterior of the islands, Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes, and the smallerislands. These folks are mostly pagan and include the head-huntersand tribes more or less cannibal. Then there are the forty millionsof Mohammedans, of whom thirty-five millions live in the island ofJava, and the rest all about the coast regions of the other islands.

The other class would include more or less of a million Chineseliving in the cities and towns.

Religious Movements

Much is said of the mass movements of Asiatic countries, butfew realize that in the Dutch islands have been some of the largest

religious movements of modern times. In the north of Celebes andthe adjacent islands some 400,000 of the native tribes have come overfrom heathenism. In north Sumatra a hundred thousand cannibalshave been won to Christ. And in Java thirty thousand Mohamme-dans have embraced our faith. This is the largest group of Moslemsever brought into the Christian Church.

Missionary Societies

There are two German and ten Dutch Societies working in this

field. The Methodist Episcopal Church, established here in 1905,and the Seventh-Day Adventists are the only American Societies

in the Dutch Islands.

Holland being neutral during the war, the work of the Germansocieties was not interfered with by the government, though theysuffered greatly from lack of funds. Recent reports indicate that

58 NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

the Missionary Societies in Germany have been revived and that

they will carry on their work as before the war.

Moral Issues

Under pressure of awakened public sentiment the Governmenthas recently restricted the licensing of public gambling houses in

North Sumatra and West Borneo. But public lotteries are still

among the sources of public revenue in the Dutch East Indies, andRoman Catholics and State Churches employ lotteries for raising

building funds.The report of a recent conference says, "The extent to which

drink is increasing among the native peoples of this archipelagowarns us that something radical must be done. It would be a matterof shame if, under the aegis of a Christian government, a Moslempeople should be led to drunkenness." It also adds, "The loose

public sentiment on marriage and divorce is alarming in the extreme.That the evil of illegal cohabitation of Europeans throughout this

archipelago is so prevalent is a shame and disgrace to so-called

civilization."

Mohammedan WorkJust prior to and at the opening of the war a religio-political

society called Sarikat Islam, spread over the whole archipelago. In

a few months it claimed a membership of hundreds of thousands.It was the conviction of the Mohammedans that Germany wouldwin, and that through her help Turkey would become a world power,and the Moslems would dominate the Mohammedan countries.

There was a good deal of restlessness among the people. But whenit seemed that Germany had lost, there was dismay. "Now certain

Moslems are saying that there is to be a great conflict between Satanand the representative of Islam, with the victory for Satan. TheLord Jesus is then to come and conquer Satan, whereupon all

Mohammedans will become Christians."

While the time seems ripe for a great religious movement, yetthe fact remains that Islam is steadily and rapidly winning tens ofthousands over from paganism to Mohammedanism. The coastregions of all the islands are Moslem already, and the faith ofIslam is rapidly penetrating to all the tribes of the interior. Withina generation at least five millions of these now pagans will passover to Christianity or Mohammedanism.The movements of Mohammedans towards Christianity in Java

and Sumatra in the past have been largely the result of the earnestconsecration of a single person or a small group of persons whoinspired faith. Large numbers were brought in, and then the move-ment slowly came to a standstill for lack of men and money to carryit forward. There is need of a systematic, extensive, and prolongedcampaign.

Educational Policies

Twenty years ago the Chinese of Java organized a society calledTiong Hwa Hwe Koan, which undertook to provide education for

SIAM 59

the Chinese boys and girls in Chinese and English. More than ahundred schools were started. In the course of a few years theyrealized that cheap teachers picked up at random were not satisfac-

tory. This led them to invite the Methodist Mission to provide themwith missionary teachers. For the past ten years various schoolsin Java and Banka have been in charge of missionaries.

This demand of the Chinese for European education and theprofound impression made all over the East by the American experi-

ment in the Philippines has led the Dutch colonial government to

undertake on a fairly extensive scale the teaching of Dutch to theChinese and natives. This policy promises to become permanent,and will probably be greatly extended. Hitherto the policy has beento teach two languages in all native schools, making in each case thelocal vernacular primary and the Malay always the secondary. Thispolicy has led to the making of Malay the common language of all

the peoples.

Results of the Methodist Centenary for Java

Now that the Centenary has passed from dream to reality and thefunds have actually been pledged, it is possible to forecast the pro-gram of the Methodist work in the Netherlands Indies. This will

include the clearing of all debts now on property, the erection ofeight or ten hospitals and equipping them with suitable staff, thehousing of the Chinese day and boarding school at Buitenzorg, theopening of scores of village schools, the building of a Bible-TrainingSchool for preachers and teachers, and the sending out of a goodlynumber of evangelistic missionaries. It is purposed to undertake asystematic forward movement for reaching the Mohammedans. Inconnection with each hospital will be placed evangelistic missionarieswho will follow up the medical cases and will establish and super-vise a large number of village schools.

SIAMRev. Hugh Taylor, D.D.

The Presbyterian Church has been conducting two Missions forSiam : one for the Siamese proper and one for the Laos tribes ofthe North. As these two peoples are gradually being absorbed into

one homogeneous whole the two Missions are looking forward touniting into one. One Mission Press has been eliminated and nowthe other does the work of both. The same can be said with regardto the management of the financial side of the work: one treasurerserves both Missions. A Joint Council sits on matters of commoninterest to both.

A Changing Buddhism

The very considerable effort being made, by the highest authorities

Siam. Limited Monarchy. Area, about 195,000 square miles. Population(191 5- 191 6), 8,819,686. The prevailing religion is Buddhism.

60 SIAM

in Church and State, to create a distinct revival of Buddhism, the

State religion, is being carried on in several ways, the most importantof which is by infusing into the faith that which it lacks to make it a

vital religion. Hymns of praise and devotion, in which the as-

sembled people can join, are being introduced. Some of these hymnsare taken from the Christian collection, changing only the names of

God and Christ to that of Buddah. He has been given the title

"Father" and the people taught to say "Our Father Buddah." "TheHoly Buddhist Trinity" is another idea proclaimed. The warbrought out the need for aid from a personal power, so public

prayers were addressed to Buddah and the Royal Ancestors, and,

when the armistice was signed, praise and thanksgiving wererendered to these for their active service in giving the victory.

These startling innovations make the devout Buddhist think. Theinquiring mind seeking for the source finds it of course in the Prot-estant and Roman Catholic forms of Christianity. Some of the mostadvanced thinkers have come to believe that Jesus Christ is theBuddhist Messiah for whose advent they have "been accustomed to

pray in the longing wish thrown out into the infinite void, "Oh

!

That I might live to see the face of Phra' Allenyamatai."

Development of Christianity

There have been no spectacular developments in the ChristianChurch. A steady, though slow, growth has for many years markedthe progress of Mission work in Siam. Attainments in Christian life

of the converts have reached higher levels nearer the ideal. Defec-tions from the faith, always grievous to those who shepherd the

flock, have been few.Education

Having a learned king is telling wonderfully on the progress ofeducation in Siam. Of recent years there has been an entire re-

vision of the whole educational system, and the effect of it is nowreaching to the utmost borders of the land. It is probably safe to

say that there is not a school in the country, Government or Mission,that does not conform to the standards set by the public schools andtake the general examinations.A matter to be noted is that the schools of the South Siam Mis-

sion are self-supporting while those of the Xorth Siam Mission arenot. The former have prospered and been able to expand their workthese war times. The latter have had to curtail their work to theamount that they have lost out on assistance from America. Theself-supporting Mission school, catering to the class of people whoare able to pay the bills, charges a sum that is in excess of the entire

family income of a vast majority of the Northern Christians. Thehighest school in the North, Prince Royal's College, was compelledto cut out some of its classes for lack of funds ; while the BangkokChristian College of the South Mission increased its enrollment to

the unprecedented number of four hundred and forty-two. PrinceRoyal's College is making a brave effort to meet the growing needs

FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 61

of the growing Christian population of the North. An appealing cry

is issued for more adequate support and an expansion of the building

equipment to enable them to take in every Christian student applying

for higher education. This institution is a feeder for the Theo-logical Training School and also in it is conducted the only NormalSchool in the North.

Bangkok Christian College

A very interesting situation has arisen in connection with BangkokChristian College. There are two hundred thousand Chinese in

Bangkok. These sought to establish a school of their own. Thiswas not sanctioned by the Government, but the Christian College hasbeen given permission to open a department for the Chinese in con-nection with the work for the Siamese. The Chinese immediatelyadvanced 40,000 ticals to purchase land for the immediate expansionneeds. Having made this start they already see visions of somethinggreat for their boys. They are proposing to the Mission to go outwhere there is room and put up a plant that will accommodate twothousand Chinese students. This gives a challenge to the Siameseto do the same and a challenge to the Church in America to furnishChristian teachers for the four thousand. Indeed with funds raisedlargely from non-Christian Chinese and Siamese of Bangkok theopportunity is being thrust in the very face of the Mission and theChurch to make the Bangkok Christian College second only to

Canton Christian College. Shall we meet the challenge?

FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIARev. Stanley White, D.D.*

TURKEY IN EUROPE, ARMENIA, AND ANATOLIARev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D.

Interruption of Mission WorkOnly a few of the native churches have kept up regular services

throughout the period of the war. In Marash and in Constantinoplethere were constant and unbroken series of services, as well as in

Smyrna and a few other places, but generally the services were

Turkey. Limited monarchy. Area, Turkey in Europe, 10,882 square miles;Arabia, 170,300 square miles; Syria, 114,530 square miles; Asia Minor,Armenia, Kurdistan and Mesopotamia, 414,512 square miles; total, 710,224square miles. Population, Turkey in Europe, 1,891,000; Arabia, 1,050,000;Syria, 3,675,100; Asia Minor, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Mesopotamia, 14,657,800;total, 21,273,900. Prevailing religion, Mohammedanism, which is establishedas the state religion, although the following religious communities are recog-nized and allowed by the government: Latin or Catholic, Orthodox GreekCatholics, Armenians, Armenian Catholics, ' Chaldean Catholics, Protestants,Nestorians, Syrian Jacobites, Melchites, Jews, Bulgarian Catholics andMaronites.

* The article on the Former Turkish Empire and Persia was prepared underthe direction of Dr. White and edited by him, the names of the authors of thedifferent sections being appended in each case. '

62 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA

suspended, owing to the scattering of the congregations, and espe-cially to the deportations of the pastors, many of whom suffered

martyrdom for their faith.

The same is true in a large measure of the educational work.The schools in Constantinople, Smyrna, Harpoot and Marash con-tinued throughout last year. In some places the continuity wasbroken in upon, and in others there was no attempt to open schools.

The year, however, has not been a year of complete loss by anymeans. Wherever the Protestant preachers and Christian workershave gone they have continued their work of evangelism. Serviceswere held in the deserts of Mesopotamia, along the road as refugeeswere going to their place of banishment or returning therefrom.The Christian worker has been present in the barracks at Aleppo andDamascus and other places where thousands of refugees were con-gregated.

Eagerness for Schools

I was impressed in different parts of Armenia to see the eagernessof the people for schools. Children for the most part have receivedno schooling for four, and some of them for five years. Delegationsfrom villages came presenting their petition, not for bread or for

clothing—and they were woefully destitute of both—but for teachersthat their children might have an education.

Medical WorkThe medical work in the earlier part of the war was placed

under the Red Cross, but later the Red Cross withdrew and withinthe last year all of the medical plants throughout Turkey have beentaken over by the Near East Relief Committee. All of these institu-

tions are today in the hands of the Near East Relief, and the mis-sionary physicians who are working with them, together with a larger

number of appointees of the N. E. R., are carrying on a most ex-tensive medical work, not only throughout the fields hitherto coveredby the American Board, but in the Russian Caucasus as well.

Friendliness toward Missions in Greek Territory

A new phase of the work is opening up in the fact that throughrecent changes brought about by the war the mission stations ofSmyrna and Salonica have fallen under the control of Greece.Greece hitherto has not been hospitable to missionary work of anykind. In the two stations above mentioned, however, they are show-ing a friendliness unexpected and an assurance was given to thewriter by the Bishops of Salonica, Smyrna and Philadelphia that

they would welcome the strengthening of the mission work in thoseplaces, but with special reference to work among the Mohammedans.The Greek ecclesiastics said that they could not work easily and ac-ceptably among Moslems, but the Protestant missionaries were so

organized that they could do it most effectively. They all claimed

FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 63

that there was a great field among the Mohammedans for the Chris-

tian approach and urged that steps be taken in that direction. I

found in all parts of Turkey, both on the part of the missionaries andthe people themselves, a deep-seated feeling that the Moslem mindwas assuming a different attitude toward Christian truth than it

had assumed before in the whole century of missionary work. Thereseemed to be a receptiveness to Christian truth, a readiness to listen,

and in not a few cases a willingness to respond. It was acceptedthat the heavy restraint hitherto imposed upon all Moslems was^ in

part at least lifted and there would be in the future an increasing

religious freedom for all classes in Turkey.

Advance among the Kurds

At the same time, the Kurdish fields in the eastern part of Turkeyhave assumed new significance. During the war the Kurds identified

themselves more directly with the missionaries and with the Ar-menians. Tens of thousands of Armenians were saved by the co-

operation and direct help of the Kurds in that the Kurds aided themacross the line into Russia as they were threatened on the Turkishside. Kurdish officials, whom the writer met in Armenia, urgedthat schools be opened more widely through Armenia and that pro-vision be made for accepting the Kurds into those schools. Thereare great possibilities wrapped up in the Kurdish people who haveas yet hardly been touched by Christian truth.

The Caucasus

Another field opening is the Russian Caucasus. Through a greaterpart of the war a large number of Y. M. C. A. Secretaries andAmerican Board missionaries were engaged in relief work, and someare still there. Their work has commended itself to all classes, andpressure is already being brought to bear upon the American Boardto establish permanent work in Armenia in the Caucasus.At the same time, the Georgians have put in petitions urging the

opening of work among them similar to that which has been carriedon in Turkey. It is very evident that the war has made greatchanges in the point of view of many of the people of the old Otto-man Empire and of Transcaucasia, opening new fields for occupa-tion and putting new responsibility upon American Christianity.

SYRIA AND PALESTINERev. Stanley White, D.D.

In former editions of the Year Book, Syria and Palestine havebeen treated individually. Today they have been so interlocked byevents that their story is almost identical.

Allenby's magnificent march to the North brought the wholecountry from Egypt on the south to Aleppo on the north, under the

64 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA

control of the Allied Forces. As enemy-occupied territory, thewhole of this Eastern shore of the Mediterranean was unified.

Relief WorkThe work of the relief societies was another means of binding the

people of the various sections together. First came the Red Crosswith its corps of devoted workers who performed a splendid servicein opening orphanages and hospitals and by their ministry to the townsdevastated by disease and famine. With the close of the war, their

work was transferred to the Near East Relief Committee with its

workrooms, soup kitchens and schools and its loyal band of youngAmericans supported in their humane task by hundreds of the finest

flower of young Syrian Manhood and Womanhood. These youngnative people, most of them educated in Mission Schools andcolleges, have been the backbone of the work. They have caughtthe American spirit of service and in them lies the hope of the Syriaof the future. And this work of unification has brought the Missionforces together as never before. Having suffered and worked to-

gether during the war, they are ready to go forward as a single armyto take advantage of the new opportunities.

Mission Conference at Suk-el-Gharb

The Relief work helps to break down bigotry and to open humanhearts to God's message. Realizing this, the representatives of all

the Missions in Syria and Palestine met together in Suk-el-Gharband discussed the conditions and outlook. As a result, they maderecommendations covering the following points

:

First : The attention of the American Peace delegates in Paris wascalled to the fact that while missionary societies are ready to acceptgovernmental regulations and standards, still, in harmony with guar-antees of religious freedom, private organizations should be guaran-teed the right to give religious education and in the language bestfitted to make the work effective.

Second: The attention of Mission Boards and societies at home is

called to large districts in Syria and Palestine that are inadequatelyoccupied or unworked fields. These include Kasrawan (Lebanon),Damascus, Aleppo (with 240,000 inhabitants), the Nusariyeh Moun-tains, East of the Jordan and North Arabia. In these districts arelarge numbers of Moslems, Jews and backward Christian sects.

Third: Favorable opportunities for Christian work have resulted

from the expulsion of the Turkish Government. Travel is facili-

tated and the people are eager for education and advancement. Therelief work has opened many hearts to Christianity.

Fourth : In order to promote unity and harmony in mission workamong native churches, the Conference recommends such a unionor federation of churches on the field as shall obviate existing

differences.

Fifth: A permanent organization of the conference of missionaries

was effected and to the Continuation Committee were entrustedarrangements for future meetings, the incorporation of the Educa-

FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 65

tional Union of Syria and Palestine, the arrangements for occupyingnew territory, the union training of missionary workers, the promo-tion of united publication interests, the development of Sunday-school work and the adjustment of financial questions of commoninterest to all missions.

Church Unity

Perhaps the most significant outcome of the Conference was the

sympathetic consideration in the past of all the Missionaries, includ-

ing such widely divergent groups as the Friends Society and the

Church Missionary Society, of the possibility of having one UnitedChurch for the whole of Syria and Palestine. Naturally, the future

of theland will be largely determined by the power that assumes the

Mandate, but it is safe to say that under any circumstances the forces

of Christ will be unified as never before. Some of the problems of

reconstruction to be faced by this united force are

:

Reconstruction

First, there will be the necessary work of rehabilitation of

destroyed cities and the rebuilding of homes. Already plans are

under way, both by the British authorities and by the Relief Com-mittees, to accomplish these ends. A large part of Armenia will,

after a few months, be inaccessible so far as food supplies are con-

cerned. The problem therefore is a two-fold one. The peoplemust not be sent back to their cities unless provision is made bothfor housing and for feeding during the winter, for a large part of

Armenia lies within a territory which is practically isolated after

October first. The plan that is being mapped out is to discover in

these various Armenian cities how many returning families can beabsorbed and taken care of, both as to house and food, and to sendback only such a number as, will guarantee their not becoming acharge upon the community. All others must be provided for at

some point of concentration or distribution until the winter is over.

This is an enormous but not impossible task.

Fortunately, the Armenian is a notably thrifty person. His ability

to make money accentuates both his virtues and his vices. It doesnot require, therefore, a particularly large expenditure of money to

reestablish him in his home. He builds simply and lives cheaply andvery quickly begins to provide his own support. It would seem nowthat perhaps about 25 per cent of those who have been deported anddriven from their homes can be repatriated before the coming winter.

The rest must be cared for until the spring time, when they in turncan be assisted in starting their new lives.

Conserving the Children

A second great field of human conservation will be with the chil-

dren. This is a large problem, but one that has great promise in it,

150,000 orphans will require a large outlay of money, but if they arewatched over by those who have high ideals, they become a fruitful

66 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA

field for future citizenship of a far higher character than was mani-fested in the previous generation. So large a number of childrenmust necessarily be provided for in a very simple way, and some ofthem will have to be sacrificed in order that the others may be givenall the benefits of proper care. This sacrifice must come through a

policy which will return a portion of these children to relatives, if

they can be found, into whose care they can be entrusted. It will besimply impossible for foreign funds to provide adequately for thewhole number. On the other hand, it seems a vital necessity thatthere should be established in various parts of Syria orphanages ofa modern type, where children selected from the great mass ofthose now under the care of Relief Committees, and children whoare absolutely without anyone to whom they can be returned, shouldbe trained for future citizenship. No finer gift could be given byAmerica to these Eastern countries. The Children of America couldrender a beautiful service to the Children of the Near East by con-tributing funds sufficient to meet this great need. When one visits

the orphanages and sees the splendid material and the response ofthese children to proper care, he realizes that this is a place wherehuman conservation is most necessarv and most feasible.

Raising the Moral Tone

A third point where human conservation must be practised is theraising of the general moral tone of these communities of the NearEast. I have already intimated that moral laws have sagged terribly

and have given us an acute problem at the present time, but there is

another phase of the question that should not be forgotten. Thepeople of the Turkish Empire have been for so long compelled to

live by their wits and to accomplish their desires by deceiving anunjust authority that subtlety and deceit seem to be ingrained in

them. Absolute frankness and straightforwardness is at a discount.

It is difficult to learn the truth by questioning any group of people.

They either reply as they think the questioner desires, or they reply

with a thought of the effect upon themselves.There must be established in this country, by government and

through private enterprise, educational institutions of the highest

type, where ethical ideals and moral principles will be emphasizedin such a way that the people will realize that the way to prosperityis honesty, righteousness, fair dealing and sacrificial service.

The Outlook

The outlook in Syria is problematical but not dark. Barriers thatformerly held the Missionary in check have been removed and hopesthat had for years been unrealized are now possible of fruition. Theworkers feel this. It shows in their lightened faces and though wornwith their long ministry and anxiety, they are eager for the task.

Christian America must speak the word, provide the means andfurnish the recruits that will assure their success.

FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 67

ARABIA AND MESOPOTAMIARev. William I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

Its Significance

The significance of Arabia and Mesopotamia from the missionarypoint of view lies in the fact that the former is associated with the

beginnings of Mohammedanism, with its sacred cities of Mecca andMedina, while the latter, including the valleys of the Tigris and the

Euphrates, is so largely associated with Old Testament history.

Missionary Occupation

So" far as aggressive missionary work is concerned, Arabia haslargely been a neglected country. The United Free Church of Scot-land has for nearly four decades maintained a Mission at the

Southernmost point of Arabia, at Aden, which has been largely

carried on through the agency of medical work. In Mesopotamia,at Bagdad, the Church Missionary Society has maintained evan-gelistic and medical work for many years. With these exceptions,

no extended missionary work was carried on in these countries until

the undertaking, in 1889, of the establishment of a Mission in thePersian Gulf, more particularly in the cities of Arabia on theWestern Coast of the Gulf. In that year, the Arabian Mission ofthe Reformed Church in America was organized and Rev. JamesCantine sailed as its first missionary to establish stations in EasternArabia. He was followed in the succeeding year by Rev. Samuel M.Zwemer. Together these two pioneer missionaries established sta-

tions at Basrah in the North, on the Island of Bahrein off theEastern Coast of Arabia, and at Maskat in the Gulf of Oman.Later a station was established a few hundred miles South of Basrahat Kuweit. This Mission has now become thoroughly establishedin these several stations, maintaining a number of out-stations, oneat Linga, in Persia, on the Eastern Coast of the Gulf, and at Amaraand Nasariah Northward in Mesopotamia. This Mission now main-tains about thirty-five missionaries in its several stations, associatedwith whom there are about as many evangelists, teachers and BibleWomen.

Methods of WorkSchools are established in the stations, but with the exception of

that at Basrah, they have not been largely attended. Importantmedical work is carried on in each one of these stations, in all ofwhich, except Maskat, there are hospitals as well as dispensaries.Bible shops are the main dependence for evangelistic work. In theseshops, in the center of the town, a supply of Scriptures and otherChristian literature is kept. These give occasion for discussion withArab visitors through which means a Christian propaganda is main-tained. Arabic Scriptures have had a total circulation of 1,200,000copies during the last twenty years. The hospitals have been a veryimportant element in the missionary work in Arabia. Prejudice has

68 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA

been broken down and the friendly attitude of important Arab trades-men and chiefs has been thus secured. The patients treated in oneyear approximate 40,000.

Effect of the WarThe war has very greatly affected conditions in both parts of this

mission field. The advance of the British Expeditionary Forces upthe Valley of the Tigris and the Euphrates, and the occupation ofBagdad, have opened the entire country of Mesopotamia to

occupancy by missionary agencies, which, under Turkish rule, wasonly possible to a very limited degree. The Arabian Mission expects,

as soon as the country is settled, to open new stations in the territory

thus laid bare to Christian evangelism in Mesopotamia and in theinterior of Arabia, special funds having been contributed for this

purpose. Similarly, the conditions of war have brought aboutfriendly relations between the Arab Chiefs of the Interior andWestern Arabia with the political representatives of the British

Government and the missionaries. The official recognition by Eng-land, France and Italy of the proclamation of the Grand Sherif ofMecca as King of the Hedjaz is a far reaching step, and invests aremarkable figure with singular interest.

Hedjaz

This province of Western Arabia to which the name of Hedjazhas been given extends along the Arab sea coast from the Gulf ofAkaba to the south of Taif. It is bounded on the north by Syria, onthe east by Nafud Desert and by Nejd, and on the south by Asir.

In length it is about seven hundred and fifty miles, and its greatestbreadth is about two hundred miles. Barren and uninviting mostlyin its northern part, yet with many very fertile and well-cultivated

portions in the southern part, sustaining a brave and hardy and fear-

less population, the chief claim of Hedjaz to fame is that it containsthe Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, to which Moslem Pilgrimscome yearly from all parts of the world. The independence fromTurkey of this section of Arabia had a very important bearing in theBritish Campaign in Mesopotamia, and in the future undoubtedlywill affect missionary work in Arabia. Through the friendship ofKing Hussein, of Hedjaz, with the great Chief of the Interior ofArabia in his Capital at Riadh, and the recent invitations of this

Chief to one of the missionaries of the Arabian Gulf to visit him, anentrance has at last been secured to Interior Arabia.

Helpful Influences

Since the entrance of the British into Mesopotamia, they haveevinced a spirit of sympathy toward the activities of Christian mis-sions which has taken substantial form, particularly in the encourage-ment of missionary, industrial and agricultural education. It is ex-pected that with the restoration of peace, sixteen million acres ofMesopotamia will be irrigated. The population for this country thuslaid open to cultivation, will be drawn from the Bedouins of the

FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA 69

Interior, who will be made amenable to law and order. The Trans-

Continental Railway will soon be completed connecting the Persian

Gulf with Europe, and placing Mesopotamia on the highway to

India.

Thus in spite of wars and rumors of wars, of multiplied tempta-

tions and increased difficulties, God has seen fit to show His powerin Arabia as never before in the Mission's history. The prayers of

many years are being answered in the opening of the Inland country

to the Gospel, and a new day is opening for both Arabia and Meso-potamia.

PERSIARobert E. Speer, D.D.

Continuance of Mission WorkOutside of the Province of Azerbaijan the missionary work was

carried on uninterruptedly in Persia throughout the entire war. In

some stations such as Hamadan and Kermanshah, the antagonizingforces alternated again and again in their control of the territory.

With the exception of the work for Armenians, however, which of

course was largely broken up in such stations whenever the Turkswere in power, the missionaries in these stations went forward unin-

terruptedly in their task and the ending of the war leaves the workstronger than it has ever been and its opportunities unparalleled.

Leadership in Education

In Teheran the leadership in education has been won by the Mis-sion schools, the American College for Boys and the Iran BethelSchool for Girls. The former has now a campus of forty acres

walled in just outside the city, and three of its new buildings areerected. A fund of $250,000 has been provided for the developmentof the Girls' School into the first College for women in Persia. Thechief need now is a more adequate staff of men and women both for

the schools and for the mission hospital. The goodwill of the

people, their confidence in the missionaries and their enterprise andthe support of the foreign community were won long ago. In Reshtand Hamadan the schools and the hospitals have laid their founda-tions securely and though they need money, need life even more.

Opportunities

Two great opportunities have opened in Persia in the North-east and in the Southwest. In the Northeast, Meshed is the mostimportant city, the great shrine city of Persia, visited annually bythousands of pilgrims, not only from Persia but from Afghanistanand Central Asia. The foundations of a strong station have beenlaid. The mission force has been doubled the past year, and thefund well begun which is to provide adequate hospitals and schools.

Persia. Limited monarchy. Area, about 628,000 square miles. Popula-tion, about 9,500,000. Of these, 8,500,000 are Mohammedans of the Shi'ah sectand 850,000 of the Sunni sect, 10,000 are Parsis, 40,000 Jews, 50,000 Ar-menians and 30,000 Nestorians.

70 FORMER TURKISH EMPIRE AND PERSIA

Patients from a score of nationalities come to the hospital annuallyand in many a village in Western Afghanistan which sent its blindor its lame to the mission hospital in Meshed to return with eyesightand health, a welcome is awaiting the evangelists whenever thepolitical prohibition of mission work in Afghanistan is relaxed. InSouthwestern Persia the relief work conducted by the missionariesin connection with the incoming of the British Army and the build-ing of roads has opened new access to the Kurdish tribes and to thehitherto unreached people of Luristan.

Azerbaijan

The section of Persia which has been most deeply affected by thewar has been Azerbaijan. No nation in the world suffered morethrough the war than the Nestorians or Assyrians in the Urumia andSalmas plains. Between one-half and two-thirds of the entire popu-lation has been wiped out by pestilence, famine and massacre. Thepitiful remnants of the Assyrians are now at Bakuba, north of Bag-dad, and in Tabriz, and Hamadan, awaiting their repatriation in their

old homes. The Mission station in Urumia, the oldest and strongestof all the stations in Persia, has been completely wiped out. TheChristian villages have been destroyed, and after the last massacreof the Christians in May, 1919, disorder still prevailed everywherebetween the Persian Moslems and the Kurds. The capture ofTabriz by Turkey also near the end of the war led to the withdrawalof most of the Tabriz missionaries, and the imprisonment of thosewho remained. The Urumia and Tabriz Missionaries alike have all

now returned to Tabriz and are awaiting the reestablishment of

order through the province.

Persia's Future

The situation of Persia throughout the war was anomalous. Thesympathies of the country were strongly pro-German and Germaninfluences were powerful until the very close. Persian territory wasfought over by Russian, Turkish, and British forces, and somesections of the country passed from one political authority to an-

other five or six times. At the close of the war a new treaty wasannounced between Great Britain and Persia, providing for a British

loan and the reorganization of the army and finances with British

advisers, the treaty stipulating further the maintenance of Persia's

complete independence. Economically, Persia has suffered keenly.

Foreign trade was practically annihilated by the war, and famineand fighting caused vast loss of life, the death of many of the

animals, the only means of transport in Persia, the destruction of the

vineyards and the villages, and the general disintegration of the

economic life of the land. On the other hand, good roads havebeen built as part of the military operations, automobiles are comingin, which in time will replace the depleted stock of animals, and withorder and financial economy there is no reason why the people ofPersia, so intelligent and so desirous of progress, should not find

the way of national prosperity.

EGYPT 71

EGYPTRev. James G. Hunt, D.D.

The "Revolution"

The outstanding event of the year in Egypt was the nationalistic

uprising that took place in March and April. Nothing comparable in

extent and effect has occurred since the Arabi rebellion in 1882.

As ever Egypt is the land of paradox. Summoned by their Caliph

in 1914 to enter upon a Holy War, an invading army^ of their

coreligionists at their gates, their own Khedive having joined withthe Turks, their British rulers in almost daily expectation of anoutbreak, through the long years of the war all remains quiet.

Moslem Egypt sips her coffee, shrugs her shoulders and goes herusual way. Then the war ended, the power of their Caliphate

shattered, the British Protectorate firmly seated, the country enjoy-ing a large measure of material prosperity,—a "revolution" breaksout.

Its Meaning

Interpretation in such a case is not easy. Despite outward calmthe heart of Egypt shared the world's unrest; the fires of nationalismthat blazed so wildly a few years since had not died out—they onlyslumbered ; the call for the "self-determination of peoples" meantto them that their Day had come; in the depletion of the British

official force by the demands of the war, certain leaders found their

opportunity to sow seeds of discontent; high prices and the com-pulsory service of the Labor Corps and other real or fancied griev-ances furnished the congenial soil. So when their spokesmen werenot given ready passports to present their cause at the Peace- Con-ference, the steps were easy and rapid to a patriotic frenzy that soonforgot all restraint. Patriotism speedily degenerated into anarchyand barbarism, and had to be met by stern measures.

In varying measure these conditions prevailed through the wholelength of the land. Rioting, looting and murdering were reportedfrom every direction. For a few fearful weeks Egypt was an activevolcano. Railway and telegraphic communications everywhere werebroken. Life and property everywhere were in jeopardy. Then theabortive revolution subsided almost as suddenly as it had begun.

Effect on Mission WorkWhat of the effect of it all upon mission work? For a time all

work was practically suspended. The authorities ordered all mis-sionaries in the interior to Cairo and brought them in some cases

Egypt. British Protectorate. Area, about 350,000 square miles. (The culti-vated and settled area comprises only 12,226 square miles of this.) Population,12,710,120. Of these, according to the census of 1907, 10,366,826 were Moham-medans, 706,322 Copts, 38,635 Jews, 12,736 Protestants, 57,744 Roman Catholics,76,953 Greek Orthodox, and 2j,gz7 Eastern Christians.

72 EGYPT

under an armed guard. Though running the gauntlet of manyperils, no missionary lives were lost and no mission propertydestroyed. The summer vacation period was near at hand. Thatpast, all departments of work reopened under virtually normalconditions. Churches, schools and hospitals are full and access to

the people unhampered.In the early stages of the uprising, Moslem and Christian frater-

nized to an unprecedented extent. Each visited the other's place ofworship. All else was subordinated to the sentiment of nationalunity. Large numbers of Moslems thus heard the gospel proclaimedfor the first time. For in the evangelical churches at least, gospelrather than patriotic themes were the rule. Xot a few Christianszealously made use of their new opportunity to explain their Bookand its message. While it is to be feared that later developmentstended to accentuate afresh the dividing lines, we may hope that

even the temporary banishment of barriers gave opportunity for theSpirit of God to lift the veil and reveal a vision that will not fade.

And it is to be hoped that the disillusioned Christians may now see

more clearly that not "Egypt for the Egyptians" but "Egypt for

Christ" is their nation's hope.

The Future

This unexpected course of events must make us diffident in anyattempt to forecast the immediate future. Where we thought all

doors had opened, we may find that for the time some have closedmore tightly. Broken power and disappointed hopes, instead of pro-ducing a humbled, chastened state of mind, ready for the Christianmessage, may but create bitterness and resentment. Yet if we mayjudge by the precedents of the past, the former is more likely to

prove the case. The years that followed the quelling of the A*rabi

insurrection saw great numbers of Moslem inquirers, and baptismsfor the first time became frequent. Forces equal to the opportunity,

faithfulness, wisdom, tact and love in unstinted measure, and anoutpouring of power from on high are the need of the hour.

Continued Unrest

As emphasizing the uncertainties of the situation and the fact that

the Egyptian question is not yet settled should be mentioned theepidemic of strikes which broke out a few months after the sub-sidence of the uprising. It is largely attributable to the abnormalrise in the cost of living producing a spirit of deep discontent. Butthe resort to this western weapon is a disquieting symptom and calls

for skillful treatment on the part of both political and spiritual

leaders.

The Labor Corps

While the drafting of a Labor Corps to the number of several

hundred thousand for work behind the lines in Palestine andEurope was the cause of much fear and unrest among the peasantry,it is likely to have far-reaching after effects in widening the horizon,

THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN 73

implanting new ideas in the minds of the common people and arous-ing a wholesome discontent with age-long conditions. All this will

make for greater interest and openness of mind toward the gospel

message.Itinerating Agencies

Except for the weeks mentioned above, all departments of missioneffort, church, school, press, hospital and hareem and boat work,have gone on as usual. Of these, indeed, only the schools and thework on the boats suffered serious interruption. For this last namedagency, Egypt with its long narrow river valley in which all the

life is centered, furnishes unique opportunities. Two mission boatsare operating south of Cairo and one in the Delta. A mission car

built for the tracks of the Agricultural Railway is also in use in thelatter region. These itinerating agencies have demonstrated the fact

of the open door and brought the word of life to hitherto untouchedmasses.

The Native Protestant Church

The native Protestant Church, through the stimulus of a vigorousLaymen's Movement, is rapidly approaching complete self-support.

Steps have been taken looking toward the assuming by the Churchof the responsibility for training her own workers in a well-equippedtheological seminary. This Church like so many others sufferedgreatly in her membership from the ravages of influenza. TheCoptic Church in Upper Egypt is showing increasing willingness to

open its doors to Protestant missionaries and pastors.

Survey of the Field

The American Mission has completed a careful survey of the por-tion of the field for which it is responsible with a view to its adequateoccupation, and already the increase of forces and equipment called

foris being provided. The expected opening of the new ChristianUniversity in Cairo during the coming year will mean a large acces-sion of strength to the Christian forces in that strategic center.

THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDANRev. James G. Hunt, D.D.

Peace in the Midst of WarThis part of the world, with the exception of the Darfur province,

felt but little the disturbance of the war. While the rest of theworld was in convulsion, peace and quiet reigned in this land thatnot so long ago was shaking with the terrors of Mahdiism. Hencethe coming of peace has made less change here than elsewhere.

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. "British Control." Area, about 1,014,400 squaremiles. Population (estimated for 191 7), 3,400,000. Prevailing religion, Moham-medanism.

74 NEGRO AFRICA

Material Progress

The reconstruction of a country that had been reduced to chaosis naturally a slow work. But it has gone steadily on. The foreigntrade has grown from nothing to $40,500,000 in 1918, almost equallydivided between imports and exports. Railways are being extendedand large irrigation plans are being pushed forward. Wages haverapidly increased and a state of prosperity exists.

Missionary Cooperation and Expansion

The missionaries have won the respect and good will of all classes.

There is such close cooperation among the evangelical societies

working in this field that all overlapping is avoided. The AmericanMission has made a thorough survey of the needs of its territory

and is planning a large advance. Even yet, however, it is impossibleaccurately to forecast the shifting of the centers of population so as

to fix upon settled plans of operation.In the Northern Sudan, the chief drawback is in the Government

restrictions still in force concerning work for Moslems. But amongthe non-Moslem tribes to the south, the missions suffer no such em-barrassment and are meeting with a warm response.

NEGRO AFRICARev. John M. Springer

The past third of a century has seen revolutionary changes in

Negro Africa, particularly of an industrial nature. Political changeshave been less notable, but important, and religious progress, whilemarked, has lagged behind both these other lines of activity offoreigners entering Central Africa.

A view of the situation of the native Negro African restricted to

the present day might well give great concern, if not discouragement.But when the advance of a generation is noted, there is every reasonfor hopefulness for his future welfare and opportunities.

With the considerable contribution that Africa as a whole made to

the war, a contribution shared in by practically every section, involv-

ing in the aggregate a million native men, soldiers, labor corps,

carriers, etc., the people of this continent have earned the right to a

new consideration in the councils of nations.

Important to remember, also, is the awakening and impulse that

has come in this connection to practically every tribe, the broadened

Sierra Leone. British Colony and Protectorate. Area, about 31.000 squaremiles, population 1,403,132. The prevailing religions are Mohammedanism andAnimism.

Liberia. Republic. Area, about 40,000 square miles, population (estimated),from 1,500,000 to 2,100,000. There are about 12,000 American Liberians, and"about 50,000 of the coast negroes (including the Liberians proper), may beconsidered civilized. All such use English as their language, and are Christianin religion." Of the interior tribes, most are Animists, but one large tribe (theMandingoes) is Mohammedan.

NEGRO AFRICA 75

horizon, the knowledge of the democratic principles and of the

fundamental human rights that have been stressed.

Desires and ambitions have been stirred, purposes formed to ac-

quire education for self or for children and determination to secure

greater industrial skill and to win larger wages. Advances andchanges among the native Africans are proceeding more rapidly,

doubtless, than among any similar backward people in the past. Thisis inevitable with the extensive exploitation of the continent that is

proceeding at such a rapid rate, and in which are employed forces

and methods of the most advanced nations of Europe and America.

Industrial Conditions

Half a century ago Africa had scarcely been touched by foreigninfluences. There were comparatively few industries and the de-

mand was almost entirely for unskilled labor—for house service

chiefly, and also to use the pick and shovel.

Today the demand for native labor is large and urgent and in

addition to the need for manyfold more unskilled laborers thereis also a demand for brick makers, masons, carpenters, cabinetmakers, engine drivers, foremen, clerks, telegraphers, bookkeepers,storekeepers, stenographers, teachers, and superintendents of nativelabor.

The graduates of Mission schools are in great demand. In thetechnical schools (which are all too few) the problem is to keep thepupil long enough to finish his training as he is constantly beingtempted to leave and accept the high wages offered to him for whattraining he already has.

Demand for Native Labor

The labor supply near the industrial centers is utterly inadequateto meet the demands, and labor recruiting bureaus go afield to tribes

a thousand to two thousand miles distant. The result is that repre-sentatives of the various tribes widely separated over Central Africamingle and become acquainted in these congested industrial centerswhere new conditions and multiplied temptations confront them.Crucially important is it that evangelical Christianity functionstrongly in all these centers.

It is generally recognized that the native labor of Africa is in-

adequate to meet the demands of the industrial program. Constantlythere is mooted the question of introducing Asiatics. But past ex-periments in this line have not given satisfactory results.

Another factor affecting the labor supply for European-controlledindustries is the new policy of encouraging natives to accept or

Gold Coast {including Ashanti and Northern Territories). British Colony.Area, about 80,000 square miles, population (census of 1911), 1,503,386.Animism is the prevailing religion.

Togo. German Colony. Area, 33,700 square miles, population, 1,031,978.Occupied by British and French forces August 7, 1914, and now (provisionally)administered by the French and British military. Prevailing religion, Animism.

76 NEGRO AFRICA

secure individual holdings of land for the cultivation of oil-bearing,

cotton and other crops, as in Nigeria and in Natal. In the BelgianCongo many native truck gardeners are securing individual holdings.

Native Labor Propaganda

Johannesburg is the emporium, the labor melting pot for all SouthAfrica. With the extension of the railway and other steam routes,

the labor agents are sending far afield to the north, to Rhodesia,Nyasaland, and along the east coast for laborers.

Representatives of the labor organizations in Europe and Americahave visited the Rand and have begun an active agitation among the

native laborers instructing them in such agencies as strikes, boycotts,

passive resistance, and other means for securing their rights anddesires. Primarily these men had only in mind the using of thenative to gain advantages for the white laborers, but they havesharpened a tool that is proving to be double-edged. The discontentwhich has been fomented by unscrupulous white men and by thoseof distorted ideas, is a serious factor in future relationship of theraces.

The Katanga Mineral Fields

The Katanga mineral fields in the Belgian Congo are to CentralAfrica what the Rand is to South Africa. To work the vastdeposits of copper, tin, coal and other minerals native laborers mustbe sought for in every tribe from ocean to ocean and from the

Congo and Zambesi valleys. Inasmuch as there is a common re-

cruiting ground of the two industrial centers, that in Rhodesia andNyasaland, and since laborers go first to one field and later to theother, the ideas that are current on the Rand are becoming knownin the Katanga. These industrial operations and the linking up andthe extension of the transportation systems are welding Negro Africainto a oneness unknown and undreamed of heretofore.

Race Consciousness

The war has developed a strong race consciousness on the partof the negroes of the world which is shared by many in various parts

of Africa. In 1918 or early 1919, there was organized in London a

club of "Africans and Afro-Americans." The objects of the club,

as set forth at a banquet early in 1919, were right and just enough,principles of- race equality—not social equality, for social equality

does not exist within any given race or nation, much less can it beforced or legislated between races—but equal opportunities in-

dustrially and politically according to ability and merit.

Nigeria. British Protectorate. Area, about 336,000 square miles, population,about 16,500,000. "Mohammedanism is widely diffused, the Fulani andHausas and other ruling tribes being of that religion, but in some parts of theterritory paganism is predominant."Kamerun (Cameroun). German Protectorate. Area, 191,950 square miles,

population, 3,648,720. Conquered by French and English forces February 18,

1916, and now administered by the Government of Nigeria, except the part cededby France in 191 1. Prevailing religion, Animism.

NEGRO AFRICA 77

Political Outlook

Politically the natives of Negro Africa have suffered various

vicissitudes in the past generation. Fortunately there is an awakenedconscience among the nations which bids fair to see that, in the

future, justice is done them. The Negro African has so far to go,

and has so many lessons to learn in self-government and in dele-

gated representative government that he is far from being in a

position independently to compete with the advanced nations of the

world, or even to take any large share in the government of his owncountry for some time to come.Any expression of self determination must be taken in a very

different way from what it would be among more advanced peoples.

It is quite certain however that the tribes are quite capable of telling

what they want and what they do not want.

Missionary Occupation

At present many sections of Africa are congested by over-lapping

missionary agencies while vast areas remain untouched or inade-

quately occupied.In all the interdenominational Conferences which have been

organized in different parts of the continent, the sentiment ofcomity has been increasingly strong. The conviction is very strongthat the time has come for a re-consideration of the fields and a re-

adjustment of forces, somewhat such as has been already put into

operation in Mexico.The agencies of industry and European governments are touching

nearly every village and individual in the Continent while the mis-sionary agencies have scarcely touched ten per cent of the entire

population.

The extra pressure on the mission staffs of practically all societies

as a result of the war is being only very slowly relieved. Men in all

branches of mission work were called away to war service as chap-lains, interpreters, doctors, etc. These as well*as those who remainedby their work were in need of furloughs as demobilization was ac-complished. Many were unable, particularly in the latter years ofthe war, to journey from the home countries to the mission fields,

especially women. The war time regulations of the British, re-

quiring permits for all entering the various colonies, has delayedmany, and the shortage of accommodations on the few boats in

passenger service is holding up old and new missionaries for prac-tically all the fields.

The Native Church

Very generally throughout Negro Africa in recent years there has

French Equatorial Africa_(French Congo). French Colony. Area, about

669,000 square miles, population (estimated), 9,000,000. The prevailing re-ligion is Animism.Belgian Congo. Belgian Colony. Area (estimated), 909,654 square miles,

population (several estimates), 7,000,000, 9,000,000 or 15,500,000. The pre-vailing religion is Animism.

78 NEGRO AFRICA

been instruction and pressure for larger contributions by churchmembers, to which there has been good response ; the war has soaffected mission finance that greater burdens needed of necessity to

be borne by the native congregations ; the standard of membershiphas been raised, quite as often at the instance of the native churchitself, with accompanying pruning of membership; and generalresponsibility by each church member in propagating the gospel hasbeen urged and readily accepted ; all of these factors have contributedmore or less to promoting an aggressive evangelistic spirit and activity

which has resulted in carrying forward notable revivals and massmovements and in initiating new movements of the same kind.

The very success of the work has added overwhelming burdenson mission staffs already overtaxed. A saving factor has been theloyalty of the native helpers and ministry.

Practically every mission can furnish instances of young menturning aside from offers of high wages in industry to labor at a lowstipend in school and church, and there are many instances ofevangelists, in times when all funds failed or. were very low, goingwith little or nothing to teach and to evangelize.

The value of industrial work in the formation of character andin training for service of evangelists and teachers as well as ofothers is being stressed quite generally.

Bible Societies

From nearly every mission comes word of progress in giving theWord to the people in their own tongue. In the new missions a first

task is Bible translation, together with production of hymn books,catechism, etc. In the older missions the endeavor is to supply theentire New Testament, or the entire Bible, first in an initial andthen a revised translation.

The three principal Bible Societies stand ready to put through thepress and to make available such portions as are ready for publica-

tion

The American Bible Society has on the press the revised ZuluBible, a most important publication as it is understandable by several

closely related language groups. This Society serves at least a

dozen tribes in Africa, and reports sending out approximately 20,000portions or copies in the last year.

The British and Foreign Bible Society reports the completion ofthe Bible in Yoruba language (Nigeria) and of portions in two newlanguages, Jukun and Zande, and of portions in Lunda of Kalunda(Chindembwe) in 1918. This Society published the entire Bible in

twenty-two languages, the entire New Testament in thirty-one andportions in eighty-six other languages, one hundred and thirty-nine

Angola. Portuguese Colony. Area, 484,800 square miles, population,4,119,000. Prevailing religion, Animism.German South-West Africa. German Colony. Area, 322,200 square

miles, population, 164,830. Conquered by British forces July 9, 191 5, sincewhen it has been administered by the Union of South Africa. Prevailingreligion, Animism.

NEGRO AFRICA 79

in all. All but eighteen belong to Negro Africa and the others to

North Africa.

The Scottish Bible Society reports that the translation of the entire

Bible into Nyanja (Nyasaland) has been completed.Only one book of the New Testament remains to be translated

into the Tonga.John's Gospel was published in the Kikuyu language, and the first

three Gospels in Chinamwanga, all for the first time.

The Influenza

The pandemic of "flu" swept over every part of the continent,

taking a heavy toll. The scarcity of medical aid left the mass ofthe natives helpless. The ignorance of the natives as to propercare of pneumonia patients rendered them particularly susceptible to

the disease. In some cases whole villages were wiped out. It is

estimated that an eighth of the native population of the BelgianCongo succumbed.The mission staffs as a rule were affected only lightly, usually

because of preventative measures carefully observed. The death ofonly two missionaries has come to our knowledge.At many stations the missionaries applied the preventative

measures to the people of their station, and these, observing the in-

structions and also living under better conditions than the village

natives, as well as having blankets, were affected lightly. This hascaught the attention of the heathen, who have remarked on the com-parative exemption of the Christian communities. Confidence in

witch doctors has been greatly lessened, making a particularly fine

opportunity for introducing medical work.However, in strange contrast many missions report that among the

natives who did succumb to the "flu" were some of their best andmost efficient native workers and pastors.

Smallpox is reported as raging severely in many parts of Africa,and that the mortality was unusually high. The scarcity of medicalmissions or of medical help of any kind for the larger part of NegroAfrica and of the great need of these is emphasized by these sadconditions.

Missionary Leadership Needed

There is very heavy loss and wastage of native life throughoutthe continent arising from infant mortality, ignorance of natural andproper treatment of disease, from superstition, from alcohol, im-ported and locally brewed, from new dangers arising from un-familiar industrialism and civilization, and from other causes. Much

British East Africa (including the East African Protectorate, the UgandaProtectorate, and Zanzibar and Pemba). British Protectorates. Total area,356,961 square miles, population, 6,364,850, including 20,467 Asiatics. Animismis the prevailing religion, but on the coast, and on Zanzibar and Pemba, theMohammedans largely predominate.German East Africa. German Colony. Area, about 384,000 square miles,

population, 7,659,898. Overrun by British, Belgian and Portuguese forces bythe close of the war. Prevailing religion, Animism.

80 NEGRO AFRICA

of this is preventable, and is greatly lessened where Christianmissions have functioned, as in Basutoland and Uganda, limited as

has been the scope of missions even in these favored provinces.Under favorable conditions native populations have doubled in ageneration, but it is doubtful if the total negro population of Africais increasing in the aggregate, so many, so varied and so strong arethe forces operating adversely at the present time.

Industry and the various governments greatly need and desire

an increased population. Both of these in some of the colonies

need evidence and then pressure and leadership to introduce correc-

tive measures and better conditions. Christian education and medicalservice is needed from the church as well as the leadership in con-vincing these other factors. All which bespeaks the necessity for agreatly increased force, and for missionaries of the highest order.

Railroad Construction

There is ahead a large program of railroad construction, involvingall parts of Africa, and aggregating tens of thousands of miles.

Several of these enterprises are being put into operation at once.

The usual force employed in the construction of a line of railroadis from a hundred to two hundred white men and two thousand to

five thousand or more natives gathered from tribes for hundreds ofmiles on either side.

In no case that the writer has heard of has a Christian workeraccompanied any one of the scores of such groups that have built

the more than 20,000 miles of railway now in operation in Africa.Moral and religious conditions on railroad construction have beenworse than can be imagined. Natives have returned to their homeswith little to relate of the white man's life and doings except his

drunkenness, his gambling, his immorality, and with his profanitywell learned.

A very crucial opportunity has been lost in the past to shepherdand help the white men and to teach and evangelize the natives.

Will not evangelical Christianity henceforth provide a mobile corpsto accompany every such construction group and thus capitalize oneof the best of chances to serve and to save, as well as to give afavorable impression to the natives of some factors at least con-nected with the incoming forces.

Missionary Control of Primary Education

With few exceptions practically all the primary education ofnatives in Negro Africa has been given by missionary agencies. It is

the British custom to subsidize mission schools, Protestant and

Portuguese East Africa. Consists of three Portuguese territories, theProvince of Mozambique (area, 295,000 square miles), the Companhia deMocambique (59,840 square miles), and the Companhia de Nyassa (73,292square miles). The two latter are under trading companies. Total area,

426,712 square miles, population, 3,120,000. The prevailing religion is Animism.

WEST AFRICA fe81

Catholic alike, on the basis of equipment, grade of work done, andattendance.

Several of the governments, notably Natal in the Union of SouthAfrica' and the Belgian Congo, are considering taking over, or estab-

lishing general primary education as a governmental function. TheFrench have already initiated this policy in part.

As this change occurs it will take from the missions one of their

most potential opportunities for influencing the tribes and developingcharacter. It will mean that the methods of work will need to bechanged and other phases stressed. It will make the religious educa-tion .to center more in the home, the church and in hostels at institu-

tions of learning.

WEST AFRICAThe marked industrial development and prosperity all along the

west coast of the past few years has led to the building of roads andof railways back to the interior. All this is arousing the people to

desire something new in education and in religion. Many heathenchiefs have been sending to the mission stations asking for teachersand evangelists. There never has been a more favorable time for

Christianity to extend its work.

Mohammedanism

The advance and aggression of Mohammedanism all along thecoast is the outstanding fact and the critical situation of the presenttime. Moslems from the interior and from the French Sudan seemto be organized for an aggressive propaganda in a most definite way.Teachers supplied with funds are appearing in the coast villages andopening and conducting schools among the raw heathen, buildingmosques and otherwise taking advantage of the awakened conditionof the natives and their desire for new and better things.

Many Mohammedan traders financed by European houses gofreely among the Pagan peoples and into districts of the variouscolonies, where, before European governments arrived, they wouldhave been killed. They preach Islam while they trade. The Moham-medans are meeting somewhat of a check in their school work in

the French territories, inasmuch as the French Government is for-bidding the use of the Arabic language as well as of any languageexcept French in the schools.

In Northern Nigeria, 19,073 Mohammedan schools are reported,with an attendance of 143,312. Of Christian mission schools twenty-nine are reported with an enrollment of six hundred and four pupils.

Union_of South Africa. A legislative union of self-governing colonies of

Great Britain. Comprising the Cape of Good Hope Province (area, 276,966,population (191 1), 2,564,965), Natal (area, 35,291, population (191 1), 1,194,-043), Transvaal (area, 110,450, population (1911), 1,686,212), Orange FreeState (area, 50,389, population (191 1), 528,174). Total area, 473,096 squaremiles, total population 5,973,394, of whom 4,697,162 are colored or natives, and1,276,242 Whites. There were (census of 1911), 2,578,049 Protestants, 91,035Roman Catholics, 46,919 Jews, 115,701 Hindus, 1,783 Buddhists and Confucian-ists, 45,842 Mohammedans.

82 WEST AFRICA

Liberia

In Liberia up to the present time the various missionary societies

have not come together in an effective cooperation to secure greaterresults, but there is a definite tendency in that direction. Thisrepublic is, if anything, overchurched near the coast, but each society

is understaffed for the effective occupation of the coast region andparticularly for the aggressive advance into the interior.

A start has been made recently in establishing medical work bythe Protestant Episcopalians, who have the only hospital in Liberia,

and a dispensary at another point.

One report states

:

"Liberia has no social, race or labor problems or disturbances.Her troubles have all been financial and the encroachments of thepowerful neighboring colonies on her borders."

Nigeria

So far as Southern Nigeria is concerned the situation is entirely

favorable to Christian missions, for the Governor-general is onrecord as saying, "I hold out every encouragement to establish mis-sions in Pagan centers."

The evidence is increasingly clear that there is urgent need that

a commission early be appointed representing American, British andother Foreign boards to devise ways and means by which theadvance of Mohammedanism can be stayed.

That war-time prohibition in Nigeria has a chance of becomingpermanent is seen from the fact that the Secretary of State for thecolonies had announced in the House of Commons "that he had in-

formed the governments of British West Africa colonies that theimportation into those colonies of all spirits should be prohibited for

the present, save under licenses issued by the colonial governmentand based on the imports for 1918, but that licenses are not to begranted for the importation of 'trade spirits.' " The commentfollows that the trade in gin in West Africa is "now coming to anend so far as Englishmen are concerned."

It would be a very great gain for every one concerned, except for

the liquor interests, if in the other portions of Africa, not previouslyprotected, prohibition of all imported liquors at least could becomeeffective. A united drive by all missionary agencies would be veryeffective in promoting and hastening this consummation.

Cameroun

The mass movement of recent years in the Presbyterian Missioncontinues unabated. The school work has been hindered in the

readjustment made necessary by the change of Governments.

Swaziland. British Protectorate. Area, 6,678 square miles, population(191 1 ), 99,959, of whom 98,733 are natives of the Zulu type.Basutoland. British Protectorate. Area, 11,716 square miles, population

(1911), 404,507 natives and 1,396 Europeans.

WEST CENTRAL AFRICA 83

Where German was taught formerly French is now required. Themissionaries, however, are quickly adjusting themselves to these

requirements.In caring for the German Mission stations in the Cameroun, the

Paris Evangelical Society and the Presbyterian (American) have

shared, with the final adjustments still pending. The return of the

German missionaries to their former work would seem to be alto-

gether inexpedient.

WEST CENTRAL AFRICA

French Congo

Decided difficulties seem to be encountered by mission^ societies

purposing to enter French territory. A group of American mis-

sionaries intending to open work in the Ubangi-Shari district havewaited for two years at Brazzaville for the necessary permission.

There is hopefulness of soon obtaining this permission. The FrenchCongo is a most important sector to occupy in the staying of the

advance of Mohammedanism which is aggressively pressing downfrom the North.Besides the group mentioned above, four regular missionary so-

cieties are planning to extend their work into this region at the

earliest favorable moment.

The Belgian Congo

The missionary conference of 191*8, attended by seventy-three mis-sionaries representing nine societies, was a gathering of a high order.

It faced the problems of missionary work in this colony in a mostefficient way and appointed a continuation committee to carry into

effect its findings and policies.

A careful study of the occupation of this field revealed that the

heart of the colony only is at all well occupied. The outer rim, of

about three hundred miles in width, particularly on the East andNorth, is almost untouched. One notable break in the rim is onthe northeast, where the Africa Inland Mission has established itself

in force, with headquarters at Aba, from which also the work of this

same society in British East Africa and the former German EastAfrica will be administered. The Heart of Africa Mission occupiesterritory in the same region.

It was stated at the conference that one hundred tribes of theCongo are as yet untouched by the Gospel.The next session of this Conference of Protestant Missionary

Societies in the Congo will be held in 1921, either at Brazzaville or at

Bolenge.

Rhodesia (including Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia). Underthe administration of the British South Africa Company. Area, about 440,000square miles, population (estimated), 1,654,000 natives, and about 30,000Europeans. Prevailing religion, Animism.

84 EAST AFRICA

A strong deputation representing the Baptist Missionary Society(English) visited the Congo during the year, as did also a deputa-tion of the Methodist Episcopal Church. All of the other longestablished missions have previously been visited by deputations.This should put all the societies in a position to consider efficiently

the problems of readjustment and of advance.

EAST AFRICAA famine in parts of British East Africa followed the epidemic

of "flu" and smallpox. Relief of distressing conditions was suppliedby the government officials and missionaries working in cooperation.

MohammedansThe entire east coast down as far as the Zambesi is one of the

storm centers, a sector of active advance by the Mohammedans.The war furnished great opportunities for propaganda, which wereaggressively improved by the Moslems, particularly in connectionwith the military operations. The Christian forces were in evidencein only a few places.

German Mission WorkIn caring for the German Protestant Missions in former German

East Africa, the Africa Inland Mission (an American interdenom-inational society) has been requested by the Government to assumethe responsibility for certain of these. A possible solution for thestations in the districts assigned to Belgium by the Peace Conferenceis for the Belgian Protestants to occupy this territory. Before thewar there were 50,000 Protestants in Belgium, and missionariesrepresenting a portion of these were on the way in August, 1914, to

open work in the Congo.The Africa Inland Mission was able greatly to increase its staff

during the war period, having now a hundred and sixty missionariesin East Africa and the Congo.

Opposition to Mission WorkPortions of Portuguese East Africa, notably those under the

Mozambique Company, are practically closed to missionary work.This chartered company represents principally British and Frenchcapital. Portuguese are employed in the provinces. This situation

calls for early attention.

SOUTH AFRICA

The "Sub-Continent" having had a much earlier and a more generaloccupation by Europeans, is far ahead of the rest of Negro Africain every respect. A million and a quarter Europeans within theUnion of South Africa, the majority of them either born in the

country or permanently settled there, aim to make this a "White

SOUTH AFRICA 85

man's country-" There must be taken into consideration at the

same time nearly five million Africans and colored people (mixedblood) besides 115,701 East Indians and 45,841 Mohammedans,mostly Malay and other Asiatics. Truly South Africa has her full

share of political, industrial, social and religious problems.The application of the Gospel t© social conditions and to racial

differences and problems, in a sane and right way by members ofall races and groups, is the great need, and holds out the onlypromise of solution to these very acute problems, which perhaps aremore acute and complex in South Africa than anywhere else.

Religious Situation of Europeans

While practically all of the white population of South Africa is

returned in statistics as Christian, it is only the same as reportingAmerica or any European country as Christian, or somewhat less so.

Several of the principal Protestant denominations are strongly repre-sented either by independent or by affiliated Conferences, Synods orsimilar groups. These bodies carry on a more or less aggressivework, as compared with churches in other countries, but all feel theneed of greatly enlarged activities and programs. Very definite

expressions have been made of desire for a closely united and com-mon program on behalf of evangelical Christianity throughout theUnion.

Temperance

The measure promoted on behalf of the vine growers of SouthAfrica to permit selling to natives of wines and liquors up to tenper cent strength of alcohol has been defeated for the time at least.

Leaders of native thought are beginning to resent race or class

legislation. These same leaders realize the evils of alcoholic liquorsand approve of prohibition, but they maintain that it should beprohibition for all.

The illicit liquor selling to natives, which is such a scandal andproblem at Johannesburg, is very difficult to suppress as long as thereis abundance of all sorts of liquors in the country for Europeans.Degenerate whites and crafty colored persons will sell it to thenatives. Many Europeans are beginning to agree that total prohibi-tion is the only solution. Many of the recurring race and class prob-lems and difficulties would disappear with alcohol.

Temperance sentiment is gaining and progress has been made toconvince the vine growers that there is fully as profitable a marketfor their produce in other forms as in alcohol.

American temperance workers have responded to join in a cam-paign beginning October, 1919. Local option is the means by which-the leaders expect to make their gains.

Changing Attitude of Europeans Toward Mission WorkThe past two decades have seen a great reversal of opinion, on the

part of the general European public, regarding the advisability of

86 SOUTH AFRICA

education at all for the natives and the value of mission work in

general.

The findings of the imperial Native Affairs Commission of 1903,and similar investigations, which strongly commended education andmission work, the attitude of the natives in the Zulu rebellion of

1906, the good account given of themselves by graduates of missionschools ; these and other factors have utterly changed the attitude ofthe thoughtful men in government and in commerce.

The Johannesburg Gold Mines

In this melting pot of the native tribes of South Africa, race con-sciousness and independence of action is growing rapidly. Untilwithin a few years the principal activity of the natives on a Sundaywas participation in a local compound dance. Now each Sundaythere is a special dance in a designated compound to which nativesassemble from compounds twenty miles or more distant. Teams vie

with each other in performance, each team being backed by its

crowd. Compound colors, banners, streamers and yells are much in

evidence, as at a football game.Besides this development of native sport the natives have imitated

the white man in forming football, tennis, cricket and other athletic

clubs, with contests, prizes, etc. Most of these games are held onSunday, likewise an imitation of white men.The sixty or more Ethiopian (independent native or negro) Church

organizations at present existing throughout South Africa in themajority of cases originated here on the mineral fields.

Secret Societies, a notable one called Ninevahites, the members ofwhich engage to aid each other in crimes, is very strong here.

Compound WorkTwo decades ago it was with great difficulty that missionaries

obtained access to the mine compounds to preach to the native

miners ; now practically every compound is open to them, and halls

and school rooms are, by the mines in many cases, put at the disposal

of the mission agents.

In connection with this compound work very much greater effi-

ciency could be obtained by a reorganization and cooperation be-tween the twenty-two societies from practically every Protestantcountry that are now working quite independently of each otheralong the Rand. No one of them has been doing an adequate andsignificant work.The American Board is greatly enlarging its work, opening social

centers, seeking to get control or give guidance in recreational andathletic activities, and otherwise functioning in the every day life ofthe natives employed in the city and on the mines. It is to be hopedthat other societies will likewise seek to serve in this larger way andthus employ these additional means of proclaiming and exemplifyingthe Gospel.

SOUTH AFRICA 87

The General Mission Conference of South Africa

The fifth session of this important conference was postponed onaccount of the war, from 1916 and is to be held in 1921. Commis-sions have been making exhaustive research on various subjects,

and will report their findings at the coming session.

The sentiment, which has been strong in the conference froin its

first session, in favor of comity and of correction of overlapping,

which is acute in parts of South Africa, is growing in strength andwould seem to bespeak readiness for some positive and radical

adjustments in the near future.

The South Africa Native College

After years of consideration and slow progress the South AfricaNative College—of real college grade—is at last a reality, and wasopened during the year. The missionary agencies, the variousprovincial governments and the native tribes of the Sub-continentare all related to the enterprise.

The site is on ground formerly a part of the Lovedale institution,

the buildings being about a mile apart.

During the first season thirty-nine students, well distributed amongthe various denominations, and from seven tribes, were in at-

tendance.Professional training will be provided at an early date. Theo-

logical training will be given by the various denominations in connec-tion with their hostels.

As a result of the revelation during the year of the lack and theneed of skilled medical advice and attention among the nativepeoples a fair proportion of the students are desiring medicaltraining.'

Government Recognition and Support

From an attitude of indifference years ago the Natal governmenthas become a heavy supporter of missionary education. AmanzimtoteInstitution (American Board) received in 1918 government grantsfor support of the teaching staff $8,000, as against $300 eighteenyears ago. One grant toward the building of a Domestic ScienceDepartment amounts to $5,000. Large support is assured for equip-ment and salaries in the greater program ahead.

Native Loyalty and Development

Fears were entertained that natives returning from the war zonesof France and East Africa would exhibit unfavorable reactions.But these fears were groundless. The Superintendent of Educationin Natal was able to say that he had "not heard of a single instanceof unbecoming conduct on the part of a returned native laborer.On the contrary, the discipline of the army and the educationthrough travel had rendered them more dutiful, more loyal, moreuseful."

88 SOUTH AFRICA

Mr. Le Roy, for eighteen years principal of Amanzimtote, the lead-ing native educational institution of Natal, reports that the war hasled the natives to discriminate between mere civilization and Christi-

anity. Mere civilization and education is not sufficient. There is

such a thing as Godless civilization which does not differ materiallyfrom a Godless heathenism. This new view has made the nativepeoples more receptive to the truth than they have been for years.

The Zulu native churches have entirely supported their ownministry for a quarter of a century. This year they took advancesteps in establishing at their own charges a minimum salary forevery pastor and evangelist, involving a twenty to forty per centincrease over former salaries, and also by appointing and providingfor the salary of a native field secretary for their churches.The natives of South Africa, many of them college trained (in

America and Great Britain), have their provincial and nationalcouncils to promote the educational, social, political and industrial

interests of their peoples. The discussions and actions are on ahigh plane, surprising to those not conversant with the abilities andattainments of natives who have had opportunities for education.

The Three Factors

Church, state and commerce, all three are operating throughoutthe continent of Africa. All three are ordained of God, each to

function in its respective sphere. The best results will follow wherethe three cooperate closely and harmoniously, all actuated by thespirit of humanity, of justice and of service.

With the accounting nations will in future be required to renderof their stewardship, under the League of Nations, the governmentsof Africa must increasingly consult the interests of the peoples,

providing so far as laws can the opportunities for security and fordevelopment. A wise, strong policy of cooperation with govern-ments pursued by the federated missionary agencies can greatly

further these ends.

Industry while inclined at first to be short-sighted and careless ofnative welfare is becoming convinced in spots that a humane policy

is best in the long run for them as well as for the natives. TheChurch as well as the state needs to be alert here to give proof, to

watch processes, correct wrongs and secure the best conditions for

the native laborers.

The Mission agencies are broadening their policies, and need to

go on and to be sure that the total normal life of the peoples is beingsymmetrically developed. The narrow conception that frowned upongovernments and industry and kept apart from them must give place

to a policy of seeking opportunities to cooperate.

To keep pace with state and commerce in all parts of Africa, the

Church needs to multiply her present force from six to ten fold.

THE PHILIPPINES 89

THE PHILIPPINESRev. P. H. J. Lerrigo, M.D.

Especial interest attaches to the Philippine situation at this time

;

first, because of the recrudescence of interest in the question ofimmediate independence, and second, because of the prominencewhich the doctrine of mandataries has taken in the peace delibera-

tions.

The Philippines as a Mandatary

The American occupation of the Philippines may fairly be consid-ered an ideal example of a mandatary accepted by a stronger in

behalf of a weaker nation. It may be taken as indicative of the wayin which mandataries as projected in the peace treaty should workout, and also as an assurance of the entire feasibility of such amandatary system. The spirit of Protestant Christendom hascrystallized in America's dealings with the Philippines. Service is

its keynote and its best fruitage is the possibility of an epoch whensimilar relationships shall obtain between great and small peoples theworld over.

Interpreting America to the Orient

The Philippines has been an experimental station for the new eraand stands as an interpreter at the door of the Orient China waspuzzled for decades by the contrast between Romanist and Prot-estant methods of missionary work within her own boundaries. Theone expressed autocracy and the other democracy. The one inter-

meddled in a multitude of lawsuits and demanded special privileges

for its adherents ; the other relied for success and protection uponthe dynamic force of its message. The Philippine experience hasshed a flood of light upon these inconsistencies for the Chinese.Four hundred years of the old Spanish regime failed to accomplishwhat two decades of a benevolent government in the spirit ofevangelical Christianity have achieved.

It is helping Japan also to interpret an episode in her own history.

The hostile reaction to Catholic propaganda closed the doors ofJapan to the world. Iyeyasu suspected that the propaganda ofSpanish and Portuguese missionaries was but the preliminary to

political aggression and the great Shogun ordered all foreign priests

expelled and all churches destroyed, while Japanese Christians werecompelled to renounce the faith. America's experience in the Philip-

pines is a striking illustration, comprehensible because occurring in

a brief time, of the contrast between that autocratic type of Christi-

anity, and the democratic Christianity which has had no small partin the modern Japanese revolution.

Philippine Islands. United States Possession. 3,141 Islands (only eightof large size) with an area of about 114,400 square miles. Population (esti-

mated), 9,000,000, mainly of the Malay race, but there are some tribes ofNegritos, aboriginal Polynesians, numbering probably 25,000 all told, andabout 35,000 Chinese. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholicism, but thereare some 1,100,000 non- Christians, including the Mohammedans and some300,000 Animists,

90 THE PHILIPPINES

The Young Men's Buddhist Association of India has sent a com-mission to the Philippines to study its educational system. Thenations of the Orient understand America and Christ better becauseof our experience in the Philippines.

Two Decades in the Philippines

The present year closes two decades of mission work in the Philip-

pines, while the American occupation has just come of age, beingnow in its twenty-first year. The limited area involved and theliberty to depart radically from old standards made it possible to

introduce reforms of the most advanced nature and in some respects

the Philippines has outpaced this country in its governmentalmethods. Postal Savings Banks were introduced there before theywere established in this country. The past year has seen the adop-tion of the budget system in insular finance, a departure whichAmerican legislators have talked of for decades and which we havenot yet succeeded in achieving. For the lack of it we have thepresent haphazard and unrelated hodge-podge of national expendi-tures.

Departmentalized Government Service

During the year covered by the last report of the Governor Gen-eral, the Jones bill has been put into effect, departmentalizing theentire Philippine service. The very titles of the departments indi-

cate the practical nature of the plan. They are as follows with their

subdivisions, or bureaus. All of them with the exception of the De-partment of Public Instruction are in charge of Filipino directors.

Department of the Interior.

Bureau of non-Christian tribes.

Executive Bureau.Bureau of Constabulary.Philippine General Hospital.

Department of Public Instruction.

Bureau of Education.Philippine Health Service.

Department of Finance.Bureau of Internal Revenue.Treasury Bureau.Budget.

Department of Justice.

Bureau of Prisons.Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources.Bureau of Forestry.

Department of Commerce and Communications.Bureau of Public Works.Bureau of Posts.Bureau of Supply.Bureau of Labor.Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey.

THE PHILIPPINES 91

Education in the Philippines

The Department of Public Instruction evidences perhaps better

than any other that the task undertaken in the Philippines is being

intelligently and thoroughly done. The system is based upon the

most advanced principles of educational science. It includes trades

schools and manual training in all the schools far in advance of the

average American standard. It is recognized, however, that while

the quality of the work is high, it is inadequate in extent._The

Secretary of Public Instruction, Mr. Charles E. Yeater, states in his

report that "while the Philippines possess an excellent school system,

with a trained and expert directing personnel, other facts make plain

the dark side of the picture. It is true that only one-half the

children of the islands are in the public schools and that for the

reason that schoolhouses and teachers are lacking." To meet the

situation the Philippine legislature has recently passed a bill provid-

ing for an additional sum of Pesos 30,000,000 to be made available

for the work of the department during the next five years. Thiswill supplement the present annual appropriation of Pesos 5,000,000.

Association of Government and Missionary WorkFrom the beginning of the task there has been a close association

between the work of the missionary and the Government. In the

report of F. W. Carpenter, Director of the Bureau of Non-ChristianTribes, to the Secretary of the Interior are these words : "As acoordinate factor with the Government in the work of civilization

throughout the territory within the jurisdiction of this bureau, I

cannot too strongly commend the work of Christian missions andphilanthropy."The mission schools are supplementing the work of the Depart-

ment of Public Instruction, especially in the higher branches, and that

their work is thoroughly appreciated is indicated by the followingparagraph from the last report of the Secretary of the department

:

"Every effort by any religious sect ... to establish and maintainschools should be welcome. With half the children of the countrydeprived of an opportunity to get an education there is pressingdemand not only for more public but more private schools."

The Students' Conferences

While statistics for the year are not yet available, every reportfrom the Philippines indicates that the evangelical work has beenproceeding most encouragingly. One of the interesting events ofthe year was the Students' Conference held at Baguio during theChristmas holidays. One hundred and twenty-five young men werein attendance as delegates. The year was marked also by the organ-ization of the first women students' conference. These gatheringswill parallel the work of the Students' Conferences in America andare already stimulating young people to give their lives to missionaryservice. Rev. W. O. Valentine of Occidental Negros reports twenty

92 THE PHILIPPINES

men in his field ready to enter the ministry. At Camp Claudio athousand young men are in Bible classes.

The Christian Service League

As an outgrowth of the student gatherings the Christian ServiceLeague was inaugurated. It has for its primary object "the promo-tion of vital Christianity in the lives of the young men and womenof the Islands." Branches of the League are being formed through-out the archipelago. It has undertaken as one of its first tasks a

vigorous campaign against the cockpit and in favor of prohibition.

There is before the Philippine legislature a measure to the sameeffect as the prohibitory amendment recently adopted by Congress.The Christian Service League has addressed the Philippine senators

and representatives in an open letter supporting Senor Altavas' bill

to limit the continuance of the Cockpit to two years. Already someresults are manifest. Gambling among high officials is being vigor-ously attacked, and certain municipal presidents have been separatedfrom their office for this offense.

Net Results to Date

The American occupation of the Philippines is, in some sense,

entirely a missionary task, for it was conceived and has been carried

out in an altruistic spirit. The net results of Government and mis-sionary work alike are a peaceful but complete revolution of the

Archipelago. Up to the American occupation the Philippines werein a condition of arrested development. The Spaniards brought amedieval civilization four hundred years ago and the atmosphereof the middle ages still prevailed. The walled city of Manilagraphically pictured its old-world character. Since the Americanoccupation it has been swept into the current of modern progress.This is illustrated by the new commerce. The last report of theGovernor General shows a year of extraordinary prosperity. Thetotal trade amounts to Pesos 322,802,674; the exports being 191,-

208,613, making a balance of trade in favor of the Philippinesamounting to 59,614,552. The money in circulation was Pesos102,580,313. The commerce with the United States includes two-thirds of the exports and three-fifths of the imports. The worldis getting acquainted with the Philippines and they with the world.Inward-bound passengers were 19,635, outward-bound 16,293.

A Curious Anachronism

Remnants of the old medievalism are still found. At Loma Ceme-tery this year the "penitentes" were practised by scores of men onGood Friday. Stripped to the waist they lacerated themselves until

the blood streamed down their backs ; some hacked themselves withpieces of glass and others flagellated themselves with scourges madeof cords and small pieces of bamboo. Public sentiment is increasing,however, against such absurdities.

THE PHILIPPINES 93

The Key to the Future

The results of the evangelical work in the islands are seen notonly in the growth of many large and vigorous Protestant churchesand communities, but also in the leavening of public opinion far

beyond what might be expected if the numerical strength only ofProtestantism were taken into account. There must be a vital faith

in Christ as personal Lord and Master on the part of increasingnumbers of the people if reforms are to be lasting, and this is beingbrought about by the work of the missions. The young people ofthe schools and churches are carrying their enlightened ideas into

every walk of life. The growth of a middle class may be discerned.

Opportunities as artisans, railway employees, in connection withbusiness houses, and the new agriculture are appealing especially to

the Christian young men and women.

The Work Still Incomplete

It is apparent that the work is still incomplete and the missionsmust concern themselves in the coming days with reenforcing theeducational situation, especially in its higher branches, and must placeredoubled emphasis upon cooperation with the Filipinos themselvesin building up a vigorous native church to be the moral backbone ofthe country. The missionary to the Philippines should be a studentof world movements. He should study the Government reports andpresent to his young people the opportunity of engaging in publicwork with the aim of carrying the spirit of Christ into the affairs ofthe Islands.

GENERAL ARTICLES

MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHRev. Joseph F. McGlinchey, D.D.*

The Foreign Mission work of the Catholic Church began in the

year 30 A. D., when Jesus Christ, the Son of God, its founder andfirst missionary, preached His own Gospel and organized the first

Christian Seminary, whose students, taught and ordained to the

Priesthood by Him, were commanded to go and "Teach all nations,"

to "Preach the Gospel to every creature." For twenty centuries the

successors of Christ and His little band of twelve missionaries havepreached His doctrine, guided by the Holy Spirit and directed bythe Pope, the successor of St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles andthe Visible Head of the Church.We may divide this long Apostolate of 2,000 years into three

distinct periods : I. The Apostolic Epoch, which covers the first

three centuries of the Church, and which ended with the cessation

of the early persecutions in the reign of Constantine ; II. The Epochof Union and Protectorate, during which Christian Princes lent

their assistance, both material and moral, to the spreading of theFaith; and III. The Modern or Popular Epoch, which began after

the Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, when the Church, againpersecuted and despoiled of her goods, depended for her supportupon the charity of the faithful. It is the purpose of this Chapterto give a brief account of the condition of the Apostolate of theCatholic Church to the heathens at the present day.

The Missionaries

Among the first questions asked by those seeking informationabout the conversion of the pagan is "How many foreign mission-aries are there?" Since this chapter has to do with the missionarywork of the Catholic Church all references in it are to Catholicmissionaries. Let us first determine what we understand by thewords foreign missionary, for statistics are sometimes misleading.This is especially true if they be comparative. It may easily happenthat estimates are compiled from quite different points of view.Moreover, thereis apt to be much overlapping in such records. Thedata used in this paper is taken from the most authentic sources,and is, we feel, conservative.A missionary is one specially sent by the Church of God to carry

the glad tidings of the Gospel to those who have not yet receivedthem. By a foreign missionary we mean, one, not a native, who

* Director of Missions for the Archdiocese of Boston of the Roman CatholicChurch. Dr. McGlinchey very kindly consented to furnish an article for theYear Book which would give an account of the work of his Church throughoutthe mission world, written from the viewpoint of the Catholic Church.

97

98 MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

preaches the Gospel in pagan lands, or in foreign lands that are nolonger pagan, but have few or no native clergy, like the West Indiesand parts of the Philippines, South and Central America. Weunderstand as pagan lands countries where the majority of thepopulation does not worship the one, true God.There are about 38,000 foreign missionaries, and they are divided

as follows : 12,000 Priests, 6,000 Brothers, and 20,000 Sisters. Thesefigures would, of course, be much larger if we included the nativePriests and Sisters (about 10,000) who are laboring for the con-version of their own people, and European missionaries who havefollowed their own Christian countrymen to other lands, like thevast army of Irish Priests and Nuns in America and Australia. It

might be mentioned in passing that in China there are over 800 nativePriests and over 1,500 native Sisters. Indo-China has about thesame number, while in India we find as many native Priests andSisters as there are in China and Indo-China put together.

Up to the present almost all of the Catholic foreign missionarieshave come from Europe. The World War has naturally reducedtheir number and its effects will be felt in the personnel of themissions for some years, as many of the Seminaries and Conventswhere young men and women prepared for mission work were either

closed or greatly depleted. A large number of these apostolicschools and colleges were used as hospitals during the War.

A Missionary's Training

While some will be surprised at the large number of native Priests

and Sisters in the Far East, many, undoubtedly, will ask, "But whyare there not more foreign missionaries?" Not merely to answerthis question, but because those who will read this chapter may notbe well informed about the calling, preparation and training of ourmissionaries, we feel that this fundamental question should betouched upon.The foreign missionary, just as the Priest or Sister at home, does

not follow this life in preference to another, like those, for example,who select the professions of law, medicine or teaching. "You havenot chosen me: but I have chosen you" (John XV. 16), said Christto His Apostles. This same call applies equally to the modern Peterengaged in the self same apostolic work. In other words, our mis-sionaries must have a vocation, they must be called by God, whomanifests His wishes in many different ways. Most writers uponthis point go farther and claim that there is a very special vocationto be a foreign missionary, entirely distinct and much higher thanthat of the Priest or Sister in Christian lands. This matter of voca-tion, as understood by Catholics, is not easy to grasp by those outside

the Church. We know, however, that there are a great many Prot-estants who look upon it in just the same light as we do.

The long years of preparation and training of our missionaries,

too, may surprise many. A boy who aspires to this lofty calling

usually enters an apostolic school after he has completed the ordinary

MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 99

high school. Then follows a course equal to the four years ofcollege, including two years of philosophy. By this time the candi-

date has been carefully trained and disciplined. If the observationsof his superiors have satisfied them as to his character, intellectual

equipment and general fitness for the priesthood and its exercise in

the foreign fields, he is permitted to advance to the study of theology.

Even there, a strict and severe disciplinary training is continuedand, usually at the end of the second year, comes the call to MinorOrders. After his third year in the Seminary the student receives

Major Orders and then, when his entire course is completed, he is

ordained to the priesthood. Some young priests are assigned to theforeign fields immediately after their ordination, others are sent to

universities for higher studies or obliged to teach in the apostolic

schools and seminaries before the goal of their ambition is finally

attained. Since the majority of our foreign missionaries are mem-bers of Religious Orders, in addition to the above long period ofstudy and preparation they spend two years of Novitiate, duringwhich there is very little study, but much character training, result-

ing from spiritual exercises under a competent and carefully selected

Novice Master.The Brothers and Sisters, of course, do not go through this long

period of probation and studies, but their training is in many casesmuch stricter than that of the Brothers and Sisters who expect to

labor for souls in Europe and America.

The Church in Many Lands

In a short treatise like the present it is difficult to make an ade-quate or even a satisfactory statement about the world wide missionactivities of the Church. There are so many phases of the questionthat we can only give a brief account of the work in general; and in

order that as much information as possible may be gleaned there-from, we will classify the personnel and the present results of theefforts of the laborers according to the various political divisions ofthe harvest field, keeping in mind that now, as in the early days ofChristianity, it is only too true that "The harvest indeed is great, butthe laborers are few." Matt. IX. $7.

There are on the face of the globe to-day about 1,500,000,000 people—one billion five hundred million souls ! One-third of this great armyonly is Christian—300,000,000 Catholics and 200,000,000 Protestants.In China alone there are almost as many pagans as there are Chris-tians in the rest of the world. Think of it, almost every third childborn into this world is a Chinese boy or girl. If the pagans ofChina were to file down Fifth Avenue at the rate of one hundredper minute, marching every minute of every hour and twenty-fourhours each day, and there were no breaks in that parade; if you,dear reader, and I, wanted to witness all of that great spectacle, howlong do you think we would have to remain upon the grandstand?A little over nine years!

Let us begin with Asia. Before giving the figures, an explanation

too MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

of some of the terms used may be helpful. A vicariate is an ecclesi-

astical division of mission territory less in importance than a diocese.

It may at any time be raised to the dignity of a diocese by beingcanonically determined as such. A prefecture is less in importancethan a vicariate. The ecclesiastical superiors having jurisdictionover these districts are called, respectively, vicars apostolic andprefects apostolic. The former is usually a bishop, the latter maybe but seldom is a bishop.

In India there are 2,311,000 Catholics, thirty-five archbishops andbishops, three prefects apostolic and 2,894 priests.

In Indo-China, which includes Burmah, Cambodia, Cochin China,Siam, Malacca and Tonkin, the Church has 1,121,122 Catholics,

seventeen bishops and 1,397 priests.

In China we find one diocese, forty-eight vicariates and oneprefecture apostolic, respectively governed by fifty bishops and oneprefect apostolic. In this vast new republic we have 1,859,883Catholics, 1,432 missionaries, 1,994 nuns, 7,736 Catechists, about10,000 churches and chapels and eighty-five seminaries.

Japan, which before the terrible persecutions counted over2,000,000 Catholics, was closed to missionaries for three hundredyears, and in i860 there was not one Catholic who openly professedhis faith in the Flowery Kingdom. To-day we have 162,212 Cath-olics, four bishops, two vicars apostolic, and two hundred andtwenty-three foreign missionaries here.

Africa has fourteen dioceses, seventy-two vicariates and prefec-tures apostolic, 3,523 missionaries and 2,896,105 Catholics.

Oceania offers us an illustration of what we said above aboutstatistics. If we include Australia, and in giving figures aboutOceania it is sometimes considered, we have well over 1,000,000

Catholics and nearly 2,000 priests. But since we do not now con-sider Australia a missionary country, although technically it is,

for its affairs are still directed by the Sacred Congregation of Propa-ganda in Rome, we have a much smaller number of missionariesand converts in Oceania. In this vast archipelago, which is some-times called Polynesia and includes the Caroline, Fiji, Solomon,Marquesas Islands, New Guinea, New Pomerania, New Caledoniaand others, there are nine vicariates, three prefectures, six hundredand eight missionaries and 276,794 Catholics.

In the above classification are enumerated 10,177 foreign mis-sionary priests. Besides these we find over 1,800 more who arelaboring in parts of the East and West Indies, the Philippines,

Alaska, South and Central America.

Support of the Missions

There are two great international mission aid organizations whichaim at supporting the Catholic foreign missionaries : The Society for

the Propagation of the Faith, founded in 1822 and composed of adult

members, and the Association of the Holy Childhood, established

in 1843. The receipts of these two Apostolic Works are used to

MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 101

feed and clothe our 38,000 missionaries. The various activities andenterprises of the mission fields, such as the building and main-tenance of Churches, schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc., are sup-ported by the funds of other smaller national societies, local missioncircles and clubs, and by the contributions of individuals. The manyReligious Orders, Congregations and Societies dedicated entirely' orin part to foreign mission work, through their periodicals receive

considerable financial assistance for their own missions. Moreover,the relatives and friends of missionaries often send them material

help. Such support, according to some, is, in the aggregate, quite

large, but of course there is no means of tabulating it.

The two international Societies are organized in Christian coun-tries, with National, Diocesan and even Parochial Directors who arepriests. The funds thus collected are distributed semi-annually fromthe headquarters in Europe. But there is a steady flow of contribu-tions going constantly to the Missions from all the other abovenamed sources.

What the United States Is Doing

The interest of American Catholics in Foreign Missions growsmore intense from year to year and promises to be felt very stronglywithin the next decade. We are just emerging from the missionstate ourselves. Only a few years ago some of the now flourishing

Catholic centers counted but a few priests and a handful of fol-

lowers. In fact, at the present time there are extensive areas in theSouth, West and Northwest where churches and schools ai;e yet

to be built, where the local needs are so great that outside assistance

is needed.Not until 1898 was there any organized effort to put before the

faithful the cause of Foreign Missions ; and even now the East is the

only part of this vast country that has the work well in hand. Forover twenty years the two international Societies have had CentralBureaus in the United States. The National Headquarters of the

Society for the Propagation of the Faith were first located in Balti-

more, but are now in New York. The Association of the HolyChildhood opened its National Office in Pittsburgh, where it is at thepresent. The National Directors of these two collecting agenciessend out literature and work through Diocesan Directors. It waswith the appointment in 1898 of a priest free to give all his energyto the interests of Foreign Missions that the most notable successwas achieved. This first Diocesan Director who was really in aposition to devote his entire time to Mission work began by organiz-ing the Society for the Propagation of the Faith in each parish of theDiocese of Boston, and in a very few years the same system ofarousing practical sympathy for the Cause was introduced elsewhere.New York opened an Office in 1904, Philadelphia in 1913, Albany andSt. Paul in 1916, and Brooklyn in 1918. So well did the plan workthat Boston, New York, and Philadelphia each soon found it neces-sary to give two priests exclusively to this special work. It is

102 MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

probable before long a similar organization will be found in each

Diocese large enough to merit the adoption of this method.

Foreign Mission Seminaries in the United States

More rapid than the development of Mission Aid Societies has

been the growth of our Apostolic Schools and Seminaries whichprepare young Americans for actual participation in the work of the

Mission fields. At present we have two Preparatory Schools andtwo Seminaries, and the future promises an extension of this noble

enterprise. At present almost one hundred per cent of the Catholic

foreign missionaries come from Europe. We sincerely hope andhave confidence that the time is not far distant when the spiritual

influence of American Catholics will be felt in the Orient.

The first Seminary, St. Mary's Mission House, was founded in

Techny, Illinois, by the Society of the Divine Word, a GermanCongregation whose Mother House is at Steyl, Holland. This Con-gregation has Missions in the Philippines, China, Africa and the

Islands of the Pacific. Its members are Religious, i. e., they take

the three vows of Poverty. Chastity and Obedience. In 191 1 the

Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary was started at Hawthorne, NewYork, and later transferred to Ossining, New York. It bears the

distinction of being the first institution of its kind founded by anAmerican, the Very Rev. James A. Walsh, Missionary Apostolic,

who was the second Diocesan Director of the Society for the Propa-gation of the Faith in Boston. In 1912 the Sacred Heart MissionHouse was opened at Girard, Pennsylvania. It is a PreparatorySchool for St. Mary's at Techny, and is conducted by the Fathersof the Divine Word. In 1913 the Venard Apostolic School, now at

Clark's Green, Pa., was started at Scranton, Pa., by the Superiorof the Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary of America, for whichit prepares students. The Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary andthe Venard School are foundations of the Catholic Foreign MissionSociety of America.Besides these two Societies, which were founded expressly for the

foreign mission work, there are two others which have branches in

the United States—The Congregation of the Holy Ghost and TheMissionary Fathers of La Salette. Most of their European membersare engaged in preaching to the heathen, but their Missions amongthe colored people of the United States and their educational(College) work here among white Catholics demand the attention

of such a large percentage of their personnel that we do not considerthem Foreign Mission Seminaries in the full sense of the words.They have, however, American subjects in the distant Missionfields, and accept candidates in their Apostolic Schools with theunderstanding that, if their superiors consider them adapted forwork in the Orient, they will be assigned there.

In fact, most of the great Religious Orders have foreign fields forwhich they are responsible. Many of them have several thousandsof priests in pagan lands. This is especially true of the Jesuits andFranciscans.

MISSIONS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 103

American Missionaries in China

America's quota of priests actually laboring in foreign missions

is not large. There are about five American Franciscans in China.

About twenty-five American Jesuit Fathers are in India, Japan,Jamaica and the Philippine Islands. Recently the Diocese of Bom-bay, India, has been assigned to the American Jesuits. Eleven menare now awaiting passports. The American Redemptorists havethree large parishes in Porto Rico with a personnel of thirteen

Fathers and four Brothers. The other Orders have a few Americansubjects scattered throughout the distant parts of the great whiteharvest field.

Maryknoll, as the Catholic Foreign Mission Society is popularlycalled, sent its first quota of four missionaries to China in Septem-ber, 1918. One year later the Superior of the little band, the Rev.Thomas Price, was called to his reward, when his work there wasscarcely begun. Maryknoll has since sent its second quota to China.In September, 1919, the Fathers of the Divine Word witnessed the

ceremony of departure of their first band of missionaries, three

in number, and destined likewise for China.

In Other Lands

There is no authentic data about the number of AmericanBrothers and Sisters in the Field Afar. We know of one hundredand seventy Sisters. Most of these Nuns are in Alaska, Porto Rico,

Jamaica and the Hawaiian Islands. We feel sure that there aremany more in the Far East than those who are known to us. Theidentity of a Sister is lost soon after she enters the Convent. . Shethen takes a Saint's name by which she is known thereafter. It is

this conscious emulation of the heroes and heroines of Christiantruth which signalizes Catholic missionary activities. In povertyand humility souls inspired by personal love for the Divine Redeemerand Teacher of men go forth to bring His message of light and hopeto unenlightened and depressed nations and peoples. The spirit ofthis sublime work grows apace in the United States. Each year,

zealous, virtuous young men and women, born and educated in theUnited (States, aspire to the service of spreading truth and graceamong the benighted pagans in the field afar. The secret of thehopes and the great sustaining power of the Catholic missionaryprogram finds its model and counterpart in the hearts and souls ofthe first, selected Twelve Apostles, the abiding presence of their

Lord and Master, Jesus Christ.

In the jungles of Africa, in the canebrakes of India, amid theswarming cities of China, just as in New York, Chicago or SanFrancisco, Catholics go to church to worship God Almighty whois personally present in the Most Blessed Sacrament of the Altar.

To Him they can talk and open their hearts, and from Him theycan draw comfort and consolation. This is the life of the missionaryand of his converts. No Catholic missionary could suffer completeand permanent separation from his native land and those whom he

104 GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS

loves, isolation from his fellow missionaries and the want of com-panionship, poverty, overwork, and all the other difficulties whichdaily face him unless he had Jesus daily in his hands, on the Altarand in his heart, to stimulate him in his undertakings, to enheartenand strengthen him in his trials and discouragements.

GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONSS. W. Boggs

"The end of the geographical feat is the beginning of the mis-sionary enterprise," said Livingstone. The geographical feat nothaving been accomplished for Central Africa, he undertook it him-self for the sake of Christian missions. There is today a wealth ofgeographical knowledge which has not yet been appropriated by the

Christian missionary forces to the degree to which Livingstonewould undoubtedly have utilized it.

This article is intended to suggest some of the more importantways in which geographical knowledge may be utilized, both to makethe work on the field more effective and the support of the work bythe home base more nearly adequate. The writer does not undertaketo do more than indicate some of the conclusions which have beenreached in the careful observation of recent missionary literature

and propaganda material.

The range of the uses to which geographical data may be put is

so great, and some of the methods of applying it so complicated andtechnical, that it is the belief of the writer that a comprehensiveplan of missionary geography should be put into operation by someagency which is authorized to serve the missionary societies in

common.Evidence of the Need of a Comprehensive Plan

A few typical requests, which have been made in recent monthsby secretaries of mission boards and editors of missionary and re-

ligious magazines, are noted below to illustrate the variety of thepossible applications of geography to missions.

Unoccupied Mission Fields. "What are the unoccupied missionfields?" is a question frequently asked, and no satisfactory reply is

available. The unoccupied areas include much more than the severalvast stretches of sparsely settled land in which no missionaries areat work. The only way to answer the question is to show therelative adequacy of occupation throughout the world, which wouldrequire knowledge as to populations by tribes, races, linguistic groupsand social classes which have not yet been adequately reached bymissions, within areas generally supposed to be occupied.Mission Hospitals in Africa. A map showing the location of all

the Protestant mission hospitals in Africa was recently prepared bya prominent missionary agency. It was necessary to use data forthe year 1915. It took several days to prepare a map which was eventhen much less satisfactory than it would have been if the suggestionsmade below had been in operation.

Mission Stations of German Societies. To make certain of the

GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS 105

proper adjustments to be made in the areas formerly occupied by-

German missionaries, but in which they are not at present permittedto work because of restrictions placed by the nations having jurisdic-

tion, would require weeks or months of study. It would be neces-sary to know not only the location of the stations of the Germansocieties, but also of the other agencies working in the vicinity ofthese stations. But no maps have been prepared since 191 1 whichgive the location of all Protestant stations, and no list of the stations

of the world has been prepared since 1915. Yet the person who re-

quested the information expected that it would be worked out in

a day or two.Missionary Map of Japan. A secretary of one of the great mis-

sionary organizations recently spent several days preparing a wallmap snowing the population per missionary in the several prefecturesof Japan. Having served as a missionary in Japan he was able to

make his own map as quickly as he could have made sketches ordrawn up instructions for someone else to follow, but the map heproduced is such as could have been prepared more quickly andinexpensively by others, if a map of Japan showing the prefectures,

together with a census, and the missionary facts now available, wereto be had in the city in which the work had to be done.Comparative Areas of Mission Fields. Very frequently the at-

tempt is made to present the size of some mission field graphically.

jS^

AFRICA AND GREENLAND COMPARED(Greenland is represented by the shaded area.)

From the same Mercator's map of the From equal-area projection maps onworld—a false comparison. the same scale—the true comparison.

106 GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS

In order to do this, maps of the areas which it is desired to com-pare must be found or prepared, which are on the same scale (thesame number of miles per inch) and on equal area projections (sothat, say, one square inch anywhere on the map represents the sameland area as any other square inch on the same map). These twosimple but technical requirements are not always easy to fulfill.

The necessity of comparing areas graphically is due largely to thealmost universal use of the Mercator's Projection for world maps,which has done much to fix quite strongly in the minds of manypeople a very mistaken conception of the relative size of land areasof the globe. This has been further accentuated by the use of mapsin school geographies, where Asia, Alaska or Connecticut is made to

fill a page, and in no way is the student assisted to comprehend therelative size of foreign countries. The map on the preceding pageshows clearly the need of a corrective to be applied in the interpreta-

tion of the foreign mission fields to the home base constituency.

Essentials of Missionary Geographyi. Discovery and record of all mission stations of all mission

agencies in all foreign fields.

2. Discovery and record of the chief non-missionary facts, suchas area, population, natural resources, climate, accessibility, com-merce routes, distribution of religions, languages, and races, withrespect both to occupied and unoccupied mission fields. This in-

formation should be so classified as to make it possible to determinethese facts for any area. This means largely a supplementing ofpresent library facilities with a special catalogue showing where to

find such information as missionary agencies have an interest in,

with respect to any area, large or small.

3. Preparation of a complete new set of maps, all maps to bemade on the same scale and on equal-area projections. On copies

of such a base map for, say, India, a series of maps should be pre-

pared—one showing all mission stations, another showing distribu-

tion of population by races, another by languages, and so forth.

4. Delimitation of "problem areas" is essential to missionarystrategy. When a missionary society takes up work in any place,

ideally it would be its task to occupy in an adequate manner all ofthe area in which the problem is a unit as to language, race andreligion, etc., unless the field be altogether too large for the re-

sources of the organization. But the study of the areas in whichthe problem is homogeneous has never been undertaken in a system-atic way. The accompanying map showing where the Hindi-speak-ing peoples of India live gives a little suggestion as to what^ can bedone in this line. From the standpoint of literature production anddistribution, such a map is invaluable. It would be necessary, how-ever, in a study of the Hindi-speaking people, further to discover,

for instance, which of these are Moslem, and where they live—the

Hindi-speaking Moslems constituting a "unit problem," and the areain which they live being a "problem area." (It is obvious that suchareas overlap, and to this is largely due the present degree of "over-looking" of classes and races.)

GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS 107

To cite another instance, there are estimated to be about 30,000,000

Tai peoples living in an area which overlaps parts of Siam, French

^^ INDIAHindi SpeaMng Population.

«

'i-M •':. ^

\ "y. 'i\8tjg£$vr: ... . .;

' '.'•'•'•:'

-Mil':; ':\

EACH POT REPRESENTS 100,000 PEOPLE

\

\ 1' f

MU.ES mKILOMTTEB-S

Indo-China, Burma, and China. Any study of problem areas wouldquickly reveal the situation here, whereas a study based on political

units, as_ most studies are, is apt to overlook these conditions. Inthis particular case, the societies working among these peoples havebeen compelled to use five different alphabets for the one family oflanguages, and they have not yet nearly occupied this "problemarea." A careful study of the Tai problem is necessary which will

cover all the political and linguistic areas in which these people live.

Principles to be ObservedI. The work should be continuous, not periodic. It would seem

that the time has come that somewhere, somehow, continuity shouldbe arranged for geographical work adapted to missions. In big busi-ness the perpetual inventory is taking the place of annual inventory.

i. The work should be continuous, not periodic. It would seem thatthe time has come that somewhere, somehow, continuity should bearranged for geographical work adapted to missions. In big businessthe perpetual inventory is taking the place of the annual inventory.

io8 GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS

Many phases of the geographical work of missions should be con-tinuous. The list of stations, for instance, should be kept up-to-date,

and the location of each station should be accurately indicated on abase map. Whenever it is found that a station has been incorrectly

located, the correction should be made promptly, .and whenever astation is abandoned, the name should be erased from the map. Thisis the more important because it should be possible to provide inex-pensive maps at any time, giving the location of all mission stations

at that time, and not at the time of the publication of some atlas,

years previously. A general is expected to know where his army is.

The mission constituency should know where the mission forces are,

not where they were once upon a time.2. Accuracy should be the unvarying rule. For those who do not

see the need of care in map-making, it may be said that accuracysaves time, effort, temper and conscience. Suppose station A is

located on a new mission map 35 miles south-east of its properposition. Station B is later discovered to be 43 miles east of A, butit is located on the map with reference to A as it is wrongly placed.

Later it is learned that whereas B appears to be 24 miles south of C(which is a city whose location is known) it is actually 26 miles

west of C. Suppose maps have now been published showing the

incorrect position of A and B. Multiply the difficulties of this situa-

tion by at least ten, add the confusion of conflicting informationfrom three or four different missionary societies whose maps are all

on so small a scale as to be worth little for study purposes, and it

just begins to approach the situation arising put of the past inade-quate geographical work of missionary agencies.

3. There should be uniformity of method and standard through-out. It should be possible to compare the facts of any area withthose of any other area. As suggested above, the maps should bemade on equal-area projections for all fields, and all fields should bemapped on the same scale. By the time of the next world mis-sionary conference, it should be possible to display a new set oftopographical missionary maps on the same scale, on equal-area pro-jections, with the same symbols and in every way comparable onewith the other. In addition, several series of maps should be pre-pared uniformly on the same scale, to show population, density ofpopulation, distribution of races, tribes, languages, accessibility, etc.

4. Service rather than abstract research should be the aim. Onechief difficulty with much of the geographical work in missions in

the past is that the studies have been so restricted that it has beenimpossible to serve those who asked questions in the way they de-served to be answered. In order to serve, a wide range of study is

imperative. Data that is ample for publicity purposes will notsuffice for missionary administrators, for missionary candidates mak-ing intensive preparation for a prospective field, or for missionarieson the field. Much of the geographical and semi-geographicalinformation valuable to missions is technical, and must be masteredby experts and made available to students in non-technical form.Information must be accessible to students of missions with respect

GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS 109

to all mission areas not only as to what maps are most artistic andlegible (the best criteria the novice in geography has to go by) butas to what maps are most reliable, on what they are based, and whichparts of the map are accurate and which are inaccurate. But the aimin gathering maps or data should be invariably to serve those whoneed advice and help in missionary studies. Methods and definitions

should be employed which would make available to anyone quickly,

and at little expense, the best maps and geographical data withrespect to any mission field or problem.

5.' Economy should be practised in the whole program. There areeconomical methods recently developed which few, if any, missionboards are employing. If utilized, they would greatly help bothboard secretaries and missionaries in numerous ways. No single

board can well afford the equipment essential to a geographical estab-

lishment, but if several should cooperate, they would get results

many times greater than they now obtain and at less expense, and it

would make it possible for each board to compare its work with that

of any other board, in any field. The inventions which could becalled into use are increasing rapidly. For instance, it is nowpossible to install a card file of mission stations, equipped with certain

mechanical selecting devices, by means of which it would be possible

to learn at once (from a single card file) such facts as the following:All mission stations of the societies of one nationality.

All stations in which mission hospitals are located.

All stations within a given field, or a single province of a field.

All stations of one society within one of its mission areas.

All stations in which interdenominational work is done.The number of categories which could be obtained in this way is

almost unlimited, and it is possible to make any number of combina-tions in a single operation. With such a file installed, and a series

of basic maps, one for each field, on which all stations of all societies

are located accurately, it would be possible to prepare a map for anysociety, showing the stations coming under almost any conceivableclassification—and this can be done with the minimum of expenseand time.

How This Geographical Program Would Assist Missions

1. It would assist mission boards and missionary administratorsin the following ways :

a. In preparing maps for publication in reports, bulletins, etc.

b. In obtaining wall maps and lantern slides of maps.c. In making special field studies of small areas, as to population,

races, languages, etc., and the indication of such facts on maps. It

would be possible to prepare maps for any society which wouldshow the location of all the stations of all other societies working in

the vicinity, and which would also show where mission hospitals,educational, industrial and other institutions are located.

2. It would serve missionaries on the field or on furlough in that it

would be possible:

no GEOGRAPHY AND MISSIONS

a. To provide them with large scale mission maps for their ownareas, on which to make reports to their boards, or to make special

studies.

b. To furnish them with photographic copies of the most reliable

and serviceable maps of their fields, or give them information as to

the best maps to purchase for their own use.

c. To make available to them the best information as to the peoplesamong whom they are working, as to natural resources, the explora-tions of travelers, etc.

d. To help new missionaries to begin a life study of the peopleand their needs and problems. This is by no means least important,in the opinion of missionaries who have felt the lack of such assist-

ance, and who have seen missionaries atrophy, never having beenencouraged to make a genuine study of their field.

3. It would greatly serve publicity propaganda. It would make it

possible to portray many facts which cannot now be interpreted be-

cause present information is so partial. The writer is confidentthat the plan contemplated in this paper is both comprehensive andpractical, and would almost instantly make accessible data which hasbeen gathered. Those who are engaged in publicity work will ap-preciate these features.

Conclusion

Up to the present time missionary geography has been limited

chiefly to the preparation of simple topographical maps showing thelocation of mission stations. Grundemann produced an atlas ofmissions in 1901, both international and interdenominational in scope,

but a glance reveals its inadequacy as a means of discovering the

status of Christian work in the non-Christian world. ProfessorWarneck has done valuable geographical work of an historical naturein connection with his study of the history of Protestant missions.A few of the denominations and missionary societies have producedfairly satisfactory maps of their own restricted fields. ProfessorHarlan P. Beach has done much to confute those critics who belittle

everything American as inaccurate and unscholarly. His Volume I,

accompanying the World Atlas of Christian Missions of 1901, seemsto be the most successful attempt to enlarge the field of missionarygeography to include more than a mere collection of maps showingplace names. The report of Commission I of the Edinburgh Con-ference makes large use of geographical data in a way to indicatewhat services may still be required of geography as an aid to

missions.

In general the geographical work in missions has been heretoforetoo much limited to the location of stations. What is needed nowis a study of the adequacy of occupation and the utilization of meansto make the data which is gathered accessible in the most convenientform, quickly, and at small expense. It would certainly seem thatthe time has come to put into practice a plan which is not only com-prehensive and scientific, but perfectly adapted to the requirementsof a church which has the divine commission to go into all the worldand preach the gospel.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY in

A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENTLITERATURE RELATING TO FOREIGN

MISSION WORKMiss Hollis W. Hering, M.A.*

The following bibliography is distinctly not exhaustive. It hasbeen selected with the idea of presenting some of the best materialrelating to mission lands which has appeared since the last YearBook was issued. Mission work and thought have been profoundlyaffected by the war, and the aim therefore has been to emphasizesuch books and articles as show actual conditions on the field or thetrend of thought in mission circles. This has necessarily resulted in

the inclusion of some non-missionary books, since economic andpolitical conditions are influencing greatly the type of mission workwhich is developing. The two great annuals—the China MissionYear Book, and the Christian Movement in the Japanese Empire—it

is taken for granted are known to all interested in this subject, andhave not, therefore, been included in the list.

A word must be said in regard to the periodical entries. It is

manifestly impossible to do other than abstract in briefest fashionthe leading articles, selecting those in keeping with the general aimof the bibliography. Few purely inspirational articles are noted.The periodicals thus indexed are practically the same as those chosenlast year, with the exception of the Church Missionary Review. Thishas been substituted for The Missionary Review of the World, andthe latter has been indexed by author and title only at the end of thevarious sections. It is believed that in this way there can be pre-sented to the North American constituency a well-rounded view ofthe mission situation as a whole. As the bibliography has beenconcluded in early October, the complete files for the year have notbeen available.

MISSION LANDS IN GENERALBooksALLEN, B. J., comp. A crusade of compassion for the healing

of the nations. West Medford, Mass., Central Committee onthe United Study of Foreign Missions, C1919, pp. 240. $.50.

A mission study text-book dealing with medical missions for womenand children on the foreign field, carefully compiled by a medical mis-sionary. It gives a necessarily somewhat cursory glance over all thefields, emphasizing the terrible conditions resulting from native treatment,and showing the immeasurable need of women doctors trained in Westernmedical science. The chapter on the Near East is particularly interesting,showing the ravages in the mission ranks made by the war. The book isvery fully illustrated.

* Librarian of the Missionary Research Library, located at 25 MadisonAvenue, New York.

2 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

BROWN, A. J. The mastery of the Far East; the story ofKorea's transformation and Japan's rise to supremacy in the

Orient. New York, Scribner, 1919, pp. 671. $6.00.

One of the outstanding books of all times dealing with mission lands.

Its general theme is that the Korean Peninsula is the strategic point in themastery of the Far East. Dr. Brown further endeavors to show the placeand influence of Christian missions as a potent force of reconstructionin the Far East. Dividing his book into four . parts, he treats of thecountry and the people of Korea; the events culminating in Japan'sannexation of Korea; the country and the people of Japan; and theattitude of both countries towards Christian missions.

CHUNG, Henry. The Oriental policy of the United States. NewYork, Revell, C1919, pp. 306. $2.00.

The author was Korean envoy to the Peace Conference, and herediscusses some features of the problems in the Korea-Japan-China triangle.Stating facts plainly and fairly, with copious references and citation ofauthorities, he presents this much-debated "Eastern" question from theviewpoint of an Oriental, which it must be admitted is not always such asto make Americans satisfied with themselves. Some of the importantofficial documents are reprinted, and there is an excellent selected bib-liography.

DENNETT, Tyler. The democratic movement in Asia. NewYork, Association Press, 1918, pp. 252. $1.50.

Several of the chapters appeared in the periodical "Asia," but theyhere are re-written and materially enlarged. Written in a racy style,

the book presents a survey of how mission work is touching social condi-tions in Asia generally.

_It is largely the result of personal observation,

intended to stimulate mission interest in the American business man andthe social worker, and to answer with an emphatic affirmative the ever-recurring question, "Are missions worth-while?"

FRANKLIN, J. H. Ministers of mercy. New York, MissionaryEducation Movement, 1919, pp. 239. $.75.

A series of sketches of ten medical missionaries, English and American,working in various of the foreign fields. While somewhat biographical,they are not detailedly so, striving rather to make vivid the personality ofthe subject. It is an excellent book for those just beginning to be inter-ested in missions, and for those seeking live material for addresses.

GIBBONS, H. A. The new map of Asia (1900-1919). NewYork, Century Company, 1919, pp. 571. $2.50.

This is the third of a series by the same author, the New map ofEurope having appeared in 1914, and the New map of Africa in 1916.According to the foreword, the present work, although planned severalyears ago, was written during the Peace Conference, "with the aim ofpresenting the principal facts and problems of Asiatic history since 1900in so far as they are the result of or have been largely influenced by themaintenance and extension of European intervention." It is an arraign-ment of imperialism, whether British, American, or German. Japaneseimperialism in Asia is natural, while "most of the animosity and resent-ment against Japan is due to the fact that the Japanese refuse to allowthemselves to be exploited by us, as the other Asiatic countries have been."All of Japan's moves in Asia are directed by her determined policy ofopposition to European right of eminent domain in that continent. Mr.Gibbons has made a good study of Asiatic problems growing out of rela-

tions with Western nations, but on account of the wide field he covers, he

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 113

at times contents himself with summaries rather than with thorough-goingfundamental discussions. The book has clear maps and an index.

HYNDMAN, H. M. The awakening of Asia. New York, Boniand Liveright, 1919, pp. 280. $2.00.

This book was held up by the Censor for more than two years.\As

it was written to inspire the Western nations to a more serious consider-ation of their relations with those of the East, and with the premise that,

in all fairness, faults as well as virtues should be shown, it is not sur-

prising to find in it radical ideas. This is especially true in regard to therelations of Great Britain and India. Some of the statements are notvery conclusively supported, as that "all China" is "tending to combinein a demand for the final exclusion" of all missionaries, protestant andcatholic. It is to be remembered, however, that 291 pages form a verysmall canvas on which to sketch all phases of Western contact with theEast, and results therefrom, and much of the work must necessarily besuperficial. The book at least challenges us to prove that we have givenor are now giving the East fair play.

LENWOOD, Frank. Social problems and the East. A point ofhonour. London, Church Missionary Society, 1919, pp. 208.

This is an attempt to show to all who are interested in the social problemsof their own country how deeply Christian missions are committed tothe solution of similar problems in foreign lands. Africa and SouthAmerica are included in the "East." The great outstanding moral prob-lems of the world—east or west—are considered; the problem of thesanctity of human life, of education as a help to social morality, of sex, ofindustry, of race consciousness. The walls around "mission work" arebattered down in the search for a guiding principle to a clean society

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east and west; we are forced to admit that "we have not taught ouryoung men and women a loyalty to Christ sufficiently strong to protectthem against the temptations of a non-Christian environment," and astrong plea is made for such a presentation of Christianity that we willrecognize the fundamental likeness of social questions the world over, andfight for their solution from a world point-of-view.

LEVINE, I. D. The resurrected nations; short histories of thepeoples freed by the great war and statements of their nationalclaims. New York, Stokes, [C1919], pp. 309. $1.60.

The author distinctly states that this is not a controversial treatise,but a popular history. It is divided into two parts; the resurrected nationsin Europe, freed by the collapse of the Russian and German empires;and those in Asia, freed by the collapse of the Turkish and Austro-Hungarian empires. In the latter, the resurrection of Palestine is madesynonymous with the Zionist movement, a good brief sketch of which is

given. It is self-evident that in 309 pages, the histories of 18 nationalitiescan only be sketched in the very briefest way, yet the book is good for thosebusy people who wish to "keep up with the times."

PELL, E. L. Adventures in faith in foreign lands. Nashville,Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1919, pp. 296. $.60.

This is a sketch of what has been accomplished in the missions of theM. E. Church, South. It is in the nature of taking stock, before startingon the new program of the Centenary work. All the fields are considered,a brief history of the different missions given, together with a summaryof the present situation. Emphasis is laid on the countries and the workrather than the workers, and the book is written in an interesting, tellingmanner. It is an excellent compact little reference book of the missionwork of this church.

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AFRICABooksKEITH, A. B. The Belgian Congo and the Berlin act. Oxford,

Clarendon Press, 1919, pp. 344. $6.75.

This is a history and criticism of the Berlin Act of 1885, and offersamendments to it whereby Belgium shall be able more effectively to civilize

and free the great tract of Central Africa. Written before the PeaceConference, part of it is out-of-date, but it is an excellent historical studyof a growingly important problem—the rights of the African in Africa.

LEEDER, S. H. The modern sons of the Pharaohs. London,Hodder and Stoughton, 1918, pp. 371. 16s.

This book, whose subject is the Copts of Egypt, was prepared beforethe war, and has been very little changed as a result of it. There is anexcellent description of the social life, and religious beliefs and cus-toms of this people, and a sharp contrast drawn between the treatmentaccorded to them and that given to the Moslems of Egypt by the Britishgovernment. That in this instance the minority has distinctly sufferedby the entrance of Great Britain is unquestionable and Mr. Leeder writesto promote a better understanding which shall lead to the redress of thisinjustice. As a sample of the danger in which the Coptic church nowstands is cited the fact that the only religion officially taught in governmentschools is Islam, and while Christians are not forced to attend theselessons no state provision is made for their religious teaching. A list is

given of the Coptic gentlemen who vouch for the accuracy of the excellentdescriptions of the Coptic Church.

Periodical Articles

BURNET, Amos. The native question in South Africa. (TheChurch Missionary Review, September, 1919, pp. 234-242.)

This "question" is really a series of racial, economic, political, andsocial problems, the solving of which will influence all racial contact ofall peoples everywhere. A.s the author points out, the local backgroundis a million and a quarter white people, widely scattered over a countryoccupied by some five million natives in every possible stage of civilization.

Division of opinion among the whites is not sharply drawn between Dutchand British; it ranges from those who would make civilization the test

for political privilege to those who would forever deny all rights to everynative. So far, the Union Government has consistently decided againstthe native. This is noticeable in the Pass Laws, in the discriminationbetween white and black miners in regard to the right to strike, butabove all in the Native Land Act of 191 3. By this Act, the land in theUnion was divided into mutually exclusive European and native areas

—

a million and a quarter white people receiving 87 per cent of the wholecountry, five million natives receiving the remaining 13 per cent, much ofwhich is uninhabitable. Despite desperate efforts of the friends of thenatives, this law still stands. The outlook, however, is not hopeless.The whole missionary body stands strongly for native rights; but morethan that, the best minds throughout the country seem increasingly willingto look at the native side of the question.

DALE, Godfrey. In ''German" East Africa. (The East and TheWest, January, 1919, pp. 19-33.)

German East Africa has been the center of very great interest, andthere was unanimous agreement that it should not be returned toGermany. The largest non-German missionary work in this district wasthat of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, and the author, whohas worked there for twenty-five years, gives a survey of the social andpolitical prospects of the district, including the desolation wrought by thewar in this mission. Originally, the country belonged to tribes of Bantudescent, but large tracts of land were unoccupied and there was no settle-

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 115

ment and no peace in the country. When the Germans acquired the land,

they failed to observe the necessary conditions of good government,treating the African as a thing, not as a man, and thus raising manyeconomic problems. At the outbreak of the war, the Universities' Missionwas faithfully endeavoring to work in harmony with the Government,it had the nucleus of a native ministry, a large body of native teachersand out-schools, promising work among the women, and decided possi-

bilities of expansion in many directions. During the war, two-thirds of' the staff were interned, many of the teachers doing "hard labour," the

schools, churches, and hospitals closed, the natives exposed to persecutionbecause they belonged to the English mission. The fact that in spite ofeverything the work has now been resumed has resulted almost in arevival among the natives, while the possibilities of expansion are infinitely

greater than ever before.

FULLANI bin FULLANI. Religion and common life. A prob-lem in East African missions. (The International Review ofMissions, April, 1919, pp. 155-172.)

The Christian missionary movement of the twentieth_century must

respond vitally to twentieth century needs, no matter with how manytraditions it breaks in so doing. This principle applied to Africa meansa re-examination of methods of approach to the African's daily life. Theearly missionaries conceived oversight of the changes in the life of thevillage, tribe, or race due to the teaching of the Christian religion to bebeyond the scope of missionary duties. Their position was justifiable onlyso long as the convert continued to live in an organized social structure.Tremendous economic changes, due to the white man, occurring with therapidity of lightning, have now broken down the African's social structure,and left his mind as homeless as his body is wandering. The educational,medical, industrial, and agricultural developments of the missions are thusvitally important and must be such as to make the church related practi-cally to present-day conditions of native life.

JONES, F. M. The mass movement in the Yoruba country.(The Church Missionary Review, March, 1919, pp. 46-56.)

The fluid state of native thought in the Yoruba country brings squarelybefore the church two questions: is Christianity or Islam to be the pre-vailing religion? what is to be the character of the Christianity? WhereChristian teachers are first on the spot, in adequate numbers, Islam hasonly a poor chance; if the Moslem gets there first, the chances of Christi-anity are small. So far, it is not hard to fulfil here the first two clausesof the Great Commission—to baptize, and to make disciples. The peopleare coming over in numbers, yet in such numbers that most of themdo not realize all that conversion ought to involve. Here follows thedifficulty—to teach them to do all things God has commanded us.Naturally, this is a task made doubly hard in a land where heredity andpublic opinion are opposed

>to what we accept as fundamental morals.

The need of adequately trained native teachers is tremendous, but alongwith that is the great need for superintending missionaries, and for mis-sionaries working among the women. The women are the hardest toreach, yet without Christian wives there can be no Christian homes, andthese are essential to Church life.

KING, G. L. The local church and its activities. (The East andThe West, July, 1919, pp. 193-201.)

The heathen are always with us, and our great problem is: if all menare to be evangelized, how is it to be done? Bishop King here sums uphis conclusions reached during twenty years service in Madagascar. Evi-dently, the world cannot be evangelized by the foreign missionary alone;the local church, however, should be made into a very effective tool for

Ii6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

his hand. It is humble and prosaic in outward appearance, undevelopedand imperfect in its inner life. Yet it takes itself seriously, and_ if en-couraged develops a healthy corporate life. It visits its members in sick-

ness, as a church, it looks up its absent members, and it endeavors to lookafter its material interests (if convinced that the Mission will not do sofor it). It is now the chief business^ of the European missionary

>to

develoo this esprit de corps if he is seriously working for the evangeliza-tion of the world.

MACDONALD, A. J. A new development in the West Africaliquor traffic. (The Church Missionary Review, June, 1919,

pp. 104-113.)

The author quite frankly believes that "temperance is always pref-erable to total abstinence," at least so far as the white man is concerned.At present, it is undeniable that liquor is bad for the native races ofAfrica, and the war has proved it also unnecessary. Since the ParisConference has laid down the principle that the government of nativeraces is in the nature of a trustee-ship the interests of the black man in

the black man's country (West Africa) should be considered ahead ofthose of the white man. But progressive black opinion has declaredemphatically against liquor, the Governor-General and the LieutenantGovernor of Nigeria have each declared "trade spirits" to be ruining thenative, and war-time conditions (under which the importation of liquorwas reduced to a minimum since Germany supplied almost all of theshipping) have exploded the theory that prohibition would have a badeffect on the trade of West Africa and on the raising of the revenuethere. Therefore, the Secretary of State for the colonies has informed theGovernments of the British West African colonies that for the presentthe importation of all spirits is to be prohibited except under speciallicenses which do not include "trade spirits."

ROWLING, F. The building of the Uganda cathedral. (TheInternational Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 227-237.)

The great cathedral of Uganda, the#fourth on the present site, is one of

the marvels of missionary structure in Africa. After the preparation ofthe designs, actual work was begun in Africa in 191 2 by cutting away six

feet of the top of the hill to provide a large enough area for the building.The quarrying of the foundation stones, the making of the bricks, thesurveying and making the road over which much of the hauling was to bedone, and various other snags proved so much more expensive than antici-

pated that the plans had finally to be greatly changed. The war neces-sarily intensified all difficulties. The fact that financially the BagandaChristians have put forth an_ effort equivalent to that necessary to raise

at least £250,000 in an English diocese speaks eloquently for their desirefor the building and their devotion to the cause it represents.

STONELAKE, Alfred. The missionary situation in Congo.(The International Review of Missions, July, 1919, pp. 314-330.)

A masterly review of the great Congo region, which calls for a thoroughscientific survey of the field, and an irresistible plea for advance. Bymeans of a brief sketch of the present missionary forces in Congo, theirhigh standard of church membership, their emphasis on education andespecially industrial education, the writer approaches the great problemsof the district. These he summarizes as that of great unoccupied terri-

tory; the tremendous need of medical missionaries (there are only 11 inthe whole of Congo); the language difficulty, which is a growing problem;the cities, "filled with natives from all parts, coast men, white traders, andimported wickedness"; relations with the government, with the increasinginimical pressure on the latter of the Roman Catholics; and, finally, theapproaching Mohammedan menace.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 117

WILLIS, J. J. The principle of alliance in missionary work.(The Church Missionary Review, March, 1919, pp. 6-14.)

Among the valuable lessons taught us by the war, it is doubtful whetherany is more valuable than that of the necessity and practicability ofalliance. That the Church recognized this and was moving towards it

before the war was evidenced by the Kikuyu conference in 1913; thatthat meeting was somewhat premature was evidenced by the controversythen aroused. But in 19 18 another Kikuyu Conference was held in whichthe principle of alliance was not only adopted, but was put into activeoperation. The conference was representative, for practically every mis-sionary society working in the Uganda Protectorate, including the BibleSociety, was represented. Four heads of government departments, districtcommissioners, and representative planters were also present. The five

larger missionary societies definitely entered the alliance, the others acced-ing to the general scheme to the utmost of their ability. The Alliancehas a representative council, appointed by the local governing bodies ofthe allying societies, and is advised by a number of sub-committeesresponsible for departments such as education, finance, literature, etc. Itis important to note that this council is to take immediate action to securethe co-operation of African Christians in its work, for the administrationof the alliance ought not to be solely in European hands.

See Also:

Fraser, Donald. An African autobiography. (The MissionaryReview of the World, August, 1919, pp. 603-608. September,1919, pp. 683-686. To be continued.)

Harris, J. H. African reconstruction after the war. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 103-108.)

Johnston, Sir H. H. Prohibition of alcohol in Africa. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 426-430.)

Springer, J. M. Men and minerals in Katanga. (The MissionaryReview of the World, June, 1919, pp. 421-425.)

Taylor, J. D. The missionary situation in Bantu Africa. (TheMissionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 32-36.)

Taylor, J. D. Some effects of the war on Africa. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 439-446.)

INDIABooksCARVELL, A. M. In jungle depths. True stories from a mis-

sionary's diary. London, Religious Tract Society, 1919, pp. 132.

3s 6d.

This is a description of pioneer missionary life in Assam, in which theprivations and hardships are touched upon lightly, while the everydayscenes and incidents of native life are graphically, frequently humorouslydepicted. There is no deep discussion of mission problems, although thebacksliding evangelist is honestly and sympathetically drawn, but the dailyround of teaching, judging, and doctoring draws forth many an interestedsmile. The earnestness and worth-while-ness of the work done is soobvious that it does not need to be emphasized, while the glimpses of homemaking difficulties bring home the realization that the days of frontierheroism are by no means past.

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FISHER, F. B. India's silent revolution. New York, Macmillan,1919, pp. 192. $1.50.

This is one of the best brief studies which has appeared of a countrywhich is rapidly changing. According to the foreword it aims to present"from the American viewpoint the economic, social, political and religioussituation in India." While written in a way to appeal to the generalpublic, it gives accurate information, and is of great use in helping tounderstand the underground currents at present seething through India.

KIPLING, Rudyard. The eyes of Asia. Garden City, Double-day, Page, 1918, pp. 101. $1.00.

Imaginary letters from Indian troopers in France to their home-folks.It is an attempted interpretation of how the western customs must appear toEastern minds, and as such is significant. The local color is worthy ofKipling at his best. In view of the recent developments in India, how-ever, it must be remembered that after all the interpretation is through themind of one of the Ruling Race.

Periodical Articles

ANNETT, E. A. The Sunday school in India. (The Interna-tional Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 205-217.)

The author has for nine years devoted his time to Sunday-school workin India. He here gives a brief survey of the present situation, findingthe schools are generally of four types, (a) those approaching most nearlyto the type common in western lands; (b) those held in connection withthe mission day school; (c) those found in mass movement areas; (d)those found in areas little touched by other Christian influences. Thehardest problems are connected with the two latter. The opportunity is

seemingly boundless, but the dangers lie in the lack of proper outlines forteaching, the small proportion of purely voluntary workers, and the lackof teachers thoroughly trained to teach the Bible to Indian children. Toremedy the latter the India Sunday School Union has instituted a TeacherTraining Course, missions are emphasizing a definite period of trainingfor these workers, and there is becoming increasingly evident a desire fora central training institution for leaders of teachers.

AUSTIN, Harold. Christian education in S. India. (The Eastand The West, July, 1919, pp. 258-264.)

This is written from the point of view of work in a mass movementcountry, and is a plea for a more successful scheme of general educationof these masses. The author finds three factors having an important bear-ing on the subject: the growing number of Indians aspiring to a certainmeasure of self-government; the demand for the conscience-clause in

Indian schools; the comparative failure of missions to educate the peoplein the village elementary schools. The Christian community in India is

growing by leaps and bounds, and if, in the future, it is to be of anyinfluence in the country it must be educated, both for the franchise andfor daily life. Therefore would it not be wiser to bow to the conscienceclause to the extent of concentrating educational work on the Christians;and to emphasize the importance of this education to the masses by in-

cluding more vocational work in the mission boarding-schools.

BANDY, C. H. The building of the church among village com-munities. II. The North Indian Presbyterian mass movement.(The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 193-204.)

The second of two articles, the first of which appeared in the Inter-national Review of Missions in 191 8, and related to China. This is a

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 119

brief description of the work carried on by the Presbyterian Church in

the U. S. A. among the Bhangis, one of the outcaste castes. How the prob-

lem of village education is being tentatively met by the preacher-teachers

is outlined, together with the plan for higher and theological schools. Theorganization of the churches shows how almost impossible, and in manycases downright harmful, it is to try to force Eastern peoples into Westernschemes of management.

DUNLOP, D. C. L. The Kumbh Mela at Allahabad. (The Eastand The West, April, 1919, pp. 152-164.)

India is the land of sacred rivers, and at Allahabad the holy Jumnajoins the still holier Ganges. At this juncture there wells up fromunderground a third river, most sacred of all, the Saruswati, and thosewho bathe here receive great blessings. Every year this is the scene ofa great fair, or Mela, but every twelfth year comes the great Kumbh Mela.The last one of these was held in 1918, on the great days of which it is

estimated that over 3,000,000 people were present in the river at one time.Mr. Dunlop spreads before us this great panorama of Eastern religious life,

with all its devotion, and all its hopelessness. Human nature is the samethe world over, for even as Turkish soldiers used to stand guard over thesacred places in Jerusalem at Easter to prevent fights among the Chris-tian pilgrims, so the processions of the Kumbh Mela are regulated by theauthorities, must be headed by a force of sowars, and led by a Europeancivilian, to control disorders arising from jealousy and disagreements.

EDDY, G. S. Church union in India. (The Chinese Recorder,August, 1919, pp. 525-532.)The movement for church union is strongest on the mission fields, and

among those fields it is farthest advanced in India. Here there is theSouth India United Church, composed of Christians who formerly be-longed to the Congregational, London Missionary Society, Dutch Reformed,Free Church of Scotland, Established Church of Scotland, and BaselReformed missions. Now these have taken a step to bridge the gulfto the Episcopal churches. Mr. Eddy here gives the agreement which wasrecently unanimously adopted. It conserves the Congregational, thePresbyterian, and the Episcopal elements; it provides for the consecrationof the first bishops in the South India United Church, but limits thepresent ministers, until further common arrangements can be made, topreaching and administering the communion in churches of their ownbody. The union is not yet officially sanctioned but a step so far inadvance has been taken that it will be possible to test the truth of thestatement that if it were not for the foreign missionary the IndianChurches would speedily unite.

GIBSON, J. Paul S. R. The presentation of Christianity in

Ceylon. (The International Review of Missions, July, 1919, pp.

341-356; October, 1919, pp. 53I-545-)

The great differences in modes of thought between the Singhalese andWesterners are helpfully and interestingly suggested by means of fourgreat channels: customs, religious and social; literature; thought; andlanguage. The fundamental influence on custom is found in the doctrineof Kharma, which, as interpreted by the masses, is deadening to all

initiative. This is supplemented by the absolute "ego-centricity" of theirBuddhism, which is carried to such an extreme in daily life that there is

lack of co-operation, even trust to a large extent, between members of thesame family. While in family life there is much that is dignified andgracious (rudeness being the unpardonable sin) "subtlety and concealmentare the very marrow of daily life." This is very evident in the literatureand language, in which the effect sought for is sensuous rather thanmental, concealment rather than clearness. As a direct result of thedoctrine of Nirvana, the folklore shows no characterization, no pathos, nodepth of feeling. Three great factors influence the mentality of the

t.2o SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

people—lack of relationships, lack of value of life, and fear, constant,overpowering fear. As a direct result, the connotation of a word in theirlanguage is utterly different from that of the word which translates it intoEnglish. It is in this fact that Mr. Gibson finds the explanation ofthe erroneous idea that Christian truths lay hidden in eastern books longbefore Christ gave them to the world. The author closes with a fewsuggestions of approach to the Singhalese, and a brief outline

_of the

constructive teaching he follows in the Training College at Peradeniya.

HOGG, Prof. A. G. Political reform and Hinduism. (The Inter-

national Review of Missions, July, 1919, pp. 303-313.)

Raises the question of the extent to which the problem of Indianpolitical reform may turn out to be one with the problem of evangeliza-tion. Starting from the ground that much blame is laid "at the door ofracial characteristics which ought to be laid at the door of religion,"and proceeding with the belief that political reform may prove to be asignificant influence in altering the religious faith of India, the authordiscusses some features in Hinduism which lend support to the latteridea. For example, caste, as a religious system, is diametrically opposedto responsible government, or equality before the law; as a social system,it has proved flexible enough to be compatible with responsible government.The idea that the present state of affairs is divinely ordered as a resultof previous incarnations deprives Hinduism of initiative. By inevitableinference, the problem of political reconstruction is closely bound upwith the problem of permeating India with a dynamic religion, i. e.,

Christianity.

HOLLAND, W. E. S. University reform in India. (The ChurchMissionary Review, March, 1919, pp. 24-36.)

Indian education has recently been under heavy fire, during whichCalcutta University has been searchingly investigated by an authoritativecommission. The 13 volume report of this commission has just beenpublished, but Dr. Holland here gives a remarkable summary of theconditions which underlie the criticism, and led to the work of the com-mission. Unfortunately, Indian universities were conceived as examiningand degree giving bodies. Gradually the university had affiliated to it agroup of entirely independent colleges scattered at different centers overa wide territory, and almost universally nonresidential. The chief motivein creating the university was to provide Government with candidates forvarious posts. As _ the Indian student is appallingly poor, this inevitablyresulted in the university being considered merely an employment agency,a place in which to cram for examinations, the failure to pass which meantlosing the chance of earning a respectable livelihood. This means furtherthat there is a total lack of a clear perception of what university workmeans, as there is no time which can be given to original research, andthe university is dominated by school methods. Few of the colleges havesufficient financial support; the result is huge classes and a small staff,

"which at once spells incompetent and shoddy education." One of themost unsatisfactory conditions is that a foreign language, English, is

the medium of instruction. Indeed, the whole setting of the curricula is

so foreign that a subject is memorized, not assimilated.

%mmmxMARRIS, A. J. Everyday difficulties of Indian Christians. (TheEast and The West, April, 1919, pp. 121-133.)

Miss Marris divides the Indian Christians into three classes: convertsfrom Mohammedanism, converts from Hinduism, and Christians by birth.

She then discusses the daily difficulties met by these converts in theeconomic, the educational, and the social fields. Putting aside the greatdifference made by the conversion itself she speaks of the daily pin-pricksand isolation if the converts live in the midst of the heathen community;of the few avenues of livelihood open to them, and of the trouble in secur-ing an education to the children in schools where the moral tone is

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 121

high. These incidental difficulties make the danger real lest Christianity

become one more caste among many.

MARSH, Noel. A day of opportunity at Delhi. (The East andThe West, July, 1919, pp. 232-245.)

The Cambridge University's Mission to Delhi has consistently aimedto develop a Church of India that should be self-supporting, self-governing,

and self-propagating. There is now evident a newly awakened self con-sciousness among the Indian Christians in Delhi, a rapidly developingvitality in the young Indian Church, which the home Church shouldwhole-heartedly welcome. The heavier responsibility assumed by theIndian Church has opened great possibilities, but also great transitional

dangers. It is not necessarily capable of assuming a heavier financial

burden; the quickening life of the community makes it more than everimportant to maintain a mission staff large enough to guide wisely andsympathetically the younger Indian Christians. The mission's wonderfullysuccessful work among the outcaste Chamars has brought with it boththe possibilities and the responsibilities inseparable from the Mass Move-ments. All of this makes this a day of supreme possibility and greatdanger in dealing with the Indian Christians.

PATON, William. Personal relationships between Indians andEuropeans. (The International Review of Missions, October,

1919, pp. 522-530.)

The question of the right relation between the foreign mission, betweenthe Indian worker and the European worker, is the most urgent questionfacing Christian statesmanship in India; for the undeniable fact is thatin that country today there exists a vast amount of ill-feeling, misunder-standing and bitterness between the Indian and the European. This is truein both religious and political circles, and fundamentally it resolves itself

into sheer mistrust of the good faith of the ruling race. The Indian is

supersensitive, and it must be admitted that in many Europeans thereexists a sense of racial superiority. This the Indian senses and exagger-ates, and the flame is fanned by the bigotry of some of the papers, bothIndian and English. In both the religious and the political realm thisracial feeling emphasizes the ever-present danger of paternalism, and,closely akin to that, the even more insidious danger of considering thecountry as "material" for missionary activities. After all, improved socialrelationships lie very near the heart of the problem. No one likes to beconsidered a "case," and, when the child grows up, the paternal attitudeshould give way to one of fellowship. Behind it all, however, lies thequestion of temper and spirit; it is for the European to realize that Indiahas something to give him as well as he to give India; that "equality is apart of love, and love is not the same as philanthropy."

PAUL, Kanakarayan. How missions denationalize Indians.(The International Review of Missions, October, 1919, pp. 510-

521.)

Without question the Indian Christian community is isolated from therest of India. Believing that this is very detrimental to the Christian aswell as to the non-Christian the National Secretary of the Indian Y. M. C.A. here endeavors to analyze some of the deep-lying causes of the condition.Early missionary effort, in the endeavor to purify the thought and prac-tices of the convert, inculcated a horror of Indian folk-lore, art, andliterature along with its religion. But it is just these things whichexpress the spirit of a country. This horror has now become softenedinto suspicion, in which latter form it is still active. In place of thenative product, the missionary introduced his Western art and literature,at times with a ludicrous effect, as when Western hymns, translated by acommittee of non-Indians, who tortured the language into a foreignprosody, are sung by Indians to tunes the rhythms of which are utterly

122 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

foreign to their feeling. Yet Indian genius has two, at least, distinctivelines which even Indian Christians should keep. One is a deep andabiding sense of the spiritual within and behind all things and acts of sense.The Westerner has not the "gift of the mystical," and tends to trainIndians in habits of thought which consider physical culture, industrialorganization, even moral progress as ends in themselves. This is denation-alization, greatly facilitated by the isolation of the Christian community.The second is a social heritage. The Indian is born into certain obliga-

tions, which are often incomprehensible to the western missionary. Yet it

is far from proved that the western doctrine of "individual rights" is morecivilized than the eastern one of "individual responsibilities. " Here theboarding-school system, for example, is a strong denationalizing agency.Taking children away from their homes during the most impressionableperiod of their lives, it so isolates them as to prevent any real assimilationof their native community responsibilities. This assimilation is happeningamong non- Christians, who are obtaining Western education; there theyounger and the older generations interchange constantly Western andEastern ideas. The Indian has a wonderful heritage; is it right so toisolate and "westernize" the convert as to rob him of this wealth?

POPLEY, H . A. The evangelistic movement in the Indianchurch. (The East and The West, April, 1919, pp. 138-144.)

The Evangelistic Movement is quite distinct from the Mass Movementboth in aim and method. It centers in the individual church rather thanin the mission, and its agents are the individual members of the churches.Mr. Popley describes its effect in strengthening Indian leadership, inbuilding up voluntary workers in the churches, in increasing the Christiancommunity, and in stimulating and deepening the spiritual life of theIndian Christians.

SINCLAIR, R. The development of a mass movement church.(The East and The West, July, 191 9, pp. 265-271.)

The outcaste is essentially social; so, when he comes to Christianity,his concern is for his community, he seeks its social uplift and emancipation.His aim, therefore, is worldly, yet gives to the missionary an opening foremphasizing the spiritual nature of the aid given, and for educating hiscommunity passion into the higher brotherhood of the church. Thiseducation of the convert is founded in the sifting processes leading tobaptism and the great privilege of Church membership. It is, however,the aim of all missionary effort to develop an independent native church,and the plan followed by the London Missionary Society in SouthTravancore, with its results, is here outlined. Complete independenceof the Mission on the part of the more advanced churches has beenencouraged, these churches being placed on a self-supporting and self-

governing basis, with a union of their own of which the missionaries aremembers. Thus there has been a great gain in self-reliance, as also inthe type of village pastor. Nevertheless, the actual working of the schemehas resulted in sterilizing interest in the salvation of others, and in adeep rooted suspicion of missionary friendliness. These drawbacks havenow been partially met by so modifying the plan as to make each churchresponsible for its own affairs, yet represented in a council charged withmeeting the evangelistic needs of its own area.

See Also:

Ewing, J. C. R. The masses and the classes of India. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, April, 1919, pp. 259-365.)

Warne, F. W. India's national and Christian progress. (TheMissionary Review of the World, January, 1919^ pp. 21-22.)

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 123

CHINABooksANDREWS, R. C, and ANDREWS, Y. B. Camps and trails in

China. New York, Appleton, 1919, pp. 334. $3.09.This is not a missionary book; it is a popular narrative of the Asiatic

Zoological Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History inChina in 191 6-17. Part of the trip, however, was in unmapped country,all of it in little-known sections, and among people with whom missionarywork is becoming increasingly important. Much of the work was donein Yunnan, and we are given valuable information as to the economicand social conditions prevailing in this province. A fine tribute is paid tothe sterling value of the many missionaries encountered, especially to theiraltruism and self-sacrifice. This chapter, be it added, is put in not as "abrief for the missionary, bvit simply a matter of fair play."

BROOMHALL, Marshall. John W. Stevenson. One of Christ's

stalwarts. London, Morgan & Scott, 1919, 2/6.

John W. Stevenson passed fifty years in missionary service, a periodcovering the opening of all China to Christian influence. He was areserved, quiet Scot, who devoted himself heart and soul to China throughwork in the China Inland Mission. The biography is well written, andwe follow with interest the successful years in Shaohing, the lean yearsin Bhamo, and, finally, the long stretch in Shanghai, devoted to administra-tive work. The human side rather than the official is emphasized, andpathetic glimpses are given us here and there of that great burden ofmissionary life—loneliness.

COCHRAN, J. C. Foreign magic. Tales of every-day China.New York, Missionary Education Movement, C1919, pp. 191.

$1.50.

Readable sketches of missionary contact with native life in the interiorof China. The book gives good local color, and the stories are interestingto read aloud in mission circles.

GAMEWELL, M. N. New life currents in China. New York,Missionary Education Movement, 1919, pp. 227. $.75.

That China is responding to the influence of Western civilization, forbetter and also for worse, is a commonplace. In this mission study book,Mrs. Gamewell emphasizes the medical, educational, and economic attitudeof the Chinese, their openmindedness, and the consequent tremendous op-portunities before the Christian Church. The book is particularly timely asgreat effort is being made at present to develop a strong sense of socialresponsibility among Chinese Christians, while we of the West are morewilling than ever before to learn the truth about the East, unvarnishedby prejudice or special pleading.

LA MOTTE, E. N. Peking dust. New York, Century Company,1919, pp. 240. $1.50.

This is a brightly written description of how the European powers try torule poor China through the "advice" given by the diplomatic circles.While not strictly missionary, its pictures of European life in China areso breezy, so interesting, and the contact of these people with the Chinesereacts so inevitably on missionary work,, that no apology is necessary forincluding it in this bibliography.

MILLARD, T. F. Democracy and the Eastern question. NewYork, Century Company, 1919, pp. 446. $3.00.

The book repudiates any idea of being non-partisan, since "fewWesterners could live in the Far East during the last twenty years and

124 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

still be impartial on the questions included in the position of China andher contacts with Japan." The aim frankly is to educate the people in

the United States to a realization of the true position of Japan as theauthor sees it, the latter people having done everything in their power tokeep us in ignorance of what is actually happening in China. The real

issue is between militarism, or Japanese interests, and democracy, orChinese interests. Japan is unquestionably efficient, but so was Germany;her policy during the war, of self-aggrandizement, of secret diplomacy,of oblique methods, was ruthless, as was that of Germany. The situationof China in the war, her fear of Japan, and the ignoring of her by theAllies is dealt with at length.

_The corrupting of the country systematically

carried on by Japan, the Siberian question, and the future possibilities

to the world if China were given a "square deal" are all touched upon.It is a case of special pleading without doubt, but the pleading is wellbacked by texts of official documents, and by proved facts.

NOYES, H. N. A light in the land of Sinim. Forty-five yearsin the True Light Seminary, 1872-1917. New York, Revell,

C1919, PP- 250. $1.50.

It was due to a letter from Miss Noyes that in 187 1 the founding ofthe True Light Seminary became one of the first of the special objectstaken up by the Woman's Board in Philadelphia of the PresbyterianChurch, U. S. A. It was largely due to her guidance that it grew to besuch a power for good in Canton. She gives us the history of its growthin vivid pictures rather than in formal historical form, endeavoring thusto make the reader feel the atmosphere, and comprehend the aim of thework. The chief aim has been to make the seminary as far as possiblean evangelistic agency, for which reason children of both Christian andheathen parents have been received, the whole number of students whohave been enrolled being 3,724. Of this number, 915 have united withthe church. Perhaps the best means of gauging the influence of the schoolis found in the lives of those trained there; so Miss Noyes gives manysketches of the work of the Bible Women, the Christian leaders, the nurses,and the medical students. The book is well illustrated.

OVERLACH, T. W. Foreign financial control in China. NewYork, Macmillan, 1919, pp. 395. $2.00.

_This "presents an unbiased analysis of the financial and political activi-

ties of the six leading powers in China during the last twenty years, andemphasizes the need of international financial co-operation." While notintrinsically missionary, international relations are so many-sided that all

intercourse with foreign nations by China has a reflex action on missions.This book deals largely with railway concessions and transportation deal-ings and surely the Christianization of business in China is of fundamentalimportance to all Christian work in that country. The author concludeswith recommendations that international capital and educative forces co-operate rather than compete in their efforts to develop China in the future.

WHEELER, W. R. China and the world war. New York,Macmillan, 1919, pp. 263. $1.50.

The Far East is looming larger and larger upon the horizon, whichmakes this book likely to be of permanent value. China has been pro-foundly affected by the war, both internally and externally, and theauthor here gives a study of some of the great problems of the countryas they appear against the back-ground of the war. Primarily this is apolitical outline, well done; actually it is a discussion of internationalethics as applied to the great giant of the East. There is a short butexcellent bibliography.

WERNER, E. T. C. China of the Chinese. London, Sir IsaacPitman & Sons, 1919, pp. 309. 9s.

The author is a Sinologue of recognized authority, and approaches hiswork chiefly from the point of view of sociology. This book gives the

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 125

history in very brief form of each class of phenomena in the Chinese social

structure from its earliest beginnings to its latest developments. Despitesome curious omissions it is well indexed and forms a good referencework.

WOODBRIDGE, S. I. Fifty years in China. Richmond, Va.,

Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1919, pp. 231. $.60.

The sub-title explains that this is an account of the missions in Chinaof the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. from 1867 to the present.There is a good map locating the mission stations, and a supplementcontaining a bibliography, satistics, and a list of the church's missionariesin China. It is really, however, an interpretation of the status of themissions in China rather than their history. Written in a conversationalstyle one readily accepts the author's indication that it is an endeavor to

answer some of the questions put to the missionary on furlough. It is

the text-book of the Southern Presbyterians to be used in the mission studycampaign in 1919-1920.

Periodical Articles

ARNOLD, Julean. China's economic problems and Christian mis-sionary effort. (The Chinese Recorder, August, 1919, pp. 515-

524.)

One of the most important articles which has appeared in the Recorderthis year. Mr. Arnold, the American Commercial attache for China,frankly and sympathetically discusses the missionary situation. Present-day China is a new China, marvelously wealthy in natural resources,with a wonderful future in the modern economic world. The great gulfbetween her and Western industrial development is partially shown in

the fact that the nation and the communities have not as yet enactedfactory legislation, made provision for sanitation in connection with theircivic and industrial life, or developed a body of corporate law. Theresulting problems, as well as the great one of transportation, willinevitably be solved, and China will be revolutionized in the process. Butare the mission forces alive to the demands these tremendous economicchanges will create? The important thing is what will the Chinese dofor themselves; that will depend upon native leadership; and thatin turn may be determined by the work of missionaries if they are bigenough men and women, with a big enough policy to which they willadhere strongly. Missionaries that are narrow-minded, stagnating, setin their ways, or without vision should be retired at once; the youngmissionaries should be given a much broader training. The lack ofco-ordination in mission work, the duplication and waste are striking,while there should be a far larger friendship with foreign mercantile com-munities and Chinese prominent in business and other walks of life.

Christian missionary effort is facing a serious crisis, and supreme effortsshould be put forth; no man or woman is too big for the work, for thefield cries out for inspired, Christian trained native leaders.

BUCK, T. L. Practical plans for the introduction of agricultureinto our middle and primary schools. (The Chinese Recorder,May, 1 919, pp. 307-319.)

Agriculture as a part of mission work has achieved a definite place.Already six agricultural missionaries are in China, while the demand inmission schools for a text-book on agriculture, or a teacher of the subject,is more and more insistent. There are two main phases for the mission-ary work in agriculture—the strengthening of the educational program,and the introduction of agriculture into evangelistic missions as extensionwork. The chief problem in introducing it practically into the schoolsis the securing of adequately trained native Christian teachers. Mr. Bucksuggests that this need be met by establishing two first class agriculturalhigh schools, with normal training; and, until these are sending forth

126 SELECTED BlSLIOGkAFHY

graduates, by establishing a teachers' training course in school-gardening,nature study and general agriculture at some suitable center or centers.

BURGESS, J. S. The Christianization of life in China. (TheChinese Recorder, April, 1919, pp. 221-226.)

There is evident increasing dissatisfaction with the role that is beingplayed by the Chinese Church so far as it relates to community better-ment. There is a self-centered tendency to cut themselves off from theirChinese fellows found among the Christians which results not only intheir making no social effort (such as opening wholesome recreation centerswhich shall be also for the non-Christians of the community) but at timeseven in their not knowing what movements are going on around themagainst which the church might protest. To remedy this the church musthave a vision of what social service may mean, and this, it is noticeable,the strong lay leaders seem to realize far more fully than the Chineseclergy.

CHAO, K. C. The ideals of new China. (The Chinese Recorder,January, 1919, pp. 11-19.)

Mr. Chao briefly surveys the social, political, and_spiritual problems

in awakening China, and the ideals of Young China in regard to them.Firmly believing that China will take her place among the strong nationsof the world, he points out her great need, in order to accomplish this,

of developing moral backbone, and finds her only hope for this in heracceptance of Christianity.

CHENG, C. Y. The Chinese Christian church and national move-ments. (The Chinese Recorder, July, 1919, pp. 456-460.)

The Rev. Dr. Cheng is connected with the London Missionary Society,has been a pastor of the Independent Church, Peking, and is now ChineseSecretary of the China Continuation Committee. He therefore speakswith authority. The title of his article, however, is somewhat misleading.He chiefly describes and justifies the patriotic protest of the Chinesestudents against the Tsingtao decision of the Paris Conference, and theirsuccessful demand that the government remove the three chief pro-Japanese officials. The movement resulted in a general strike of govern-ment and mission students, and a boycott among the commercial classesthroughout the country of Japanese goods. As the Christian Church standsfor truth and righteousness, it naturally welcomed a movement promptedby pure democratic ideals, but the church does not take sides in party,politics. The conflict was not that of Chinese against Japanese, but of aright idea against a militaristic or wrong one. But the Chinese Christianswere right to take part in the movement, in upholding real patriotismand high ideals for their country, since Christianity seeks to work forthe salvation of the individual, the society, the nation, and the world.

DICKSON, E. J. M. A case of real self-support. (The ChineseRecorder, June, 1919, pp. 392-399.)

It is, of course, the ultimate aim of all mission work to develop a self-

supporting church, but opinions as to methods differ. Dr. Dickson heredescribes how he set out, independently of all mission societies, to preacha gospel which should purify the lives of the hearers and make themvoluntarily support any Christian work undertaken. By selling ordinarydrugs, such as epsom salts and quinine, he supported himself, and hadopportunities to preach and sell gospels. Poseh, near Yunnan, he madehis headquarters. As a result of his work, this town now has a self-

supporting and self-governing church with fourteen baptized members,and an average weekly contribution of 25 cents per member.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 127

DOVEY, J. W. A policy for the distribution of Chinese Christian

literature. (The Chinese Recorder, July, 1919, pp. 473-479-)

The problem of the production of Christian literature has been search-ingly investigated by the Literature Council of the China ContinuationCommittee. Supplementary to its report, Mr. Dovey, General Managerof the Mission Book Company, Shanghai, here gives a policy of distribut-

ing the literature produced. At present, over 50 per cent of the Christianliterature in China is sold retail at Shanghai, and the 25 odd smallmission book-stores scattered over the country are carrying only a minimumpart of what they should. To remedy this, there should be greaterpublicity (now partially met by the new "China Bookman"), and greaterco-operation in selling between the different societies. It should also bepossible for Christian business men to make a living at selling this

literature, which would mean an increase in catalogued prices in orderto allow reasonable discount and fair profit to the local dealer. Thisraising of prices v/ith the subsequent discount policy would also help tosolve the problem of relationships between Christian publishing societies

and the existing Chinese book stores.

KULP, D. H. (II). A sociological apologetic for Christianpropaganda in China. (The Chinese Recorder, February, 1919,

pp. 88-94.)

Jesus emphasized the fact that salvation is individual and social;

Christianity in China, therefore, is very definitely committed to makecontributions to the social life of the Chinese. Neither Buddhism norTaoism has a strong social gospel, and socialization, the placing of skill,

brains, and resources, at the service of society instead of the individual,is the great need at present in China. It is possible for social economyto effect social progress without Christianity. The material developmentof the country, the openingof mines, the building of railways, is inevitable,and China can not escape it if she would. But in a new age of progressa new set of adequate and vital controls must be set up or demoralizationof society and race degeneration must result. Christianity is funda-mentally concerned with the ultimate values to society of all socialprogress; and this is why China (as well as the rest of the world) needsChristianity.

KUO, P. W. The future place of education in China. (TheChinese Recorder, January, 1919, pp. 20-24.)

The importance of education as emphasized by the World War has ledthe Chinese government to adopt a definite forward educational policy.In this article note is made of what constitutes this forward movement,and the necessity of raising the standard of the Christian educational workin China in order to meet the modern needs.

MACNAUGHTON, W. The evangelization of provinces—Man-churia. (The Chinese Recorder, February, 1919, pp. 81-88.)

The author, who is evangelistic secretary of Manchuria, views theproblems of evangelizing China by considering those of this one province.The primary necessity is for the workers to look up from their workand consider a definite policy. The occupation of strategic centers by theforeign forces, with the present dangers of large areas and small forces;the utilizing of the potentialities for service in the individuals forming theChinese Church; the necessity of arousing the Chinese leaders to seek towin more men instead of being satisfied with preaching at those alreadyin the church; all these are fundamentals to a forward policy. Closelyrelated are the inherent possibilities of great usefulness in the ChineseMissionary Societies, the evangelistic bands, the Chinese doctor evangelists,and the forward movement campaigns. All these considerations showthat the task is tremendous, and the situation ripe for a big movement.

128 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

MILLS, S. T. Chinese student volunteer movement for theministry. (The Chinese Recorder, February, 1919, pp. 110-118.)

Describes briefly the work of an organization which endeavors to presentthe call of the ministry to Chinese students. The organization was startedin 191 by Pastor Ding Li Mei, who has been the moving spirit ever since.

PLANS OF THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE COUNCIL INCHINA. (The International Review of Missions, April, 1919.

pp. 238-253.)

This article shows the processes of international missionary co-operationin the actual working, and consists of letters from the chairman of theChristian Literature Council for China, the acting secretary of the ChinaContinuation Committee, a minute of the American section of the Com-mission on Christian Literature of the World Missionary Conference, anda minute of the Committee on Christian Literature in Great Britain. Theletter from the Christian Literature Council gives the results of a thoroughsurvey of the literature situation in China, the needs of which come underfour headings. 1. The discovery and development of Chinese Christianliterary talent. This problem could be attacked by means of prizes,the opening of a Christian Literature Correspondence School, and scholar-ships to be conditional on the recipients specializing along literary lines.

2. The survey and correlation of Christian literary effort, with the aim oflearning the types of literature most urgently needed. 3. The early produc-tion of this most urgently needed literature, attention now to be focused onannotated Scriptures for the educated classes, literature for evangelisticcampaigns, for the illiterate, for women and children, for young people,devotional literature, that for Chinese pastors, and that giving the socialapplication of Christianity. 4. The establishment of a Christian PressBureau for China, to supply to the press the best thought of Christianleaders^ in China and in other countries on matters of current interest.

A minimum budget for the whole program is appended. The action ofthe international bodies approving this report concludes the article.

ROOTS, L. H. What the China continuation committee has done.(The Chinese Recorder, June, 1919, pp. 367-371.)

This is the Continuation Committee of the National Conference heldat Shanghai in 19 13, and is one of the finest examples of union workon the mission field. Its work is far reaching and its results are heresurveyed briefly. The Forward Evangelistic Movement, the undertakingof a comprehensive survey of existing missionary work, the compiling ofaccurate statistics; the work on the subjects of comity, of training mis-sionaries, and of producing Christian literature; the stud}7 of theologicaleducation, of mission administration, of work for Moslems; the compilingof the China Mission Year Book and the Chinese Church Year Book, andthe making possible a feasible procedure in regard to phonetic writing, all

these are definite results of this Committee's arduous work. The surveyhere presented should be supplemented by the article following it, namely,"Progressive plans for Christian work in China as seen in the reports ofthe China Continuation Committee."

STOCK, Eugene. Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission.(The East and The West, April, 1919, pp. 97-114.)

One of the greatest of missionary names is that of Hudson Taylor,most of whose work was done outside the old order of the Church. Hefirst went to China in 1853, and in i860 was invalided home, where heprayed so continually about China that in 1866 he was able to start backto 'the country with fifteen co-workers. This was the beginning of thegreat C. I. M., founded on the principles which have ever been unswerv-ingly adhered to— (a) no restriction as to denomination provided therewas soundness of the faith in all fundamental truths; (b) no guaranteeof income; (c) no collections or personal solicitation of money. In regard

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 129

to certain methods of work, Hudson Taylor laid down the principles thatthe missionaries to China should become as the Chinese in dress, food,and customs where possible; that, with due precaution, unmarried womenshould be sent to the interior; that, as fresh parties from England arrivedthey should be sent two and two to the far interior. These were revo-lutionary ideas, and Mr. Stock gives us a brief description of some ofthe difficulties encountered in carrying them out.

STUART, J. L. Man-power in Christian warfare. (The ChineseRecorder, February, 1919, pp. 104-110.)

It is in the air, just now, to draw breath and take stock, as it were,of one's forces. Dr. Stuart, glancing at the results of some hundredyears of Protestant missionary effort in China, finds the tangible resultsvery meagre. Moreover, the entire country is in dire plight, sufferingfrom intensified forms of old-time corruption and superstition with^ manyWestern vices added; and yet, with an opening to Christianity hithertounequalled. One of the fundamental causes for failure so far Dr. Stuartfinds in the lack of comprehensive planning for an adequately trainedChinese ministry. Four lines of attack on this problem are suggested:1. That each missionary feel an individual responsibility to secure abetter quality of man power in the native ministry. 2. That mission fundsbe so re-adjusted that there be sufficient money available for securing,training, and supporting capable Chinese students, even at the sacrificeof the foreign missionary force. 3. That the teaching in theologicalcolleges be made to measure up to the very highest standard set anywherein the world. 4. That the student Volunteer Movement for the Ministrybe given all possible help and sympathy.

YUI, D. Z. T. The coming Chinese Christian leadership. (TheChinese Recorder, January, 1919, pp. 24-34.)

Mr. Yui discusses Chinese Christian leadership from the point of viewof its necessity to enable China to take her proper place. After analyzingthe past and the present leadership, and the influences which developed it,

he considers the necessary elements for the future. These he finds to beuncompromising Christian integrity, thorough scientific training, andemphasis on the development of Christian social leadership.

See Also:

Beach, H. P. Shall China have an alphabet. (The MissionaryReview of the World, February, 1919, pp. 127-130.)

Gale^ F. C. Central institutional church, Nanchang. (TheChinese Recorder, April, 1919, pp. 229-233.)

Hodous, Lewis. China at the cross roads—a review of the year1918 and the outlook for 1919. (The Missionary Review ofthe World, January, 1919, pp. 16-18.)

McKee, Sidney. The relation of the institutional church to otherChristian organizations with institutional features. (TheChinese Recorder, April, 1919, pp. 238-241.)

McLeod, R. A. The opening of Tibet to Christianity. (TheMissionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 18-20.)

Scott, C. E. Salt and its savor in China—An answer to the ques-tion: Do the Chinese make good Christians? (The MissionaryReview of the World, February, 1919, pp. 109-114; April, 1919,pp. 274-280.)

130 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Throop, F. H. The institutional church in China. (The ChineseRecorder, April, 1919, pp. 226-229.)

Wheeler, W. R. China, world democracy and missions. (TheMissionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 91-96.)

JAPANESE EMPIREBooksHARRINGTON, C. K. Captain Bickel of the Inland Sea. NewYork, Revell, C1919, pp. 301. $1.75.

This is an interesting outline of the work of Captain Luke Bickel andthe "Fukuin Maru" in the great Inland Sea of Japan, written by a mis-sionary of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Captain Bickel,the "mariner-missionary," did such outstanding and unique work that thisbiography is particularly welcome.

HERSHEY, A. S.,and HERSHEY, S. W. Modern Japan ; social

—industrial—political. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill Company,C1919, pp. 382. $1.50.

The book is the result of a visit to Japan, made after several yearsstudy of the country. It takes up the general problems, such asindustrial development, poverty, political parties, colonial methods, andreligion, treating all with a decided leaning to the Japanese point of view.It is a worth-while description of the country for those who are sincerelyanxious to understand Japan and who have not the time to make anexhaustive study of it. It is not the book for the specialist.

THE PROBLEM OF JAPAN. A political study of Japan and ofher relations with Russia, Great Britain, China, Germany, theUnited States, the British colonies, and the Netherlands, and ofthe world politics of the Far East and the Pacific. By an Ex-Counsellor of Legation in the Far East. London, Luzac, 1918,

pp. 280. 7s. 6d.

This book, which is somewhat difficult to obtain in this country, is anexcellent presentation of a complicated situation. The relation of Japanwith each of the powers named is discussed from an international pointof view, and the development of her policy traced since it was outlined in1868. It is the author's opinion that one of two combinations mustinevitably arise to solve the problem of Japan: that composed of England,Germany, and the United States; or that composed of Japan, Germany,and Russia. Of special value for reference are the Appendices, whichgive a skeleton of the form of Japanese government, and the terms ofvarious treaties and agreements.

MADDEN, M. W. Women of the Meiji era. New York, Revell,

C1919, pp. 63. $.25.

Short sketches of a few of the most notable leading women of Japan.These are the women, the pioneers, who have safely crossed from oldto new Japan, who give the promise for the future Japanese woman.The list includes the late Queen, an educator, a temperance reformer, asocial reformer, an author, Japan's millionaire evangelist, a Y. W. C. A.secretary, and a Bible woman. They are not biographies; they arepictures of real women, and the things they have accomplished.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY i3 i

Periodical Articles

POLE, G. H. The "new" Japanese national cult. (The ChurchMissionary Review, June, 1919, pp. 127-135.)

The Rev. Pole finds this new "cult" in Japan strikingly analogous to

the cult of emperor-worship as it existed in the Roman Empire in thefirst three centuries A. D. Notwithstanding its modern government theJapanese imperial authority unquestionably reaches out into the moraland spiritual domain, and the Government has five aims in view in its

promotion of this "cult"; i: to maintain that traditional spirit which is

considered the soul of the nation; 2: to realize a national unity and to

bind by sacred ties the people and their Emperor; 3: to provide an ideal,

something recognized as necessary for the well-being of society; 4: to

emphasize unity and patriotism in one "cult," since to do so in one"religion" is impossible; 5: to constitute thereby a dam against foreignideas believed to be subversive of social order. The non-religious char-acter of the cult being contradicted by the required worship at shrines, theauthor foresees grave difficulties ahead for Christianity in Japan.

TROLLOPE, M. N. Progress in Corea. (The East and TheWest, July, 1919, pp. 246-257.)

The Bishop in Corea limits his article rather rigidly to the condition ofthe English Church Mission to Corea. After a very sketchy outline ofpast history, the situation or development is considered along the lines of:(a) the organization into a whole of detached mission stations; (b) educa-tion, showing how the English Church is co-operating with the Japaneseeducational scheme by means of student-hostels; (c) training of nativeclergy; (d) self-support, in which the English mission has made consider-able progress; (e) Church government; (f) Japanese work. Despite thetremendous handicap of the war, with its serious drain on an already in-adequate force, considerable progress has been made, and the missionstands ready for a big advance on a solid basis, thanks to the enforcedintensive, rather than extensive cultivation.

See Also:

Davis, J. M. The need for Christ in Japan's factories. (TheMissionary Review of the World, September, 1919, pp. 673-682.)

Pettee, J. H. The outlook in Japan—1918 and 1919. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 13-15.)

Reports on the Korean uprising. (The Missionary Review of theWorld, September, 1919, pp. 664-668.)

Suzuki, Takashi. The emergency in Chosen. (The MissionaryReview of the World, September, 1919, pp. 661-663.)

ISLAM LANDSBooksFINLEY, J. H. A pilgrim in Palestine; being an account ofjourneys on foot by the first American pilgrim after GeneralAllenby's recovery of the Holy Land. New York, Scribner,1919, pp. 251. $2.00.

This is an attempt to help those of us who must stay at home reallyto make the Holy Land our own. It is a collection of poems, of essays,of impressions made during tramps over lands hallowed by our religion,and associated now also with the undying bravery of the army thatwrested the Holy City from the Turk.

132 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

HARDING, H. G. The land of promise. London, Church Mis-sionary Society, 1919, pp. 116. 2s.

A small handbook packed with interesting facts about Palestine. Theauthor, who for some years was a C. M. S. missionary in the country,takes up the questions which the man on the street is asking, and out-lines briefly an explanation of the difficulties therein expressed. The land,the different races, the religions, and the missionary work are all touchedupon, and the Zionist movement is sympathetically, albeit not very hope-fully discussed.

WINGATE, Sir Andrew. Palestine, Mesopotamia, and the Jews.The spiritual side of history, with a synopsis of the war.London, Alfred Holness, 1919, pp. 290. 5/-.

A rather disjointed work. It is somewhat tantalizing in that, assumingconsiderable knowledge on the part of the reader, the conclusions areobvious and somewhat superficial. On the other hand, for one withouta fairly rich background, it is confusing and inconclusive. Nevertheless,it gives fairly a spiritual criticism of the warring countries which haveinfluenced Palestine and Mesopotamia, provided we interpret spiritual assynonymous with biblical. It is well illustrated, and has an excellentchronological table of the war. The author idealizes, it might almost besaid idolizes, Great Britain throughout.

Periodical Articles

BUXTON, Harold. Armenia and the peace settlement. (TheEast and The West, January, 1919, pp. 10-18.)

"To the moral conscience of Europe, the sufferings of Armenia mustremain an unforgetable horror," and to disregard the voice of conscienceis to stifle the greatest safeguard of Christian peoples. That Armeniastill needs and deserves our help is evident in this survey of the situation.She is delivered from Turkish slavery, delivered by Christian, Moham-medan, Arabian, and Indian troops, but before her deliverance she hadtaken her stand for righteousness, and had fought hard on the Caucasianfront. As a result, the Ottoman Armenians were systematically murderedby the Turkish government. There are scattered remnants left in theRussian Caucasus, in Persia (where an American relief unit is working),in Mesopotamia (where starvation has been terrible), and in Palestine.The responsibility for permanent relief and repatriation must rest with theallied Powers, but there are needed also philanthropic agencies. Besidesimmediate relief for the starving, besides the political settlement, there is

desperate need of healing for the spirit of the nation in love, in workdone in the spirit of love, and in offers of personal service abroad.

ZWEMER, S. M. Islam, the war, and missions. (The ChurchMissionary Review, September, 1919, pp. 209-225.)

A discussion of the future for Moslem evangelization in view of theLeague of Nations and the new internationalism. The war has seen thecollapse of Moslem political power, but as an intellectual and spiritual

empire Islam still exists. The distribution of Moslems, and the possi-

bility of their drawing together in face of a common peril, along withthe reluctance of governments to take any action that might lead to apolitical complication, place a serious problem before the church as wellas an "open door." Dr. Zwemer gives a survey of the situation beforethe armistice, showing the seething unrest of the Moslem world, thedifferent government policies pursued, and the German plan for a generalMoslem uprising. There follows a bird's-eye view, country by country,of the present situation and the attitude of the people during the wai,ending with a summary of the dangers and opportunities to be franklyfaced. It is true that British occupation of Egypt has strengthened Islamthere. There is grave danger of the same happening in Palestine, Syria,Persia, and the former Ottoman Empire. The sacred places, shrines and

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 133

mosques will be repaired and beautified, facilities for pilgrimage will beincreased, government education tends to develop with Islam as a basis,

while there may be the policy of rewarding their loyalty (not oftenspontaneous, nor always genuine) by pampering Moslem prejudices. Thechurch must act wisely and promptly lest the "evangelization of Moslemlands be hindered most of all by Governments professedly Christian." Ausefttl bibliography is appended.

See Also:Coan, F. G. The peril of Persia. (The Missionary Review of the

World, January, 1919, pp. 23-25.)

Donaldson, D. M. An American door to Central Asia. (TheMissionary Review of the World, April, 1919, pp. 267-269.)

Riggs, H. H. The outlook among Turkish Moslems. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 204-208.)

Trowbridge, Stephen. Stories of liberated Armenians. (TheMissionary Review of the World, July, 1919, pp. 511-518.)

LATIN AMERICABooksINMAN, S. G. Intervention in Mexico. New York, Association

Press, 1919, pp. 248. $1.50.Author is executive secretary of the Committee on Co-operation in

Latin America, and is a recognized authority on those lands. This bookconsiders the present and former relations between the United States andMexico, and outlines a constructive policy for the future.

MILLER, G. A. Prowling about Panama. New York, AbingdonPress, C1919, pp. 254. $1.50.

Some people travel, some go on personally conducted tours, but ononly a few have the gods bestowed the gift—and the opportunity—of prowl-ing. To the author, Panama is the great American curiosity shop; it is also"the net result of a continuous and consistent follow-up campaign ofwholesale demoralization through a long period of years." The prowlerin this case certainly found much to interest him; not only the pleasingidiosyncrasies of the people, with their abounding imagination, makingup for their utter ignorance of their _ country; their uniformly courteousofficials; and their never failing mystification over the "hurry" of travel-lers; but also in the wonderful possibilities of the country, in the richresources of the interior, and in the need of the people. Eighty per centof those in the provinces were found to be suffering with hookworm, becausethe common people know nothing of sanitation and clean food. Yet, if

the author be correct, the Panamanians are not the only ones who areignorant; many of us Americans have not even discovered that there is aLatin America. This book should at least make a little more definite inour minds that "hazy and troubled region southward about which we haveknown little and cared less."

MUNRO, D. G. Thefive republics of Central America. Theirpolitical and economic development and their relations with theUnited States; ed. by David Kinley. New York, Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1918, pp. 332. (The Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace. Division of Economics and History.)

. $3-50.

This is one of a proposed series of studies^ of similar conditions inothers of the Latin American Republics, and is a good presentation of

134 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

the life of the people as seen by an outsider. A separate chapter is

devoted to each of the five countries, but the major part of the bookdeals with Central America as a unit. Central American revolutions aredisliked and feared by the great majority of the people, but their in-

heritance of exploitation by the Spaniards seems to prevent them frommaking any concerted opposition to the politicians in charge of therevolutions. Ignorance and indifference of the masses are found every-where, and are largely responsible for the instability of governments.This latter should eventually yield to education, as is proved by theimprovement in the Isthmus. ' The influence of the United States, and theantagonism aroused by its opportunist policy of protection is well summedup, while our international responsibility to keep the peace is fullyrecognized. The economic condition is frankly considered very seriousand fundamental, yet not so hopeless but that the standard of living forthe mass of the people may eventually be raised.

SWEET, W. W. A history of Latin America. New York, TheAbingdon Press, C1919, pp. 283. $3.00.

For some time there has been a need for a brief, readable, and accuratehistory of Latin America. Professor Sweet, of DePauw University, hasattempted to meet this need, preparing the book primarily for studentsand teachers, yet keeping in mind also the more general reader.^ Aftera brief chapter devoted to the Spanish and Portuguese characteristics as aback-ground, the colonization is considered in four divisions, (a) thatof the Islands and the Isthmus, (b) the conquests of Mexico, Peru, andChile, (c) the founding of the agricultural Colonies of Venezuela,Colombia, and La Plata, and (d) the Portuguese colonization of Brazil.Following the wars of Independence, the countries naturally fell into twogroups, the backward states and the progressive states. The latter partof the book is good for reference purposes, but makes for uninterestinggeneral reading. Good maps and bibliographies help to make this anexcellent text-book.

WILLIAMS, M. N. The least of these—in Colombia. NewYork, Revell, C1918, pp. 183. $1.25.

As the foreword warns us, this book is concrete and specific; it is

highly specialized, dealing with a particular group of a particular class

of people in Colombia, namely, the servants of the author. Yet the little

incidents related give a sharply outlined view of certain missionaryproblems typical of the country. The immorality resulting from economicpressure, the lack of standards, the prevailing drunkenness, the lack ofresponsibility, and the appalling superstition form a dark, almost hopelesspicture. The high lights are found in the cheerfulness of the peopleunder intolerable conditions, in their loyalty, unselfishness, and lovingsympathy. The book is in the way of being an enlightening foot-note onmissionary work in Latin America.

Periodical Articles

GRUBB, W. Barbrooke. The problem of the South AmericanIndian. (The East and The West, October, 1919, pp. 308-318.)

For thirty years, this pioneer missionary has worked among the SouthAmerican aborigines, and ranks today as the greatest living authorityon the subject. He points out that very little interest is taken in theSouth American Indian, and yet in him lies a possible solution of thequestion of populating and thus of increasing the producing capacity ofthe Continent. Some of the Indians have taken to civilized work insettled sections, and politically they are no longer classed as Indians,but as citizens. But there are from two to three million heathen "wildtribes," ranging from very low savages to fine people quite capable ofculture. They are by law outlaws. Yet the work of the South AmericanMissionary Society, working along sound practical lines, and emphasizingindustrial missions has been so successful, and so influential for good

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 135

that it has won to friendliness the Paraguayan, Argentine, and Boliviangovernments. Only industrial missions will succeed. The cost is heavy,however, for not only a church but a whole civilization must be built upfor these wild tribes. The Indian must eventually come in contact withthe settlers; and Mr. Grubb closes his articles with a plea for Christiansettlers who will band together and found Christian colonies, thus helpingthe professional missionary enterprise to cover the great extent of land,and to solve the many other almost insurmountable difficulties.

See Also:

Inman, S. G. An advanced program for Mexico. (The Mission-ary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 431-438.)

Inman, S. G. Encouraging signs in Latin America. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 1 19-122.)

Inman, S. G. A year of Latin American missions. (The Mission-ary Review of the World, January, 1919, pp. 36-39.)

McClelland, A. J. Have conditions improved in Mexico. (TheMissionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 195-197.)

Taylor, W. C. Working in Mexico under difficulties. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 191-194.)

PACIFIC ISLANDSBooksKALAW, M. M. Self-government in the Philippines. New York,Century Company, 1919, pp. 210. $1.50.

In 191 6, Congress pledged the people of the United States to recognizethe independence of the Philippines "as soon as a stable government canbe established therein," at the same time giving them the largest amount ofautonomy compatible with the exercise of the rights of Americansovereignty. The Philippines Legislature believes the time has now comefor the fulfillment of this pledge, and the author here places before us therecord of what the Filipino people have done since the establishmentof their autonomy, and their reasons for now asking for separation. Theestablishment and organization of the government, the economic develop-ment of the country, the progress of local government, and the attitudeof the Filipinos during the war are all concisely and clearly described,making an excellent presentation of their case. The treatment of thenon-Christian tribes is well summarized, and gives a good back-groundfor all missionary work that must be conducted among them.

WHITE, Gilbert. Thirty years in tropical Australia. London,Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918, pp. 264. 10/6.(New York, Macmillan. $3.75.)

*

For the first half of this period, Bishop White worked in Queensland asa priest; during the last fifteen years he served as Bishop of Carpentariain Northern Australia. The book shows a wide appreciation of thecountry's difficulties, and touches frankly on both the white and the blackproblems. The work can be better appreciated by first gaining someknowledge of Australian missions, such as is given in the same author's"Round About the Torres Strait," published in 1917. But that is notnecessary thoroughly to enjoy his descriptions, especially of the aborigines.These he does not hold to be of the very lowest type of humanity, anopinion often advanced by scientists; his attitude seems to be that this is"all very well in theory, but it is not so in fact!" as shown by the nativeswho have tak~n responsible positions in the mission stations. There is

an excellent chapter on "A white Australia," which policy the Bishop

i36 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

finds justifiable only if the white man "admits he owes special duties toless fortunate peoples, and especially to the less advanced colored racesof the East."

Periodical ArticlesLONG, G. M. "White Australia." (The East and The West,

October, 1919, pp. 289-296.)

The Bishop of Bathurst disclaims writing an apologia for a "WhiteAustralia" policy; he merely attempts here to show how and why the policyis maintained. It is the inflexible will of the country rigidly to excludeimmigrants of non-European origin, and this despite the clamant needof the country for population. This decision is based on: 1. the political

need of keeping the government in the hands of those whose inheritanceincludes the instincts of justice and self-government; and the dangerof a small ruling class of Whites, and a large mixed colored population;2. the dangers and problems arising from the miscegenation of widelydisparate races; 3. the endeavor to make prevail the white man's highstandard of living for the workman and the danger to this that wouldresult from flooding the country with Asiatic labor. To the criticism thatthis policy is anti-Christian the Australian replies that the country canmake its noblest contribution to the developing life of the Orient, aswell as to the peace and happiness of the whole world, by maintainingin their purity the ideals, the form, and the manner of a distinctivelyEuropean civilization in the Far East.

RELIGIONSBooksBARTON, J. L. The Christian approach to Islam. Boston,Pilgrim Press, C1918, pp. 316. $2.00.

The substance of lectures given at the College of Missions. Thebook divides naturally into three parts—I. External history of Islam,from its beginning to the failure of the Holy War, the attitude of thescattered Moslems, and the revolt of Arabia. II. Mohammedanism asa religion, giving the distinctive Mohammedan beliefs, the beliefs commonwith Christianity, and the various reform attempts. III. Relations toChristianity, with the change from intense antagonism to a gradual dis-

appearance of hatred and discontent. It is an important study of Chris-tianity's message to Mohammedans, and a ringing call for a definitecampaign planned on a true appreciation of present day needs, ratherthan on the traditional attitude. The arrangement is rather loose, andthe reading at times difficult, but for those who are following seriouslythe Moslem problem the book is invaluable.

GILMORE, G. W. Animism; or, Thought currents of primitivepeoples. Boston, Marshall Jones, 1919, pp. 250. $1.75.

A thoughtful discussion in non-technical language, with frequentcitations from recent publications. The importance to be attached tothe study of animism is indicated by the fact "that over half thepopulation of the globe is animistic in its main features of faith andaction, that a large part of humanity entertain beliefs only one removeaway from this and regards as fundamental a philosophy of life groundedin animistic thought, and that at least three basal tenets of Christianityitself are common to Christians and animists." The small book is interest-ing for the general reader, giving a better survey than is usual in suchbooks.

HOPKINS, E. W. The history of religions. New York, Mac-millan, 1918, pp. 624. $3.00.

From the point of view of comparative religions, this book is veryimportant; from that of help for missionary work it is disappointing. The

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 137

author, who is Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology at YaleUniversity, has summed up the best explanations and criticisms of thevarious religions,- past and present, supplementing each chapter with anexcellent bibliography. He has consistently refrained from drawing anyconclusions, treating each religion with the same detachment, almostimpassivity. His statements of facts are valuable, but he makes noattempt to show the reader the living soul of any faith. Judged from acoldly intellectual point of view, Christianity is "more intense and broaderthan any other"; that it is more dynamic, or has any higher authoritythan any other Dr. Hopkins apparently considers beside the point.

JOSEPH, Isya. Devil worship. The sacred books and traditions

of the Yezidiz. Boston, Richard G. Badger, C1919, pp. 222.

$2.50.

The Yezidiz are a small and obscure religious sect, most of whom are in

the mountains of northern and central Kurdistan. Despite the interestwhich their mysterious religion has aroused, very little is known about it,

almost the only certain thing being that it contains Moslem, hereticalChristian, pagan, and perhaps Persian elements. The first part of this

book contains the translation of one of the Arabic manuscripts of theYezidiz; one of their poems, their principal prayer, and their articles offaith, with explanatory notes. Part II is a critical discussion of theirreligion, religious observances, and the various explanations of themgiven by religious scholars. So brief a book is necessarily in the natureof an outline, but an excellent bibliography helps those desiring to makea more thorough investigation of the subject.

MOORE, G. F. History of religions. New York, Scribner, 1919,(International Theological Library.) Vol. II. Judaism, Chris-tianity, Mohammedanism. $3.00.

The first volume of this work appeared in 1914. Dr. Moore is recog-nized as the foremost authority in the United States on the history ofreligion, and this completes a work justly termed "a masterpiece, not onlyfor its comprehensive survey of the facts. . . . but also for its pragmaticpresentation of history."

STARR, Frederick. Korean Buddhism, history—condition—art.

Boston, Marshall Jones Company, 1918, pp. 104. $2.00.

Korean Buddhism, as presented to Westerners, is in some respects analmost virgin field. The three lectures here published do

_not, however,

attempt a profound study of the subject. Their great significance lies inthe fact that they represent the most complete work on it as yet publishedin English. Much travel in Korea, and many visits to the monasteriesthere enable the author to vivify the work by personal touches, whilethe illustrations help greatly to an appreciation of Korean thought.A short bibliography and good notes are appended.

URQUHART, W. S. Pantheism and the value of life withspecial reference to Indian philosophy. London, Epworth Press,

1919, pp. 732. 12/6.

This is a valuable book for those working among thoughtful Hindus.After fifteen years in India, the author has come to the conclusion that aradical transformation of Indian thought will be necessary if India is toadvance mentally, morally, and religiously, and this book has been writtento indicate the necessity for this transformation. Hindu philosophy is

sympathetically treated, for every effort is made to present the bestaspects of it, but the showing is clear that it does not meet the needs oflife. The work is carefully done, with constant references to authorities,and the value of the whole is enhanced by an excellent index.

138 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Periodical Articles

KERRIDGE, H. S. Hindu religious setting. (The East andThe West, January, 1919, pp. 34-50.)

A discussion by a lecturer at Noble College, Masulipatam, India, ofhow "to retain the rich fringe of the Indian corporate religious life" inorder to make Christianity a little less barren and "western" to theIndian convert. Love of ceremonies with life, color, and movement beingingrained in the Indian, would it not be better psychologically to retainas much of this as possible for the native church? Care should be taken,however, not to think out the problem from the Western point of view.Isolated attempts at making this enrichment to Christian native life by theS. P. G. in its annual fair, by the Methodist Community at Cawnpore,in its anniversary procession around the city, and by the WesleyanMethodists in the State of Hyderabad, are noted. The Roman Catholicsmake great efforts to preserve a ceremonial setting for all the churchfestivals. But there is need for more general recognition of the fact thatthe East needs color, light, and crowds for its life.

MASON, I. Chinese Mohammedanism. (The Chinese Recorder,March, 1919, pp. 176-187; April, 1919, pp. 242-247.)

The number of Moslems in China can at best be only estimated, butit seems safe to consider that there are at least 8,000,000. The numberof missionaries definitely working to win them is very small, while liter-

ature_for them is almost non-existent. After a

_very brief summary of

the history of the sect in China, Mr. Mason discusses certain of theirbeliefs and practices as they exist in that country. After mentioningtheir conception of the unity of God, their belief in angels, and a pre-existent supernatural world, he gives translations of some of their reason-ing against Christianity. Particularly enlightening is a brochure writtenin 1 9 14 concerning Jesus and his reported crucifixion and resurrection.The five practices—or Five Pillars of the Faith—are sketched; purifica-

tion, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage; and there follows thetranslation of a tract summarizing the position of the Chinese Moslem,entitled "The Root of all Goodness," ending with a beautiful Moslemprayer.

See Also:

Labaree, R. M. The Bahai propaganda in America. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, August, 1919, pp. 591-596.)

CHILDRENBooksHUTTON, S. K. By Eskimo dog-sled and Kayak. A descrip-

tion of a missionary's experiences and adventures in Labrador.London, Seeley, Service, 1919, pp. 219. 4/-.

Written for young people, the book endeavors to give an idea of Eskimolife by means of the author's travel experiences. The long, bitterly coldjourneys, the hospitality of the stifling huts, the loyalty and endurance ofthe Eskimo drivers are well described. We shiver in sympathy with thecold, tired missionary who pushes his feet into a fine thick sleeping-bag,only to meet with an icy mass of half-frozen snow, and we almost envythe Eskimos, who, with no bed but the dogs' harness, are sleepingcomfortably near by! Missionary work proper is almost confined to thelast two chapters, but we appreciate its significance all the better for whathas preceded.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 139

MATHEWS, Basil. The ships of peace. London, HumphreyMilford, 1919, pp. 136. 6s 6d.

This is the story of the gospel ships of the London Missionary Society,

told for boys and girls as only Basil Mathews can. There were adven-tures, there were hardships, there was triumph in the lot of those earlymissionaries, and no child can help being caught by the magnificent re-

sponse*made to those calls to heroic sacrifice.

WOOD, M. D. Fruit from the jungle. California, Pacific PressPublishing Association, C1919, pp. 331. $1.00.

In large part, experiences of real mission life in India are heredescribed, many of the chapters having originally appeared in youngpeople's periodicals.

Periodical Articles

COCK, A. A. Missions, school, and the child. (The Church Mis-sionary Review, September, 1919, pp. 199-208.)

The present inadequacy of missionary teaching for children is becomingincreasingly evident; and so Professor Cock, acting professor of Educationand Philosophy at University College, Southampton, here pleads for therecognition of the value of the missionary story in any reconstruction ofprimary and secondary education. Its essential appropriateness is evident,for Christian schools and Christian education require the Christian story.Moreover, the missionary story links inevitably with our knowledge ofhistory, and of geography, while it is rich supplementary material for theteaching of literature. Its psychological appeal to the love of adventure,of movement, and of continued stories well adapts it for use in movingpictures. It is also of unexampled value in teaching world citizenshipand sympathy for other races. Above all, "education is a spiritual process,and mission study and story yield a cumulative spiritual value of theutmost importance to the growing religious experience of the child."

MISCELLANEOUSBooksEDWARDS, W. J. Twenty-five years in the black belt. Boston,The Cornhill Company, C1918, pp. 143. $1.50.

An autobiography of an earnest negro, working for the uplift of hisrace and better racial relations in the United States by means of soundindustrial education. The book is in large part a history of the SnowHill Normal and Industrial Institute, which has done excellent workin the last twenty-five years.

MEANS, P. A. Racial factors in democracy. Boston, MarshallJones, 1918 [C1919], pp. 278. $2.50.

The general aim, as the author states, "is that of setting forth . . . theexact nature of the principles which have governed the growth of civiliza-tion in the past and that of studying the application of those principlesto current problems." The book, therefore, is an outline of principles,given by means of a brief resume of distinctive human cultures in differentparts of the world. Inter-racial courtesy is something which needs de-velopment especially in these days, and the book is worth while in showingus how much good there is in those cultures of races different from ours.There is an excellent section on the anthropological aspects of colonization.Constant reference throughout is made to authorities, and a 29 pagebibliography is appended.

140 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

MOORE, E. C. The expansion of Christianity in the modernworld. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, C1919, pp. 352.(Handbooks of ethics and religion.) $2.00.

This is a survey of the history of missions since the beginning of themodern era, depicting the missionary movement against the back-groundof general history. The first part treats generally of the expansion ofEurope; the second (by far the larger) part considers the history of themissionary movement, and the present situation in different lands. Inso small a book much must necessarily be omitted, and the rest greatlycondensed, yet for those desiring to get a quick survey of missionary work,readably presented, the book is excellent. Each paragraph is numbered,each chapter is summarized by paragraph headings, the index is full, andthe bibliography gives wide references by the paragraph numbers, thusincreasing many times the usefulness of the book.

PATTON, C. H. World facts and America's responsibility. NewYork, Association Press [1919], pp. 236. $1.00.

As the title indicates, this gives a survey of the world situation fromthe point of view of what America should do. Ten outstanding facts ortendencies are analyzed, in a way to challenge further study on the partof the reader rather than in an attempt to be fundamental. America haswon a high place as a nation of idealists; correspondingly heavy is herresponsibility to lead in "the movement to make Christ supreme in theworld's affairs." While we may not always agree with the conclusionsreached, the book gives a good general impression of existing ethical andreligious opportunities.

VAN ESS, John. The spoken Arabic of Mesopotamia. Londonand New York, Oxford University Press, 1918, pp. 256. $1.50.

Designed to answer the needs of those working with the common peopleof Mesopotamia. It consists of a grammar and exercises, and a fairly full

vocabulary. While not pretending to be exhausive it is probably the bestrecent book of its kind. It is recommended by the Board of MissionaryPreparation.

WERNER, Alice. Introductory sketch of the Bantu languages.London, Kegan Paul, 1919, pp. 346. 7s 6d.

The author is reader, in Swahili, in the School of Oriental Studies,London, and is here endeavoring to uncover the "broad principles under-lying the structure of all [languages] belonging to the Bantu family, insuch a form as to facilitate the subsequent study of the one speciallychosen."

Periodical Articles

BROUGH, J. S. B. The eternal source of missions. (The In-ternational Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 7-17.)

The challenge of Christian countries at war with each other has forcedthe realization that our normal standards differ from those of God. Thequestion should be squarely faced, therefore: is the missionary effort apurely human activity, or in spite of all defects, is it the expression ofsomething belonging to the being and character of God Himself? Theanswer lies in our conception of the nature of God as a Being in the heartof the struggle of mankind; of the nature of Jesus, as truly God andtruly man; of our own nature as human beings with the power to questionand to choose, and the consequent responsibility for our actions. Themissionary obligation is inherent and fundamental in each nature.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 141

COFFIN, H. S. The spiritual basis of the new world order.

(The International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 145-154.)

The war has caused the very foundations of the_ world to be questioned.Is blind matter omnipotent? If so, reconstruction is not only useless

but wrong. Is it a gamble whether or not there is such a thing asrealizing an ideal civilization? If so, strenuous effort is worth while, butto the thoughtful by no means satisfying. In the last analysis, searchersfor a stable foundation are driven to despair or to faith; and Christianfaith alone makes its appeal to these searchers who desire a world thatis orderly, kindly, and brotherly. An orderly world must assume theorganic unity of ethical values—God is one. The Christian ideal thoroughlyinterpreted must work to subdue strife through kinship with the Father

—

to create a kindly world. A democratic world, i. e., a brotherly world,must follow where is applied the ideal of the God who, through Christ,dwells among men as Comrade, not suppressing their individualities, notbreaking their wills, but encouraging them to their fullest developmentas sons and daughters.

DIFFENDORFER, R. E. Developing a dominantly missionaryChurch. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919,

PP. 95-103.)

The last three words of the title are almost equally emphasized in thearticle. Successfully to develop such an organization there must first ofall be presented to the Church definitely and concretely an adequate worldprogram, this program to be the result of a thorough-going survey of theactual condition of the world, accompanied by definite statements of methodsfor meeting the needs thus revealed. There must then be developed in theChurch an intelligent interest in the program. The people should beshown why the program should be undertaken, and leaders should betrained for this purpose. The program must be accepted willingly, andso it must be proved to the people that it is reasonable. The social traits

of character, those concerning our relations with our fellows, must betrained, in some cases even awakened, and then definitely converted intoaction.

GOLLOCK, G. A. The missionary service of the simple and thepoor. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919,

pp. 88-94.)

Starting with a few examples of wonderful giving by the poor selectedat random from the many listed on mission treasurers' books, three pointsare developed. i.,The possibility of a new scale of giving in relationto income. According to the standard of the poor and simple, well-to-doChurch members have scarcely begun to give. 2. Sources of service. Sofar, men in the prime^ of life are so negligible a source of missionarygiving that the deduction is logical that the missionary cause has beenso presented as to win the weaker rather than the stronger. 3. The futurecannot be conducted on the same basis as the past. Merciless light is

thrown on the truth that much of the past service has been rendered undereconomic and social conditions flagrantly unchristian. The missionarycause must be presented afresh, and the message must be full, rich andreal.

GOLLOCK, M. C.^The best use of missionary furlough. (The

International Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp 218-226.)

The end of the war, bringing home numbers of missionaries onfurloughs long overdue, points the discussion of what the furlough shouldmean to the worker and to the church. Primarily, it should be everywhererecognized that it is an integral^ part_ of mission work. It is not accumu-lated holiday, since most missionaries have an annual holiday on thefield. Yet the mission field exacts a severe toll from the worker both in

142 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

body and in spirit, and it is the business of the church at home tohelp make good this toll. Study comes to the foreground since mostmissionaries have given out so much, or have missed so much, as to beempty mentally or spiritually. Some know what is best to do for theirindividual needs, and are able to do it. Others must receive advice andhelp from the church. This touches closely the problem of deputationwork; but while much of this is to be deplored from the point of viewof the worker, some of it is necessary to make him review his work, andgain the proper perspective. After all, the dominating issue is the out-look; he comes home to go through another period of preparation for his

task. With this kept in view, the problems relative to rest and workare easier to solve.

MACLEAN, J. H. Missionary apologetics. (The InternationalReview of Missions, July, 1919, pp. 387-397.)

Despite recent events, despite the mission study movement, there is still

a surprising vogue in objections to missions. Rejecting reliance on theGreat Command (the_ authenticity of which having been seriously chal-lenged), and maintaining that the missionary obligation expresses the wholespirit of Christ's life, Mr. Maclean sketches briefly a normal attitude totake to such critics. Even admitting that all that has so far been donehas been a failure (which Mr. Maclean does not), this high ground formissionary work still remains binding, and it is the methods, not thefundamental obligation which are at fault. But instead of being on thedefensive, the missionary apologist has good ground for attack if he knowsfacts, while the results of missions, poor and imperfect as they may be,

yet form one of the strongest proofs possible that Jesus is the Word ofGod.

1

MATHEWS, Basil. Some unoccupied fields at the home base.

(The International Review of Missions, January, 1919, pp.104-117.)

Strictly speaking, the fields are preoccupied rather than unoccupied.There is that of the educationalist, and in particular the day school teacher,who exercises a continuous influence on the developing life of the nation.This field can be occupied if missionary material is presented which is

of unquestionably high pedagogic value. There is the merchant, pre-

occupied with world markets. The approach to him should be uncompro-misingly Christian, presenting missions as a world program and a worldcampaign. He has no patience with small issues. There is the skilledartisan whom the Church may find cold, but who is roused to enthusiasm bypractical projects for the establishment of a just and ordered life in hisown country and in the world. This class must be shown that theirideals and those of missions are fundamentally identical. And they canbe shown this best through the fourth field, the press. For this, what is

needed is to organize the supply of material so that swiftly and withfreshness and real knowledge it may be prepared and "handed out" to

the press.

OLDHAM, J. H.^Co-operation—its necessity and cost. (The In-

ternational Review of Missions, April, 1919, pp. 173-192.)

This discusses the question whether the time has come for missionarysocieties deliberately and definitely to include the work which can best oronly be done by joint committees as an essential part of their program.Fundamentally, the

_question is one of finance. Experience has proved

to missionary societies the value of co-operation in certain fields—e. g.,

the myriad and extraordinarily important relationships between missionsand governments, the raising of the quality of educational and medicalwork necessitated by the entrance of non-religious institutions in thesefields, the provision of adequate Christian literature, and the necessityfor a bolder and stronger presentation of the missionary appeal at thehome base. A sound policy for support of co-operation would be; (1)

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 143

a fixed amount contributed by all societies on a proportionate basis fordefinite administrative expenses; (2) further contributions from time to

time when societies feel it to their advantage to co-operate in special

undertakings; (3) individual gifts to funds of which the ultimate controlwould be in the hands of the Conference of Missionary Societies in GreatBritain and the Foreign Missions Conference of North America.

PATTON, C. H. and HAYWARD, J. N. Life and work in

mission houses. (The International Review of Missions, Janu-ary, 1919, pp. 71-87.)

This article is in two parts, dealing with mission houses in Americaand in London. Dr. Patton, of the A. B. C. F. M., speaks for America,giving the ideal towards which our houses should work. This he findsmeans that the mission house should be (a) an up-to-date, thorough-going,efficiently managed business office; (b) a house serving as head-quartersand meeting-place of missionaries home on furlough, with a rest-room,requisite office-space, and other facilities ministering to his comfort andconvenience; and (c) a religious institution in which every worker, fromthe highest to the lowest, is imbued with the happy appreciation of the"worth-while-ness" of the work. Mr. Hayward, of the China InlandMission, takes up the same three points, in reverse order, and tells ofactual conditions existing in English mission-houses.

RITSON, J. H. The growth of missionary co-operation since

1910. (The International Review of Missions, January, 1919,

PP. 53-70.)

This is concerned primarily with the international as opposed to nationalaspects of missionary co-operation, but force of circumstances results indescriptions of the English situation. The great executive instrument,in England, of international co-operation was the outgrowth of the attemptto perpetuate the work of the Edinburgh Conference—namely, the Con-tinuation Committee. In 1914 the war interrupted the work of this bodyas a whole, but did not kill it. The organ of this Committee is the inter-national periodical "The International Review of Missions." Centralorganizations have been formed in China, Japan, and India; the ChristianCollege for Women in Madras has been founded; the problem of Christianliterature in the mission field has been attacked. Problems arising directlyfrom the war are too great for any but international co-operative handling,while the war itself forced the formation of an "Emergency Committee ofCo-operating Missions."

SHEFFIELD, Mrs. D. Z. The wives of missionaries. (TheChinese Recorder, March, 1919, pp. 162-176.)

No definite work in the mission station is assigned by the Boards tothe wives of missionaries. Believing that valuable service is thus lost,

and that the missionary inspiration as such of the wife is not given a fairchance at development, Mrs. Sheffield discusses fundamentally the questionof her status, preparation, and work. She asks for a more uniformopportunity for the consecration of all the talents of the wife, both on thefield, and during the first furlough home, equal to that given to thehusband.

SHILLITO, Edward. The appeal of the missionary enterpriseto the man of 1919. (The International Review of Missions,January, 191 9, pp. 18-26.)

One of the directors of the London Missionary Society here seeks tofind the common ground of interest between the witness of Christ, i. e.,the Church, and the man whose soul is reacting to the absorbing experi-ence and desperate tragedy of the war. The trouble that vexes the manis his fear for the human race, while it is an axiom to him that the

144 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

redemption of Christ cannot be enjoyed by any unless it is an effectiveoffer for all. The relations of races one to the other is the fundamentalproblem for the future of the world. Isolation, relation of master andbond-servant, teacher and taught, father and child, have all been triedand have failed. Mutual brotherhood through mutual service is the solu-tion offered by the Church, through its magnificent and daring missionarywork.

SPEER, R. E. Organization and life. (The International Re-view of Missions, January, 1919, pp. 27-38.)

Business methods, institutions, organization prevail everywhere. YetJesus would have none of it, and St. Paul, although a great organizer,subordinated it all to his own personal influence. Organization is inevitableand right, yet the missionary work is so clogged with it that it is sufferingfrom wrong proportion, ineffectiveness, secularization and mechanicaliza-tion. The chief remedy for this Dr. Speer finds in being uncompromisinglytrue to the religious aim of missions, to the aim of "the possession ofpersons by Christ and the possession by persons of Christ."

A SURVEY of the effect of the war upon missions. (The Inter-

national Review of Missions, October, 1919, pp. 433-490.)The first of a masterly series of articles. This survey is to form an out-

standing feature of the Review in 1920, and will deal not only with thetangible and immediate effects of the war on the different fields, butwill discuss the great movements and their acceleration or retardation bythe war. The present number includes a survey of the position ofGerman missions, and there are excellent statistical tables showing themovement of the various missionary forces. Each chapter is written byan expert, and the series, when finished, will form an extremely valuablereference book.

WATSON, Charles R. Foreign missionary co-operation andunity at the home base in America. (The International Reviewof Missions, January, 1919, pp. 39-52.)

A brief, succinct account of missionary co-operative movements in theU. S. The most influential of these, the annual conference of ForeignMission Boards, is responsible for some of the others. There is a briefstatement of the function and status of each of the co-operative bodies,such as the Missionary Education Movement and the Laymen's MissionaryMovement, which are engaged in publishing co-operative works; theMissionary Research Library, and the Bureau of Statistics and Research;the Board of Missionary Preparation, studying the problems of recruitingand training candidates; and, chief and foremost, the Committee of Ref-erence and Counsel, serving all the Boards. Co-operation in the homefield is shown in the work of the Home Missions Council and the FederalCouncil of the Churches of Christ in America.

See Also:

Brooks, C. A. The church and the industrial situation. (TheMissionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 447-452.)

Brown, W. A. The war's contribution to Christian unity. (TheMissionary Review of the World, February, 1919, pp. 97-102.)

Chapman, J. W. Signs of progress in Alaska. (The MissionaryReview of the World, July, 1919, pp. 491-498.)

Du Plessis, J. Value of Industrial training in missions. (TheMissionary Review of the World, June, 1919, pp. 411-420.)

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 145

Helms, E. J. A church of all nations. (The Missionary Reviewof the World, July, 1919, pp. 499-504-

)

St. John, Burton. The distribution of medical missions. (TheMissionary Review of the World, October, 1919, pp. 735-739.)

St. John, Burton. German missions after the war. (The Mis-sionary Review of the World, April, 1919, pp. 251-258.)

Watson, C. R. A missionary balance sheet of the war. (TheMissionary Review of the World, March, 1919, pp. 183-189.)

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

THE TREATY OF PEACE AS AFFECTINGFOREIGN MISSIONS

Below is given a resume of the conditions of the Treaty of Peacewith Germany insofar as they affect foreign missions and countries,

other than European, in which foreign missions are carried on._ Thematerial is arranged under three heads : First, General provisions

which affect mission work; Second, Clauses affecting the disposal of

former German Colonies ; and Third, German relations with foreign

mission lands.

Important provisions have been quoted in full, particularly those

referring to the Mandataries to be established under the League ofNations. Digests have been given where clauses are of less im-portance, and short descriptions of the German Colonies involvedhave been appended in the second section.

The reader should remember that the final disposal of the GermanColonies awaits the decision of the League of Nations, and that the

present treaty does not affect former^ Turkish Territory except inso-

far as the League of Nations provisions are concerned, Germanymerely agreeing beforehand to any dispositions of such territory as

may be decided upon in the treaty with Turkey itself.

GENERAL PROVISIONS AFFECTING MISSIONSMissions. "The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where

Christian religious missions were being maintained by Germansocieties or persons in territory belonging to them, or of which thegovernment is intrusted to them in accordance with the presentTreaty, the property which these missions or missionary societies

possessed, including that of trading societies whose profits weredevoted to the support of missions, shall continue to be devoted to

missionary purposes. In order to ensure the due execution of this

undertaking the Allied and Associated Governments will hand oversuch property to boards of trustees appointed by or approved bythe Governments and composed of persons holding the Christianfaith. It will be the duty of such boards of trustees to see that theproperty continues to be applied to missionary purposes."The obligations undertaken by the Allied and Associated Govern-

ments in this Article will not in any way prejudice their control orauthority as to the individuals by whom the missions are conducted.

Germany, taking note of the above undertaking, agrees to acceptall arrangements made or to be made by the Allied or AssociatedGovernment concerned for carrying on the work of the said missionsor trading societies and waives all claims on their behalf." Annex,Article 438.Opium Trade. By Part X, Section II, Article 295, all the signers

149

150 THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS

of the Treaty agree to bring the Opium Convention of The Hague,January 23rd, 1912, into force, and in the case of signers of theTreaty who did not sign the Convention the signing of the Treatywill be considered equivalent.

FORMER GERMAN COLONIES AND POSSESSIONSAFFECTED BY THE TREATY

In Asia: China

Kiau-Chau, located on the east coast of Shantung. Seized byGermany November, 1897 ; acquired by a 99 year lease concludedwith the Imperial Chinese Government March 6, 1898; declared aProtectorate April 27, 1898. On August 15, 1914, Japan called uponGermany to give up the entire leased territory. On November 7th,

Tsingtao, the capital of the Protectorate, fell to British and Japaneseforces, and since then the territory has been administered by the

Japanese. Area, about 200 square miles, population about 192,000.

There are 252 miles of railway (Tsingtao to Tsinanfu) built byGerman capital, and German State cables from Tsingtao to Shanghaiand Chefoo.By Part IV, Section VIII, Article 156, Germany renounces in favour

of Japan all rights in lease, and all property and rights in Shantung,including the railroad, preferential rights of railroad constructionin the Province of Shantung and exclusive rights of mining alongthe course of certain railroads. China's representatives entered aprotest against the above Article, and refused to sign the Treatywhen it was retained.

Hankow and Tientsin, concessions located in these cities, andheld on lease from the Chinese Government.By Part IV, Section II, Article 132, the leases are abrogated.

China, however, is to open the concessions to International trade,

and the property rights of Allied nationals are not affected.

In Africa

Togo, located on the Gulf of Guinea, in West Africa, betweenthe Gold Coast (British) and Dahomey (French). Acquired in

1884, taken by French and British forces August 7, 1914, and now(provisionally) divided into two spheres, administered respectively bythe French and British military. Area, 33,700 square miles, popula-tion 1,031,978. There are 755 miles of road fit for motor traffic, andthree railroads, totalling 191 miles.

By Part VIII, Annex VII, Germany renounces in favour of theAllied Powers the Lome-Monrovia (Liberia) and Lome-Duala(Kamerun) cables.

The following clauses refer also to the other German Possessionsin Africa and the Pacific

:

By Part IV, Section I, Article 119 Germany renounces all title

in favour of the Allied and Associated Powers. By Article 122,

the Government exercising authority in the territory may make such

THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS 151

provisions as it thinks fit in regard to repatriation of German na-tionals and "to the condition upon which German subjects ofEuropean origin shall, or shall not, be allowed to reside, holdproperty, trade or exercise a profession in them."Part I, Article 22, states : "To those colonies and territories which

as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under thesovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and whichare inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves underthe strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should beapplied the principle that the well-being and development of suchpeoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the

performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant."The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that

the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations

who by reason of their resources, their experience or the geographicalposition can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to

accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them asMandataries on behalf of the League. . . .

"Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such astage that the Mandatary must be responsible for the administrationof the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedomof conscience and religion, subject only to the maintainance of publicorder and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade,

the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of theestablishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and ofmilitary training of the natives for other than police purposes andthe defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities forthe trade and commerce of other Members of the League. . . .

"In every case of mandate, the Mandatary shall render to theCouncil an annual report in reference to the territory committed to

its charge."The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exer-

cised by the Mandatary shall, if not previously agreed upon by theMembers of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by theCouncil."A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and

examine the annual reports of the Mandataries and to advise theCouncil on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates."Part I, Article 23, reads in part; "Subject to and in accordance

with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafterto be agreed upon, the Members of the League: . . . (will) (b)undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of terri-

tories under their control."

Kamerun, located on the Gulf of Guinea, in West Africa, betweenNigeria (British), on the one side, and Rio Muni (Spanish Guinea)and the French Congo on the other. Acquired in 1884, and con-quered by French and English forces February 18, 1916, since whichtime it has been administered by the Government of Nigeria, exceptfor the "goose-neck" extending to the Congo acquired by Germanyfrom France in 191 1, which is administered by the Governor-General

152 THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS

of French Equatorial Africa. Area, 191,950 square miles, population,3,648,720. There are 149 miles of railroad, a cable to Bonny(Nigeria) and a direct cable to Germany.Beside the Articles quoted above under Togo (Part IV, Section I,

Article 119, Article 122, Part I, Article 22, and Article 23), the fol-

lowing apply; Part IV, Article 124, by which Germany agrees to payfor damage suffered by French Nationals in the Cameroons or fron-tier zone through acts of German civil or military authorities, or privateindividuals, from January 1, 1900 to August 1, 1914. By Part IV,Article 125, the treaties of 191 1 and 1912 (territorial) are denounced.By Part VIII, Annex VII, Germany renounces in favour of theAllied Governments the cable from Duala to Lome (Togo).East Africa, located on the East Coast of Africa, between Portu-

guese East Africa and British East Africa. Acquired in 1890.

Practically overrun by British, Belgian and Portuguese forces by theclose of the war. Area, about 384,000 square miles, population

7,659,898. There are two lines of railway, totaling 1,000 miles.

All the provisions of the treaty enumerated under Kamerun applyto German East Africa, with the exception of Part VIII, Annex VII(Lome-Monrovia and Lome-Duala cables).

By Part VI, Annex VII, Section II, Article 246, Germany agreesto return to Great Britain the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa, takenfrom East Africa by the Germans.German South-West Africa, located on the southwest coast of

Africa, between Angola and Cape of Good Hope Province. Acquiredfrom 1884-1890. Conquered by British forces July 9th, 1915, since

when it has been administered by the Government of the Union ofSouth Africa. Area, 322,200 square miles, population 164,830. Thereare 1,419 miles of railroad in the Protectorate, and 2,868 milesof telegraph.

In addition to the provisions of the treaty enumerated under Togo,which apply with the exception of the part relating to the Lome-Monrovia and Lome-Duala cables, the following has direct referenceto German South-West Africa; Part I, Article 22, 6th paragraph;"There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain ofthe South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their

population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres

of civilization, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the

Mandatary, and other circumstances, can be best administered underthe laws of the Mandatary as integral portions of its territory, sub-

ject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the

indigenous population."

In the Pacific

Kaiser Wilhelm's Land. Located in the North East part of

the island of New Guinea. Declared a German Protectorate in 1884.

Occupied by Australian troops since September 12, 1914, and ad-

ministered by the military. Area, about 70,000 square miles, popula-

tion from 110,000 to 350,000. The provisions of the treaty which

THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS 153

apply to Togo and German South-West Africa also apply to all the

German possessions in Oceania.Bismarck Archipelago, immediately to the east of Kaiser Wil-

helm's Land. Proclaimed a German protectorate in November, 1884.

Since September 12, 1914, under Australian military control.

Solomon Islands (Bougainville, Buka and a few small islands in

this group only), located east of the Bismarck Archipelago. Acquired1899. Occupied since September 12, 1914, by Australian troops, andadministered by the military.

Caroline Islands, located north of the Bismarck Archipelago.Purchased from Spain February 12, 1899. Occupied by the Japanesesoon after the opening of the war, and now administered by them.Pelew Islands, located north-west of the Bismarck Archipelago.

Purchased from Spain February 12, 1899. Occupied by the Jap-anese, and administered by them.

In addition to the provisions of the treaty mentioned under Togoand German South-West Africa, by Part VI, Annex VII, Germanyrenounces all rights and titles in the Yap-Shanghai (China), Yap-Guam (Marianne Islands) and Yap-Menado (Celebes, Dutch EastIndies), cables in favour of the Principal Allied and AssociatePowers.Marianne Islands (not including Guam), located north of the

Caroline Islands. Purchased from Spain February 12, 1899. Occu-pied by the Japanese early in the war and administered by them.

Marshall Islands, located east of the Caroline Islands; acquiredin 1885. Occupied by the Japanese, and administered by them.Samoan Islands (Savai and Upolo Islands with a few small

islands adjacent), located about 2,700 miles south of east of NewGuinea. Acquired by treaty with Great Britain and the UnitedStates November 14, 1899; occupied by British forces August 29,

1914, and since administered by New Zealand. Area, 1,000 squaremiles, population, 34,579. There are 60 miles of road.

RELATIONS WITH MISSIONARY COUNTRIES OTHERTHAN THE ABOVE

Asia

China. By Part IV, Section II, Article 130, Germany cedes to

China all public property anywhere in Chinese territory, exceptdiplomatic residences. By Article 131, Germany agrees to restorethe astronomical instruments carried to Berlin in 1900. By Article

134, Germany renounces in favour of Great Britain the German Stateproperty in the British Concession at Shameen, Canton, and in

favour of France and China conjointly the German School in theFrench Concession at Shanghai. By Article 128, Germany renouncesclaim to the Boxer indemnity since March 14, 1917.

Siam. By Part IV, Section III, Articles 135 and 136, all treaties

between Germany and Siam, including those referring to extraterri-

torial jurisdiction, are terminated, and all German State property,except consular premises, passes to the Siamese Government.

154 THE TREATY AS AFFECTING FOREIGN MISSIONS

Africa

Egypt. By Part IV, Section VI, Article 147, Germany recognizesthe British protectorate in Egypt. By Article 148, all treaties be-tween Egypt and Germany are terminated, and by Article 153 all

German State property in Egypt passes to the Egyptian Governmentwithout compensation.

Liberia. Germany, by Part IV, Section IV, Article 138, renouncesall rights and privileges in Liberia, and particularly the right ofnominating a German Receiver in Liberia. By Part VIII, AnnexVII, German rights in the Monrovia-Lome (Togo), Monrovia-Teneriffe (Canary Islands), and Monrovia-Pernambuco (Brazil),

cables are ceded to the Allied Powers.Morocco. By Part IV, Section V, Germany recognizes the

French Protectorate in Morocco, and cedes all rights from theagreements of 1906, 1909, and 191 1. All German State propertyis passed to the government, and all German interest in the StateBank of Morocco.Canary Islands, by Part VIII, Annex VII, the Emden (Ger-

many)—Teneriffe cable is renounced in favor of the Allied Powers.Turkey. By Part X, Section II, Article 290, all treaties between

Germany and Turkey concluded since August 1, 1914, are void.

For the disposition of portions of the Turkish Empire, see underGerman Colonies, Togo, Part I, Article 22 and Article 23. The fol-

lowing (paragraph 4), Part I, Article 22, applies to former Turkishpossessions ; "Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turk-ish Empire have reached a stage of development where their ex-istence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized sub-

ject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by aMandatary until such time as they are able to stand alone. Thewishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the

selection of the Mandatary."The portions of Turkey evidently affected by this are

:

The Hedjaz. Located on the west coast of Arabia, extendingfrom El Akabah in the north (approximately) to Shakkat e' Shamieh(approximately) on the south. Declared its independence fromTurkey in November, 1916. Was a signer of the Treaty of Versail-

les, as one of the Allied and Associated Powers. An original mem-ber of the League of Nations signatory of the treaty of peace {PartI, Annex, I). One of the communities formerly belonging to the

Turkish Empire which "have reached a stage of development wheretheir existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognizedsubject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a

Mandatary until such time as they are able to stand alone. Thewishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the

selection of the Mandatary." {Part I, Article 22, Paragraph 4.)

By Part VIII, Annex VII, Section II, Article 246, Germany restores

to the King of the Hedjaz "the original Koran of the Caliph Othman,which was removed from Medina by the Turkish authorities and is

stated to have been presented to the ex-Emperor William II."

GENERAL TABLES - 155

Nejd and Hasa. Comprises Nejd, located in the central part of

Arabia, and containing the capital, Riyadh ; and Hasa, on the Persian

Gulf, between the Sultanate of Koweit on the north and Oman onthe south. The Turks were expelled from El Hassa in 1913. (SeePart 1, Article 22, Paragraph 4, under The Hedjaz.)Western Asia Minor, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Syria.

The disposition of all of these is still in question, as is the case withportions of Turkey in Europe.

Cyprus. An island off the coast of Syria, was administered byGreat Britain until November 5, 1914, under a convention concludedwith the Sultan in 1878, but at the entrance of Turkey into the Warthe island was annexed by Great Britain. Area, 3,584 square miles,

population, 274,108.Egypt. A dependency of Turkey, ruled by almost independent

Khedive, under advice from a British financial advisor. December18, 1914, a British Protectorate over Egypt was proclaimed. By PartIV, Section VI, Article 147, this protectorate was recognized byGermany, by Article 148 all treaties between Germany and Egypt areabrogated, and by subsequent articles in the same section Germanyrenounces all property and special rights in Egypt.The special privileges enjoyed in Turkey by subjects of western

countries (the Capitulations), were abolished by a decree of Septem-ber 9th, 1914. None of the nations involved has recognized the aboli-

tion, however.By Part VIII, Annex VII, Germany renounced in favour of the

Allied powers all rights and title in the Constantinople-Constanza(Roumania) cable.

TABLES SHOWING THE POPULATION OF THEEARTH ACCORDING TO CONTINENTALDISTRIBUTION, RACE AND RELIGION

Table I.

Area and Population of the Earth According to Continents(Figures from the National Geographic Society)

AreaContinent (square miles) Population

North America 8,589,257 140,084,000South America 7.570,oi5 56,337,775Europe 3,872,561 464,681,000Asia 17,206,000 872,522,000Africa 11,622,619 142,751,000Australasia 3,312,613 16,228,591Polar Regions 5,081,935

Total 57,255,000 (a) 1,692,604,366

(a) In employing these tables it should be kept in mind that accurate statistics forpopulation (such as were furnished by the last census in India) are non-existentfor the greater part of the world, and that the estimates of the most carefulauthorities must differ by millions. The total here given, for instance, shouldbe compared with those of Tables III, IV, and V.

156 GENERAL TABLES

Table II.

Population of the Earth According to Race(Figures from the National Geographic Society)

Race Location NumberIndo-Germanic or Aryan (White) , Europe, America, Persia,

India, Australia 796,000,000Mongolian or Turanian (Yellow and Brown) . . Asia 630,000,000Semitic (White) Africa, Arabia, etc 70,000,000Negro and Bantu (Black) Africa 134,000,000Malay and Polynesian (Brown) Australasia 35,000,000American Indian, North and South (Red and

Half-Breeds) America 27,000,000

Total 1,692,000,000

Table III.

Population of the Earth According to Religion(P. Karl Street, S.V.D., Atlas Hierarchicus)

Population" of] the World 1,650,000,000

Religion Adherents PercentageChristianity 635,250,000 38 .

5

Confucianism and Taoism 257,400,000 15 .

6

Hindooism . . ._ 222,750,000 13 .

5

Mohammedanism 221,100,000 13 .4Buddhism 133,650,000 8 .

1

Animism 100,650,000 6 .

1

Shintoism 52,800,000 3 .

2

Judaism 11,550,000 .7Unclassified 14,850,000 .9

Table IV.

Population of the Earth According to Religion(Whitaker's Almanack)

Population of the World 1,646,491,000

Religion Adherents PercentageChristianity (a) 564,510,000 34.28Confucianism and Taoism 300,830,000 18 . 27Mohammedanism 221,825,000 13.47Hindooism 210,540,000 12 . 78Animism 158,270,000 9 • 61Buddhism 138,031,000 8.38Shintoism 25,000,000 1.51Judaism , 12,205,000 . 78Unclassified 15,280,000 .92

(a) Including 272,860,000 Roman Catholics, 171,650,000 Protestants and 120,000,000members of Eastern Churches (Coptic Church, 706,322; Nestorian, 80,000;Jacobite, 70,000).

POSTAL RATES 157

Table V.

Population of the Earth According to Religion and ContinentalDistribution

Religion

Christianity

.

Confucianism and Taoism.MohammedanismHindooismAnimismBuddhismShintoismJudaismUnclassified

(Whitaker's Almanack)Europe

374,760,000

ReligionChristianityConfucianism and Taoism

.

MohammedanismHindooismAnimismBuddhismShintoismJudaismUnclassified

3,800,000

9,950,1751,000,000

N. America102,700,000

100,00015,000

100,00020,000

2,144,0618,000,000

Asia

28,700,000300,000,000142,000,000210,000,00042,000,000138,000,00025,000,000

484.3596,000,000

S. America36,600,000

10,000110,000

1,250,000

50,000

Africa

9,050,00030,000

51,000,000300,000

98,000,00011,000

404,836130,000

Oceania12,700,000

700,00025,000,000

30,00017,000,000

20,000

19.515150,000

POSTAL RATES •

From Canada

Letters to the United Kingdom and all British Possessions, UnitedStates and United States Possessions (except the Philippines),Mexico, and French Indo-China, 2c per ounce with ic additional oneach letter for War Tax. To all countries not included in the fore-going, 5c for the first ounce and 3c for each additional ounce. (NoWar Tax.) Registration fee, 5c; fee for acknowledgment ofreceipt, 5c.

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DIRECTORY

OFFOREIGN MISSION SOCIETIES

Prepared by the

BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND RESEARCH

DIRECTORY OF FOREIGN MISSION SOCIETIES

In preparing the Directory of Foreign Mission Societies for 1920 a

slight change has been made in the arrangement adopted for the 1919

Year Book.

Each Society has been listed according to the country in which its

headquarters is located, as in the previous directory, but eight Socie-

ties whose organization is international in character have been placed

in a separate group. The local councils or committees of these Inter-

national Societies, however, will be found under their respective coun-

tries. The order of the home base countries is as follows: Canada,

United States, International Societies, Australasia, Europe (Great

Britain and the Continent), Africa, South America, Asia, Oceania.

Under Canada and the United States the Societies are arranged

in five groups to conform to the principle upon which the Foreign

Mission Conference is organized:

First, Societies having a definite denominational constituency.

Second, Interdenominational Societies, excepting those which are

distinctively educational.

Third, Interdenominational Societies which are educational. In

the second and third group the term "interdenominational" is used to

signify an organization which is controlled by or which recognizes re-

sponsibility to two or more denominations. The distinction between

educational and non-educational is merely one of convenience.

Fourth, Independent Societies, excepting those which are distinc-

tively educational.

Fifth, Independent Societies which are educational.

Under the first of these groups the Societies are arranged by single

denominations, the key word of the denominational name, by which it

is alphabeted, appearing first. The names of the denominations are

printed in Bold Face Capitals.

Auxiliary Societies, or those having any secondary relation, are indi-

cated by a smaller type. Among these will be found not a few which

are auxiliary to organizations with headquarters outside the United

States. In such cases the names of the main Societies appear above,

in large type, with a reference to the home base country.

The numbers on the right of the names of the Societies are carried

through the Statistical Tables in order to make it possible easily to

identify the official names of the Societies from the abbreviation used

in the tables.

161

162 CANADA

The initials immediately following the name of the Society are those

adopted in the International System. The date given is that of the

founding of the Society. Italicized names of Societies enclosed in

parentheses are names in common use. Names of fields printed in

Italics are those in which work is carried on through some other or-

ganization appearing in the Statistical Tables, or in which it works

through grants in aid only. The political divisions enumerated are

given as they were at the outbreak of the war in August, 19 14.

It should be noticed that a few Home Missionary Societies have been

recorded. This is on account of the work carried on by them in Latin

America, which is considered as a foreign field by the Foreign Missions

Conference.

The International Societies follow those listed under the United

States. They are arranged alphabetically. In this list, and in that of

the Foreign Societies, no attempt has been made to give more than

the name, address and Corresponding Secretary of the organization in

each case. Only sending Societies are entered. Those in English-

speaking countries (Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and South

Africa), have been placed under largely inclusive denominational

groups, the order being the same as that followed in the World Statis-

tics of Christian Missions, 1916. The Societies in other countries

have been placed in alphabetical order.

A directory of this nature, aiming to give information of the latest

changes in personnel and organization, is subject to constant alteration

and correction. For making note of these changes as they appear in

correspondence, periodicals, and reports, and for supplying information

of new Societies as they are formed, the editor is greatly indebted to

Miss Regina Kohnt, of the Statistical Bureau.

CANADABAPTIST CHURCH1

—

Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board (CBM) (1846)

(Canadian Baptist Mission)

Office: 223 Church Street, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Chmn., J. N. ShenstoneGen. Sec, Rev. Harry E. Stillwell, B.A.

Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-ChristianWorld: Asia: India .(Madras)

Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified.

CANADA 163

ia—Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Ontario (West) (1876)

Office: 8 May Place, Rosedale, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Albert Matthews*Cor. Sec. and For. Sec, Miss Martha RogersTreas., Mrs. Glen H. Campbell

Periodical: "Canadian Missionary Link." Editor, Mrs. T. Trotter, 36 PrinceArthur Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. Price, $.25(*)

Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia:India {Madras)

(a) Subscriptions should be sent to Missionary Link, 705 Gladstone Avenue, Toronto,

Ontario s

ib—Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Eastern Ontario and Quebec(1876)

Office: Sunnyside Road, Westmount, Montreal, QuebecExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. H. H. Ayer*Cor. Sec, Mrs. P. B. MotleyTreas., Miss F. M. Russell

Periodical: "Canadian Missionary Link." Price, $.25(a)Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia:

India (Madras)

(a) Subscriptions should be sent to Missionary Link, 70s Gladstone Avenue, Toronto,

Ontario

ic—United Baptist Woman's Missionary Union of the Maritime Provinces (1906)

Office: Hantsport, Nova ScotiaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. David Hutchison, 80 Main Street, St. John, New Brunswick*Cor. Sec, Miss M. E. HumeTreas., Mrs. Mary Smith, Amherst, Nova Scotia

Periodical: "Tidings." Editor, Mrs. J. W. Manning, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Busi-ness Manager, Mrs. B. W. Ralston, Amherst, Nova Scotia. Price, $.25 ($.15in clubs of ten, $.35 to the United States)

Fields: Latin America: South America: Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia:India (Madras)

Also work in Canada for Whites, not covered by this survey

CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN CANADA

2—Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (MSCC)(1883)

Office: 131 Confederation Life Building, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Chmn., The Most Rev. S. P. Matheson, D.D., Primate*Gen. Sec, Rev. Canon S. Gould, M.D.Sec. Anglican L. M. M., Rev. W. E. Taylor, M.A., Ph.D.Field Sec, Rev. T. B. R. Westgate, D.D.Hon. Gen. Treas., J. A. Worrell, Esq., K.C., D.C.L.Accountant, R. A. Williams, Esq.

Periodical: "The Mission World." Editor, Rev. Canon S. Gould,M.D.; Associate Editor, Mrs. Willoughby Cummings, D.C.L.Price, $1.00 (in Great Britain, 5s.; to clergy residing in Canada,1-75)

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

164 CANADA

Fields: Latin America: South America: Chile

(

a). The Non-Christian

World: Asia: China (Fukien(b), Honan), Chosen(c

), India (Pun-jab (

d)), Japan, Syria including Palestine^). Africa: Egypt (0

Also work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Eskimos, Indians, Jewsand Whites

(») Under the South American Missionary Society (England)(b) The Woman's Auxiliary, under the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society

(England)

(c) The Woman's Auxiliary supports two Japanese Bible Women under the Society

for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (England)(d) Beside the regular work of the MSCC in the Punjab, the Woman's Auxiliary sup-

ports a worker under the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (Eng-land)

(e) Under the Jerusalem and the East Mission (England)

(f) Under the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East (England)

2a—Woman's Auxiliary to the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Can-ada (1886)

Office: 142 Jackson Street, West, Hamilton, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. P. P. Hall*Cor. Sec., Miss A. L. SlaterTreas., Mrs. Donaldson, 7 McMaster Avenue, Toronto, Ontario

Periodical: "The Letter Leaflet." Editor, Mrs. Willoughby Cummings, D.C.L.,78 Pleasant Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario. Price, $.25

Fields: South America: Chile(%). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Fukien(b),

Honan(c)), Chosen(d), India (Punjabi6)), Japan( c

), Syria({). Africa: Egypti*),

German East Africai?)Also work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Eskimos, Indians, Jews and Whitest)

(a) Under the South American Missionary Society (England)

(b) Under the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (England)

(c) Under the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada. The Woman's

Auxiliary is responsible for all work among women and children in the missionfields of that society

(d) Japanese Bible Women supported under the Society for the Propagation of the

Gospel in Foreign Parts (England)(•) Under the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada. There is also

a worker under the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (England)(0 Under the Jerusalem and the East Mission (England)(*) Under the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East (England)

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES3—Canada Congregational Foreign Missionary Society (CCFMS)

(1881)

Office: 359 Querbes Avenue, Outremont, MontrealExecutive Officers:

*Sec, George A. MooreEd. Sec, Rev. A. F. Pollock, Granby, Quebec.

Periodical: "The Canadian Congregationalist. " Editor, Rev. E. D.Silcox, 4 Sussex Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. Price, $1.25 ($1.50outside Canada)

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Angola(a)

(») This Society is in affiliation with the American Board of Commissioners for ForeignMissions (q. v. under United States, Congregational), and its work in Angola is

carried on in connection with that Board, the Canada Congregational Woman'sBoard of Missions and the American Missionary Association

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

CANADA 165

4—Canada Congregational Woman's Board of Missions (CCW) (1886)Office: 4 Sussex Avenue, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Thos. Hill, 43 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ontario*Cor. Sec, Miss L. M. Silcox

Rec. Sec, Mrs. John H. Wickson, 5 Summerhill Gardens, Toronto,Ontario.

Treas., Miss L. M. Miatt, 63 Forest Hill Road, Toronto, OntarioPeriodical: "Monthly Leaflet." Editor, Mrs. Mary M. Savage, 61

Guilbault Street, Montreal. Price, $.20Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Angola

(

a)

Also work in Canada for Whites under the Canada CongregationalMissionary Society.

(») This Society is in affiliation with the American Board of Commissioners for ForeignMissions (q. v. under United States, Congregational), and its work in Angola is

carried on in connection with the work of that Board, the Canada Congrega-tional Foreign Missionary Society and the American Missionary Association.Work in India (Madras), Ceylon, China and Asia Minor (Smyrna) is also sup-ported under the ABCFMThe Mission to Lepers (Ireland) and Women's Christian Medical College

(India) receive aid

HOLINESS MOVEMENT CHURCH5—Missions Board of the Holiness Movement Church (CHM) (1895)

(Canadian Holiness Movement Mission)

Office: Iroquois, OntarioSecretary, Rev. J. W. Campbell

Periodical: "The Holiness Era." Editor, Rev. G. A. Christie, 43-45Flora Street, Ottawa. Price, $1.00 ($1.25 outside Canada)

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan), Africa: Egypt

MENNONITE BRETHREN CHURCH6—Mennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society, Ontario Con-

ference (MBCO)Office: Stoufville, Ontario

Secretary, Rev. Samuel Goudie

7—Foreign Mission Board of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Cana-

dian Northwest Conference (MBCNW)Office: M. B. C. Church, Didsbury, Alberta

Conference Secretary, Rev. Theo. Reist

METHODIST CHURCH8—Missionary Society of the Methodist Church (MCC) (1834)

(Canadian Methodist Mission, Methodist Church of Canada)

Office: Methodist Mission Rooms, 299 Queen Street, West, ^Toronto,Ontario

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. S. Dwight Chown, D.D.Gen. Sec, Home Dep't, Rev. Charles E. Manning

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

166 CANADA

Asst. Sec, Home Dep't, Rev. A. Lloyd Smith, M.A.*Gen. Sec, For. Dep't, Rev. James Endicott, D.D.Asst. Sec, For. Dep't, Rev. Jesse H. Arnup, B.A.Sec. Y. P. F. M., Rev. Frederick C. Stephenson, M.D.Hon. Treas., W. G. Watson

Periodical: "The Missionary Outlook." Editor, For. Dep't, Rev.Jesse H. Arnup, B.A. Price, $.50 ($.40 in clubs of six)

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Szechwan), JapanAlso work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Syrians, Indians and

Whites not covered in this survey

8a—Woman's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church (1881)

Office: 52 Markland Street, Hamilton, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Pres.. Mrs. W. E. RossFor. Sec, Mrs. E. S. StrachanRec. Sec, Mrs. Walter T. Brown, B.A., 398 Eglinton Avenue W., Toronto, On-

tarioLit. Sec. -Treas., Mrs. A. M. Phillips, aio Wesley Building, Toronto, OntarioTreas., Mrs. N. A. Powell, 167 College Street, Toronto, Ontario

Periodicals: "The Missionary Outlook," Woman's Missionary Society Department,edited by Miss E. J. H. McGuffin, 504 Ontario Street, Toronto, Ontario.Price, 5.50 ($.40 to clubs of six) (»)

"Monthly Letter." Price, $.15 ($.10 for three or more copies sent to oneaddress). "Palm Branch" (Juveniles). Editor, Miss L. B. Lathern. Price,

$.20Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Szechwan), Japan.Also work in Canada for Chinese, Japanese, Syrians, Indians and Whites, not covered

by this survey

(s) All remittances, and business communications to Rev. C. E. Manning, Wesley

Building, Toronto, Ontario

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH9—Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada (PCC)

(1843)

{Canadian Presbyterian Mission, Mission of the Canadian Presby-terian Church)

Office: 439 Confederation Life Building, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. Principal Alfred Gandier, M.A., D.D., LL.D.Sec., Rev. R. P. Mackay, D.D.

*Asst. Sec., Rev. A. E. Armstrong, M.A.Treas., Rev. John Somerville, D.D.

Periodical: "The Presbvterian Record." Editor, Rev. E. Scott,

D.D., Y. M. C. A. Building, Montreal. Price, $.90Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Trinidad. South America

:

British. Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China(Honan, Kiangsu(a

), KirinO5

), Kwangtung, Shantung), Chosen,Formosa, India (Central India, Rajputana, United Provinces

(

c))

Also'work in"Canada for Chinese, not covered by this survey

() In connection with the Christian Literature Society for China(t>) Work for Koreans near the border

(c) The work of the former Gwalior Presbyterian Mission

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

CANADA 167

—Woman's Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Canada (EasternSection) (1876)

Office: Halifax, Nova ScotiaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. G. Ernest Forbes, Scotsburn, Nova Scotia*Cor. Sec, Miss Bessie WallisTreas., Mrs. D. Blackwood, Halifax

Periodical: "The Message." Editor, Mrs. William Macnab, 321 South Street, Hali-fax, Nova Scotia. Price, $.25

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Trinidad. South America: British Guiana. Th$Non-Christian World: Asia: Chosen

Also work in Canada for Jews and Whites, not covered in this survey (°)

(tt) The work in Canada is carried on through the Board of Home Missions of the

Presbyterian Church in Canada, not entered in this Year Book

ob—Women's Missionary Society (Western Division) Presbyterian Church in Can-ada (1877)

Office: 628 Confederation Life Building, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. J. J. Steele*Cor. Sec, Miss Bessie MacMurchyIntern! Sec, Mrs. J. A. MacdonaldTreas., Miss Mary Russell

Periodical: "The Missionary Messenger." Editor, Mrs. John Mac Gillivray. Price,

$.25 (in parcel). Individual mailing, $.35, except in Toronto, the United Statesand foreign countries, for which it is $.40

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, Kiangsu), Chosen, Formosa,India {Central India, Rajputana, United Provinces)

Also work in Canada for Chinese, not covered by this surveyAlso work in Canada for Indians, Jews and Whites, not covered by this survey^*)

(a) Carried on through the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in

Canada, not entered in this Year Book

INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational)

Mission to Lepers (ML)(see under Ireland)

10—Mission to Lepers, Canadian Committee ( )(a)

Office: Room 407 Confederation Life Buildings, Toronto, OntarioSecretary, Miss Lila Watt, B.A.

Periodical: "Without the Camp" (Quarterly). Editor, W. H. P. Anderson, Lon-don, England. Price, $.25

(a) The Mission to Lepers is not a sending society, but cooperates with more than

thirty Protestant sending societies on the field, providing buildings and fundsto aid their work among lepers, and allowing the missionaries of the societies tohave the supervision of the work. The Mission has asylums or aids work inDutch Guiana, Ceylon, China, Chosen, Federated Malay States and StraitsSettlements, India, Japan, Siam, Madagascar, Rhodesia, Transvaal and thePhilippine Islands

11—Foreign Department of the Dominion Council of the YoungWomen's Christian Association of Canada (YWCAC) (1902)

Office: 604 Jarvis Street, West, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: Emis-sarius

Secretary, Miss Rose BeattyPeriodical; "The Association Outlook." Editor, Miss Una Saun-

ders. Price, $.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung), India

(Bengal, Bombay, United Provinces)

* Officer to whom general currespondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

168 CANADA

INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Educational)

Women's Christian Medical College (WCMC)(see under India)

12—Toronto Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Pun-jab, India ( )

Office: 68 Macpherson Avenue, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Hon. Pres., Mrs. Grant HelliwellPres., Dr. J. Gray Wildman

Sec., Dr. L. S. M. HamiltonTreas., Lit. Sec, Dr. Margaret Patterson, 97 Walmer Road, Toronto, Ontario

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Punjab)

13—Winnipeg Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana,Punjab, India ( )

Office: 442 Langside Street, Winnipeg, ManitobaExecutive Officers:

Hon. Pres., Judge DawsonPres., E. J. Shaw, Esq.

*Sec, J. A. Norris, Esq.Treas., Mrs. J. A. Norris

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Punjab)

INDEPENDENT (EXCEPTING EDUCATIONAL)Ceylon and India General Mission (CIGM)

(see under England)

14—Ceylon and India General Mission, Canadian Council ( )

Office: 33 West Richmond Street, Toronto, Ontario

Executive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. I. R. Dean*Sec.-Treas., Rev. A. W. Roffe

Periodical: "Darkness and Light" (Bi-monthly). Editor, David Gardiner, 63 Oak-field Road, Stroud Green, London, N. 4, England. Price, $.50

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Ceylon, India (Madras)

China Inland Mission (CIM)(see under International)

IS—China Inland Mission, Council for North America (Toronto Office) (1888) (a)

Office: 507 Church Street, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: InlandExecutive Officers:

Home Director, Rev. Henry W. Frost, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.*Act. Sec, Rev. E. A. BrownleeTreas., Rev. Robert WallacePub. and Prayer Union Sec, Frederic F. Helmer

Periodical: "China's Millions" (North American Edition). Price, J.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli, Honan,

Hunan, Hupeh, Kansu, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kweichow, Shansi, Shantung, Shensi,Sinkiang, Szechwan, Yunnan)

(») The Council for North America includes both the Philadelphia and Toronto,Centres

Evangelical Union of South America (EUSA)(see under England) ,

16—Evangelical Union of South America, North American Branch ( )

Office: 135 Isabella Street, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: Regions, TorontoSec-Treas., Rev. George Smith

Periodical: "The Neglected Continent." Editor, Rev. George Smith. Price, $.35Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Brazil, Peru

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

CANADA 169

Board of Management of the GwaHor Presbyterian Mission (GPM)(ioo4-ioi8)(

a)

(Gwalior Presbyterian Mission)

(») Combined with the Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada,1918

Inland-South-America Missionary Union (ISAM)(see under International)

17—Council in Canada for the Inland-South-America Missionary Union (1911)

Office: 33 West Richmond Street, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Chmn., A. G. Malcolm*Sec.-Treas., Rev. A. W. Roffe

Periodical: "Inland-South-America." Editor, Mrs. Margaret Hay, 130 GeorgeStreet, Edinburgh, Scotland. Price, $.25

Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Brazil, Paraguay

Mission Populaire Evangelique de France (McM)(see under France)

19—Canadian McAll Association

Office: 28 Beatty Avenue, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers

Pres., Mrs. Alan DenovanVice-Pres., Mrs. C. T. Stark, Miss Copp, Miss Carty

*Cor. Sec, Mrs. W. HamiltonRec. Sec, Mrs. Harry L. StarkTreas., Mrs. B. Kent

Field: Europe: France

General Mission Committee of the Dutch Reformed Church of SouthAfrica (DRCSA)

(see under South Africa)

20—Canadian Committee of the Nyasaland Mission of the Dutch Reformed Churchof South Africa (1914)

Office: 33 Richmond Street, West, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

Chmn., J. H. S. Kerr*Sec.-Treas., Rev. A. W. Roffe

Fields: (»)

(a) This is an aiding committee of the Nyasaland Mission and has no work for which

it is primarily responsible

21—Canadian Committee of the San Pedro Mission to the Indians of

South America (SPI) (

a)

Office: 858 College Street, Toronto, OntarioExecutive Officers:

*Cor. Sec, Miss A. E. Steckley, Bethesda, OntarioSec.-Treas., Rev. R. V. Bingham

Periodical: "The Evangelical Christian"Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Bolivia

(•) The San Pedro Mission conducts work in Argentine Republic and Bolivia. TheDirector is on the field. The above committee is the permanent home basecommittee of the mission

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

170 UNITED STATES

22—Sudan Interior Mission (SIM) (1901)

Office: 858 College Street, Toronto, Ontario. Cable: Evangel, TorontoExecutive Officers:

*Gen. Director, Rev. Rowland V. BinghamSec, Ernest Jones

Periodical: "The Evangelical Christian and Missionary Witness."Editor, Rev. Rowland V. Bingham. Price, $1.25

Field: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Nigeria

UNITED STATESADVENT CHRISTIAN23—American Advent Mission Society (AAM) (1897)

{American Advent Christian Mission, China)

Office: 160 Warren Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Crisis

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Henry Stone*Sec. and Treas., Rev. Charles P. King, D.D.

Periodical: "Prophetic and Mission Record." Editor, Rev. CharlesF. King, D.D. Price, $.50 (in clubs of five or more, $.35)

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Kiangsu)

24—Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society of the AdventChristian Denomination (AACM) (1897)

{American Advent Christian Mission, India)

Office: 5 Whiting Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: ShramExecutive Officers:

*Pres. and Treas., Mrs. Maude M. ChadseyClerk, Mrs. N. E. Fellows

Periodical: "All Nations Monthly." Editor, Mrs. Maude M. Chad-sey. Price, $.35 (three years, $1.00)

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras)Also work in the United States for Whites, not included in this survey

ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAY25—General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Denomination

(SDA) (1863)

Office: Takoma Park Station, Washington, District of Columbia.Cable: Adventist, Washington

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. A. G. Daniells

*Sec, Rev. W. A. SpicerAsso. Sec, Rev. J. L. Shaw, M.A.Field Sec, Rev. W. W. Prescott, M.A.Treas., Rev. W. T. Knox

Periodical: "The Advent Review and Sabbath Herald." Editor,

Rev. Francis M. Wilcox. Price, $2.50.

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 171

Fields: Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, England,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Neth-erlands, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Scotland, Serbia,

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Wales. Latin America: Mexico.West Indies: Bahama Islands (New Providence Island), Cuba,Haiti, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands (St. Thomas,Sta. Cruz), St. Kitts, Antigua, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vin-cent, Barbados, Trinidad), Porto Rico, Santo Domingo. Cen-tral America: British Honduras, Canal Zone, Costa Rica,Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador. South America:Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, British Guiana, Chile,

Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. The Non-Christian World: Turkey in Europe. Asia: Ceylon, China(Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli, Fukien, Honan, Hunan, Hupeh,Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Shantung, Shensi,

Szechwan), Chosen, Federated Malay States, India (Behar andOrissa, Bengal, Bombay, Burma, Madras, Punjab, UnitedProvinces), Japan, Persia, Siam, Turkey in Asia. Africa:

Algeria, Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, Belgian Congo,British East Africa, Cape of Good Hope Province, Egypt,Eritrea, German East Africa, Gold Coast Mauritius, Natal,Nigeria, Nyassaland, Orange River Colony, Rhodesia, Sierra

Leone, Transvaal. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Australia, NewZealand, British Borneo, British New Guinea, Java, Sumatra,Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, New Hebrides, Norfolk Island,

Pitcairn Island, Samoa Islands, Society Islands, SolomonIslands, Tongo Islands.

BAPTISTS, GENERAL26—Foreign Missionary Society of the General Association of General

Baptists in the United States (AGB) (1903)

Office: Oakland City, IndianaTreas., Rev. W. P. Dearing

Periodical: "The General Baptist Messenger" *

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Oceania: Guam26a—Woman's Auxiliary of the General Baptist Foreign Mission Society ( )

Office: Mt. Vernon, IndianaSecretary, Mrs. R. M. Barrett

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Oceania: Guam

BAPTIST, NATIONAL CONVENTION27—Lott Carey Baptist Home and Foreign Mission Convention in the

United States (LCBC) ( )

Office: 502 North Second Street, Richmond, VirginiaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. C. S. Brown, D.D.Rej. Sec, Rev. A. W. Pegues, Raleigh, North Carolina*Cor. Sec, Rev. A. A. Graham, D.D., Phoebus, Virginia

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

172 UNITED STATES

Treas., Rev. J. H. Hughes, D.D.Statistician, Rev. G. E. Read, D.D.

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Haiti. The Non-ChristianWorld: Africa: Liberia

27a—Woman's Auxiliary of the Lott Carey Baptist Foreign Mission Convention ofthe United States (1899)

Office: 191 1 Division Street, Baltimore, MarylandExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. A. B. Randolph, 1336 T Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.*Cor. Sec, Mrs. Amelia J. Felton, 2812 Glasson Street, Portsmouth, VirginiaRec. Sec, Mrs. D. J. Avery, Gastonia, North CarolinaTreas., Mrs. J. H. Blackwell, 14 E. 13th Street, Richmond, Virginia

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Haiti. The Non-Christian World: Africa:Liberia

28—Foreign Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention (NBC)(1880)

Office: 701 South 19th Street, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. A. R. Robinson, D.D.*Cor. Sec, Rev. L. G. Jordan, D.D.Rec. Sec, Rev. J. R. Bennett, D.D.

Periodical: "The Mission Herald." Editor, Rev. L. G. Jordan,D.D. Price, $.50

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Bar-bados) . Central America : Costa Rica. South America : British

Guiana. Non-Christian World. Africa: Cape of Good HopeProvince, Liberia, Natal, Sierra Leone.

28a—Woman's Convention, Auxiliary National Baptist Convention (1900)

Office: Training School, Lincoln Heights, Washington, D. C.Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. S. W. Layton*Cor. Sec, Miss N. H. BurroughsTreas., Mrs. M. V. Parrish

Periodical: "The Mission Herald." Editor, Rev. L. G. Jordan, D.D. Price, $.50

BAPTIST NORTHERN CONVENTION29—American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (ABF) (18 14)

(A. B. F. M. S., American Baptist, American Baptist North, Baptist

North, Northern Baptist)

Office: Ford Building, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Tavoy, Bos-ton

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Thomas J. Villers, D.D.Vice-Pres., Prof. W. A. Wilbur, A. L. ReevesRec. Sec, William B. LipphardTreas., George B. HuntingtonAsso. Sec, William B. LipphardFor. Sec, *Rev. James H. Franklin, D.D., Rev. Joseph C. Rob-

bins, D.D.Cand. Sec, Rev. P. H. J. Lerrigo, M.D.

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 173

Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. Howard B. Grose, D.D.Price, $.75 (in clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, $.50.Foreign postage, $.35 extra. Canadian postage, $.25)

Fields: Europe(a): Denmark(a

), France(a), Germany (

a)(

b), Nor-

way^), Russia(a)(

c), Spain(a

), Sweden(a). The Non-Christian

World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kwangtung,Szechwan), India (Assam, Behar and Orissa, Bengal, BurmaHyderabad, Madras), Japan. Africa: Angola, Belgian CongoOceania: Philippine Islands

(*) Aid by grant only( b) Discontinued at the outbreak of the war, April, 1917(0) Work in Finland and among German Baptist Churches. There has been no com-

munication for some time

29a—Woman's American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (1871)

Office: Foreign Department, Ford Building, Boston, Massachusetts. Home Ad-ministration Department, 1433 Stevens Building, Chicago, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. W. A. MontgomeryFor. Vice-Pres., Mrs. H. W. PeabodyHome Vice-Pres., Mrs. Andrew MacLeishHome Sec, Miss Eleanor Mare

*For. Sec, Miss Nellie G. Prescott, Ford Building, Boston, MassachusettsTreas., Miss Alice E. Stedman

Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. Howard B. Grose, D.D.(a) Price, $.75 (in

clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, $.50. Foreign postage, $.35 extra.Canadian postage, $.25 extra)

Fields: Europe: France^). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chekiang,Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Szechwan), India (Assam, Behar and Orissa'Bengal, Burma, Hyderabad, Madras), Japan. Africa: Angola, Belgian Congo,Oceania: Philippine Islands

(») A special department, "The Helping Hand," is edited by Mrs. Helen BarrettMontgomery

(b) Aid by grant only

29b—Free Baptist Woman's Missionary Society (1873)

Office: 127 Cranston Street, Providence, Rhode Island*Cor. Sec, Mrs. Lena S. Dennett

Note.—United in 1916 with the Woman's American Baptist Foreign Mission So-ciety. It still maintains a legal existence to care for legacies, but is no longer anindependent society. "The Missionary Helper" ceases with the December,1919, number

30—American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABH) (1832)

Office: 23 East 26th Street, New York City. Cable: AbhomisExecutive Officers:

Pres., Charles R. Brock*Exec. Sec, Rev. Charles L. White, D.D.Treas., Samuel BryantRec. Sec, Alfred E. IsaacSec. for English-Speaking Missions and for Evangelism, Rev.Lemuel C. Barnes, D.D.

Act. Sec. for Latin America, Rev. Lemuel C. Barnes, D.D.Sec. for City and Foreign-Speaking Missions, Rev. Charles A.Brooks

Edifice Sec, Rev. F. H. Divine

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

174 UNITED STATES

Chairman Board of Managers, D. G. Garabrant, Bloomfield, N. J.Rec. Sec. Board of Managers and Ed. Sec., Rev. George Rice

Hovey, D.D.Sec. Soc. Service, Rolvix Harlan, D.D.Supt. Evang., H. P. StilweU, D.D.

Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. H. B. Grose, D.D.(a) Price,

$.75 (in clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, $.50. Foreignpostage, $.35 extra. Canadian postage, $.25 extra)

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Porto Rico,Central America: Nicaragua, Salvador

Also work in the United States for Chinese, Indians, Japanese, Mex-icans, Negroes and Whites, not included in this survey

(a) A special department, "From the Home Lands," is edited by Rev. Charles L.

White, D.D.

31—Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABHW)(1877)

Office: 2969 Vernon Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. John Nuveen*Ex. Sec, Mrs. Katherine S. WestfallRec. Sec, Mrs. S. C. JenningsTreas., Mrs. Washington Laycock

Periodical: "Missions." Editor, Rev. H. B. Grose, D.D.(a) Price,

$.75 (in clubs of five or more, $.50. To ministers, $.50. Foreignpostage, $.35 extra. Canadian postage, $.25 extra)

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Porto Rico.Central America: Nicaragua, Salvador

Also work in the United States for Chinese, Indians, Japanese, Jews,Mexicans, Negroes, Syrians and Whites, and in Alaska

(a) A special department, "Tidings," is edited by Miss Alice T. Anderson

BAPTIST, SCANDINAVIAN32—Scandinavian Independent Baptist Denomination (SIB) (1893)

Office: P. O. Box 325, Britt, IowaSec, Rev. John Edgren

Periodicals: "Vittnet." Editor, Rev. John Edgren. Price, $.75"Sanningens Van." Editor, Rev. N. P. Truedson, Grandy,Minn. Price, $.65

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Shensi). Africa:

Natal, Transvaal

BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY33—Seventh Day Baptist Missionary Society (SDB) (1842)

Office: Westerly, Rhode IslandExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Clayton H. Burdick

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 175

*Cor. Sec, Rev. Edwin Shaw, 1134 East 7th Street, Plainfield,

New JerseyRec. Sec., A. S. BabcockTreas., S. H. Davis

Periodical: "The Sabbath Recorder"Fields: Europe: The Netherlands. Latin America: South America:

British Guiana. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Ki-

angsu). Oceania: Java

33a—Woman's Executive Board, Seventh Day Baptist General Conference (1884)

Office: Milton, WisconsinSecretary, Mrs. J. H. Babcock

Periodical: "The Sabbath Recorder" (Missionary Department). Editor, Mrs. G. E.Crosley

Fields: Europe: The Netherlands. Latin America: South America: British Guiana.The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu). Oceania: Java

33b—American Sabbath Tract Society (Seventh Day Baptist) (ASTS)

Office: 1 134 Seventh Avenue, Plainfield, New JerseyCorresponding Secretary, Rev. Edwin Shaw

BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION34—Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC)

(i845)

(American Baptist South, Baptist South, Southern Baptist Convention)

Office: 8 North 6th Street, Richmond, Virginia. Cable: Ray,Richmond

Executive Officers:

Cor. Sec, Rev. J. F. Love, D.D.*Asso. Sec, Rev. T. B. Ray, D.D.Treas., George N. Sanders

Periodical: "Home and Foreign Fields."(a) Editor, G. S. Dobbins.

Price, $.50Fields: Europe: Hungary, Italy. Latin America: Mexico. South

America: Argentine Republic, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay. TheNon-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Honan, Kiangsu,Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Shantung), Japan. Africa: Nigeria

(») Edited and published by the Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Con-vention, 161 Eighth Avenue, North, Nashville, Tennessee. A special depart-ment, "From the Foreign Mission Board," is edited by the Rev. J. F. Love,D.D.

34a—Woman's Missionary Union (Auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention)(1888)

«

Office: 15 West Franklin Street, Baltimore, MarylandExecutive Officers:

*Cor. Sec, Miss Kathleen MalloryTreas., Mrs. W. C. Lowndes

Periodical: "Royal Service." Editor, Mrs. W. R. Nimmo. Price, $.35(b)Fields: Europe: Hungary(i), Italy(i). Latin America: Mexico(i). West Indies:

Cuba{2). Central America: Canal Zone(2). South America: Argentine Re-public^!), Brazil(i), Chile(i), Uruguay(i). The Non-Christian World: Asia:China(i), (Anhwei, Honan, Kiangsu, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Shantung), Japan(i).

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

176 UNITED STATES

Africa: Nigeria(i). AlscTwork in the United States for Indians, Negroes andWhitest?)(i) Under the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention(2) Under the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention

(») This society is auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention, which operates inrespect to foreign missions through the Foreign Mission Board of the SouthernBaptist Convention, and with respect to home missions through the Home Mis-sion Board of the Southern Baptist Convention. The Woman's MissionaryUnion raises money for both of these boards, but it is auxiliary primarily to theSouthern Baptist Convention which created them rather than to the boardsthemselves

(b) A special department, "From the Woman's Missionary Union," edited by Miss

Kathleen Mallory, is published in "Home and Foreign Fields," the organ of theSouthern Baptist Convention and the Southern Baptist Churches

35—Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBCH)(1845)

Office: 1004 Healey Building, Atlanta, GeorgiaCor. Sec, Rev. B. D. Gray, D.DPeriodical: "Home and Foreign Fields. "(

a) Editor, G. S. Dobbins.

Price, §.50Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Cuba. Central America: Canal

ZoneAlso work in the United States for Indians, Negroes and Whites

(•) Edited and published by the Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist' Con-vention, 161 Eighth Avenue, North, Nashville, Tennessee. A special depart-ment, "From the Home Mission Board," is edited by the Rev. B. D. Gray, D.D.

BRETHREN, CHURCH OF THE (DUNKER)36—General Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren (GBB) (1884)

{Church of the Brethren Mission, Dunkers)Office: Elgin, Illinois

Sec.-Treas., Rev. J. H. B. WilliamsPeriodical: "The Missionary Visitor." Editor, Rev. J. H. B. Wil-

liams. Price, $.50 (foreign countries, including Canada, 5.15 extra)

Fields: Europe: Denmark, Sweden. The Non-Christian World:Asia: China (Shansi), India (Bombay)

BRETHREN CHURCH (PROGRESSIVE)37—Foreign Missionary Society of the Brethren Church (FBC) (1900)

Office: 906 Conover Building, Dayton, OhioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. J. Allen Miller, D.D., Ashland, Ohio*Sec., Rev. Alva J. McClain, 2257 North Tenth Street, Philadelphia,

PennsylvaniaTreas., Rev. Louis S. Bauman, 1350 East 3rd Street, Long Beach,

California

Gen. Miss. Sec, William A. GearhartPeriodical: "The Brethren Missionary" (Quarterly). Editor, Rev.

Louis S. Bauman, 1350 East 3rd Street, Long Beach, California.

Price, $.25Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic. The

Non-Christian World: Africa: French Equatorial Africa

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 177

BRETHREN IN CHRIST (TUNKERS)38—Foreign Mission Board of the Brethren in Christ of the United

States of America and Canada (BC) (1896)

{Brethren in Christ Mission, Tunkers)

Office: Mt. Joy, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Bishop J. R. Zook*Sec, Rev. E. W. MusserAsst. Sec, Elder J. L. HeiseyTreas., Elder S. G. Eugle

Periodical: "Evangelical Visitor." Editor, V. L. Stump, Nap-panee, Indiana. Price, $1.50

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Behar and Orissa).

Africa: Rhodesia, Transvaal

BRETHREN, PLYMOUTH39—Brethren Missionaries (PB)(a

)

(Plymouth Brethren)

Headquarters in America: Missionary Training Institute, 393 3rdStreet, Brooklyn, New York

R. J. MacLachlan, 100 Sherman Place, Jersey City, New JerseyPeriodical: "Voices of the Vineyard." Editor, R. J. MacLachlan.

Free. "Armour of Light" (Chicago)Fields: Europe: Russia, Spain, Sweden. Latin America: The West

Indies: Lesser Antilles. Central America: Guatemala. SouthAmerica: Argentine Republic, Venezuela. The Non-ChristianWorld: Asia: China, India. Africa: Algeria, Mauritius, Sudan.

(a) This is not a Society, strictly speaking. The missionaries are not under super-vision of a central organization. "Voices of the Vineyard" acts as an agencyin transmitting funds to the missionaries. The English branch of the BrethrenMissionaries is known as Christian Missions in Many Lands, or the "Echoesof Service" Missionary Society

CHRISTIAN AND MISSIONARY ALLIANCE40—Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA) (1897)

Office: 690 Eighth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Paul Bader.For. Sec, Rev. R. H. Glover, M.D.Gen. Sec, Rev. W. M. Turnbull, D.D.'TV'gpq T~)3.vir1 C*1*^11*

Periodical: "The Alliance Weekly." Editor, Rev. F. H. Senft.

Price, $2.00 (foreign countries, including Canada, $.50 extra)

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica, Porto Rico. SouthAmerica: Argentine Republic, Chile, Ecuador. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Hunan, Hupeh, Kansu,Kiangsu, Kwangsi, Tibet), French Indo-China, India (Berar,

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

178 UNITED STATES

Bombay), Japan, Syria, including Palestine. Africa: Angola,Belgian Congo, French Sudan, Sierra Leone. Oceania: Philip-

pine Islands

CHRISTIAN CHURCH(a)

41—Foreign Mission Board of the Christian Church (CC) (1878)

Office: Christian Publishing Association Building, Dayton, OhioCable: Missioner, Dayton

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. W. H. Denison, D.D.Act. For. Sec, Rev. E. K. McCordRec. Sec, Rev. W. P. MintonTreas., Rev. O. S. Thomas

Periodical: "The Christian Missionary." Editor, Rev. E. K. Mc-Cord; Assistant Editor, Rev. O. S. Thomas. Price, $.50 ($.40in clubs of ten)

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. South America:British Guiana

(

b). The Non-Christian World: Asia: Japan

(a) This church should not be confused with the Disciples of Christ, who are also

known as Christians

(b) The Guiana field is now the missionary charge of the Afro-Christian Convention,

the negro branch of the Christian Church

41a—Woman's Board for Foreign Missions of the Christian Church (1886)

Office: Christian Publishing Association Building, Dayton, OhioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. M. T. Morrill, 20 College Place, Defiance, Ohio*Cor. Sec, Mrs. Lulu C. HelfensteinTreas., Miss Mary A. Rowell

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. The Non-Christian World: Asia:Japan

CHURCH OF GOD42—Church of God Foreign Missionary Board (CGFM)

Office: 2524 Gautt Street, Cleveland, Term.Executive Officers:

Gen. Overseer, A. J. Tomlinson*For. Miss. Sec, J. S. Llewellyn

Periodical: "The Church of God Evangel." Editor, A. J. Tom-linson. Price, $1.00

43—Missionary Board of the Church of God (CGM)Office: Gospel Trumpet Company, Anderson, Indiana. Cable:

Mishunbord, AndersonSec, J. W. Phelps

Periodical: "Gospel Trumpet." Editor, F. G. Smith. Price, $2.00Fields: Europe: Denmark, England, Germany, Ireland, Russia,

Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland. Latin America: West Indies:

Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Barbados, Trinidad). Central Amer-ica: Canal Zone. South America: British Guiana. The Non-

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 179

Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu), India (Assam, Beharand Orissa, Bengal, Madras, Punjab, United Provinces), Japan,Syria. Africa: Egypt. Oceania: Polynesia (Fiji Islands)

Also work in Australia

CHURCHES OF GOD, GENERAL ELDERSHIP44—Mission Board of the General Eldership of the Churches of God

(CGGE)Office: 818 North Cory Street, Findlay, Ohio

Exec. Sec, Rev. J. L. UpdegraphPeriodical: "The Church Advocate." Editor, Dr. S. G. Yahn, Har-

risburg, Pa. Price, $2.00Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Bengal)

44a—Woman's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God (1903)

Office: Martinsville, Illinois

Executive Officers:*

Pres., Mrs. George W. Stoner, Mt.tPleasant, Pennsylvania

Vice-Pres., Mrs. S. G. Yahn, Harrisburg, PennsylvaniaRec. Sec, Mrs. Ross J. Geddes, Columbia City, Indiana

*Cor. Sec, Mrs. G. M. PaxtonTreas., Farmers Loan and Trust Company, Columbia City, Indiana

Periodical: "The Church Advocate." Editor, Dr. S. G. Yahn. Price, $2.00Field: India {Bengal)

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES45—American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)

(1810)

{American Board, American Congregationalists)

Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, MassachusettsExecutive Officers:

Pres., Prof. E. C. Moore, D.D.Cor. Sees., *Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D., Rev. CorneliusH. Patton, D.D., Rev. Edward Lincoln Smith, D.D.

Ed. Sec, Rev. William E. Strong, D.D.Asso. Sees., Rev. Enoch F. Bell, Rev. D. Brewer EddyPub. Agent, John G. HosmerDist. Sees., Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, D.D., Rev. H. H. Kelsey, D.D.Treas., Frank H. WigginAsst. Treas., Miss Hester T. Babson

Periodical: "The Missionary Herald." Editor, Rev. William E.Strong, D.D. Price, $.75

Fields: Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Spain.Latin America: Mexico. The Non-Christian World: Turkey inEurope. Asia: Ceylon, China (Chihli, Fukien, Kwangtung,Shansi, Shantung), India (Bombay, Madras), Japan, Turkey in

Asia. Africa: Angola, Natal, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia,Transvaal. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands,

Marshall Islands

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

180 UNITED STATES

45a—Woman's Board of Missions (1868)

(Woman's Board of Missions, Boston)Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Fernstalk, BostonExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. C. H. Daniels*Home Sec, Miss Helen B. CalderFor. Sec, Miss Kate C. LamsonTreas., Mrs. Frank Gaylord Cook

Periodical: "Life and Light for Woman." Editor, Miss Alice M. Kyle. Price, $.60Fields: Europe: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Spain. Latin America: Mexico.

The Non-Christian World: Turkey in Europe. Asia: Ceylon, China (Chihli,Fukien), India {Bombay, Madras), Japan, Turkey in Asia. Africa: Angola,Natal, Rhodesia. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands

45b—Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior (1868)Office: 19 South La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Cable: WobodinExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. George M. Clark*Sec, Mrs. Lucius O. LeeTreas., Mrs. S. E. Hurlbut

Periodical: "Mission Studies." Editor, Miss Mary I. Lyman. Price, $.50Fields: Europe: Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia. Latin America: Mexico. The Non-Chris-

tian World: Turkey in Europe. Asia: China (Chihli, Fukien, Kwangtung,Shansi, Shantung), India (Bombay, Madras), Japan, Turkey in Asia. Africa:Angola. Oceania: Marshall Islands

45c—Woman's Board of Missions for the Pacific (1873)Office: Room 421, 760 Market Street, San Francisco, CaliforniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Miss Henrietta F. Brewer*Home Sec, Mrs. C. A. Kofoid, 2616 Etna Street, Berkeley, CaliforniaOffice Sec, Miss Elisabeth S. BentonTreas., Mrs. W. W. Ferrier

Periodical: "Our Work." Editor, Mrs. W. W. Ferrier. Price, $.25Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Fukien, Shantung^)), India (Bom-

bay^), Madras(*)), Japan, Turkey in Asia. Africa: Portuguese East Africa

(a) Aid by grant

45d—Trustees of the Endowment Fund of the American College, Madura, India(1906)

(American College, Madura)Office: 287 Fourth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:Sec, Rev. Edward Lincoln Smith, D.D.Treas., Frank H. Warner, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York City

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras)

45e—Trustees of Central Turkey College, Aintab (1876)

(Central Turkey College, Aintab)

Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Fernstalk, BostonSecretary, Rev. Enoch F. Bell

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia

45f—Trustees of Euphrates College Funds (1878)

(Euphrates College)Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Cable: Fernstalk, Boston

Secretary, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D.Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 181

45g—Trustees of Jaffna College Funds (1877)

{Jaffna College)

Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, MassachusettsSecretary, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D.

Periodical: "Jaffna College Miscellany." (Ceylon)Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Ceylon

45h—Board of Trustees of St. Paul's Institute (1887)

(St. Paul's Institute)

Office: 14 Beacon Street, Boston, MassachusettsSecretary, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D.

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia

46—American Missionary Association (AMA) (1846)

Office: 287 Fourth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Henry C. King, LL.D.Cor. Sec, *Rev. George L. Cady, D.D.Asso. Sec, Rev. Samuel Lane Loomis, D.D.Treas., Irving C. Gaylord

Periodical: "The American Missionary. "(a) Editor, Rev. William S.

Beard. Price, $.50 (in clubs of five or more, $.25)Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico.. The Non-Christian

World: Africa: Angola^ )

Also work in the United States among Chinese, Japanese, Hindus,Indians, Cubans, Mexicans, Negroes and Whites, and in Alaskaand Hawaii, not covered by this survey

(a) A special department, "The American Missionary Association," is edited by the

Rev. Augustus F. Beard, D.D.(b) Several workers are supported in Angola under the American Board of Commis-

sioners for Foreign Missions

DISCIPLES OF CHRIST (Also called Christian)

47—United Christian Missionary Society (UCMS) (i9i9)(a)

Executive Officers:

Pres., F. W. Burnham, D.D.Vice-Presidents, *Rev. A. McLean, 222 West 4th Street, Cincin-

nati, Ohio; Mrs. Anna R. AtwaterPeriodical: "The World Call"

(a) Formed in iqiq by the Union of the Christian Woman's Board of Missions, theForeign Christian Missionary Society, the American Christian MissionarySociety, and three other boards of the Disciples of Christ Church. The loca-tion of the office of the new Society has not been determined upon. The fields

will be those of the three Societies combining

48—Foreign Christian Missionary Society (FCMS) (1875)

Office: 222 West 4th Street, Cincinnati, OhioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. A. McLeanSees., *Rev. Stephen J. Corey, LL.D., Rev. A. E. Cory, D.D.,

R. A. Doan, Rev. Bert Wilson, Rev. C. M. YocumTreas., C. W. Plopper

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

ife UNITED STATES

Periodical: "World Call." Editors, W. R. Warren and Mrs. ErneL. Cunningham, 222 Downey Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana.Price, $1.00

Fields: Europe: Denmark(a), England(a

), Norway(a), Sweden(a

).

The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Kiangsi,Kiangsu(b

), Szechwan(c)), India (Central Provinces

(

d)), Japan.

Africa: Belgian Congo

(

d). Oceania: Philippine Islands

(») Aid by grant(b) Cooperated with the Christian Woman's]Board of Missions at Nantungchou (Tung-

chou)(°) Work extending over into Tibet(d) Cooperates with the Christian Woman's Board of Missions

49—Christian Woman's Board of Missions (CWBM) (1874)

Office: College of Missions Building, Indianapolis, IndianaExecutive Officers:

*Pres. Mrs. Anna R. AtwaterVice-Pres., Mrs. Ida W. HarrisonSees., Mrs. Effie L. Cunningham, Mrs. J. McDaniel Stearns, Miss

Daisy June Trout, Mrs. Ellie K. Payne, Mrs. G. M. Anderson,Mrs. Lida B. Pearce

Sec. of Mission Circles, Mrs. Frank L. JohnsonTreas., Mrs. Susanne Moffett

Periodical: "World Call." Editors, W. R. Warren and Mrs. Effie

L. Cunningham, 222 Downey Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana.Price, $1.00

Periodical: "King's Builders." Editor, Mrs. Lida B. Pearce. Price, $.25Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Jamaica, Porto Rico.

South America: Argentine Republic, Paraguay, Uruguay

(

a),

The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Kiangsu(b)),

India (Central Provinces

(

c), United Provinces). Africa: Bel-

gian Congo (c)

Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans,Negroes and Whites, in Canada for Indians, and for Whites in

New Zealand, not included in this survey

(a) In Union Theological Seminary

(b) In cooperation with the Foreign Christian Missionary Society in Tungchow (Nan-

tungchou)(°) In cooperation with the Foreign Christian Missionary Society

EPISCOPAL50—Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant

Episcopal Church in the United States of America (PE) (1820)

(American Church Mission, American Episcopal)

Office: 281 Fourth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D.*For. Sec, John W. Wood, D.C.L.Dom. Sec, Rev. Francis S. WhiteLatin America Sec, Rev. Arthur R. Gray, D.D.

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 183

Rec. Sec, Rev. Franklin J. ClarkEd. Sec., Rev. Charles E. BetticherEdu. Sec., William C. Sturgis, Ph.D.Cor. Sec, Rev. R. Bland MitchellTreas., Lewis B. FranklinAsst. Treas., Chas. A. Tompkins

Periodical: "The Spirit of Missions." Editor, Rt. Rev. Arthur S.

Lloyd, D.D. Price, $1.00Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Haiti(a

), PortoRico. Central America: Canal Zone(b

). South America: Brazil.

The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Hupeh, Kiangsi,Kiangsu), Japan. Africa: Liberia. Oceania: Philippine Islands

Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Ne-groes and Whites, in Alaska for Eskimos, Indians and Whites,and in Hawaii for Chinese, Japanese, Koreans and Whites, notcovered by this survey

Note.—This Society was reorganized at the General Convention of the Church atDetroit in October, but the new plan does not go into effect until January,1020, and it is not possible at this writing to tell just what form the organiza-tion will take or to supply the names of the officers

(a) Work by Haitiens only

(b) Work for Whites only

50a—Woman's Auxiliary to the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of theProtestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (1871)

Office: 281 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Cable: Fenalong, New YorkExecutive Officers:

*Gen. Sec, Miss M. G. LindleyEduc.Sec, Miss Emily C. TillotsonOrganizing Sec, Mrs. George Biller

Jun. Sec, Miss Frances H. WithersCandidate Sec, Deaconess Henrietta R. Goodwin

Periodical: "The Spirit of Missions." Editor, Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D.Price, 1 1.00

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Haitii*), Porto Rico. CentralAmerica: Canal Zone(h). South America: Brazil. The Non-Christian World:Asia: China (Anhwei, Hupeh, Kiangsi, Kiangsu), Japan. Africa: Liberia.Oceania: Philippine Islands

Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Negroes and Whites,and in Alaska for Eskimos, Indians and Whites, and in Hawaii for Chinese,Japanese, Koreans and Whites, not covered by this survey

(a) Work by Haitiens only

(b) Wor-k for Whites only

EPISCOPAL, REFORMED51—Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Episcopal Church

(RE) (1894)

Office: 103 West End Trust Building, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Bishop Robert L. Rudolph, D.D.*Sec, H. H. SinnamonTreas., Norman S. McCausland

Periodical: "The Episcopal Recorder"Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (United Provinces)

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

184 UNITED STATES

Sia—Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Reformed Episcopal Church (1889)

Office: 639 North nth Street, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Robt. S. RudolphRec. Sec., Mrs. S. B. Ray

*Cor. Sec. and Treas., Miss Marie L. BrearleyFields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (United Provinces)

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION52—Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association of North Amer-

ica (EA) (1838)

(Board of Missions of the Evangelical Association, Evangelical Asso-ciation Mission)

Office: 1903 Woodland Avenue, S. E., Cleveland, Ohio. Cable:Evangel

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. T. C. Meckel*Sec. and Treas., Rev. George JohnsonField Sec, Rev. B. R. WienerAssist. Sec. and Treas., Rev. Geo. E. Epp

Periodicals: "Evangelischer Missionsbote." Editor, Rev. T. C.Meckel. Price, $.35. "Missionary Messenger." Editor, Mrs.S. J. Gamertsfelder. Price, $.35

Fields: Europe: France, Germany

(

a), Switzerland

(

b). The Non-

Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan, Kweichow), JapanAlso work in the United States and Canada for Whites, not covered

by this survey(») Work conducted by Germans only(b) Work conducted by Swiss only

52a—Woman's Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association (1880)

Office: Naperville, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. E. M. Spreng*Rec. Sec, Miss L. Ethel SprengCand. Sec, Mrs. J. S. StammTreas., Miss E. L. Horn

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan, Kweichow), JapanAlso work in the United States and Canada for Whites, not covered by this survey

EVANGELICAL, UNITED53—Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical

Church (UE) (i8gi)

(United Evangelical Mission)

Office: Evangelical Building, Harrisburg, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. U. F. Swengel, D.D.Vice-Pres., Rev. S. L. WiestRec. Sec, Rev. J. Q. A. Curry, D.D.

*Cor. Sec, Rev. B. H. Niebel, D.D.Treas., William H. Hendel

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 185

Periodicals: "The Evangelical." Editor, Rev. H. B. Hartzler, D.D.,Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Asso. Ed., Rev. W. H. Fouke, D.D.Price, $2.50. "Missionary Tidings" and "Missionary Gem."Editor, Miss Emma D. Messinger. Price, $.50 and $.20 re-

spectivelyFields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan). Africa:

Nigeria^)Also work in the United States for Whites, not covered by this

survey

(») Supports a missionary and his wife under the Sudan United Mission (International)

53a—Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United EvangelicalChurch (1891)

Office: 209-211 Evangelical Building, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania*Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. W. J. GruhlerVice-Pres., Mrs. H. D. ShultzSec, Mrs. Emma P. Divan

*Exec. Sec, Miss Emma D. MessingerSec and Pub. of Lit., Miss Lillian C. GraeffTreas., Mrs. J. G. Finkbeiner

Periodical: "Missionary Tidings." Editor, Miss Emma D. Messinger. Price, $.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan). Africa: Nigeria!*)Also work in the United States for Whites, not covered by this survey

(») Supports a missionary and wife under the Sudan United Mission (International)

EVANGELICAL SYNOD54—Foreign Mission Board of the Evangelical Synod of North America

(ESNA) (1865)

Office: 2951 Tilden Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. C. W. Locher*Gen. Sec, Rev. Paul A. MenzelRec. Sec, Rev. Samuel LindenmeyerTreas., Rev. T. Lehmann

Periodicals: "Fliegende Missions-Blatter," "Our Work in India,""Our Mission Sunday"

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Central Provinces)

FRIENDS (ORTHODOX)55—Foreign Missionary Association of Friends of Philadelphia (AFP)

(1882)

Office: Cheltenham, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Walter W. Haviland, Lansdowne, PennsylvaniaGen. Sec, Mrs. William H. Collins

*Cor. Sec, Miss Mary M. HainesRec. Sec, Miss S. M. LongstrethTreas., Miss Lydia W. Rhoads

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Japan

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

186 UNITED STATES

56—American Friends Board of Foreign Missions (AFFM) (1894)

Office: 10 1 South Eighth Street, Richmond, Indiana. Cable: "Fremi,Richmond, Indiana"

Executive Officers:

Pres., George H. MooreVice-Pres., Charles M. Woodman*Gen. Sec, Ross A. HadleyEd. Sec, B. Willis BeedeField Sec, Sylvester JonesHon. Sec, Charles E. TebbettsTreas., Edgar F. Hiatt

Periodical: "The American Friend." Editor, Walter C. Woodward.Price, $2.00

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba, Jamaica. TheNon-Christian World: Asia: China (Szechwan (

a)), Syria, includ-

ing Palestine^).

Africa: British East Africa

(a) A missionary of the Friends Foreign Mission Association (England), assigned to

the West China Union University, has been transferred to the AFFM. Furtherresponsibility may be assumed by the American society later

(b) The former mission of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meeting of

Friends for New England. It had been closed on account of the war, but wasresumed in July, 1919

56a—Woman's Missionary Union of Friends in America (1887) (a)

Office: Beloit, OhioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. C. E. Vickers*Cor. Sec, Mrs. Louise Urton EllettTreas., Miss Emma G. Randolph

Periodical: "Friends Missionary Advocate." Editor, Mrs. Leonora N. Hobbs,Bloomingdale, Indiana. Price, $.50 ($.62 to Canada and foreign countries) (

b)

Fields: Latin America: Mexico(c). West Indies: Cuba(c), Jamaica^ ). Central

America: Guatemala^), Honduras(d). The Non-Christian World: Asia: China

(Kiangsu(e)), India (Central India(e)), Japani}), Syria, including Palestine^).

Africa: British East Africaif)Also work in the United States for Indians, under the Associated Executive Com-

mittee of Friends (Orthodox) on Indian Affairs, not entered in this directory,•work in the United States for Japanese and Mexicans, and in Alaska for Eskimos,both under the Board of Missions of the Friends' Church of California, and notcovered by this survey

(») This Society is auxiliary to the other Friends' Societies

(b) Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, Elizabeth C. Furnas, 2717 College

Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana(°) Under the American Friends Board of Foreign Missions

(d) Under the Board of Missions of the Friends Church of California

(e) Under the Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio Yearly Meeting

(0 Under the Foreign Missionary Association of Friends of Philadelphia

57—Board of Missions of the Friends Church of California (FCC)(1895)

{Friends Church of California)

Office: 72 North Hudson Street, South Pasadena, California

Superintendent, Benjamin S. Coppock

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 187

Fields: Latin America: Central America: Guatemala, HondurasAlso work in the United States for Japanese and Mexicans, and in

Alaska for Eskimos, not included in this survey

58—Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio Yearly Meeting(AFO) (1890)

{American Friends' Mission (Ohio))

Office: 153 W. Oxford Street, Alliance, OhioExecutive Officers:

*Cor. Sec, Miss Rachel PirnTreas., Elbert L. Benedict

Periodical: "Friends' Oriental News." Editor, Miss Esther H.Butler. Price, $.35

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu), India(Central India)

Board of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meeting of Friends for NewEngland (FNE) (1888) (

a)

(a) Amalgamated with the American Friends Board of Foreign Missions in 1918.

The Syria Mission of the FNE was taken over by the AFFM in June, 1918

HEPHZIBAH FAITH MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION

59—Hephzibah Faith Missionary Association (HFMA) (1896)

Office: Tabor, IowaExecutive Officers:

*Pres., Elder L. B. WorcesterVice-Pres., Elder J. M. ZookSec, Mrs. A. M. DyeTreas., Elder D. S. Devore

Periodicals: "Good Tidings" (Semi-monthly). Editors, Elder D. S.

Devore, Elder L. B. Worcester. "John Three Sixteen" (Weekly).Editor, Elder L. B. Worcester

Fields: Latin America : Mexico.

(

a) The Non-Christian World: Asia:

China, India (Bengal), Japan. Africa: Natal(a) No missionaries on the field at present

HOLINESS CHURCH, INTERNATIONAL60—Board of Foreign Missions of the International Apostolic Holiness

Church (AHC) (1897)

Office: 1 8 10 Young Street, Cincinnati, OhioExecutive Officers:

*Chmn., Rev. George B. KulpTreas., Rev. M. G. Standley

Periodicals: "God's Revivalist and Missionary Advocate." Editors,

Rev. M. G. Standley, Mrs. M. G. Standley, Mrs. M. W. Knoff.Price, $1.00. "The Apostolic Missionary." Editor, Rev. S. S.

Nelson, 832 Worth Avenue, Greensboro, North Carolina

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

188 UNITED STATES

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Cuba, Lesser Antilles (Antigua,Barbados, Nevis, Saba, Trinidad). South America: BritishGuiana. The Non-Christian World: Cape of Good HopeProvince, Natal, Swaziland

LUTHERAN BRETHREN6 1—Board of Missions of the Church of the Lutheran Brethren (LB)

(1905)

(American Lutheran Brethren Mission, Mission Board of the Evan-gelical Lutheran Norwegian Brethren)

Office: 1516 Boulevard Avenue, Grand Forks, North DakotaSecretary, Rev. E. M. Broen

Periodical: "Broderbaandet"Fields: The Nofi-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, Hupeh):

Africa: Nigeria

LUTHERAN, DANISH62—Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (DEL) (1872) (

a)

Office: Dwight, Illinois

Executive Officers:

*For. Sec, Rev. J. C. AabergPeriodicals: "Kirkelig Samler." Editor, Rev. Evald Chrestensen,

Viborg, South Dakota. Price, $1.00. "Dannervirke." Editor,Rev. M. Hoist, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Price, $1.00. "Borneven-nen." Editor, Rev. M. Hoist. Price, $.60. "Ungdom."Editor, O. C. Olsen, 2416 South 10th Street, Omaha, Nebraska.Price, $1.25

(a) The money raised by this society is expended through Danish Missionary Socie-

ties, mainly in India

LUTHERAN, DANISH UNITED63—Mission Board of the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church

in America (UDEL) (1892)

Office: R. F. D. No. 5, Audubon, IowaPresident, Rev. G. B. Christiansen

Periodical: "Dansk Luthersk Kirkeblad." Editor, Rev. I. M.Hansen, Blair, Nebraska

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: JapanAlso work in the United States for Indians

LUTHERAN FREE CHURCH64—Lutheran Board of Missions (Lutheran Free Church of U. S. A.)

(LBM) (1895)Office: Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Cable: Mis-

sions, MinneapolisExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. E. E. Gynild*Sec, Rev. Johan MattsonTreas., Prof. J. H. Blegen

Periodical :' 'Folkebladet'

'

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 189

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan). Africa:

Madagascar64a—Women's Missionary Federation of the Lutheran Free Church (1916) (

a)

Office: is 1 1 E. 35th Street, Minneapolis, MinnesotaPresident, Mrs. Johan Mattson

(a) So far the Federation has not sent money to the Foreign Field, but is planning todo so in the near future, mainly in the form i support for special branches of

the work

LUTHERAN, JOINT SYNOD OF OHIO65—Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of

Ohio and Other States (ELJSO) (1818)Office: 306 East Stewart Avenue, Columbus, Ohio

Sec, Rev. J. H. SchneiderPeriodicals: "Kirchenzeitung," "The Lutheran Standard"Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras

(

a))

(a) This was formerly the field of the Evangelisch-lutherische Missionsanstalt zuHermannsburg (Hermannsburg Mission). In 1912 the ELJSO took overresponsibility for two of the stations (Kodur and Puttur). At the outbreakof the war the British Government turned over to the Joint Synod the eightremaining stations of the Hermannsburg Mission and it assumed the financial

responsibility for them, although the actual supervision of the work was in thehands of the missionaries of the "Board of Foreign Missions of the GeneralCouncil of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America" and the "Boardof Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Churchin the United States of America," both of which are now incorporated into the"Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America." Atthis writing the ELJSO has not only assumed full financial responsibility, butis sending missionaries to the field

In addition to the aid rendered to the Hermannsburg Mission, the Societyhas been contributing to famine relief in India, and has assisted the GossnerscheMissionsgesellschaft (Gossner Mission)

LUTHERAN, NORWEGIAN66—Board of Foreign Missions of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of

America (ANL) (i9i7)(a)

{Lutheran United Mission) Q")

Office: 425 South 4th Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Cable:Madakina

Executive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. J. R. Birkelund, M.D.Vice-Chmn., Rev. J. N. Sandven

*Miss. Sec, Rev. M. Saeterlie

Rec. Sec, Prof. M. J. StoleeTreas., Rev. Peter Taugjerd

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, Hupeh,Shantung). Africa: Madagascar, Natal

(a) This Board is the result of the consolidation in 19 17 of the United Norwegian

Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, Board of China Mission of HaugesNorwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod of America, and the Foreign MissionBoard of the Synod for the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church

(b) This is the title given in the Directory of Protestant Missions in China, 19 19- I

should not be confused with the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Luth-eran Church in America, usually called the United Lutheran Mission or LutheranUnited Mission

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

100 UNITED STATES

LUTHERAN SYNOD OF IOWA67—Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa- and Other States (ELSI)

(1854) (a)

Office: Waverly, IowaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. F. Richter, D.D., Clinton, IowaVice-Pres., Rev. C. Proehl, Mandota, Illinois

*Secretary, Rev. Johs. Becker, Waverly, IowaTreas., Rev. J. Haeffner, Muscatine, Iowa

Periodicals: "Kirchenblatt." Editor, Rev. P. Richter, D.D., Clinton,Iowa. Price, $1.00. "Lutheran Herald." Editor, Rev. E.Rausch. Price, $.50. "Die Missionsstunde. " Editor, Rev. C.Taubert, Leola, South Dakota. Price, $.25

(a) The funds of this Society go to the support of work under the Board of Foreign

Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelisch-lutherischeMission zu Leipzig in British and German East Africa, the Gossnersche Mis-sionsgesellschaft in India, and the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft and theGesellschaft fur innere und aussere Mission im Sinne der lutherischen Kirche(Neuendettelsau Mission) in German New Guinea. Since 19 14 the Iowa Synodhas contributed over $100,000 for the support of work under German Societies,

the major portion having gone to the_ Neuendettelsau Mission. As yet theELSI has sent out no foreign missionaries of its own, but is ready to take over,if it becomes necessary, the missions supported during the war period, and hascollected for this purpose a fund of $60,000

LUTHERAN SYNODICAL CONFERENCE68—Board of Foreign Missions of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of

Missouri, Ohio and Other States (ELMo) (1893)

(Missouri Evangelical Lutheran Mission)

Office: 2243 South Jefferson Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri. Cable:Conpubho

Pres. and Gen. Sec, Rev. Richard KretzschmarPeriodicals: "Der Lutheraner." Editor, Prof. L. Fuerbringer, Con-

cordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri. Price, $1.00. "LutheranWitness." Editor, Prof. Theo. Graebner, Concordia Seminary,St. Louis, Missouri. Price, $1.00

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hupeh), India

(Madras)

LUTHERAN, UNITED69—Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in

America (ALU) (i9i8)(a)

Office: 601 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, MarylandExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Ezra K. Bell, D.D.Rec. Sec, Rev. George Drach*Home Cor. Sec, Rev. L. B. Wolf, D.D.For. Sees., Rev. C. L. Brown, D.D., Rev. George DrachTreas., Rev. L. B. Wolf, D.D.

Periodicals: "The Lutheran" (Weekly). Editor, George W. Sandt,

D.D., S. E. Cor. Ninth and Sansom Streets, Philadelphia, Penn-

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given

above, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 191

sylvania. Price, $2.00. "The Foreign Missionary" (Monthly).Editor, Rev. George Drach. Price, $.50

Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic

(

b): Brit-

ish Guiana (°). The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Mad-ras (

d)), Japan

(

e): Africa: Liberia (0

(a) Formed by the consolidation in 191 8 of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Gen-

eral Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America, theBoard of Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical LutheranChurch in the United States of America, the Board of Foreign Missions of theUnited Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South, and the Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America

(b) The former work of the Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America

(c) The "South American Mission" of the former General Synod

(d) The "Guntur Mission" of the General Synod and the "Rajahmundry Mission" of

the General Council, now known as the "American Lutheran Mission." InApril, 1917, the Rajahmundry Mission took over the Madras work of theSchleswig-holsteinische evangelisch-lutherische Missionsgesellschaft zu Brek-lum (Breklum Mission)

(e) The former missions of the United Synod of the South and the General Council

(0 The "Liberia Mission" of the General Synod69a—Women's Missionary Society of The United Lutheran Church in America

(I9i8)(»)

Office: 803 Fulton Building, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. J. G. Traver, Hartwick Seminary, New YorkRec. Sec, Mrs. W. F. Morehead, Salem, Virginia*Exec. Sec, Mrs. Helen C. BeegleStat. Sec, Mrs. F. E. Jensen, Washington, Penns3dvaniaTreas., Mrs. Nettie C. Weier, Harvard Terrace, Toledo, Ohio

Periodicals: "Lutheran Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Julius F. Seebach, Holli-daysburg, Pennsylvania. Circulation Manager, Mrs. J. P. Krechting, 1010East Capitol Street, Washington, D. C. Price, $.60

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Virgin Islands (JJ. S.)(h), Porto Rico(h). SouthAmerica: Argentine Republic, British Guiana. The Non-Christian World:Asia: India {.Madras), Japan. Africa: Liberia

Also work in the United States

(s) This Society was formed by the consolidation in 19 18 of the Woman's Home and

Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod of the Evangelical LutheranChurch in the United States of America, the Woman's Missionary Conferenceof the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South andWoman's Missionary Society of the General Council of the Evangelical Luth-eran Church in North America

(b) Under the West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in America

70—West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in

America (WI) (ioi8)(a)

Office: 437 Fifth Avenue, New York City-

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. W. D. C. Keiter, D.D.*Exec. Sec, Rev. Zenan M. CorbeTreas., S. F. Telleen

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Virgin Islands (U. S.)(b), PortoRico

(a) Combining the Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin America of the General

Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America and the Boardfor the Care of the Lutheran Churches in the Virgin Islands

(b) Begun as early as 1672, and carried on since by the Danish State Church. Upon

the purchase of the Danish West Indies in 1917 the Lutheran churches in theislands were received into the General Council

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

192 UNITED STATES

71—China Missionary Society of the Augustana Synod of the Evan-gelical Lutheran Church of North America (ELAug) (1902)

(Augustana Synod Mission)

Office: 1739 Eleventh Avenue, Moline, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. O. J. Johnson, D.D., St. Peter, Minnesota*Cor. Sec, Rev. Adolph Hult

Periodical: "Kina Missionaren." Editor, Rev. A. F. Aimer, NewLondon, Minnesota. Price, $.25

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan)(a)

(a) In addition to the above, the Augustana Synod (not the China Missionary Society)

has been contributing to the relief of German societies working in India throughthe Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council of the Evangelical Luth-eran Church in North America, now merged into the Board of Foreign Missionsof the United Lutheran Church in America

Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council of the EvangelicalLutheran Church in North America (ELGC) (1869) (

a)

(a) This Society was merged in 1918 into the Board of Foreign Missions of the United

Lutheran Church in America

Woman's Missionary Society of the General Council of the Evangelical LutheranChurch in North America (ion)(a

)

(a) This Society was merged in 191 8 into the Women's Missionary Society of The

United Lutheran Church in America

Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin America of the GeneralCouncil of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America(ELGCL) (i8o8-ioi8)(a

)

(a) See West Indies Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church in America, under

Lutheran United

Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the EvangelicalLutheran Church in the United States of America (ELGS)(1869) (

a)

(a) This Society was merged in 1918 into the Board of Foreign Missions of the United

Lutheran Church in America

Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod of the Evan-gelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America (1879) (

a)

(*) This Society was merged in 1918 into the Women's Missionary Society of TheUnited Lutheran Church in America

Board of Foreign Missions of the United Synod of the EvangelicalLutheran Church in the South (ELSo) (1892) (

a)

(•) This Society was merged in 1918 into the Board of Foreign Missions of the UnitedLutheran Church in America

Woman's Missionary Conference of the United Synod of the Evangelical LutheranChurch in the South (i904>( a

)

(a) This Society was merged in 1918 into the Women's Missionary Society of The

United Lutheran Church in America

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 193

LUTHERAN INTER-SYNODICAL72—Inter-Synodical Evangelical Lutheran Orient-Mission Society

(ELO) (1910)

Office: 516 East Madison Avenue, Ann Arbor, MichiganExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. N. J. Lohre, M.A.*Sec, Rev. H. MackensenTreas., Prof. M. O. Wee, 2326 Hendon Avenue, St. Paul, Min-

nesotaPeriodical: "The Kurdistan Missionary." Editor, Prof. M. O. Wee.

Price, $.25Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Persia

PAN-LUTHERANPan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin America (PLLA) (i9i3)(a)

(a) Merged with the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in

America

MENNONITE and AMISH MENNONITE73—Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities (MMC) (1899)

(American Mennonite Mission, Mennonite Church)

Office: Dakota, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. C. Z. Yoder*Sec, Bishop J. S. ShoemakerTreas. and Financial Agent, G. L. BenderField Worker, Bishop S. E. Allgyer

Periodicals: "The Gospel Herald." Editor, Bishop Daniel Kauffman.Price, $1.25. "Christian Monitor." Editor, Vernon Smucker.Price, $1.00

Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic. TheNon-Christian World: Asia: India (Central Provinces)

Also work in the United States for Whites, not covered by this

survey

MENNONITE BRETHREN74—Foreign Missions of the Conference of the Mennonite Brethren

Church of North America (MBC) (1900)

(American Mennonite Brethren Mission)

Office: Mountain Lake, MinnesotaSecretary, Rev. N. N. Hiebert

Periodical: "Zions-Bote." Editor, Rev. A. L. Schellenberg. Price,

$1.00Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung), India

(Hyderabad)Also work in the United States for Indians, not covered by this

survey

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

194 UNITED STATES

MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST75—Foreign Mission Board of the Indiana and Ohio Conference,

Mennonite Brethren in Christ (MBIO) ( )

Office: Lima, OhioConference Secretary, Rev. L. J. Lehman

76—United Orphanage and Mission Society (UOM) ( )

Office: 727 Wolf Avenue, Elkhart, IndianaSecretary, Rev. A. B. Yoder

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia(a)

(a) The work on the field of this Society had. been suspended on account of the war,but was reopened during September. Relief work is being carried on alongwith the regular orphanage and missionary work

77—Michigan Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Foreign Mission Board

(MBM) ( )

Office: Elkton, MichiganExecutive Officers:

Chmn., R. M. Dodd, Pontiac, Michigan*Sec, B. A. Sherk

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia{&) {Ar-

menia). Africa: Nigeria(a) Through the United Orphanage and Mission Society, whose funds are now being

employed for Armenian and Syrian Relief

78—Foreign Mission Board of the Nebraska Conference, MennoniteBrethren in Christ Church (MBN) ( )

Office: Jet, OklahomaSecretary, Rev. William Lambert

79—Foreign Missions Board of the Pacific Conference, Mennonite

Brethren in Christ (MBPac) ( )

Office: Everson, WashingtonExecutive Officers:

Pres., M. J. Carmichael*Sec, N. H. PayneTreas., P. J. Kalbneisch

80—Board of Foreign Missions of the Pennsylvania Conference of theMennonite Brethren in Christ (MBP) (1883)

Office: 819 Gordon Street, Allentown, PennsylvaniaSecretary, Rev. C. H. Brunner

Periodical: "The Eastern Gospel Banner" (Weekly). Editor, Rev.C. H. Brunner. Price, $1.50

Fields: Latin America: South America: Chileif). The Non- Christian

World: Asia: China (Kansu(a)), India (Berari^), Punjab^)),

Syria{&). Africa: Belgian Congo(?)

(a) Under the Christian and Missionary Alliance

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 19S

MENNONITES, CENTRAL CONFERENCE and DEFENSELESS81—Congo Inland Mission (ConIM) (1916)

Office: Meadows, Illinois. Cable: C. I. M.Secretary, D. N. Claudon

Periodical: "Zion's Call" (Semi-monthly). Editor, Ben Rupp. Price,

$1.00. "The Christian Evangel." Editor, Andrew S. Bechtel.

Price, $1.00

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Belgian Congo

MENNONITE, GENERAL CONFERENCE82—Board of Foreign Missions of the General Conference of the Men-

nonites of North America (MGC) (1880)

{General Conference Mennonite Mission)

Office: Goessel, KansasExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. J. W. Kilewer*Sec, Rev. P. H. RichertTreas., Rev. Gustav Harder

Periodicals: "The Mennonite." Editor, Rev. S. M. Grubb, 2956North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Price, $1.50.

"Christlicher/ Bundesbote" (German). Editor, Rev. C.v.d.

Smissen, Berne, Indiana. Price, $1.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli), India (Cen-

tral Provinces)Also work in the United States for Indians, not covered by this sur-

vey

MENNONITE, KRIMMER BRUEDERGEMEINDE83—China Mennonite Mission Society (ChMMS) (19 13)

Office: Hillsboro, KansasExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. John L. Friesen*Sec, Rev. D. E. Harder

Periodical: "Wahrheitdfreund." Editor, D. M. Hofer. Price, $1.00Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan, Shantung)

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (NORTH)84—Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church

(MEFB) (1819)

(Methodist Episcopal Mission, North)

Office: 150 Fifth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Bishop Luther B. Wilson, D.D., LL.D.Cor. Sees., S. Earl Taylor, LL.D., *Rev. Frank Mason North, D.D.Treas., Rev. George M. Fowles, D.D.

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

ig6 UNITED STATES

Fields: Europe: Austria-Hungary

(

a), Bulgaria, Denmark

(

a), France,

Germany, Italy, Norway (a), Russia, Spain (

a), Sweden (

a), Switzer-

land (a) . Latin America : Mexico. Central America : Canal Zone,

Costa Rica, Panama. South America: Argentine Republic,Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay. The Non-ChristianWorld: Asia: China (Anhwei, Chihli, Fukien, Kiangsi, Kiangsu,Shantung, Szechwan), Chosen, Federated Malay States, includingStraits Settlements, India (Ajmer-Merwara, Baluchistan, Beharand Orissa, Bengal, Berar, Bombay, Burma, Central Provinces,Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, Rajputana, UnitedProvinces), Japan. Africa: Algeria, Angola, Belgian Congo,Liberia, Madeira Islands, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia,Tunis. Oceania: Philippine Islands, Borneo (Dutch Borneo andSarawak), Java, Sumatra

(a) Aid by grant only

84a—Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1869)

Office: 150 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Cable: FormisExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. William Fraser McDowell*Sec, Miss Amy G. LewisTreas., Miss Florence Hooper

Periodicals: "Woman's Missionary Friend." Editor, Miss Effie A. Merrill

(

a).

Price, $.50. "Frauen-Missions-Freund." Editor, Miss A. M. Achard(a). Price,

$.25

Fields: Europe: Bulgaria, France(h), Germany'( b), Italy, Norway (

h), Switzerland(h)

.

Latin America: Mexico. South America: Argentine Republic, Peru, Uruguay. The.Non-Christian World: Asia: China {Anhwei, Chihli, Fukien, Kiangsi, Kiangsu,Shantung, Szechwan), Chosen, Federated Malay States, including Straits Set-

tlements, India (Ajmere-Merwara, Behar and Orissa, Bengal, Bombay, Burma,Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, Rajputana, United Provinces), Japan.Africa: Algeria, Angola, Liberia, Portuguese East Africa, RJiodesia. Oceania:Philippine Islands, Java

(a) Subscriptions should be sent to Miss Annie G. Bailey, 581 Boylston Street, Boston,

Massachusetts(b) Aid by grant only

85—Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the MethodistEpiscopal Church (MEH) (1819)

Office: 17th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCorresponding Secretary, Rev. D. D. Forsyth, D.D.

Periodical: "Quarterly Bulletin"Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto RicoAlso work in the United States for Orientals, Indians, Mexicans and

Whites, in Hawaii for Japanese, Koreans and Filipinos, and in

Alaska for Eskimos and Indians

89—Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal

Church (MEHW) (1880)

Office: 150 Fifth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Wilbur P. Thirkield

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 197

*Cor. Sec, Mrs. May Leonard Woodruff, Allendale, New JerseyRec. Sec., Mrs. D. D. ThompsonTreas., Mrs. H. C. Jennings

Periodicals: "Woman's Home Missions." Editor, Mrs. Levi Gilbert,

420 Plum Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Price, $.50. "Children'sHome Missions." Editor, Mrs. Levi Gilbert. Price, $.20

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto RicoAlso work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, In-

dians, Mexicans, Negroes and Whites, in Alaska for Eskimosand Indians, and in Hawaii

METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN87—Home and Foreign Missionary Department of the African Meth-

odist Episcopal Church (AME) (1844)

Office: 62 Bible House, New York City. Cable: Amechurch, NewYork

Executive Officers:

Pres., Bishop J. Albert Johnson, D.D.*Cor. Sec.-Treas., Rev. James W. Rankin, D.D.

Periodical: "Voice of Missions." Editor, Rev. James W. Rankin,D.D. Price, $1.00

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Bahama Islands (Eleuthera),Haiti, Jamaica, Santo Domingo. South America: British

Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana. The Non-ChristianWorld: Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province, Liberia, Natal,Orange Free State, Sierra Leone, Transvaal

Also work in the United States

87a—Women's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African MethodistEpiscopal Church (1892)

Office: 1925 North Galvez Street, New Orleans, LouisianaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. S. G. SimmonsSec., Mrs. S. J. Channel

Periodical: "The Women's Missionary Recorder"

87b—Woman's Parent Mite Missionary Society of the African Methodist EpiscopalChurch (1874)

Office: Holmesburg, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Mary F. Handy*Sec, Mrs. M. S. C. BeckettTreas., Mrs. B. K. Hurst

Periodical: "The Women's Missionary Recorder"

METHODIST EPISCOPAL AFRICAN ZION88—Foreign Mission Board of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion

Church, Inc. (AMEZ) (1892)

Office: 123 1 Cornell Avenue, Indianapolis, IndianaCorresponding Secretary, Rev. J. W. Wood, D.D.

Periodical: "The Missionary Seer." Editor, Rev. J. W. Wood,D.D. Price, $.50

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

198 UNITED STATES

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Bahama Islands, Santo Domingo.South America: British Guiana. The Non-Christian World:Africa: French Congo, Gold Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone.

Also work in the United States

88a—Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African MethodistEpiscopal Zion Church

Office: 624 South 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania*Sec, Mrs. Annie A. BlackwellTreas., Ida V. Smith, Washington, D. C.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH89—Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South

(MES) (1846)

{Methodist Episcopal Mission, South)

Office: 810 Broadway, Nashville, TennesseeExecutive Officers:

Pres., John R. PepperVice-Pres., Bishop W. R. Lambuth*Gen. Sec, Rev. W. W. Pinson, D.D.Sees. Foreign Department, Rev. E. H. Rawlings, D.D., Miss Mabel

K. Howell, Miss Esther Case, Rev. W. B. Beauchamp, D.D.Home Mission Sees., Rev. O. E. Goddard, D.D., Rev. R. L.

Russell, D.D., Mrs. Jas. H. McCoy, Mrs. J. W. DownsEducational Sees., Rev. C. G. Hounshell, Mrs. Hume R. Steele,

Miss Estelle HaskinsTreas., J. D. HamiltonAsst. Treas., Mrs. F. H. E. Ross

Periodical: "The Missionary Voice." Editor, Robert B. Eleazer,

Mrs. E. B. Chappell. Price, $1.00.

Fields: Europe: Belgium, France, Poland. Latin America: Mexico.West Indies: Cuba. South America: Brazil. The Non-Chris-tian World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Kiangsu), Chosen, Japan

(

a).

Africa: Belgian CongoAlso work in the United States for Japanese, Koreans, Indians,

Cubans, Mexicans, Negroes and Whites(») A yearly subscription to the Omi Kirisutokyo Dendo Dan (Omi Mission), with

headquarters in Japan, is made also

89a—Woman's Missionary Council of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (1846)

Office: 810 Broadway, Nashville, TennesseeExecutive Officers:

*Pres., Miss Belle H. Bennett, LL.D.Sec. Oriental Fields, Miss Mabel K. HowellSec. Latin America and Africa, Miss Esther CaseTreas., Mrs. F. H. E. Ross

Periodicals: "The Missionary Voice" (joint with Board of Missions). Editors,R. B. Eleazer, Mrs. E. B. Chappell. Price, $1.00. "The Young ChristianWorker." Editor, Miss Sara Estelle Haskins. Price, $.25

Note.—The Woman's Missionary Council is rather a subordinate Committee of theBoard of Missions than a separate organization for missionary administration.The officers are all members of the staff of the main Board

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 199

METHODIST, FREE90—General Missionary Board of the Free Methodist Church of North

America (FMA) (1882)

(American Free Methodist Mission, Free Methodist Mission)

Office: 1 132 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois. Cable: Tid-ings, Chicago

Executive Officers:

Pres., Bishop William PearceSec., Rev. William B. OlmsteadField Sec, Rev. F. L. BakerTreas., Rev. George W. Saunders

Periodicals: "The Free Methodist." Editor, Rev. J. T. Logan.Price, $2.00. "Missionary Tidings." Editor, Miss Adella P.Carpenter. Price, $.65

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Santo Domingo. Central Amer-ica: Canal Zone. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China(Honan), India (Berar), Japan. Africa: Cape of Good HopeProvince, Natal, Portuguese East Africa, Transvaal

Also work in the United States

90a—Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Free Methodist Church of NorthAmerica (1882)

Office: i 134 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Mary L. ColemanCor. Sec, Mrs. C. T. Bolles, Oneida, New YorkTreas., Mrs. Lillian C. Jensen

Periodical: "Missionary Tidings." Editor, Miss Adella P. Carpenter. Price, $.50Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Santo Domingo. Central America: Canal Zone.

The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Honan), India (Berar), Japan. Africa:Cape of Good Hope Province, Natal, Portuguese East Africa, Transvaal

Also work in the United States

METHODIST, PRIMITIVEPrimitive Methodist Missionary Society (PMMS)

(see under England)

91—American Auxiliary of the Primitive Methodist Foreign Missionary Society (1896)

Office: 57 Hunter Street, Tamaqua, PennsylvaniaSecretary, Rev. James Iley

Periodical: "The Herald of the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society." Editor,Rev. J. T. Barkby, 8, Holborn Hall, Gray's Inn Road, London, W. C. 1, Eng-land. Free to contributors

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province, Fernando Po,Nigeria, Orange River Colony, Rhodesia, Transvaal

METHODIST, PROTESTANT92—Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Protestant Church

(MP) (1834)

Office: 316 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MarylandExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. F. W. Varney, D.D.*Cor. Sec, Rev. Fred C. Klein

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

200 UNITED STATES

Rec. Sec, Rev. J. C. Broomneld, D.D.Gen. Treas., Rev. C. H. Beck, D.D.

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli(a)), India(Bombay), Japan

(•) By an arrangement effective'June~isri9i9,~this boarcTtook over the general mis-sion work at Kalgan hitherto conducted by the Woman's Foreign MissionarySociety of the Methodist Protestant Church. The latter society is responsiblefor the work for women and children

93—Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Protestant

Church (MPW) (1879)

(Methodist Protestant Mission(&))

Office: Catonsville, MarylandExecutive Officers:

*Pres., Mrs. Henry HupfieldRec. Sec, Mrs. S. W. RosenbergerCor. Sec, Mrs. George H. Miller

Treas., Mrs. Lida K. EastPeriodical: "The Woman's Missionary Record." Editor, Mrs. J. F.

McCulloch, Greensboro, North Carolina. Price, $.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli), Japan

(») This is the name given in the Directory of Protestant Missions in China, iqiq. Itis liable to confusion with that of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Meth-odist Protestant Church, which took over the general work of the MPW inChina in June, 19 19. (See note above)

METHODIST, UNION AMERICAN94—Board of Foreign Missions of the Union American Methodist Epis-

copal Church in the United States and Canada (UME) (1914") (a)

Office: 629 Walnut Street, Camden, N. J.Secretary, Rev. Orlando S. Watts

Periodical: "The Union Recorder." Editor, Rev. Orlando S. Watts,766 Line Street, Camden, N. J. Price, $1.50

(») This Society was organized in 1914 by the direction of the Church, but on accountof the war has been delayed in opening its work on the field. It is expectedthat a mission will be begun in Africa very soon

METHODIST, WESLEYAN95—Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of

America (WMCA) (1889)

(American Wesleyan Methodist Mission)

Office: Syracuse, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Pres., E. G. Dietrich*Miss. Sec, Rev. T. P. Baker, Sheridan, IndianaField Sec, Rev. E. F. McCartyTreas., J. S. Willett

Periodicals: "Wesleyan Methodist," "Wesleyan Missionary"

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 201

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Bombay), Japan.Africa: Sierra Leone

Also work in the United States and Canada95a—Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist

Church of AmericaOffice: Brighton, MichiganExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. W. L. Northam, Sheridan, IndianaVice-Pres., Mrs. Anna K. Polger, Central, South CarolinaRec. Sec, Mrs. Elizabeth AyresCor. Sec, Mrs. Mable PerrineTreas., Mrs. Clara Wilson

Periodical: "The Wesleyan Missionary." Editor, Mrs. Nellie Butterfield, 330 EastOnondaga Street, Syracuse, New York. Price, $.50

Treas., Mrs. Clara WilsonFields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India {Bombay). Africa: Sierra LeoneAlso work in the United States

METROPOLITAN CHURCH ASSOCIATION96—Burning Bush Mission (BBM) (1909)

Office: Fountain Spiring House, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Cable: HarveySecretary, Mrs. E. L. Harvey

Periodical: "The India Burning Bush" (India). Editor, Rev. J. S.

Whipple. Price, R.3 ($1.50 to U. S.)

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Central Provinces,United Provinces)

MORAVIAN CHURCH97—Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among

the Heathen (Mor-us) (1745) (a)

Office: 67 West Church Street, Bethlehem, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Bishop C. L. Moench, D.D.*Vice-Pres., Treas., and Sec. of Missions, Rev. Paul de Schweinitz,

D.D.Sec, Rev. John S. Romig, D.D.

Periodical: "The Moravian." Editor, Rev. Charles D. Kreider,

2424 Marshall Street, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaFields: Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica, Lesser Antilles (Virgin

Islands (U. S.), St. Christopher, Antigua, Barbados, Trinidad,Tobago), Santo Domingo. Central America: Nicaragua. SouthAmerica: British Guiana(h

), Dutch Guiana(h). The Non-

Christian World: Asia: IndiaQ") (Kashmir, Punjab), Syria(c).

Africa: Cape of Good Hope Province^), German East Africa^)Also work in the United States for Indians, in Alaska for Eskimos,

and in Labrador for Eskimos(») At this writing (November, 19 19) the Society is not under the direction of the

Mission der Brudergemeine (International), which, although still in existence,has ceased to function. For the present the Society of the United Brethrenfor Propagating the Gospel Among the^Heathen^is acting; independently, andis so entered above

(b) Fields of the Moravian Church which are aided by the American Society, either

* by direct support of native evangelists, institutions, etc., or by grants in aid(•^A grant is made to the Aussatzigen Asyl "Jesushilfe" in Jerusalem

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

202 UNITED STATES

NAZARENE CHURCH98—General Board of Foreign Missions, Church of the Nazarene

(PCN) (1897)Office: 2109 Troost Avenue, Kansas City, MissouriExecutive Officers:

Gen. Sup., Rev. H. F. Reynolds, D.D.*Sec. and Treas., Rev. Elmer G. Anderson

Periodical: "Other Sheep." Editor, Rev. Elmer G. Anderson. Price,

$.25Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies: Cuba. Central Amer-

ica: Guatemala. South America: Argentine Republic, Peru.The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli, Shantung),India (Bengal, Berar, Bombay), Japan. Africa: Cape VerdeIslands, Swaziland

Also work in the United States

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH99—Board of Home and Foreign Missions of the General Convention

of the New Jerusalem in the United States of America (NJ)

( )

Office: 3 West 29th Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Ezra Hyde Alden, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania*Sec, Rev. Paul Sperry, 1437 Q Street, Washington, D. C.Treas., Lloyd A. Frost, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Periodical: "The New Church Messenger." Editor, Rev. John S.

Saul. Price, $3.00 (weekly issue)

Fields: (a)

(s) This Society assists work in Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland, and British Guiana. A missionary in Japan is maintained

PENIEL MISSIONS100—Peniel Missionary Society (PMS) (1895)

Office: 227 South Main Street, Los Angeles, California

Secretary, Rev. T. P. FergusonPeriodical: "Peniel Herald"Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. South America:

Bolivia. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung),India (Bombay). Africa: Egypt

Also work in the United States

PENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD101—Pentecost Bands of the World (PBW) (1896)

Office: no Virginia Avenue, Indianapolis, IndianaMission Secretary, Miss Stella Bare

Periodical: "The Herald of Light." Price, $1.00Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Jamaica. The Non-Christian

World: Asia: India (Central Provinces), JapanAlso work in the United States

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 203

toxa—Pentecost Faith Mission (PFM) (a)

Office: 941 I Street, Bedford, IndianaExecutive Officers:

Supt., W. S. CraigAsst. Supt., Lewis E. GlennSec, Rena M. Brown

Pericdical: "Missionary; Holiness Herald." Price, $.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Egypt

(a) This Society was connected formerly with the Pentecost Bands of the World, but

of late has carried on its work in Egypt independently

PRESBYTERIAN, ASSOCIATE REFORMED102—Board of Foreign Missions of the Associate Reformed Presby-

terian Church (ARP) (1873)

Office: Due West, South CarolinaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. F. Y. Pressly, D.D.*Sec, Rev. G. G. Parkinson, D.D.

Periodical: "The Associate Reformed Presbyterian"Fields: Latin America: Mexico. The Non-Christian World: Asia:

India (Punjab)

PRESBYTERIAN, ASSOCIATE SYNOD103—Associate Presbyterian Church (APC) (1882) (

a)

Office: 210 South Second Street, Albia, IowaSecretary, Rev. A. M. Malcolm

Periodical: "Associate Presbyterian Magazine." Editor, Rev. D. J.Mason, Washington, Iowa. Price, $2.00

(a) The foreign missionary work of this church is in connection with that of the United

Original Secession Church of Scotland

PRESBYTERIAN, CUMBERLAND104—Woman's Board of Missions of the Cumberland Presbyterian

Church (CPW) (1880)

Office: American Trust Building, Evansville, IndianaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Johnie Massey Clay*Sec. and Treas., Mrs. Mary M. Graf

Periodicals: "Cumberland Presbyterian."

(

a) (Weekly). Price, $1.50.

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung)Also work in the United States for Chinese

(a) Mrs. Walter Crawford, Paris, Tennessee, edits a Woman's Board Department

PRESBYTERIAN IN UNITED STATES (SOUTH)105—Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian

Church in the United States (PS) (1861)

{American Presbyterian Mission, South)

Office: P. O. Box 330, Nashville, TennesseeExecutive Officers:

Chmn.,' Rev. James L. Vance, D.D.* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given

above, unless otherwise specified

204 UNITED STATES

*Exec. Sec., Rev. Egbert W. Smith, D.D.For. Cor. Sec, Rev. S. H. Chester, D.D.Field Sees., Rev. H. F. Williams, D.D., Rev. Charles H. PrattEd. Sec., Rev. John I. ArmstrongTreas., Edwin F. Willis

Periodical: "The Missionary Survey." Man. Ed., Wade C. Smith,6 North 6th Street, Richmond, Virginia(a

). Price, S.75 ($.50in clubs of five or more)

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. West Indies : Cuba. South America

:

Brazil. The Xon-Christian World: Asia: China (Chekiang,Kiangsu), Chosen, Japan. Africa: Belgian Congo

Also work in the United States for Mexicans(a) A special department, "Foreign Missions," is edited by the Rev. S. H. Chester,

D.D.

105a—Woman's Auxiliary of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (1912)

Office: 257-259 Field Building, St. Louis, MissouriSuperintendent, Mrs. W. C. Winsborough

Periodical: "The Missionary Survey." Man. Ed., Wade C. Smith

(

a), 6 North 6th

Street, Richmond, Virginia. Price, $1.00 (5-75 in clubs of five or more)Fields: Latin America: Mexico^ ). West Indies: Cuba('°). South America: Brazil(h).

The Non-Christian World: Asia: China(b) (Chekiang, Kiangsu), Chosen(b),

Japan^). Africa: Belgian Congo(h)Also work in the United States for Mexicans^), Cubans(d

), Syrians(d), Chinese(d),Indians (

d), Negroes (

d) and Whites(d)

(a) A special department, "The Woman's Auxiliary," is edited by Mrs. W. C. Wins-

borough(b) Under the Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church

in the United States(c) Under the Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church

in the United States and the Executive Committee of Home Missions of thePresbyterian Church in the United States (not entered in this Directory)

(d) Under the Executive Committee of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in

the United States

PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A. (NORTH)106—Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the

United States of America (PN) (1837)

{American Presbyterian Mission, North)Office: 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. Cable: Inculcate N. Y.Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. George Alexander, D.D.Sees., Robert E. Speer, D.D., Rev. Arthur J. Brown, D.D., Rev.

A. W. Halsey, D.D., *Rev. Stanley White, D.D.Asso. Sees., Rev. Wm. P. Schell, Rev. George T. Scott, Rev. Orville

Reed, Ph.D.Field Sees., Rev. Chas. E. Bradt, D.D., Rev. Weston T. Johnson,

J. M. PattersonHon. Edu. Adviser, T. H. P. Sailer, Ph.D.Edu. Sec, B. C. Millikin

Sec. for Specific Work, Rev. George H. Trull

Treas., Dwight H. DayAsso. Treas., Russell Carter

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 205

Periodicals: "All the World." Editor, Rev. A. W. Halsey, D.D.Free to anyone contributing $5.00. "The New Era." Editor,

James B. Wootan; Business Manager, Horace P. Camden. Price,

$1.00Fields: Latin America: Mexico. Central America: Guatemala. South

America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela. The Non-Chris-tian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli, Hunan,Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Shantung, Shengking, Yunnan), Chosen,French Indo-China

(

a), India (Bombay, Burma(b

), Central India,

Madras(c), Punjab, United Provinces), Japan, Persia, Siam,

Syria. Africa: Kamerun, Rio Muni. Oceania: Philippine Is-

landsAlso work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese and Koreans,

not covered by this survey(») There is no PN Mission Station in French Indo-China, but there has been out-

station work and touring of importance there from Cheung Hai in NorthernSiam

(b) Out-station work only

(c) One woman from the West India Mission has been in charge of the Interdenomina-

tional School for Missionaries at Kodai-Kanal since 19 13

106a—Women's Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church (1870)

Office: 156 Fifth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

*Pres., Miss Alice M. DavisonRec. Sec, Miss M. K. WhiteTreas., Mrs. James A. Webb, Jr.

Periodical: "Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Henry R. Elliot. Price, $.50Fields: Mexico^). South America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela^). The Non-

Christian World: Asia: China {Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli, Hunan, Kiangsu,Kwangtung, Shantung), Chosen, India {Bombay, Central India{ a

), Punjab,United Provinces), Japan, Persia, Siam, Syria. Africa: Kamerun, Rio Muni.Oceania: Philippine Islands

Also work in the United States for Chinese{&), Japanese{a) and Koreans!*)

(») Aid by grant only

106b—Woman's Occidental Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church(1873)

Office: 35 Santa Ana Avenue, San Francisco, CaliforniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Rawlins CadwalladerRec. Sec, Miss Jennie PartridgeCor. Sec, Mrs. G. A. KennedyTreas., Mrs. G. W. Campbell

Periodical: "Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Henry R. Elliot, 156 Fifth Avenue,New York City. Price, $.50

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. South America: Chile, Colombia. The Non-ChristianWorld: Asia: China {Chihli, Hunan, Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Shantung), Chosen,India {Bombay, Central India, Punjab, United Provinces), Japan, Persia, Siam,Syria. Africa: Kamerun. Oceania: Philippine Islands

106c—Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church (1870)

Office: 501 Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers: gsj*Pres., Mrs. John Harvey Lee »

Rec. Sec, Mrs. Richard M. PearceTreas., Miss Janet McMullan *flj

Periodical: "Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Henry R. Elliot, 156 Fifth Avenue,New York City. Price, $.50

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

206 UNITED STATES

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. Central America: Guatemala. South America,Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China(Chekiang, Chihli, Hunan, Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Shantung), Chosen, India(Bombay, Central India, Punjab, United Provinces), Japan, Persia, Siam:Syria. Africa: Kamerun, Rio Muni. Oceania: Philippine Islands

Also work in the United States for Chinese, Japanese and Koreans

io6d—Woman's Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions of the Southwest (1877)

Office: 816 Olive Street, St. Louis, MissouriExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. W. H. Bissland*Rec. Sec, Mrs. H. S. BrookesTreas., Mrs. B. F. Edwards

Periodical: "Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Henry R. Elliot, 156 Fifth Avenue,New York City. Price, $.50

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. Central America: Guatemala. South America:Brazil, Chile. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Hunan,Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Shantung), Chosen, India (Bombay, Punjab, UnitedProvinces), Japan, Persia, Siam. Africa: Kamerun, Rio Muni. Oceania:Philippine Islands

io6e—Woman's North Pacific Presbyterian Board of Missions (1887)

Office: 454 Alder Street, Portland, OregonExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. John W. Goss*Rec. Sec, Mrs. B. A. ThaxterTreas., Mrs. C. M. Barbee

Periodical: "Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Henry R. Elliot, 156 Fifth Avenue,New York City. Price, $.50

Fields: Latin America: Central America: Guatemala. South America: Brazil, Colom-bia. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chekiang, Chihli, Hunan, Kiangsu,Kwangtung, Shantung), Chosen, India (Punjab, United Provinces), Japan,Persia, Siam, Syria. Africa: Kamerun

Also work in the United States for Chinese

io6f—Woman's Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest (1870) (a)

Office: 17 North State Street, Chicago, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Oliver R. Williamson*Rec Sec, Mrs. Ambrose V. PowellTreas., Mrs. T. E. D. Bradley

Periodical: "Woman's Work." Editor, Mrs. Henry R. Elliot, 156 Fifth Avenue,New York City. Price, $.50

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. Central America: Guatemala. South America:Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela. The Non-Christian V/orld: Asia: China(Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli, Hunan, Kiangsu, Kwangtung, Shantung, Yunnan),Chosen, India (Bombay, Madras, Punjab, United Provinces), Japan, Persia,Siam, Syria. Africa: Kamerun. Oceania: Philippine Islands

(») Organized in 1868 in cooperation with the Woman's Boardof Missions of the In-terior (see under Congregational Churches) and reorganized as an auxiliary ofthe PN in 1870

107—Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in theUnited States of America (PNH) (1802)

Office: 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Cable: Olintreas, NewYork

Executive Officers:

*Gen. Sec, Rev. John A. Marquis, D.DSees., Rev. Baxter P. Fullerton, D.D., Rev. John McDowell,

D.D., Rev. William R. King, D.D.Assist. Treas., Varian Banks

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 207

Periodical: "The New Era." Editor, James B. Wootan, BusinessManager, Horace P. Camden. Price, $1.00

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Cuba, Porto Rico.

Also work in the United States for Indians, Mexicans and Whites,and in Alaska for Eskimos and Whites, not covered by this survey

108—Woman's Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Churchin the United States of America (PNHW) (1878)

Office: 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Cable: MallabenExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. F. S. Bennett*Assist. Sec, Miss Mabel M. Sheibley

Periodical: ''The Home Mission Monthly." Editor, Miss TheodoraFinks. Price, $.50

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Cuba, Porto RicoAlso work in the United States for Indians, Mexicans and Whites,

and in Alaska for Eskimos and Whites

PRESBYTERIAN, REFORMED109—Board of Foreign Missions of the Synod of the Reformed Pres-

byterian Church in North America (RPC) (1856)

(American Reformed Presbyterian Mission)

Office: 2517 North Franklin Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Cable: Covbard, Philadelphia

Executive Officers:

Pres., S. A. S. Metheny, M.D.Vice-Pres., Rev. J. C. McFeeters, D.D.Treas., Joseph M. Steele, 1600 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-

vania*Cor. Sec, Rev. Findley M. Wilson, D.D.Rec Sec, Rev. F. M. Foster, Ph.D.Trans. Agt., Wm. G. Carson.

Periodical: "Olive Trees." Editor, Rev. McLeod Milligan Pearce,D.D., 215 Buckingham Place, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Price,

$1.00Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung), Cyprus,

Syria, Turkey in Asia

PRESBYTERIAN REFORMED, GENERAL SYNODno—Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Presbyterian Church

in North America (General Synod) (RPGS) ( )

Office: Delanson, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. John Parks, 5923 Washington Avenue, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania -

*Cor. Sec., Rev. R. W. Chesnut, Ph.D.Treas., A. B. McMillan, Sparta, Illinois

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (United Provinces)

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

208 UNITED STATES

PRESBYTERIAN, UNITEDin—Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of

North America (UP) (1850)(American United Presbyterian Mission)

Office: 200 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cable:Evangelism, Philadelphia

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. M. G. Kyle, D.D., LL.D.*Cor. Sec, Rev. W. B. Anderson, D.D.Asso. Sec, Rev. Mills J. TaylorHon. Cor. Sec, Rev. Chas. R. Watson, D.D.Rec Sec, Rev. C. S. Cleland, D.D.Treas., Robert L. Latimer

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Punjab). Africa:

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Egyptma—Women's General Missionary Society"of the United Presbyterian Church (1883)

Office: Publication Building, oth Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cable: OpusExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. J. D. SandsRec. Sec., Mrs. W. R. Wilson

*For. Sec, Mrs. H. C. Campbell, 340 South Hiland Avenue, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania

Treas., Mrs. J. B. HillPeriodicals: "Women's Missionary Magazine." Editor, Mrs. George Moore, Xenia,

Ohio. Price, Si. 00. "Junior's Missionary Magazine." Editor, Miss CarrieM. Reed. Price, $.25

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Punjab). Africa: Anglo-EgyptianSudan, Egypt

PRESBYTERIAN, WELSH CALVINISTIC METHODIST112—Missionary Society of the Calvinistic Methodist Church in the

United States of America (CMC)(American Welsh Presbyterian Mission)

Office: 411 Hawthorne Place, Madison, WisconsinExecutive Officers:

*Sec, Rev. Edw. RobertsTreas., Rev. E. J. Jones, D.D.

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Assam)

REFORMED CHURCH, CHRISTIAN113—Board of Heathen Missions of the Christian Reformed Church

(CRC)(a)

Office: 2050 Francis Avenue, S. E., Grand Rapids, MichiganExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Ralph Bolt*Cor. Sec, Rev. Henry Beets, LL.D.Treas., Rev. John Dolfin

Periodical: "The Banner." Editor, Rev. Henry Beets, LL.D. Price,

$1-75(a) This Society is now investigating China and the Sudan with a view to establishing

its first foreign mission in one of those fields

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 209

REFORMED IN AMERICA114—Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America

(RCA) (1832)

Office: 25 East 22nd Street, New York City. Cable: Synodical, NewYork

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Henry E. Cobb, D.D.Chmn. Exec. Com., Rev. T. H. Mackenzie, D.D.

*Cor. Sec, Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, D.D.Asso. Sec. and Treas., P. M. Potter

Periodicals: "The Mission Field." Editor, W. T. Demarest. Price,

$.50. "Neglected Arabia"Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Fukien), India

(Madras), Japan, Turkey in Asia (Arabia, Mesopotamia)

114a—Arabian Mission (1889) (a)

Office: 25 East 22nd Street, New York CitySecretary, Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

Periodical: "Neglected Arabia" (Quarterly). FreeField: Turkey in Asia (Arabia, Mesopotamia)

(*) The responsibility for this Society, organized independently in 1889, was assumedby the Reformed Church in America in 1894. Although it has continued its

corporate existence, the Trustees are elected from the Board of Foreign Missionsof the Reformed Church in America, and the Secretary and Treasurer of thatBoard hold the same positions respectively in the Arabian Mission

114b—Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America(1875)

Office: 25 East 22nd Street, New York City. Cable: SynodicalExecutive Officers:

tPres., Mrs. F. A. Baldwin

*Cor. Sec, Miss Eliza P. CobbTreas., Miss Katharine Van Nest

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Fukien), India (Madras), Japan,Turkey in Asia (Arabia, Mesopotamia)

114c—Board of Domestic Missions of the Reformed Church in

America (RCAH) (1832)

Office: 25 East Twenty-second Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. James M. Farrar, D.D.Rec. Sec, Rev. John S. Gardner, D.D.Field Sec, Rev. Seth Vander Werf*Office Sec, William T. DemarestTreas., Charles W. Osborne

Fields: Latin America: West Indies (Virgin Islands) U.S.(a)

Also work in the United States for Negroes

(«) A church in St. Thomas, founded by early Dutch settlers, has been receiving agrant from this Society since the acquisition of the island by the UnitedStates

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

210 UNITED STATES

REFORMED CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES115—Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in the United

States (RCUS) (1838)

Office: Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Cable: Allenbarth

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. James I. Good, D.D., LL.D.Vice-President, Hon. Horace Ankeney*Sec, Rev. Allen R. Bartholomew, D.D.Assist. Sec, Rev. John H. PoormanTreas., Rev. Albert S. BromerTreas. Emeritus, Joseph L. Lemberger, Phar.D.

Periodical: "The Outlook of Missions." Editor ("Foreign Missions"Department), Rev. Allen R. Bartholomew, D.D. Price, $.50

Fields

(

a): The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan), Japan

(a) The B9ard of Foreign Missions has been charged by the General Synod with the

taking up of work in Europe, but no definite information is at hand. It is ex-pected that $5,000 per annum for five years for direct evangelistic work, moreespecially in France, will be included in the budget of the Forward Movement,and it also has been decided by the National Service Commission of the

tRe-

formed Church to appropriate $25,000 for a memorial chapel at Chateau Thierryand to contribute Si,000 towards the salary of the pastor

115a—Woman's Missionary Society of the General Synod of the Reformed Churchin the United States (1887) (

a)

Office: Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. W. R. Harris*Cor. Sec, Mrs. B. B. Krammes, 14 Clinton Avenue, Tiffin, OhioTreas., Mrs. Lewis L. Anewalt

Periodical: "The Outlook of Missions." Editor ("Woman's Missionary Society'Department) , Mrs. E. W. Lentz, Milton, Pennsylvania. Price, $.50

(a) This Society is also auxiliary to the Board of Home Missions of the Reformed

Church in the United States, which has no work covered by this survey

SALVATION ARMYSalvation Army (SA)

(see under England)

116—Salvation ArmyOffice: 122 West 14th Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Terr. Commissioner, Commander Eva BoothField Sec, Col. Alexander M. Damon

Fields: Europe: Belgium, Denmark, including Iceland, England, France, Germany,Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Russia {Finland), Scotland, Sweden,Switzerland, Wales. Latin America: West Indies: Cuba, Jamaica, LesserAntilles (Barbados, Virgin Islands). Central America: British Honduras,Canal Zone, Costa Rica, Panama. South America: Argentine Republic,British Guiana, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay. The Non- Christian World:Asia: Ceylon, China (Chihli, Shantung), Chosen, India (Bengal, Bombay,Burma, Madras, Punjab, United Provinces), Japan, Syria, including Pales-

tine. Africa: Bechuanaland Protectorate, British Bechuanaland, Orange RiverColony, Rhodesia, St. Helena, Transvaal. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand,Dutch East Indies (Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra)

Also work in the United States and Canada

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent, The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 211

SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCE117—Scandinavian Alliance Mission of North America (SAM) (1891)

Office: 20 North Ashland Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois. Cable: Sam,Chicago

Secretary, Prof. Fridolf Risberg, D.D.Fields: Latin America. South America: Venezuela. The Non-

Christian World: Asia: China (Kansu, Mongolia, Shensi),

India (Assam, Behar and Orissa, Bengal), Japan. Africa:

Swaziland, Transvaal

SCHWENKFELDER119—Home and Foreign Board of Missions of The Schwenkfelder

Church in the United States of America (S)

Office: 2509 North 30th Street, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., John H. Schultz*Rec. Sec, Rev. H. K. HeebnerTreas., Wm. K. Heebner

Periodical: "The Schwenkfeldian." Acting Editor, Rev. H. K.Heebner

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Shansi (a))

(a) Provides one-half of the support for missionaries under the American Board of

Commissioners for Foreign Missions

SWEDISH EVANGELICAL FREE CHURCH120—Swedish Evangelical Free Church of the United States of North

America (SEFC) (1895)

(Swedish American Mission)

Office: -206 Highland Avenue, Rockford, Illinois

Secretary, Rev. E. A. HalleenField: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung)

SWEDISH EVANGELICAL MISSION COVENANT121—Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of America (SEMC)

(1885)

(Swedish American Missionary Covenant)

Office: 56 West Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois. Cable: Cov-enant, Chicago

President, Rev. H. G. HjerpePeriodical: "Forbundets Veckotidning." (Covenant Weekly.) Ed-

itor, Rev. D. Marcelius. Price, $2.00Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hupeh)Also work in the United States

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

212 UNITED STATES

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST122—Foreign Missionary Society of the United Brethren in Christ

(UB) (1853)

Office: 404 Otterbein Press Building, Dayton, Ohio. Cable: For-ward, Dayton

Executive Officers:

Pres., Bishop W. M. Bell, D.D., 1923 35th Street, N. W., Wash-ington, D. C.

Act. Sec, Bishop A. T. Howard, D.D.Rec. Sec, G. A. Lambert, Anderson, IndianaTreas., L. O. Miller, 418 Otterbein Press Building, Dayton, Ohio

Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. The Non-ChristianWorld: Asia: China (Kwangtung), Japan. Africa: Sierra Leone.Oceania: Philippine Islands

122a—Women's Missionary Association of the United Brethren in Christ (1875)

Office: Otterbein Press Building, Dayton, OhioExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. L. R. Harford*Gen. Sec.-Treas., Mrs. Alva KauffmanRec. Sec, Mrs. W. O. Fries

Periodical: "The Evangel." Editor, Miss Vera B. Blinn. Price, $.50Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. The Non-Christian World: Asia:

China {Kwangtung), Japan. Africa: Sierra Leone. Oceania: PhilippineIslands

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST (OLD CONSTITUTION)

123—Domestic, Frontier and Foreign Missionary Society of the UnitedBrethren in Christ (UBC) (1853)

Office: Huntington, IndianaPres., Rev. C. L. Wood, D.D.

*Cor. Sec, Rev. J. HoweSec, Rev. J. HoweTreas., S. A. Stemen

Periodical: "The Missionary Monthly." Editors, Rev. J. Howe,Mrs. F. A. Loew. Price, $.50

Field: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Sierra LeoneAlso work in the United States and Canada

123a—Woman's Missionary Association of the United Brethren (1875)

Office: 302 U. B. Mission Room, Huntington, IndianaExecutive Officers:

Pres.. Mrs. M. M. Titus*Cor. Sec, Mrs. F. A. LoewRec. Sec, Mrs. Ida Sellers

Treas., Mrs. Effie KanageField: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Sierra LeoneAlso work in the United Slates

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 213

UNITED HOLY CHURCH123b—United Holy Church of America, Missionary Department

(UHC) (a)

Office: 910 Ridge Avenue, Winston-Salem, North CarolinaSecretary-Treasurer, E. B. Nichols

Periodical: "The Holiness Union"(a) Funds contributed by this Society in the'past 'were expended through the Chris-

tian and Missionary Alliance. The Board expects to start a mission of its ownin Sierre Leone. A native worker in Natal is being supported also

UNIVERSALIST124—Universalist General Convention (UGC) (1890)

Office: 359 Boylston Street, Boston, MassachusettsSecretary, A. Ingham Bicknell

Periodical: "The Universalist Leader. Editor, Rev. F. A. Bisbee,D.D. Price, $2.00

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: JapanAlso work in the United States for Whites

124a—Women's National Missionary Association of the Universalist Church (1869)

Office: 359 Boylston Street, Boston, MassachusettsExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Marietta B. Wilkins, 52 Essex Street, Salem, MassachusettsRec. Sec, Mrs. Ethel M. Allen, 185 West 9th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio*Cor. Sec, Mrs. Marian W. Lobdell, Middleport, New York

Periodicals: "The Women's Missionary Bulletin." Editor, Mrs. M. B. Wilkins.Price, $.xo. (Free to members.) "The Universalist Leader." Editor, Rev.P. A. Bisbee, D.D. Price, $2.00

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: JapanAlso work in the United States for Whites

INTERDENOMINATIONAL (EXCEPTING EDUCATIONAL)125—American Bible Society (ABS) (1816) (

a)

Office: Bible House, Astor Place, New York City. Cable: Bible-house, New York

Officers:

Pres. Emeritus, James WoodPres., Churchill Hunter CuttingGen. Sees., *Rev. William I. Haven, D.D., Frank H. MannRec. Sec, Rev. Lewis B. ChamberlainTreas., William Foulke

Periodical: "Bible Society Record." Editor, The Secretaries. Price,

$1.00Fields: Europe: Austria 1^), Belgium^), Bulgaria, Denmark^),

France^), Germany

(

h), Greece^*), Hungary^), Italy {

h) t

Nor-way (

b), Rumania{h

), Russia^ ), SpainQ*), Sweden^), Switzer-

land^). Latin America: Mexico. West Indies : Bahama Islands{all except British Islands), Cuba, Haiti, Lesser Antilles {all

except British Islands), Porto Rico, Santo Domingo. CentralAmerica: Canal Zone, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras,Nicaragua, Panama, Salvador. South America: Argentine Re-

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified.

214 UNITED STATES

public, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay,Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. Non-Christian World: Turkey in

Europe. Asia: Ceylon, China (Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli,

Fukien, Heilungkiang, Honan, Hunan, Hupeh, Kansu, Kiangsi,Kiangsu, Kirin, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Kweichow, Mongolia,Shansi, Shangtung, Shengking, Shensi, Singkiang, Szechwan,Yunnan), Formosa, India, Japan, Siam, Syria, Turkey in Asia.

Africa: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Egypt, Liberia^), Natal(h),Portuguese East Africa^). Oceania: Philippine Islands, Poly-nesia^).

Also work in the United States, not covered by this survey(a) The American Bible Society cooperates with, the various missionary societies on

the fields, either through its own agents and superintendents or through themissionaries of the societies. Its colporteurs are found in all the fields listed

above, except in those where there is a note to the effect that "grants in aidonly" are made. These consist of donations of Bibles and portions to the mis-

P sionaries on the field

(b) Aid by grant only

126—American Tract Society (ATS) (1825)

Office: Park Avenue and 40th Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., William Phillips HallVice-Pres., Rev. David James Burrell, D.D.*Gen. Sec, Rev. Judson Swift, D.D.Rec. Sec, Rev. Henry Lewis, Ph.D.Treas., Louis Tag

Periodical: "American Messenger." Editor, Rev. Henry Lewis.Price, $.60

Note.—The work of the American Tract Society in foreign lands is carried on bymeans of its foreign cash appropriations which are used for the publication ofChristian literature in the vernacular, at the mission stations. The total amountof the cash appropriations to date is S802.966.39, and the total value of its

grants in electrotypes amounts to §61,177.96, making a grand total of cashand electrotypes £864, 144.35. By means of these appropriations the GospelMessage has been published in 178 languages, dialects and characters, andmore than 5,400 distinct publications have been issued, of which scores of

millions of copies of books and tracts have been published and circulated at theforeign mission stations. In Latin America, the Tract Society's publicationsin Spanish and Portuguese total more than 18,132,463 copies, amounting in

value to $698,856.36, and the total of the foreign publications in all languagesissued from the Society's home office is 107,105,357 copies, which does not in-

clude the many millions of publications issued abroad at the foreign missionstations

127—World's Christian Endeavor Union (WCEU) (a)

Office: 41 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, MassachusettsExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Francis E. Clark, D.D., LL.D.*Sec, William Shaw, LL.D.

Periodical: "The Christian Endeavor World." Editor, Prof. AmosR. Wells, LL.D., Litt.D. Price, $2.00

(») The income for foreign missions reported by this Society is expended as grants inaid to the Christian Endeavor Organizations in France, Spain, China, Japanand India

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 215

128—Continuation Committee of the World Missionary Conference,Edinburgh (WCC)

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityChairman, John R. Mott, LL.D.

128a—American Section, Emergency Committee of Cooperating Missions (1910) (*)

Office : 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityChairman, John R. Mott, LL.D.

(•) This Committee was formed to deal with problems during the time that the Con-tinuation Committee, owing to its international character, was unable to func-tion. It in no way supersedes that Committee, its temporary nature being

* implied in the title

129—Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America (FCCA)(1908)

Office: 105 East 22nd Street, New York City; Woodward Building,

Washington, D. C. Cable: Fedcil, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Frank Mason North, D.D.*Gen. Sec, Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, D.D., 105 East 22nd

Street, New York City

130—Federation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Missions of NorthAmerica (FWBNA) (1916)

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. H. R. Steele

Vice-Pres., Miss Alice M. Davison*Sec, Miss Vernon HallidayTreas., Mrs. J. C. Henley

Periodical: "The Missionary Review of the World." Editor, D. L.

Pierson. Price, $2.50

131—Foreign Missions Conference of North America (FMCNA) (1893)

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Chmn., James M. SpeersHon. Sec, W. Henry Grant

(

a)

Treas., Alfred E. Marling() Address correspondence to Fennell P. Turner, 25 Madison Avenue, New York City

131a—Committee of Reference and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conference ofNorth America, Inc.(a)

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.Vice-Chmn., Rev. Principal Alfred Gandier, D.D.Rec. Sec, Rev. Paul de Schweinitz, D.D.Sec, Fennell P. TurnerTreas., Alfred E. Marling

(a) This is the incorporated organization which legally represents the Foreign Mis-

sions Conference of North America

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

216 UNITED STATES

i3iai—Sub-committee on Emergencies and Reference

Chairman, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D.

I3ia2—Sub-committee on Missions and GovernmentsChairman, Rev. William I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

I3ia3—Sub-committee on Finance and Headquarters

Chairman, Rev, Cornelius H. Patton, D.D.

I3ia4—Sub-committee on Missionary Research Library

Executive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D.*Sec, Charles H. Fahs, 25 Madison Avenue, New York City

I3ia4a—Missionary Research Library

Address: 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityLibrarian, Miss Hollis W. Hering

I3ia5—Sub-committee on The Cultivation of the Home Church

Chairman, Rev. Stephen J. Corey, LL.D.

I3ia6—Sub-committee on Interdenominational and Undenominational Agencies

Chairman, Rev. Paul de Schweinitz, D.D.

I3ia7—Sub-committee on Principles and Methods of Administration

Chairman, Rev. Egbert W. Smith, D.D.

I3ia8—Sub-committee on Relations to Similar Bodies

Chairman, John R. Mott, LL.D.

I3ia9—Sub-committee on Statistical Bureau

Chairman, Rev. John F. Goucher, D.D.

i3iaoa—Bureau of Statistics and Research

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Director, Rev. Burton St. JohnAsst. Director, Roderick Beach

Z3iaio—Sub-committee on Arrangements

Chairman, Rev. W. W. Pinson, D.D.

i3ian—Sub-committee on The Report

Chairman, Rev. A. Woodrufi Halsey, D.D.

I3iai2—Sub-committee on Medical Missions

Chairman, Rt. Rev. Arthur S. Lloyd, D.D.

131b—Board of Missionary Preparation

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Pres. W. Douglas Mackenzie, D.D.Director, Rev. Frank K. Sanders, Ph.D.Hon. Sec, Fennell P. TurnerTreas., Rev. William I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

13 ic—Religious Needs of Anglo-American Communities

Office: 156 Fifth Avenue, New York CityChairman, Robert E. Speer, D.D.

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given

above, unless^otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 217

132—Interchurch World Movement of North America (IWM) (1919)

Office: 43 West Eighteenth Street, New York City. Telephone,Watkins 9030

Executive Officers:

Chmn. Gen. Ccm., Hon. Robert LansingChmn. Exec. Com., John R. Mott, LL.D.Gen. Sec, S. Earl Taylor, LL.D.

132a—Survey Department

Director, Rev. Fred. P. Haggard, D.D.

I32ai—Foreign Surveys DivisionExecutive Officers:

Super., J. F. ZimmermannfPersonnel Placements, Rev. John B. Hill, D.D.

i32aia—Mission Fields BranchManager, Rev. Frank W, Bible

Africa SectionNorth Africa, S. J. L. CrouchCentral Africa, Rev. J. M. SpringerSouth Africa, Rev. Fred R. Bunker

China SectionSupervisor, Rev. Frank W. BibleAssistants, M. G. Tewksbury (in China), Rev. Samuel J. Millsf, Rev. James

V. Latimer, C. E. Pattonf '

Europe SectionSupervisor, Rev. E. C. Kirrmann, Ph.D.fAssistants, Rev. Eugene E. Fuessle.t Robert L. McAUf

India SectionSupervisor, Rev. William H. HannumAssistants, Rev. Walter C. Mason, Rev. Walter T. Scudder, D.D.

Japanese Empire SectionSupervisor, Rev. David S. Spencer

Latin America SectionSupervisor, Rev. Samuel Guy InmanfAss't Sec, Howard E. JensenEd. Sec, Rev. Jasper T. MosesfMexico, Rev. William E. Vanderbilt, D.D.Central America, Colombia and VenezuelaSouth America, Rev. Webster E. Browning, Ph.D., D.D.fMexico, Rev. George M. McBridef

Malaysia SectionSupervisor, Rev. William G. Shellabear, D.D.fMalaysia, Rev. Preston L. PeachDutch Translator, Miss Gertrude SchuurmanSiam, Rev. Howell S. Vincent, D.D.French Translator, Roger S. Boardman

Near East SectionSupervisor, Rev. Stanley White, D.D.fTurkey, Donald M. BrodieSyria, Palestine and Arabia, Rev. Paul ErdmanPersia, J. A. Funk, M.D.Bulgaria, Rev. Reuben H. Markham

Philippine Islands SectionSupervisor, Rev. Harry FarmerfAssistant, Raymond E. Marshall

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

t Temporary or part-time workers

218 UNITED STATES

i32aib—Coordination Branch

Manager, Eric M. NorthtEducational Section

Supervisor, Rev. James S. SenekerAssistant, Rev. Otto Mayer

Geographic SectionSupervisor, Samuel W. BoggsAssistant, Mrs. Theodora Crosby Bliss

Literature SectionSupervisor, Eric M. North

Medical SectionSupervisor, David Bovaird, M.D.Assistant, John MacMurray

Social and Philanthropic SectionSupervisor, Rev. William E. Weld, Ph.D.f

Statistical SectionSupervisor, James Grantham

I32aic—Mission Agencies Branch

Manager, J. W. HawleyfI32aid—Editorial Workers

William G. Tinckom-Fernandez, Philip I. Roberts

I32a2—Home Survey Division

Director, Rev. Ralph E. Diffendorfer

I32a3—Life Service Department

Director, J. Campbell White, D.D.

132b—Missionary Education Department of the Interchurch World Movement (a)

(1902)

Office: 160 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Cable: Movement, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Director, Miles B. Fisher, D.D.Managers, Editorial Division, Franklin D. Cogswell; Manufacture and Sales

Division, Herbert L. Hill

(ft) Formerly the Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada,

taken over by the Interchurch World Movement in 1919. For legal reasons it

maintains a corporate existence, the directors meeting once a year, but its

entire staff, with its whole program of work, passed into the Interchurch WorldMovement. The latter assumes the direction and full financial responsibility.

133—American Section of the Committee on Cooperation in LatinAmerica (CCLA) (1913)

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York City. Cable: StudentExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Robert E. Speer, D.D.*Exec. Sec, Rev. Samuel G. InmanEdit. Sec, Rev. George B. Winton, D.D., 221 1 Highland Avenue,

Nashville, TennesseeEduca. Sec, Webster E. Browning, Ph.D., Calle Chana, 2126,

Montevideo, Uruguay

134—Laymen's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada(LMM) (1906) (

a)

Office: 1 Madison Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Chmn., James M. Speers

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

t Temporary or part-time workers

UNITED STATES 219

Vice-Chmn., Col. E. W. Halford*Gen. Sec, William B. MillarTreas., E. E. Olcott

(a) The Laymen's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada retainsits existence, but most of its functions are being carried on by the InterchurchWorld Movement of North America

Mission to Lepers (ML)(see under Ireland)

13S—Mission to Lepers, American Committee (1874) (*)

Office: Room 1118, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:*Sec, W. M. DannerTreas., Fleming H. Revell, 158 Fifth Avenue, New York City

Periodical: "Without the Camp" (Quarterly). Editor, W. H. P. Anderson, London,England. Price, $.25

(*) The Mission to Lepers is not a sending society, but cooperates with more thanthirty Protestant sending societies on the field, providing buildings and funds toaid their work among lepers, and allowing the missionaries of the societies tohave the supervision of the work. The Mission has asylums or aids work inDutch Guiana, Ceylon, China, Chosen, Federated Malay States and StraitsSettlements, India, Japan, Siam, Madagascar, Rhodesia, Transvaal, the Philip-pine Islands, and the United States

136—Directors of the Methodist Publishing House in China (MPHC) (a)

Office: 810 Broadway, Nashville, TennesseeExecutive Officers:

Chnin. of the Board of Directors, Rev. W. I. Haven, D.D.*Sec. of the Board of Directors, Rev. George Morgan, D.D.

(a) This Society represents the publishing interests in China of the Board of Foreign

Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church and of the Board of Missions ofthe Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The Publishing House of the Meth-odist Episcopal Church transferred its interest in the Methodist PublishingHouse in China to the Board of Missions in 1919

137—Missionary Education Movement of the United States andCanada (MEM) (1902) (

a)

(a) See under Interchurch World Movement of North America (No. 132)

138—Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions (SVM) (1886)

Office: 25 Madison Avenue, New York City. Cable: Student, NewYork

Executive Officers:

Chmn., John R. Mott, LL.D.Vice-Chmn., Pres. J. Ross Stevenson, D.D.

*Gen. Sec, Robert P. WilderEd. Sees., Rev. J. Lovell Murray, Miss Helen B. CraneCandidate Sees., Rev. Burton St. John, Miss Vernon HallidayExec. Sec, Thomas S. SharpBus. Sec, William P. McCullochTreas., James M. Speers

Periodical: "Student Volunteer Movement Bulletin"

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

220 UNITED STATES

World's Sunday School Association (WSSA) (1889)(see under International)

139—World's Sunday School Association

Office: 1 Madison Avenue, New York City. Cable: DaybreakExecutive Officers:

Chmn., John Wanamaker*Gen. Sec, American Section, Frank L. Brown

Periodical: "The Sunday School Times." Editor, Charles G. Trumbull, Phila-delphia, Pennsylvania. Price, $1.50

Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Brazil. The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu), Chosen, Japan. Africa: Egypt.Oceania : Philippine Islands

Also work in other countries through other missionary agencies

139a—Foreign Sunday School Association of the United States of America (FSSA)1878) (»)

Office: 1 Madison Avenue, New York CityPresident, Rev. Henry C. Woodruff

(a) This Association was merged with the World's Sunday School Association in 1919.

Its corporate existence has been maintained for legal reasons, but it is now asubordinate society of the WSSA, carrying on its executive work as Depart-ment of Field Work B

World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)(see under International)

140—World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1883)

Office: Evanston, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rosalind, Countess of Carlisle, Castle Howard, York, England*Hon. Sec, Miss Anna Adams GordonTreas., Mrs. Mary E. Sanderson, Danville, Quebec, Canada

Fields: Latin America: Mexico. South America: Argentine Republic, Chile, Peru,Uruguay. The Non-Christian World: tAsia: [India. (Punjab). Africa: Capeof Good Hope Province

141—International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associa-

tions, Foreign Department (YMCAA) (1889)

Office: 347 Madison Avenue, New York City. Cable: Forsec, N. Y.Executive Officers:

Chmn., William D. MurrayGen. Sec, John R. Mott, LL.D.Asso. Gen. Sec, F. S. BrockmanAsso. Gen. Sees. For. Work, E. T. Colton, G. Sherwood Eddy,*Edward C. Jenkins

Home Sees., G. I. Babcock, J. M. Clinton, J. E. Manley, F. J.

Nichols, Wilbert B. Smith, B. B. WilcoxTreas., Bertram H. Fancher

Periodical: "Foreign Mail" (Bi-monthly). Editor, J. E. Manley.Price, $.25 ($.15 in clubs of ten or more)

Fields: Europe: Portugal, Russia. Latin America: Mexico. WestIndies: Cuba, Porto Rico. South America: Argentine Republic,

Brazil, Chile, Uruguay. The Non-Christian World: Asia: Cey-lon, China (Chekiang, Chihli, Fukien, Hunan, Hupeh, Kiangsi,

Kiangsu, Kirin, Kwangtung, Shansi, Shantung, Shengking,

Szechwan, Yunnan), Chosen, India (Bengal, Bombay, Central

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

United states 221

Provinces, Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, including Delhi,

United Provinces), Japan, Syria, Turkey in Europe. Africa:

Egypt. Oceania: Philippine Islands

(Russia and Turkey in Europe should be omitted from the above list)

141a—Princeton University Center in China (1906)

Office: Murray-Dodge Hall, Princeton, New JerseyGen. Secretary, Rev. Robert R. Gailey, M.A.

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli)( s)

(a) This work is conducted by the Philadelphian Society of Princeton University.

It is the Peking, China, Young Men's Christian Association

142—Foreign Department of the National Board of the Young Women'sChristian Associations of the United States of America(YWCAUS) (1906)

Office: 600 Lexington Avenue, New York City. Cable: Outpost,New York

Executive Officers:

Chmn., Mrs. James A. Webb, Jr.

*Exec. Sec, Miss Harriet TaylorAct. Exec. Sec, Mrs. Katherine Willard EddyOffice Sec, Miss Emma R. Hancock

Periodical: "The Association Monthly." Editor, Miss Mary LouiseAllen. Price, $1.50 (foreign postage, $.50 additional)

Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic, Brazil,

Chile. The Non-Christian World: Asia: Ceylon, China, India(Bombay, Madras), Japan

INTERDENOMINATIONAL (EDUCATIONAL)143—American University at Cairo (AUG) (1914)

(Cairo University)

Office: Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cable:Victorious

Executive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. J. K. McClurkin, D.D.Sees., *Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D., George InnesTreas., E. E. Olcott

Field: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Egypt

Women's Christian College, Madras (WCCM)(see under India)

144—Women's Christian College, Madras, Board of Governors, American Section(1915)

Office: 25 East 22nd Street, New York City. Cable: Synodical, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D.Sec., Rev. W. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

Periodical: "The Sunflower." Editor, Miss Eleanor McDougall. FreeField: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras)

Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

222 UNITED STATES

144a—Board of Trustees of Fukien Christian University (FCU)(1918) (

a)

{Fukien University)

Office: 25 East 22nd Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., E. C. Jones, Ph.D.*Sec, Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Fukien)

(B) This University was formed by a union of the four missions of the American Board

of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (United States), the Church MissionarySociety for Africa and the East (England), the Board of Foreign Missions of

the Methodist Episcopal Church (United States), and Board of Foreign Mis-sions of the Reformed Church in America (United States). It has a Board of

Governors on the field

145—Trustees of the University of Nanking (UN) (1909)

Office: 156 Fifth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

*Pres., Robert E. Speer, D.D.Vice-Pres., Rev. A. McLean, D.D.Treas., Russell Carter

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu)

146—Trustees of Peking University (PU) (1888)

Office: 150 Fifth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Bishop Luther B. Wilson, D.D.Vice-Pres., Arthur Perry*Sec, Rev. Eric M. North, Ph.D.Treas., E. M. McBrier

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli)

147—Arthur T. Pierson Memorial Bible School of Seoul, Korea (PBS)(1911)

Office: 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Cable: MissrevSecretary, Delavan L. Pierson

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Chosen

148—Union Missionary Medical School for Women, South India

(UMSI)Office: 25 East 22nd Street, New York City. Cable: Synodical, New

YorkExecutive Officers:

Chmn. of Board of Governors, Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., LL.D.*Sec, Rev. William I. Chamberlain, Ph.D.

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras)

Women's Christian Medical College (WCMC)(see under India)

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given

above, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 223

149—American Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana,Punjab, India ( )

Office: 289 Fourth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Charles M. Jesup. Esq.Cor. Sec, Miss Elizabeth S. Loveland, Kingston, Pennsylvania

*Rec. Sec. and Treas., Rev. Franklin B. DwightFields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India {Punjab)

INDEPENDENT (EXCEPTING EDUCATIONAL)Africa Inland Mission (AIM)

(see under International)

150—Africa Inland Mission, Home Council for North America (189s)Office: 356 Bridge Street, Brooklyn, New York. Cable: Hearing, BrooklynExecutive Officers:

Director, Rev. Orson R. Palmer, 2244 North 29th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-vania

*Sec. Rev. Oliver M. FletcherPeriodical: "Inland Africa." Editor, Walter F. Clowes. Price, $.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Belgian Congo, British East Africa,

German East Africa

Algiers Mission Band (AMB)(see under North Africa)

151—Woman's Algerian Mission Band, American (1907)Office: 2300 Dexter Street, Denver, Colorado

Secretary, Mrs. J. A. WalkerPeriodical: "Woman's Algerian Band News Letter." Editor, Mrs. J. A. Walker.

FreeField: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Algeria

152—American and Foreign Christian Union (AFCU) (1849)

Office: 104 East 39th Street, New York City-

Secretary, S. W. ThurberFields: Europe: France, Germany if)

(*) The American and Foreign Christian Union maintains the American Church at21 rue de Berri, Paris, France, and also acts as the fiduciary agent for the Amer-ican Church in Berlin, which during the war has been practically disorganized

*53—National Armenia and India Relief Association for Industrial

Orphan Homes (NAIRA) (1895)Office: 345 East 25th Street, Brooklyn, New York

Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Emily Crosby WheelerPeriodical: "The Helping Hand Series." Editor, Miss Emily Crosby

Wheeler. Price, $.10

154—Bible Faith Mission (BF) (1910)Office: Bridgton, Maine

Cor. Sec, Mrs. Sarah K. TaylorPeriodical: "Bible Faith Mission Standard" (America, Bi-monthly).

Editor, Mrs. Sarah K. Taylor. "Bible Faith Mission Standard"(India, Bi-monthly). Editor, C. R. Vedantachan. Price, $.25with "Bible Faith Mission Standard" (America)

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Madras)

(

a)

(B) This Society does not send out foreign missionaries, but supports a large force of

native workers

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

224 UNITED STATES

Bolivian Indian Mission (BM)(see under Bolivia)

155—New York Council, Bolivian Indian Mission (191 6)

Office: 81 Fulton Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Sec, Rev. P. M. Spencer*Cor. Sec, Wm. Strong_Treas., L. A. Whittemore, 1976 Broadway.New York City

Field: Latin America: South America: Bolivia

156—Bolivian Indian Mission, Pacific Coast Council (1917)Office: 536-558 South Hope Street, Los Angeles, California

_ Sec-Treas., Rev. John H. HunterField: Latin America: South America: Bolivia

157—Broad Cast Tract Press and Faith Orphanage (BTP)

Office: 3137 Arapahoe Street, Denver, ColoradoSecretary, Pastor Joshua Gravett

Periodical: "The Ambassador." Editor, Allen N. Cameron. Price,

free

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan)

158—Central American Mission (CAM) (1890)

Office: Paris, TexasExecutive Officers:

Chmn., Luther ReesSec, Thos. J. Jones, 804 Sumpter Building, Dallas, TexasTreas. , D. H. Scott

Periodical: "The Central American Bulletin" (Bi-monthly). Price,

$.25Fields: Latin America: Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala,

Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador

Ceylon and India General Mission (CIGM)(see under England)

159—Ceylon and India General Mission, American Council ( )

Office: 117 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Rev. P. B. Fitzwater, D.D.Field Sec, Rev. Archibald R. WrightTreas., David MacNaughtan

Periodical: "Darkness and Light" (Bi-monthly). Editor, David Gardiner, 63Oakfield Road, Stroud Green, London, N. 4, England. Price, $.50

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Ceylon, India (Madras)

China Inland Mission (CIM)(see under International)

160—China Inland Mission, Council for North America (Philadelphia Office)

(1888) (0)

Office: 235-237 West School Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cable: InlandExecutive Officers:

Home Director and Chmn., Rev. Henry W. FrostSec-Treas., Roger B. Whittlesey

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 225

Periodical: "China's Millions" (North American Edition). Editor, Frederic F.Helmer, 507 Church Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Price, $.50

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Anhwei, Chekiang, Chihli, Honan,Hunan, Hupeh, Kansu, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Kweichow, Shansi, Shantung,Shensi, Sinkiang, Szechwan, Yunnan)

(a) The Council for North America includes both the Philadelphia and Toronto

Branches

161—Christian Herald Missionary Fund (CHMF) (1907)

Office: Bible House, New York City. Cable: ChrisheraldPres. and Publisher, Graham PattersonVice-Pres., Geo. H. Sandison

*Sec., Garner PalmerPeriodical: "Christian Herald." Editor, Geo. H. Sandison. Price,

$3.00

162—Women's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God,Inc. (CGW) (1890) (

a)

Office: Lock Box 46, Buda, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Mary B. Newcomer*Cor. Sec, Mrs. E. E. Chamberlin, Princeton, IowaTreas., Mrs. L. May Bealer, North Liberty, Iowa

Periodical: "The Missionary News." Editor, Mrs. Mary B. New-comer. Price, $.40

FielJ: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Bengal)

(a) This Society is now independent. Formerly it was officially connected with the

General Eldership of the Churches of God

163—Yale University. School of Religion. Day Missions Library

(Day Missions Library)

Address: Drawer 18, Yale Station, New Haven, ConnecticutLibr., Prof. Harlan P. Beach, D.D., P.R.G.S.

*Libr. in Charge, Mrs. Margaret L. Moody

164—Evangel Mission (EvM)Office: 379 Witmer Street, Los Angeles, CaliforniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., T. Ashton Fry*Sec, C. A. JefTers

Periodical: "The Evangel." Editor, Rev. Edwin P. Burtt, Shiuhing,West River, South China. Price, $.20

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung)

165—Gospel Missionary Society (GMS) (1903)

Office: Peoples Church of Christ, Court Street, New Britain, Conn.Treas., L. H. TaylorSec, Delbert K. Perry

Periodical: "The Messenger"Field: The Non-Christian World: Africa: British East Africa

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

226 UNITED STATES

166—Harvard Mission (H) (1904)

Office: Phillips Brooks House, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Executive Officers:

Chmn. Grad. Comm., G. E. HugginsChmn., Powers HapgoodVice-Chmn., G. E. Huggins*Sec, The Graduate SecretaryTreas., Arthur S. Johnson

167—Bureau of Missions of the National Association for the Promo-tion of Holiness (NHM) (1910)

{National Holiness Mission)

Office: 825 Woodbine Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois. Cable: BeatriceSecretary, Mrs. Beatrice C. Beezley

Periodical: "Call to Prayer" (Bi-monthly). Editor, Mrs. BeatriceC. Beezley. Price, $.50

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Shantung)

Inland-South-America Missionary Union (ISAM)(see under International)

168—Council in the United States of the Inland South America Missionary Union(1915)

Office: 5029 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaHome Director, Rev. Kenneth Mackenzie, Westport, Connecticut*Gen. Sec, Rev. J. R. SchafierField Sec, Rev. Joseph A. Davis, Erdenheim, Montgomery County, Pennsyl-

vaniaPeriodical: "Inland South America." Editor, Rev. John Hay, 130 George Street,

Edinburgh, Scotland. Price, $.30Fields: Latin America: South America: Argentine Republic Brazil, Paraguay

169—International Medical Missionary Society (IMMS) (i88i)(a)

Office: 113 Fulton Street, New York CitySecretary, Rev. George H. Dowkontt. M.D.

(») The purpose of this Society is to assist intending missionaries to secure an educa-tion in recognized medical colleges, and to maintain the Missionary Home atMountain Rest, Goshen, Massachusetts

170—International Missionary Union (IMU) (1883) (a)

(*) This is an interdenominational yearly conference of retired missionaries, mission-aries on furlough and missionaries under appointment

Office: Clifton Springs, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. J. Sumner Stone, M.D., 155 Pelham Road, NewRochelle, New York

*Cor. Sec, Mrs. Alice M. Williams, 149 West College Street, Ober-lin, Ohio

171—International Reform Bureau (IRB) (1895)

Office: 200 Pennsylvania Avenue, S. E., Washington, D. C. Cable:

InrefbuSuperintendent, Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph.D.

Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that given

above, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 227

Periodical: "The Twentieth Century Quarterly." Editor, Rev.Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph.D. Price, $.50

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Chihli), Chosen,

Japan. Oceania: Philippine Islands(a)

(») This Society has official representatives in the fields mentioned. It also worksthroughout Southern and South Eastern Asia and Latin America

Also work in the United States and Canada

Jebail Settlement (JS)(see under Turkey)

172—Jebail Settlement (1905)

Office: "The Dresden," Washington, D. C.Treasurer, Mrs. Wilbur J. Can-

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Syria, including Palestine

173—American Hospital at Konia (CHK)Office: 7 East 42nd Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Allison DoddSec, Charles E. ManierreRec. and Edit. Sec, H. F. Laflamme, 222 Fourth Avenue, NewYork City

*Treas., James M. SpeersField: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia (Asia Minor)

Lebanon Hospital for Mental Diseases(see under England)

174—American Committee for the Lebanon Hospital for Mental Diseases (1896)

Office: 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cable: RhainesSec, Robert B. Haines, Jr.

Treas., Asa S. WingField: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Syria, including Palestine

Mission Populaire Evangelique de France (McM)(see under France)

175—American McAll Association

Office: 17 10 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Chas. H. ParkhurstFirst Vice-Pres., Mrs. Frank B. KelleySecond Vice-Pres., Mrs. George E. DimockCor. Sec, Mrs. H. L. WaylandRec. Sec, Mrs. Edward Yates HillGen. Sec, Miss Harriet HarveyField Sec, Rev. George T. Berry, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York CityTreas., Mrs. Abraham R. Perkins

Periodical: "The American McAll Record" (issued four times a year). Editor, Mrs.Louise Seymour Houghton. Price, $.35 (with Annual Report. Ten or moreto one address, $.25, not including Annual Report)

Field: Europe: France

176—Mandingo Association, Inc. (MA) (1916)

Office: 27 Cedar Street, New York CitySec-Treas., Rev. Franklin J. Clark

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

228 UNITED STATES

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: French Guinea, Sierra

Leone

General Mission Committee of the Dutch Reformed Church of SouthAfrica (DRCSA)

(see under South Africa)

177—American Committee of the Nyasaiand Mission of Central Africa of the DutchReformed Church of South Africa (191 7)

Office: Institute Place, Chicago,^IllinoisExecutive Officers:

Chmn., A. F. Gaylord*Sec, N. H. CampTreas., R. Glendinning

Fields: (•)

(a) This is an aiding committee of the Nyasaiand Mission and has no work for which

it is primarily responsible

178—Christian Association of the University of Pennsylvania (ForeignDepartment) (UPCA) (1901)

Office: Christian Association, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-

phia, PennsylvaniaFor. Miss. Sec, Edward C. Wood

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu)

Mukti Mission (MM)(see under India)

179—American Ramabai Association (1896)

Office: 299 Waterman Stree£, Providence, Rhode IslandExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. Harlan P. Beach, D.D., F.R.G.S.*Chmn. Exec. Committee, Miss Clementina ButlerRec. Sec, Miss Alice H. Baldwin, 233 Fisher Avenue, Brookline, MassachusettsTreas., Edgar C. Linn, 1352 Beacon Street, Brookline, Massachusetts

Periodical: "Mukti Prayer Bell." Editor, Pundita Ramabai. Free to subscribersField: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Bombay)

Santal Mission of the Northern Churches (SMNC)(see under India)

180—American Committee of the Santal Mission (1891)

Office: Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Cable: SantalSecretary, Prof. J. H. Blegen

Periodical: "Santhalmissionaeren." Editor, Prof. J. H. Blegen. Price, S.50Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: India (Assam, Behar and Orissa)

South Africa General Mission (SAGM)(see under International)

181—American Home Council of the South Africa General Mission (1910)

Office: 32 Court Street, Brooklyn, New York. Cable: Saggmis, BrooklynExecutive Officers:

Pres., William Phillips HallVice-Pres., Rev. J. G. Snyder*Sec, Rev. Wm. H. HendricksonRec. Sec, E. D. GarnseyTreas., W. W. KouwenhovenField Sec, Rev. Arthur J. Bowen

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 229

Periodicals: "The South African Pioneer" ("The S. A. G. M. Pioneer"). Editor, Mrs.James Middlemiss. Price, $.50. "Diamonds from South Africa." Editor,Mrs. Edgar Faithful!. Price, $.25

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Angola, Basutoland, Cape of Good HopeProvince, Natal, Nyasaland, Orange River Colony, Portuguese East Africa,Rhodesia, Swaziland, Transvaal

182—South China Boat Mission (SCBM) (191 1)

{Boat Mission)

Office: 542 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois

Executive Officers:

Director, Miss Florence Drew*Home Sec, Edward Drew

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung)

183—Rev. D. M. Stearns* Church and Bible Classes (SCBC) (1900)

Office: 167 Chelten Avenue, Germantown, PennsylvaniaSecretary, Miss S. C. Dunkelberger

Periodical: "Kingdom Tidings"Fields: Latin America: West Indies: Porto Rico. The Non-Christian

World. Africa: MoroccoAlso work in the United States and in other countries through

various missionary agencies

Sudan United Mission (SUM)(see under International)

184—American Council of the Sudan United Mission (1906)

Office: 25 Pine Grove Avenue, Summit, New Jersey. Cable: Kumm, Summit, NewJersey

General Secretary, Dr. H. K. W. KummPeriodical: "Newsletter." Editor, Mrs. E. Williams. Price, $.50Field: The Non-Christian World: Africa: Nigeria

185—Foreign Sunday School Association of the United States of

America (FSSA) (1878) (a)

(a) Merged with the World's Sunday School Association (International) in 1919- It

is entered as 139" in the present directory

186—James M. Taylor Interdenominational Missionary Work (TIM)(1909) (

a)

Office: 807 Deery Street, Knoxville, TennesseeDirector, Rev. James M. Taylor, D.D.

(a) This is a fund rather than a society. All monies are dispersed through the regular

Missionary Societies

187—American Waldensian Aid Society (AWAS)Office: 520 West End Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

*Gen. Sec, Miss Leonora KelsoCor. Sec, Mrs. Richard A. DormanRec Sec, Mrs. Frank Gardner MooreTreas., Eugene DelanoAssist. Treas., Mrs. Gilbert Colgate

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

230 UNITED STATES

188—Woman's Union Missionary Society of America (WTJ) (i860)

Office: 67 Bible House, New York City. Cable: WunsocExecutive Officers:

Pres., Mrs. Samuel J. Broadwell*Cor. Sec, Mrs. S. T. DauchyAsst. Treas., Miss Clara E. Masters, Miss Elsie E. McCartee

Periodical: "The Missionary Link." Editor, Mrs. F. S. Bronson.Price, $.50

Fields: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kiangsu), India(Bengal, United Provinces), Japan

189—World's Faith Missionary Association (WFMA) (1896) (a)

Office: 200 Mathews Street, Shenandoah, IowaExecutive Officers:

*Pres., Rev. C. S. HanleyVice-Pres., Rev. J. S. JohnsonSec, R. B. WilsonTreas., Mrs. C. S. Hanley

Periodical: "The Missionary World." Editor, Rev. C. S. Hanley.Price, $.50

(a) This Society sends no missionaries. It supports workers under several denomina-

tional societies

INDEPENDENT (EDUCATIONAL)190—Trustees of the Canton Christian College (CCC) (1886)

Office : 1 56 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Cable : Honglok, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Hon. Pres., Herbert ParsonsVice-Pres., Francis S. Phraner, Charles H. Parkhurst*Sec and Treas., W. Henry GrantAsst. Sec, Miss Katharine C. Griggs

Periodical: "Bulletin of the Canton Christian College"Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Kwangtung)

191—Trustees of the American College for Girls at Constantinople(ACGC) (1908)

Office: 70 Fifth Avenue, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Hon. Chas. R. CraneSec, Samuel C. Darling*Bursar, Miss Susan H. Olmstead

Periodical: "Constantinople College News"Field: The Non-Christian World: Turkey in Europe

192—Board of Trustees of the Gould Memorial Home and IndustrialSchools, Rome, Italy (1875)

Office: 45 Cedar Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

*Pres., Henry B. Barnes

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

UNITED STATES 231

Treas., Frederick DwightField: Europe: Italy

193—Board of Directors of the Iconium College (IC) (1907)

Office: 40 Flushing Avenue, Jamaica, Long Island, New YorkExecutive Officers:

Pres., David J. Burrell, D.D., LL.D.See, Martin RalphField Sec., J. O. Wylie, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York CityTreas., Frederick O. Foxcroft

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Turkey in Asia

194—Trustees of Mackenzie College, Sao Paulo, Brazil (MC) (1892)

Office: 5 West 82nd Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Rev. George Alexander, D.D.Sec, Rev. D. C. MacLaren, D.D.

Periodical: "Revista de Engenharia do Mackenzie College"Field: Latin America: South America: Brazil

195—Trustees of Robert College (RC) (1864)

Office: 18 East 41st Street, New York CityExecutive Officers:

Pres., Cleveland H. Dodge, 99 John Street, New York CityPres. of the Faculty, Rev. Caleb F. Gates, D.D., LL.D.Vice-Pres., Robert W. DeForrestSec, Rev. A. W. Halsey, D.D., 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City*Ex. Sec, Luther R. Fowle

Field: The Non-Christian World: Turkey in Europe

196—Trustees of Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria (SPC) (1863)

Office: 18 East 41st Street, New York CityPres., Rev. D. Stuart Dodge, D.D., "The Allendale," 808 WestEnd Avenue, New York City

*Cor. Sec, Bayard DodgeEx. Sec, Albert W. StaubTreas., William M. Kingsley

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: Syria, including Palestine

197-—Yale Foreign Missionary Society (YM) (1903)

{Yale in China, Yale Mission)

Office: 5 White Hall, Yale Station, New Haven, ConnecticutExecutive Officers:

Chmn. of Board of Trustees, Prof. F. Wells WilliamsPres., Clarence H. Kelsey*Sec-Treas., Amos P. Wilder, Ph.D.

Periodical: "Yali Quarterly" (Quarterly). Editor, Amos P. Wilder,Ph.D. Price, $.25

Field: The Non-Christian World: Asia: China (Hunan)

* Officer to whom general correspondence should be sent. The address is that givenabove, unless otherwise specified

232 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIESAfrica Inland Mission (AIM)

Rev. Oliver M. Fletcher, 356 Bridge Street, Brooklyn, New York,U. S. A.

James B. Nicholson, Esq., 2 Bilyard Avenue, Sydney, New SouthWales

Rev. Donald P. Robinson, M.A., 78A East Street, Baker Street,

London, W., England

(Councils in the United States, Australia and England)

China Inland Mission (CIM)

D. E. Hoste, Newington Green, Mildmay, London, N. 16, England

(Councils in America (Toronto and Philadelphia offices), Australia,

England and China. Associated Missions in the United States (2),

Finland, Germany (4), Norway (2) and Sweden (3))

Inland-South-America Missionary Union (ISAM)

Mrs. Margaret E. Hay, 130 George Street, Edinburgh, Scotland

(Councils in Canada, United States and Scotland)

Mission der Briidergemeine (Mission of the United Brethren) (Mor)

Rev. Theodor Bechler, Rev. Samuel Baudert, Herrnhut i. S., Germany(Auxiliary Societies in England (2), Germany (4), and the Nether-

lands)

South Africa General Mission (SAGM)James Middlemiss, Box 988, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope Prov-

ince, Union of South Africa

(Councils in the United States, England and Cape of Good HopeProvince)

Sudan United Mission (SUM)Gilbert Dawson, 16, New Bridge Street, London, E. C. 4, England

(Councils in the United States, Australia, England, Denmark and Capeof Good Hope Province)

World's Sunday School Association (WSSA)Frank L. Brown, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City, U. S. A.Rev. Corey Bonner, 56, Old Bailey, London, E. C, England

(Local organizations in China, India and Japan)

World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)Miss Anna Adams Gordon, Evanston, Illinois, U. S. A.Miss Agnes E. Slack, Ripley, Derbyshire, England

AUSTRALIA 233

HAWAIIAN ISLANDSCONGREGATIONALBoard of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA)

Rev. Henry P. Judd, Mission Memorial, King Street, Honolulu

AUSTRALIABAPTIST

Australian Board of Baptist Foreign Mission (AuBM)Rev. J. C. Martin, Baptist Union Office, Flinders -street, Adelaide,South Australia

CHURCH OF ENGLANDAustralian Board of Missions (AuM)

Rev. H. M. R. Rupp, 242 Pitt Street, Sydney, N. S. W.

DISCIPLES OR CHRISTIANFederal Foreign Mission Committee of Churches of Christ in Aus-

tralia (CCAu)

Rev. Ira A. Paternoster, 2 Buller Street, Prospect, South Australia

LUTHERANMissionary Committee of the Immanuel German Evangelical Luth-

eran Synod of Australia (IGLA)

Rev. L. Kaibel, Tanunda, South Australia

METHODISTMethodist Missionary Society of Australasia (MMAu)

Rev. John G. Wheen, 139 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, N. S. W.

PRESBYTERIANBoard of Missions of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian

Church of Australia (AuP)

Rev. T. Watt Leggatt, Assembly Hall, 156 Collins Street, Mel-bourne, Victoria

NOT DENOMINATIONALAboriginal Inland Mission (AIMA)

Mr. and Mrs. Long, Aboriginal Inland Mission, Singleton, N. S. W.Africa Inland Mission (AIM)

(see under International)

Africa Inland Mission, Home Council for AustraliaJames B. Nicholson, Esq., 2 Bilyard Avenue, Sydney, N. S. W.

China Inland Mission (CIM)(see under International)

China Inland Mission, Council for Australasia

J. Southey, 267 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria

234 NEW ZEALAND

South Sea Evangelical Mission (SSEM)Miss F. S. H. Young, Gibb's Chambers, 7, Moore Street, Sydney,N. S. W.

Sudan United Mission (SUM)(see under International)

Australian and New Zealand Council of the Sudan United MissionD. N. MacDiarmid, B.A., 182 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria

National Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations of

Australia and New Zealand (YMCAAu)

J. Henry Lang, Y. M. C. A. Building, Melbourne, Victoria

Foreign Department of the National Young Women's Christian

Associations of Australasia (YWCAAu)

Miss Helen F. Barnes, M.A., 5 Lyons Terrace, Liverpool Street,

Sydney, N. S. W.

NEW ZEALANDBAPTISTNew Zealand Baptist Missionary Society (NZBMS)

Rev. Stanley Jenkin, Wanganui

CHURCH OF ENGLANDMelanesian Mission (MelM)

Rev. A. Neild, Auckland

METHODISTNew Zealand Methodist Home Mission and Church Extension

Society (NZMH)Rev. T. G. Brooke, Penryn Road, Mt. Eden, Auckland

PRESBYTERIANForeign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New

Zealand (PCNZ)

Rev. Alexander Don, 8 Oban Street, Roslyn, Dunedin

Maori Mission Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zea-land (PCNZM)

Rev. Alexander Doull, St. Andrew's Manse, Palmerston North

NOT DENOMINATIONALBolivian Indian Mission (BM)

(see under Bolivia)

Bolivian Indian Mission, Dunedin CouncilDavid Love, Kirkland Street, Green Island, Dunedin

ENGLAND 235

ENGLANDBAPTIST

Baptist Missionary Society (BMS)Rev. Charles Edward Wilson, B.A., Rev. W. Y. Fullerton, 19, Furn-

ival Street, Holborn, London, E. C. 4

Strict Baptist Mission (SB)

Rev. W. Chisnal, 16, The Grove, Isleworth, Middlesex

Pioneer Mission (British and Continental) (PM)Rev. E. C.

;Carter, 7, Trinity Street, Borough, London, E. C.

Baptist Missionary Association (BMA)19, Furnival Street, Holborn, London, E. C.

CHRISTIAN OR BRETHRENChristian Missions in Many Lands (CMML) (*)

William Henry Bennet, William Edwy Vine, M.A., WilliamRhodes Lewis, 1, Widcombe Crescent, Bath

(a) Also"known as the "Echoes of Service" Missionary Society. See also under Breth-

ren Missionaries, United States

CHURCH OF ENGLANDSociety for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG)The Rt. Rev. Bishop King, 15, Tufton Street, Westminster, S. W. 1

Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East (CMS)Rev. Cyril C. B. Bardsley, M.A., 16, Salisbury Square, London,

E. C. 4

London Society forTPromoting Christianity amongst the Jews (LJS)

Rev. E. L. Langston, M.A., Rev. C. H. Gill, M.A., 16, Lincoln'sInn Fields, London, W. C.

South American Missionary Society (SAMS)Rev. Alan Ewbank, M.A., 20, John Street, London, W. C. 1

Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA)Rev. Canon Duncan Travers, 9, Dartmouth Street, Westminster,

S. W. 1

Baakleen Medical Mission to the Druses (BMM)Miss L. W. Burnett, 22, Albert Square, Clapham Road, London,

S. W.

Cowley, Wantage, & All Saints Missionary Association (SSJE)

Miss Mary Booker, 50, Queen Anne's Gate Street, James' Park,London, S. W. 1

Oxford Mission to Calcutta (OMC)Miss Edith Argles, Spinney Piece, Bagley Wood, Oxford

236 ENGLAND

Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (CEZMS)Rev. C. E. Paterson, M.A., Lonsdale Chambers, 27, Chancery LaneiLondon, W. C. 2

Jerusalem and the East Mission (JEM)Rev. E. M. Bickersteth, The Church House, Dean's Yard, West-

minster, London, S. W. 1

Palestine Village Mission (PVM)Miss A. H. Wilson, Salem House, Wicklow, Ireland

Central Board of Missions of the Church of England

Rev. H. Saumarez Smith, 3, Bedford Square, London, W. C. 1

COUNTESS OF HUNTINGDON'S CONNECTIONSierra Leone Mission (SLM)

E. Dolby Shelton, 41, Holborn Hall, London, W. C.

FRIENDSFriends' Foreign Mission Association (FFMA)Henry T. Hodgkin, M.A., M.B., 15, Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate,

London, E. C. 2

Friends' Armenian Mission Committee (FAMC)(a)

W. C. Braithwaite, Castle House, BanburyMiss Maude Rowntree, 12, Ramshill Road, Scarborough

(a) Also known as the "Friends' Armenian Mission in Constantinople"

Friends' Anti-Slavery Committee (FAS) (a)

(a) Merged with the Friends' Foreign Missionary Association, 1918

METHODISTWesleyan Methodist Missionary Society (WMMS)

Rev. William Goudie, 24, Bishopsgate, London, E. C. 2

Primitive Methodist Missionary Society (PMMS)(a)

Rev. j. T. Barkby, Holborn Hall, Gray's Inn Road, London, W. C. 1

(a) Auxiliary in the United States

United Methodist Church Missionary Society (UMC)Rev. Charles Stedeford, 202, Gravelly Hill, Birmingham

Women's Auxiliary of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society(WMMSW)

Miss H. M. Bradford, Miss A. M. Hellier, 17, Cromwell Place,

Highgate, N. 6

MORAVIANMission der Briidergemeine (Mor)

(see under International)

London Association in aid of Moravian MissionsRev. Edgar Swainson, A.K.C., 7, New Court, Lincoln's Inn, London, W. C. 2

Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel among the HeathenRev. Charles Klesel, 32, Fetter Lane, London, E. C.

ENGLAND 237

PRESBYTERIANForeign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Eng-

land (EPM)Rev. P. J. Maclagan, M.A., D. Phil., 7, East India Avenue,

London, E. C. 3

Welsh Calvinistic Methodists' Foreign Missions (WCMM)Rev. R. J. Williams, 16 Falkner Street, Liverpool

NOT DENOMINATIONALAfrica Inland Mission (AIM)

(see under International)

Africa Inland Mission, Home Council for the British Isles

Rev. Donald P. Robinson, M.A., 78A East Street, Baker Street, London, W.

Angola Evangelical Mission (AEM)Walter Astley, Kenworthy House, Northenden

Bolivian Indian Mission (BM)(see under Bolivia)

Bolivian Indian Mission, London CouncilThomas Hancock, 81, Ashley Road, Bristol

British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS)

Rev. John H. Ritson, M.A., D.D., Rev. S. Nowell-Rostron, M.A.,Bible House, 146, Queen Victoria Street, London, E. C. 4

British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews(BSJ)

Rev. Prank J. Exley, 9, Great James Street, Bedford Row, London,W.C. 1

British Syrian Mission (BSM)

Miss J. E. Hutcheon, Grosvenor House, The Ridgeway, Wimble-don, S. W.

Central Asian Mission (CAsM)Col. G. Wingate, CLE., 52, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Sardinia House,

London, W. C.

Central Asian Pioneer Mission (CAPM)F. D. Norwood, Esq., 2 & 4, Tudor Street, London, E. C.

Ceylon and India General Mission (CIGM)(a)

David Gardiner, 121, Stapleton Road, Stroud Green, London, N. 4(a) Co uncils in Canada and United States

Children's Special Service Mission (CSSM)Henry Hankinson, 13A Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row, London,

E.C.

China Inland Mission (CIM)(see under International)

China Inland Mission, London CouncilRev. J. Stuart Holden, M.A., D.D., Newington Green, Mildmay, London, N. 16

238 ENGLAND

Christian Literature Society for India (CLSI)

Rev. George Patterson, 35, John Street, Bedford Row, London,W. C. 1

Dufferin and Procter Memorial Schools (DPMS)Miss Amy L. Procter, 7, Miles Road, Clifton

Egypt General Mission (EGM)

J. Martin Cleaver, B.A., 10, Drayton Park, Highbury, London, N.

Evangelical Mission to Israel (EMJ)D. C. Joseph, 138, Clifden Road, Clapton, London, N. E.

Evangelical Union of South America (EUSA) (a)

Rev. A. Stuart McNairn, 8 & 9, Essex Street, Strand, London, W. C.(*) This Society has an auxiliary in Canada

Heart of Africa Mission (HAM)Mrs. C. T. Studd, 17, Highland Road, Norwood, London, S. E. 19

Indian Christian Mission (ICM)

Hy. Bastow, "Aalsund," Ashurst Road, North Finchley, London, N.

International Postal Telegraph Christian Association (IPTCA)

Mr. Lovelace, 62, Bartholomew Close, London, E. C.

Kurku and Central Indian Hill Mission (KCIHM)F. W. Howard Piper, Esq., L.L.B.,"Arden,"Bushey Heath, Herts.

Lakher Pioneer Mission (LPM)Miss Alice S. Denning, 23, Putney Common, London, S. W. 15

Lebanon Hospital for the Insane (LHI) (a)

Miss A. M. Gooch, 35, Queen Victoria Street, London, E. C.

(a) This Society has committees in Canada, United States, Netherlands and Switzer-

land

London Missionary Society (LMS)F. H. Hawkins, LL.B., Rev. F. Lenwood, M.A., 16, New Bridge

Street, London, E. C. 4

Mildmay Mission to the Jews (MMJ)Rev. Samuel Hinds Wilkinson, Central Hall, Philpot Street,

Commercial Road, London, E. 1

Missionary Settlement for University Women (MSUW)Miss E. I. M. Boyd, M.A., 14, Endsleigh Gardens, London, N.W. 1

Nile Mission Press (NMP)John L. Oliver, Esq., 22, Culverden Park Road, Tunbridge Wells

North Africa Mission (NAM)Edward H. Glermy, 18, John Street, Bedford Row, London, W.C.I

ENGLAND 239

Nyassa Industrial Mission (NIM)

Rev. Alfred Walker, Sandrock House, Sevenoaks, Kent

Pentecostal Missionary Union for Great Britain and Ireland (PMU)T. H. Mundell, 30, Avondale Road, South Croyden

Regions Beyond Missionary Union (RBMU)Rev. William Wilkes, Harley House, Bow Road, London, E.

Religious Tract Society (RTS)

Rev. P. T. Thornburgh, M.A., 65, St. Paul's Churchyard,London, E. C. 4

Salvation Army (SA)

Colonel Francis W. Pearce, 101, Queen Victoria Street, London,E. C.

San Pedro Mission to the Indians (SPI)(see tinder Canada)

San Pedro Mission to the Indians, English CommitteeB. F. Babcock, West Derby, Liverpool

South Africa General Mission (SAGM)(see under International)

English Council of the South Africa General MissionEdgar C. Faithful, M.A., 17, Homefield Road, Wimbledon, London, S. W. 19

Sudan United Mission (SUM)(see under International)

British Council of the Sudan United MissionGilbert Dawson, 16, New Bridge Street, London, E. C. 4

Women's Christian College, Madras (WCCM)(see under India)

Women's Christian College, Madras, Board of Governors, British SectionT. R. W. Lunt, 3. Tudor Street, London, E. C.

Women's Christian Medical College (WCMC)(see under India)

Women's Christian Medical College, London Auxiliary CommitteeMiss Clara Benham, 15, Holwood Road, Bromley, Kent

Work among Japanese Seamen in the Port of London (JSL)

Miss O. Kennion, 10, Carlton Square, Mile End, London

World's Sunday School Association (WSSA)(see under International)

World's Sunday School AssociationSecretary in England, Rev. Corey Bonner, 56, Old Bailey, London, E. C.

World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)(see under International)

World's Woman's Christian Temperance UnionMiss Agnes E. Slack, Ripley, Derbyshire

Foreign Department of the English National Council of the YoungMen's Christian Associations (YMCAE)

Sir Arthur K. Yapp, K.B.E., 13, Russell Square, London, W. C

240 IRELAND

Foreign Department of the National Young Women's Christian As-sociation of Great Britain and Ireland (YWCAB)

Miss Constance E. Wathen, 26, George Street, Hanover Square,London, W. 1

Zambesi Industrial Mission (ZIM)

Robert Caldwell, F.R.G.S., 11, Chapel Street, Milton Street,

London, E. C.

Zenana Bible and Medical Mission (ZBMM)Rev. E. S. Carr, M.A., Rev. T. Carter, Th.D., Miss M. Grace

Liesching, 33, Surrey Street, Strand, London, W. C. 2

IRELANDPRESBYTERIAN

Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (IP)

Rev. George Thompson, D.D., Foreign Mission Office, ChurchHouse, Fisherwick Place, Belfast

Jewish Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (PCIJ)

Rev. Edward Clarke, M.A., Church House, Fisherwick Place,

Belfast

Continental Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (PCIC)

Rev. John A. Bain, Church House, Fisherwick Place, Belfast

Jungle Tribes Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (JTM)Rev. H. Montgomery, 5 Lower Crescent, Belfast

Foreign Mission of the Reformed Presbyterian Synod of Ireland(RPI)

Rev. S. R. McNeilly, B.A., Bailiesmills Manse, Lisburn

NOT DENOMINATIONALMission to Lepers (ML) (

a)

W. H. P. Anderson, 20 Lincoln Place, Dublin

(a) Auxiliary Committees in Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand

Qua Iboe Mission (QIM)Robert L. M'Keown, 108-109 Scottish Provident Buildings, Belfast

Women's Christian Medical College (WCMC)(see under India)

Women's Christian Medical College, Dublin CommitteeMiss Florence Condon, L.R.C.P.I., 29 Morehampton Road, Donnybrook, Dublin

SCOTLANDBAPTIST

Baptist Industrial Mission of Scotland (BIMS)

Sir Adam Nimmo, M.A., 21 Bothwell Street, Glasgow

SCOTLAND 241

DISCIPLES OR CHRISTIANSForeign Mission Committee of Chinches of Christ (CCS)

Rev. W. Crockatt, 179 Nithsdale Road, Pollokscheilds Road,Glasgow

EPISCOPALBoard of Foreign Missions of the Representative Council of the

Episcopal Church in Scotland (ECS)

Robert T. Norfor, C.A., 13 Queen Street, Edinburgh

PRESBYTERIANChurch of Scotland Foreign Mission Committee (CSFM)W. M. M'Lachlan, Esq., M.A., W.S., 22 Queen Street, Edinburgh

Church of Scotland Women's Association for Foreign Missions(CSFMW)

Miss J. M. Macpherson, 22 Queen Street, Edinburgh

Church of Scotland Committee for the Conversion of the Jews (CSJ)

John A. Trail, Esq., LL.D., W.S., 28 Rutland Square, Edinburgh

Walker-Arnott Tabeetha Mission (TMS)C. E. W. Macpherson, Esq., C.A., 6 N. St. David Street, Edinburgh

Foreign Mission Board of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of

Scotland (RPS)

Rev. W. Russell, M.A., 12 Colinslee Terrace, Paisley

United Original Secession Church of Scotland, Foreign MissionCommittee (UOS)

Rev. Alexander Smellie, D.D., Carluke

Foreign Mission Committee of the United Free Church of Scotland(UFS)

Rev. Frank Ashcroft, M.A., Rev. James Webster, Foreign MissionOffice, 121 George Street, Edinburgh

United Free Church of Scotland, Jewish Mission (UFSJ)James T. Webster, 121 George Street, Edinburgh

Free Church of Scotland Foreign Mission (FCS)

Rev. Alexander Stewart, Mound, Edinburgh

NOT DENOMINATIONALAssociation for the Support of the Jessie Taylor Memorial School

for Moslem and Druse Girls (JTMS)Mrs. Fraser, 5 Greenhill Terrace, Edinburgh

Central Morocco Mission (CMM)Mrs. Robert Kerr, 1 1 Stevenson Drive, Langside, Glasgow

242 WALES

Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society (EMMS)E, Sargood Pry, M.B., CM., Medical Mission House, 56 George

Square, Edinburgh

Emmanuel Medical Mission (EMM)180 Ingram Street, Glasgow

Hill-Murray Mission to the Chinese Blind and Illiterate Sighted in

North China .'MCB)

John Wylie, Esq. [Secretary pro tern.), 140 West George Street,

Glasgow

Inland-South-America Missionary Union (ISAM)(see nndex International

Intend-South-America Missionary Union, Council in Great BritainMrs, Margaret E, Hay, 153 George s:ree:. Bdmboxgh

National Bible Society of Scotland NB8S)]ar::e; Murray, Esq., 224 West George Street. GlasgowRev. R. H. iralconer, 5 St. Andre~ Square. hiirSzurgh

Southern Morocco Mission (SMM;John Geddes, 64 Bothwell Street, Glasgow

Tibetan Mission CTM)George Rankin, Esq., 3 West Bell Street, Dundee

Women's Christian Medical College (WCMC)(see tmdec India]

Women's Christian Medical College, Edinburgh CommitteeJam es Cornwall, Esq., 24 Dnnrsbe-.:gb Gardens, Edinburgh

Foreign Mission Department of the Scottish National Council of theYoung Men's Christian Associations , YMCAS)

H. Lightbody" 11S George Street, Edinburgh

WALESNOT DENOMINATIONALMaranham Christian Mission (MCM)Sidney Durk, 17 Morgan Street, Swansea

Thado-Kookie Pioneer Mission (TPM)Rev. D. Loyd Jones, B.A., Aber, Carnarvonshire

AUSTRIA-HUNGARYVienna Gustav Adolph Verein (VGAS)

BELGIUMSociete Beige des Missions Protestantes au Congo (BPM)M. Pierre M. OHvier, 51 Rue Crespel, Bruxeiles

BULGARIA 243

BULGARIA

Bulgarian Evangelical Society (BES)

G. N. Popoff, Ludjene, Peshtersko

DENMARKDanske Missionsselskab (Danish Missionary Society) (DMS)

Rev. Christian Schlesch, Strandagervej 24, Hellerup, Kobenhavn

Dansk Kirke-Mission i Arabien (Danish Church Mission in Arabia)(DKMA)

• Missionaer P. Wissenberg, Eckersbergsgade 8, Kobenhavn

Mission der Briidergemeine (Mor)(see under International)

Nordschleswigsche Missionsverein(see under Germany)

Osterlands-Missionen (Mission to the Orient) (DMO)Rev. C. Siegumfeldt, Lyderslev, Storehadinge

Santal Mission of the Northern Churches (SMNC)(see under India)

Danish Board for the Santal MissionAage Krohn, Esq., Ceres Vei 4, Kobenhavn V

Sudan United Mission (SUM)(see under International)

Danish Council of the Sudan United MissionMissionaer Juul, Strib

Teltmissionen (Tent Mission) (HTM)Rev. Mr. Hass, Stenhus, Holbeck

Udvalget for L. P. Larsens Missionsarbejde blandt indiske Studenter(Committee for L. P. Larsen's Missionary Work among Stu-dents in India) (LPL)

Rev. Marius Hansen, Norde Frihavnsgade 71, Kobenhavn

FINLAND

China Inland Mission (CIM)(see under International)

Fria Missionen i Finland (Free (Church) Mission of Finland) (FFC)20, Eriksgatan, Abo

Finska Missionssallskapet (Finnish Missionary Society) (FMS)Rev. Hannu Haahti, Helsingfors

Lutherska Evangeliforeningen i Finland (Lutheran Evangelical So-ciety of Finland) (LEF)

Pastor L. L. Byman, Helsingfors

244 FRANCE

FRANCEMission Populaire Hvangelique de France (McAll Mission) (McM)(»)

Rev. Henri Guex, I Rue Pierre Levde, Paris(») This Society has committees in Canada and the United States

Mission protestante francaise en Kabylie (Union pour l'Evangelisa-tion des Musulmans du Nord de PAfrique, Mission methodistefrancaise en Kabylie) (French Protestant Mission in Kabylie)(KM) (1886)

M. Bres, Il-Maten, Dep. de Constantine, Alg6rie

Societe des Missions Evangeliques chez les Peuples non Cretiens(Paris Evangelical Missionary Society) (P),

M. J. Bianquis, M. Daniel Couve, M. A. Casalis, 102, boulevard'Arago, Paris

Vereinigte Gemeinden der deutschen Kirchen A. C. in Paris (UnitedEvangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Paris) (UEAC)

GERMANYAllgemeiner evangelisch - protestantischer Missionsverein (General

Society for Evangelical Protestant Missions) (Weimar Mission)(AEPM)

Rev. Joannes Witte, Dr. Lie, Sedanstrasse 40, Berlin-Steglitz

Aussatzigen-Asyl "Jesushilfe" in Jerusalem (Jesushilfe Leper Asylumin Jerusalem) (HLJ)

Rev. W. L. Kolbing, D.th., Rev. Karl Kiichener, Herrnhut i. S.

Berliner Frauen-Missionsverein fur China (Berlin V/omen's Mission-ary Society for China (BFM)

Rev. H. Gluer, Georgenkirchstrasse 70, Berlin

Berliner Missionsgesellschaft (Berlin Missionary Society) (Berlin I)

(Bn)

Rev. Dr. Karl Axenfeld, Georgenkirchstrasse 70, Berlin NO 43

China Inland Mission (CIM)(see under International)

Deutsche China-Allianz-Mission in Barmen (German China Alliance Mission in Bar-men) (GCAM)

K. Engler, C. Polnick, Seifenstrasse 5, BarmenDeutscher Frauen Missionsbund (German Women's Missionary Union) (DFMB)

Bibelhaus, Malche, bei Freienwalde, a. O.

Friedenshort Deaconess Mission (FDM)Miechowitz, Oberschlesien

Liebenzeller Mission (Liebenzell Mission) (L)

(see separate entry, Germany)

Deutsche Orient Mission (German Orient Mission) (DOM)Pastor Dr. Roemer, Gr. Weinmeisterstrasse 50, Potsdam

GERMANY 245

Deutscher Hiilfsbund fur christliches Liebeswerk im Orient (GermanAid Society for Christian Charity in the East) (DHL)

F. Schuchardt, Furstenbergerstrasse 151, Frankfurt a. Main

Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft fur Deutsch-Ostafrika (Evangelical

Missionary Society for German East Africa) (DOA)Rev. W. Trittelvitz, Lic.Theol., Rev. P. Burckhardt, Bethel bei

Bielefeld

Evangelisch-lutherische Mission zu Leipzig (Leipzig Evangelical Luth-eran Mission) (Lp)

Prof. Dr. Paul, Carolinenstrasse 19, Leipzig

Evangelisch-lutherische Missionsanstalt zu Hermannsburg (Hermanns-burg Evangelical Lutheran Missionary Society) (HM)

Rev. Georg Haccius, D.D., Hermannsburg, Hannover

Gesellschaft fur innere und aussere Mission im Sinne der lutherischenKirche (Society for Home and Foreign Missions According to thePrinciples of the Lutheran Church) (Neuendettelsau Mission)(ND)

Rev. Martin Deinzer, Neuendettelsau, Bayern

Gossnersche Missionsgesellschaft (Gossner Missionary Society) (Ber-lin H) (GM)

Rev. H. Kausch, Handjerystrasse 19-20, Friedenau, Berlin

Hildesheimer Verein fur die deutsche Blindenmission in China (Hil-

desheim Missionary Society for Blind Girls in China (JHVBC)

Miss Louise Cooper, Sedanstrasse 33, Hildesheim

Jerusalems-Verein (Jerusalem Union) (JV)

Rev. Mr. Ulich, Wustrau, Kreis Ruppin

Kieler China Mission (Kiel China Mission) (KCM)Pastor F. Witt, Missionshaus, Kiel

Liebenzeller Mission (Liebenzell Mission) (L)(a)

(8) This Society is associated with the China Inland Mission in its work in China

Pastor Heinrich Coerper, Liebenzell, Wurttemberg

Mission der Briidergemeine (Mor)(see under International)

Mission der Brudergemeine

Prediger Theodor Bechler, Missionsinspektor Samuel Baudert, Sees, in GermanyHerrnhut i. S.

Funfnfennig-Verein (Mite Society)Missionar A. E. Schmidt, Herrnhut i. S.

Nordschleswigsche Missionsverein (North Schleswig Missionary Society)Prediger Fr. Hoy, Christiansfeld, Nord-Schleswig

246 THE NETHERLANDS

Mission der harm overseaen evangelisch-lutherischen Freikirche(Hannover Free Evangelical Lutheran Church Missionary So-ciety) (MHLF)

Rev. A. Heicke, Nettelkamp bei Wrested

Missionsgesellschaft der deutschen Baptisten (Missionary Society of

the German Baptists) (MDB)Rev. Karl Mascher, Missionshaus, Aeuruppin

Neukirchener Missionsanstalt (Neukirchen Mission Institute) (NK)

Pastor G. Paschen, Kreis Mors, Xeukirchen

Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft (North German Missionary So-ciety) (NMG)

Rev. E. Ohly, Bremen

Rheinisch-westfalischer Diakonissenverein (Rhenish-Westphalian Dea-conesses' Society) (Kaiserswerth Deaconesses) (RDV)

Rev. Mr. Dissellioff, Kaiserswerth am Rhein

Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft (Rhenish Missionary Society) (RM)Rev. Johann Spiecker, Missionshaus, Barmen

Schleswig-holsteinische evangelisch-lutherische Missionsgesellschaftzu Breklum (Schleswig-Holstein Evangelical Lutheran MissionarySociety at Breklum) (Br)

Pastor Bracker, Breklum, Schlesvrig-Holstein

Sudan Pionier Mission (Sudan Pioneer Mission) (SPM)Rev. W. Ziemendorff, Holzappei, Bez. Wiesbaden

Verein fur das Syrische Waisenhaus in Jerusalem (Union for theSyrian Orphanage in Jerusalem) (SW)

Rev. Ludwig Schneller, D.D., Coin

THE NETHERLANDS

Centraal-Comite voor de Oprichting en de Instandhouding van eenSeminarie nabij Batavia (Central Committee for the Founding andSupporting of a Seminary near Batavia) (CSB)

Mr. A. Bierens de Haan, Haarlem

Comite tot Voorziening in de Godsdienstige Behoeften van de Ge-vestigde Inlandsche Protestantsche Christengemeenten op deSangir- en Talaut-Eilanden (CZST)

Rev. Dr. J. W. Gunning, Rechter Rottekade 63, Rotterdam

NORWAY 247

Doopsgezinde Vereeniging tot Bevordering der Evangelieverbreidingin de Nederlandsch-Overzeesche Bezittingen (Mennonite Unionfor the Propagation of the Gospel in the Ultramarine Possessionsof the Netherlands) (DVNB)

Rev. J. B. Du Buy, Singel 45, Amsterdam

Lebanon Hospital for the Insane (LHI)(see under England)

Holland Committee for the Lebanon Hospital for the InsaneBaroness van Heemstra, Doom, Utrecht

Mission der Briidergemeine (Mor)(see under International)

Zendinggenootschap der Broedergemeente te Zeist (Missionary Society of the UnitedBrethren in Zeist)

Rev. Henry Weis, Zeist

Nederlandsch Luthersch Genootschap voor in- en Uitwendige Zending(Netherlands Lutheran Society for Home and Foreign Missions)(NLG)

Mr. J. C. Schipper, Prinsengracht 418, Amsterdam; Rev. C. F.

Westermarm, Nic. Witsenkade 20, Amsterdam

Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap (Netherlands Missionary So-ciety) (NZG)

Rev. Dr. J. W. Gunning, Reenter Rottekade 63, Rotterdam

Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging (Netherlands Missionary Union)(NZV)

Rev. J. Hartman, Westzeedijk 343, Rotterdam

Utrechtsche Zendingsvereeniging (Utrecht Mission Union) (UZV)Dr. J. A. Cramer, Den Haag

Vereeniging het Java-Comite te Amsterdam (Java Committee at Am-sterdam) (JC)

Heer H. Duijker, Singel 236, Amsterdam

Vereeniging tot Uitbreiding van het Evangel!e in Egypte (Union for thePropagation of the Gospel in Egypt) (VUEE)

Ds. C. R. van Lelyveld, Dinther

Zending van de Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland onder Heidenenen Mohammedanen (Mission of the Reformed Churches in theNetherlands to the Heathen and Mohammedans) (ZGK)

Rev. H. Kijkstra, Smilde

NORWAYChina Inland Mission (CIM)

(see under International)

Norske Mission i Kina (Norwegian Mission in China) (NMC)Randsfjord

248 SWEDEN

Norske Missionsforbund (Norwegian Mission Union) (Norwegian Alliance Mission)(NMF)

(see separate entry, Norway)

Norges Frie Evangeliske Missionsforbund (Free Evangelical Mis-sionary Union of Norway) (NFEM)

Kristiania

Norsk Lutherske Kinamissionsforbund (Norwegian Lutheran ChinaMission Association) (NLK)

Rev. Johannes Brandtzaeg, Fjeldhaug, Sinsenbakken, Kristiania

Norske Evangelisk Lutheriske Frikirkes Kinamission (Mission of the

Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway) (NLF)(a)

(a) No information as to the home office of this Society is available. Communications

should be addressed to Rev. Ole A. Sommernes, Hinganfu, Shensi, China

Norske Kirkes Mission ved Schreuder (Norwegian Church MissionOrganized by Bishop Schreuder) (Sch)

Pastor P. V. Skaar, Norderhovsgt. 32, Kristiania

Norske Missionsforbund (Norwegian Mission Union) (NorwegianAlliance Mission) (NMF)

Mr. Odolf Larsen, Bernt Ankersgate 4, III, Kristiania

Norske Missionsselskab (Norwegian Missionary Society) (NMS)Pastor Lars Dahle, Stavanger

Santal Mission of the Northern Churches (SMNC)(see under India)

Norwegian Board for the Santal MissionRev. M. A. Waaler, Aasengate 20, Kristiania

Tsjilimissionen (North Chihli Mission) (NCM)Mr. Ludvig Eriksen, Stabaek (near Kristiania)

SWEDENChina Inland Mission (CIM)

(see under International)

Helgelse-Forbundet (Holiness Union) (HF)(see separate entry under Sweden)

Svenska Alliansmissionen (Swedish Alliance Mission) (SvAM)(see separate entry under Sweden)

Svenska Missionen i Kina (Swedish Mission in China) (SMC)M. Josef Holmgren, Malmtorgsgatan 8, Stockholm

Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (Evangelical National MissionarySociety of Stockholm) (EFS)

Rev. J. Lindgren, Danderyd, Stockholm

Foreningen for Israelsmission (Swedish Mission to Jews) (SJM)Pastor Hjalmar Stenberg, Idungatan 4, Stockholm 6

SWITZERLAND 249

Fri Baptister (Independent Baptists) (FBS)

Rev. Anders Hansson, Hansjo, Orsa

Helgelse-Forbundet (Holiness Union) (HF)(«)

Pastor C. J. A. Kihlstedt, Torp, Kumla(») This Society is associated with the China Inland Mission in its work in China

Kvinnliga Missions Arbetare (Women Missionary Workers) (KMAS)Miss Anna Baeckman, Brunnsgatan 3, Stockholm

Svenska Alliansmissionen (Swedish Alliance Mission) (SvAM)(a)

Rev. A. Thomander, Kapellgatan 27, Jonkoping

(a) This Society is associated with the China Inland Mission in its work in China

Svenska Baptisternas Kommittens for Missionen Utom Landet (Swe-dish Baptist Foreign Missions Committee) (SBM)

Rev. J. Bystrom, D.D., M.P., Tegnerogatan 13, Stockholm

Svenska Kyrkans Missionsstryrelse (Church of Sweden MissionBoard) (SKM)

Rev. P. A. Gunnar Brundin, Uppsala

Svenska Missionsforbundet (Swedish Missionary Society) (SMF)Jakob E. Lundahl, Barnhusgatan 10, Stockholm

Svenska Mongolmissionen (Swedish Mongol Mission) (SM)Miss Agnes Jacobson, Brunnsgatan 3, Stockholm

SWITZERLANDEvangelische Missionsgesellschaft zu Basel (Basel Evangelical Mis-

sionary Society) (B)

Pf. Hermann Kieser, Missionshaus, Basel

Lebanon Hospital for the Insane (LHI)(see under England)

Swiss Committee for the Lebanon HospitalHerr S. Zurlinden, Zurich

Mission philafricaine (Philafrican Mission) (MPh)Mile. A. Chatelain, Villa Duprada, Mousquines, Lausanne

Mission Suisse Romande (Swiss Romande Mission) (MR)M. Arthur Grandjean, 2 Chemin des Cedres, Lausanne

SOUTH AFRICABAPTIST

South African Baptist Missionary Society (SABMS)Rev. B. Vernon Bird, The Manse, King William's Town, Cape ofGood Hope Province

250 SOUTH AFRICA

CONGREGATIONALCongregational Union Church Aid and Missionary Society of South

Africa (CUSA)

Rev. Wm. Angus, Claremont, Cape of Good Hope Province

METHODISTSouth African Missionary Society (SAf)

Rev. Samuel Clark, Ludeke, via Bizana, Pondoland, Cape of GoodHope Province

PRESBYTERIAN AND REFORMEDGeneral Mission Committee of the Dutch Reformed Church of

South Africa (DRCSA)(a)

De Alg. Zending Secretaris, Bus 144, Capetown, Cape of GoodHope Province

(») The Nyassa Mission„of this Society has aid committees in Canada and the UnitedStates

Native Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of SouthAfrica (PCSA)

Andrew Bryson, 4 Wale Street, Capetown, Cape of Good HopeProvince

NOT DENOMINATIONALIkwezi Lamaci Mission (IL)

Rev. Samuel Aitchison, Native Mission, Ikwezi Lamaci, Harding,Natal

South Africa General Mission (SAGM)(see under International)

South Africa General MissionSuperintendent, James Middlemiss, Box 988, Capetown, Cape of Good Hope

Province

South African Compounds and Interior Mission (SACIM)William M. Douglas, 37, Henwood's Arcade, P. O. Box 1089,

Johannesburg, Transvaal

Sudan United Mission (SUM)(see under International)

South African Council of the Sudan United MissionG. McDougall, P. O. Box 1465, Capetown, Cape of Good Hope Province

South African National Council of the Young Women's ChristianAssociation (YWCASAf)

Miss Dora McCarthy, 51 Jeppe Street, Johannesburg, Transvaal

NORTH AFRICA 251

NORTH AFRICABAPTIST

Mission des Eglises baptistes de Langue francaise (French BaptistMission) (FBM)

M. Michel Olives, Villa Beau Sejour, Boulevard de Metz, Blida,

Algeria

NOT DENOMINATIONALAlgiers Mission Band (AMB) (

8)

Miss I. Lilias Trotter, 2 Rue du Croissant, Algiers, Algeria

() This Society has an auxiliary in the United States

BOLIVIA

NOT DENOMINATIONALBolivian Indian Mission (BM) (

B)

George Allan, San Pedro, Charcas, Bolivia

(a) This Society has committees in the United States (2), New Zealand and England

BRITISH GUIANA

CONGREGATIONALCongregational Union of British Guiana (CUBG)

Rev. A. W. Wilson, Georgetown, British Guiana

WEST INDIESBAPTIST

Baptist Church in Trinidad and Tobago (BCT)L. O. Inniss, St. John's Hall, Port of Spain, Trinidad

Jamaica Baptist Union (JBU)

T. Gordon Somers, Trinity Ville, Spanish Town, Jamaica

Bahamas Baptist Union (BBU)

Milton A. Russell, 22 Parliament Street, Nassau, N. P., Bahamas,B.W.I.

CONGREGATIONALCongregational Union of Jamaica (CUJ)

Rev. William Priestnal, Kingston, Jamaica

PRESBYTERIANPresbyterian Church of Jamaica (PCJ)

Rev. Douglas A. Rothnie, M.A., Lucea, Jamaica

252 CHINA

CHINA

American Presbyterian Mission Press (PMP)Gilbert Mcintosh, American Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai,Kiangsu

Bible, Book and Tract Depot (BB & TD)Mrs. A. Youngs, 2 Wyndham Street, Hongkong

Canton Medical Missionary Society (CMMS)William W. Cadbury, M.A., M.D., Canton, Kwangtung

Chefoo Industrial Mission (CI)

James McMullan, Chefoo, Shantung

China Baptist Publication Society (CBP)

Rev. Robert E. Chambers, D.D., Canton, Kwangtung

China Christian Educational Association (CCEA)

Rev. Frank D. Gamewell, LL.D., 5 Quinsan Gardens, Shanghai,Kiangsu

China Continuation Committee of the National Missionary Conference,Shanghai, 1913 (ChCC)

Rev. Edwin C. Lobenstine, 5 Quinsan Gardens, Shanghai, Kiangsu

China Inland Mission (CIM)(see under International)

China Inland Mission, China Council

D. E. Hoste, 9 Woosung Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

China Medical Missionary Association (CMMA)Rev. Robert C. Beebe, M.D., 5 Quinsan Gardens, Shanghai, Kiangsu

Chinese Tract Society (CTS)

Rev. C. J. F. Symons, 89 Range Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

Chinese Student Volunteer Movement for the Ministry (SVMM)Samuel J. Mills, 4 Quinsan Gardens, Shanghai, Kiangsu

Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion (CCACZ)

C. F. Viking, 37 Helen Terrace, Shanghai, Kiangsu

Christian Faith Mission (CFM)Miss A. Lee Chiles, care of British Post Office, Canton, Kwangtung

Christian Literature Society for China (CLSC)

Rev. W. Hopkyn Rees, D.D., 143 North Szechuen Road, Shanghai,Kiangsu

Christians' Mission (CM)Miss L. M. Hopwood, Ningpo, Chekiang

CHINA 253

"Door of Hope" Mission (DHM)Mrs. A. G. Parrott, 31 North Szechuen Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

Evangel Press (EP)

Rev. C. E. Ranck, Ph.M., B.D., Shenchowfu, Hunan

Faith Mission (FaM)

Miss G. Oviatt, Wuhu, Anhwei

Gospel Baptist Mission (ABGM)(Now united with the SBC (U. S. A.))

Grace Mission (GMC)Rev. Alexander Kennedy, Tangsi, Chekiang, via Shanghai

Independent Lutheran Mission (ELM)

Rev. E. O. Boen, Piyuanhsien, Honan

Institution for the Chinese Blind (IBC)

George B. Fryer, 3 Edinburgh Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

International Institute of China (Mission among the Higher Classes in

China (II))

Rev. Gilbert Reid, M.A., D.D., Shanghai, Kiangsu

Japanese Christian Mission (JCM)( ft

)

Miss Frances Smith, Shanghai, Kiangsu

(a) Formerly the Angarrack Christian Mission

John G. Kerr Hospital for the Insane (KHI)

Charles C. Selden, M.D., Ph.D., Canton, Kwangtung

Metropolitan Presbyterian Mission (MPM)Rev. Henry G. C. Hallock, Ph.D., 13 Nanking Road, Shanghai,Kiangsu

Mission Book Company (MBCo)Rev. W. H. Lacy, D.D., 10 Woosung Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

National Tract Society for China (NTSC)

Rev. Henry G. C. Hallock, Ph.D., 13 Nanking Road, Shanghai,Kiangsu

North Fukien Tract Society (NFTS)

William Muller, CMS Mission, Foochow, Fukien

North-West Kiangsi Mission (NKM)E. J. Blandford, Wucheng, Kiangsi

Refuge for Chinese Slave Children (CSCR)

Miss M. Henderson, 17 Brenan Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

Religious Tract Society of North and Central China (TSNC)

Rev. G. A. Clayton, Hankow, Hupeh

254 INDIA AND CEYLON

Shanghai Mission to Ricksha Men and Coolie Class (SRM)Mrs. George Matheson, ia Jinkee Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

South Chih-li Mission (SCM)Miss Bertha Z. Schrack, Tamingfu, Chihli

South China Christian Book Company (SCCBC)A. L. GrofI, Missions Building, The Bund, Canton, Kwangtung

South China Holiness Mission (SCHM)Rev. E. R. Munroe, Canton, Kwangtung

South China Religious Tract Society (SCTS)

Rev. W. W. Clayson, Canton, Kwangtung

South Fukien Religious Tract Society (SFTS)

Rev. George M. Wales, Amoy, Fukien

South Yunnan Mission (SYM)John D. Fullerton, Szemao, Yunnan

Tsehchowfu Mission (TSM)Rev. Stanley P. Smith, M.A., Tsehchowfu, via Tsinghwachen, Honan

United Society of Christian Endeavor for China (CEC)

Edgar E. Strother, 9 Woosung Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

West China Religious Tract Society (WCTS)Rev. William L. L. Knipe, Chungking, Szechwan

World's Sunday School Association (WSSA)(see under International)

China Sunday School Union (CSSU)Rev. Elwood G. Tewksbury, 5 Quinsan Gardens, Shanghai, Kiangsu

National Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations of

China (YMCACh)David Z. T. Yui, Esq., M.A., 4 Quinsan Gardens, Shanghai, Kiangsu

National Committee of the Young Women's Christian Associations of

China (YWCACh)Miss Grace L. Coppock, 61 Range Road, Shanghai, Kiangsu

INDIA AND CEYLONBoard for Tamil Christian Literature (BTCL)

Rev. A. C. Clayton, Kodaikanal, Madras

"Boys' Christian Home" Mission of India (BCHM)Albert Norton, Dhond, Poona District, Bombay

Christian Literature Society for India (CLSI)(see under England;

INDIA AND CEYLON 255

Church of God (CGI)

G. P. Tasker, Lahore, Punjab

Henaratgoda Village Mission (HVM)Miss H. Topper, Mission House, Henaratgoda, Ceylon

Home Missionary Society of India (HMSI)Miss H. M. Wise, M.A., 37 Dharamtala Street, Calcutta, Bengal

India Christian Endeavor Union (CEI)

Rev. Herbert Halliwell, Christian Endeavor Office, Bangalore

Indian Christian Association, Madras (ICAM)

S. E. Runganadhan, M.A., L.T., Madras

Indian Christian Mission (ICM)(see tinder England)

Indian Missionary Society of Tinnevelly (IMST)

J. Anbudaiyan, Esq., B.A., L.T., Palamcottah, Tinnevelly District,

Madras

Jungle Tribes Mission, Coonoor, South India (JTSI)

Rev. R. Samuel, Trinder Cottage, Mount Road, Coonoor, Madras

Kandy Industrial School (KIS)

Rev. E. E. Taylor, M.A., The Vicarage, Kandy, Ceylon

Lee Memorial Bengali Mission (LMB)Rev. D. H. Lee, D.D., 13 Wellington Square, Calcutta

Malabar Mar Thoma Syrian Christian Evangelistic Association (MTS)Rev. C. P. Philipose Kassisa, Tiruvalla, Travancore, South India

Medical Missionary Association of India (MMSI)A. Lankester, M.D., Hyderabad, Deccan

Mukti Mission (MM)(a)

Manoramabai Medhavi, Kedgaon, Poona District, Bombay Pres-idency

(*) This Society has an auxiliary in the United States

National Missionary Council of India (NMCI)Rev. Herbert Anderson, 48 Ripon Street, Calcutta

National Missionary Society of India (NMSI)P. O. Philip, B.A., N. M. S. Office, Vepery, Madras

Nepaul Mission (NM)

J. W. Innes Wright, Sukhia Pokhri P. O., Darjeeling District

Poona and Indian Village Mission (PIVM)

J. W. Stothard, Nasrapur, Poona District, Bombay Presidency

-if INDIA AND CEYLON

Rangoon Karen Home Mission Society 'RUMS)Rev. 7. Thaneyah, M.A.. AMcne. Ran,::-, Burma

Santal Mission of the Northern Chinches 'SMNC ['*';

Rev. P. 0. Bedding, Durrhka, Santa! Pargaras, Bzhar1 Tois Mission has ;:~~ ::ee; ir. toe Uoitec States, Ite-—,a.7> aoi >";r?ray

South India Blind School SIBS;

Mr. Eieazer, 5 Waller's Real, Namsirgapuram, Madras

South Indian Missionary Association SIMARev. J. I. Mac-air. Gggty, 5:uth hatha

Tehri Anjuman-I-Basharat TAIB;Miss Sarah Vrooman, M.D., Tehri, Garh~al State

Tehri Border Village Mission 'TBVMWihham Greet, Lardcur, United Prtvhaces

Telugu Baptist Mission Society TBMSRev. Mallela Pitciiah, Karhgiri, Nellcre District, Madras Presidency

Telugu Baptist Publication Society TBPSRev. P. Kurtz, Bezwada, Madras Presidency

Tibetan Mission TM,

Tranquebar Tamil Bible Society TTBSRev. H. Fryrzlohn. Lie. Thecl., Trancuetar, Madras Presidency

Women's Christian College, Madras WCCM a

M ;^ E VO~"~a" V L V=---?

Women's Christian Medical College (WCMCMiss Edith M. Brcvm, M.A.. M.D., Ludhiarta, Purha;

(*) Ccrrooittees in Caoa.oa '2 .toe United States England. Ireland and 5:;oaoi

Women's Christian Temperance Union of India WCTUIMrs. Donald Sunder, Ha eh Khargpore, Monj^yre District

Bariarpcre. h. I. R., Lecp Line

World's Sunday School Association (WSSA(see under International)

7 5:o::: Uo:t ISSTJ)Rev. Rjc-ard furzes. Juob'-ilpcre, Central rr:"io:es

National Council, Young Men's Christian Associations, India andCeylon YMCAI.

E. C. Carter. K. 7. ?eh. B.A., 5 Russell St: : vera

JAPAN 257

National Young Women's Christian Association of India, Burma andCeylon (YWCAI)

The National Secretary, National Y. W. C. A., 170 Hornby Road,Bombay

Zenana Training Home, Poona (ZTH)Miss Soonderbai H. Powar, Poona, Bombay Presidency

JAPANAkasaka Hospital (AH)

William R. Watson, M.B., F.R.C.S.L, Akasaka Hospital, 17 HikawaCho, Akasaka, Tokyo

Christian Educational Association of Tokyo (CEAT)

Rev. Charles B. Tenny, D.D., 29 Sanai Machi, Ichigaya, UshigomeKu, Tokyo

Conference of Federated Missions in Japan (CFMJ)Rev. A. Oltmans, D.D., Meiji Gakuin, Shirokane, Shiba, Tokyo

Doshisha University (DU) *

Rev. Tasuku Harada, D.D., LL.D., Kyoto

Hakuaikai Seryoin ("Loving All" Dispensary) (HS)

Miss Alice P. Adams, 95 Kadotayashiki, Okayama

International Christian Police Association (ICPA)

James Cuthbertson, 9 Fukuro Machi, Suruga Dai, Kanda, Tokyo

Japan Book and Tract Society (JBTS)

George Braithwaite, 5 Hikawa Cho, Akasaka, Tokyo

Japan Continuation Committee (JCC)

Galen M. Fisher, 22 Gochome, Fujimi Cho, Kojimachi Ku, Tokyo

Japan Evangelistic Band (JEB)

Richard W. Harris, 23 Nichome, Kita Nagasa Dori, Kobe

Japan Union of Christian Endeavor (CEJ)

T. Sawaya, 12 Honmura Cho, Azabu, Tokyo

Japanese Baptist Missionary Society (JBMS)Rev. N. Uryawa, 75 Bluff, Yokohama

Kumiai Kyokwai (Congregational Churches) (K)

K. Nishio, 57 Nichome, Nakanoshima, Osaka

,

National Temperance League of Japan (NTLJ)Rev. T. Ukai, 20 Nishikonya Cho, Kyobashi Ku, Tokyo

258 CHOSEN

Nihon Kirisuto Kyokwai (Church of Christ in Japan) (NKK)Rev. Yakichi Sasakura, Somu Kyoku, Y. M. C. A., Omote Sarugaku

Cho, Kanda, Tokyo

Nihon Methodist Kyokwai (Japan Methodist Church) (NMK)Bishop Yoshiyasu Hiraiwa, D.D., Aoyama, Tokyo

Nippon Sei Kokwai (Japanese Episcopal Church) (NSK)

Okayama Kojiin (Okayama Orphan Asylum) (00A)Rev. Tetsuya Onoda, Kadota-yashiki, Okayama

Omi Kirisutokyo Dendo Dan (Omi Mission) (OMJ)William Merrell Vories, Hachiman, Omi

Presbyterian and Reformed Church Building Association (PCBA)

Rev. Charles A. Logan, D.D., Tokushima

Seisho No Tomo (Scripture Union of Japan) (SUJ)

George Braithwaite, 5 Hikawa Cho, Akasaka, Tokyo

Toyo Senkyokwai (Oriental Missionary Society) (OMS)Rev. E. L. Kilbourne, 391 Kashiwagi, Yodobashi Machi, Tokyo Fu

Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Japan (WCTUJ)Mrs. K. Yajima, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Tokyo

World's Sunday School Association (WSSA)(see under International)

National Sunday School Association of JapanRev. K. Kanasumi, Tokyo

Japanese Young Men's Christian Association National Union (YMCAJ)Galen M. Fisher, 22 Gochome, Fujimi Cho, Kojimachi Ku, Tokyo

National Committee of the Young Women's Christian Associations of

Japan (YWCAJ)Miss Margaret L. Matthew, 12 Sanchome, Tamachi, Ushigome, Tokyo

Yotsuya Mission (YMJ)Rev. W. D. Cunningham, 6 Naka Cho, Yotsuya, Tokyo

CHOSENFederal Council of Protestant Evangelical Missions in Korea ( )

Rev. B. W. Billings, M.E.F.B. Mission, Seoul

Korean Itinerant Mission (KIM)

Rev. M. C. Fenwick, Wonsan

Korean Religious Book and Tract Society (KRBTS)Gerald Bonwick, Seoul

TURKEY IN ASIA 259

TURKEY IN ASIA

English Mission, Lydda, Palestine (EM)Miss Leishman, English. Mission, Lydda, Palestine

Jebail Settlement (JS)(a)

Miss Caroline M. Holmes, Jebail, Syria

(•) This Society has an aid committee in the United States.

Oriental Orphanage, Brousa (OOB)G. Baghdasarian, Brousa, Turkey in Asia

Swedish Society of Jerusalem (SSJ)

Dr. G. L. Ribbing, Bethlehem, Palestine

DUTCH EAST INDIES

Nederlandsch Indische Zendingsbond (Netherlands East Indies Mis-sion Union) (NIZ)

Rev. O. van der Brug, Buitenzorg, Java

Salatiga-Zending op Java (Salatiga Mission in Java) (SZJ)

Pastor Kamp, Salatiga, Java

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Evangelical Union of the Philippine Islands (EUPI)

Rev. George William Wright, Presbyterian Mission, Manila

STATISTICS

ANNUAL STATISTICS FOR NORTH AMERICAIn presenting the annual statistics of the Foreign Missions Confer-

ence the Bureau wishes first of all to give recognition of Miss Antoi-nette Link, of the staff of the Bureau, upon whom rested the work of

research in collecting the data herewith presented.

Each Society has had the opportunity of correcting the informationgathered from the annual reports. While a few have not taken thetrouble to examine carefully the statements submitted to them, wefeel sure that the following report is reasonably correct. We alwaysrecognize the likelihood of mistakes and shall appreciate having errors

reported to us as they are discovered.

I. Table of Incomes. This tabulation represents the incomes for

foreign missions of each of the Societies having headquarters in Canadaor in the United States. The year presented is the latest fiscal yearending previous to November i, 19 19. It includes the amount ac-

tually expended on the foreign mission field and also the funds re-

ceived during the year and expended at the "Home Base" in

administration, publicity, and investment. It does not include theamounts received on the annuity plan, except in the instances of

matured annuities and the profit on annuities not yet matured, or

what is raised for self-support on the mission field.

II. Field Statistics for Europe, excepting Turkey in Europe. Thistable presents the statistics of the work in Europe under the super-vision of societies of the United States. It will be observed thatmuch of this work in Europe is simply by way of appropriationsin money or in American staff. Where no European staff or otherchurch data are presented it will be understood that the work is underthe direction of the Church in Europe and therefore not properlycredited to the societies in America. During the year some new workhas been begun in Europe, but is not reported because no report hasbeen made for the incomplete first year.

III. Field Statistics of Missions in Latin America. Following thedefinition of Latin America used by the Committee on Cooperationin Latin America, we have included the work of certain Home MissionSocieties which conduct the work of their churches in one or moreareas of the Latin American Group.

IV. Field Statistics for the Missionary Work in the Non-ChristianWorld. The expression Non-Christian World is used for lack of amore satisfactory term. It includes Turkey in Europe, Asia, Africa,

and Oceania. Much the greater part of the work of the Foreign Mis-sion Boards is reported under this group. There are several instances,

notably in Japan, where the indigenous church is self-directing andfor which the cooperating missionary societies of Canada and theUnited States make no report. The totals therefore do not represent,

even in this outline, the full extent of the results of the missionary-

endeavor of the Societies reported. There are other organizations,such as the China Inland Mission, which are international in char-acter or which are auxiliary to societies with headquarters in othercountries. These report either finances only or finances and staff.

V. Footnotes. Attention is respectfully called to the footnotes.These notes include many facts which interpret the records in thestatistical tables. In many instances the entry is not fully clear exceDtin the light of the footnote.

263

Table I. Incomes

>>

11

SOCIETY TotalFromLivingDonors

FromOtherSources

Work

in

E

—

Europe

L—

Latin

America

N

—

Non-

Christian

World

GRAND TOTALS—CANADA AND U. S

CANADATOTALS—CANADA

30,872,882

1,630,355

179,91729,0094,831

a,b 24,848

a 172,136a,c 88,795

t 20,000a,d 6,265

13,600

t 5,ooo

a 609,356a,e 163,814

374,043a,f 39,223

a,g 117,680

11,2806,129

3,091

53827,4018,3451,551

h 2,263633

* 1,800

34.517j 152,490

28,605,438

1,580,487

168,55428,3784,797

24,848

172,13688,795

20,0006,265

11,600

5.000

580,175163,814

366,72339,223117,680

11,2806,125

3,091

53827.4018,3451,5512,263633

1,80034,517152,490

2,267,444

49,868

11,36363134

2,000

29,181

7,320

4

BAPTISTLN

laib

Baptist Wo. For. Miss. Soc, Ont., WestBaptist Wo. For. Miss. Soc, Ont. and Q

CHURCH OF ENGLANDLNN

34

5

6

88a

9pa9&

10ii

12

14151617

CONGREGATIONALCongregational Canadian For. Miss. SocCongregational Canadian Wo. Bd. Miss

HOLINESSN

NMENNONITES

Mennonite Brethren, Ont. Conf. Miss. SocMETHODIST

N

NMethodist Ch., Canada, Wo. Miss. Soc

PRESBYTERIANPresbyterian Ch., Canada, Bd. For. Miss

Presby. Ch., Canada, Wo. Miss. Soc. (E)Presby. Ch., Canada, Wo. Miss. Soc. (W)

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Excepting Educational)

N

LN

N

Y W C A Canada, For. Dept NINTERDENOMINATIONAL (Educational)

Wo. Christian Medical Col., Toronto ComINDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational)

Ceylon and India Gen. Miss., Canadian Br ... .

N

NN

Evangelical Un. South America, N. A. Br LLE

2021 L

NReported through Societies in U. S

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 19 18.

f Estimate.** No data available,

ft Incomplete.a Expended on work included in this report

only.b Total income, $44,197-c Total income, $102,916.d Of this amount, $5,778 was expended

through the American Board of Com-missioners for Foreign Missions. Totalincome, $8,311.

e Total income, $247,946./ Total income, $55,640.g Total income, $222,133.h Not including $1,979 for war relief and

$734 for war orphans.i Income for six months only.

j See footnotes under Societies in the UnitedStates.

264

Table I. Incomes (Continued)

SOCIETY TotalFromLivingDonors

FromOtherSources

Work

in

E—

Europe

L

—

Latin

America

N

—

Non-Christian

World

2324

25

26

UNITED STATESTOTALS—UNITED STATES

ADVENT CHRISTIAN29,242,527

k 39.645a,l 15.925

a,m 1,604,170

*t 2,000

58,5051,904

n 24,616

1,652,248494,629

a,p 129,4270,338,673

6,000

a,r 12,4112,635

s 1,261,595268,201

<M,t 65,000

a,u 159.750

19,281

26,070

*,t,tf 10,000

a,w 210,869

39,3747,912

a 55.000

27,024,951

38,68915,925

1,604,170

2,000

58,5051,904

24,616

1,367,807445,387129,42738,673

6,000

12,4112,635

1,151,180268,20165,000

159,750

19.163

26,070

10,000

210,869

39.1477,912

55,ooo

2,217,576

956

284,44649,242

110,415

118

227

NN

ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAYAdventist, Seventh-Day Denomination

BAPTIST, GENERALELN

N

2727028

BAPTIST, NATIONAL CONVENTIONLN

Lott Carey, Wo. Aux. For. Miss. SocLN

292903031

32

33330

3434035

36

BAPTIST NORTHERN CONVENTIONEN

Baptist American For. Wo. Miss. Soc NLL

BAPTIST, SCANDINAVIANLN

BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAYELN

BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTIONELN

Baptist Southern Ho. Miss. BdBRETHREN, CHURCH OF THE (DUNKER)

L

EN

37

38

BRETHREN, CHURCH (Progressive)LN

BRETHREN IN CHRIST (TUNKERS)N

39

40

BRETHREN, PLYMOUTHELN

CHRISTIAN AND MISS. ALLIANCELN

4141c

CHRISTIAN CHURCHChristian Church For. Miss. Bd LN

43CHURCH OF GOD

Church of God, Miss. Bd . . ELN

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available,

tt Incomplete.a Expended on work included in this report

only.k Not including $376 for relief in the Near

East./ Total income, $20,385.m Not including $64,837 from Canada.n Not including $29 from Canada.o Not including $26,600 from the Rockefeller

Fund.

p Total income, $1,400,000.q Total income, $283,731.r Including $840 contributed directly to the

fields by the American Sabbath TractSociety. Total income, $18,244. ijj

5 Including $62,080 for the Judson Centen-nial Fund.

t Total income, about $700,000.u Total income, $272,939.v In addition, $5,000 was contributed in

Canada.w Not including $25,000 from Canada. Total

income,:$306,855.

265

Table I. Incomes (Continued)

SOCIETY TotalFromLivingDonors

FromOtherSources

o {

S3

CHURCHES OR GOD, GENERALELDERSHD?

Churches of God, Miss. BdChurches of God, Wo. Gen. Miss. Soc

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHESAmerican Bd. Comm. For. MissWo. Bd. Miss., BostonWo. Bd. Miss., InteriorWo. Bd. Miss., PacificAmerican College, Madura, TrusteesCentral Turkey College, Aintab, Trustees. .

.

.

Euphrates College, TrusteesJaffna College, TrusteesSt. Paul's Institute, Trustees

American Miss. AssnDISCD?LES OF CHRIST

Christian, For. Miss. SocChristian Wo. Bd. Miss ,

EPISCOPALProtestant, Episcopal, Dom. For. Miss. Soc . .

EPISCOPAL, REFORMEDReformed Episcopal Bd. For. Miss

Reformed Episcopal Wo. For. Miss. Soc ....EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION

Evangelical Assn. Miss. Soc ,

Evangelical Assn. Wo. Miss. SocEVANGELICAL UNITED

Evangelical Un. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc .....Ev. Un. Wo. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc ,

EVANGELICAL SYNODEvangelical For. Miss. Bd.g ,

FRIENDS (ORTHODOX)Friends Philadelphia For. Miss. Assn. ,

Friends American Bd. For. MissFriends Wo. Miss. Un

Friends California Bd. MissFriends' Ohio For. Miss. Soc

HEPHZD3AH FAITH MISS. ASSNHephzibah Faith Miss. Assn ,

HOLINESS CHURCH (INTERNAT'L APOS.)Holiness Inter'l Apos. Bd. For. Miss

LUTHERAN BRETHRENLutheran Brethren Bd. Miss

a,x 6,115a,x 6,115

1.639.465y 263,949189,69322,289

z8oz 3,814

z 10,718z 17,056z 2,500

a,b 20,236

755,2i6a,c 271,108

a,d 1,549.293

4,1804,180

a 122,479a 33,957

a,e 78,364a,f 39,450

62,746

26,477139,624

a,h,i 25,000a 24,98819.328

*,t 3,000

1 15.000

22,000

6,1156,115

1,136,284234,100185,14321,270

80

2,50020,236

675,194271,108

1,443,839

4,1804,180

121,55133,029

78,36439,450

48,346

22,992127,46925,00024,98818,959

3,000

15.000

22,000

503,18129,8494,5501,019

3,8i410,71817,056

80,022

105,454

928928

14,400

3,48512,155

369

NN

ELNELNELNN

LN

ELNLN

LN

N

ENN

NLN

LN

N

LN

N

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available,

tt Incomplete.a Expended on work Included in this report

only.x Total income, $9,147-y Does not include $3,328 from the Canada

Congregational Woman's Board of Mis-sions,

s Income independent of the American Boardappropriations.

b Total income, $642,957-

c Including one half of the appropriationfor Mexico and Texas frontier work'Not including $3,524 from Canada.Total income, $656,681.

d For fourteen months. Includes the incomefor foreign missions, and expenditures for

Porto Rico, Philippines, and Canal Zone.Total income, home and foreign work,$2,605,716.

e Total income, $214,749./ Total income, $64,685.g Formerly known as the German Evangelical

Synod.h Contributed through the four Friends For-

eign Mission Boards.

266

Table I. Incomes (Continued)

>>u uO <D

SOCIETY TotalFromLivingDonors

FromOtherSources

Work

in

E

—

Europe

L

—

Latin

America

N

—

Non-

Christian

World

62LUTHERAN, DANISH

i 2,000

15,000

36,424

5 13,804

292,666

k 85,057

57,958

t 310,000

1 50,000I 50,000

1 40,000

t 5,000

m 55,605

n 90,000

P 13,790

10,000

a,q 50,000

t 10,000

r 7,348,2072,006,371a,s 42,122a,t 31,386

a,u 19,425o,t 2,500a, f 2,500

2,000

15,000

33,891

13,007

287,578

84,265

57,958

310,00050,00050,00040,000

5,000

55,605

90,000

13,790

10,000

50,000

10,000

7,281,096i,99i,336

42,1223L386

19,4252,5002,500

2,533

797

5,088

792

67,11115,035

63

64

65

66

LUTHERAN, DANISH UNITEDN

LUTHERAN FREE CHURCHLutheran Free Ch. Bd. Miss NLUTHERAN, JOINT SYNOD OF OHIO

Lutheran Ohio Syn. Bd. For. Miss NLUTHERAN, NORWEGIAN

N

67

68

696907o7i

72

73

74

76

LUTHERAN SYNOD OF IOWA

LUTHERAN SYN. CONFERENCELutheran Missouri Syn. Bd. For. Miss

LUTHERAN, UNITEDLutheran Un. Bd. For. Miss

N

N

LLutheran Augustana China Miss. Soc

LUTHERAN INTER-SYNODICALLutheran Inter-Synodical Orient Miss. SocMENNONITE AND AMISH MENNONITE

N

N

LNMENNONITE BRETHREN

Mennonite, Brethren Ch. For. MissMENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST

United Orphanage and Miss. Soc

N

80 LN

81MENNONITE, CONF. OF DEFENCELESS

N

82

83

MENNONITE, GENERAL CONF.Mennonite Gen. Conf . Bd. For. Miss

MENNONITE (KRIMMER BRUEDER-GEMEINDE)

Mennonite China Miss. Soc

N

N

84METHODIST EPISCOPAL

Methodist Episcopal For. Bd. Miss ELN84c ELN85 Methodist Epis. Ho. Bd. Miss L86 Methodist Epis. Ho. Wo. Miss. Soc L

87METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN

Methodist Epis. African Miss. Dept LN87087b

Methodist Epis. African Wo. Miss. Soc1 Methodist Epis. African Wo. Mite Soc

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available,

tt Incomplete.a Expended on work included in this report

only.* Contributed to the Santal Mission of the

Northern Churches.j One half of the income for the biennium.k Including $60,000 raised to take over the

Neuendettelsau Mission in New Guinea.I Expenditures on the field only.m Not including $234 for Russian Relief.

n Including $50,000 for famine relief in con-nection with the mission in India.

o Work closed on account of war conditions.All contributions donated to relief in theNear East.

p Contributed through the Christian andMissionary Alliance.

q Total income, $95,799.r Of this amount $31,601 was contributed di-

rectly to the field by the Board of SundaySchools. Not including $141,884 for gen-eral relief and $74,700 for theWar Council.

5 Total income, $4,831,802.Total income, $1,156,099.

u Total income, $59,504.

267

Table I. Incomes (Continued)

>>

o <uSOCIETY Total

FromLivingDonors

FromOtherSources

Work

in

E

—

Europe

L

—

Latin

America

N

—

Non-Christian

World

88METHODIST EPIS. AFRICAN ZION

a,v 20,000a,\ 2,500

w 1,202,161

a,x 101,499a,y 73,153

3,883

86,37638,793

34.407

*8oo

a,z 33.660

181,752

a,b 3.970

4.474

c,t 10,000

t 20,000

a,c 823

a 5.031

871,203

d 2,744,807e 137,272

33,095i 303,027

46,959g 17,721

h 179,831

20,0002,500

1,116,101

101,49973,153

3,883

83,12038,793

34.407

800

33,66o

177,060

3.970

2,513

10,000

20,000

823

2,624

765,H9

2,328,903124,10633,095

272,51846,81715,471

166,762

86,060

3,256

4.692

1,961

2,407

106,084

415,90413,166

30,509142

2,25013,069

LN88a

80

Methodist Epis. Zion Wo. Miss. SocMETHODIST EPISCOPAL, SOUTH

Methodist Epis. South Bd. Miss LNMETHODIST, FREE

Methodist Free Gen. Miss. Bd LN90a

91METHODIST, PRIMITIVE

Methodist Primitive For. Miss. Soc

92METHODIST, PROTESTANT

Methodist Protestant Bd. For. Miss N93

95

96

97

08

Methodist Protestant Wo. For. Miss. SocMETHODIST, WESLEYAN

Methodist Wesleyan Am. Miss. Soc

N

NMETROPOLITAN CHURCH ASSN.

NMORAVIAN CHURCH

LNAZARENE CHURCH

Nazarene Ch., Gen. Miss. Bd LN

99NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH

100PEND2L MISSIONS

LN

ZOIPENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD

Pentecost Bands of the World LNPRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMED

LN

103PRESBYTERIAN, ASSOCIATE SYNOD

104

105

106

PRESBYTERIAN, CUMBERLANDPresbyterian Cumberland Wo. Bd. MissPRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. (SOUTH)

Presby., Exec. Com. For. Miss. (South)PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A. (NORTH)

N

LN

LN1 06a106&106cio6dio6e106/

Presby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. ( New York)Presby. Wo. Occidental Bd. For. MissPresby. Wo. For. Miss. Soc, Philadelphia . . . .

Presby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss., SouthwestPresby. Wo. Bd. Miss., North PacificPresby. Wo. Bd. Miss., Northwest

LNLNLNLNLNLN

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 191 8.

t Estimate.** No data available,

tt Incomplete.a Expended on work included in this report

only.v Total income, $40,000.w Not including $684 for war relief and

$2,227 for Armenian relief.

x Total income, $137,685.y Not including $8,869 from Canada, and $445

contributed for relief in the Near East.* Not including $909 from Canada. Total

income about $50,000.

b Total income, $10,596.c Expended through the Original Secession

Church of Scotland. *

d This includes the total amount raised bythe Women's Boards, though only $556,-

573 was expended by those Societies

through the Board of Foreign Missions.

e Not including $17,853 for war relief and$88,000 for relief in the Near East.

/ Not including $2,139 for relief in the NearEast.

g Not including $65 for relief in the NearEast and $240 for Chinese work in Port-land, Oregon.

h Not including $270 for relief work in theNear East.

268

Table I. Incomes (Continued)

11

SOCIETY TotalFromLivingDonors

FromOthersSources

if

ill

107108

109

inIIIC

"3

1141 146

115115c

116

117

119

122I22C

123I23C

1241240

125126

PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A. (NORTH)(Continued)

Presbyterian Home Miss. BdPresbyterian Home Wo. Bd. Miss

PRESBYTERIAN, REFORMEDPresbyterian (Covenanter) Bd. For. Miss

PRESBYTERIAN, REF. GEN. SYNODPresbyterian. Reformed, Gen. Syn. Bd. For. Mis.

PRESBYTERIAN, UNITEDPresbyterian United, Bd. For. MissPresbyterian United, Wo. Miss. SocPRESBYTERIAN, WELSH CALVINISTIC

METHODISTCalvinistic Methodist Miss. Soc

REFORMED, CHRISTIANReformed Christian, Bd. For. Miss

REFORMED IN AMERICAReformed Bd. For. Miss

Reformed Wo. Bd. For. MissREFORMED IN THE U. S.

Reformed Bd. For. MissReformed Wo. Miss. Soc

SALVATION ARMYSalvation Army

SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCEScandinavian Alliance Miss

SCHWENKFELDERSchwenkfelder. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc

SWEDISH FREE CHURCHSwedish Evang. Free Ch. U. S. of N. A. .

SWEDISH MISSION COVENANTSwedish Evangelical Miss. Covenant

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRISTUnited Brethren For. Miss. Soc

United Brethren Wo. Miss. AssnUNITED BRETHREN (OLD CONSTITUTION)United Brethren Dom. Fro. and For. Miss

United Brethren Wo. Miss. AssnUNIVERSALIST

Universalist General ConventionUniversalist Wo. Nat'l Miss. Assn

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Excepting Educational)

American Bible SocietyAmerican Tract Society

a,i 80,118oJ 61,354

k 50,380

8,241

525,798a,l 148,640

a,m 14,703

n

374.949ioo,<f

248,619a 23,316

a,p 49,124

68,490

a,q 953

a,r 4L795

177,20565,357

a,s 7,6441 1,200

a,f 19,9931 6,340

o.^.t 300,000a 7,097

80,1186i,354

50,380

8,241

452,066141,682

14,703

359,865101,552

235,15323,316

49,124

68,490

953

41.795

173,24465,026

7,6441,200

19,1585,550

300,0007,097

73,7326,714

15,0846,346

13,466

3,96i

331

835835

N

LN

LN

N

N

LN

LN

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available,

tt Incomplete.a Expended on work included in this report

only.* Total income, $962,743.j Total income, $667,531.k Not including $17,003 for reUefJjn^the

Near East./ Total income, $302,969.

m Total income, $19,260.n First report not received.

This Includes the total raised by theWoman's Board of Foreign Missions,though only $83,557 was expended bythat Society through the Board of For-eign Missions.

p Total income of the Self Denial Fund forHome and Foreign Missions, $118,548.

q Total income, $12,098.r Total income, $48,735.5 Total income, $19,555.t Total income, $912,307.

269

Table I. Incomes (Continued)

O «J

11

SOCIETY TotalFromLivingDonors

FromOtherSources

is;

127129130131a133135I3

S138139140141141a142

143144145147148149

ISO151152153154155156157158159160161162164165166167168169170

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Excepting Educational)

—

(Continued)Christian Endeavor Union, World'sFederal Council of the ChurchesFederation Wo. Bds. For. Miss .

For. Miss. Conf ., Comm. of Ref . and CLatin America Com. on CooperationLepers' Miss. Amer. ComMethodist Publishing House, ChinaStudent Volunteer MovementSunday School Assn., World'sW. C. T. U., World'sY. M. C. A. Intemat'l Com. For. Dept

Princeton MissionY. W. C. A. National Bd. For. DeptINTERDENOMINATIONAL (Educational)

Am. Univ. at CairoMadras Women's Christian CollegeNanking Univ., TrusteesPierson Mem. Bib. Sch., SeoulUnion Miss. Med. Col. for WomenWo. Christian Med. Col. Amer. AuxINDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational)

Africa Inland MissionAlgerian Miss. Band, Women'sAm. and For. Christian UnionArmenia and India Relief AssnBible Faith MissionBolivian Indian Mission, N. Y. BrBolivian Indian Miss., Pacific Coast BrBroadcast Tract Press

._

Central American MissionCeylon and India Gen. Miss., Am. ComChina Inland Miss. Coun. for N. AChristian Herald Miss. FundChurches of God, Wo. Miss, Soc/ ,

Evangel MissionGospel Miss. Soc ,

Harvard Mission ,

Holiness National Assn., Bur. Miss ,

Inland So. American Miss. Un ,

International Medical Miss. Soc ,

International Miss. Union ,

a,u 9,968355,178wx 56,437y 17.61540,304

IV

z 6o,95741,899* 5,515

b 912,00920,000107,572

14,007c 13,136c A2A°1

1,565c 7,579* 1,293

90,3401,5504,430

rf 64,2734.541

**

4,484**

42,11112,306

124,117a,e 22,000

3,2274,790

* 2,6331,500

* 18,53528,7725,775

g

9,968355,178

56,00017,61540,304

51,75741,8995.515

907,37220,000107,572

10,60113,1364L9341,5657,5791,293

90,3401.5504,430

62,1484.541

4,484

42,11112,306

124,11722,0003,0004.7902,6331,500

18,5328,7725,775

437

9,200

4,637

3,406

"*473

LNLNELN

NLN

NNN

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available.

tt Incompletea Expended on work included in this report

only.u Foreign Fund only.v Expended upon the rehabilitation of Prot-

estant churches abroad, principally inEurope.

w No income except from constituent mis-i sionary societies.

x Not including $17,515 contributed by theconstituent missionary societies.

y In addition to the grants from constituentmissionary societies.

z Not including $2,500 from Canada.b Not including $38,822 from Canada.c Income in addition to grants from co-

operating Boards.d Expended for the support of orphans who

are cared for by the regular missionarysocieties, but not included in the in-

comes of these societies.

e Expended through regular missionary so-cieties.

/ Formerly connected with the General El-dership of the Churches of God.

g No income except from constituent mis-sionary Societies.

270

Table I. Incomes (Continued)

IISOCIETY Total

FromLivingDonors

FromOtherSources

IJ..U

171173174175177178179180181182183184Jf5187188189

190191192194I9

i196197

INDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational)(Continued)

International Reform Bureau ,

Konia Hospital h ,

Lebanon Hospital, Am. Com,

McAll Assn., American ,

Nyasaland Miss., Amer. Com ,

Pennsylvania Chr. Assn. Univ. For. Dept ....Ramabai Assn., AmericanSantal Miss., American ComSouth Africa Gen. Miss., Amer. CounSouth China Boat MissStearns' Church and Bible ClassesSudan United Miss., Am. CounSunday School Assn., ForWaldensian Aid SocietyWo. Union Miss. SocWorld's Faith Miss. Assn

INDEPENDENT (Educational)Canton Christian College, TrusteesConstantinople Girls' College, TrusteesGould Ho. and Industrial Sch., RomeMackenzie College, TrusteesRobert College, TrusteesSyrian Prot. College, TrusteesYale For. Miss. Soc

05.291592

i 14.357j 112,881

* 2,4854.536

12,30725.762

a,k 46,4378,367

1 1,298* 58,67656,855

*,m 2,500

n 74.17570,399

90

I4L434135,35567,075

5,291425

3.913103,968

2,4853,696

12,30725,319

46,4378,345853

58,29038,8002,500

52,48970,399

90

56,020n,93266,875

16710,4448,913

840

443

22

445386

18,055

21,686

85,414123,423

200

NN

NNNLNN

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available.

tt Incomplete.a Expended on work included in this report

only.h Work closed on account of war conditions.* Including a legacy of $10,000 for endow-

ment.j Not including $59,192 for war relief.

k Not including $8,139 for war relief. Totaincome, $83,722.

I Independent income for part of the year.This association became a dependentsociety of the World's Sunday SchoolAssociation during the year 1918.

m Contributed through regular missionarysocieties.

n Not including $3,000 from Canada.o No income from the United States except

a grant from the Presbyterian (North)Board of Foreign Missions.

271

Table II. Europe, Excepting

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF IncludedUn

ac

OS

U

O 3 >

•a

Physi-cians

a

1°

1-1 I-.

o o

c "3

UNITED STATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TOTALS—UNITED STATES 214 79 29 73 33 3 3,884

25

29

33

34

36

39

43

4545o45&

58

42

8484a

141

152

ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAYAdventist, Seventh-Day Denom.*BAPTIST NORTHERN CONVENTIONBaptist American For. Miss. Soc

BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY

86

6

4

3

4

23

4576

14

13

4

12

4

27

2

2

I

2

7

16

14

5

I

2

18

2

1

2

1

S

34

2

2

I

I

6

15

4

6

2

7

I

8

13

76

44

3

157

2,507

BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTIONBaptist Southern For. Miss. Bd

BRETHREN, CHURCH OF THE(DUNKER)

28

13BRETHREN, PLYMOUTH

Brethren Missionaries*,^CHURCH OF GOD

Church of God, Miss. BdCONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES

American Bd. Comm. For. Miss 172

DISCIPLES OF CHRIST

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATIONEvangelical Assn. Miss. Soc

METHODIST EPISCOPALMethodist Episcopal For. Bd. Miss

Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. SocINTERDENOMINATIONAL

(Excepting Educational)Y. M. C. A. Internat'l Com. For. Dept. .

INDEPENDENT(Excepting Educational)

167

8409

192INDEPENDENT (Educational)

Gould Ho. and Industrial Sch., Rome. . .

Note.—Figures in italics are included in the totals of the main society above.* Figures for 1918. t Estimate. ** No data available. ft Incomplete.

Table III. Latin America. The West Indies,

|GRAND TOTALS—CANADA & U. S . . 1,5871 487I 216I 530! 354l 20 S| 41I 2,681

CANADA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ITOTALS—CANADA1 46: 161 i6|

|.. • •I

1

2

BAPTISTBaptist, Canadian For. Miss. Bd

CHURCH OF ENGLANDChurch of England, Miss. Soc.a

12

1

5 5 2

1

a Working under the South American Missionary Society (England).

272

TurkeyTin Europe

NATIVE STAFF CHURCH

1,3 8

MEDICAL

T34)

(3

ci s 3 H

to

OO

to

OfflU

0.53

fth g os

« 2 (H

to

"ftto

w

tou

rito

CJ<u

ato

5

to

a

O |H

O

3 in

<3°

10 IX 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21

590 3.205 89 265,944 249.969 4,290 11,685 2,792 1,579,049

25

29

33

34

36

39

43

45450456

48

52

f484a

141

IS2

192

32

25

13

43

167

310

a 125

b 2,507

3

49

521

80

99

10,695

143,986

96

1,419

243

3,806

2.043

24,119

79.337

200

10,695

143,986

96

1,369

243

3,806

2,043

24,U9

63,412

200

50

4,240 11,685

81

345

1,830400

476419

60

98,352

93L499

. 411

2,139

1,408

12,777

4,661

522,802

5,000

a May include women.6 Includes some ordained men and some women. c No data available, except for staff.

Mexico, Central America, South America

t Estimate.

273

614I 1,464 6031 202,87l|l36,48o| 46,847 19,544! 56,9Soj n| 19 94,8i9l 649,616

IO " » 13 14 IS 17 17 18 19 - «277 1381 8,971

1

7,2i7l 11,890

I

2

88 63 25 t40 1 100

Table III. Latin America. The West Indies,

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF Included *n

C

"Hi

T3<U

C"3

*d

feea® >

IJ

Physi-cians

g« toH •-

i v

2 o

O <D

5* 2s

113

CANADA (Continued) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9

21

PRESBYTERIANPresbyterian Ch., Canada, Bd. For. Miss.

INDEPENDENT(Excepting Educational)

San Pedro Miss. Canadian Com

27

6

II 3

3

8

3

5 & 422

UNITED STATESTOTALS—UNITED STATES i,54i 471 210 514I 3461 20 5 41 2,259

ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAY25 Adventist Seventh-Day Denom.*

BAPTIST NATIONAL CONVENTION197 37 71 67 22 8 3 189

27 Lott Carey Bapt. For. Miss. Soc 12 5 4 I 2 428 Baptist, National For. Miss. Bd *

BAPTIST NORTHERN CONVENTION8 6 2

30 Baptist American Ho. Miss. Soc 29 13 2 14 1 1 7331 Baptist American Ho. Wo. Miss. Soc . . .

BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY26 20 37

33 Baptist, Seventh Day Miss. SocBAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION

2 1 I

34 Baptist Southern, For. Miss. Bd 113 55 53 5 187

35 Baptist Southern, Ho. Miss. Bd*BRETHREN CHURCH (Progressive)

13 7 4 2 24

37 Brethren For. Miss. Soc 8 4 4 1

BRETHREN, PLYMOUTH39 Brethren Missionaries*,^

CHRISTIAN AND MISS. ALLIANCE15 8 7 I

40 Christian and Missionary AllianceCHRISTIAN CHURCH

35 13 3 13 6 33

41 Christian Church For. Miss. BdCHURCH OF GOD

3 I 1 I " 5

43 Church of God, Miss. Bd 8 tl9CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES

45 American Bd. Comm. For. Miss 15 4 I 5 5 t3045a Wo. Bd. Miss., Boston 3 3 /

45&46 3

DISCIPLES OF CHRIST4849

3 2

Christian Wo. Bd. Miss 29 10 1 10 8 1 63EPISCOPAL

50 Protestant Epis., Dom. For. Miss. Soc. . .

FRIENDS (ORTHODOX)91 25 14 f20 32 1 148

S6 Friends American Bd. For. Miss 41 7 3 g 10 g 21 1 92

57 I I J6 33HOLINESS CHURCH (INTERNAT'L

APOSTOLIC)60 Holiness Inter'l Apos. Bd. For. Miss.* . . . 10 k 10 14

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 19 18.

t Estimate.** No data available. tt Incomplete.

b Trinidad only.c Probably includes some women teachers.d No data available, except for staff.

e This Society makes use of schools con-ducted by other organizations.

274

Mexico, Central America , South America (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF CHURCH

12

1

MEDICAL

>>

11

.Qfc

a;

62

'5S

D2

C30)

6o

Ctf flH

HO h

03

t

"8to

•tig

OfflU

'+-> iiQu 3 d

03

'ftto

CO<u

•cdto

aCO

to

s

to

13

a

^^

•a

ff'IS

o«S

10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

9

21

&7

...

&277 6 138 8,883 1,666 7,217 b 14,105 & 11,790

I 607I i,i87| 465I i93»90o| I34,75i| 39,03o| 19,519! 42,805! xz| 19I 94,819!

25

2728

303i

33

3435

37

39

40

41

43

4545a45646

4849

50

5657

60

9 ci8o

40 3337

11323

69I

I

5

19 8 6

1 3 I

t* t8 T3

8 t'18 t41

3 10 4

2

15

1

45 3

55 69 24

6

7

h 4212

4414

2 I 12

6,504

1 100350

6,379

25,7372,734

2,695

417

1,156

2334.452

10,614

4,8441,037

890

6,504

1 100350

6,379

3i

22,6492,734

2,006

356

1,156

801

2334.030

7,087

1,5941.037

890

3,088

114

422

3.527

689

61

705

t 200

1,199

2,123758

645

15

451,456

2,321

1,243

t 15,000

t 5,ooo

3,071

19,041

/ Work discontinued in Cuba in 191 8.

g Among the wives and unmarried womenare five recorded ministers.

h Probably includes a few women.*' Recorded minister.

j Including one recorded minister.k Includes both ordained men and ordained

women.I Probably includes some Bible Women.

275

Table III. Latin America. The West Indies,

o <u

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF, Included inColumns 1-5

Physi-cians

<tj•d

#84) •a 'PS rt

2 at3

> 18(D

i

UNITED STATES (Cont.) i

73

80

8484a8586

87

88

90

97

98

100

101

102

106106a106b106cio6dio6e106/107108

116

117

122

LUTHERAN, UNITEDLutheran West Indies Miss. Bd

MENNONITE AND AMISHMENNONITE

Mennonite Bd. Miss, and CharitiesMENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRISTMennonite Penn. Conf. Bd. For. Miss.n . .

METHODIST EPISCOPALMethodist Episcopal For. Bd. Miss

Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Soc. . .

Methodist Epis. Ho. Bd. MissMethodist Epis. Ho. Wo. Miss. SocMETHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICANMethodist Epis. African Miss. DeptMETHODIST EPIS., AFRICAN ZIONMethodist Epis. Zion Miss. Soc.**METHODIST EPISCOPAL, SOUTH

Methodist Epis. South Bd. MissMETHODIST, FREE

Methodist Free Gen. Miss. BdMORAVIAN CHURCH

Moravian ChurchNAZARENE CHURCH

Nazarene Ch., Gen. Miss. BdPENIEL MISSIONS

Peniel Miss. SocPENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLDPentecost Bands of the World*PRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMEDPresbyterian Assoc. Ref. Bd. For. Miss.*

PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S.(SOUTH)

Presby., Exec. Com. For. Miss. (South) .

.

PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A.(NORTH)

Presbyterian For. Miss. BdPresby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. ( N. Y.) .

.

Presby. Wo. Occidental Bd. For. Miss..

Presby. Wo. For. Miss. Soc, Phila. . . .

Presby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss., Southwest.

Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss., North Pacific. .

Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss., NorthwestPresbyterian Home Miss. BdPresbyterian Home Wo. Bd. Miss

SALVATION ARMYSalvation Army

SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCEScandinavian Alliance MissUNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST

United Brethren For. Miss. Soc

16

4

7

1611510

5

tt25

136

8

65

16

7

I

2

54

13287

21121

20ti723

5

IS

7

14

tt8

IS

iS

Note,—Figures in italics are included in the

totals of the main society above.* Figures for 1918.

+ Estimate. ** No data available.

ft Incomplete.m Including three missionary deaconesses.n Under the Christian and Missionary Al-

liance.

276

Mexico, Central America, South America (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF

6£O « oi g m

CHURCH MEI

wi tJ

oj cS f° MU3

1ft * <*

Cot)W O nS «

a+2 oj^l d <2 »- o ":=!

O OfflO Dhh£ h.2<: a «

c3 05

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

83

8

10

84

22

I

6

27

28

21

"4

14

205

20I

3

8

2

138

11

2

10

109

9

7

83

""0

4

8

9

1

18

121

IS

39

3

4.955

20,284

5.792

tt 1,599

14.796

226

43,277

272

11,236

12,543

4,405

1,867

2,387

10,508

3,094

1,570

14,796

79

16,070

216

7,399

11,271

4,465

1,459

2,428

1,547

324

29

25,103

2,438

610

140

8,229

2,374

147

2,104

56

1,399

662

408

207

7,4433,n6

350

851

3,790

11,812

55

178

1,845

3,5i6

1,050

4

2

1

I

2

1

1

1

I

2

3

160

t 5,ooo

i,5io

2,100

t 5,ooo

1,950

31,987

Not including Brazil, as converts belong to p Probably includes a number ofthe National Presbyterian Church of men.Brazil.

ordained

277

Table III. Latin America. The West Indies,

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF, Includea in

*c3

T3

G

•a

g

O Hto

•d0)

cd S

II

Physi-cians

s

1 <u

cot>

O D

.hi d <L)

2

c

6 "3

UNITED STATES (Cont.) . • 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

125

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Excepting

_Educational)

10

2

5712

7

3762

18

4

I

15

1

29

3

2

I

5

27

313

I

8

2

12

1

94

1

I

139 Sunday School Assn., World'sW. C. T. U., World's .*

1

141142

155156T«i8

Y. M. C. A. Internat'l Com. For. Dept. .

Y. W. C. A. National Bd. For. DeptINDEPENDENT

(Excepting Educational)Bolivian Indian Mission, N. Y. Br.**. . .

Bolivian Indian Miss., Pacific Coast Br.g"96

168183

Inland So. American Miss. JJn.qStearns' Church and Bible Classes

INDEPENDENT (Educational) -A

q Missionaries sent out from America only.

Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey

GRAND TOTALS—CANADA & U. S.

.

9,739 2,534 1,185 3,098 2,922 410 190 185 49,388

CANADA I

806

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TOTALS—CANADA 200 76 240 290 4i 27 6 1,999

I

2

BAPTISTBaptist, Canadian For. Miss. Bd

CHURCH OF ENGLAND92

6230

6

11

10

26066

237143

5

25

17

2

6

63

60

3

I

26

26

23

14

2

4

86

7474

41

3030

6

7

8566

7769

5

4

I

14

20

6

1

42

97

1

5

780

6620

4

5

Ch. of England, Wo. Aux. Miss. Soc. . .

CONGREGATIONALCongregational Canadian Wo. Bd. Miss.

HOLINESS

2

51

6

88a

%>

11

MENNONITESMenn. Brethren, Ont. Conf. Miss. Soc*.

METHODISTMethodist Church, Canada, Miss. Soc. .

.

Methodist Ch., Canada, Wo. Miss. Soc.PRESBYTERIAN

Presbyterian Ch., Canada, Bd. For. Miss.Presby. Ch., Canada, Wo. Miss. SocAW)

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Excepting Educational)

Y. W. C. A., Canada, For. Dept

254107

846

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 191 8.

t Estimate.** No data available,

ft Incomplete.

278

Mexico, Central America, South America (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF CHURCH MEDICAL

14S «.53 3

.5

OS

CD

'o3

•da

1

a

•aCO

4-> ctf-c!

omo

0.^

m cs

to

*c5

'ftCO

w

•c

to

CD

ftCO

s

CO

a

»— +jrt cci

uO

co>>

|5£§

0.2

10 II 12 13 14 is 16 17 18 19 20 21

125139140141142

155156158168183

194

I

I

r 96

16 6

5,500 5,500 **.'

".

.

'.

.

994

I 2 t 5,ooo 1,620

r Includes some ordained men and some women.

in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania

3,6i8 32,145 13,625 1,602,414 835,459 226,196 540,759 678,562 316 556 4,096,338 1,522,553

10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

59 1,562 378 48,2l6 27,263 5,974 14,979 24,613 30 58 466,694 27,620

1

22a

4

5

6

88a

9gb

11

4

I

14

8

32

540

50

35

123

& 814

236

152

2

123107

13,552

370

2,965

a 7,666

22,122

11,552

370

1,375

1,863

10,562

1,240

211

4,523

2,000

350

5,592

7,037

t 9,500

653

410

7,H92,850

6,843796

6

1

81

15

7

10

2

81

21

9

59,6lO

tt 4,500

116,3399,850

264,267117,568

3,377

6,302

a 8,604

9,337

a Not including data for Japan, as convertsare members of the Nippon MethodistKyokwai (Japan Methodist Church).

b Includes some women also.

279

Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF Included inColumns 1-3

*c3

•d

.2

0^

g

•a

c O>

-dy

y

Physi-cians

6

1 <u

55^

O <D

<v E

Q2a

2

*3

5

CANADA (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12

1415

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Educational)

Wo. Christian Med. Col., Toronto Com.cINDEPENDENT

(Excepting Educational)Ceylon and India Gen. Miss., Can. Br.c,*

China Inland Miss., Canadian Br.c

9

4

1

22

4 20

1

21

15

9

2010

1

1

5

1

1

2

UNITED STATES I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TOTALS—UNITED STATES 8,933 2,334 1,109 2,858 2,632 369 163 I7S 47,389

2324

25

26

2728

2929a

32

33

34

36

37

38

39

40

4i

43

ADVENT CHRISTIAN16

7

450

2

620

779224

12

16

212

77

6

33

26

261

9

22

52

72

1

49

228

6

3

72

23

2

II

77

4

6

1

163

1

55

1

I

9

3

I

II

20

I

52

186

I

I

6

267

3

3

76

24

2

11

7

68

4

7

5

3

29

1

4

229224

2

9

55

27

2

10

8

96

I

8

1

7

2

1

34

12

3

3

I

2312

3

2

I

60Advent, Wo. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc. . .

ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAYAdventist, Seventh-Day Denomination*

BAPTIST, GENERALBaptist, General For. Miss. Soc*BAPTIST, NATIONAL CONVENTIONLott Carey, Bapt. For. Miss. SocBaptist National For. Miss. Bd.*BAPTIST, NORTHERN CONVENTION

5i

882

3

672

6,996Baptist Amer. For. Wo. Miss. Soc

BAPTIST, SCANDINAVIAN2,300

17BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY

Baptist. Seventh Day Miss. SocBAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTIONBaptist Southern For. Miss. Bd

BRETHREN, CHURCH OF THE(DUNKER)

20

546

247BRETHREN CHURCH (Progressive)

Brethren For. Miss. SocBRETHREN IN CHRIST (TUNKERS)Brethren in Christ For. Miss. Bd

BRETHREN, PLYMOUTHBrethren Missionaries/,*CHRISTIAN AND MISS. ALLIANCEChristian and Missionary Alliance

CHRISTIAN CHURCHChristian Church For. Miss. Bd

CHURCH OF GODChurch of God, Miss. Bd

24

568

17

73

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available.

ft Incomplete.

280

in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF CHURCH

Boo!

MEDICAL

i

>»

.61

idCO

a

Srioil

° S '

C3§H

I•a

o.J2

P<U rj oj

T)-PH° S *

%WOw

CO

a

Q

-pa<u

S

10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

10

2

1,541 1,541'"88

17 21,978

1415

II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

3,559 30,583 13,247 1,554,198 808,196 220,222 525,780 653,949 286 498 3,629,644 1,521,906

2324

25

26

2728

2929a

32

33

34

36

37

38

39

40

41

43

12

3

19

1

2

20

443

5

68

7

7

13

48

4032

^863

2

"28

4,7121,043

4

13

354

205

23

455

I

12

816

424

1,841

8

7

124

35

1

106

3

13

1,200205

7,703

60

1 1,00020,312

188,710

124

28,140

3,088

1 1.503

10,671

1,404

1,100205

7,703

60

1,00020,312

188,710

124

25,643

2,993

t6oo

8,525

1,283

1 100

95

t903

2,146

121

1,000910

10,223

150450

87,38635,372

f24I

13.217

2,663

1 1,004

6,366

g

100

I

I

2615

14

3

1

3

1

8320

15

S

1

100

320,396143,018

4,947

126,227

30,437

137

86,343

250500

259,815

200

535

44,407

590

t 1,921

7,827

1,671

2,i\91

c Missionaries sent out from Canada only.

d Probably includes some women.e May include some hospitals.

/ No data available, except for staff.

g This Society makes use of schools con-ducted by other organizations.

281

Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey

81.a 3

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF Included inColumns 1-5

Physi-cians

'd ST3 c 2 S w

3 t; c a H fc

"3t/3

V>

3 2

PIc

26s; 5^ g ££ 2 * &£

UNITED STATES (Cont.)

CHURCHES OF GOD, GENERALELDERSHIP

Churches of God, Miss. BdChurches of God, Wo. Gen. Miss. Soc. .

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHESAmerican Bd. Comm. For. MissWo. Bd. Miss., BostonWo. Bd. Miss., InteriorWo. Bd. Miss., Pacific

American Miss. Assn.hDISCIPLES OF CHRIST

Christian, For. Miss. SocChristian, Wo. Bd. Miss

EPISCOPALProt. Epis. Dom. and For. Miss. Soc. . . .

EPISCOPAL, REFORMEDReformed Epis. Bd. For. Miss*

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATIONEvangelical Assn. Miss. Soc

Evangelical Assn. Wo. Miss. SocEVANGELICAL, UNITED

Evangelical Un. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc.EVANGELICAL SYNOD

Evangelical For. Miss. BdFRIENDS (ORTHODOX)

Friends Philadelphia For. Miss. Assn. . .

.

Friends American Bd. For. MissFriends' Ohio For. Miss. SocHEPHZIBAH FAITH MISS. ASSN.

Hephzibah Faith Miss. Assn.*HOLINESS CHURCH (INTERNAT'L

APOS.)Holiness Internat'l Apos. Bd. For. Miss*

LUTHERAN BRETHRENLutheran Brethren, Bd. Miss

LUTHERAN, DANISH UNITEDLutheran Danish United Miss. Bd

LUTHERAN FREE CHURCHLutheran Free Ch. Bd. MissLUTHERAN, JOINT SYN. OF OHIOLutheran Ohio Syn. Bd. For. Miss

LUTHERAN, NORWEGIANLutheran, Norwegian Bd. For. MissLUTHERAN SYN. CONFERENCE

Lutheran Missouri Syn. Bd. For. Miss. . .

LUTHERAN, UNITEDLutheran Un. Bd. For. Miss.*Lutheran Augustana China Miss. Soc*. .

4444a

4S45a

46

4849

SO

51

5252c

53

54

58

59

66

2

2

2

22

2

63811684106

170

3

57 199

2

21211684101

18076

7522 I

7119

3434

321 75 53 71 122

4 2 2

3416

9 9 1616

*35 *'I3 2 * 13 7

22 10 I 7 4

10227

3

41

I

5

3 3

3 93 I

3 33 A3 5

13 4 4 is

20 10 3 m 6 1

15 6 5 4

6 3 3

24 10 10 4

3 2 1

159 54 9 56 40

38 20 17 1

12530

489

2

44113

344

28

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.

** No data available,

tt Incomplete.h Missionaries supported under the American

Board in Angola.

282

in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF

6%

•1

1-

CHURCH

•si".•fl s

omo

o a

a § h

MEDICAL

II 12

88

44

3.707 1,607

573325

5627

441 324

17

25 7373

63 12

253 41

*. . . .

A; 7232

41

21

11 7

6

18 2

11 3

84 4

39

385 82

100 8

1,33828

2194

13 14 18 19

287

384263

127

,090

16,0276,597

42,949

62

1,143

3.747

t9004,933543

624

721

743

180

1,291

1,503

12,821

3,729

90,049570

88,090

16,0275,828

14,019

62

1,405

678

2,021

t750133543

249

323

309

130

623

1,390

6,044

285

34.126293

769

27,774

1,577

315

14

20

425

113

3,756

1,614

46,61537

1,156

465

149

t 1504,800

60

398

420

30

243

3-021

1,830

9,308240

200200

80,9486,178

10,9886,199

13,382

1 1,0001,000

776

4.570

1622,178391

119

393

35

262

756

4,046

2,859

27,925374

149,86533,720

236,58098,944

ft 67,220

t 5,ooo

30,000

33,6i8

7,33421,813

t 19,000

1,200

17,500

2,810

39,33120,527!

i Not including one ordained man and onewife supported by this Society in Nigeriaunder the American Council of theSudan United Mission.

j Includes some recorded ministers.

k Probably includes some women.I Not including one woman working under

the China Inland Mission.m Includes five ordained women.

283

Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey

SOCIETY

FOREIGxN STAFF,

o£ PS II

Included inColumns 1-5

Physi-cians

o o02^

UNITED STATES (Cont.)

72

73

74

80

81

82

83

8484 c

87

88

89

90

9293

95

96

98

100

101

102

104

105

LUTHERAN INTER-SYNODICALLuth. Inter-Synodical Orient Miss. Soc.*,wMENNONITE AND AMISH MENN.Mennonite Bd. Miss, and Charities

MENNONITE BRETHRENMennonite Brethren Ch. For. MissMENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRISTMennonite Penn. Conf. Bd. For. Miss.o . .

MENNONITE, CONFERENCE OFDEFENCELESS

Congo Inland MissionMENNONITE, GENERAL CONF.

Mennonite Gen. Conf. Bd. For. Miss . . .

MENNONITE (KRIMMERBRUEDERGEMEINDE)

Mennonite China Miss. Soc *

METHODIST EPISCOPALMethodist Epis. For. Bd. Miss

Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Soc. . .

METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICANMethodist Epis. African Miss. DeptMETHODIST EPIS. AFRICAN ZIONMethodist Epis. Zion Miss. SocMETHODIST EPISCOPAL, SOUTH

Methodist Epis. South Bd. MissMETHODIST, FREE

Methodist Free Gen. Miss. BdMETHODIST PROTESTANT

Methodist Prot. Bd. For. MissMethodist Prot. Wo. For. Miss. Soc. . . .

METHODIST, WESLEYANMethodist Wesleyan Am. Miss. Soc* . . .

METROPOLITAN CHURCH ASSN.Burning Bush Mission *

NAZARENE CHURCHNazarene Ch., Gen. Miss. Bd

PENIEL MISSIONSPeniel Miss. SocPENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLDPentecost Bands of the World*PRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMEDPresbyterian Assoc. Ref. Bd. For. Miss.*PRESBYTERIAN, CUMBERLAND

Presby. Cumberland Wo. Bd. MissPRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S.

(SOUTH)Presby., Exec. Com. For. Miss. (South) . .

,220514

41

5

238

72

313

2

6

3

9

5

11

5

313

34

3

60

19

3I

6

4

16

1

9

2

94

3

7

3

2

5

11

9

331

4

1

69

22

3I

7

3

13

2

6

2

35

514514

I

I

89

25

93

6

3

17

2

5

5

117 67

66

127

13,4894,897

85

150

661

240

8433

20

3

79

7

36

20

18

12 928

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available.

tt Incomplete.

284

in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF CHURCH

wgli

MEDICAL

O 0)

£ S

OS

•a

1•a

J

co°si

co+>dCtJ

ato

OfflO

.2-8

-glffld to u.

CO

"3

8

1a

s

to

i

-1o£

1

11

c3°

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

72

73

74

8o

8i

82

83

I484a

87

88

89

90

9293

95

96

98

100

101

102

104

105

5

2

1

885

74

20

68

8

55

4

2

X

30

27

83

30

£85

30

7,707

10

130

(Z463

137

2222

12

2

49

2

13

12

9

788

34

42

21

4,897

1

130

95

7II

8

I

30

5

19

6

8

no

699

7,200

2,641

150

610

427

4"."3

20,121

8,000

27,834

4,955

3,039652

100

1,048

813

1,836

595

68,820

626

2,200

2,084

100

6lO

127

50,912

20,121

8,000

16,206

1,844

2,242410

100

695

167

400

595

35,822

73

557

120,010

19727

28

1,200

3,733

**

5,000

50

300

240,191

11,628

3,iii

600215

353

618

236

29,265

939

500

600

750

522

94,43450,981

821

686

10,324

2,733

1,432369

221

250

100

338

26,839

1

1

1

3420

8

1

1

14

4

1

2

4

42

13

4

1

1

4

2

14

19,300

t 5,000

250

20,000

t5oo

f 469,194309.194

77,558

3.700

11,900

400

3,402

n,596

333.635

412

1,600

1 100

1 100

305.214

5,073

120

22,651

6,043

2,431I8l

250

550

292

38,864

n Work in abeyance on account of the War.Work all under the Christian and Mis-

sionary Alliance.

p May include some ordained men and somewomen.

q May include some women.

285

Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey

o <u

£g

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF

PS y

Included inColumns 1-5

Physi-cians

2

UNITED STATES (Cont.)

PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A.(NORTH)

Presbyterian For. Miss. BdPresby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. ( N. Y.) . .

Presby. Wo. Occidental Bd. For. Miss . .

Presby. Wo. For. Miss. Soc, Phila. . .

.

Presby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss., Southwest.Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss., North Pacific. .

Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss., Northwest. . . .

PRESBYTERIAN, REFORMEDPresbyterian (Covenanter) Bd. For. Miss.PRESBYTERIAN, REF. GEN. SYNODPresby. Ref. Gen. Syn. Bd. For. Miss. . .

PRESBYTERIAN, UNITEDPresby. United, Bd. For. MissPresby. United Wo. Miss. SocPRESBYTERIAN, WELSH CALVINIS-

TIC METHODISTCalvinistic Methodist Miss. Soc

REFORMED IN AMERICAReformed Bd. For. Miss

REFORMED IN THE U. S.Reformed Bd. For. Miss

SALVATION ARMYSalvation Army

SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCEScandinavian Alliance Miss.s

SCHWENKFELDERSchwenkfelder. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc.t . .

SWEDISH MISSION COVENANTSwedish Evangelical Miss. Covenant ....

UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRISTUnited Brethren For. Miss. Soc

UNITED BRETHREN(Old Constitution)

Un. Brethren Dom. Fro. and For. Miss. .

UNIVERSALISTUniversalist Gen. Convention*

Universalist Wo. Nat' I Miss. Assn. . . .

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Excepting Educational)

American Bible Society*Sunday School Assn., World's uW. C. T. U., World's*Y. M. C. A. Internat'l Com. For. Dept. .

Princeton MissionY. W. C. A. National Bd. For. Dept

106106aio6£>

106cio6dio6e106/

109

inma

112

114

"5

116

117

119

121

122

123

124124a

125139140141141a142

1,28410673

2726522199

50

155103

4

139

84

23

96

2

27

54

3093

31012S5

344

211

173

2

4486l41

158438

132

16

2

73

156 1463

3194528

101221367

16

103

2

46

20

r 5

28

85

61 504

1,48576

10

757

3ii

121

198

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available.

ft Incomplete.

286

in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF

TJ0>

a Ctu £

'M «•ti

a•p 0) 2 <u oo£ Ss £

CHURCH

a) 30*0HO

t?S

OfflU

o &fc 3 d

1:1 S fe

MEDICAL

13 14 IS 16 17 18 19

380 4,134

6 31

2 12

118 1,045

4

42 451

28 220

90

34 113

1 4

S

51

273

1,990

32276

6

264

63

374,907

763

24

45,694

4i

6,838

6,873

3,905

9,779

170

580

164,782

708

24

45,694

27

6,838

3,884

2,265

6,842

55

560

6,746

55

14

489

370

1.454

103

203,379

2,500

1,270

1,483

12

20

171,637

825

26,2423,890

167

15,544

1,951

1,226

1,989

80

150

79 108 785,668

35,778

5,349

150,86433,475

4,500

139,049

29,228

7,914

29,646

1,268

r Commissioned officers.

5 Field statistics not available.t Under the American Board of Commis-

sioners for Foreign Missions.

u In addition this Society has special workersgiving part time in several countries.These part-time workers are mission-aries reported by other Boards.

287

Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey

o <u

O £

SOCIETY

FOREIGN STAFF

6S PS Is

Included inColumns 1-5

Physi-cians

J c

UNITED STATES (Cont.)

INTERDENOMINATIONAL(Educational)

Am. Univ. at CairoMadras Women's Christian College. v. .

Nanking Univ. Trustees .v

Union Miss. Med. Col. for Women s . . .

INDEPENDENT(Excepting Educational)

Africa Inland MissionBible Faith MissionBroadcast Tract Press*China Inland Miss. Coun. for N. A.w.

.

Churches of God, Wo. Miss. Soc.xEvangel MissionGospel Miss. Soc*Holiness National Assn., Bur. Miss.*. . .

International Reform BureauKonia Hospital yNyasaland Miss., Amer. Com.*,wPerm. Chr. Assn. Univ. For. DeptSantal Mission, American Com.wSo. Afr. Gen. Miss., Am. Coun.wSouth China Boat Miss.*Stearns' Church and Bible ClassesSudan United Miss., Am. CounWo. Union Miss. Soc

INDEPENDENT (Educational)Canton Christian College, TrusteesConstantinople Girls' College, Trustees.Robert College, TrusteesSyrian Prot. College, TrusteesYale For. Miss. Soc

143144145148

150134157160162164165167171173177178180181182183184188

190191195196197

48

2 44

51 47

I

19 33

I

2

4I

2

3I

I

5

1

331

IS 52 97 5

25 915 4

93

17197

6040

4615

Note.—Figures in italics are included in thetotals of the main society above.

* Figures for 1918.

t Estimate.** No data available.

ft Incomplete.v The members of the staff are_ those not

under appointment as missionaries of

the constituent Societies.

288

in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued)

NATIVE STAFF

O <U

52 6S

131

CHURCH

<+-!W

aJȣ3? omo

«-> ^ 03

aP. « 5

I O aS

:.s3

MEDICAL

•n gcd

a a

ra ft nJ o5

w Q HH

If

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

143144145148

150154157160162164XSS

167171173177178180181182183184188

190191195196197

84

10

197

11

27

333

3.09038

11200

300

3,09024

II200

300

8576635

141,000

42

64

18

t300i,5io

856547521950282

17,50935,588

t 6,000

t 500

1 1,000

12,490[102,911

1 5,000

t 2,000

f 8,00026,623

35

2,750

w Missionaries sent out from the UnitedStates only.

x Not to be confused with the Women's Gen-eral Missionary Society of the GeneralEldership of the Churches of God (44a)

.

y Work suspended on account of war con-ditions.

289

INDEXES

DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS

Aaberg, Rev. J. C. (62)Achard, Miss A. M. (84a)Alden, Ezra Hyde (99)

GiAlexander, Rev. George, D.D. (106,

194)Allen, Mrs. Ethel M. (124a)Allen, Miss Mary Louise (142)Allgyer, Bishop S. E. (73)Aimer, Rev. A. D. (71)Anderson, Miss Alice T. (31)Anderson, Rev. Elmer G. (98)Anderson, Mrs. G. M. (49)Anderson, Rev. W. B., D.D. (ill)Anderson, W. H. P. (10), (13S)Anewalt, Mrs. Lewis L. (115a)Ankeney, Hon. Horace (115)Armstrong, Rev. A. E., M.A. (9)Armstrong, Rev. John I. (105)Arnup, Rev. Jesse H., B.A. (8)

Atwater, Mrs. Anna R. (47, 49)Avery, Mrs. D. J. (27a)Ayer, Mrs. H. H. (ib)Ayres, Mrs. Elizabeth (95a)

Babcock, A. S. (33)Babcock, Mrs. J. H. (33a)Babson, Miss Hester T. (45)Bailey, Miss Annie G. (84a)Baker, Rev. P. L. (90)Baker, Rev. T. P. (95)Baldwin, Miss Alice H. (179)Baldwin, Mrs. P. A. (114b)Banks, Varian (107)Barbee, Mrs. C. M. (io6e)Bare, Miss Stella (101)Barkby, Rev. J. T. (91)Barnes, Henry B. (192)Barnes, Rev. Lemuel C., D.D. (30)Barrett, Mrs. R. M. (26a)Bartholomew, Rev. Allen R., D.D. (115)Barton, Rev. James L., D.D., LL.D. (45,

4Sf, 45g, 45h, I3iai, 144. 148)Bauman, Rev. Louis S. (37)Beach, Prof. Harlan P., D.D., F.R.G.S.

(163, 179)Beach, Roderick (i3ia9a)Bealer, Mrs. L. May (162)Beard, Rev. Augustus F., D.D. (46)Beard, Rev. William S. (46)Beatty, Miss Rose (11)Beauchamp, Rev. W. B., D.D. (89)Bechtel, Andrew S. (81)Beck, Rev. C. H., D.D. (92)Becker, Rev. Johs. (67)Beckett, Mrs. M. S. C. (87b)Beede, B. Willis (56)Beegle, Mrs. Helen C. (69a)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number.

Beets, Rev. Henry, LL.D. (113)Beezley, Mrs. Beatrice C. (167)Bell, Rev. Enoch P. (45, 45e)Bell, Rev. Ezra K., D.D. (69)Bell, Bishop W. M., D.D. (122)Bender, G. L. (73)Benedict, Elbert L. (58)Bennett, Miss Belle H., LL.D. (89a)Bennett, Mrs. F. S. (108)Bennett, Rev. J. R., D.D. (28)Benton, Miss Elisabeth S. (45c)Berry, Rev. George T. (175)Betticher, Rev. Charles E. (50)Bible, Rev. Frank W. (i32aia)Bicknell, A. Ingham (124)Biller, Mrs. George (50a)Bingham, Rev. Rowland V. (21, 22)Birkelund, Rev. J. R., M.D. (66)Bisbee, Rev. F. A., D.D. (124)Bissland, Mrs. W. H. (io6d)Blackwell, Mrs. Annie A. (88a)Blackwell, Mrs. J. H. (27a)Blackwood, Mrs. D. (9a)Blegen, Prof. J. H. (64, 180)Blinn, Miss Vera B. (122a)Bliss, Mrs. Theodora Crosby (i32aib)Boardman, Roger S. (i32aia)Boggs, Samuel W. (i32aib)Bolles, Mrs. C. T. (90a)Bolt, Rev. Ralph (113)Booth, Commander Eva (116)Bovaird, David, M.D. (i32aib)Bowen, Rev. Arthur J. (181)Bradley, Mrs. T. E. D. (io6f)Bradt, Rev. Charles E., D.D. (106)Brearley, Miss Marie L. (51a)Brewer, Miss Henrietta P. (45c)Broadwell, Mrs. Samuel J. (188)Brock, Charles R. (30)Brockman, F. S. (141)Brodie, Donald M. (i32aia)Broen, Rev. E. M. (61)Bromer, Rev. Albert S. (115)Bronson, Mrs. F. S. (188)Brookes, Mrs. H. S. (io6d)Brooks, Rev. Charles A. (30)Broomfield, Rev. J. C, D.D. (92)Brown, Rev. Arthur J., D.D. (106)Brown, Rev. C. L., D.D. (69)Brown, Rev. C. S., D.D. (27)Brown, Frank L. (139)Brown, Rena M. (101a)Brown, Mrs. Walter T., B.A. (8a)Browning, Rev. Webster E., Ph.D

(i32aia, 133)Brownlee, Rev. E. A. (15)Brunner, Rev. C. H. (80)

293

294 DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS

Cory, Rev. A. E. t D.D. (48)Crafts, Rev. Wilbur F., Ph.D. (171)Craig, W. S. (101a)Crane, Hon. Charles R. (191)Crane, Miss Helen B. (138)Crawford, Mrs. Walter (104)Crear, David (40)Crosley, Mrs. G. E. (33a)Crouch, S. J. L. (i32aia)Cummings, Mrs. Willoughby, D.C.L.

(2, 2a)Cunningham, Mrs. Effie L. (48, 49)Curry, Rev. J. Q. A., D.D. (53)Cutting, Churchill Hunter (125)

Damon, Col. Alexander M. (116)Daniells, Rev. A. G. (25)Daniels, Mrs. C. H. (45a)Danner, W. M. (135)Darling, Samuel C. (191)Dauchy, Mrs. S. T. (188)Davis, Rev. Joseph A. (168)Davis, S. H. (33)Davison, Miss Alice M. (106a, 130)Dawson, Judge (13)Day, Dwight H. (106)Dean, Rev. I. R. (14)Dearing, Rev. W. P. (26)DeForrest, Robert W. (19s)Delano, Eugene (187)Demarest, William T. (114, 114c)Denison, Rev. W. H. (41)Dennett, Mrs. Lena S. (29b)Denovan, Mrs. Alan (19)de Schweinitz, Rev. Paul, D.D. (97, 131a,

I3ia6)Devore, Elder D. S. (59)Dietrich, E. G. (95)Diffendorfer, Ralph E. (i32a2)Dimock, Mrs. George E. (175)Divan, Mrs. Emma F. (53a)Divine, Rev. F. H. (30)Doan, R. A. (48)Dobbins, G. S. (34, 35)Dodd, Allison (173)Dodd. R. M. (77)Dodge, Bayard (196)Dodge, Cleveland H. (195)Dodge, Rev. D. Stuart, D.D. (196)Dolfin, Rev. John (113)Donaldson, Mrs. (2a)Dorman, Mrs. Richard A. (187)Dowkontt, Rev. George H., M.D. (169Downs, Mrs. J. W. (89)Drach, Rev. George (69)Drew, Edward (182)Drew, Miss Florence (182)Dwight, Rev. Franklin B. (149)Dwight, Frederick (192)Dunkelberger, Miss S. C. (183)Dye, Mrs. A. M. (59)

East, Mrs. Lida K. (93)Eddy, Rev. D. Brewer (45)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number.

Bryant, Samuel (30)Bunker, Rev. Fred R. (i32aia)Burdick, Rev. Clayton H. (33)Burnham, F. W., D.D. (47)Burrell, Rev. David James, D.D., LL.D.

(126, 193)Burroughs, Miss N. H. (28a)Burtt, Rev. Edwin P. (164)Butler, Miss Clementina (179)Butler, Miss Esther H. (58)Butterfield, Mrs. Nellie (95a)

Cadwallader, Mrs. Rawlins (106b)Cady, Rev. George L., D.D. (46)Calder, Miss Helen B. (45a)Camden, Horace P. (106, 107)Cameron, Allen N. (157)Camp, N. H. (177)Campbell, Mrs. G. W. (106b)Campbell, Mrs. Glen H. (ia)

Campbell, Mrs. H. C. (ma)Campbell, Rev. J. W. (5)Carlisle, Rosalind, Countess of (140)Carmichael, M. J. (79)Carpenter, Miss Adella P. (90, 90a)Carr, Mrs. Wilbur J. (172)Carson, William G. (109)Carter, Russell (106, 145)Carty, Miss (19)Case, Miss Esther (89, 89a)Chadsey, Mrs. Maude M. (24)Chamberlain, Rev. Lewis B. (125)Chamberlain, Rev. William I., Ph.D. (114,

114a, 131a, I3ia2, 131b, 144a, 148)Chamberlin, Mrs. E. E. (162)Channel, Mrs. S. J. (87a)Chappell, Mrs. E. B. (89, 89a)Chesnut, Rev. R. W., Ph.D. (no)Chester, Rev. S. H., D.D. (105)Chown, Rev. S. Dwight, D.D. (8)

Chrestensen, Rev. Evald (62)Christiansen, Rev. G. B. (63)Christie, Rev. G. A. (5)Clark, Rev. Francis E., D.D., LL.D.

(127)Clark, Rev. Franklin J. (50, 176)Clark, Mrs. George M. (45b)Claudon, D. N. (81)Clay, Mrs. Johnie Massey (104)Cleland, Rev. C. S., D.D. (in)Clinton, J. M. (141)Clowes, Walter F. (150)Cobb, Miss Eliza P. (114b)Cobb, Rev. Henry E., D.D. (114)Coleman, Mrs. Mary L. (90a)Colgate, Mrs. Gilbert (187)Collins, Mrs. William H. (55)Colton, E. T. (141)Cook, Mrs. Frank Gaylord (45a)Copp, Miss (19)Coppock, Benjamin S. (57)Corbe, Rev. Zenan M. (70)Corey, Rev. Stephen J., LL.D. (48,

I3ias)

DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS 295

Eddy, G. Sherwood (141)Eddy, Mrs. Katherine Willard (142)Edgren, Rev. John (32)Edwards, Mrs. B. F. (io6d)Eieazer, Robert B. (89, 89a)Ellett, Mrs. Louise Urton (56a)Elliot, Mrs. Henry R. (106a, 106b, 106c,

io6d, io6e, io6f)• Endicott, Rev. James, D.D. (8)Epp, Rev. George E. (52)Erdman, Rev. Paul (i32aia)Eugle, Elder S. G. (38)

Fahs, Charles H. (i3ia4)Faithfull, Mrs. Edgar (181)Fancher, Bertram H. (141)Farmer, Rev. Harry (i32aia)Farrar, Rev. James M., D.D. (114c)Fellows, Mrs. N. E. (24)Felton, Mrs. Amelia J. (27a)Ferguson, Rev. T. P. (100)Ferrier, Mrs. W. W. (45c)Finkbeiner, Mrs. J. G. (53a)Finks, Miss Theodora (108)Fitzwater, Rev. P. B., D.D. (159)Fletcher, Rev. Oliver M. (150)Folger, Mrs. Anna K. (95a)Forbes, Mrs. G. Ernest (9a)Forsyth, Rev. D. D., D.D. (85)Foster, Rev. F. M., Ph.D. (109)Fouke, Rev. W. H., D.D. (53)Foulke, William (125)Fowle, Luther R. (195)Fowles, Rev. George M., D.D. (84)Foxcroft, Frederick O. (193)Franklin, Rev. James H., D.D. (29)Franklin, Lewis B. (50)Fries, Mrs. W. O. (122a)Friesen, Rev. John L. (83)Frost, Rev. Henry W. (15, 160)Frost, Lloyd A. (99)Fry, T. Ashton (164)Fuerbringer, Prof. L. (68)Fuessle, Rev. Eugene E. (i32aia)Fullerton, Rev. Baxter P., D.D. (107)Funk, J. A., M.D. (i32aia)Furnas, Elizabeth C. (56a)

Gailey, Rev. Robert R., M.A. (141a)Gamertsfelder, Mrs. S. J. (52)Gandier, Rev. Principal Alfred, M.A.,

D.D., LL.D. (9, 131a)Garabrant, D. G. (30)Gardiner, David (14, 159)Gardner, Rev. John S., D.D. (114c)Garnsey, E. D. (181)Gates, Rev. Caleb F., D.D., LL.D. (195)Gaylord, A. F. (177)Gaylord, Irving C. (46)Gearhart, William A. (37)Geddes, Mrs. Ross J. (44a)Gilbert, Mrs. Levi (86)Glendinning, R. (177)Glenn, Lewis E. (101a)

Glover, Rev. R. H., M.D. (40)Goddard, Rev. O. E., D.D. (89)Good, Rev. James I., D.D., LL.D. (115)Goodwin, Deaconess Henrietta R. (50a)Gordon, Miss Anna Adams (140)Goss, Mrs. John W. (io6e)Goucher, Rev. John F., D.D. (i3ia9)Goudie, Rev. Samuel (6)Gould, Rev. Canon S., M.D. (2)Graebner, Prof. Theo. (68)Graeff, Miss Lillian C. (53a)Graf, Mrs. Mary M. (104)Graham, A. A., D.D. (27)Grant, W. Henry (131, 190)Grantham, James (i32aib)Gravett, Pastor Joshua (157)Gray, Rev. Arthur R., D.D. (50)Gray, Rev. B. D., D.D. (35)Griggs, Miss Katharine C. (190)Grose, Rev. Howard B., D.D. (29, 29a,

30, 31)Grubb, Rev. S. M. (82)Gruhler, Mrs. W. J. (S3a)Gynild, Rev. E. E. (64)

Hadley, Ross A. (56)Haeffner, Rev. J. (67)Haggard, Rev. Fred. P., D.D. (132a)Haines, Miss Mary M. (55)Haines, Robert B., Jr. (174)Halford, Col. E. W. (134)Hall, Mrs. P. P. (2a)

Hall, William Phillips (126, 181)Halleen, Rev. E. A. (120)Halliday, Miss Vernon (130, 138)Halsey, Rev. A. Woodruff, D.D. (106,

I3iau, 19s)Hamilton, J. D. (89)Hamilton, Dr. L. S. M. (12)Hamilton, Mrs. W. (19)Hancock, Miss Emma R. (142)Handy, Mrs. Mary F. (87b)Hanley, Mrs. C. S. (189)Hanley, Rev. C. S. (189)Hannum, Rev. William H. (i32aia)Hansen, Rev. I. M. (63)Hapgood, Powers (166)Harder, Rev. D. E. (83) -

Harder, Rev. Gustav (82)Harford, Mrs. L. R. (122a)Harlan, Rolvix, D.D. (30)Harris, Mrs. W. R. (115a)Harrison, Mrs. Ida W. (49)Hartzler, Rev. H. B., D.D. (53)Harvey, Mrs. E. L. (96)Harvey, Miss Harriet (175)Haskins, Miss Sara Estelle (89, 89a)Haven, Rev. William I., D.D. (125, 136)Haviland, Walter W. (55)Hawley, J. W. (i32aic)Hay, Rev. John (168)Hay, Mrs. Margaret (17)Heebner, Rev. H. K. (119)Heebner, William K. (119)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number.

296 DIRECTORY OP MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS

Heisey, Elder J. L. (38)Helfenstein, Mrs. Lulu C. (41a)Helliwell, Mrs. Grant (12)Helmer, Frederic F. (15, 160)Hendel, William H. (53)Hendrickson, Rev. William H. (181)Henley, Mrs. J. C. (130)Hering, Miss Hollis W., M.A. (i3ia4a)Hiatt, Edgar F. (56)Hiebert, Rev. N. N. (74)Hill, Mrs. Edward Yates (17s)Hill, Mrs. J. B. (ma)Hill, Rev. John B., D.D. (i32ai)Hill, Mrs. Thomas (4)Hitchcock, Rev. A. N., D.D. (45)Hjerpe, Rev. H. G. (121)Hobbs, Mrs. Leonora N. (56a)Hofer, D. M. (83)Holdren, W. E. (141)Hoist, Rev. M. (62)Hooper, Miss Florence (84a)Horn, Miss E. L. (52a)Hosmer, John G. (45)Houghton, Mrs. Louise Seymour (17s)Hounshell, Rev. C. G. (89)Hovey, Rev. George Rice, D.D. (30)Howard, Bishop A. T., D.D. (122")

Howe, Rev. J. (123)Howell, Miss Mabel K. (89, 89a)Huggins, G. E. (166)Hughes, Rev. J. H., D.D. (27)Hult, Rev. Adolph (71)Hume. Miss M. E. (ic)

Hunter, Rev. John H. (156)Huntington, George B. (29)Hupfield, Mrs. Henry (93)Hurlbut, Mrs. S. E. (45b)Hurst, Mrs. B. K. (87b)Hutchison, Mrs. David (ic)

Iley, Rev. James (91)Inman, Rev. Samuel G. (i32aia, 133)Innes, George (143)Isaac, Alfred E. (30)

Jaderquist, Rev. J. E. (40)Jeffers, C. A. (164)Jenkins, Edward C. (141) j

Jenningi, Mrs. H. C. (86)Jennings, Mrs. S. C. (31)Jensen, Mrs. F. E. (69a)Jensen, Howard E. (i32aia)Jensen, Mrs. Lillian C. (90a)Jesup, Charles M., Esq. (149)Johnson, Arthur S. (166)Johnson, Mrs. Frank L. (49)Johnson, Rev. George (52)Johnson, Bishop J. Albert, D.D. (87)Johnson, Rev. J. S. (189)Johnson, Rev. O. J., D.D. (71)Johnson, Rev. Weston T. (106)Jones, E. C., Ph.D. (144a)Jones, Rev. E. J.. D.D. (112)Jones, Ernest (22)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer toDirectory of Mission Societies, and not

Jones, Sylvester (56)Jones, Thomas J. (158)Jordan, Rev. L. G., D.D. (28, 28a)

Kalbfleisch, P. J. (79)Kanage, Mrs. Erne (123a)Kauffman, Mrs. Alva (122a)Kauffman, Bishop Daniel (73)Keiter, Rev. W. D. C., D.D. (70)Kelewer, Rev. J. W. (82)Kelley, Mrs. Frank B. (175)Kelsey, Clarence H. (197)Kelsey, Rev. H. H., D.D. (45)Kelso, Miss Leonora (187)Kennedy, Mrs. G. A. (106b)Kent, Mrs. B. (19)Kerr, J. H. S. (20)King, Rev. Charles F., D.D. (23)King, Henry C, LL.D. (46)King, Rev. William R., D.D. (107)Kingsley, William M. (196)Kirrmann, Rev. E. C, Ph.D. (i32aia)Klein, Rev. Fred C. (92)Knoff, Mrs. M. W. (60)Knox, Rev. W. T. (25)Kofoid, Mrs. C. A. (45c)Kouwenhoven, W. W. (181)Krammes, Mrs. B. B. (115a)Krechting, Mrs. J. P. (69a)Kreider, Rev. Charles D. (97)Kretzschmar, Rev. Richard (68)

Kulp, Rev. George B. (60)Kumm, Dr. H. K. W. (184)Kyle, Miss Alice M. (45a)Kyle, Rev. M. G., D.D., LL.D. (in)

Laflamme, H. F. (173)Lambert, G. A. (122)Lambert, Rev. William (78)Lambuth, Bishop W. R. (89)Lamson, Miss Kate C. (45a)Lansing, Hon. Robert (132)Lathern, Miss L. B. (8a)

Latimer, Rev. James V. (i32aia)Latimer, Robert L. (in)Lavcock, Mrs. Washington (31)Layton, Mrs. S. W. (28a)Lee, Mrs. John Harvey (106c)Lee, Mrs. Lucius 0. (45b)Lehman, Rev. L. J. (75)Lehmann, Rev. T. (54)Lemberger, Joseph L., Phar.D. (lis)

Lentz, Mrs. E. W. (115a)Lerrigo, Rev. P. H. J., M.D. (29)

Lewis, Miss Amy G. (84a)Lewis, Rev. Henry, Ph.D. (126)Lindenmeyer, Rev. Samuel (54)Lindley, Miss M. G. (50a)Linn, Edgar C. (179)Lipphard, William B. (29)Llewellyn, J. S. (42)Lloyd, Rt. Rev. Arthur S., D.D. (50, 50a,

I3iai2)Lobdell, Mrs. Marian W. (124a)

the number of the society as found in the

to the page number.

DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS 297

Locher, Rev. C. W. (54)Loew, Mrs. F. A. (123, 123a)Logan, Rev. J. T. (90)Lohre, Rev. N. J., M.A. (72)Longstreth, Miss S. M. (55)Loomis, Rev. Samuel Lane, D.D. (46)Love, Rev. J. F., D.D. (34)Loveland, Miss Elizabeth S. (149)Lowndes, Mrs. W. C. (34a)Lyman, Miss Mary I. (45b)

McAll, Robert L. (i32aia)McBride, Rev. George M. (i32aia)McBrier, E. M. (146)McCartee, Miss Elsie E. (188)McCarty, Rev. E. F. (95)McCausland, Norman S. (51)McClain, Rev. Alva J. (37)McClurkin, Rev. J. K., D.D. (143)McCord, Rev. E. K. (41)McCoy, Mrs. James H. (89)McCulloch, Mrs. J. F. (93)McCulloch, William P. (138)Macdonald, Mrs. J. A. (9b)McDougall, Miss Eleanor (144)McDowell, Rev. John, D.D. (107)McDowell, Mrs. William Fraser (84a)Macfarland, Rev. Charles S., D.D.

(129)McFeeters, Rev. J. C, D.D. (109)MacGillivray, Mrs. John (9b)McGuffin, Miss E. J. H. (8a)Mackay, Rev. R. P., D.D. (9)Mackensen, Rev. H. (72)Mackenzie, Rev. Kenneth (168)Mackenzie, Rev. T. H., D.D. (114)Mackenzie, W. Douglas, D.D. (131b)MacLachlan, R. J. (39)MacLaren, Rev. D. C, D.D. (194)McLean, Rev. A., D.D. (47, 48, 14s)MacLeish, Mrs. Andrew (29a)McMillan, A. B. (no)McMullan, Miss Janet (106c)MacMurchy, Miss Bessie (9b)MacMurray, John (i32aib)Macnab, Mrs. William (9a)MacNaughtan, David (159)Malcolm, A. G. (17)Malcolm, Rev. A. M. (103)Mallory, Miss Kathleen (34a)Manierre, Charles E. (173)Manley, J. E. (141)Mann, Frank H. (125)Manning, Rev. Charles E. (8, 8a)Manning, Mrs. J. W. (ic)

Marcelius, Rev. D. (121)Mare, Miss Eleanor (29a)Markham, Rev. Reuben H. (i32aia)Marling, Alfred E. (131, 131a)Marquis, Rev. John A., D.D. (107)Marshall, Raymond E. (i32aia)Mason, Rev. D. J. (103)Mason, Rev. Walter C. (i32aia)Masters, Miss Clara E. (188)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number.

Matheson, The Most Rev. S. P., D.D.'Primate (2)

Matthews, Mrs. Albert (ia)

Mattson, Rev. Johan (64)Mattson, Mrs. Johan (64a)Mayer, Rev. Otto (i32aib)Meckel, Rev. T. C. (52)Menzel, Rev. Paul A. (54)Merrill, Miss Efiie A. (84a)

Messinger, Miss Emma D. (S3. 53a)

Metheny, S. A. S., M.D. (109)Miatt, Miss L. M. (4)Middlemiss, Mrs. James (181)Millar, William B. (134)Miller, Mrs. George H. (93)Miller, Rev. J. Allen, D.D. (37)Miller, L. O. (122)Millikin, B. C. (106)Mills, Rev. Samuel J. (i32aia)Minton, Rev. W. P. (41)Mitchell, Rev. R. Bland (50)Moench, Bishop C. L., D.D. (97)Moffett, Mrs. Susanne (49)Montgomery, Mrs. Helen Barrett (29a)

Moody, Mrs. Margaret L. (163)Moore, Prof. E. C, D.D. (45)Moore, Mrs. Frank Gardner (187)Moore, Mrs. George (nia)Moore, George A. (3)Moore, George H. (56)Morehead, Mrs. W. F. (69a)

Morgan, Rev. George, D.D. (136)Morrill, Mrs. M. T. (41a)

Moses, Rev. Jasper T. (i32aia)Motley, Mrs. P. B. (ib)

Mott, John R., LL.D. (128, 128a, I3ia8,

132, 138, 141)Murray, Rev. J. Lovell (138)Murray, William D. (141)Musser, Rev. E. W. (38)

Nelson, Rev. S. S. (60)Newcomer, Mrs. Mary B. (162)Nichols, E. B. (123b)Nichols, F. J. (141)Niebel, Rev. B. H., D.D. (S3)Nimmo, Mrs. W. R. (34a)Norris, J. A., Esq. (13)Norris, Mrs. J. A. (13)North, Rev. Eric M., Ph.D. (i32aib, 146)

North, Rev. Frank Mason, D.D. (84, 129)

Northam, Mrs. W. L. (95a)

Nuveen, Mrs. John (31)

Olcott, E. E. (134. 143)Olmstead, Miss Susan H. (191)Olmstead, Rev. William B. (90)

Olsen, O. C. (62)Osborne, Charles W. (114c)

Palmer, Garner (161)Palmer, Rev. Orson R. (150)Parkhurst, Rev. Charles H., D.D., LL.D.

(190)

298 DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS

Parkhurst, Mrs. Charles H. (175)Parkinson, Rev. G. G., D.D. (102)Parks, Rev. John (no)Parrish, Mrs. M. V. (28a)Parsons, Herbert (190)Partridge, Miss Jennie (106b)Patterson, Graham (16)Patterson, J. M. (106)Patterson, Dr. Margaret (12)Patton, C. E. (i32aia)Patton, Rev. Cornelius H., D.D. (45,

I3ia3)Paxton, Mrs. G. M. (44a)Payne, Mrs. Ellie K. (49)Payne, N. H. (79)Peabody, Mrs. H. W. (29a)Peach, Rev. Preston L. (i32aia)Pearce, Mrs. Lida B. (49)Pearce, Rev. McLeod Milligan (109)Pearce, Mrs. Richard M. (106c)Pearce, Bishop William (90)Pegues, Rev. A. W. (27)Pepper, John R. (89)Perkins, Mrs. Abraham R. (175)Perrine, Mrs. Mabel (95a)Perry, Arthur (146)Perry, Delbert K. (165)Phelps, J. W. (43)Phillips, Mrs. A. M. (8a)Phraner, Francis S. (190)Pierson, D. L. (130, 147)Pirn, Miss Rachel (58)Pinson, Rev. W. W., D.D. (89, i3iaio)Plopper, C. W. (48)Pollock, Rev. A. F. (3)Poorman, Rev. John H. (115)Potter, F. M. (114)Powell, Mrs. Ambrose V. (io6f)PoweU, Mrs. N. A. (8a)Pratt, Rev. Charles H. (105)Prescott, Miss Nellie G. (29a)Prescott, Rev. W. W., M.A. (25)Pressly, Rev. F. Y., D.D. (102)Proehl, Rev. C. (67)

Ralph, Martin (193)Ralston, Mrs. B. W. (ic)Ramabai, Pundita (179)Randolph, Mrs. A. B. (27a)Randolph, Miss Emma G. (56a)Rankin, Rev. James W., D.D. (87)Rausch, Rev. E. (67)Rawlings, Rev. E. H., D.D. (89)Ray, Mrs. S. B. (51a)Ray, Rev. T. B., D.D. (34)Read, Rev. G. E., D.D. (27)Reed, Miss Carrie M. (ilia)Reed, Rev. Orville, Ph.D. (106)Rees, Luther (158)Reeves, A. L. (29)Reist, Rev. Theo. (7)Revell, Fleming H. (135)Reynolds, Rev. H. F., D.D. (98)Rhoads, Miss Lydia W. (55)

Richert, Rev. P. H. (82)Richter, Rev. F., D.D. (67)Risberg, Prof. Fridolf, D.D. (117)Robbins, Rev. Joseph C, D.D. (29)Roberts, Rev. Edward (112)Roberts, Philip I. (132)Robinson, Rev. A. R., D.D. (28)Roffe, Rev. A. W. (14, 17, 20)Rogers, Miss Martha (ia)Romig, Rev. John S., D.D. (97)Rosenberger, Mrs. S. W. (93)Ross, Mrs. F. H. E. (89, 89a)Ross, Mrs. W. E. (8a)Rowell, Miss Mary A. (41a)Rudolph, Bishop Robert L., D.D. (51)Rudolph, Mrs. Robert S. (51a)Rupp, Ben (81)Russell, Miss F. M. (ib)Russell, Miss Mary (9b)Russell, Rev. R. L., D.D. (89)

Saeterlie, Rev. M. (66)Sailer. T. H. P., Ph.D. (106)St. John, Rev. Burton (i3ia9a, 138)Sanders, Rev. Frank K., Ph.D. (131b)Sanders, George N. (34)Sanderson, Mrs. Mary E. (140)Sandison, George H. (161)Sands, Mrs. J. D. (ina)Sandt, George W., D.D. (69)Sandven, Rev. J. N. (66)Saul, Rev. John S. (99)Saunders, Rev. George W. (90)Saunders, Miss Una (n)Savage, Mrs. Mary M. (4)Schaffer, Rev. J. R. (168)Schell, Rev. William P. (106)Schellenberg, Rev. A. L. (74)Schneider, Rev. J. H. (65)Schultz, JohnH. (119)Schuurman, Miss Gertrude (i32aia)Scott, D. H. (158)Scott, Rev. E., D.D. (9)Scott, Rev. George T. (106)Scudder, Rev. Walter T., D.D. (132a)Seebach, Mrs. Julius F. (69a)Sellers, Mrs. Ida (123a)Seneker, Rev. James S. (i32aib)Sharp, Thomas S. (138)Shaw, E. J. (13)Shaw, Rev. Edwin (33, 33b)Shaw, Rev. J. L., M.A. (25)Shaw, William, LL.D. (127)Sheibley, Miss Mabel M. (108)Shellabear, Rev. William G., D.D.

(i32aia)Shenstone, J. N. (1)Sherk, B. A. (77)Shoemaker, Bishop J. S. (73)Shultz, Mrs. H. D. (53a)Silcox, Rev. E. D. (3)Silcox, Miss L. M. (4)Simmons, Mrs. S. G. (87a)Simpson, Rev. A. B., D.D. (40)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number.

DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS 299

Sinnamon, H. H. (51)Slater, Miss A. L. (2a)Smissen, Rev. C.v.d. (82)Smith, Rev. A. Lloyd, M.A. (8)Smith, Rev. Edward Lincoln, D.D. (45,

45d)Smith, Rev. Egbert W., D.D. (105, I3ia7)Smith, P. G. (43)Smith, Rev. George (16)Smith, Ida V. (88a)Smith, Mrs. Mary (ic)Smith, Wade C. (105, 105a)Smucker, Vernon (73)Snyder, Rev. J. G. (181)Somerville, Rev. John, D.D. (9)Speer, Robert E., D.D. (106, 131c, 133,

I4S)Speers, James M. (131, 134, 138, 173)Spencer, Rev. David S. (i32aia)Spencer, Rev. P. M. (155)Sperry, Rev. Paul (99)Spicer, Rev. W. A. (25)Spreng, Mrs. E. M. (52a)Spreng, Miss L. Ethel (52a)Springer, Rev. J. M. (i32aia)Stamm, Mrs. J. S. (52a)Standley, Rev. M. G. (60)Standley, Mrs. M. G. (60)Stark, Mrs. C. T. (19)Stark, Mrs. Harry L. (19)Staub, Albert W. (196)Stearns, Mrs. J. McDaniel (49)Steckley, Miss A. E. (21)Stedman, Miss Alice E. (29a)Steele, Mrs. Hume R. (89, 130)Steele, Mrs. J. J. (9b)Steele, Joseph M. (109)Stemen, S. A. (123)Stephenson, Rev. Frederick C., M.D. (8)Stevenson, Pres. J. Ross, D.D. (138)Stillwell, Rev. Harry E., B.A. (1)Stilwell, H. F., D.D. (30)Stolee, Prof. M. J. (66)Stone, Rev. Henry (23)Stone, Rev. J. Sumner, M.D. (170)Stoner, Mrs. George W. (44a)Strachan, Mrs. E. S. (8a)Strong, Rev. William E., D.D. (45)Strong, William M. (155)Stump, V. L. (38)Sturgis, William C., Ph.D. (50)Swengel, Rev. U. F., D.D. (53)Swift, Rev. Judson, D.D. (126)

Tag, Louis (126)Taubert, Rev. C. (67)Taugjerd, Rev. Peter (66)Taylor, Miss Harriet (142)Taylor, Rev. James M., D.D. (186)Taylor, L. H. (165)Taylor, Rev. Mills J. (in)Taylor, S. Earl, LL.D. (84, 132)Taylor, Mrs. Sarah K. (154)Taylor, Rev. W. E., M.A., Ph.D. (2)

Tebbetts, Charles E. (56)Telleen, S. F. (70)Tewksbury, M. G. (i32aia)Thaxter, Mrs. B. A. (io6e)Thirkield, Mrs. Wilbur P. (86)Thomas, Rev. O. S. (41)Thompson, Mrs. D. D. (86)Thurber, S. W. (152)Tillotson, Miss Emily C. (50a)Tinckom-Fernandez, William G. (132)Titus, Mrs. M. M. (123a)Tomlinson, A. J. (42)Tompkins, Charles A. (50)Traver, Mrs. J. G. (69a)Trotter, Mrs. T. (ia)Trout, Miss Daisy June (49)Truedson, Rev. N. P. (32)Trull, Rev. George H. (106)Trumbull, Charles G. (139)Turnbull, Rev. W. M., D.D. (40)Turner, Fennell P. (131a, 131b)

Updegraph, Rev. J. L. (44)

Vance, Rev. James L., D.D. (105)Vanderbilt, Rev. William E., D.D.

(i32aia)Vander Werf, Rev. Seth (114c)Van Nest, Miss Katherine (114b)Varney, Rev. F. W., D.D. (92)Vedantachan, C. R. (154)Vickers, Mrs. C. E. (56a)Villers, Rev. Thomas J., D.D. (29)Vincent, Rev. Howell S., D.D. (i32aia)

Walker, Mrs. J. A. (151)Wallace, Rev. Robert (15)Wallis, Miss Bessie (9a)Wanamaker, John (139)Warner, Frank H. (45d)Warren, W. R. (48, 49)Watson, Rev. Charles R., D.D. (in,

I3ia4, 143)Watson, W. G. (8)Watt, Miss Lila, B.A. (10)Watts, Rev. Orlando S. (94)Wayland, Mrs. H. L. (175)Webb, Mrs. James A., Jr. (106a, 142)Wee, Prof. M. O. (72)Weier, Mrs. Nettie C. (69a)Weld, Rev. William E., Ph.D. (i32aib)Wells, Prof. Amos R., LL.D., Litt.D.

(127)Westfall, Mrs. Katherine S. (31)Westgate, Rev. T. B. R., D.D. (2)Wheeler, Miss Emily Crosby (153)Whipple, Rev. J. S. (96)White, Rev. Charles L., D.D. (30)White, Rev. Francis S. (50)White, J. Campbell (i32a3)White, Miss M. K. (106a)White, Rev. Stanley, D.D. (106, I32aia)Whittemore, L. A. (155)Whittlesey, Roger B. (160)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number.

3oo DIRECTORY OF MISSION SOCIETY OFFICERS

Wickson, Mrs. John H. (4)Wiener, Rev. B. R. (52)Wiest, Rev. S. L. (53)Wiggin, Frank H. (45)Wilbur, Prof. W. A. (29)Wilcox, B. B. (141)Wilcox, Rev. Francis M. (25)Wilder, Amos P., Ph.D. (197)Wilder, Robert P. (138)Wildman, Dr. J. Gray (12)Wilkins, Mrs. Marietta B. (124a)Willett, J. S. (95)Williams, Mrs. Alice M. (170)Williams, Mrs. E. (184)Williams, E. A., Esq. (2)Williams, Prof. F. Wells (197)Williams, Rev. H. F., D.D. (105)Williams, Rev. J. H. B. (36)Williamson, Mrs. Oliver R. (io6f)Willis, Edwin F. (105)Wilson, Rev. Bert (48)Wilson, Mrs. Clara (95a)Wilson, Rev. Findley M., D.D. (109)Wilson, Bishop Luther B„ D.D., LL.D.

(84, 146)Wilson, R. B. (189)Wilson, Mrs. W. R. (ma)Wing, Asa S. (174)

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the society as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies, and not to the page number.

Winsborough, Mrs. W. C. (105a)Winton, Rev. George B., D.D. (133)Withers, Miss Frances H. (50a)Wolf, Rev. L. B., D.D. (69)Wood, Rev. C. L., D.D. (123)Wood, Edward C. (178)Wood, Rev. J. W., D.D. (88)Wood, James (125)Wood, John W., D.C.L. (so)Woodman, Charles M. (56)Woodruff, Rev. Henry C. (139a)Woodruff, Mrs. May Leonard (86)Woodward, Walter C. (56)Wootan, James B. (106, 107)Worcester, Elder L. B. (59)Worrell, J. A., K.C., D.C.L. (2)

Wright, Rev. Archibald R. (159)Wylie, J. O. (193)

Yahn, Dr. S. G. (44, 44a)Yahn, Mrs. S. G. (44a)Yocum, Rev. C. M. (48)Yoder, Rev. A. B. (76)Yoder, Rev. C. Z. (73)

Zimmermann, J. F. (i32ai)Zook, Elder J. M. (59)Zook, Bishop J. R. 38)

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF INITIALS FORPROTESTANT MISSIONARY SOCIETIES

The complete "International System" of initials for Protestant

foreign missionary societies is appended. This has been adopted as

official by the editors of the Christian Movement in the Japanese

Empire, the Foreign Survey Department of the Interchurch World

Movement and the Bureau of Statistics and Research of the Foreign

Missions Conference of North America. With a few exceptions, it

is identical with the list used in the Directory of Protestant Missions

in China, 1919.

The reader will note that the initials are largely those employed

in the World Statistics of Christian Missions, 1916, but various changes

have been made to bring them into conformity, as nearly as might

be, with the lists already in use in various parts of the world. Other

alterations have been made where it was felt that there was liability

toward confusion, or that the initials previously in use violated the

established usage of the society. Where the initials of a foreign so-

ciety had been made from an English translation of its name rather

than from the original, a change has been made, as in the case of the

"Missionsgesellschaft der deutschen Baptisten," whose initials, MGB,were changed to MDB.

Considerable confusion has arisen in the past from the use of the

letter "A" for both American and Australian, which has been avoided

by substituting "Au" in the case the Australian societies. Similarly,

"As" for "Asia" or "Asian." Canada and China have been distin-

guished in^some^cases by the use of "Ch" for China.

301

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF INITIALS FORMISSIONARY SOCIETIES

AACM U. S. A.

AAMABCFM

U. S. A.U. S. A.

ABFABGMABHABHWABSACGC

U. S. A.ChinaU. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.

AEMAEPM

EnglandGermany

AFCUAFFMAFIA

U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.

AFMAFO U. S. A.

AFP U. S. A.

AGAGB

U. S. A.U. S. A.

AHAHC

JapanU. S. A.

AEMAIMAALU

InternationalAustraliaU. S. A.

AMAAMBAME

U. S. A.AlgeriaU. S. A.

AMEZ

ANL

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

APC U. S. A.ARP U. S. A.

ASTS U. S. A.ATS U. S. A.AuBM AustraliaAUC U. S. A.AuM AustraliaAuP Australia

AWAS U. S. A.B SwitzerlandBB&TD ChinaBBM U. S. A.BBU Bahamas

Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society of theAdvent Christian Denomination

American Advent Mission SocietyAmerican Board of Commissioners for Foreign

MissionsAmerican Baptist Foreign Mission SocietyGospel Baptist MissionAmerican Baptist Home Mission SocietyWoman's American Baptist Home Mission SocietyAmerican Bible SocietyTrustees of the American College for Girls at Con-

stantinopleAngola Evangelical MissionAllgemeiner evangelisch-protestantischer Missions-

vereinAmerican and Foreign Christian UnionAmerican Friends Board of Foreign MissionsAssociated Executive Committee of Friends (Or-

thodox) on Indian AffairsApostolic Faith MissionariesFriends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio

Yearly MeetingForeign Missionary Association of Friends of

PhiladelphiaGeneral Council of the Assemblies of GodForeign Missionary Society of the General Asso-

ciation of General Baptists in the United StatesAkasaka HospitalBoard of Foreign Missions of the International

Apostolic Holiness ChurchAfrica Inland MissionAboriginal Inland MissionBoard of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran

Church in AmericaAmerican Missionary AssociationAlgiers Mission BandHome and Foreign Missionary Department of the

African Methodist Episcopal ChurchForeign Mission Board of the African Methodist

Episcopal Zion Church, Inc.

Board of Foreign Mission's of the Norwegian Lu-theran Church of America

Associate Presbyterian ChurchBoard of Foreign Missions of the Associate Re-

formed Presbyterian ChurtihAmerican Sabbath Tract SocietyAmerican Tract SocietyAustralian Board of Baptist Foreign MissionAmerican University at CairoAustralian Board of MissionsBoard of Missions of the General Assembly of the

Presbyterian Church of AustraliaAmerican Waldensian Aid SocietyEvangelische Missionsgesellschaft zu BaselBible, Book and Tract DepotBurning Bush MissionBahamas Baptist Union

302

INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 303

BC U. S. A.

BCHM IndiaBCT TrinidadBES BulgariaBF U. S. A.BFBS EnglandBFM GermanyBIMS ScotlandBIOLA U. S. A.

BM BoliviaBMA EnglandBMM EnglandBMS EnglandBn GermanyBOQH Canada

BPM BelgiumBr Germany

BSJ England

BSM EnglandBTCL IndiaBTP U. S. A.CAM U. S. A.CAPM EnglandCAsM EnglandCBM CanadaCBP ChinaCC U. S. A.CCACZ ChinaCCAu Australia

CCC U. S. A.CCEA ChinaCCFMS CanadaCCLA U. S. A.

CCS Scotlandccw Canada

CEAT JapanCEC ChinaCEI IndiaCEJ JapanCEZMS EnglandCFM ChinaCFMJ JapanCGFM U. S. A.CGGE U. S. A.

CGI IndiaCGM U. S. A.ChCC China

CHK U. S. A.CHM CanadaCHMF U. S. A.CGW U. S. A.

ChMMS U. S. A.CI ChinaCIGM EnglandCIM InternationalCLSC China

Foreign Mission Board of the Brethren in Christof the United States of America and Canada

"Boys' Christian Home" Mission of IndiaBaptist Church in Trinidad and TobagoBulgarian Evangelical SocietyBible Faith MissionBritish and Foreign Bible SocietyBerliner Frauen-Missionsverein fur ChinaBaptist Industrial Mission of ScotlandHunan Colportage Work of the Bible Institute of

Los AngelesBolivian Indian MissionBaptist Missionary AssociationBaakleen Medical Mission to the DrusesBaptist Missionary SocietyBerliner MissionsgesellschaftHome Mission Board of the Baptist Convention of

Ontario and QuebecSociete Beige des Missions Protestantes au CongoSchleswig-holsteinische evangelisch-lutherische Mis-

sionsgesellschaft zu BreklumBritish Society for the Propagation of the Gospelamong the Jews

British Syrian MissionBoard for Tamil Christian LiteratureBroad Cast Tract Press and Faith OrphanageCentral American MissionCentral Asian Pioneer MissionCentral Asian MissionCanadian Baptist Foreign Mission BoardChina Baptist Publication SocietyForeign Mission Board of the Christian ChurchChristian Catholic Apostolic Church in ZionFederal Foreign Mission Committee of Churches

of Christ in AustraliaTrustees of the Canton Christian CollegeChina Christian Educational AssociationCanada Congregational Foreign Missionary SocietyAmerican Section of the Committee on Cooperation

in Latin AmericaForeign Mission Committee of Churches of ChristCanada Congregational Woman's Board of Mis-

sionsChristian Educational Association of TokyoUnited Society of Christian Endeavor for ChinaIndia Christian Endeavor UnionJapan Union of Christian EndeavorChurch of England Zenana Missionary SocietyChristian Faith MissionConference of Federated Missions in JapanChurch of God Foreign Missionary BoardMission Board of the General Eldership of the

Churches of GodChurch of GodMissionary Board of the Church of GodChina Continuation Committee of the National

Missionary Conference, Shanghai, 1913American Hospital at KoniaMissions Board of the Holiness Movement ChurchChristian Herald Missionary FundWomen's General Missionary Society of the

Churches of God, Inc.China Mennonite Mission SocietyChefoo Industrial MissionCeylon and India General MissionChina Inland MissionChristiana Literature Society for China

304 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS

CLSICMCMACMC

EnglandChinaU. S. A.U. S. A.

CMMCMMACMMLCMMSCMSCNTMConTMCPW

ScotlandChinaEnglandChinaEnglandU. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.

CRCRC

ChinaU. S. A.

CSB Netherlands

CSCBCSFMCSFMW

ChinaScotlandScotland

CSJ Scotland

CSSMCSSUCTSCUBGCUJCUSA

CWBMCZST

EnglandChinaChinaBritish GuianaJamaicaCape of Good Hope

ProvinceU. S. A.Netherlands

DELDFMBDHL

U. S. A.GermanyGermany

DHMDKMADMODMSDOA

ChinaDenmarkDenmarkDenmarkGermany

DOMDPMSDRCSA

DUDVNB

GermanyEnglandCape of Good Hope

ProvinceJapanNetherlands

EA U. S. A.

EbMECMH

II. S. A.Austria-Hungary

ECS Scotland

EFSEGMELAug

SwedenEnglandU. S. A.

Christian Literature Society for IndiaChristians' MissionChristian and Missionary AllianceMissionary Society of the Calvinistic MethodistChurch in the United States of America

Central Morocco MissionChina Medical Missionary AssociationChristian Missions in Many LandsCanton Medical Missionary SocietyChurch Missionary Society for Africa and the EastGrace Baptist Church, Los Angeles, CaliforniaCongo Inland MissionWoman's Board of Missions of the Cumberland

Presbyterian ChurchThe Chinese RecorderBoard of Heathen Missions of the Christian Re-formed Church

Centraal-Comite' voor de Oprichting en de Instand-houding van een Seminarie nabij Batavia

Refuge for Chinese Slave ChildrenChurch of Scotland Foreign Mission CommitteeChurch of Scotland Women's Association for For-

eign MissionsChurch of Scotland Committee for the Conversion

of the JewsChildren's Special Service MissionChina Sunday School UnionChinese Tract SocietyCongregational Union of British GuianaCongregational Union of JamaicaCongregational Union Church Aid and Missionary

Society of South AfricaChristian Woman's Board of MissionsComit6 tot Voorziening in de Godsdienstige Behoef-

ten van de Gevestigde Inlandsche ProtestantscheChristengemeenten op de Sangir- en Talaut-Eilanden

Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in AmericaDeutscher Frauen MissionsbundDeutscher Hiilfsbund fur christliches Liebeswerk im

Orient"Door of Hope" MissionDansk Kirke-Mission i ArabienOesterlands-MissionenDanske MissionsselskabEvangelische Missionsgesellschaft fur Deutsch-

OstafrikaDeutsche Orient MissionDufferin and Procter Memorial SchoolsGeneral Mission Committee of the Dutch Reformed

Church of South AfricaDoshisha UniversityDoopsgezinde Vereeniging tot Bevordering der

Evangelieverbreiding in de Nederlandsch-Over-zeesche Bezittingen

Missionary Society of the Evangelical Associationof North America

Ebenezer MissionsUngarische allgemeine evangelisch-kirchliche Hilfs-

AnstaltBoard of Foreign Missions of the Representative

Council of the Episcopal Church in ScotlandEvangeliska Fosterlands-StiftelsenEgypt General MissionChina Missionary Society of the Augustana Synod

of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of NorthAmerica

INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 305

ELGC

ELGCL

ELGS

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

ELJSO U. S. A.

ELMo U. S. A.

ELO U. S. A.

ELSI U. S. A.

ELSo U. S. A.

EMEMJEMMEMMSEPEPM

SyriaEnglandScotlandScotlandChinaEngland

ESNA U. S. A.

EUPIEUSAEvMFaMFAMCFASFBCFBMFBSFCC

PhilippinesEnglandU. S. A.ChinaEnglandEnglandU. S. A.AlgeriaSwedenU. S. A.

FCCAFCMSFCSFCUFDMFFCFFMAFKCA

U. S. A.U. S. A.ScotlandU. S. A.GermanyFinlandEnglandHawaii

FMA U. S. A.

FMCNAFMSFNE

U. S. A.FinlandU. S. A.

FSSA U. S. A.

FWBNA U. S. A.

GBBGCGCAMGEMGHIS

U. S. A.ChinaGermanyU. S. A.U. S. A.

GMGMC

GermanyChina

Board of Foreign Missions of the General Councilof the Evangelical Lutheran Church in NorthAmerica

Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin Americaof the General Council of the Evangelical Lu-theran Church in North America

Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synodof the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the UnitedStates of America

Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical LutheranJoint Synod of Ohio and Other States

Board of Foreign Missions of the EvangelicalLutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and OtherStates

Inter-Synodical Evangelical Lutheran Orient-Mis-sion Society

Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and OtherStates

Board of Foreign Missions of the United Synod of

the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the SouthEnglish Mission, Lydda, PalestineEvangelical Mission to Israel

Emmanuel Medical MissionEdinburgh Medical Missionary SocietyEvangel PressForeign Missions Committee of the PresbyterianChurch of England

Foreign Mission Board of the Evangelical Synod of

North AmericaEvangelical Union of the Philippine IslandsEvangelical Union of South AmericaEvangel MissionFaith MissionFriends' Armenian Mission CommitteeFriends' Anti-Slavery CommitteeForeign Missionary Society of the Brethren ChurchMission des Eglises baptistes de Langue francaiseFri BaptisterBoard of Missions of the Friends Church of Cal-

iforniaFederal Council of the Churches of Christ in AmericaForeign Christian Missionary SocietyFree Church of Scotland Foreign MissionBoard of Trustees of Fukien Christian UniversityFriedenshort Deaconess MissionFria Missionen i FinlandFriends' Foreign Mission AssociationFree Kindergarten and Children's Aid Association

of the Territory of HawaiiGeneral Missionary Board of the Free MethodistChurch of North America

Foreign Missions Conference of North AmericaFinska MissionssallskapetBoard of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meeting

of Friends for New EnglandForeign Sunday School Association of the United

States of AmericaFederation of Woman's Boards of Foreign Mis-

sions of North AmericaGeneral Mission Board of the Church of the BrethrenGinling CollegeDeutsche China-Allianz-Mission in BarmenGrace Evangelical MissionGould Memorial Home and Industrial Schools,Rome, Italy

Gossnersche MissionsgesellschaftGrace Mission

306 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS

(.MS U. S. A.GPM Canada

H U. S. A.HAM EnglandHCC ChinaHEA HawaiiHeb U. S. A.HF SwedenHFMA U. S. A.HGAT Austria-Hungary

HLJ Germany-HM Germany

HMSI IndiaHS JapanHTM DenmarkHVBC Germany

HVM IndiaIBC ChinaIC U. S. A.ICAM IndiaICGS U. S. A.

ICM EnglandICPA JapanIGLA Australia

II China

EL NatalELM ChinaIMMS U. S. A.EVIST IndiaEVIU U. S. A.ladEP Ireland

E?TCA England1KB U. S. A..ISAM InternationalISSU IndiaIWM U. S. A.JBMS JapanJBTS JapanJBU JamaicaJC NetherlandsJCC JapanJCM ChinaJEB JapanJEM EnglandJS SyriaJSL EnglandJTM Ireland

JTMS Scotland

JTSI IndiaJV GermanyK JapanKCIHM EnglandKCM GermanyKHI ChinaKIM ChosenKIS India

Gospel Missionary SocietyBoard of Management of the Gwalior Presbyterian

MissionHarvard MissionHeart of Africa MissionHangchow Christian CollegeBoard of the Hawaiian Evangelical AssociationHebron MissionHelgelse-ForbundetHephzibah Faith Missionary AssociationHermannstadt evangelische Verein der Gustav-

Adolf fur Transylvania, HungaryAussatzigen-Asyl "Jesushilfe" in JerusalemEvangelisch-lutherische Missionsanstalt zu Her-mannsburg

Home Missionary Society of IndiaHakuaikai SeryoinTeltmissionenHildesheimer Verein fur die deutsche Blinden-

mission in ChinaHenaratgoda Village MissionInstitution for the Chinese BlindBoard of Directors of the Iconium CollegeIndian Christian Association, MadrasIndian Commission of the General Synod of Wis-

consin, Minnesota, Michigan, and Other StatesIndian Christian MissionInternational Christian Police AssociationMissionary Committee of the Immanuel German

Evangelical Lutheran Synod of AustraliaInternational Institute of China (Mission among

the Higher Classes in China)Ikwezi Lamaci MissionIndependent Lutheran MissionInternational Medical Missionary SocietyIndian Missionary Society of TinnevellyInternational Missionary UnionIndependentForeign Mission of the Presbyterian Church in

IrelandInternational Postal Telegraph Christian AssociationInternational Reform BureauInland-South-America Missionary UnionIndia Sunday School UnionInterchurch World Movement of North AmericaJapanese Baptist Missionary SocietyJapan Book and Tract SocietyJamaica Baptist UnionVereeniging het Java-Comite te AmsterdamJapan Continuation CommitteeJapanese Christian MissionJapan Evangelistic BandJerusalem and the East MissionJebail SettlementWork among Japanese Seamen in the Port of LondonJungle Tribes Mission of the Presbyterian Church

in IrelandAssociation for the Support of the Jessie Taylor

Memorial School for Moslem and Druse Girls

Jungle Tribes Mission, Coonoor, South IndiaJerusalems-VereinKumiai KyokwaiKurku and Central Indian Hill MissionKieler China MissionJohn G. Kerr Hospital for the InsaneKorean Itinerant MissionKandy Industrial School

INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 307

KMKMASKBBTSKSLLB

FranceSwedenChosenChinaGermanyU. S. A.

LBM U. S. A.

LCBC U. S. A.

LEFLHILJS

FinlandEnglandEngland

LMBLMM

IndiaU. S. A.

LMSLpLPL

EnglandGermanyDenmark

LPMMAMBC

EnglandU. S. A.U. S. A.

MBCNW Canada

MBCO Canada

MBCoMBIO

ChinaU. S. A.

MBM U. S. A.

MBN U. S. A.

MBP U. S. A.

MBPac U. S. A.

MCMCB

U. S. A.Scotland

MCCMCMMcMMDBMEFB

CanadaWalesFranceGermanyU. S. A.

MEH U. S. A.

MEHW U. S. A.

MelMMEM

New ZealandU. S. A.

MES U. S. A.

MGC U. S. A.

MHLF Germany

Miss HomeMLMMMMA

i ChinaIrelandIndia

V- S. A-

Mission Protestante Francaise en KabylieKvinnliga Missions ArbetareKorean Religious Book and Tract SocietyKuling SchoolLiebenzeller MissionBoard of Missions of the Church of the Lutheran

BrethrenLutheran Board of Missions (Lutheran Free Church

of U. S. A.)Lott Carey Baptist Home and Foreign Mission

Convention in the United StatesLutherska Evangeliforeningen i FinlandLebanon Hospital for the InsaneLondon Society for Promoting Christianity amongst

the JewsLee Memorial Bengali MissionLaymen's Missionary Movement of the United

States and CanadaLondon Missionary SocietyEvangelisch-lutherische Mission zu LeipzigUdvalget for L. P. Larsens Missionsarbejde blandt

indiske StudenterLakher Pioneer MissionMandingo Association, Inc.Foreign Missions of the Conference of the Men-

nonite Brethren Church of North AmericaForeign Mission Board of the Mennonite Brethren

in Christ, Canadian Northwest ConferenceMennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society,

Ontario ConferenceMission Book CompanyForeign Mission Board of the Indiana and Ohio

Conference, Mennonite Brethren in ChristMichigan Mennonite Brethren in Christ, Foreign

Mission BoardForeign Mission Board of the Nebraska Conference,

Mennonite Brethren in Christ ChurchBoard of Foreign Missions of the Pennsylvania

Conference of the Mennonite Brethren in ChristForeign Missions Board of the Pacific Conference,Mennonite Brethren in Christ

Trustees of Mackenzie College, Sao Paulo, BrazilHill-Murray Mission to Chinese Blind and Illiterate

Sighted in North ChinaMissionary Society of the Methodist ChurchMaranham Christian MissionMission Populaire Evangelique de FranceMissionsgesellschaft der deutschen BaptistenBoard of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episco-

pal ChurchBoard of Home Missions and Church Extension of

the Methodist Episcopal ChurchWoman's Home Missionary Society of the Method-

ist Episcopal ChurchMelanesian MissionMissionary Education Movement of the United

States and CanadaBoard of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal

Church, SouthBoard of Foreign Missions of the General Confer-

ence of the Mennonites of North AmericaMission der hannoverschen evangelisch-lutherischen

FreikircheMissionary Home and AgencyMission to LepersMukti MissionMetlakahtla Christian Mission

308 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS

MMAu AustraliaMMC U. S. A.MMJ EnglandMMSI IndiaMor InternationalMor-us U. S. A.

MP U. S. A.

MPh SwitzerlandMPHC U. S. A.

MPM ChinaMPW U. S. A.

MR SwitzerlandMSCC Canada

MSUW EnglandMTS India

NAIR U. S. A.

NAM EnglandNBC U. S. A.

NBSS ScotlandNCAS ChinaNCM NorwayNCULS ChinaNO- Germany

NEC England

NFEM NorwayNFS ChinaNFTS ChinaNHM U. S. A.

NIA U. S. A.NTHB EnglandNIM EnglandNIZ Dutch East IndiesNJ1 U. S. A.

NK GermanyNKK Jarjan 1

NKM ChinaNLF Norway

NLG Netherlands

NLK NorwayNLMM EnglandNLS ChinaNM IndiaNMC NorwayNMCI IndiaNMF NorwayNMG GermanyNMK JapanNMP EnglandNMS NorwayNMSI IndiaNSK JapanNTLJ Japan

Methodist Missionary Society of AustralasiaMennonite Board of Missions and CharitiesMildmay Mission to the JewsMedical Missionary Association of IndiaMission der BriidergemeineSociety of the United Brethren for Propagating theGospel Among the Heathen

Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Prot-estant Church

Mission philafricaineDirectors of the Methodist Publishing House in

China<

Metropolitan Presbvterian MissionWoman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Method-

istProtestant ChurchMission Suisse RomandeMissionary Society of the Church of England in

CanadaMissionary Settlement for University WomenMalabar Mar Thoma Syrian Christian Evangelistic

AssociationNational Armenia and India Relief Association for

Industrial Orphan HomesNorth Africa MissionForeign Mission Board of the National Baptist

ConventionNational Bible Society of ScotlandNorth China American SchoolTsjilimissionenNorth China Union Language SchoolGesellschaft fiir innere imd aussere Mission im

Sinne der lutherischen KircheCompany for the Propagation of the Gospel inNew England and the Parts Adjacent in America

Norges Frie Evangeliske MissionsforbundNanking Foreign SchoolNorth Fukien Tract SocietyBureau of Missions of the National Association for

the Promotion of HolinessNational Indian AssociationNorth India Industrial^ Home for Christian BlindNyassa Industrial MissionNederlandsch Indische ZendingsbondBoard of Home and Foreign Missions of the Gen-

eral Convention of the New Jerusalem in theUnited States of America

Neukirchener MissionsanstaltNihon Kirisuto KyokwaiNorth-West Kiangsi MissionNorske Evangelisk Lutherske Frikirkes Kinamis-

sionNederlandsch Luthersch Genootschap voor in- enUitwendige Zending

Norsk Lutherske KinamissionsforbundNational Laymen's Missionary MovementNanking Language SchoolNepaul MissionNorske Mission i KinaNational Missionary Council of India'Norske MissionsforbundNorddeutsche MissionsgesellschaftNihon Methodist KyokwaiNile Mission PressNorske MissionsselskabNational Missionary Society of IndiaNippon Sei KokwaiNational Temperance League of Japan

INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 309

NTSCNZBMSNZGNZMH

ChinaNew ZealandNetherlandsNew Zealand

NZVOHHOMJOMCOMSOOAOOBP

NetherlandsAustria-HungaryJapanEnglandJapanJapanTurkey in AsiaFrance

PBPJSIMPBS

U. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.

PBWPCBA

U. S. A.Japan

PCC Canada

PCCH Canada

PCIC Ireland

PCIJ Ireland

PCJPCN

JamaicaU. S. A.

PCNZ New Zealand

PCNZM New Zealand

PCSA

PE

Cape of Good HopeProvince

U. S. A.

PFMPIVMPLLAPMPMMSPMPPMSPMU

U. S. A.IndiaU. S. A.EnglandEnglandChinaU. S. A.England

PN U. S. A.

PNH U. S. A.

PNHW U. S. A.

PS U. S. A.

PSH U. S. A.

PUPVMQIMItBMUECRCA

U. S. A.EnglandIrelandEnglandU. S. A,U. S. A.

National Tract Society for ChinaNew Zealand Baptist Missionary SocietyNederlandsch ZendelinggenootschapNew Zealand Methodist Home Mission and Church

Extension SocietyNederlandsche ZendingsvereenigingOesterreichischer Hauptverein fur HeidenmissionOmi Kirisutokyo Dendo Dan (Omi Mission)Oxford Mission to CalcuttaToyo Senkyokwai (Oriental Missionary Society)Okayama KojiinOriental Orphanage, BrousaSociete des Missions Evangeliques chez les Peuplesnon Chretiens

Brethren Missionaries (Plymouth Brethren)Pittsburgh Bible Institute MissionArthur T. Pierson Memorial Bible School of Seoul,Korea

Pentecost Bands of the WorldPresbyterian and Reformed Church Building Asso-

ciationBoard of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in

CanadaBoard of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church

in CanadaContinental Mission of the Presbyterian Church in

IrelandJewish Mission of the Presbyterian Church in

IrelandPresbyterian Church of JamaicaGeneral Board of Foreign Missions, Church of theNazarene

Foreign Missions Committee of the PresbyterianChurch of New Zealand

"

Maori Mission Committee of the PresbyterianChurch of New Zealand

Native Missions Committee of the PresbyterianChurch of South Africa

Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of theProtestant Episcopal Church in the United Statesof America

Pentecost Faith MissionPoona and Indian Village MissionPan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin AmericaPioneer Mission (British and Continental)Primitive Methodist Missionary SocietyAmerican Presbyterian Mission PressPeniel Missionary SocietyPentecostal Missionary Union for Great Britain and

IrelandBoard of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian

Church in the United States of AmericaBoard of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church

in the United States of AmericaWoman's Board of Home Missions of the Presby-

terian Church in the United States of AmericaExecutive Committee of Foreign Missions of the

Presbyterian Church in the United States (South)Executive Committee of Home Missions of the

Presbyterian Church in the United States (South)Trustees of Peking UniversityPalestine Village MissionQua Iboe MissionRegions Beyond Missionary UnionTrustees of Robert CollegeBoard of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church

in America

3io INTERNATIONAL INITIALS

KCAH

ECDWECSC

ECUS

ECUSH

EDVE£

EHMSEMEPC

EPCB

EPGS

EPI

EPS

ETSS

SASABMS

SACIMSAf

SAGMSAMSAMSSASSBSBC

SBCH

SBM

SCAPSCBCSCBMSCCBCSchSCHMSCMSCTSSDA

SDBSEFC

SEMCSFTSSIBSIBSSOISIMA

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

GermanyU. S. A.

IndiaGermanyU. S. A.

U. S. A.

U. S. A.

Ireland

Scotland

EnglandU. S. A.

EnglandCape of Good Hope

ProvinceTransvaalCape of Good Hope

ProvinceInternationalU. S. A.EnglandChinaEnglandU. S. A.

U. S. A.

Sweden

U. S. A.U. S. A.ChinaNorwayChinaChinaChinaU. S. A.

U. S. A.U. S. A.

U. S. A.ChinaU. S. A.IndiaCanadaIndia

Board of Domestic Missions of the ReformedChurch in America

Women's Board of Domestic Missions of the Re-formed Church in America

Sheboygan Classis of the Reformed Church in theUnited States, Board for Missions among theIndians

Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Churchin the United States

Board of Home Missions of the Reformed Churchin the United States

Rheinisch-westfalischer DiakonissenvereinBoard of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Episco-

pal ChurchRangoon Karen Home Mission SocietyRheinische MissionsgesellschaftBoard of Foreign Missions of the Synod of the Re-

formed Presbyterian Church in North America(Covenanter)

Central Board of Missions of the Reformed Presby-terian Church

Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Presby-terian Church in North America

Foreign Mission of the Reformed PresbyterianSynod of Ireland

Foreign Mission Board of the Reformed Pres-byterian Church of Scotland

Religious Tract SocietyHome and Foreign Board of Missions of The

Schwenkfelder Church in the United States of

AmericaSalvation ArmySouth African Baptist Missionary Society

South African Compounds and Interior MissionSouth African Missionary Society

South Africa General MissionScandinavian Alliance Mission of North AmericaSouth American Missionary SocietyShanghai American SchoolStrict Baptist MissionForeign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist

ConventionHome Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Con-

ventionSvenska Baptisternas Kommittens for MissionenUtom Landet

South China Alliance PressRev. D. M. Stearns' Church and Bible ClassesSouth China Boat MissionSouth China Christian Book CompanyNorske Kirkes Mission ved SchreuderSouth China Holiness MissionSouth Chih-li MissionSouth China Religious Tract SocietyGeneral Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist

DenominationSeventh Day Baptist Missionary SocietySwedish Evangelical Free Church of the United

States of North AmericaSwedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of AmericaSouth Fukien Religious Tract SocietyScandinavian Independent Baptist DenominationSouth India Blind SchoolSudan Interior MissionSouth Indian Missionary Association

INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 3ii

SISB EnglandSJM SwedenSKM SwedenSLM EnglandSM SwedenSMC SwedenSMF SwedenSMM ScotlandSMNC IndiaSPC U. S. A.SPCK EnglandSPG England

SPI CanadaSPM GermanySRM ChinaSSEM AustraliaSSJ SyriaSSJE England

SUJ JapanSUM InternationalSvAM SwedenSVM U. S. A.

SVMM China

SW GermanySYM ChinaSZJ Dutch East IndiesTAIB IndiaTBMS IndiaTBPS IndiaTBVM IndiaTIM U. S. A.

TM ScotlandTMS ScotlandTPM WalesTSM ChinaTSNC ChinaTTBS IndiaUB U. S. A.

UBC U. S. A.

UCMS U. S. A.UDEL U. S. A.

UE U. S. A.

UEAC France

UFS Scotland

UFSJ ScotlandUGC U. S. A.UHC U. S. A.

UMC EnglandUMCA EnglandUME U. S. A.

UMSI U. S. A.

UN U. S. A.

South India Strict Baptist Missionary SocietyForeningen for IsraelsmissionSvenska Kyrkans MissionsstryrelseSierra Leone MissionSvenska MongolmissionenSvenska Missionen i KinaSvenska MissionsforbundetSouthern Morocco MissionSantal Mission of the Northern ChurchesTrustees of Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, SyriaSociety for Promoting Christian KnowledgeSociety for the Propagation of the Gospel in For-

eign PartsSan Pedro Mission to the IndiansSudan Pionier MissionShanghai Mission to Ricksha Men and Coolie ClassSouth Sea Evangelical MissionSwedish Society of JerusalemCowley, Wantage & All Saints Missionary Asso-

ciationSeisho No TomoSudan United MissionSvenska AlliansmissionenStudent Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mis-

sionsChinese Student Volunteer Movement for The Min-

istryVerein fur das Syrische Waisenhaus in JerusalemSouth Yunnan MissionSalatiga-Zending op JavaTehri Anjuman-I-BasharatTelugu Baptist Mission Society

_

Telugu Baptist Publication SocietyTehri Border Village MissionJames M. Taylor Interdenominational MissionaryWork

Tibetan MissionWalker-Arnott Tabeetha MissionThado-Kookie Pioneer MissionTsehchowfu MissionReligious Tract Society of North and Central ChinaTranquebar Tamil Bible SocietyForeign Missionary Society of the United Brethren

in ChristDomestic, Frontier and Foreign Missionary Society

of the United Brethren in ChristUnited Christian Missionary SocietyMission Board of the United Danish Evangelical

Lutheran Church in AmericaHome and Foreign Missionary Society of the United

Evangelical ChurchVereinigte Gemeinden der deutschen Kirchen A. C.

in ParisForeign Missions Committee of the United FreeChurch of Scotland

United Free Church of Scotland, Jewish MissionUniversalist General ConventionUnited Holy Church of America, Missionary De-partment

United Methodist Church Missionary SocietyUniversities' Mission to Central AfricaBoard of Foreign Missions of the Union American

Methodist Episcopal Church in the United Statesand Canada

Union Missionary Medical School for Women,South India

Trustees of the University of Nanking

312 INTERNATIONAL INITIALS

Union

Un Med Coll ChinaUn Worn Coll ChinaUOM U. S. A.UOS Scotland

UP U. S. A.

UPCA U. S. A.

UZV»VGASVHC

NetherlandsAustria-HungaryNetherlands

VMVUEE

U. S. A.Netherlands

wcc U. S. A.

WCCMWCEUWCMCWCMMWCTSWCTUWCTUIWCTUJWFMAWI

IndiaU. S. A.IndiaEnglandChinaInternationalIndiaJapanU. S. A.U. S. A.

WMCA U. S. A.

WMMSWMMSW

EnglandEngland

WSSAwuTMYMCAA

InternationalU. S. A.U. S. A.U. S. A.

YMCAAu Australia

YMCACh China

YMCAE England

YMCAI India

YMCAJ Japan

YMCAS Scotland

YMJYWCAAu

JapanAustralia

TWCAB England

TWCAC Canada

YWCACh China

YWCAI India

Employed for all unions of Independent SendingSocieties

Union Medical College and HospitalUnion Women's College, PekingUnited Orphanage and Mission SocietyUnited Original Secession Church of Scotland,

Foreign Mission CommitteeBoard of Foreign Missions of the United Presby-

terian Church of North AmericaChristian Association of the University of Penn-

sylvania (Foreign Department)Utrechtsche ZendingsvereenigingVienna Gustav Adolph yereinVereeniging tot Oprichting en Instanhouding vanHospitalen in China ten Dienste der MedischeZending

Vanguard Faith MissionVereeniging tot Uitbreiding van het Evangelie inEgypte

_

Continuation Committee of the "World MissionaryConference, Edinburgh

Women's Christian College, MadrasWorld's Christian Endeavor UnionWomen's Christian Medical CollegeWelsh Calvinistic Methodists' Foreign MissionsWest China Religious Tract SocietyWorld's Woman's Christian Temperance UnionWomen's Christian Temperance Union of IndiaWoman's Christian Temperance Union of JapanWorld's Faith Missionary AssociationWest Indies Mission Board of the United LutheranChurch in America

Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Con-nection of America

Wesleyan Methodist Missionary SocietyWomen's Auxiliary of the Wesleyan Methodist

Missionary SocietyWorld's Sunday School AssociationWoman's Union Missionary Society of AmericaYale Foreign Missionary SocietyInternational Committee of the Young Men's Chris-

tian Associations, Foreign DepartmentNational Committee of Young Men's Christian

Associations of Australia and New ZealandNational Committee of the Young Men's Christian

Associations of ChinaForeign Department of the English National Coun-

cil of the Young Men's Christian AssociationsNational Council, Young Men's Christian Associa-

tions, India and CeylonJapanese Young Men's Christian Association Na-

tional UnionForeign Mission Department of the Scottish Na-

tional Council of the Young Men's ChristianAssociations

Yotsuya MissionForeign Department of the National Young Women's

Christian Associations of AustralasiaForeign Department of the National Young Women's

Christian Association of Great Britain and IrelandForeign Department of the Dominion Council of

the Young Women's Christian Association of

CanadaNational Committee of the Young Women's Chris-

tian Associations of ChinaNational Young Women's Christian Association of

India, Burma and Ceylon

INTERNATIONAL INITIALS 3i3

YWCAJ Japan

YWCASM Transvaal

YWCAUS U. S. A.

ZBMMZGK

EnglandNetherlands

ZIMZTH

EnglandIndia

National Committee of the Young Women's Chris-tian Associations of Japan

South African National Council of the YoungWomen's Christian Association

Foreign Department of the National Board of theYoung Women's Christian Associations of theUnited States of America

Zenana Bible and Medical MissionZending van de Gereformeerde Kerken in Neder-

land onder Heidenen en MohammedanenZambesi Industrial MissionZenana Training Home, Poona

INDEX

Aboriginal Inland Mission, 233Aborigines, Australia, work among, 20Administration, Chosen, change, 40Advance, Canada, 10-12; United States,

0-12Advance in Arabia, 68; in Australasia,

20; in India, 48; in Meshed, 69-70; inMesopotamia, 68; in Siam, 60

Advanced program for Mexico, An,(Bibl.), 135

.

Advent Christian, 170Adventist, Seventh-Day, 170-17

1

Adventures in faith in foreign lands,(Bibl.), 113

Afghanistan, political opposition relaxed,70

Africa, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 73~745Bibliography, 114-117; Catholic mis-sions, 100; Egypt, 71-73; Negro Africa,74-88; reconstruction after the war,(Bibl.), 117

Africa Inland Mission, 232; German mis-sions in German East Africa takenover by, 84; staff increase, 84; HomeCouncil for Australia, 233; HomeCouncil for North America, (150) 223;Home Council for the British Isles, 237

African autobiography, An, (Bibl.), 117African Methodist Episcopal, 197Akasaka Hospital, 257Algiers Mission. Band, 251; American,

(151) 223Allahabad, Kumbh Mela at, (Bibl.), 119Allen, B. J., (Bibl.), inAllgemeiner evangelisch— protestant-

ischer Missionsverein, 244American Advent Christian Mission,

China, (23) 170American Advent Christian Mission,

India, (24) 170American Advent Mission Society, (23)

170American and Foreign Christian Union,

(152) 223American Auxiliary of the Primitive

Methodist Foreign Missionary Society,(91) 199

American Baptist Foreign Mission So-ciety, (29) 172-173

American Baptist Home Mission Society,

(30) 173-174American Baptist, North, (29) 172-173American Baptist, South, (34) 175

American Bible Society, (125) 213-214;Africa, 78

American Board of Commissioners forForeign Missions, (45) 179; SouthAfrican compound work, 86

American Catholic missionaries, 103; inChina, 103

American Church Mission, (50) 182-183American College for Girls at Constanti-

nople, (191) 230American College, Madura, (45d) 180American Committee for the Lebanon

Hospital for Mental Diseases, (174)227

American Committee, Mission to Lepers,

(135) 219American Committee of the Nyasaland

Mission of Central Africa of the DutchReformed Church of South Africa,

(177) 228American Committee of the Santal Mis-

sion, (180) 228-229American Committee of the Women's

Christian Medical College, Ludhiana,Punjab, India, (149) 223

American Council, Ceylon and IndiaGeneral Mission, (159) 224

American Council of the Sudan UnitedMission, (184) 229

American door to Central Asia, An,(Bibl.) 133.

American Episcopal, (50) 182-183American Free Methodist Mission, (90)

199American Friends Board of Foreign Mis-

sions, (56) 186American Friends' Mission (Ohio), (58)

189American Home Council of the South

Africa General Mission, (181) 228-229American Hospital at Konia, (173) 227American Lutheran Brethren Mission,

(61) 188American McAll Association, (17s) 227American Mennonite Mission, (73) 193American Missionary Association, (46)

181American negro, (Bibl.), Edwards, W. J.,

139American Presbyterian Mission, North,

(106) 204-205American Presbyterian Mission Press,

252

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

3H

INDEX 315

American Presbyterian Mission, South,(105) 203-204

American Ramabai Association, (179)228

American Reformed Presbyterian Mis-sion, (109) 207

American Sabbath Tract Society(Seventh Day Baptist), (33b) 17s

American Section, Emergency Committeeof Cooperating Missions, (128a) 215

American Section of the Committee onCooperation in Latin America, (133)218

'American Solidarity," desire for inLatin America, 30

American Tract Society, (126) 214American United Presbyterian Mission,

(in) 208American University at Cairo, (143) 221;

opening, 73American Waldensian Aid Society, (187)

229American Welsh Presbyterian Mission,

(112) 208American Wesleyan Methodist Mission,

(95) 200-201Andrews, R. C, and Andrews, Y. B.,

(Bibl.), 123.Anglican mission, Sarawak, 55Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 73~74; material

progress, 74; missionary cooperationand expansion, 74; railways extended,74; restrictions on missions among Mos-lems, 74; trade, foreign, increase in, 74;war, unaffected by, 74

Angola Evangelical Mission, 237Animism; or Thought currents of primi-

tive peoples, (Bibl.), 136Annett, E. A., (Bibl.), 118Anti-Brahmin movements, India, 46-47Anti-Tuberculosis Association, report forBombay, 46

Apologetics, (Bibl.), MacLean, J. H., 142Appeal of the missionary enterprise to

the man of 1919. (Bibl.), 143-144Arabian Mission, (114a) 209; founding

of, 67Arabic languages, Mesopotamia, (Bibl.),

Van Ess, John, 140Archer, John Clark, India, 42-50Armenia, (Bibl.), Buxton, Harold, 132;

(Bibl.), Trowbridge, Stephen, 133;Kurds friendly toward, 63; reconstruc-tion, 65

Armenia and India Relief, (153) 223Armenia and the peace settlement,

(Bibl.), 132Arms traffic, prohibition of, 151Arnold, Julean, (Bibl.), 125Arthur T. Pierson Memorial Bible School

of Seoul, Korea, (147) 222Asia, The awakening of, (Bibl.), 113Asia, The democratic movement in,

(Bibl.), 112

Asia, The new map of, (Bibl.), 112Assam, (Bibl.), Carvell, A. M., 117Associate Presbyterian Church, (103)

203Associate Synod, Presbyterian, (103) 203Association for the Support of the Jessie

Taylor Memorial School for Moslemand Druse Girls, 241

Astronomical instruments, Germany toreturn, 153

Augustana Synod Mission, (71) 192Aussatzigen-Asyl "Jesushilfe" in Jerusa-

lem, 244Austin, Harold, (Bibl.), 118Australasia, 20; aborigines, Australia,work among, 20; advance, 20; BolivianIndia Mission begun in New Zealand,20; income, decreased in 1919, 20; in-

come, increased until 1919, 20; inde-pendent work of missionary societies

of Australia and New Zealand, 20;Polynesia, work in, 20; work of mis-sionary societies of Australia and NewZealand, 20

Australia, 20; aborigines, work among,20; independent work of missionarysocieties of, 20; international relations,(Bibl.), 136; Queensland, (Bibl.), 135-136; societies, 233-234

Australian and New Zealand Council ofthe Sudan United Mission, 234

Australian Board of Baptist Foreign Mis-sion, 233

Australian Board of Missions, 233Awakening of Asia, The, (Bibl.), 113Azerbaijan, 70

Baakleen Medical Mission to the Druses,235

Bahai propaganda in America, The,(Bibl.), 138

Bahamas Baptist Union, 251Bandy, C. H., (Bibl.), 118-119Bangkok Christian College, 61; Chinese

department, 61; Chinese liberality, 61;increased enrollment, 61

Bantu, (Bibl.), Werner, Alice, 140Baptist Church, Canada, 162-163Baptist Church in Trinidad and Tobago,

251Baptist Industrial Mission of Scotland, 240Baptist Missionary Association, 235Baptist Missionary Society, 235; depu-

tation to Belgian Congo, 84Baptist, National Convention, 171-172Baptist, Northern Convention, 172-174Baptist, Scandinavian, (32), 174Baptist, Seventh Day, (33) I74-I75Baptist, Southern Convention, 175-176Baptists, General, (26) 171Barton, James L., Turkey in Europe, Ar-menia and Anatolia, 61-63; (Bibl.), 136

Basel Mission, 249; aid from GreatBritain to, 16; condition of, 19

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

3i6 INDEX

Board of Foreign Missions of the Inter-national Apostolic Holiness Church,(60) 187-188

Board of Foreign Missions of the Meth-odist Episcopal Church, (84) 195-196

Board of Foreign Missions of the Meth-odist Protestant Church. (92) 199-200

Board_ of Foreign Missions of the Nor-wegian Lutheran Church of America,(66) 189

Board^of Foreign Missions of the Pennsyl-vania Conference of the MennoniteBrethren in Christ, (80) 194

Board of Foreign Missions, PresbyterianChurch in Canada, (9) 166

Board of Foreign Missions of the Presby-terian Church in the United States ofAmerica, (106) 204-205

Board of Foreign Missions of the Re-formed Church in America, (114)209

Board of Foreign Missions of the Re-formed Church in the United States,

(115) 210Board of Foreign Missions of the Re-formed Episcopal Church, (51) 183

Board of Foreign Missions of the Re-formed Presbyterian Church in NorthAmerica, (no) 207

Board of Foreign Missions of the Repre-sentative Council of the EpiscopalChurch in Scotland, 241

Board of Foreign Missions of the Synodof the Reformed Presbyterian Churchin North America, (109) 207

Board of Foreign Missions of the UnionAmerican Methodist Church in theUnited States and Canada, (94) 200

Board of Foreign Missions of the UnitedLutheran Church in America, (69)190-191

Board of Foreign Missions of the UntiedPresbyterian Church of North America,(in) 208

Board of Foreign Missions of the UnitedSynod of the Evangelical LutheranChurch in the South, 192

Board of Foreign Missions of the YearlyMeeting of Friends for New England,

Board of Heathen Missions of the Chris-tian Reformed Church. (113) 208

Board of Home and Foreign Missions of

the General Convention of the NewJerusalem in the United States of

America, (99) 202Board of Home Missions and Church

Extension of the Methodist EpiscopalChurch, (85) 196

Board of Home Missions of the Presby-terian Church in the United States of

America, (107) 206-207Board of Management of the Gwalior

Presbyterian "Mission, 169

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission^Societies.

Beach, H. P., (Bibl.), 129Belgian Congo, 83-84; conference, 83;

deputation from Baptist MissionarySociety (English), 84; deputation fromMethodist Episcopal Church, 84; Ka-tanga mineral fields, 76; occupationinadequate. 83; survey, (Bibl.), Stone-lake, Alfred, 116

Belgian Congo and the Berlin act, The,(Bibl.), 114

Berlin Missionary Society, 244Berlin I. 244Berlin II. 245Berlin Women's Missionary Society for

China. 244Berliner Frauen-Missionsverein fur China,

244Berliner Missionsgesellschaft, 244Best use of missionary furlough, The,

(Bibl.), 141-142Bible, circulation, Arabia and Mesopo-

tamia. 67; Mandarin union version of,

38; revised in Zulu, 78; translation,French Indo-China, 42; translation in

Nyasaland, 79; translation in Yoruba.78; union version in China, 38; Wenliunion version, 38

Bible. Book and Tract Depot. 252Bible Faith Mission, (154) 223Bible societies, Negro Africa, 78-79Bible studv in Chosen, 40Bibliography of Recent Literature Re-

lating to Foreign Mission Work, in-

Bismarck Archipelago, disposition of , 153;present status of, 153.

Board for Tamil Christian Literature, 254Board of Directors of the Iconium Col-

lege, (193) 231.

Board of Domestic Missions of the Re-formed Church in America, (114c), 209

Board of Foreign Missions, Dutch Re-formed Church, (114) 209

Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical- Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and

Other States. (65) 189Board of Foreign Missions, New England

Friends Yearly Meeting, 187Board of Foreign Missions of the Asso-

ciate Reformed Presbyterian Church,(102) 203

Board of Foreign Missions of the Evan-gelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri,Ohio and Other States, (68) 190

Bo ard of Foreign Missions of the GeneralConference of the Mennonites of NorthAmerica, (82) I95_

Board of Foreign Missions of the GeneralCouncil of the Evangelical LutheranChurch in North America, 192

Board of Foreign Missions of the GeneralSynod of the Evangelical LutheranChurch'm the United States of Amer-ica, 192

INDEX 317

Board of Missionary Preparation, (131b)216

Board of Missions for Porto Rico andLatin America of the General Councilof the Evangelical Lutheran Church inNorth America, 192

Board of Missions of the Church of theLutheran Brethren, (61) 188

Board of Missions of the EvangelicalAssociation, (52) 184

Board of Missions of the Friends Churchof California, (57) 186

Board of Missions of the General As-sembly of the Presbyterian Church ofAustralia, 233

Board of Missions of the Methodist Epis-copal Church, South, (89) 198

Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical As-sociation, 233

Board of Trustees of Fukien ChristianUniversity, (144a) 222

Board of Trustees of St. Paul's Institute,(45h) 181

Board of Trustees of the Gould Memo-rial Home and Industrial Schools,Rome, Italy, (192) 230-231

Boat Mission, (182) 229Boat work on Nile, 73Boggs, S. W., Geography and Missions,

104-110Bolivian Indian Mission, 251; begun in

New Zealand, 20; Dunedin Council,

234; London Council, 237; New YorkCouncil, (155) 224; Pacific CoastCouncil, (156) 224

Bombay, Anti-Tuberculosis Associationreport for, 46

Books, mission, see BibliographyBoxer indemnity, Germany renounces,

153Boycott of Japanese goods in China, 34"Boys' Christian Home" Mission of

India, 254Breklum Society, 246Brethren, Church of the (Dunker), (36)

176Brethren Church (Progressive), (37) 176Brethren in Christ Mission, Tunkers,

(38) 177Brethren Missionaries, (39) 177British and Foreign Bible Society, 237;Negro Africa, 78-79

British Council of the Sudan UnitedMission, 239

British East Africa, 84; influenza in, 84;smallpox in, 84

British Home Base, The, 12-17; aid toBasel Mission, 16; Conference of Mis-sionary Societies in Great Britain andIreland, 14-15; Conference, coopera-tion with Interchurch World Move-ment, 16; Conference, financial state-ment, 15; Conference, missionarymagazine, 15-16; Conference, press

bureau, 15; Conference, recommenda-tions to Peace Conference, 16; Con-ference, work of committees, 16; co-

operation in, 13; cooperation withInterchurch World Movement, 16;

deputations to foreign fields, 17; edu-cational commission to India, 17;Emergency Committee, part at PeaceConference, 16; home staff, changesin, 14; increased expenditure, 12-13;increased income, 12; lessened staff,

13; loss on exchange, 12-13; missionaryliterature, 16; Missionary PassportCommittee, 13; passport problem, 13-

14; Peace Conference, safeguarding of

religious liberties at, 16; reforms in

India, committee to consider, 17;situation among the societies, 12;

union among societies, 14; UnitedMedical Missions Exhibit, 14

British-Persian treaty, 70British regulations governing missions, 10British Society for the Propagation of

the Gospel among the Jews, 237British Syrian Mission, 237Broad Cast Tract Press and Faith Or-

phanage, (157) 224Brooks, C. A., (Bibl.), 144Broomhall, Marshall, (Bibl.), 123Brough, J. S. B., (Bibl.), 140Brown, A. J., (Bibl.), 112Brown, W. A., (Bibl.), 144Buck, T. L., (Bibl.), 125-126Buddhism, Chosen, (Bibl.), 137; Siam,

adopting Christian features, 60; Siam,revival, 50-60

Buddhist educational commission fromIndia to Philippines, 90

Building of the church among village

communities, II The North IndianPresbyterian mass movement, 11 8-1 19

Bulgarian Evangelical Society, 243Bureau of Missions of the National As-

sociation for the Promotion of Holiness,(167) 226

Bureau of Statistics and Research,(i3ia9a) 216

Burgess, J. S., (Bibl.), 126Burnet, Amos, South African Home Base,

19-20; (Bibl.), 114Burning Bush Mission, (96) 201Buxton, Harold, (Bibl.), 132

Cairo, American University at, (143) 221;opening, 73

Cambridge University's Mission to Delhi,(Bibl.), 121

Cameroun, 82-83; disposition of, 152;French substituted for German, 82-83;German missions taken over by Amer-icans and French, 83; payment for

damages in, 152; present administra-tion of, 151-152

Camps and trails in China, (Bibl.), 123

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

3i8 INDEX

Canada, 9-12; advance and cooperation,10; increased income, 12; InterchurchWorld Movement, 10; postal ratesfrom, 157; societies, 162-170

Canada Congregational Foreign Mission-ary Society, (3) 164

Canada Congregational Woman's Boardof Missions, (4) 165

Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board,(1) 162

Canadian Church Mission, (2) 163-164Canadian Committee, Mission to Lepers,

(10) 167Canadian Committee of the Nyasaland

Mission of the Dutch ReformedChurch of South Africa, (20) 169

Canadian Committee of the San PedroMission to the Indians of South Amer-ica, (21) 169

Canadian Council, Ceylon and IndiaGeneral Mission, (14) 168

Canadian Council, Inland-South-AmericaMissionary Union, (17) 169

Canadian Holiness Movement Mission,(5) 165

Canadian McAll Association, (19) 169Canadian Methodist Mission, (8) 165-166Canadian Northwest Conference, Foreign

Mission Board of the Mennonite Breth-ren in Christ, (7) 165

Canadian Presbyterian Mission, (9) 166Canary

mIslands and Germany, clauses

affecting, 154Canton, (Bibl.), Noyes, H. N., 124Canton Christian College, (190) 230Canton Medical Missionary Society,

252Captain Bickel of the Inland Sea, (Bibl.),

130Caroline Islands, disposition of, 153;

present status of, 153Carvell, A. M., (Bibl.), 117Case of real self-support, A, China,

(Bibl.), 126Caste system, breakdown of, 47Cathedral, Uganda, (Bibl.), Rowling, F.,

116Catholic Church, missionaries, 98; Amer-

ican, 103; in China, 103; missionaries'training, 98-99; missions of, 97-103;in Africa, 100; in China, 100; in FrenchIndo-China, 100; in. India, 100; inJapan, 100; in Oceania, 100; nativeworkers, 98; seminaries, 102; support,100-101; support, from U. S., 101-102

Caucasus, Russian, permanent workasked in, 63; relief work in, 63

Centenary, Methodist, 9; expansion, EastIndies, 59: Malaysia, 56

Central America, regional conference in,

32Central American Mission, (158) 224Central Asian Mission, 237Central Asian Pioneer Mission, 237

Central Board of Missions of the Churchof England, 236

Central-Comite voor de Oprichting en deInstandhouding van een Seminarienabij Batavia, 246

Central institutional church, Nanchang,(Bibl.), 129

Central Morocco Mission, 241Central Turkey College, Aintab, (45c)

180Ceylon and India General Mission, 237;American Council, (159) 224; Cana-dian Council, (14) 168

Chamberlain, William I., Arabia andMesopotamia, 67-69

Chao, K. C, (Bibl.), 126Chapman, J. W., (Bibl.), 144Chef00 Industrial Mission, 252Cheng, C. Y., (Bibl.), 126Children, books for, 138-139; conserving

the, Syria and Palestine, 65-66Children's Special Service Mission, 237China, 33-38; Bibliography, 123-130;boycott of Japanese goods, 34; Cath-olic missions in, 100; Chinese homemission in Yunnan, 38; church union,36-37; city work, 36; ContinuationCommittee survey, 37; Denmark in-

creasing work, 36; disbandment ofmilitary, 34; education, government,35; education, mission, 36; foreigntrade, 35; Fukien Christian University,

36; future field for German missions,

19; Germany, clauses affecting, Treatyof Peace, 153; industrial progress, 34;international consortium for financingof, 34; Japan, relations with, 33-34. 5i;Mandarin union version of Bible, 38;military governors, awakening of pub-lic opinion against, 33; military pur-poses, large expenditures for, 34;Missions Building at Shanghai, 38;Moslems, committee on work among,37; national spirit, awakening of, 34;Norway increasing work in, 35-36;opium reform, 35; outlook, 38; PeaceConference, 33-34; Peking MedicalSchool, 36; Peking University, 36;phonetic script, 35; proposed UnionLutheran College, 37; Shanghai PeaceConference, 33; Shantung question,

33-34; social application of Gospel, 37;social progress, 35; strike, 34; surveyof Christian education, 36; Sweden in-

creasing work, 36; Tibet, opening ofwork in, 36; Treaty, refusal to sign,

34; union version of Bible, 38; Wenliunion version of Bible, 38; Yunnanmission, 38

China and the world war, (Bibl.),

124China at the cross roads—a review of

the year 1918 and the outlook for

1919, (Bibl.), 129

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 319

Christian education in S. India, (Bibl.).

118Christian Educational Association of

Tokyo, 257Christian Endeavor Union, World's, (127)

214Christian Faith Mission, 252Christian Herald Missionary Fund, (161)

225Christian Literature Council in China,

Plans of the, (Bibl.), 128Christian Literature Society for China,

252Christian Literature Society for India,

238Christian Missions in Many Lands, 235Christian Reformed Church, (113) 208Christian Service League, Philippines, 92Christian University at Cairo, 73Christian Woman's Board of Missions,

(49) 182Christians, (Disciples of Christ) 181-182Christians' Mission, 252Christianization of life in China, The,

(Bibl.), 126Chung, Henry, (Bibl.), 112Church and the industrial situation, The,

(Bibl.), 144Church Missionary Society for Africa andthe East, 235

Church of all nations, A, (Bibl.), 145Church of Christ in Japan, 258Church of England, missions in South

Africa, 19Church of England in Canada, (2) 163-

164Church of England Zenana Missionary

Society, 236Church of God, 178-179Church of God, (India) 255Church of God Foreign Missionary Board,

(42) 178Church of Scotland Committee for the

Conversion of the Jews, 241Church of Scotland Foreign Mission

Committee, 241Church of Scotland Women's Association

for Foreign Missions, 241Church of Sweden Mission Board, 249Church of the Brethren, (Dunker) (36)

176Church of the Brethren Mission, (36) 176Church union, China, 36-37; India,

(Bibl.), 1 19 J.Syria and Palestine, 65Churches, Chosen, burning of, 39Churches of God, General Eldership,

(44) 179City work, China, 36Coan, F. G., (Bibl.), 133Cochran, J. C, (Bibl.), 123Cock, A. A., (Bibl.), 139Coffin, H. S., (Bibl.), 141Colombia, (Bibl.), Williams, M. N., 134Colonies, industrial, Malaysia, ,56

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

China Baptist Publication Society, 252China Christian Educational Association,

252China Continuation Committee of the

National Missionary Conference,Shanghai, 252; (Bibl.), 128

China Inland Mission, 232; China Coun-cil, 252; Council for Australasia, 233;Council for North America, (Phila-delphia Office) (160) 224-225; Coun-cil for North America, (Toronto Office)

(15) 168; London Council, 237China Medical Missionary Association,

252China Mennonite Mission Society, (83)

195China Missionary Society of the Augus-tana Synod of the Evangelical Luth-eran Church of North America, (71)192

China of the Chinese, (Bibl.), 124-125China Sunday School Union, 254

_

China world democracy and missions,(Bibl.), 130

China's economic problems and Chris-tian missionary effort, (Bibl.), 125

Chinese, Malaysia, immigration, 55;work for, 56 -"

Chinese Christian church and nationalmovements, (Bibl.), 126

Chinese home mission in Yunnan, 38Chinese liberality, Bangkok Christian

College, 61Chinese Mohammedanism, (Bibl.), 138Chinese Student Volunteer Movement

for the Ministry, 252; (Bibl.), 128Chinese Tract Society, 252Chosen, 38-41; Bible study in, 40; Bud-dhism, (Bibl.), 137; burning of churches,39; change in administration, 40;Japanese in Chosen, work among, 41;moral deterioration under Japan'smilitary system, 39; native church inChosen, attitude of Japan toward, 39-40; passive resistance, 40; political

disturbances, 38-39; proclamation_of

independence, 39; progress, material,under Japanese rule, 39; protestsagainst Japan at home and abroad,40; revolt, 38-40; revolt, effect on mis-sion work, 40; revolt, suppression, 39;self-support and expansion, 40-41;Sunday-schools, 40

Christian and Missionary Alliance, (40)177-178; occupation of French Indo-China, 41

Christian approach to Islam, The, (Bibl.),

J36.

Christian Association of the Universityof Pennsylvania, (Foreign Department)(178) 228

Christian Catholic Apostolic Church inZion, 252

Christian Church, (41) 178

320 INDEX

Coming Chinese Christian leadership,(Bibl.), 129

Comite tot Voorziening in de Godsdien-stige Behoeften van de GevestigdeInlandsche Protestantsche Christenge-meenten op de Sangir- en Talaut-Eilanden, 246

Committee of Reference and Counsel ofthe Foreign Missions Conference ofNorth America, Inc., (131a) 215

Committee on Cooperation in LatinAmerica, American Section, (133) 218;cooperation with Interchurch WorldMovement, 32

Committee on Work among Moslems inChina, 37

Communal representation, India, 43"Comparative areas," study of, 105-106Compound work, Johannesburg, 86Conference, Belgian Congo, 83Conference of Federated Missions inJapan, 257

Conference of_Missionary Societies in

Great Britain and Ireland, 14-15;cooperation with Interchurch WorldMovement, 16; financial statement, 15;missionary magazine, 15-16; pressbureau, 15; recommendations to PeaceConference, 16; work of committees, 16

Conference of Protestant Missionary So-cieties in the Congo, 83

Conference of South Africa, General Mis-sion, 87

Conference, Student, Philippines, 91-92Conference, Syria and Palestine, 64-65;recommendations, 64-65

Conferences, regional, Negro Africa, 77Congo, The missionary situation in,

(Bibl.), 116Congo Inland Mission, (81) 195Congregational Churches, Canada, 164-

165; United States, 179-181Congregational Union Church Aid and

Missionary Society of South Africa,250

Congregational Union of British Guiana,251

Congregational Union of Jamaica, 251Conscience, freedom of, under mandatary,

151Conserving the children, Syria and Pales-

tine, 65-66Constantinople Girls' College, (191) 230Continental Home Base, 17-19; Basel

Mission, 19; distrust' of leaders inother countries, 18; France, increasedinterest, 18; German missions, futurefields, China, Netherlands East Indies,South America, 19; Germany, depres-sion and lessened interest, 18; informa-tion unreliable, 17; neutral countries,increased income, 18; "Supernational-ity of Missions," 17-18; Switzerland,depression, 19

Continental Mission of the PresbyterianChurch in Ireland, 240

Continuation Committee of the WorldMissionary Conference, (128) 215

Continuation Committee Survey, China,

37.Continuation Committee, Syria and

Palestine, 64Convention, Student Volunteer Move-ment, 11

Convention, World's Sunday School,Tokyo, 1920, 52

Cooperation, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 74;Canadian, 10; Committee on Coopera-tion in Latin America with InterchurchWorld Movement, 32; government,Philippines, 91; Great Britain, 13;Great Britain with Interchurch WorldMovement, 16; Conference of Mis-sionary Societies in Great Britain andIreland with Interchurch World Move-ment, 16; need of, Johannesburg, 86;South Africa, 87

Cooperation, its necessity and cost,

(Bibl.),_142-143

Cooperative program for Mexico, 32Coptic Church, 73; (Bibl.), Leeder, S. H.,

114Corea, see ChosenCouncil in Canada for the Inland-South-America Missionary Union, (17) 169

Council in the United States of the Inland-South-America Missionary Union, (168)226

Countess of Huntingdon's Connection,236

Cowley, Wantage & All Saints Mission-ary Association, 235

Crusade of compassion for the healing of

the nations, A, (Bibl.), inCumberland Presbyterian, (104) 203Cyprus, present status of, 155

Dale, Godfrey, (Bibl.), 114-115Danish Board for the Santal Mission, 243Danish Church Mission in Arabia, 243Danish Council of the Sudan United

Mission, 243Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in

America, (62) 188Danish Lutheran, (62) 188Danish Missionary Society, 243Danish Tent Mission, 243Danish United Lutheran, (63) 188Dansk Kirke-Mission i Arabien, 243Danske Missionsselskab, 243Davis, J. M., (Bibl.), 131Day Missions Library, (163) 225Day of opportunity at Delhi, (Bibl.), 121"Defence of India Act," rigorous applica-

tion of, 44Delhi, India, (Bibl.), Marsh, Noel, 121

Democracy and the Eastern question,

China, (Bibl.), 123-124

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 321

Democratic movement in Asia, The,(Bibl.), 112

Denmark, increasing work in China, 36;societies, 243

Dennett, Tyler, (Bibl.), 112Denyes, John^R., Malaysia, 54-59Departmentalized government, Philip-

pines^ 90m

Depression in Germany, 18; Switzerland,

Deputation, Federation of Woman'sBoards, 11

Deputations, Baptist Missionary Society(English) to Belgian Congo, 84; Meth-odist Episcopal "Church to BelgianCongo, 84; to foreign fields, 11; toforeign fields from Great Britain,

17Des Moines Convention, nDeutsche China-Allianz-Mission in Bar-men, 244

Deutsche Orient Mission, 244Deutscher Frauen Missionsbund, 244Deutscher Hulfsbund fur christhches

Liebeswerk im Orient, 245Developing a dominantly missionary

church, (Bibl.), 141Development of a mass movement church,

The, (Bibl.), 122Devil worship, Kurdistan, (Bibl.), 137Dickson, E. J. M., (Bibl.), 126Diffendorfer, R. E., (Bibl.), 141Directors of the Methodist PublishingHouse in China, (136) 219

Directory for Latin America, 33Directory of Foreign Mission Societies,

150-259Disciples of Christ, 181-182Distribution of medical missions, The,

(Bibl.), 145Disturbances, political, Chosen, 38-39Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society

of the Protestant Episcopal Church inthe United States of America, (50)182-183

Domestic, Frontier and Foreign Mission-ary Society of the United Brethren inChrist, (123) 212

Donaldson, D. M., (Bibl.), 133Doopsgezinde Vereeniging tot_ Bevorder-

ing der Evangelieverbreiding in deNederlandsch-Overzeesche Bezittingen,247

" Door of Hope" Mission, 253Doshisha University, 257Dovey, J. W., (Bibl.), 127Dufferin and Procter Memorial Schools,

238Dunlop, D. C. L., (Bibl.), 119Du Plessis, J., (Bibl.), 144Dutch Reformed Church, Board of For-

eign Missions, (114) 209Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa,

missions of, 19

East,' Social problems and the, (Bibl.)

113East Africa, 84; British East Africa, in-

fluenza, 84; British East Africa, small-pox, 84; Mohammedan advance, 84;Nyasaland, Bible translation, 79

"Echoes of Service" Missionary Society,23S

Economic distress, India, 45Eddy, G. S., (Bibl.), 119

.

Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society,242

Education, Africa, government controlconsidered, 81; Africa, missionary con-trol of primary schools, 80-81; Africa,Nigerian government encourages, 82;Africa, support in Natal, 87; Africa,West, interest, 81; Arabia and Meso-potamia, 67; China, government, 35;China, mission, 36; East Indies, 58-59;India, government report, 49; India,missionary, 49; India, women's, 49-50; Japan, government ordinances, 53;Latin America, northern leadership,

31; Persia, 69; Philippines, 91; Siam,60-61; Siam, high standard of, 60;Turkey, interruption of, 62

Educational commission, Buddhist, fromIndia to Philippines, 90; to India fromGreat Britain and U. S., 17

Edwards, W. J., (Bibl.), 139.

Effects of the war on Africa, Some,(Bibl.), 117

Egypt, 71-73; boat work on Nile, 73;Christian University at

_Cairo, 73;

Coptic Church, 73; itinerating agencies,

73; Mohammedans and Christiansfraternize, 72; _ Native ProtestantChurch, 73; rioting, 71; self-support,

73; strikes, 72; survey, 73; suspensionof mission work, 71-72; uprising, 71-72; uprising, causes, 71; uprising, effect

of, on mission work, 71-72; uprising,significance, 71; war, labor corps, 72-73; war, quiet during, 71

Egypt General Mission, 238Emergency Committee of Cooperating

Missions, part at Peace Conference,10-16; American Section, (128a) 215

Emergency in Chosen, The, (Bibl.), 131Emmanuel Medical Mission,_242Encouraging signs in Latin America,

(Bibl.), 135English Council of the South Africa

General Mission, 239English Mission, Lydda, Palestine, 259Episcopal Church, 182-183Episcopal, Reformed, 183-184Eskimo dog-sled and kayak, By, (Bibl.),

138Eternal source of missions, The, (Bibl.), 140Euphrates College, (45O 180Europe, Young Men's Christian Associa-

tion, extension of work in, 11

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

322 INDEX

Europeans, religious condition of, SouthAfrica, 8s

Evangel Mission, (164) 225Evangel Press, 253Evangelical Association, 184Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of

Norway, Mission of the, 248Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and

Other States, (67) 190Evangelical Mission to Israel, 238Evangelical National Missionary Society

of Stockholm, 248Evangelical Synod, (54) 185Evangelical Union of South America,

238; North American Branch, (16)168

Evangelical Union of the Philippine Is-lands, 259

Evangelical United, 184-185Evangelisch-lutherische Mission zu Leip-

zig, 245Evangelisch-lutherische Missionsanstalt

zu Hermannsburg, 245Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft fur

Deutsch-Ostafrika, 245Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft zu

Basel, 249Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen, 248Evangelistic movement in the Indian

church, The, (Bibl.), 122Evangelization of provinces, The,—Man-

churia, (Bibl.), 127Everyday difficulties of Indian Christians,

(Bibl.), 120-12

1

Ewing, J. C. R., (Bibl.), 122Exchange, loss on, Great Britain, 12-13Executive Committee of Foreign Missions

of the Presbyterian Church in theUnited States, (105) 203-204

Exhibit, United Medical Missions, GreatBritain, 14

Expansion of Christianity in the modernworld, The, (Bibl.), 140

Expenditure in Great Britain, increased,12-13

Exploitation of Latin America by out-siders, 24

Extraterritoriality, Siam, terminated, 153Eyes of Asia, The, (Bibl.), 118

Faith Mission, 253Famine, India, 46Far East, The mastery of the, (Bibl.), 112Federal Council of the Churches of Christ

in America, (129) 215Federal Council of Protestant Evangelical

Missions in Korea, 258Federal Foreign Mission Committee of

Churches of Christ in Australia, 233Federation of Japanese Churches, dele-

gation to Chosen, 51Federation of Woman's Boards of For-

eign Missions of North America, (130)215; deputations, 11

Field Reviews, 21-93; Anglo-EgyptianSudan, 73~74; China, 33-38; Chosen,38-41; Egypt, 71-73; French Indo-China, 41-42; India, 42-50; Japan,50-54; Latin America, 23-33; Malay-sia, 54-59; Negro Africa, 74-88; Philip-pines, 89-93; Turkish Empire, 61-70

Fifty years in China, (Bibl.), 125Financial statement, Conference of Mis-

sionary Societies, Great Britain, 15Financing of China, International Con-

sortium for, 34Finland, societies, 243Finley, J. H., (Bibl.), 131Finnish Missionary Society, 243Finska Missionssallskapet, 243Fisher, F. B., (Bibl.), 118Five republics of Central America, (Bibl.)

,

Munro, D. G., I33-I34Foreign Christian Missionary Society,

(48) 181-182Foreign Department of the Dominion

Council of the Young Women's Chris-tian Association of Canada, (11) 167

Foreign Department of the English Na-tional Council of_ the Young Men'sChristian Associations, 239

Foreign Department of the NationalBoard of the Young Women's ChristianAssociation of the United States of

America, (142) 221Foreign Department of the NationalYoung Women's Christian Associationof Great Britain and Ireland, 240

Foreign Department of the NationalYoung Women's Christian Associationsof Australasia, 234

Foreign fields, deputations to, 11Foreign financial control in China, (Bibl.),

124Foreign magic, Tales of every-day China,

(Bibl.), 123Foreign Mission Board, Friends of Phila-

delphia, (55) 185Foreign Mission Board, Michigan Men-

nonite Brethren in Christ, (77) 194Foreign Mission Board of the African

Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Inc.,

(88) 197-198Foreign Mission Board of the Brethren in

Christ of the United States of Americaand Canada, (38) 177

Foreign Mission Board of the ChristianChurch, (41) 178

Foreign Mission Board of the EvangelicalSynod of North America, (54) 185.

Foreign Mission Board of the Indianaand Ohio Conference, Mennonite Breth-ren in Christ, (75) 194

Foreign Mission Board of the MennoniteBrethren in Christ, Canadian North-west Conference, (7) 165

Foreign Mission Board of the NationalBaptist Convention, (28) 172

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 323

Foreign Mission Board of the NebraskaConference, Mennonite Brethren inChrist Church, (78) 194

Foreign Mission Board of the ReformedPresbyterian Church of Scotland, 241

Foreign Mission Board of the SouthernBaptist Convention, (34) 175

Foreign Mission Committee of Churchesof Christ, 241

Foreign Mission Committee of the UnitedFree Church of Scotland, 241

Foreign Mission Department of the Scot-tish National Council of the YoungMen's Christian Associations, 242

Foreign Mission of the PresbyterianChurch in Ireland, 240

Foreign Mission of the Reformed Presby-terian Synod of Ireland, 240

Foreign Missionary Association of Friendsof Philadelphia, (55) 185

Foreign missionary cooperation and unityat the home base in America, (BibL), 144

Foreign Missionary Society of the Breth-ren Church, (37) 176

Foreign Missionary Society of the Gen-eral Association of General Baptists inthe United States, (26) 171

Foreign Missionary Society of the UnitedBrethren in Christ, (122) 212

Foreign Missionary Society, Ohio YearlyMeeting of Friends', (58) 187

Foreign Missions Board of the PacificConference, Mennonite Brethren inChrist, (79) 194

Foreign Missions Committee of the Pres-byterian Church of England, 237

Foreign Missions Committee of the Pres-byterian Church of New Zealand, 234

Foreign Missions Conference of NorthAmerica, (131) 215-216

Foreign Missions of the Conference of theMennonite Brethren Church of NorthAmerica, (74) 193

Foreign Sunday School Association of theUnited States of America, (139a) 220-229

Foreningen for Israelsmission, 248Foreword, 3France, German missions in Cameroun

taken oyer by, 83; increase of mis-sionary interest, 18; societies, 244

Franklin, J. H., (BibL), 112Fraser, Donald, (BibL), 117Free Baptist Woman's Missionary So-

ciety, (29b) 173Free Church Mission of Finland, 243Free Church of Scotland Foreign Mis-

sion, 241Free Methodist Mission, (90) 199Freedom, religious, Turkey, 63French Baptist Mission, 251French Congo, 83; government opposi-

tion, 83; survey, (BibL), Stonelake,Alfred, 116

French Indo-China, 41-42; Bible transla-tion, 42 ; British and Foreign Bible So-ciety, 42; Catholic missions, 100; oc-cupation, Christian and MissionaryAlliance, 41; outlook, 42; Swiss Ply-*mouth Brethren, 41-42

French language substituted for German,Cameroun, 82-83

French Protestant Mission in Kabylie,

^ ?44 -

Fri Baptister, 249Fria Missionen i Finland, 243Friedenshort Deaconess Mission, 244Friends' Anti-Slavery Committee, 236Friends' Armenian Mission Committee,

236Friends Church of California, Board of

Missions, (57) 186Friends' Foreign Mission Association,

236Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of

the Ohio Yearly Meeting, (58) 187Friends of Philadelphia, Foreign Mission

Board, (55) 185Friends, (Orthodox) 185-187Fruit from the jungle, (BibL), 139Fukien University, (144a) 222; 36Fullani bin Fullani, (BibL), 115Funfpfennig-Verein, 245Furlough, missionary preparation, (BibL)

,

141-142Future place of education in China, The,

(BibL), 127

Gale, F. C, (BibL), 129Gambling, East Indies, 58Gamewell, M. N., (BibL), 123General Articles, 97-145General Baptists, Foreign Mission Board,

(26) 171General Board of Foreign Missions, Church

of the Nazarene, (98) 202General Conference Mennonite Mission,

(82) 195General Conference of the Seventh-Day

Adventist Denomination, (25) 170-171

General Eldership of the Churches ofGod, (44) 179

General Mission Board of the Church ofthe Brethren, (36) 176

General Mission Committee of the DutchReformed Church of South Africa, 250;American Committee, (177) 228; Ca-nadian Committee, (20) 169

General Mission Conference of SouthAfrica, 87

General Missionary Board of the FreeMethodist Church of North America,(90) 199

General Synod of the Evangelical Luth-eran Church in the United States ofAmerica, Board of Foreign Missions,192

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

324 INDEX

Geography, 104-110; accuracy essential,

108; application to missionary prob-lems, 104; comparability of mission

# maps, 105-106; comparative areas,study of, 105-106; continuity of geo-graphic problem, 107-108; essentialsof, 106-107; Mercator's Projection,misuse of, 105-106; non-missionarydata essential, 106; "Problem Areas,"study of, 106-107; unoccupied missionfields, 104

German Aid Society for Christian Char-ity in the East, 245

German Baptists, Missionary Society ofthe, 246

German China Alliance Mission in Bar-men, 244

German East Africa, disposition of, 152"German" East Africa, In, (Bibl.), 114—

115; present administration of, 152German missions after the war, (Bibl.),

*45German Orient Mission, 244German Southwest Africa, disposition of,

152; present condition of, 152German Women's Missionary Union, 244Germany, depression, lessened interestand distrust, 18; future fieid for, China,Netherlands East Indies, South Amer-ica, 19; missions, aided from U. S., 11;missions, giving up of, 18; missions,Kamerun, taken by France and U. S.,

83; missions, G. E. A., taken byAfrica Inland Mission, 84; missions,Netherlands East Indies, 57~58; mis-sions, property to continue in missionhands as "trust property," 149; socie-

ties, 244-246Gesellschaft fur innere und aussere Mis-

sion im Sinne der lutherischen Kirche,245

Gibbons, H. A., (Bibl.), 112Gibson, J. Paul S. R., 119-120Gilmore, G. W., (Bibl.), 136Gollock. Miss G. A., (Bibl.), 141; BritishHome Base, 12

Gollock, M. C, (Bibl.), 141-142Gospel Baptist Mission, 253Gospel Missionary Society, (165) 225Gospel, social application of, China, 37Gossnersche Missionsgesellschaft, 245Gould Alemorial Home and Industrial

Schools, Rome, Italy, (192) 230-231Government cooperation, Philippines, 91Government education in China, 35Government opposition, French Congo,

83; Portuguese East Africa, 84Government ordinances on education,Japan, 53

Government restrictions on missionsamong Mohammedans, Anglo-Egyp-tian Sudan, 74

Governors, military, awakening of publicopinion in China against, 33

Grace Mission, 253Great Britain, see British Home BaseGreek friendliness toward missions, Tur-

key, 62-63Growth of missionary cooperation since

1910, (Bibl.), 143Grubb, W. Barbrooke, (Bibl.), 134-135Gwalior Presbyterian Mission, 169

Haiti, survey, 32Hakuaikai Seryoin, ("Loving All" Dis-

pensary) 257Hankow Concession, 150Hannover Free Evangelical Lutheran

Church Missionary Society, 246Harding, H. G., (Bibl.), 132Harrington, C. K., (Bibl.), 130Harris, J. H., (Bibl.), 117Harvard Mission, (166) 226Have conditions improved in Mexico,

(Bibl.), 135Hawaiian Islands, Societies, 233Heart of Africa Mission, 238Hedjaz, The, 68; present status, 154;

significance of recognition, 68Helgelse-Forbundet, 248-249Helms, E. J., (Bibl.), 145Henaratgoda Village Mission, 255Hephzibah Faith Missionary Association,

(59) 187Hering, Miss Hollis W., Bibliography of

Recent Literature Relating to ForeignMission Work, 111-145

Hermannsburg Mission, 245Hershey, A. S., and Hershey, S. W.,

(Bibl.), 130Hildesheimer Verein fur die deutsche

Blindenmission in China, 245Hill-Murray Mission to the Chinese Blindand Illiterate Sighted in North China,242

Hindu religious setting, (Bibl.), 138Hinduism, India, (Bibl.), Hogg, Prof. A.

G., 120History of religions, The, (Bibl.), 136-

137Hodous, Lewis, (Bibl.), 129; China, 33-

38; French Indo-China, 41-42Hogg, Prof. A. G., (Bibl.), 120Holiness Church, International, (60) 187-

188Holiness Movement Church, (5) 165Holland Committee for the Lebanon Hos-

pital for the Insane, 247Holland, W. E. S., (Bibl.), 120Home and Foreign Board of Missions of

The Schwenkfelder Church in theUnited States of America, (119) 211

Home and Foreign Missionary Depart-ment of the African Methodist Epis-copal Church, (87) 197

Home and Foreign Missionary Society of

the United Evangelical Church, (53)184-185

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the

Directory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 32 5

Home Base, reviews, 0-20; British, 12-

17; Continental, 17-19; North Amer-ican, 0-12; South African, 19-20

Home Mission Board of the SouthernBaptist Convention, (35) 176

Home mission, Chinese, in Yunnan, 38Home Missionary Society of India, 255Home staff, changes in, Great Britain, 14Hopkins, E. W., (Bibl.), 136-137How missions denationalize Indians,

(Bibl.), 121-122Hudson Taylor and the China Inland

Mission, China, (Bibl.), 128-129Hunt, James G., Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,

73-74; Egypt, 71-73Hutton, S. K., (Bibl.), 138Hyndman, H. M., (Bibl.), 113

Iconium College, (193) 231Ideals of new phim, The, (Bibl.), 126Ikwezi Lamaci Mission, 250Illiteracy, India, 50; Latin America, 28Immigrants, Chinese and Indians, Malay-

sia, 55; Malaysia, work for, 56Income, Australasia, increased until 1919.

decreased in 1919. 20; Canada, in-

creased, 12; Great Britain, increased,

12; Methodist Episcopal, increased, 12;

neutral countries, increased.^ 18; NorthAmerica, increased, 12; statistics, Can-ada, 12; United States, 12

Indemnity, Boxer, Germany renounces.Treaty of Peace, 153

Independence, Persia, 70; proclamationof, Chosen, 39

Independent Baptists, Swedish, 249Independent Lutheran Mission, 253Indexes, 291India, 42-50; anti-Brahmin movements,

46-47; Anti-Tuberculosis Association,report for Bombay, 46; Bibliography,1 17-122; breakdown of caste system,47; Buddhist educational commissionto Philippines, 90; caste, 46-47; Cath-olic missions, 100; communal represen-tation, 43; "Defence of India Act,"rigorous application of, 44; economicdistress, 45; education for women, 40-50; education, government report, 49;mission, 49; educational commissionfrom Great Britain and North Amer-ica, 11, 17; England an alien adminis-tration, 44; famine, 46; illiteracy, 50;India Reform Bill, native attitude to-ward, 43; India Reform Bill, responsi-bility to Indian people under, 44;Indian Syrian Church, 4.7-48; indus-trial progress, 45-46; influenza,

_ 46;inter-caste dining, fraternity, marriage,47; mission advance and union, 48;non-Christian religious movements, 48-49; outbreaks in Punjab, 43-44; PatelBill, 47; Patel Bill allows inter-castemarriage, 47; political changes, 42-45;

political outbreaks, 43-44; political

union, 42-43; prison reform, 47; pro-posed Women's University, Madras,50; Rabindranath Tagore, 44; ReformBill, 42-43; Reform Bill, responsibilityto Indian people under, 44; reforms,committee in Great Britain to con-sider, 17; Rowlatt Act, native opposi-tion to, 44; Satyagraha Sabha, 48-49;self-government, 42-43; "Silent revo-lution," 43-44; temperance movement,46; war, 50

India Christian Endeavor Union, 255India Sunday School Union, 256Indian Christian Association, Madras,

25SIndian Christian Mission, 238Indian Missionary Society of Tinnevelly,

Indian Syrian Church, 255; revival, 47-4?

Indiana and Ohio Conference, MennoniteBrethren in Christ, (75) 194

Indians, Latin America, 29; condition,2 5

India's national and Christian progress,(Bibl.), 122

India's silent revolution, (Bibl.), 118Industrial changes, Negro Africa, 74~75Industrial colonies, Malaysia, 56Industrial development, West Africa, 81Industrial progress, China, 34; India, 45-

46Infant mortality, Negro Africa, 79Influenza, British East Africa, 84; India,

46; Negro Africa, 79; witch doctors,lessened influence because of, 79

Initials, International System of, 301_

Inland-South-America Missionary Union,232; Council in Canada, (17) 169;Council in Great Britain, 242; Councilin United States, (168) 226

Inman, S. G., (Bibl.), 133-135; LatinAmerica, 23-33

Institution for the Chinese Blind, 253Institutional church in China, The, (Bibl.)

,

130Interchurch World Movement of North

America, (132) 217-218; Canadian, 10;Committee on Cooperation in LatinAmerica cooperates with, 32; coopera-tion

_of Great Britain with, 16; in-

itiating of, 9-10; Missionary EducationDepartment of the, (132b) 218; serv-ices of, 10

International Christian Police Associa-tion, 257

International Committee of the YoungMen's Christian Association, ForeignDepartment, (141) 220-221

International Consortium for financingChina,, 34

International Holiness Church, (60) 187-188

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

326 INDEX

International Institute of China (Missionamong the Higher Classes in China)

,

253International Medical Missionary So-

ciety, (169) 226International Missionary Union, (170)

226International Postal Telegraph Christian

Association, 238International Reform Bureau, (171) 226-

227International Societies, 232International System of Initials for Mis-

sionary Societies, 301Interpreting America to the Orient,

Philippines, 89Inter-Synodical Evangelical Lutheran

Orient Mission Society, (72) 193Intervention in Mexico, (Bibl.), 133Introductory sketch of the Bantu lan-

guages, (Bibl.), 140Islam Lands, Bibliographical, 131-133Islam, the war, and missions, (Bibl.),

132-133Itinerating agencies, Egypt, 73

Jaffna College, (45g) 181Jamaica Baptist Union, 251James M. Taylor Interdenominational

Missionary Work, (186) 229Japan, 50-54; allied victory, effect on

mission work, 53; America, attitudetoward, 51-52; awakening of publicopinion in China against, 33; Bibliog-raphy, 130-13 1 ; boycott, in China of

Japanese goods, 34; Catholic missions,100; China, relations with, 51; Chinesemilitary governors, dealings with, 33;Chosen, attitude of Japanese Chris-tians on, 51; Chosen, protests againstpolicy in, 40; Chosen, delegation sentby Federation of Japanese churches toinvestigate, 51; democracy, 52; educa-tion, government ordinances on, 53;education, mission, 52; industrialismincreased, 53; interpreting democracy,52; Mr. Kanamori's evangelistic cam-paigns, 53; material progress in Chosenunder, 39; militarism in, 52; moraldeterioration in Chosen under, 39;native church in Chosen, attitude to-ward, 39-40; native church, increasein, 53; need of reenforcements, 54; op-position toward Christianity, 53;Peace Conference, position at the, 51;revolt in Chosen, 51; Shantung ques-tion, 51; social service, need for, 53;World's Sunday School Convention inTokyo, 1920, 52

Japan Book and Tract Society, 257Japan Continuation Committee, 257Japan Evangelistic Band, 257Japan Methodist Church, 258Japan Union of Christian Endeavor, 257

Japanese Baptist Missionary Society,257

Japanese, Chosen, work among, 41Japanese Christian Mission, 253Japanese Episcopal Church, 258Japanese Young Men's Christian Associa-

tion National Union, 258Java Committee at Amsterdam, 247Jebail Settlement, 259; American Com-

mittee, (172) 227Jerusalem and the East Mission, 236Jerusalems-Verein, 245Jesushilfe Leper Asylum in Jerusalem,

244Jewish Mission of the Presbyterian

Church in Ireland, 240Johannesburg, compound work, 86; co-

operation, need of, 86John C. Kerr Hospital for the Insane,

253Johnston, Sir H. H., (Bibl.), 117Joint Council of North Siam and SouthSiam missions, 59

Joint Synod of Ohio, Lutheran, (65) 189Jones, F. M., (Bibl.), 115Joseph, Isya, (Bibl.), 137Jungle depths, In, (Bibl.), 117Jungle Tribes Mission, Coonoor, South

India, 255Jungle Tribes Mission of the Presby-

terian Church in Ireland, 240

Kaffir Wars, effect on missionary enter-prise in South Africa, 19

Kaiserwerth Deaconesses, 246Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, disposition, 152-

153; present condition, 152-153Kalaw, M. M., (Bibl.), 135Kamerun, 82-83; disposition, 152; French

substituted for German, 82-83; Ger-man missions taken over by Amer-icans and French, 83; payment for

damages in, 152; present administra-tion, 151-152

Kanamori's, Mr., evangelistic campaigns,53

Kandy Industrial School, 255Katanga, Men and minerals in, (Bibl.),

JI 7Katanga mineral fields, Belgian Congo,

76Keith, A. B., (Bibl.), 114Kerridge, H. S., (Bibl.), 138Kiau-Chau, transfer of, 150Kieler China Mission, 245King, G. L., (Bibl.), 11 5-1 16Kipling, Rudyard, (Bibl.), 118Konia Christian Hospital, (173) 227Korea, see ChosenKorean Buddhism, history—condition-

art, (Bibl.), 137Korean Itinerant Mission, 258Korean Religious Book and Tract So-

ciety, 258

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 327

Krimmer Bruedergemeinde, Mennonite,(83) 195

Kulp, D. H., (Bibl.), 127Kumbh Mela at Allahabad, The, (Bibl.),

119Kumiai Kyokwai, (Congregational

Churches) 257Kuo, P. W., (Bibl.), 127Kurds, eager for schools, 63 ; friendly to-ward Armenians and missionaries, 63

Kurku and Central Indian Hill Mission,238

Kvinnliga Missions Arbetare, 249

Labaree, R. M., (Bibl.), 138Labor, Africa, demand for, 75-76; edu-

cated native labor, 75; propagandaamong natives, 76

Labrador, (Bibl.), Hutton, S. K., 138Lakher Pioneer Mission, 238La Motte, E. N., (Bibl.), 123Lampe, William E., Chosen, 38-41;

Japan, 50-54Land of promise, The, (Bibl.), 132Language and literature of Latin Amer-

ica, 24-25Language for schools, Syria and Palestine,

64Languages, Africa, Bantu, (Bibl.),

Werner, Alice, 140La Nueva Democracia, 32L. P. Larsen's Missionary Work among

students in India, Committee for, 243Latin America, 23-33; "American Soli-

darity," 30; Bibliography, 133-135;Committee on Cooperation in, 32; Co-operation with Interchurch WorldMovement, 32; cooperative programfor Mexico, 32; directory, 33; evan-gelistic work limited, 27-29; exploitedby outsiders, 24; extent, 23; growingfriendship with United States, 30; il-

literacy, 28; increased interest in, 23;Indians, 29; Indians, condition of, 25;indifference to religion, 27; languageand literature, 24-25; La NuevaDemocracia, 32; need of mission work,23-24; northern leadership in educa-tion, 31; occupation inadequate, 27-29; once the neglected field, 31-32;Peons, condition of, 25; people, 24;races and social groups, 25-26; regionalconference in Central America, 32; re-

ligious conditions, 26-27; resources, 23;socialism, anti-Christian, growth of, 27;spirit of enquiry, 30; statistics, 272-279;strategic centers for mission work, 29;students in North America, 30-31;survey of Haiti and Santo Domingo,32; Union Book Depository, Santiago,

33; Union Evangelical Seminaries, 33;war, effect on religious thinking, 29-30

Latin America, A history of, (Bibl.),

134

Latin America, Pan-Lutheran MissionarySociety for, 193

Laymen's Missionary Movement of theUnited States and Canada, (134) 218—219

Least of these—in Colombia, The, (Bibl.),

134Lebanon Hospital for Mental Diseases,

238; American Committee, (174) 227;Holland Committee, .247; Swiss Com-mittee, 249

Leeder, S. H., (Bibl.), 114Lee Memorial Bengali Mission, 255Leipzig Mission, 24sLenwood, Frank, (Bibl.), 113Leper Mission, 167Lerrigo, P. H. J., Philippines, 89-93Levine, I. D., (Bibl.), 113Liberia, 82; Germany, clauses affecting,

*54Liberties, religious, safeguarding of at

Peace Conference, 16Liebenzeller Mission, 244-245Life and work in mission houses, (Bibl.),

143Light in the land of Sinim, A, (Bibl.), 124Liquor traffic, East Indies, 58; Nigeria,

82; prohibition of in Treaty of Peace,151; South Africa, 85

Literature, Latin America, 24-25; mis-sionary, Great Britain, 16

London Association in aid of MoravianMissions, 236

London Missionary Society, 238London Society for Promoting Chris-

tianity amongst the Jews, 235Long, G. M., (Bibl.), 136Lott Carey Baptist Home and Foreign

Mission Convention in the UnitedStates, (27) 1 71-172

Loyalty, native, South Africa, 87Lutheran Board of Missions, (Lutheran

Free Church of U. S. A.) (64) 188-189Lutheran Brethren, (61) 188Lutheran College in China, proposed

union, 37Lutheran, Danish, (62) 188Lutheran, Danish United, (63) 188Lutheran Evangelical Society of Finland,

243Lutheran Free Church, (64) 188-189Lutheran Inter-Synodical, (72) 193Lutheran, Joint Synod of Ohio, (65) 189Lutheran, Norwegian, (66) 189Lutheran Synod of Iowa, (67) 190Lutheran Synod of the General Council

of the Evangelical Lutheran Church inNorth America, Board of Foreign Mis-sions of the, 192

Lutheran Synodical Conference, (68) 190Lutheran, United, 190-192Lutheran United Mission, (66) 189Lutherska Evangeliforeningen i Finland,

243

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

328 INDEX

McAU Mission, 244McClelland, A. J., (Bibl.), 135MacDonald, A. J., (Bibl.), 116McGlinchey, Fr. Joseph. P., Missions of

the Roman Catholic Church, 97-103McKee, Sidney, (Bibl.), 129Mackenzie College, (194) 231MacLean, J. H., (Bibl.), 142McLeod, R. A., (Bibl.), 129MacNaughton, W., (Bibl.), 127Madden, M. W., (Bibl.), 130Madras, proposed Women's University,

SOMagazine, missionary, 15-16Malabar Mar Thoma Syrian Christian

Evangelistic Association, 25s; revival,

47-48Malaysia, 54~59; Anglican mission, Sara-wak, 55; Centenary expansion, 56;Chinese, work for, 56; extension of

railroad, 54-55; immigrants, work for,

56; immigration, Chinese and Indians,

55; industrial colonies, 56; MethodistUniversity, Singapore, 56; Mohamme-dan Malays, work for, 55-56; opium,55; railroad, country opened by, 55;three-fold mission problem, 55; war,effect, 54; war, effect on commerce, 54

Manchuria, China, (Bibl.), MacNaugh-ton, W., 127

Mandarin union version of Bible, 38Mandataries, 151-152; freedom of con-

science under, 151Mandatary, special conditions of in Ger-man Southwest Africa and Oceania,152

Mandingo Association, Inc., (176) 227-228

Man-power in Christian warfare, China,(Bibl.), 129

Maori Mission Committee of the Presby-terian Church of New Zealand, 234

Map of Asia, The new, (Bibl.), 112Maranham Christian Mission, 242Marianne Islands, disposition of, 153;

present status of, 153Marris, A. J., (Bibl.), 120-121Marsh, Noel, (Bibl.), 121Marshall Islands, disposition of, 153;

present status of, 153Mason, I., (Bibl.), 138Mass Movement in the Yoruba country,

The, (Bibl.), 115Mass Movement Methods, (Bibl.), Sin-

clair, R., 122Mass movements. East Indies, 57Masses and the classes of India, The,

(Bibl.), 122Mastery of the Far East, The, (Bibl.),

112Mathews, Basil, (Bibl.), 139; (Bibl.), 142Means, P. A., (Bibl.), 139Medical knowledge needed, Negro Africa,

79-80

Medical Missionary Association of India255

Medical Missions Exhibit, United, GreatBritain, 14

Medical missions for women and chil-dren, (Bibl.), Allen, B. J., n 1

Medical missions, scarcity of, NegroAfrica, 79-80

Medical School, Peking, 36Medical work, Arabia and Mesopotamia,

67-68; Meshed, 69-70; Turkey, 62Melanesian Mission, 234Men and minerals in Katanga, (Bibl.),

117Mennonite and Amish Mennonite, (73),

193Mennonite Board of Missions and Chari-

ties, (73) 193Mennonite Brethren, (74) 193Mennonite Brethren Church, 165Mennonite Brethren in Christ, 194Mennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary

Society, Ontario Conference, (6) 165Mennonite, General Conference, (82) 195Mennonite, Krimmer Bruedergemeinde,

(83) 195Mennonite Union for the Propagation of

the Gospel in the Ultramarine Posses-sions of the Netherlands, 247

Mennonites, Central Conference and De-fenseless, (81) 195

Mercator's Projection, misuse of, 105-106

Meshed, advance, 69-70; medical work,69-70

Mesopotamia, see Arabia and Mesopo-tamia

Methodist Centenary, 9Methodist Church of Canada, (8) 165-

166Methodist Episcopal, African, 197Methodist Episcopal African Zion, 197-

198Methodist Episcopal Church, deputation

from, Belgian Congo, 84; increasedincome, 12

Methodist Episcopal Church, Home Mis-sion Board, (85) 196

Methodist Episcopal Church, (North)195-197

Methodist Episcopal Church, (South) 198Methodist Episcopal Church, Woman'sHome Mission Board, (86) 196-197

Methodist, Free, 199Methodist Missionary Society of Aus-

tralasia, 233Methodist, Primitive, 199Methodist Protestant Mission, (93) 199-

200Methodist Publishing House in China,

(136) 219Methodist, Union American, (94) 200Methodist University, Singapore, 56Methodist, Wesleyan, 200-201

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 329

Missionary Research Library, (i3ia4a)216; Mr. Fahs' trip, 11

Missionary service of the simple and thepoor, The, (Bibl.), -141

Missionary Settlement for UniversityWomen, 238

Missionary situation in Bantu Africa,The, (Bibl.), 117

Missionary situation in Congo, The,(Bibl.), 116

Missionary Society of the CalvinisticMethodist Church in the United Statesof America, (112) 208

Missionary Society of the Church of Eng-land in Canada, (2) 163-164

Missionary Society of the EvangelicalAssociation of North America, (52)

184Missionary Society of the Methodist

Church, (8) 165-166Missionan'- Society of the Wesleyan

Methodist Connection of America, (95)200-201

Missions Board of the Holiness Move-ment Church, (5) 165

Missions Building, Shanghai, 38Missions of the Roman Catholic Church,97-103

Missions, school and the child, (Bibb),

139Missionsgesellschaft der deutschen Bap-

tisten, 246Missouri Evangelical Lutheran Mission,

(68) 190Modern Japan, social—industrial—politi-

cal, (Bibl.), 130Modern sons of the Pharaohs, The,

(Bibl.), 114Mohammedan advance, East Africa, 84;

Nigeria, 82; West Africa, 81Mohammedan countries, bibliographical,

I3I-I33Mohammedan movements, East Indies,

58Mohammedanism, effect of war, Zwemer,

S. M., (Bibl.), 132-133Mohammedans, Committee on Workamong, China, 37; government restric-

tions on missions among, Anglo-Egyp-tian Sudan, 74; Malays, work for, 55-56

Moore, E. C, (Bibl.), 140Moore, G. F., (Bibl.), 137Moravian Church, (97) 201Morocco and Germany, clauses affecting,

154; Germany recognizes French pro-tectorate, 154

Mukti Mission, 255; American RamabaiAssociation, (179) 228

Munro, D. G., (Bibl.), 133-134

Nanking University, (145) 222Natal, self-support, 88; support of, edu-

cation, 87

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the^ Directory of<Mission_Societies.

Metropolitan Church Association, (96) 201Metropolitan Presbyterian Mission, 253Mexico, cooperative program for, 32Mexico, Intervention in, (Bibl.), Inman,

S. G., 133Michigan Mennonite Brethren in Christ,

Foreign Mission Board, (77) 194Mildmay Mission to the Jews, 238Militarism, Japan, 52Military governors, China, awakening of

public opinion against, 33; Japan'sdealings with, 33

Military in China, disbandment of, 34Military training of natives, prohibition

of, 151Millard, T. F., (Bibl.), 123-124Miller, G. A., (Bibl.), 133Mills, S. J„ (Bibl.), 128Ministers of Mercy, (Bibl.), 112Miscellaneous Information, 147-157Miscellaneous subjects, Books, 139-145Mission Board of the Evangelical Luth-eran Norwegian Brethren, (61) 188

Mission Board of the General Eldershipof the Churches of God, (44) 179

Mission Board of the United DanishEvangelical Lutheran Church in Amer-ica, (63) 188

Mission Book Company, 253Mission Conference at Suk-el-Gharb, 64Mission der Brudergemeine, 232; Eng-

land, 236; Germany, 245; The Neth-erlands, 247

Mission der hannoverschen evangelisch-lutherischen Freikirche, 246

Mission des Eglises baptistes de Languefrancaise, 251

Mission of the Canadian PresbyterianChurch, (9) 166

Mission of the United Brethren, 232Mission philafricaine, 249Mission Populaire Evangelique de France,

244; American McAH Association, (175)227; Canadian McAll Association, (19)169

Mission protestante francaise en Kabylie,244

Mission Suisse Romande, 249Mission to Lepers, 240; American Com-

mittee, (135) 219; Canadian Commit-tee, (10) 167

Missionaries, Catholic, number, 98; Cath-olic, training of, 98-99

Missionary apologetics, (Bibl.), 142Missionary balance sheet of the war, A,

(Bibl.), 145Missionary Board of the Church of God,

(43) 178-179Missionary Committee of the ImmanuelGerman Evangelical Lutheran Synodof Australia, 233

_

Missionary Education Movement of theUnited States and Canada, (137) 218-219

330 INDEX

National Armenia and India Relief Asso-ciation for Industrial Orphan Homes,(153) 223

National Bible Society of Scotland, 242;in Negro Africa, 79

National Committee of Young Men'sChristian Association of Australia andNew Zealand, 234

National Committee of the Young Men'sChristian Associations of China, 254

National Committee of the YoungWomen's Christian Association ofChina, 254

National Committee of the Y»ungWomen's Christian Associations ofJapan, 258

National Convention, Baptist, 1 71-17

2

National Council, Young Men's Christian^Associations, India and Ceylon, 256National Holiness Mission, (167) 226National Missionary Council of India,

255National Missionary Society of India,

255National spirit in China, awakening of,

^34National Sunday School Association of

Japan, 258National Temperance League of Japan,

257National Tract Society for China, 253National Young Women's Christian As-

sociation of India, Burma and Ceylon,257

Nations, The resurrected, (Bibl.), 113Native attitude toward India Reform

Bill, 43Native church, Bibliography, Paul, Kana-karayan, 121-122; China, (Bibl.), Bur-gess, J. S., 126; China, (Bibl.), Cheng,C. Y., 126; China, Dickson, E. J. M. f

126; India, (Bibl.), Popley, H. A., 122;Japan, increase in, 53; Negro Africa,77-78

Native labor, demand for, Negro Africa,75-76

Native loyalty, South Africa, 87Native Missions Committee of the Pres-

byterian Church of South Africa, 250Native opposition to Rowlatt Act, India,

44Native pastors, martyrdom of, Turkey,

62Native Protestant Church, Egypt, 73Native question in South Africa, The,

(Bibl.), 114Native workers, (Catholic), number, 98Natives, Negro Africa, labor propagandaamong, 76

Natives, prohibition of military trainingof, 151

Nazarene Church, (98) 202Nebraska Conference, Mennonite Breth-

ren in Christ, (78) 194

Nederlandsch Indische Zendingsbond(Netherlands East Indies MissionUnion) 259

Nederlandsch Luthersch Genootschapvoor in- en Uitwendige Zending,247

Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap, 247Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging, 247Need for Christ in Japan's factories, The,

(Bibl.), 131Need of mission work in Latin America,23-24

Negro Africa, 74-88; Africa Inland Mis-sion, staff increase, 84; American BibleSociety, 78; American Board, com-pound work, 86; Belgian Congo, con-ference, 83; Belgian Congo, deputationfrom Baptist Missionary Society (Eng-lish) 84; Belgian Congo, deputationfrom Methodist Episcopal Church, 84Belgian Congo, occupation inadequate83; Bible Societies, 78-79; Bible trans-

lation in NVasaland, 79; Bible transla-

tion in Yoruba, 78; Bible, Zulu, revised

78; British and Foreign Bible Society78-79; British East Africa, influenza in

84; Cameroun, 82-83; CamerounFrench substituted for German, 82-83; Cameroun, German missions takenover by Americans and French, 83Conference of Protestant MissionarySocieties in the Congo, 83; demand fornative labor, 75-76; East Africa, 84educated labor, demand for, 75; educa-tion, government control considered8 1 ; education, primary, missionary con-

trol of, 80-81; French Congo, 83French Congo, government opposition83; General Mission Conference of

South Africa, 87; German East Africal

German missions taken over by AfricaInland Mission, 84; industrial changes,74-75; industrial development, WestAfrica, 81; infant mortality, 79; influ-

enza, 79; influenza, lessened influence of

witch doctors because of, 79; interest ineducation, West Africa, 81; Johannes-burg, compound work, 86; Johannes-burg, need of cooperation, 86; Katangamineral fields, Belgian Congo, 76; laborpropaganda among natives, 76; Li-beria, 82; medical knowledge needed,70-80; medical missions, scarcity of,

70-80; Mohammedan advance, EastAfrica, 84; Mohammedan advance, Ni-geria, 81-82; Mohammedan advance,West Africa, 81; Natal, self-support,

88; National Bible Society of Scotland,

79; native church, 77-78; native loy-alty, 87; Nigeria, 82; Nigeria, govern-ment encourages education, 82; occu-pation, 77; occupation, readjustmentof, 77; overlapping, 87; passport re-

strictions, 77; political outlook, 77;

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectorj' of Mission Societies..

INDEX 33i

Portuguese East Africa, opposition,government, 84; prohibition in Nigeria,82; race consciousness, 76; railroadconstruction, 80; railroad construction,conditions of, 81; regional conferences,

77; smallpox, 79; smallpox, British EastAfrica, 84; South Africa, 84-88; SouthAfrica, attitude toward missions chang-ing, 85-86; South Africa, cooperation,87; South Africa, education, supportfrom Natal government, 87; SouthAfrica, liquor traffic, 85; South Africa,race problem, 85; South Africa, reli-

gious condition of Europeans, 85 ; SouthAfrica, Native College, 87; South Af-rica, temperance, 85; South Africa, war,effect on native character, 87; war,staffs depleted, 77; war duty, mission-aries on, 77; war, effect of, 74-76; WestAfrica, 81-83; West Central Africa,83-84

Negro, American, (Bibl.), Edwards, W.J-, 139

Nejd and Hasa, present status of, Treatyof Peace, 155

Nepaul Mission, 255Netherlands East Indies, 56-59; Cen-tenary expansion, 59; education, 58-59; future field for German missions,

19; gambling, 58; German societies, 57-58; increased interest in, 56-57; liquortraffic, 58; mass movements, 57; Mo-hammedan movements, 58; people, 57;Sarikat Islam, 58; societies, 57; tradeexpansion with United States, 57

Netherlands East Indies Mission Union,259

Neuendettelsau Mission, 245Neukirchener Missionsanstalt, 246Neutral countries, increase in income, 18New England Friends Yearly Meeting,Board of Foreign Missions, 187

"New" Japanese national cult, The,(Bibl.), 131

New Jerusalem Church, (99) 202New life currents in China, (Bibl.),

123New York Council, Bolivian Indian Mis-

sion, (155) 224New Zealand, independent work of mis-

sionary societies of, 20; societies,

234New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society,

234New Zealand Methodist Home Missionand Church Extension Society, 234

Nigeria, 82Nihon Kirisuto Kyokwai, (Church of

Christ in Japan) 258Nihon Methodist Kyokwai, (Japan Meth-

odist Church) 258Nippon Sei Kokwai, (Japanese Episcopal

Church) 258Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft, 246

Nordschleswigsche Missionsverein, 245Norges Frie Evangeliske Missionsforbund,

248Norsk Lutherske Kinamissionsforbund,

248Norske Evangelisk Lutheriske Frikirkes

Kinamission, 248Norske Kirkes Mission .ved Schreuder

248Norske Mission i Kina,. 247Norske Missionsforbund, 248Norske Missionsselskab, 248North Africa Mission, 238North American Home Base, 0-12; Ad-vance and cooperation, Canadian^ 10;British regulations governing missions,10; educational commission to India,11; German missions, aid from Amer-ica, 11; increased income, Canada,United States, 12; increased income,Methodist Episcopal, 9-12; InterchurchWorld Movement of North America,(132) 217-218, 9-10; Interchurch WorldMovement, Canadian, 10; MethodistCentenary, 9; North America, LatinAmerican students in, 30-31; PeaceConference, negotiations, Americandelegation at, 10; safeguarding religiousliberties at Peace Conference, 10; Stu-dent Volunteer Movement Convention,1 1 ; Young Men's Christian Association

,

extension of work in Europe, 11Nigeria, government encourages educa-

tion, 82; Mohammedan advance, 82;prohibition in, 82

Nile, boat work on, 73Nile Mission Press, 238Non-Christian Religious Movements,

India, 48-49Non-Christian World, statistics, 278North American Branch, EvangelicalUnion of South America, (16) 168

North Chihli Mission, 248North Fukien Tract Society, 253North German Missionary Society, 246North Siam, joint council with South

Siam, 59Northern Baptist Convention, (29) 172-

173North-West Kiangsi Mission, 253Norway increasing work in China, 35~

36Norwegian Alliance Mission, 248Norwegian Board for the Santal Mission,

248Norwegian Lutheran, (66) 189Norwegian Mission in China, 247Norwegian Missionary Society, 248Noyes, H. N., 124Nyasaland, Bible translation in, 79Nyasaland Mission, American Commit-

tee, (177) 228; Canadian Committee,(20) 169

Nyassa Industrial Mission, 239

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

332 INDEX

Occupation, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67

;

Belgian Congo, 83; Latin America, 27-29; Negro Africa, 77; Negro Africa, re-adjustment of, 77; Syria and Palestine,64

Oceania, Bibliography, 135Oceania, Catholic missions in, 100Ohio, Lutheran Joint Synod of (65)

189Ohio Yearly Meeting of Friends, Foreign

Missionary Society, (58) 187Okayama Kojiin, (Okayama Orphan Asy-

lum) 258Oldham, J. H., (Bibl.), 142-143Omi Kirisutokyo Dendo Dan, 258Omi Mission, 258Ontario Conference, Mennonite Brethren

in Christ Missionary Society, (6) 165Opening of Mesopotamia by British army,68-69

Opening of Tibet to Christianity, The,(Bibl.), 129

Opium, Malaysia, 55Opium Convention, ratification of, 149—

ISOOpium Reform in China, 35Opium trade, ratification of Convention,Treaty of Peace, 149-150

Opportunity for Christian work, Syriaand Palestine, 64

Opposition, in Afghanistan relaxed, 70;in French Congo, 83; in PortugueseEast Africa, 84; toward Christianity in

Japan, 53Organization and life, (Bibl.), 144Orient-Mission, (72) 193Oriental Missionary Society, 258Oriental Orphanage, Brousa, 259Oriental policy of the United States, The,

(Bibl.), 112Orphans, Syria and Palestine, 65-66Osterlands-Missionen, 243Outbreaks, political, India, 43-44; Pun-

jab, 43-44Outlook, China, 38; French Indo-China,

42Outlook among Turkish Moslems, The,

(Bibl.), 133Outlook in Japan, The—1918 and 1919.

(Bibl.), 131Overlach, T. W., (Bibl.), 124Overlapping, South Africa, 87Oxford Mission to Calcutta, 235

Pacific Conference, Mennonite Brethrenin Christ, (79) 194

Pacific Islands, Bibliography, 135-136Palestine, see Syria and PalestinePalestine Village Mission, 236Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for

Latin America, 193Pantheism and the value of life with

special reference to Indian philosophy,(Bibl.), 137

Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, 244Passive resistance, Chosen, 40Passport Committee, 13Passport problem, 13-14Passport restrictions, Negro Africa, 77Patel Bill, 47; allows inter-caste marriage,

India, 47Paton, William, (Bibl.), 121Patton, C. H., (Bibl.), 140Patton, C. H., and Hayward, J. N.,

(Bibl.), 143Paul, Kanakarayan, (Bibl.), 121-122Peace Conference, American delegation

at, 10; China and the, 33-34; Con-ference of Missionary Societies in GreatBritain and Ireland, recommendationsto, 16; Emergency Committee, 16; Ger-man mission property "trust property,"

10; Japan's position at the, 51; safe-

guarding religious liberties at, 10-16Peace Conference, Shanghai, 33Peace Treaty, 149-155; arms traffic, pro-

hibition of, 151; astronomical instru-

ments, Germany to return, 153; Bis-

marck Archipelago, disposition of, 153;Bismarck Archipelago, present statusof, 153; Boxer indemnity, Germany re-

nounces, 153; Canary Islands(<

andGermany, clauses affecting, 154; "Ca-pitulations," revocation of, 155; Caro-line Islands, disposition of, 153;Caroline Islands, present status of,

153; China and Germany, clauses af-

fecting, 153; Cyprus, present status of,

155; Egypt, Germany, abrogation of

treaties between, 154; Egypt, Germany,clauses affecting, 154; Egypt, Germanyrecognizes British protectorate in, 154*.

freedom of conscience under manda-tary, 151; general provisions affecting

missions, 149-150; German colonies,

disposition of under mandataries, 150-

153; German colonies, Germany re-

nounces all title to, 150; German EastAfrica, disposition of, 152; GermanEast Africa, present administration of,

152; German mission property to con-

tinue in mission hands, 149; Germannationals, conditions on which theyshall reside in former colonies, 1 50-151;German Southwest Africa, disposition

of, 152; German Southwest Africa,

present condition of, 152; GermanSouthwest Africa, special condition of

mandatary over, 152; government con-

trol of missionaries, 149; Hankow con-

cession, 150; The Hedjaz, present status

of, 154; Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, dis-

position of, 152-153; Kaiser Wilhelm'sLand, present condition of, 152-153;Kamerun, disposition of, 1 51-152;Kamerun, payment for damages in,

152; Kamerun, present administration

of, 1 51-152; Kiau-Chau, transfer of,

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the

Directory of Mission Soeieties.

INDEX 333

150; Liberia, Germany, clauses affect-

ing, 154; Liberia, Germany renouncesall privileges in, 154; liquor traffic, pro-hibition of, 151; mandataries, 151-152;Marianne Islands, disposal of, 153;Marianne Islands, present status of,

153; Marshall Islands, disposition of,

1535 Marshall Islands, present statusof, 153; military training of natives,prohibition of, 151; mission tradingcompanies, 149; Morocco, Germany,clauses affecting, 154; Morocco, Ger-many recognizes French protectoratein, 154; Nejd and Hasa, present statusof, 155; Opium Convention, ratifica-

tion of, 140-150; opium trade, 140-150; Pelew Islands, disposition of, 153;Pelew Islands, present status of, 153;refusal of China to sign, 34; Samoa(German), present status of, 153;Shantung, transfer of rights in, 150;Siam and Germany, clauses affecting,

153; slave trade, prohibition of, 151;Solomon Islands, present status of, 153;Sultan Mkwawa, return of skull of,

152; Tientsin concession, transfer toChina, 150; Togo, present administra-tion of

(>150; Turkey and Germany,

abrogation of treaties between, 154;Turkey and Germany, clauses affecting,

154; Turkish Empire, disposition of,

154; Turkish Empire, disposition ofindependent portions of, 1 54-1 5 5

Peking dust, (Bibl.), 123Peking Medical School, 36Peking University, (146) 222, 36Pelew Islands, disposition of, 153; present

status of, 153Pell, E. L., (Bibl.), 113Peniel Missionary Society, (100) 202Pennsylvania, University of, Y. M. C. A.,

Foreign Department, (178) 228Pentecost Bands of the World, (101) 202-

203Pentecost Faith Mission, (101a) 203Pentecostal Missionary Union for Great

Britain and Ireland, 239Peons in Latin America, condition of, 25People of Latin America, 24Peril of Persia, The, (Bibl.), 133Persia, 69-70; Afghanistan, political op-

position relaxed, jo; Anglo-Persiantreaty, 70; Azerbaijan, 70; Azerbaijan,affected by war, 70; education, 69; in-

dependence, 70; Meshed, advance, 6c—70; Meshed, medical work, 69-70;Tabriz, retirement of missionaries, 70;Urumia destroyed, 70; war, effect of,

69Personal relationships between Indiansand Europeans, (Bibl.), 121

Pettee, J. H., (Bibl.), 131Pharaohs, The modern sons of the, (Bibl.)

,

114

Philippines, 89-93; American occupation,results of, 92; Buddhist educationalcommission from India, 90; ChristianService League, 92; departmentalizedgovernment, 90; education, 91; govern-ment cooperation, 91; interpretingAmerica to the Orient, 89; "manda-tary," 89; Protestantism, growing effect

of, 93; Protestantism, two decadesunder, 90; Student Conference, 91-92;

- work still incomplete, 93Phonetic script, 35Pierson Memorial Bible School, Seoul,

(147) 222Pilgrim in Palestine, A, (Bibl.), 13

1

Pioneer Mission, (British and Continen-tal) 235

Plymouth Brethren, (39) 177; Swiss, inFrench Indo-China, 41-42

Pole, G. H., (Bibl.), 131Policy for the distribution of Chinese

Christian literature. A, (Bibl.), 127Political changes, India, 42-45Political outbreaks, India, 43-44Political outlook, Negro Africa, 77Political Reform and Hinduism, (Bibl.),

120Political union, India, 42-43Polynesia, work in, 20Poona and Indian Village Mission, 255Popley, EL A., (Bibl.), 122Population of earth, by continents, 155;by continents and religion, 157; byrace, 156; by religion, 156

Portuguese East Africa, government op-position, 84

Postal rates, from Canada, 157; from theUnited States, 157

Practical plans for the introduction ofagriculture into our middle and primaryschools, China, (Bibl.), 125-126

Presbyterian and Reformed ChurchBuilding Association, 258

Presbyterian, Associate Reformed, (202)203

Presbyterian, Associate Synod, (103)203

Presbyterian Church in Canada, Boardof Foreign Missions, (9) 166

Presbyterian Church in Ireland, Con-tinental Mission, 240

Presbyterian Church in Ireland, ForeignMission, 240

Presbyterian Church in Ireland, JewishMission, 240

Presbyterian Church in Ireland, JungleTribes Mission, 240

Presbyterian Church in the UnitedStates, (South) 203-204

Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A.,(North) 204-207

Presbyterian Church of Jamaica, 251Presbyterian, Cumberland, (104) 203Presbyterian, Reformed, (109) 207

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies'as^found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

334 INDEX

Presbyterian, Reformed, General Synod,(110) 207

Presbyterian, United, 208Presbyterian, Welsh Calvinistic Meth-

odist, (112) 208Presentation of Christianity in Ceylon,

119-120Press Bureau, Conference^ of Missionary

Societies in Great Britain and Ireland,

15Primitive Methodist Missionary Society,

236; American Auxiliary, (91) 199Prince Royal's College, Siam, cuttingdown of classes, 60

Princeton University Center in China,(141a) 221

Principle of alliance in missionary work,The, (Bibl.), 117

Prison reform, India, 47"Problem areas," study of, 106-107Problem of Japan, The, (Bibl.), 130Problem of the South American Indian,

The, (Bibl.), I34-I35Progress in Corea, (Bibl.), 131Progress, industrial, China, 34; indus-

trial, India, 45-46; material, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 74; social, in China,35

Prohibition, Nigeria, 82Prohibition of alcohol in Africa, (Bibl.),

IJ 7Protestantism, Philippines, growing ef-

fect of, 93; two decades under, 90Prowling about Panama, (Bibl.), 133Punjab, outbreaks in, 43-44

Qua Iboe Mission, 240

Rabindranath Tagore, 44Race consciousness, Negro Africa, 76Race problem, South Africa, 85Racial factors in democracy, (Bibl.), 139Railroad, country opened by, Malaysia,

55; extension of, Anglo-EgyptianSudan, 74; extension of, Malaysia, 54-55; trans-continental, Mesopotamia, 69

Railroad construction, Africa, 80; condi-tions of, 81

Rangoon Karen Home Mission Society,

256Reconstruction, Armenian, 65Reenforcements, need of, Japan, 54Reform Bill, India, 42-43Reform, prison, India, 47Reformed Church, Christian, (113) 208Reformed Church in America, 209Reformed Church in the United States,

210Reformed Episcopal, 183-184Reformed Presbyterian, (109) 207Refuge for Chinese Slave Children, 253Refugees, Turkey, 62Regional Conferences, Central America,

32; Negro Africa, 77

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as founDirectory of Mission Societies.

Regions Beyond Missionary Union, 239Regulations, British, governing missions,

10Relation of the institutional church to

other Christian organizations with in-

stitutional features, The, (Bibl.),

129Relief work, Russian Caucasus, 63; Syriaand Palestine, 64

Religion and common life, (Bibl.), 115Religion, indifference to in Latin Amer-

ica, 27Religions, Bibliographical, 136-138Religious conditions, Europeans, South

Africa, 85; Latin America, 26-27Religious freedom, Turkey, 63Religious liberties, safeguarding, at Peace

Conference, 10, 16Religious Movements, non-Christian,

India, 48-49_

Religious thinking, effect of war on, in

Latin America, 29-30Religious Tract Society, 239Religious Tract Society of North and

Central China, 253Reports on the Korean uprising, (Bibl.),

131Resources of Latin America, 23Restrictions on missions among Moham-

medans, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 74Retirement of missionaries, Tabriz, 70Rev. D. M. Stearns' Church and Bible

Classes, (183) 229Revival of Buddhism, Siam, 59-60Revolt in Chosen, 51; outbreak and

spread of, 39; suppression of, 39Rheinisch - westfalischer Diakonissen-

verein, 246_

Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft, 246Riggs, H. H., (Bibl.), 133Rioting, Egypt, 71Ritson, J. H., (Bibl.), 143Robert College, (195) 231Roman Catholic Church, Missions of,

97-103Roots, L. H., (Bibl.), 128Rowlatt Act, native opposition to, India,

44Rowling, P., (Bibl.), 116Russian Caucasus, permanent work asked

in, 63; relief work in, 63

St. John, Burton, (Bibl.), 145St. Paul's Institute, (45h) 181Salatiga-Zending op Java (Salatiga Mis-

sion in Java) 259Salt and its savor in China—An answer to

the question: Do the Chinese makegood Christians? (Bibl.), 129

Salvation Army, 239; American Branch,(116) 210

Samoa (German), disposition of, 153San Pedro Mission to the Indians, (21)

169; English Committee, 239

INDEX 335

Santal Mission of the Northern Churches

,

256; American Committee, (180) 228;Danish Board, 243; Norwegian Board,248

Santiago, Union Book Depository, 33Santo Domingo, survey, 32Sarawak, Anglican mission, 55Sarikat Islam, East Indies, 58Satyagraha Sabha, India, 48-49Scandinavian Alliance Mission of North

America, (117') 211Scandinavian Independent Baptist De-

nomination, (32) 174Schleswig-holsteinische evangelisch-Luth-

erische Missionsgesellschaft zu Brek-lum, 246

Schools, eagerness for, Turkey, 62-63;language for, Syria and Palestine, 64;self-support in South Siam, 60; Syriaand Palestine, need of, 66

Schwenkfelder, (119) 211Scott, C. E.,_(Bibl.), 129Scripture Union of Japan, 258Seisho No Tomo, 258Self-government, India, 42-43; Philip-

pines, (Bibl.), 135Self-support, Chosen, 40-41; Egypt, 73;

Natal, 88; South Siam schools, 60Seminaries, foreign mission, Catholic,

102Seventh-Day Adventist, (25) 170-17

1

Seventh Day Baptist Missionary Society,

(33) 174-175Shall China have an alphabet, (Bibl.),

129Shanghai Mission to Ricksha Men and

Coolie Class, 254Shanghai Missions Building, 38Shanghai Peace Conference, 33Shantung question, 33-34. 51, 150Sheffield, Mrs. D. Z., (Bibl.), 143Shillito, Edward, (Bibl.), 143-144Ships of peace, The, (Bibl.), 139Siam, 59-6i; and Germany, clauses af-

fecting, 153; Bangkok Christian Col-lege, 61; Bangkok Christian College,Chinese liberality, 61; Bangkok Chris-tian College, department for Chinese,61; Bangkok Christian College, in-

creased enrollment, 61; Buddhismadopting Christian features, 60; Bud-dhism, revival of, 59-60; education,60-61; education, high standard of, 60;mission advance, 60; Prince Royal'sCollege, cutting down of classes, 60;schools, self-support in South Siam, 60;union of Presbyterian (North) missions,proposed, 59

Sierra Leone Mission, 236Significance of Arabia and Mesopotamia,

67Signs of progress in Alaska, (Bibl.),

144"Silent revolution/' India, 43-44

Sinclair, R., (Bibl.), 122_

Singapore, Methodist University, 56Slave trade, prohibition of, 151Slavery, abolition of, resented in South

Africa, 19Smallpox, British East Africa, 84; Negro

Africa, 79Social application of Gospel, China, 37Social groups in Latin America, 25-26Social problems and the East, (Bibl.), 113Social progress in China, 35Social service, need for, Japan, 53Socialism, anti-Christian, growth of in

Latin America, 2JSociete Beige des Missions Protestantesau Congo, 242

Societe des Missions Evangeliques chezles Peuples non Chretiens, 244

Society for the Furtherance of the Gospelamong the Heathen, 236

Society for the Propagation of the Gos-pel in Foreign Parts, 235

Society of the United Brethren for Propa-gating the Gospel Among the Heathen,(97) 201

Solomon Islands, disposition of, 153;present status of, 153

South Africa, 19-20, 84-88; abolition of

slavery resented, 19; American Board,compound work, 86; attitude towardmissions, changing, 20, 85-86; Bible,Zulu, revised, 78; churches, neglectedtask of, 19; cooperation, 87; education,support from Natal government, 87;effect of Kaffir Wars on missionaryenterprise, 19; General Mission Con-ference of South Africa, 87 ; home base,19-20; increase of interest in missions,19-20; Johannesburg, compound work,86; Johannesburg, need of cooperation,86; labor propaganda among natives,

76; liquor traffic, 85; missions of DutchReformed Church, 19; Natal, self-sup-

port, 88; race problem, 85; religious

condition of Europeans, 85; SouthAfrica Native College, 87; temperance,85; war effect on native character, 87;Wesleyan Methodist Church, missionsof, 19

South Africa General Mission, 232; Amer-ican Home Council, (181) 228-229;English Council, 239; South Africa,

250South Africa Native College, 87South Africa, The native question in,

(Bibl.), 114South African Baptist Missionary Society,

249South African Compounds and Interior

Mission, 250South African Council of the Sudan

United Mission, 250South African Home Base, The, 19-20 .

See also South Africa

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

336 INDEX

South African National Council of theYoung Women's Christian Association,250

South America, future field for Germanmissions, 19

South American Missionary Society, 235South Chih-li Mission, 254South China Boat Mission, (182) 229South China Christian Book Company,

254South China Holiness Mission, 254South China Religious Tract Society, 254South Fukien Religious Tract Society, 254South India Blind_ School, 256South Indian Missionary Association, 256South Sea Evangelical Mission, 234South Siam Mission, joint council withNorth Siam, 59

South Yunnan Mission, 254Southern Baptist Convention, Home

Board, (35) 176Southern Morocco Mission, 242Speer, Robert E., Persia, 69-70; (Bibl.),

144S. P. G., 235Spirit of enquiry in Latin America, 30Spiritual basis of the new world order,

The, (Bibl.), 141Spoken Arabic of Mesopotamia, The,

(Bibl.), 140Springer, John M., Negro Africa, 74-88;

(Bibl.), 117Staff, increase, Africa Inland Mission, 84;

lessened, Great Britain, 13Staffs, depleted, Negro Africa, 77Starr, Frederick, (Bibl.), 137Statistics, Europe, 272Statistics, Field, Europe, 272-273; Field,

Latin America, 272-279; Field, Non-Christian World, 278-289; incomes,Canada, 264; incomes, United States,

265Stearns' Church and Bible Classes, (183)

229Stock, Eugene, (Bibl.), 128-129Stonelake, Alfred, (Bibl.), 116Stories of liberated Armenians, (Bibl.) , 133Strategic centers for mission work in

Latin America, 29Strict Baptist Mission, 235Strikes, China, 34; Egypt, 72Stuart, J. L., (Bibl.), 129Student Conference, Philippines, 91-92Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign

Missions, (138) 219; Convention, 11

Students, Latin American, in NorthAmerica, 30-31

Sudan Interior Mission, (22) 170Sudan Pionier Mission, 246Sudan United Mission, 232; American

Council, (184) 229; Australian andNew Zealand Council, 234; BritishCouncil, 239; Danish Council, 243;South African Council, 250

Suk-el-Gharb, conference at, 64Sunday School Association, World's, (139)

220; Convention, Tokyo, 1920, 52Sunday School in India, The, (Bibl.), 118Sunday schools, Chosen,

_ 40Supernationality of missions, 17-18Support, Catholic missions, 100-101;from United States, 101-102

Survey, China, Christian education, 36;Continuation Committee of China, 37;Egypt, 73; Haiti and Santo Domingo, 32

Survey of the effect of the war uponmissions, A, (Bibl.), 144

Suspension of mission work, Egypt, 71-72 . .

Suspicion m Germany, 18Suzuki, Takashi, (Bibl.), 131Svenska Alliansmissionen, 249Svenska Baptisternas Kommittens for

Missionen Utom Landet, 249Svenska Kyrkans Missionsstryrelse, 249Svenska Missionen i Kina, 248Svenska Missionsforbundet, 249Svenska Mongolmissionen, 249Sweden increasing work in China, 36Swedish Alliance Mission, 249Swedish American Mission, (120) 2,11

Swedish American Missionary Covenant,(121) 211

Swedish Baptist Foreign Missions Com-mittee, 249

Swedish Evangelical Free Church, (120)211

Swedish Evangelical Free Church of theUnited States of North America, (120)211

Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant,(121) 211

Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenantof America, (121) 211

Swedish Mission in China, 248Swedish Mission to Jews, 248Swedish Missionary Society, 249Swedish Mongol Mission, 249Swedish Society of Jerusalem, 259Sweet, W. W., (Bibl.), 134Swiss Committee for the Lebanon Hos-

pital, 249Swiss Plymouth Brethren in French Indo-

China, 41-42Swiss Romande Mission, 249Switzerland, depression in, 19Syria and Palestine, 63-66; Armenian re-

construction, 65; church union, 65;conserving the children, 65-66; con-ference recommendations, 64-65 ; con-tinuation committee, 64; educationalinstitutions, need of, 66; language for

schools, 64; Mission Conference at Suk-el-Gharb, 64-65; occupation inade-

quate, 64; opportunity for Christianwork, 64; outlook, 66; raising the moraltone, 66; relief work, 64; unification, 63

Syrian Protestant College, (196) 231

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the

Directory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 337

Trustees of the Endowment Fund of theAmerican College, Madura, India,(45d) 180

Trustees of the University of Nanking,(145) 222

Tsehchowfu Mission, 254Tsjilimissionen, 248Tuberculosis Association, Anti-, report forBombay, 46

Turkey, 61-69; advance in Arabia, 68;advance in Mesopotamia, 68; Arabiaand Mesopotamia, 67-69; Arabian Mis-sion, founding of, 67 ; Bible circulation,Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67; Britishoccupation in Mesopotamia helpful,

68-69; church union, Syria, 65; con-ference recommendations, Syria, 64-65; conserving the children, Syria, 65-66; continuation committee, Syria, 64;disposition of Turkish Empire, 154;education, Arabia and Mesopotamia,67; educational institutions, Syria, needof, 66; Germany and, clauses affecting,

154; Greek friendliness toward mis-sions, 62-63; The Hedjaz, 68; TheHedjaz, present status of, 154; TheHedjaz, significance of recognition of,

68 ; interruption of educational work, 62

;

interruption of mission work, 61-62;Kurds eager for schools, 63; Kurdsfriendly toward Armenians and mis-sionaries, 63; language for schools,Syria, 64; medical work, 62; medicalwork, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67—68; Mission Conference at Suk-el-Gharb, 64-65; Mohammedan attitudetoward Christianity, 63; native pastors,martyrdom of, 62; occupation, Arabiaand Mesopotamia, 67; occupation,Syria, 64; opening of Mesopotamia byBritish army, 68-69; opportunity forChristian work, Syria, 64; outlook,Syria, 66; raising the moral tone,Syria, 66; reconstruction, Armenia, 65;refugees, 62; relief work, Russian Cau-casus, 63; relief work, Syria, 64; reli-

gious freedom, 63; revocation of"Capitulations," 15s; Russian Cau-casus, permanent work asked in, 63;schools, eagerness for, 62; significanceof Arabia and Mesopotamia, 67 ; Turk-ish Empire, status of the independentportions of, Treaty of Peace, 154-155;Syria and Palestine, 63-66; trans-continental railway, 69; unification ofSyria and Palestine, 63; war, effect onArabia and Mesopotamia, 68

Turkey in Europe, Armenia and Anatolia,61-63

Twenty-five years in the black belt,

(BibL), 139

Udvalget for L. P. Larsens Mission-sarbejde blandt indiske Studenter, 243

Note.--The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

Tables Showing the Population of theEarth According to Continental Dis-tribution, Race and Religion, 155-157

Tabriz, retirement of missionaries, 70Taylor, Hugh, Siam, 59-61Taylor, J. D., (Bibl.), 117Taylor, W. C, (BibL), 135Tehri Anjuman-I-Basharat, 256Tehri Border Village Mission, 256Teltmissionen, 243Telugu Baptist Mission Society, 256Telugu Baptist Publication Society, 256Temperance, India, 46; South Africa, 85Thado-Kookie Pioneer Mission, 242Thirty years in tropical Australia, (Bibl.),

135-136Throop, P. H., (Bibl.), .130Tibet, opening of work in, 36Tibetan Mission, 242Tientsin concession, transfer to China, 150Togo, disposition of, under a mandatary,

151; present administration of, 150Tokyo, 1920, World's Sunday School

Convention in, 52Toronto Committee of the Women's

Christian Medical College, Ludhiana,Punjab, India, (12) 168

Toronto Office, China Inland Mission,(15) 168

Toyo Senkyokwai, (Oriental MissionarySociety) 258

Trade, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, increase,

74; China, 35; East Indies, increasewith United States, 57

Trading companies, mission, 149Training of missionaries, (Catholic) 98-99

Tranquebar Tamil Bible Society, 256Trans-continental railway, Mesopotamia,

69Translation, Bible, French Indo-China,

42; Nyasaland, 79Treaty of Peace as Affecting Foreign Mis-

sions, The, 149-155. See also PeaceTreaty

Trollope, M. N., (Bibl.), 131Trowbridge, Stephen, (Bibl.) ,133"Trust property," German mission prop-

erty to be, 10Trustees of Central Turkey College, Ain-

tab, (45e) 180Trustees of Euphrates College Funds,

(45f) 180Trustees of Jaffna College Funds, (45g) 181Trustees of Mackenzie College, Sao Paulo,

Brazil, (194) 231Trustees of Peking University, (146) 222Trustees of Robert College, (195) 231Trustees of Syrian Protestant College,

Beirut, Syria, (196) 231Trustees of the American College for

Girls at Constantinople, (191) 230Trustees of the Canton Christian College,

(190) 230

338 INDEX

Uganda cathedral, The building of the,(Bibl.), 116

Union American Methodist, (94) 200Union among societies of Great Britain,

Union, Bible version, China, 38; church,China, 36-37; church, Syria and Pales-tine, 65; mission, India, 48; political,

India, 42-43; Presbyterian (North)missions, Siam, 59; Union Book De-pository, Santiago, 33; Union Evan-gelical seminaries in Latin America, 33;Union Lutheran College in China, pro-posed, 37

Union Missionary Medical School forWomen, South India, (148) 222

Unitas Fratrum, (97) 201United Baptist Woman's MissionaryUnion of the Maritime Provinces, (ic)163

United Brethren in Christ, (121) 212United Brethren in Christ, (Old Consti-

tution) (123) 212United Christian Missionary Society, (47)

181United Evangelical Mission, (53) 184-

185United Free Church of Scotland, Jewish

Mission, 241United Holy Church of America, Mis-

sionary Department, (123b) 213United Lutheran, 190-192United Methodist Church Missionary

Society, 236United Original Secession Church of

Scotland, Foreign Mission Committee,241

United Orphanage and Mission Society,

(76) 194United Presbyterian, 208United Society of Christian Endeavor for

China, 254United States, advance, 9-12; aid forGerman Missions, 11; directory of

Foreign Mission Societies, 170-231;German missions in Cameroun takenover by, 83; growing friendship ofLatin America with, 30; home base,9-12; Japan's attitude toward, 51-52;postal rates from, 157; statistics, 263-289; Europe, 272-273; incomes, 262-271; Latin America, 272-279; non-Christian World, 278-289; support of

Catholic missions, 1 01-102; trade ex-pansion with East Indies, 57. See alsoNorth American Home Base

United Synod of the Evangelical Luth-eran Church in the South, Board of

Foreign Missions, 192Universalist General Convention, (124)

213Universities' Mission to Central Africa,

235University of Nanking, (145) 222

University reform in India, (Bibl.), 120Unoccupied fields at the home base, Some,

(Bibl.), 142Uprising, Chosen, 51; Chosen, outbreakand spread of, 39; Chosen, suppressionof, 39; Egypt, 71-72; Egypt, causesfor, 71; Egypt, effect on mission work,71-72; Egypt, significance, 71

Urquhart, W. S., (Bibl.), 137Urumia destroyed, 70Utrechtsche Zendingsvereeniging, 247

Value of Industrial training in missions,(Bibl.), 144

Van Ess, John, (Bibl.), 140Vereeniging het Java-Comite te Amster-dam, 247

Vereeniging tot Uibreiding van het Evan-gelie in Egypt, 247

Verein fur das Syrische Waisenhaus inJerusalem, 246

Vereinigte Gemeinden der deutschenKirchen A. C. in Paris, 244

Vienna Gustav Adolph Verem, 242

Waldensian Aid Society, American, (187)229

Walker-Arnott Tabeetha Mission, 241War, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, unaffected

by, 73; Azerbaijan, affected by, 70;effect, Arabia and Mesopotamia, 68;effect, Bibliography, A survey of theeffect of the war upon missions, 144;effect, Malaysia, 54; effect, Malaysia,on commerce, 54; effect, Negro Africa,

74-76; effect on Mohammedanism,(Bibl.), Zwemer, S. M., 132-133;effect on religious thinking in LatinAmerica, 29-30; effect, Persia, 69;Egypt, labor corps, 72-73.; Egypt quietduring, 71; India, 50; missionaries onwar duty, 77

War's contribution to Christian unity,The, (Bibl.), 144

Warne, F. W., (Bibl.), 122Watson, Charles R., North AmericanHome Base, 9-12; (Bibl.), 144

Weimar Mission, 244Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, United

States, (112) 208Welsh Calvinistic Methodists' Foreign

Missions, England, 237Wenli union version of Bible, 38Werner, Alice, (Bibl.), 140Werner, E. T. C, (Bibl.), 124-125Wesleyan Methodist, (United States)

200-201Wesleyan Methodist Church of South

Africa, missions of, 19Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society,

England, 236West Africa, 81-83; Bible translation in

Yoruba, 78; education, interest in, 81;industrial development, West Africa,

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in the

Directory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 339

81; Kamerun, 82-83; Kamerun, Frenchsubstituted for German, 82-83; Kam-erun, German missions, taken over byAmericans and French, 83; Liberia, 82;Mohammedan advance, 81; Moham-medan advance, Nigeria, 81-82; Ni-geria, 82; Nigerian government en-courages education, 82; prohibition inNigeria, 82

West Central Africa, 83-84; BelgianCongo, conference, 83; Belgian Congo,deputation from Baptist MissionarySociety

,_(English) 84; Belgian Congo,

deputation from Methodist EpiscopalChurch, 84; Belgian Congo, Katangamineral fields, 76; Belgian Congo, oc-cupation inadequate, 83; French Congo,83 j

French Congo, government oppo-sition, 83

West China Religious Tract Society, 254West Indies Mission Board of the United

Lutheran Church in America, (70) 191Wheeler, W. R., (Bibl.), 124-130"White Australia," (Bibl.), 136White, Gilbert, (Bibl.), 135-136White, Stanley, Former Turkish Empireand Persia, 61-71; Syria and Palestine,63-66

Williams, M. N., (Bibl.), 134Willis, J. J., (Bibl.), 117Wingate, Sir Andrew, (Bibl.), 132Winnipeg Committee of the Women's

Christian Medical College, Ludhiana,Punjab, India, (13) 168

Witch doctors, lessened influence of, be-cause of influenza, 79

Wives of missionaries, The, (Bibl.), 143Woman's Algerian Mission Band, Amer-

ican, (151) 223Woman's American Baptist Foreign Mis-

sion Society, (29a) 173Woman's American Baptist Home Mis-

sion Society, (31) 174Woman's Auxiliary of the General Bap-

tist Foreign Mission Society, (26a)

171Woman's Auxiliary of the Lott Carey

Baptist Foreign Mission Convention ofthe United States, (27a) 172

Woman's Auxiliary of the PresbyterianChurch in the United States, (105a)204

Woman's Auxiliary to the Domestic andForeign Missionary Society of theProtestant Episcopal Church in theUnited States of America, (50a) 183

Woman's Auxiliary to the MissionarySociety of the Church of England inCanada, (2a) 164

Woman's Board for Foreign Missions ofthe Christian Church, (41a) 178

Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of

the Reformed Church in America,(114b) 209

Woman's Board of Home Missions of thePresbyterian Church in the UnitedStates of America, (108) 207

Woman's Board of Missions, Boston,(45a) 180

Woman's Board of Missions for thePacific, (45c) 180

Woman's Board of Missions of the Cum-berland Presbyterian Church, (104)203

Woman's Board of Missions of the In-terior, (45b) 180

Woman's Boards, deputations sent byFederation of, 11

Woman's Christian Temperance Unionof Japan, 258

Woman's Christian Temperance Union,World's, 232; England, 239; UnitedStates, (140) 220

Woman's Convention, Auxiliary NationalBaptist Convention, (28a) 172

Woman's Executive Board, Seventh DayBaptist General Conference, (33a) 175

Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of

the Free Methodist Church of NorthAmerica, (90a) 199

Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of

the Methodist Episcopal Church, (84a)

196Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of

the Methodist Protestant Church, (93)200

Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of

the Presbyterian Church, (106c) 205-206

Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of

the Reformed Episcopal Church, (51a)

184Woman's General Missionary Society of

the Churches of God, (44a) 179Woman's Home and Foreign Mission So-

ciety of the Advent Christian De-nomination, (24) 170

Woman's Home and Foreign MissionarySociety of the African Methodist Epis-copal Zion Church, (88a) 198

Woman's Home and Foreign MissionarySociety of the General Synod of theEvangelical Lutheran Church in theUnited States of America, 192

Woman's Home and Foreign MissionarySociety of the United EvangelicalChurch, (53a) 185

Woman's Home and Foreign MissionarySociety of the Wesleyan MethodistChurch of America, (95a) 201

Woman's Home Missionary Society of

the Methodist Episcopal Church, (86)196-197

Woman's Missionary Association of theUnited Brethren, (123a) 212

Woman's Missionary Conference of theUnited Synod of the Evangelical Luth-eran Church in the South, 192

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

340 INDEX

Woman's Missionary Council of theMethodist Episcopal Church, South,(89a) 198

Woman's Missionary Society of the Evan-gelical Association, (52a) 184

Woman's Missionary Society of the Gen-eral Council of the Evangelical Luth-eran Church in North America, 192

Woman's Missionary Society of the Gen-eral Synod of the Reformed Church inthe United States, (115a) 210

Woman's Missionary Society of the Meth-odist Church, (8a) 166

Woman's Missionary Society of thePresbyterian Church in Canada, (East-tern Section) (9a) 167

Woman's Missionary Union, (Auxiliaryto the Southern Baptist Convention)(34a) 17S-176

Woman's Missionary Union of Friendsin America, (56a) 186

Woman's North Pacific PresbyterianBoard of Missions, (io6e) 206

Woman's Occidental Board_of Foreign

Missions of the Presbyterian Church,(106b) 205

Woman's Parent Mite Missionary So-ciety of the African Methodist Episco-pal Church, (87b) 197

Woman's Presbyterian Board of ForeignMissions of the Southwest, (io6d)206

Woman's Presbyterian Board of Missionsof the Northwest, (io6f) 206

Woman's Union Missionary Society ofAmerica, (188) 230

Women, education for, India, 49-50Women of the Meiji era, (Bibl.), 130Women's Auxiliary of the Wesleyan

Methodist Missionary Society, 236Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary So-

ciety of Eastern Ontario and Quebec,(ib) 163

Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary So-ciety of Ontario, (West) (ia) 163

Women's Board of Foreign Missions of

the Presbyterian Church, (106a) 205Women's Christian College, Madras, 256Women's Christian College, Madras,Board of Governors, American Section,

(144) 221; British Section, 239Women's Christian Medical College, 256;American Committee, (149) 223; Dub-lin Committee, 240; Edinburgh Com-mittee, 242;" London Committee, 239;Toronto Committee, (12) 168; Winni-peg Committee, (13) 168

Women's Christian Temperance Union of

India, 256Women's General Missionary Society of

the Churches of God,_ (162) 225_

Women's General Missionary Society of

the United Presbyterian Church, (ma)208

Women's Home and Foreign MissionarySociety of the African Methodist Epis-copal Church, (87a) 197

Women's Missionary Association of theUnited Brethren in Christ, (122a)212

Women's Missionary Federation of theLutheran Free Church, (64a) 189

Women's Missionary Society of TheUnited Lutheran Church in America,(69a) 191

Women's Missionary Society (WesternDivision) Presbyterian Church in Can-ada, (9b) 167

Women's National Missionary Associa-tion of the Universalist Church, (124a)213

Women's University, Madras, proposed,

Wood, M. D., (Bibl.), 139Woodbridge, S. I., (Bibl.), 125Work among Japanese Seamen in the

Port of London, 239Working in Mexico under difficulties,

(Bibl.), 13sWorld facts and America's responsibility,

(Bibl.), 140World's Christian Endeavor Union, (127)

214World's Faith Missionary Association,

(189) 230World's Sunday School Association, 232,

China Sunday School Union, 254; Eng-land, 239; Foreign Sunday School As-sociation, (139a) 220; India SundaySchool Union, 256; National SundaySchool Association of Japan, 258:United States, (139) 220

World's Woman's Christian TemperanceUnion, 232; England, 239; UnitedStates, (140) 220

Yale Foreign Missionary Society, (197)231

Yale in China, (197) 231Yale University. School of Religion. Day

Missions Library, (163) 225Year of Latin American Missions, A,

(Bibl.), 135Yoruba, Bible translation in, 78Yoruba country, The mass movement in

the, (Bibl.), 115Yotsuya Mission, 258Young Men's Christian Association, Aus-

tralia and New Zealand, 234; EnglishNational Council, 239; extension of

work in Europe, 11; Scottish NationalCouncil, 242; United States, (141) 220-221

Young Women's Christian Associations,Australasia, 234; Canada, (11) 167;Great Britain and Ireland, 240; UnitedStates, (142) 221

Yui, D. Z. T., (Bibl.), 129

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

INDEX 341

Yunnan, Chinese home mission in, 38 in Nederland onder Heidenen en Mo-hammedanen, 247

Zambesi Industrial Mission, 240 Zendinggenootschap der BroedergemeenteZenana Bible and Medical Mission, 240 te Zeist, 247Zenana Training Home, Poona, 257 Zulu, revised Bible in, 78Zending van de Gereformeerde Kerken Zwemer, S. M., (Bibl.), 132-133

Note.—The figures in parentheses refer to the number of the societies as found in theDirectory of Mission Societies.

THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASEDr. J. W. Gunning*

The interest in Mission Work is certainly increasing in Holland.More than in any other European country, however, the moneyedclasses are estranged from the Church and its work. It was there-fore a pleasing sign that this year a number of people not belongingto any church urged their friends to support the Mission Work. Butthe result was not encouraging, so that the Societies for MissionWork still cannot meet the requirements of the work in the DutchColonies. It is therefore desirable that consideration be given to thequestion of whether any use can be made of the German Societies.

Important facts are to be noted regarding the cooperation of thedifferent Dutch societies. The "Committee of Advice," correspond-ing to the "Committee of Reference and Counsel" in America, whichwas formed some years ago, continues to develop in the right way.In March, 1919, the "Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging" at Rotter-dam, established in 1858, decided to close its training school, andfor the instruction of their prospective missionaries to combine withthe "Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap" and the "UtrechtscheZendingsvereeniging," which together founded the Dutch College for

Missionaries. Now that the first mentioned society has becomeaffiliated with this college, unity in the instruction of missionaries

has been established after sixty years. The council for the studyof missionaries, the "Zendingsstudieraad," bought the land anderected the necessary buildings for its yearly conferences. Theywere occupied this summer and were so satisfactory that for 1920

three conferences are planned.Among the German Societies it is especially the "Rheinische Mis-

sionsgesellschaft" which has extensive work in the NetherlandsEast Indies. However, because of the decrease of the value of

German money to the tenth part of what it was this work is en-

dangered too. With the help of the Government a Committee has

been formed to prevent the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft frombeing compelled to change its funds for Dutchmoney. It seems that

in this way it will be made possible to continue this salutary andblessed work.

Field Review; Political Reform

In 1918 in the Dutch Indies an important^ step was taken in the

decision for self-government for the Colonies. A "Volksraad," a

"Council for the People," was formed, consisting of nearly forty

members, half of whom are elected by different local authorities andthe other half by the Government. The general opinion is that the

* Unfortunately, Dr. Gunning's article on the Continental Home Base was received

frorn Holland too late for insertion in its proper place under the Home Base Reviews.

342

THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE 343

Governor General has made a very good choice in the persons heappointed members of the "Volksraad. The expectations were notgreat, especially in Holland, but in its first year the "Volksraad"has put to shame all those who were pessimistic about it. The workdoneby it was widely appreciated and it has already acquired such aposition that an extension of its power (at the present only advisory)is in consideration, making it, if possible, at the same time morerepresentative.

What the influence of this will be on Mission Work is not to beseen as yet. It is not impossible that the position of missions will

become more difficult; it is even probable. All education given bythe state, in Holland as well as in the colonies, is absolutely non-religious, and is generally given by people who have broken entirely

with the Church. The opposition to this unreligious school with its

often anti-religious teachers has led in Holland to action on the partof the parents who wanted religious education for their children,

and the result has been an Act of Parliament causing the expensesof private schools under certain conditions to be paid (nearly orquite) by the state. This same principle, it is expected, will befollowed in the East Indies. But it cannot there be urged that theconscience of the parents compels them to demand religious instruc-

tion. The Mohammedans will rather oppose Christian Schools,i. e., Mission schools, or at any rate be easily instigated to opposition.

The animistic heathen will not be driven to opposition, becausethey have no leaders, but on the other hand they can never be said to

want Christian education. If then in the East Indies, PrivateSchools, instead of receiving the present subsidies, are to be treated

financially as on the same footing as State Schools, there is reasonto ask what principles must guide the Government in supportingprivate instruction. The answer seems to be an appeal to theresults of the Private Schools. They have succeeded in acquiringa position in the life of the people. We are speaking now ofelementary schools, for the secondary schools, which enable their

pupils to get a place in the service of the Government, are certainly

popular in the Indies. But the elementary schools, teaching only read-

ing, writing and principles of arithmetic, must always be established

and kept up by force.

Our Missions, however, have succeeded in making this schoolpopular. The Government, then, as it desires to extend education,

cannot do better than support the initiative which for the greater

part is the work of our Mission. For the future of Mission Schoolsin the East Indies much will depend on the question, whetherthoughts such as the above will be entertained in a body like the

"Volksraad," and in the Local Councils which, too, must gain in

importance.

Spiritual Currents in the East Indies

While in general the attitude of the "Volksraad" is appreciated

and the Indian members satisfactorily cooperate with their Europeancolleagues, outside this Council the spiritual leaders of the people,

344 THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE

more and more, are beginning to take up an attitude of oppositionto the Government, and socialism begins to spread among them.There have already been occasional disturbances as a result of this.

Not that there is any serious undermining of the position of Dutchauthority. But there have been victims, a few Europeans, too, butmostly natives who were instigated by unscrupulous leaders andpaid for it with their lives. This makes the position of the Govern-ment, which is inclined to look favorably on the efforts of the peopleto become politically more independent, very difficult; it is either

considered too progressive or too conservative. Still others thinkthat in general it knows how to find the golden mean. ManyEuropeans, though, hearing the revolutionary speeches of the leadersand seeing the actions to which they lead, are seriously alarmed, andit is perhaps owing to this that the European Press in the Indieshas of late taken a favorable attitude toward Mission Work. Wewill try to profit by this without attaching too much importance to

the minor value of this favorable attitude. On the other hand wehave to consider that the Government will be compelled to take into

consideration the currents among the people (which not long agocould be disregarded because they did not find utterance) and that

the result may be a more reserved attitude toward Mission Work.

Animistic Tribes

The work among the animistic heathen in the Dutch Indies con-tinues prosperously. Their conversion to Christianity seems to beonly a matter of time. With the growth of the parishes comes thequestion of how to bring them to financial independence and also to

spiritual independence. It seems that for the former it will benecessary to establish funds, because the social position of the native

Christians is such that they cannot afford to keep up their churchesby annual gifts. We are considering encouraging them to buy andcultivate ground by advancing the money; they will have to paythis back from the profits in the first years, while later on these

profits must serve to support the parish. All efforts to educate themto greater spiritual independence meet a great obstacle in the

mentality of the natives, who generally lack will-power. As soon as

they have taken the missionaries for their leaders, they let them-selves be guided, which means for them that they obey them implicitly,

without asking the wherefore, and without trying to learn how to

apply the principles of Christianity in any particular case. Manydecennaries will have to go by before we shall find independentChristian parishes and Church life. Sometimes this final end seemshopelessly far off; but there is the more reason not to overlook the

signs, certainly not wanting, which show that there is progress, anda possibility of reaching the aim.

Mohammedans

Referring to what was said in the preceding Year Book about the

two currents in the Mohammedan world, it can be stated here that

THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE 345

the prospects of mission work among Moslems are really morefavorable than ten years ago. Concentrating all energy on theanimistic tribes was then often seriously considered. At presenta proposal in this direction is not thought of. We do not mean to

say that a conversion "en masse" among the Mohammedans may beexpected. But among the more cultured Mohammedans in Java,where civilization is greater than among the animistic tribes in

the other islands, there are more points of contact than before, andthere is among them a curiosity concerning Christianity, which mustbe satisfied. Some medical missionaries and teachers have succeededin camping out in the mountains these last three years with somecivilized and Dutch-speaking Javanese, as is the custom among youngpeople in America and in Europe. The results are mutual trust andties of friendship, which are kept up by correspondence. At theMission Conference held at Soerabaja in September, 1918, a Com-mittee was appointed which will consider the means of getting into

touch with the ex-pupils of the Dutch schools for natives, especially

with the Christians among them. More indirect mission work seemsnecessary, not aiming at increasing the number of Christian mem-bers of the Church so much as at pervading the natives of Java withChristian^ principles to prevent the civilized Javanese from passingChristianity or rather Christ, without stopping to think of Him.

Dutch Schools for Natives

The demand for these schools is increasing, and our missionmust try to meet this demand. But there are drawbacks which mustnot be overlooked. The Mission has always tried to let the nativespreserve their nationality. Now that they want complete Dutchinstruction there is the danger that they will lose their nationalcharacter and incur all the misery which is involved in this loss.

It must be required of every Dutch teacher in a native school that

he study the language of his pupils and their culture. This is, alas,

often impossible, because these schools have to be established in soshort a time. Yet it does not seem advisable that our Mission shouldstop founding them because it can better neutralize the dangersconnected with these schools than the Government can.

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