Flowering Newsletter bibliography for 2006

Journal of Experimental Botany, of 11

doi:10.1093/jxb/erm028

REVIEW ARTICLE

Flowering Newsletter bibliography for 2006

Introduction

Welcome to our FNL review of 2006. Our objective is todocument the papers that appeared during 2006 in thefield of flowering research. We have adopted a broaddefinition of flowering, and divided the papers into thefollowing themes: flowering time; flower development;meristems and flowering; taxonomy and evolution; polli-nation and ecology; and regulatory mechanisms. The listof journals scanned is provided at the end.It was our intention to provide brief commentary text on

each of the themes, but in the time available we havesucceeded in doing this only for the first three themes. Bythe time we prepare the 2007 review we hope to haveidentified members of the flowering community who canprovide commentary for the other three themes.We hope you find the FNL Bibliography useful. Com-

ments and advice, suggestions of papers we have missed,or journals that could usefully be scanned in addition, allwill be gratefully received.

Nick Battey ([email protected])Tinashe Chiurugwi ([email protected])

Fiona Tooke ([email protected])

Flowering time

The majority of flowering time articles published in 2006were on the vernalization pathway. These articles providemore information on FLC’s roles in influencing floweringtime. It has been shown that FLC, as part of a highmolecular weight complex, represses FD, SOC1, and FTthus regulating meristem competence and floral signalproduction (Searle et al.; Helliwell et al.). Other research-ers show that the extent of epigenetic silencing of FLCby vernalization depends (quantitatively) on the length ofcold treatment and varies between accessions adapted todifferent microclimates (Shindo et al.; Sheldon et al.).For example, accessions adapted to short growing sea-sons require shorter vernalization periods for stable FLCsilencing. This variation is linked to differences in levelsof initial silencing and rates of silencing accumulation ina manner that is, possibly, related to variation in FLCsequences (Shindo et al.).More research has been done that improves our un-

derstanding of FLC regulation. Work on the factors thatmake up the polycomb-like protein complexes involved inFLC silencing identifies FIE, SWN, CLF (Wood et al.),

and LHP1 (Mylne et al.) as components. While MGO3 isreported to be necessary for FLC expression through itsrole in histone H3 acetylation (Guyomarc’h et al.), SUF4,a C2H2-type zinc-finger protein, interacts with FRI andLD in its roles as an FLC activator (Kim et al.). It hasbeen shown that AGL19 is one of the genes through whichthe FLC-independent vernalization pathway operates inArabidopsis (Schonrock et al.). This MADS-box gene isusually suppressed by a complex involving MSI1, CLF,and EMF2, and its up-regulation in response to vernaliza-tion promotes flowering independently of SOC1.Work on VRN genes in winter cereals (wheat and

barley) sheds more light on their vernalization responseand how it interacts with photoperiod. The interactionbetween the vernalization and photoperiodic pathwaysis through VRN2 (CO-like, CCT domain protein) andits suppression of VRN3 (FT-like) and VRN1 (AP1-like,with CArG-box) (Yan et al.; Dubcovsky et al.). VRN2is suppressed by SD and vernalization while VRN3 isup-regulated by LD and, in turn, activates VRN1 (Yanet al.).Articles related to the photoperiodic pathway focus on

the circadian clock, CO and FT. For the circadian clock,they reveal new players such as SPA1 (Ishikawa et al.)and new roles for old players, such as FLC’s role in cir-cadian clock temperature compensation (Edwards et al.).Thus, they illuminate our understanding of the interactionbetween the circadian clock and the photoperiodic andvernalization pathways. Lifschitz et al. show that thetomato FT homologue could be the florigen equivalent intomato. Bohlenius et al. report that aspen FT regulates notonly seasonal flowering but also photoperiod-inducedgrowth cessation and bud set. The latter is an intriguingcontribution to the FT/florigen discussion as it shows thatFT may control non-floral aspects of growth and devel-opment. The mode of action of CO has been shown tobe through formation of CO/AtHAP3/AtHAP5 complexesthat regulate gene expression (Wenkel et al.; Ben-Naimet al.). Interrupting formation of these complexes byoverexpressing HAP2/3 reduces FT transcription.The autonomous and GA pathways received relatively

little attention in 2006. It has, however, been shown thatMSI1, an autonomous-pathway-like gene, regulates flow-ering time by activating SOC1 independently of FLC(Bouveret et al.). This is unlike other autonomous path-way genes that act by suppressing FLC, thereby lifting itssuppression of SOC1. This raises possibilities of how

ª The Author [2007]. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology]. All rights reserved.For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]

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the autonomous pathway might operate in species lack-ing FLC.A number of articles address the ecology and physiol-

ogy of environmental control of flowering time anddiscuss the implications for development and evolution ofthe plants involved. This research includes the effects oftemperature, photoperiod, and water availability at bothlocal and global scales. In particular, soil moisture isshown to influence flowering in various species andsituations, ranging from flowering time in Brassica rapain California (Franke et al.), timing of pseudovivipary inLeiothrix spp. in Brazil (Coelho et al.), to generalflowering in tropical forests of Borneo (Sakai et al.).

Review articles

Baurle I, Dean C. 2006. The timing of developmental transitions inplants. Cell 125, 655–664.

Ciannamea S, Kaufmann K, Frau M, Nougalli Tonaco IA,Petersen K, Nielsen KK, Angenent GC, Immink RGH. 2006.Protein interactions of MADS box transcription factors involvedin flowering in Lolium perenne. Journal of Experimental Botany57, 3419–3431.

Corbesier L, Coupland G. 2006. The quest for florigen: areview of recent progress. Journal of Experimental Botany 57,3395–3403.

Imaizumi T, Kay SA. 2006. Photoperiodic control of flowering:not only by coincidence. Trends in Plant Science 11, 550–558.

Jaeger KE, Graf A, Wigge PA. 2006. The control of flowering intime and space. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3415–3418.

Rodriguez-Falcon M, Bou J, Prat S. 2006. Seasonal control oftuberization in potato: conserved elements with the floweringresponse. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57, 151–180.

Sung S, Amasino RM. 2006. Molecular genetic studies of thememory of winter. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3369–3377.

Sung SB, Schmitz RJ, Amasino RM. 2006. A PHD finger proteininvolved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways inArabidopsis. Genes and Development 20, 3244–3248.

Thomas B. 2006. Light signals and flowering. Journal ofExperimental Botany 57, 3387–3393.

Wijnen H, Young MW. 2006. Interplay of circadian clocks andmetabolic rhythms. Annual Review of Genetics 40, 409–448.

Zeevaart JAD. 2006. Florigen coming of age after 70 years. ThePlant Cell 18, 1783–1789.

Vernalization pathway

Andersen JR, Jensen LB, Asp T, Lubberstedt T. 2006.Vernalization response in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)involves orthologues of diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum)VRN1 and rice (Oryza sativa) Hd1. Plant Molecular Biology 60,481–494.

Dubcovsky J, Loukoianov A, Fu D, Valarik M, Sanchez A,Yan L. 2006. Effect of photoperiod on the regulation ofwheat vernalization genes VRN1 and VRN2. Plant MolecularBiology 60, 469–480.

Edwards KD, Anderson PE, Hall A, et al. 2006. FLOWERINGLOCUS C mediates natural variation in the high-temperatureresponse of the Arabidopsis circadian clock. The Plant Cell 18,639–650.

Ergon A, Fang C, Jorgensen O, Aamlid TS, Rognli OA. 2006.Quantitative trait loci controlling vernalisation requirement, head-

ing time and number of panicles in meadow fescue (Festucapratensis Huds.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112, 232–242.

Farrell TC, Fex KM, Williams RL, Fukai S, Lewin LG. 2006.Minimising cold damage during reproductive developmentamong temperate rice genotypes. II. Genotypic variation andflowering trauts related to cold tolerance screening. AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research 57, 89–100.

Farrell TC, Fox KM, Williams RL, Fukai S, Lewin LG. 2006.Minimising cold damage during reproductive developmentamong temperate rice genotypes. II. Genotypic variation andflowering traits related to cold tolerance screening. AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research 57, 89–100.

Guyomarc’h S, Benhamed M, Lemonnier G, Renou J-P,Zhou D-X, Delarue M. 2006. MGOUN3: evidence forchromatin-mediated regulation of FLC expression. Journal ofExperimental Botany 57, 2111–2119.

Helliwell CA, Wood CC, Robertson M, Peacock WJ,Dennis ES. 2006. The Arabidopsis FLC protein interacts directlyin vivo with SOC1 and FT chromatin and is part of a high-molecular-weight protein complex. The Plant Journal 46, 183–192.

Kim S, Choi K, Park C, Hwang H-J, Lee I. 2006. SUPPRESSOROF FRIGIDA4, encoding a C2H2-type zinc-finger protein,represses flowering by transcriptional activation of ArabidopsisFLOWERING LOCUS C. The Plant Cell 18, 2985–2998.

Kim SY, Michaels SD. 2006. SUPPRESSOR OF FRI 4 encodesa nuclear-localized protein that is required for delayed floweringin winter-annual Arabidopsis. Development 133, 4699–4707.

Martin-Trillo M, Lazaro A, Poethig RS, Gomez-Mena C,Pineiro MA, Martinez-Zapater JM, Jarillo JA. 2006. EARLYIN SHORT DAYS 1 (ESD1) encodes ACTIN-RELATED PRO-TEIN 6 (AtARP6), a putative component of chromatin remodel-ling complexes that positively regulates FLC accumulation inArabidopsis. Development 133, 1241–1252.

Mylne JS, Barrett L, Tessadori F, et al. 2006. LHP1, theArabidopsis homologue of HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1,is required for epigenetic silencing of FLC. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 5012–5017.

Noh B, Noh YS. 2006. Chromatin-mediated regulation of floweringtime in Arabidopsis. Physiologia Plantarum 126, 484–493.

Petersen K, Kolmos E, Folling M, Salchert K, Storgaard M,Jensen CS, Didion T, Nielsen KK. 2006. Two MADS-box genesfrom perennial ryegrass are regulated by vernalization and involvedin the floral transition. Physiologia Plantarum 126, 268–278.

Sanyal A, Jackson SA. 2006. Comparative genomics revealsexpansion of the FLC region in the genus Arabidopsis. MolecularGenetics and Genomics 275, 26–34.

Schlappi MR. 2006. FRIGIDA LIKE 2 is a functional allele inLandsberg erecta and compensates for a nonsense allele ofFRIGIDA LIKE 1. Plant Physiology 142, 1728–1738.

Schonrock N, Bouveret R, Leroy O, Borghi L, Kohler C,Gruissem W, Hennig L. 2006. Polycomb-group proteins repressthe floral activator AGL19 in the FLC-independent vernalizationpathway. Genes and Development 20, 1667–1678.

Searle I, He Y, Turck F, Vincent C, Fornara F, Krober S,Amasino RA, Coupland G. 2006. The transcription factor FLCconfers a flowering response to vernalization by repressingmeristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis.Genes and Development 20, 898–912.

Sheldon CC, Finnegan EJ, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. 2006.Quantitative effects of vernalization on FLC and SOC1 expres-sion. The Plant Journal 45, 871–883.

Shindo C, Lister C, Crevillen P, Nordborg M, Dean C. 2006.Variation in the epigenetic silencing of FLC contributes to naturalvariation in Arabidopsis vernalization response. Genes andDevelopment 20, 3079–3083.

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Trevaskis B, Hemming MN, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. 2006.HvVRN2 responds to daylength, whereas HvVRN1 is regulated byvernalization and developmental status. Plant Physiology 140,1397–1405.

Wang JL, Tian L, Lee HS, Chen ZJ. 2006. Non-additiveregulation of FRI and FLC loci mediates flowering-time variationin Arabidopsis allopolyploids. Genetics 173, 965–974.

Wood CC, Robertson M, Tanner G, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES,Helliwell CA. 2006. The Arabidopsis thaliana vernalizationresponse requires a polycomb-like protein complex that alsoincludes VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 14631–14636.

Yan L, Fu D, Li C, et al. 2006. The wheat and barley vernalizationgene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, USA 103, 19581–19586.

Yang T-J, Kim JS, Kwon S-J, et al. 2006. Sequence-level analysisof the diploidization process in the triplicated FLOWERINGLOCUS C region of Brassica rapa. The Plant Cell 18,1339–1347.

Photoperiod pathway

Ben-Naim O, Eshed R, Parnis A, Teper-Bamnolker P, Shalit A,Coupland G, Samach A, Lifschitz E. 2006. The CCAATbinding factor can mediate interactions between CONSTANS-likeproteins and DNA. The Plant Journal 46, 462–476.

Bohlenius H, Huang T, Charbonnel-Campaa L, Brunner AM,Jansson S, Strauss SH, Nilsson O. 2006. CO/FT regulatorymodule controls timing of flowering and seasonal growthcessation in trees. Science 312, 1040–1043.

Chen M, Ni M. 2006. RFI2, a RING-domain zinc finger protein,negatively regulates CONSTANS expression and photoperiodicflowering. The Plant Journal 46, 823–833.

Colasanti J, Tremblay R, Wong AYM, Coneva V, Kozaki A,Mable BK. 2006. The maize INDETERMINATE1 flowering timeregulator defines a highly conserved zinc-finger protein family inhigher plants. BMC Genomics 7.

Datta S, Hettiarachchi GHCM, Deng X-W, Holm M. 2006.Arabidopsis CONSTANS-LIKE3 is a positive regulator of redlight signaling and root growth. The Plant Cell 18, 70–84.

Hirose F, Shinomura T, Tanabata T, Shimada H, Takano M.2006. Involvement of rice cryptochromes in de-etiolationresponses and flowering. Plant and Cell Physiology 47, 915–925.

Ishikawa M, Kiba T, Chua N-H. 2006. The Arabidopsis SPA1gene is required for circadian clock function and photoperiodicflowering. The Plant Journal 46, 736–746.

Jarillo JA, Pineiro MA. 2006. The molecular basis of photoperi-odism. Biological Rhythm Research 37, 353–380.

Kevei E, Gyula P, Hall A, et al. 2006. Forward genetic analysis ofthe circadian clock separates the multiple functions of ZEI-TLUPE. Plant Physiology 140, 933–945.

Kuchel H, Hollamby G, Langridge P, Williams K, Jefferies SP.2006. Identification of genetic loci associated with ear-emergencein bread wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113,1103–1112.

Laubinger S, Marchal V, Gentilhomme J, Wenkel S, Adrian J,Jang S, Kulajta C, Braun H, Coupland G, Hoecker U. 2006.Arabidopsis SPA proteins regulate photoperiodic flowering andinteract with the floral inducer CONSTANS to regulate itsstability. Development 133, 3213–3222.

Miwa K, Serikawa M, Suzuki S, Kondo T, Oyama T. 2006.Conserved expression profiles of circadian clock-related genesin two Lemna species showing long-day and short-day photope-

riodic flowering responses. Plant and Cell Physiology 47,601–612.

Paltiel J, Amin R, Gover A, Ori N, Samach A. 2006. Novel rolesfor GIGANTEA revealed under environmental conditions thatmodify its expression in Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula.Planta 224, 1255–1268.

Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC. 2006. The structure of phytochrome:a picture is worth a thousand spectra. The Plant Cell 18, 4–14.

Salome PA, To JPC, Kieber JJ, McClung CR. 2006. Arabidop-sis response regulators ARR3 and ARR4 play cytokinin-independent roles in the control of circadian period. The PlantCell 18, 55–69.

Thomson MJ, Edwards JD, Septiningsih EM, Harrington SE,McCouch SR. 2006. Substitution mapping of dth1.1, a flower-ing-time quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with trans-gressive variation in rice, reveals multiple sub-QTL. Genetics172, 2501–2514.

Torres-Galea P, Huang LF, Chua NH, Bolle C. 2006. The GRASprotein SCL13 is a positive regulator of phytochrome-dependentred light signaling, but can also modulate phytochrome Aresponses. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 276, 13–30.

Wenkel S, Turck F, Singer K, Gissot L, Le Gourrierec J,Samach A, Coupland G. 2006. CONSTANS and the CCAATbox binding complex share a functionally important domain andinteract to regulate flowering of Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18,2971–2984.

Zhang YC, Gong SF, Li QH, Sang Y, Yang HQ. 2006. Functionaland signaling mechanism analysis of rice CRYPTOCHROME 1.The Plant Journal 46, 971–983.

Zheng BL, Deng Y, Mu JY, Ji ZD, Xiang TT, Niu QW,Chua NH, Zuo JR. 2006. Cytokinin affects circadian-clockoscillation in a phytochrome B- and Arabidopsis RESPONSEREGULATOR 4-dependent manner. Physiologia Plantarum 127,277–292.

Autonomous pathway

Du XL, Qian XY, Wang D, Yang JS. 2006. Alternative splicingand expression analysis of OsFCA (FCA in Oryza sativa L.),a gene homologous to FCA in Arabidopsis. DNA Sequence 17,31–40.

Li KG, Yang JS, Liu J, Du XL, Wei C, Su W, He GM,Zhang QH, Hong F, Qian XY. 2006. Cloning, characterizationand tissue-specific expression of a cDNA encoding a novelEMBRYONIC FLOWER 2 gene (OsEMF2) in Oryza sativa.DNA Sequence 17, 74–78.

Marquardt S, Boss PK, Hadfield J, Dean C. 2006. Additionaltargets of the Arabidopsis autonomous pathway members, FCAand FY. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3379–3386.

Razem FA, El-Kereamy A, Abrams SR, Hill RD. 2006. TheRNA-binding protein FCA is an abscisic acid receptor. Nature439, 290–294.

Integrators

Hsu C-Y, Liu Y, Luthe DS, Yuceer C. 2006. Poplar FT2 shortensthe juvenile phase and promotes seasonal flowering. The PlantCell 18, 1846–1861.

King RW, Moritz T, Evans LT, Martin J, Andersen CH,Blundell C, Kardailsky I, Chandler PM. 2006. Regulation offlowering in the long-day grass Lolium temulentum by gibber-ellins and the FLOWERING LOCUS T gene. Plant Physiology141, 498–507.

Lee JH, Hong SM, Yoo SJ, Park OK, Lee JS, Ahn JH. 2006.Integration of floral inductive signals by FLOWERING LOCUS

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Trevaskis B, Hemming MN, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. 2006.HvVRN2 responds to daylength, whereas HvVRN1 is regulated byvernalization and developmental status. Plant Physiology 140,1397–1405.

Wang JL, Tian L, Lee HS, Chen ZJ. 2006. Non-additiveregulation of FRI and FLC loci mediates flowering-time variationin Arabidopsis allopolyploids. Genetics 173, 965–974.

Wood CC, Robertson M, Tanner G, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES,Helliwell CA. 2006. The Arabidopsis thaliana vernalizationresponse requires a polycomb-like protein complex that alsoincludes VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 14631–14636.

Yan L, Fu D, Li C, et al. 2006. The wheat and barley vernalizationgene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, USA 103, 19581–19586.

Yang T-J, Kim JS, Kwon S-J, et al. 2006. Sequence-level analysisof the diploidization process in the triplicated FLOWERINGLOCUS C region of Brassica rapa. The Plant Cell 18,1339–1347.

Photoperiod pathway

Ben-Naim O, Eshed R, Parnis A, Teper-Bamnolker P, Shalit A,Coupland G, Samach A, Lifschitz E. 2006. The CCAATbinding factor can mediate interactions between CONSTANS-likeproteins and DNA. The Plant Journal 46, 462–476.

Bohlenius H, Huang T, Charbonnel-Campaa L, Brunner AM,Jansson S, Strauss SH, Nilsson O. 2006. CO/FT regulatorymodule controls timing of flowering and seasonal growthcessation in trees. Science 312, 1040–1043.

Chen M, Ni M. 2006. RFI2, a RING-domain zinc finger protein,negatively regulates CONSTANS expression and photoperiodicflowering. The Plant Journal 46, 823–833.

Colasanti J, Tremblay R, Wong AYM, Coneva V, Kozaki A,Mable BK. 2006. The maize INDETERMINATE1 flowering timeregulator defines a highly conserved zinc-finger protein family inhigher plants. BMC Genomics 7.

Datta S, Hettiarachchi GHCM, Deng X-W, Holm M. 2006.Arabidopsis CONSTANS-LIKE3 is a positive regulator of redlight signaling and root growth. The Plant Cell 18, 70–84.

Hirose F, Shinomura T, Tanabata T, Shimada H, Takano M.2006. Involvement of rice cryptochromes in de-etiolationresponses and flowering. Plant and Cell Physiology 47, 915–925.

Ishikawa M, Kiba T, Chua N-H. 2006. The Arabidopsis SPA1gene is required for circadian clock function and photoperiodicflowering. The Plant Journal 46, 736–746.

Jarillo JA, Pineiro MA. 2006. The molecular basis of photoperi-odism. Biological Rhythm Research 37, 353–380.

Kevei E, Gyula P, Hall A, et al. 2006. Forward genetic analysis ofthe circadian clock separates the multiple functions of ZEI-TLUPE. Plant Physiology 140, 933–945.

Kuchel H, Hollamby G, Langridge P, Williams K, Jefferies SP.2006. Identification of genetic loci associated with ear-emergencein bread wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113,1103–1112.

Laubinger S, Marchal V, Gentilhomme J, Wenkel S, Adrian J,Jang S, Kulajta C, Braun H, Coupland G, Hoecker U. 2006.Arabidopsis SPA proteins regulate photoperiodic flowering andinteract with the floral inducer CONSTANS to regulate itsstability. Development 133, 3213–3222.

Miwa K, Serikawa M, Suzuki S, Kondo T, Oyama T. 2006.Conserved expression profiles of circadian clock-related genesin two Lemna species showing long-day and short-day photope-

riodic flowering responses. Plant and Cell Physiology 47,601–612.

Paltiel J, Amin R, Gover A, Ori N, Samach A. 2006. Novel rolesfor GIGANTEA revealed under environmental conditions thatmodify its expression in Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula.Planta 224, 1255–1268.

Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC. 2006. The structure of phytochrome:a picture is worth a thousand spectra. The Plant Cell 18, 4–14.

Salome PA, To JPC, Kieber JJ, McClung CR. 2006. Arabidop-sis response regulators ARR3 and ARR4 play cytokinin-independent roles in the control of circadian period. The PlantCell 18, 55–69.

Thomson MJ, Edwards JD, Septiningsih EM, Harrington SE,McCouch SR. 2006. Substitution mapping of dth1.1, a flower-ing-time quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with trans-gressive variation in rice, reveals multiple sub-QTL. Genetics172, 2501–2514.

Torres-Galea P, Huang LF, Chua NH, Bolle C. 2006. The GRASprotein SCL13 is a positive regulator of phytochrome-dependentred light signaling, but can also modulate phytochrome Aresponses. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 276, 13–30.

Wenkel S, Turck F, Singer K, Gissot L, Le Gourrierec J,Samach A, Coupland G. 2006. CONSTANS and the CCAATbox binding complex share a functionally important domain andinteract to regulate flowering of Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18,2971–2984.

Zhang YC, Gong SF, Li QH, Sang Y, Yang HQ. 2006. Functionaland signaling mechanism analysis of rice CRYPTOCHROME 1.The Plant Journal 46, 971–983.

Zheng BL, Deng Y, Mu JY, Ji ZD, Xiang TT, Niu QW,Chua NH, Zuo JR. 2006. Cytokinin affects circadian-clockoscillation in a phytochrome B- and Arabidopsis RESPONSEREGULATOR 4-dependent manner. Physiologia Plantarum 127,277–292.

Autonomous pathway

Du XL, Qian XY, Wang D, Yang JS. 2006. Alternative splicingand expression analysis of OsFCA (FCA in Oryza sativa L.),a gene homologous to FCA in Arabidopsis. DNA Sequence 17,31–40.

Li KG, Yang JS, Liu J, Du XL, Wei C, Su W, He GM,Zhang QH, Hong F, Qian XY. 2006. Cloning, characterizationand tissue-specific expression of a cDNA encoding a novelEMBRYONIC FLOWER 2 gene (OsEMF2) in Oryza sativa.DNA Sequence 17, 74–78.

Marquardt S, Boss PK, Hadfield J, Dean C. 2006. Additionaltargets of the Arabidopsis autonomous pathway members, FCAand FY. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3379–3386.

Razem FA, El-Kereamy A, Abrams SR, Hill RD. 2006. TheRNA-binding protein FCA is an abscisic acid receptor. Nature439, 290–294.

Integrators

Hsu C-Y, Liu Y, Luthe DS, Yuceer C. 2006. Poplar FT2 shortensthe juvenile phase and promotes seasonal flowering. The PlantCell 18, 1846–1861.

King RW, Moritz T, Evans LT, Martin J, Andersen CH,Blundell C, Kardailsky I, Chandler PM. 2006. Regulation offlowering in the long-day grass Lolium temulentum by gibber-ellins and the FLOWERING LOCUS T gene. Plant Physiology141, 498–507.

Lee JH, Hong SM, Yoo SJ, Park OK, Lee JS, Ahn JH. 2006.Integration of floral inductive signals by FLOWERING LOCUS

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T and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1.Physiologia Plantarum 126, 475–483.

Lifschitz E, Eshed Y. 2006. Universal florigenic signals triggeredby FT homologues regulate growth and flowering cycles inperennial day-neutral tomato. Journal of Experimental Botany57, 3405–3414.

Lifschitz E, Eviatar T, Rozman A, et al. 2006. The tomato FTortholog triggers systemic signals that regulate growth andflowering and substitute for diverse environmental stimuli.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103,6398–6403.

Muszynski MG, Dam T, Li B, Shirbroun DM, Hou Z,Bruggemann E, Archibald R, Ananiev EV, Danilevskaya ON.2006. DELAYED FLOWERING1 encodes a basic leucine zipperprotein that mediates floral inductive signals at the shoot apex inmaize. Plant Physiology 142, 1523–1536.

Sreekantan L, Thomas MR. 2006. VvFT and VvMADS8, thegrapevine homologues of the floral integrators FT and SOC1,have unique expression patterns in grapevine and hasten flower-ing in Arabidopsis. Functional Plant Biology 33, 1129–1139.

Ecology/physiology

Barth C, De Tullio M, Conklin PL. 2006. The role of ascorbicacid in the control of flowering time and the onset of senescence.Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 1657–1665.

Blanchard MG, Runkle ES. 2006. Temperature during the day,but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsisorchids. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 4043–4049.

Cleland EE, Chiariello NR, Loarie SR, Mooney HA, Field CB.2006. Diverse responses of phenology to global changes ina grassland ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences, USA 103, 13740–13744.

Coelho FF, Capelo C, Neves ACO, Martins RP, Figueira JEC.2006. Seasonal timing of pseudoviviparous reproduction ofLeiothrix (Eriocaulaceae) rupestrian species in south-easternBrazil. Annals of Botany 98, 1189–1195.

Franke DM, Ellis AG, Dharjwa M, Freshwater M,Fujikawa M, Padron A, Weis AE. 2006. A steep cline inflowering time for Brassica rapa in Southern California:population-level variation in the field and the greenhouse. Inter-national Journal of Plant Sciences 167, 83–92.

Goldringer I, Prouin C, Rousset M, Galic N, Bonnin I. 2006.Rapid differentiation of experimental populations of wheat forheading time in response to local climatic conditions. Annals ofBotany 98, 805–817.

Ofir M, Kigel J. 2006. Opposite effects of daylength andtemperature on flowering and summer dormancy of Poa bulbosa.Annals of Botany 97, 659–666.

Pouteau S, Ferret V, Lefebvre D. 2006. Comparison of environ-mental and mutational variation in flowering time in Arabidopsis.Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 4099–4109.

Sakai S, Harrison RD, Momose K, Kuraji K, Nagamasu H,Yasunari T, Chong L, Nakashizuka T. 2006. Irregular droughtstrigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia.American Journal of Botany 93, 1134–1139.

Singh KP, Kushwaha CP. 2006. Diversity of Flowering andfruiting phenology of trees in a tropical deciduous forest in India.Annals of Botany 97, 265–276.

Other

Bouveret R, Schonrock N, Gruissem W, Hennig L. 2006.Regulation of flowering time by Arabidopsis MSI1. Development133, 1693–1702.

El-Lithy ME, Bentsink L, Hanhart CJ, Ruys GJ, Rovito DI,Broekhof JLM, van der Poel HJA, van Eijk MJT,Vreugdenhil D, Koornneef M. 2006. New Arabidopsis recombi-nant inbred line populations genotyped using SNPWave and theiruse for mapping flowering-time quantitative trait loci. Genetics172, 1867–1876.

Hasegawa M, Yahara T, Yasumoto A, Hotta M. 2006. Bimodaldistribution of flowering time in a natural hybrid population ofdaylily (Hemerocallis fulva) and nightlily (Hemerocallis citrina).Journal of Plant Research 119, 63–68.

Lichtenzveig J, Bonfil DJ, Zhang HB, Shtienberg D, Abbo S.2006. Mapping quantitative trait loci in chickpea associated withtime to flowering and resistance to Didymella rabiei the causalagent of Ascochyta blight. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113,1357–1369.

Olsen P, Lenk I, Jensen CS, Petersen K, Andersen CH,Didion T, Nielsen KK. 2006. Analysis of two heterologousflowering genes in Brachypodium distachyon demonstratesits potential as a grass model plant. Plant Science 170,1020–1025.

Quinet M, Dielen V, Batoko H, Boutry M, Havelange A,Kinet J-M. 2006. Genetic interactions in the control of floweringtime and reproductive structure development in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum). New Phytologist 170, 701–710.

Trusov Y, Botella JR. 2006. Silencing of the ACC synthasegene ACACS2 causes delayed flowering in pineapple [Ananascomosus (L.) Merr.]. Journal of Experimental Botany 57,3953–3960.

Valarik M, Linkiewicz A, Dubcovsky J. 2006. A microcolinearitystudy at the EARLINESS PER SE gene Eps-A(m)1 region revealsan ancient duplication that preceded the wheat-rice divergence.Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112, 945–957.

Zhang YS, Luo LJ, Xu CG, Zhang QF, Xing YZ. 2006.Quantitative trait loci for panicle size, heading date and plantheight co-segregating in trait-performance derived near-isogeniclines of rice (Oryza sativa). Theoretical and Applied Genetics113, 361–368.

Flower development

Studies continue to add new layers of details to theABCDE model of flower development using Arabidopsisthaliana as a model. From a number of these, interactionsbetween the floral organ identity genes and their regu-lators are becoming clearer.Krizek et al. identify a further repressor of AG, but with

its own characteristics: unusually, RBE is only expressedin whorl 2 whereas most other AG repressors aretranscribed in all whorls (yet only repress AG in whorls 1and 2). RBE shares similarities with SUP, both in itsstructure and in its function in maintaining whorl bound-aries. It also has a close association with UFO, uponwhich its expression depends. Krizek et al. proposea model in which there is a degree of co-ordinationbetween growth of whorls 1 and 2, with UFO and RBEpromoting proliferation by repressing AG. In mutants, lossof RBE expression from whorl 2 results in staminoidstructures, but can also result in increased numbers andfusion of whorl 1 sepals.Two further repressors of AG, LUG and SEU, have been

the focus of recent study. Gregisa et al., working with the


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MADS-box genes SVP and AGL24, have generated thedouble mutant to find that, in some cases, its developmentin all floral whorls is severely disrupted. The disruptionarises from ectopic B and C gene expression, leading tophenotypes akin to lug and seu mutants. The suggestionthat MADS-box proteins interact with SEU-LUG for theregulation of AG appears to be supported in the work ofSridhar et al. who identify AP1 and SEP3 as DNA-binding partners of SEU-LUG, proposed co-repressors ofAG.Further evidence of the precision interactions required

in flower development is provided by a study of the rela-tionship of AP1 and AP3/PI. Following activation of AP3/PI, levels of AP1 transcript are down-regulated rapidly(Sundstrom et al.). Direct regulation of AP1 by AP3/PIis also suggested by results showing that PI protein bindsto sequences in the AP1 promoter. This amounts to a reg-ulatory circuit, a number of which have already beenuncovered as key in co-ordinating flower development.Whilst Arabidopsis continues to be the model system

for first defining flower development mechanisms, thereis a growing number of species under molecular study inthis area. The general applicability of observations fromArabidopsis to a range of species is being tested.Studies in Petunia and tomato reveal that these species

possess both euAPETALA3 and TOMATO MADS BOX 6genes (Rijpkema et al.; de Martino et al.). These twolineages of AP3 arose through gene duplication coincidentwith radiation of the core eudicots. The TM6 gene in bothPetunia and tomato is involved in stamen development, butnot petal development, though this latter function appearsto be retained and not normally used. These results implyfunctional divergence of the Solanaceae B genes.In rice, the C-function genes,OSMADS3 and OSMADS58,

also show ‘subfunctionalization’ with OSMADS58 taking astrong role in meristem determinacy and OSMADS3 mainlyinvolved in stamen specification (Yamaguchi et al.).A further analysis of models of flower development is

underway in Dendrobium crumenatum, a member of theOrchidaceae family, one of the largest families of flower-ing plants. Orchids have unusual floral morphology,which includes modified petals and sepals, and fusion ofthe reproductive organs. Xu et al. have isolated putativeABCDE MADS-box genes from D. crumenatum. There isat least partial conservation of function of some of thesegenes, with DcOP1 and DcOAG1 showing equivalence toPI and AG, respectively, in Arabidopsis. However,expression patterns of some of the genes are significantlydifferent from those of their Arabidopsis counterparts,suggesting different regulatory pathways.

Review articles

Balanza V, Navarrete M, Trigueros M, Ferrandiz C. 2006.Patterning the female side of Arabidopsis: the importance ofhormones. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3457–3469.

Cronk QCB. 2006. Legume flowers bear fruit. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 4801–4802.

Kalisz S, Ree RH, Sargent RD. 2006. Linking floral symmetrygenes to breeding system evolution. Trends in Plant Science 11,568–573.

Kater MM, Dreni L, Colombo L. 2006. Functional conservationof MADS-box factors controlling floral organ identity in rice andArabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3433–3444.

Mast AR, Conti E. 2006. The primrose path to heterostyly. NewPhytologist 171, 439–442.

Rogers HJ. 2006. Programmed cell death in floral organs: how andwhy do flowers die? Annals of Botany 97, 309–315.

Research papers

Alvarez-Buylla ER, Garcia-Ponce B, Garay-Arroyo A. 2006.Unique and redundant functional domains of APETALA1 andCAULIFLOWER, two recently duplicated Arabidopsis thalianafloral MADS-box genes. Journal of Experimental Botany 57,3099–3107.

Barrero LS, Cong B, Wu F, Tanksley SD. 2006. Developmentalcharacterization of the fasciated locus and mapping of Arabidop-sis candidate genes involved in the control of floral meristem sizeand carpel number in tomato. Genome 49, 991–1006.

Benlloch R, d’Erfurth I, Ferrandiz C, Cosson V, Beltran JP,Canas LA, Kondorosi A, Madueno F, Ratet P. 2006. Isolationof MTPIM proves Tnt1 a useful reverse genetics tool in Medicagotruncatula and uncovers new aspects of AP1-like functions inlegumes. Plant Physiology 142, 972–983.

Cao D, Cheng H, Wu W, Meng Soo H, Peng J. 2006. Gibberellinmobilizes distinct DELLA-dependent transcriptomes to regulateseed germination and floral development in Arabidopsis. PlantPhysiology 142, 509–525.

Caris PL, Geuten KP, Janssens SB, Smets EF. 2006. Floraldevelopment in three species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae).American Journal of Botany 93, 1–14.

Carlson JE, Leebens-Mack JH, Kerr Wall P, et al. 2006.EST database for early flower development in the Californianpoppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham., Papveraceae) tags over6000 genes from a basal eudicot. Plant Molecular Biology 62,351–369.

Caruso CM. 2006. Plasticity of inflorescence traits in Lobeliasiphilitica (Lobeliaceae) in response to soil water availability.American Journal of Botany 93, 531–538.

Chaidamsari T, Samanhudi, Sugiarti H, Santoso D,Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. 2006. Isolation and characteriza-tion of an AGAMOUS homologue from cocoa. Plant Science 170,968–975.

Cheng Y, Dai X, Zhao Y. 2006. Auxin biosynthesis by theYUCCA flavin monooxygenases controls the formation of floralorgans and vascular tissues in Arabidopsis. Genes and De-velopment 20, 1790–1799.

Citerne HL, Pennington RT, Cronk QCB. 2006. An apparentreversal in floral symmetry in the legume Cadia is a homeotictransformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA 103, 12017–12020.

de Folter S, Shchennikova AV, Franken J, Busscher M,Baskar R, Grossniklaus U, Angenent GC, Immink RGH.2006. A Bsister MADS-box gene involved in ovule and seed devel-opment in Petunia and Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 47,934–946.

de Martino G, Pan I, Emmanuel E, Levy A, Irish VF. 2006.Functional analyses of two tomato APETALA3 genes demonstratediversification in their roles in regulating floral development. ThePlant Cell 18, 1833–1845.


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MADS-box genes SVP and AGL24, have generated thedouble mutant to find that, in some cases, its developmentin all floral whorls is severely disrupted. The disruptionarises from ectopic B and C gene expression, leading tophenotypes akin to lug and seu mutants. The suggestionthat MADS-box proteins interact with SEU-LUG for theregulation of AG appears to be supported in the work ofSridhar et al. who identify AP1 and SEP3 as DNA-binding partners of SEU-LUG, proposed co-repressors ofAG.Further evidence of the precision interactions required

in flower development is provided by a study of the rela-tionship of AP1 and AP3/PI. Following activation of AP3/PI, levels of AP1 transcript are down-regulated rapidly(Sundstrom et al.). Direct regulation of AP1 by AP3/PIis also suggested by results showing that PI protein bindsto sequences in the AP1 promoter. This amounts to a reg-ulatory circuit, a number of which have already beenuncovered as key in co-ordinating flower development.Whilst Arabidopsis continues to be the model system

for first defining flower development mechanisms, thereis a growing number of species under molecular study inthis area. The general applicability of observations fromArabidopsis to a range of species is being tested.Studies in Petunia and tomato reveal that these species

possess both euAPETALA3 and TOMATO MADS BOX 6genes (Rijpkema et al.; de Martino et al.). These twolineages of AP3 arose through gene duplication coincidentwith radiation of the core eudicots. The TM6 gene in bothPetunia and tomato is involved in stamen development, butnot petal development, though this latter function appearsto be retained and not normally used. These results implyfunctional divergence of the Solanaceae B genes.In rice, the C-function genes,OSMADS3 and OSMADS58,

also show ‘subfunctionalization’ with OSMADS58 taking astrong role in meristem determinacy and OSMADS3 mainlyinvolved in stamen specification (Yamaguchi et al.).A further analysis of models of flower development is

underway in Dendrobium crumenatum, a member of theOrchidaceae family, one of the largest families of flower-ing plants. Orchids have unusual floral morphology,which includes modified petals and sepals, and fusion ofthe reproductive organs. Xu et al. have isolated putativeABCDE MADS-box genes from D. crumenatum. There isat least partial conservation of function of some of thesegenes, with DcOP1 and DcOAG1 showing equivalence toPI and AG, respectively, in Arabidopsis. However,expression patterns of some of the genes are significantlydifferent from those of their Arabidopsis counterparts,suggesting different regulatory pathways.

Review articles

Balanza V, Navarrete M, Trigueros M, Ferrandiz C. 2006.Patterning the female side of Arabidopsis: the importance ofhormones. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3457–3469.

Cronk QCB. 2006. Legume flowers bear fruit. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 4801–4802.

Kalisz S, Ree RH, Sargent RD. 2006. Linking floral symmetrygenes to breeding system evolution. Trends in Plant Science 11,568–573.

Kater MM, Dreni L, Colombo L. 2006. Functional conservationof MADS-box factors controlling floral organ identity in rice andArabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3433–3444.

Mast AR, Conti E. 2006. The primrose path to heterostyly. NewPhytologist 171, 439–442.

Rogers HJ. 2006. Programmed cell death in floral organs: how andwhy do flowers die? Annals of Botany 97, 309–315.

Research papers

Alvarez-Buylla ER, Garcia-Ponce B, Garay-Arroyo A. 2006.Unique and redundant functional domains of APETALA1 andCAULIFLOWER, two recently duplicated Arabidopsis thalianafloral MADS-box genes. Journal of Experimental Botany 57,3099–3107.

Barrero LS, Cong B, Wu F, Tanksley SD. 2006. Developmentalcharacterization of the fasciated locus and mapping of Arabidop-sis candidate genes involved in the control of floral meristem sizeand carpel number in tomato. Genome 49, 991–1006.

Benlloch R, d’Erfurth I, Ferrandiz C, Cosson V, Beltran JP,Canas LA, Kondorosi A, Madueno F, Ratet P. 2006. Isolationof MTPIM proves Tnt1 a useful reverse genetics tool in Medicagotruncatula and uncovers new aspects of AP1-like functions inlegumes. Plant Physiology 142, 972–983.

Cao D, Cheng H, Wu W, Meng Soo H, Peng J. 2006. Gibberellinmobilizes distinct DELLA-dependent transcriptomes to regulateseed germination and floral development in Arabidopsis. PlantPhysiology 142, 509–525.

Caris PL, Geuten KP, Janssens SB, Smets EF. 2006. Floraldevelopment in three species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae).American Journal of Botany 93, 1–14.

Carlson JE, Leebens-Mack JH, Kerr Wall P, et al. 2006.EST database for early flower development in the Californianpoppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham., Papveraceae) tags over6000 genes from a basal eudicot. Plant Molecular Biology 62,351–369.

Caruso CM. 2006. Plasticity of inflorescence traits in Lobeliasiphilitica (Lobeliaceae) in response to soil water availability.American Journal of Botany 93, 531–538.

Chaidamsari T, Samanhudi, Sugiarti H, Santoso D,Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. 2006. Isolation and characteriza-tion of an AGAMOUS homologue from cocoa. Plant Science 170,968–975.

Cheng Y, Dai X, Zhao Y. 2006. Auxin biosynthesis by theYUCCA flavin monooxygenases controls the formation of floralorgans and vascular tissues in Arabidopsis. Genes and De-velopment 20, 1790–1799.

Citerne HL, Pennington RT, Cronk QCB. 2006. An apparentreversal in floral symmetry in the legume Cadia is a homeotictransformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA 103, 12017–12020.

de Folter S, Shchennikova AV, Franken J, Busscher M,Baskar R, Grossniklaus U, Angenent GC, Immink RGH.2006. A Bsister MADS-box gene involved in ovule and seed devel-opment in Petunia and Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 47,934–946.

de Martino G, Pan I, Emmanuel E, Levy A, Irish VF. 2006.Functional analyses of two tomato APETALA3 genes demonstratediversification in their roles in regulating floral development. ThePlant Cell 18, 1833–1845.


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Dinneny JR, Weigel D, Yanofsky MF. 2006. NUBBIN andJAGGED define stamen and carpel shape in Arabidopsis. De-velopment 133, 1645–1655.

Feng X, Zhao Z, Tian Z, et al, 2006. From the cover: control ofpetal shape and floral zygomorphy in Lotus japonicus. Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 4970–4975.

Geuten K, Becker A, Kaufmann K, Caris P, Janssens S,Viaene T, Theißen G, Smets E. 2006. Petaloidy and petalidentity MADS-box genes in the balsaminoid genera Impatiensand Marcgravia. The Plant Journal 47, 501–518.

Goetz M, Vivian-Smith A, Johnson SD, Koltunow AM. 2006.AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 is a negative regulator of fruitinitiation in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18, 1873–1886.

Gomez JM, Perfectti F, Camacho JPM. 2006. Natural selectionon Erysimum mediohispanicum flower shape: insights into theevolution of zygomorphy. American Naturalist 168, 531–545.

Gregis V, Sessa A, Colombo L, Kater MM. 2006. AGL24,SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, and APETALA1 redundantlycontrol AGAMOUS during early stages of flower development inArabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18, 1373–1382.

Grob V, Moline P, Pfeifer E, Novelo AR, Rutishauser R. 2006.Developmental morphology of branching flowers in Nymphaeaprolifera. Journal of Plant Research 119, 561–570.

Guan CM, Zhu SS, Li XG, Zhang XS. 2006. Hormone-regulatedinflorescence induction and TFL1 expression in Arabidopsiscallus in vitro. Plant Cell Reports 25, 1133–1137.

Hengchang Wang AM, Li J, Feng M, Chen Z, Wang W. 2006.Floral organogenesis of Cocculus orbiculatus and Stephaniadielsiana (Menispermaceae). International Journal of PlantSciences 167, 951–960.

Hord CLH, Chen C, DeYoung BJ, Clark SE, Ma H. 2006. TheBAM1/BAM2 receptor-like kinases are important regulatorsof Arabidopsis early anther development. The Plant Cell 18,1667–1680.

Iwasaki M, Nitasaka E. 2006. The FEATHERED gene is requiredfor polarity establishment in lateral organs especially flowers ofthe Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil). Plant MolecularBiology 62, 913–925.

Kondo H, Ozaki H, Itoh K, Kato A, Takeno K. 2006. Floweringinduced by 5-azacytidine, a DNA demethylating reagent ina short-day plant, Perilla frutescens var. crispa. PhysiologiaPlantarum 127, 130–137.

Konishi S, Izawa T, Yang Lin S, Ebana K, Fukuta Y, Sasaki T,Yano M. 2006. An SNP caused loss of seed shattering during ricedomestication. Science 312, 1392–1396.

Krizek BA, Lewis MW, Fletcher JC. 2006. RABBIT EARS isa second-whorl repressor of AGAMOUS that maintains spatialboundaries in Arabidopsis flowers. The Plant Journal 45, 369–383.

Krosnick SE, Harris EM, Freudenstein JV. 2006. Patterns ofanomalous floral development in the Asian Passiflora (subgenusDecaloba: supersection Disemma). American Journal of Botany93, 620–636.

Li C, Zhou A, Sang T. 2006. Rice domestication by reducingshattering. Science 311, 1936–1939.

Luo HF, Li YF, Yang ZL, Zhong BQ, Xie R, Ren MZ,Luo D, He GH. 2006. Fine mapping of a PISTILLOID-STAMEN(PS) gene on the short arm of chromosome 1 in rice. Genome 49,1016–1022.

Mathieu Chouteau DB, Gibernau M. 2006. A comparative studyof inflorescence characters and pollen-ovule ratios among thegenera Philodendron and Anthurium (Araceae). InternationalJournal of Plant Sciences 167, 817–829.

Maurizio Vezza MN, Guarnieri M, Artese D, Rascio N,Pacini E. 2006. Ivy (Hedera helix L.) flower nectar and

nectary ecophysiology. International Journal of Plant Sciences167, 519–527.

Radchuk V, Borisjuk L, Radchuk R, Steinbiss H-H,Rolletschek H, Broeders S, Wobus U. 2006. Jekyll encodes anovel protein involved in the sexual reproduction of barley. ThePlant Cell 18, 1652–1666.

Richards JH, Bruhl JJ, Wilson KL. 2006. Flower or spikelet?Understanding the morphology and development of reproductivestructures in Exocarya (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae, Chrysitri-cheae). American Journal of Botany 93, 1241–1250.

Rijpkema AS, Royaert S, Zethof J, van der Weerden G,Gerats T, Vandenbussche M. 2006. Analysis of the PetuniaTM6 MADS box gene reveals functional divergence within theDEF/AP3 lineage. The Plant Cell 18, 1819–1832.

Satoh-Nagasawa N, Nagasawa N, Malcomber S, Sakai H,Jackson D. 2006. A trehalose metabolic enzyme controlsinflorescence architecture in maize. Nature 441, 227–230.

Schwinn K, Venail J, Shang Y, et al. 2006. A small family ofMYB-regulatory genes controls floral pigmentation intensity andpatterning in the genus Antirrhinum. The Plant Cell 18, 831–851.

Sreekantan L, Torregrosa L, Fernandez L, Thomas MR. 2006.VvMADS9, a class B MADS-box gene involved in grapevineflowering, shows different expression patterns in mutants withabnormal petal and stamen structures. Functional Plant Biology33, 877–886.

Sridhar VV, Surendrarao A, Liu Z. 2006. APETALA1 andSEPALLATA3 interact with SEUSS to mediate transcriptionrepression during flower development. Development 133,3159–3166.

Sundstrom JF, Nakayama N, Glimelius K, Irish VF. 2006.Direct regulation of the floral homeotic APETALA1 gene byAPETALA3 and PISTILLATA in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal46, 593–600.

Szecsi J, Joly C, Bordji K, Varaud E, Cock JM, Dumas C,Bendahmane M. 2006. BIGPETALp, a bHLH transcriptionfactor is involved in the control of Arabidopsis petal size. EMBOJournal 25, 3912–3920.

Szucs P, Karsai I, von Zitzewitz J, Meszaros K, Cooper LLD,Gu YQ, Chen THH, Hayes PM, Skinner JS. 2006. Positionalrelationships between photoperiod response QTL and photorecep-tor and vernalization genes in barley. Theoretical and AppliedGenetics 112, 1277–1285.

Tan FC, Swain SM. 2006. Genetics of flower initiation anddevelopment in annual and perennial plants. Physiologia Planta-rum 128, 8–17.

Tian B, Chen YY, Li DZ, Yan YX. 2006. Cloning andcharacterization of a bamboo LEAFY HULL STERILE1 homolo-gous gene. DNA Sequence 17, 143–151.

Vaes E, Vrijdaghs A, Smets EF, Dessein S. 2006. Elaborate petalsin Australian Spermacoce (Rubiaceae) species: morphology,ontogeny and function. Annals of Botany 98, 1167–1178.

Vrijdaghs A, Goetghebeur P, Smets E, Muasya AM. 2006. Thefloral scales in Hellmuthia (Cyperaceae, Cyperoideae) and Para-mapania (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae): an ontogenetic study.Annals of Botany 98, 619–630.

Webster MA, Gilmartin PM. 2006. Analysis of late stage flowerdevelopment in Primula vulgaris reveals novel differences in cellmorphology and temporal aspects of floral heteromorphy. NewPhytologist 171, 591–603.

Wu M-F, Tian Q, Reed JW. 2006. Arabidopsis microRNA167controls patterns of ARF6 and ARF8 expression, and regulates bothfemale and male reproduction. Development 133, 4211–4218.

Xu Y, Teo LL, Zhou J, Kumar PP, Yu H. 2006. Floral organidentity genes in the orchid Dendrobium crumenatum. The PlantJournal 46, 54–68.


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Yamaguchi T, Lee DY, Miyao A, Hirochika H, An G,Hirano, H-Y. 2006. Functional diversification of the two C-ClassMADS box genes OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 in Oryza sativa.The Plant Cell 18, 15–28.

Zhao XY, Cheng ZJ, Zhang XS. 2006. Overexpression ofTaMADS1, a SEPALLATA-like gene in wheat, causes earlyflowering and the abnormal development of floral organs inArabidopsis. Planta 223, 698–707.

Zhang Y, Yang J, Rao G-Y. 2006. Comparative study on the aerialand subterranean flower development in Amphicarpaea edge-worthii Benth. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), an amphicarpicspecies. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167, 943–949.

Zluvova J, Nicolas M, Berger A, Negrutiu I, Moneger F. 2006.Premature arrest of the male flower meristem precedes sexualdimorphism in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 18854–18859.

Meristems and flowering

Papers concerned with the meristem and flowering reflectthe importance of the CLAVATA signalling mechanism,and its impact on meristem size. The FON4 gene fromrice turns out to be a putative CLV3 orthologue, andevidence from Chu et al. suggests the CLV mechanism isconserved in monocots and dicots. The key CLE motif inCLV3 proves sufficient to execute CLV3 function, and iseffective as a synthetic peptide (Fiers et al.; Ni and Clark).Interestingly, however, meristem homeostasis can toleratewide variation in CLV3 expression levels (Muller et al.).The BAM receptor kinase-like proteins are CLV1-relatedbut have the opposite role to CLV1 (loss-of-functionalleles cause a loss of stem cells). This may be explainedby their more generalized expression patterns comparedwith the highly specific meristem-limited pattern of CLV1(DeYoung et al.). BAM1 and BAM2 may function toreturn cells from the peripheral zone to the central zone(discussed in Tax and Durbak). At the response end ofthe CLV mechanism, genetic data indicate that the POL andPLL1 phosphatases regulate WUS at the transcriptionallevel (Song et al.). The rosulata mutant of Antirrhinumis shown to be a WUS orthologue, and evidence is pre-sented that indicates WUS/ROA function by recruitingco-repressors that interact with the conserved C-terminaldomain and repress genes that would otherwise promotedifferentiation in the meristem (Kieffer et al.). A new rolein stem cell maintenance is suggested for APETALA2, viaexpression in the meristem centre and effects on the CLV/WUS feedback loop (Wurschum et al.).An insight from Petunia is that repression of the WUS

homologue TERMINATOR is achieved by a complex ofC-, D-, and E-type MADS-box proteins (Ferrario et al.).This observation is usefully complemented by an over-view of the E function and determinacy in Gerbera andother species (Teeri et al.). A theme in the Gerbera workis how reversibility of flower formation is manifested inflowers of different structures (inferior versus superiorovary), and a generalization from Petunia is that where

flower structure requires delayed determinacy (in orderthat gynoecium construction can be completed), genesconcerned with this construction process (here ovule orD-function MADS-box genes) are required for WUSrepression.A characteristic of flower formation is that it becomes

canalized, so that adoption of alternative fates/identities isdifficult, regardless of changes in the internal or externalenvironment. One mechanism behind this is illustrated bythe feed-forward transcriptional loop in which LEAFYrecruits the meristem identity regulator LMI1 to activateCAL expression (Saddic et al.). Another may involvemeristem-located proteins such as ROR1/RPA2A, whichmaintain gene silencing via histone modifications and thushave the ability to ensure epigenetic changes are sustained(Xia et al.).Phase change is another process that requires the

meristem to undergo stable, global change in its function.The zippy mutant has an accelerated juvenile–adulttransition which results from removal of repression of theauxin-related transcription factors ETTIN and ARF4, a pro-cess mediated by the trans-acting siRNA from the TAS3locus tasiR-ARF (Hunter et al.). The interpretation of thiseffect is that the siRNA sets the threshold for phasechange (via ETTIN and ARF4), but is not the develop-mental clock output that causes phase change. On theother hand, an increase in expression of SQUAMOSAPROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 regulatesphase change and is a result of a decrease in the microRNA miR156 (Wu and Poethig).Quantitative analysis of meristem function is prominent

in the papers on sunflower capitulum development (Dosioet al.) and Arabidopsis flower primordium initiation(Kwiatkowska). The sunflower work defines the processesof floret initiation and meristem tissue expansion and pro-vides a basis for future analysis of the relative contributionsof biophysical- and polar auxin transport-based mech-anisms to meristem morphogenesis (see also Fleming).The paper by Kwiatkowska indicates that formation ofa crease (not a bump), interpreted as the axil ofa rudimentary bract, is the first morphological event inflower formation.

Review articles

Blazquez MA, Ferrandiz C, Madueno F, Parcy F. 2006. Howfloral meristems are built. Plant Molecular Biology 60, 855–870.

Doerner P. 2006. Plant meristems: what you see is what you get?Current Biology 16, R56-R58.

Fleming AJ. 2006. Producing patterns in plants. New Phytologist170, 639–641.

Friml J, Benfey P, Benkova E, et al. 2006. Apical–basal polarity:why plant cells don’t stand on their heads. Trends in PlantScience 11, 12–14.

Shani E, Yanai O, Ori N. 2006. The role of hormones in shootapical meristem function. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9,484–489.


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Yamaguchi T, Lee DY, Miyao A, Hirochika H, An G,Hirano, H-Y. 2006. Functional diversification of the two C-ClassMADS box genes OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 in Oryza sativa.The Plant Cell 18, 15–28.

Zhao XY, Cheng ZJ, Zhang XS. 2006. Overexpression ofTaMADS1, a SEPALLATA-like gene in wheat, causes earlyflowering and the abnormal development of floral organs inArabidopsis. Planta 223, 698–707.

Zhang Y, Yang J, Rao G-Y. 2006. Comparative study on the aerialand subterranean flower development in Amphicarpaea edge-worthii Benth. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), an amphicarpicspecies. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167, 943–949.

Zluvova J, Nicolas M, Berger A, Negrutiu I, Moneger F. 2006.Premature arrest of the male flower meristem precedes sexualdimorphism in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, USA 103, 18854–18859.

Meristems and flowering

Papers concerned with the meristem and flowering reflectthe importance of the CLAVATA signalling mechanism,and its impact on meristem size. The FON4 gene fromrice turns out to be a putative CLV3 orthologue, andevidence from Chu et al. suggests the CLV mechanism isconserved in monocots and dicots. The key CLE motif inCLV3 proves sufficient to execute CLV3 function, and iseffective as a synthetic peptide (Fiers et al.; Ni and Clark).Interestingly, however, meristem homeostasis can toleratewide variation in CLV3 expression levels (Muller et al.).The BAM receptor kinase-like proteins are CLV1-relatedbut have the opposite role to CLV1 (loss-of-functionalleles cause a loss of stem cells). This may be explainedby their more generalized expression patterns comparedwith the highly specific meristem-limited pattern of CLV1(DeYoung et al.). BAM1 and BAM2 may function toreturn cells from the peripheral zone to the central zone(discussed in Tax and Durbak). At the response end ofthe CLV mechanism, genetic data indicate that the POL andPLL1 phosphatases regulate WUS at the transcriptionallevel (Song et al.). The rosulata mutant of Antirrhinumis shown to be a WUS orthologue, and evidence is pre-sented that indicates WUS/ROA function by recruitingco-repressors that interact with the conserved C-terminaldomain and repress genes that would otherwise promotedifferentiation in the meristem (Kieffer et al.). A new rolein stem cell maintenance is suggested for APETALA2, viaexpression in the meristem centre and effects on the CLV/WUS feedback loop (Wurschum et al.).An insight from Petunia is that repression of the WUS

homologue TERMINATOR is achieved by a complex ofC-, D-, and E-type MADS-box proteins (Ferrario et al.).This observation is usefully complemented by an over-view of the E function and determinacy in Gerbera andother species (Teeri et al.). A theme in the Gerbera workis how reversibility of flower formation is manifested inflowers of different structures (inferior versus superiorovary), and a generalization from Petunia is that where

flower structure requires delayed determinacy (in orderthat gynoecium construction can be completed), genesconcerned with this construction process (here ovule orD-function MADS-box genes) are required for WUSrepression.A characteristic of flower formation is that it becomes

canalized, so that adoption of alternative fates/identities isdifficult, regardless of changes in the internal or externalenvironment. One mechanism behind this is illustrated bythe feed-forward transcriptional loop in which LEAFYrecruits the meristem identity regulator LMI1 to activateCAL expression (Saddic et al.). Another may involvemeristem-located proteins such as ROR1/RPA2A, whichmaintain gene silencing via histone modifications and thushave the ability to ensure epigenetic changes are sustained(Xia et al.).Phase change is another process that requires the

meristem to undergo stable, global change in its function.The zippy mutant has an accelerated juvenile–adulttransition which results from removal of repression of theauxin-related transcription factors ETTIN and ARF4, a pro-cess mediated by the trans-acting siRNA from the TAS3locus tasiR-ARF (Hunter et al.). The interpretation of thiseffect is that the siRNA sets the threshold for phasechange (via ETTIN and ARF4), but is not the develop-mental clock output that causes phase change. On theother hand, an increase in expression of SQUAMOSAPROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 regulatesphase change and is a result of a decrease in the microRNA miR156 (Wu and Poethig).Quantitative analysis of meristem function is prominent

in the papers on sunflower capitulum development (Dosioet al.) and Arabidopsis flower primordium initiation(Kwiatkowska). The sunflower work defines the processesof floret initiation and meristem tissue expansion and pro-vides a basis for future analysis of the relative contributionsof biophysical- and polar auxin transport-based mech-anisms to meristem morphogenesis (see also Fleming).The paper by Kwiatkowska indicates that formation ofa crease (not a bump), interpreted as the axil ofa rudimentary bract, is the first morphological event inflower formation.

Review articles

Blazquez MA, Ferrandiz C, Madueno F, Parcy F. 2006. Howfloral meristems are built. Plant Molecular Biology 60, 855–870.

Doerner P. 2006. Plant meristems: what you see is what you get?Current Biology 16, R56-R58.

Fleming AJ. 2006. Producing patterns in plants. New Phytologist170, 639–641.

Friml J, Benfey P, Benkova E, et al. 2006. Apical–basal polarity:why plant cells don’t stand on their heads. Trends in PlantScience 11, 12–14.

Shani E, Yanai O, Ori N. 2006. The role of hormones in shootapical meristem function. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9,484–489.


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Singh MB, Bhalla PL. 2006. Plant stem cells carve their ownniche. Trends in Plant Science 11, 241–246.

Tax FE, Durbak A. 2006. Meristems in the movies: live imagingas a tool for decoding intercellular signalling in shoot apicalmeristems. The Plant Cell 18, 1331–1337.

Research papers

Boss PK, Sreekantan L, Thomas MR. 2006. A grapevine TFL1homologue can delay flowering and alter floral developmentwhen overexpressed in heterologous species. Functional PlantBiology 33, 31–41.

Chu H, Qian Q, Liang W, Yin C, Tan H, Yao X, Yuan Z,Yang J, Huang H, Luo D, Ma H, Zhang D. 2006. TheFLORAL ORGAN NUMBER4 gene encoding a putative orthologof Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 regulates apical meristem size inrice. Plant Physiology 42, 1039–1052.

DeYoung BJ, Bickle KL, Schrage KJ, Muskett P, Patel K,Clark SE. 2006. The CLAVATA1-related BAM1, BAM2, andBAM3 receptor kinase-like proteins are required for meristemfunction in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 45, 1–16.

Dosio GAA, Tardieu F, Turc O. 2006. How does the meristemof sunflower capitulum cope with tissue expansion and floretinitiation? A quantitative analysis. New Phytologist 170,711–722.

Eriksson S, Bohlenius H, Moritz T, Nilsson O. 2006. GA(4) isthe active gibberellin in the regulation of LEAFY transcription andArabidopsis floral initiation. The Plant Cell 18, 2172–2181.

Ferrario S, Shchennikova AV, Franken J, Immink RGH,Angenent GC. 2006. Control of floral meristem determinacy inPetunia by MADS-box transcription factors. Plant Physiology140, 890–898.

Fiers M, Golemiec E, van der Schors R, van der Geest L,Wan Li K, Stiekema W, Liu C-M. 2006. The CLAVATA3/ESRmotif of CLAVATA3 is functionally independent from the noncon-served flanking sequences. Plant Physiology 141, 1284–1292.

Hunter C, Willmann MR, Wu G, Yoshikawa M, de la LuzGutierrez-Nava M, Poethig SR. 2006. Trans-acting siRNA-mediated repression of ETTIN and ARF4 regulates heteroblasty inArabidopsis. Development 133, 2973–2981.

Kanrar S, Onguka O, Smith HMS. 2006. Arabidopsis inflores-cence architecture requires the activities of KNOX-BELL homeo-domain heterodimers. Planta 224, 1163–1173.

Kawamura K, Takeda H. 2006. Cost and probability of floweringat the shoot level in relation to variability in shoot size within thecrown of Vaccinium hirtum (Ericaceae). New Phytologist 171,69–80.

Kieffer M, Stern Y, Cook H, Clerici E, Maulbetsch C, Laux T,Davies B. 2006. Analysis of the transcription factor WUSCHELand its functional homologue in Antirrhinum reveals a potentialmechanism for their roles in meristem maintenance. The PlantCell 18, 560–573.

Kim DH, Han MS, Cho HW, Jo YD, Cho MC, Kim BD. 2006.Molecular cloning of a pepper gene that is homologous to SELF-PRUNING. Molecules and Cells 22, 89–96.

Korn RW. 2006. Anodic asymmetry of leaves and flowers and itsrelationship to phyllotaxis. Annals of Botany 97, 1011–1015.

Kwiatkowska D. 2006. Flower primordium formation at theArabidopsis shoot apex: quantitative analysis of surface geometryand growth. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 571–580.

Mlotshwa S, Yang ZY, Kim YJ, Chen XM. 2006. Floralpatterning defects induced by Arabidopsis APETALA2 andmicroRNA172 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. PlantMolecular Biology 61, 781–793.

Muller R, Borghi L, Kwiatkowska D, Laufs P, Simon R. 2006.Dynamic and compensatory responses of Arabidopsis shoot

and floral meristems to CLV3 signaling. The Plant Cell 18,1188–1198.

Ni J, Clark SE. 2006. Evidence for functional conservation,sufficiency, and proteolytic processing of the CLAVATA3 CLEdomain. Plant Physiology 140, 726–733.

Pujar A, Jaiswal P, Kellogg EA, et al. 2006. Whole-plant growthstage ontology for angiosperms and its application in plantbiology. Plant Physiology 142, 414–428.

Saddic LA, Huvermann B, Bezhani S, Su Y, Winter CM,Kwon CS, Collum RP, Wagner D. 2006. The LEAFY targetLMI1 is a meristem identity regulator and acts together withLEAFY to regulate expression of CAULIFLOWER. Development133, 1673–1682.

Song S-K, Min Lee M, Clark SE. 2006. POL and PLL1phosphatases are CLAVATA1 signaling intermediates requiredfor Arabidopsis shoot and floral stem cells. Development 133,4691–4698.

Szymkowiak EJ, Irish EE. 2006. JOINTLESS suppresses sympo-dial identity in inflorescence meristems of tomato. Planta 223,646–658.

Teeri TH, Uimari A, Kotilainen M, Laitinen R, Help H,Elomaa P, Albert VA. 2006. Reproductive meristem fates inGerbera. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3445–3455.

Wu CX, Ma QB, Yam KM, Cheung MY, Xu YY, Han TF,Lam HM, Chong K. 2006. In situ expression of the GmNMH7gene is photoperiod-dependent in a unique soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merr.) flowering reversion system. Planta 223, 725–735.

Wu G, Poethig RS. 2006. Temporal regulation of shoot devel-opment in Arabidopsis thaliana by miR156 and its target SPL3.Development 133, 3539–3547.

Wurschum T, Gross-Hardt R, Laux T. 2006. APETALA2regulates the stem cell niche in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem.The Plant Cell 18, 295–307.

Xia R, Wang J, Liu C, et al. 2006. ROR1/RPA2A, a putativereplication protein A2, functions in epigenetic gene silencing andin regulation of meristem development in Arabidopsis. The PlantCell 18, 85–103.

Xie KB, Wu CQ, Xiong LZ. 2006. Genomic organization,differential expression, and interaction of SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like transcription factors and microRNA156 in rice. PlantPhysiology 142, 280–293.

Taxonomy and evolution

Review articles

Bateman RM, Hilton J, Rudall PJ. 2006. Morphological andmolecular phylogenetic context of the angiosperms: contrastingthe ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches used to infer thelikely characteristics of the first flowers. Journal of ExperimentalBotany 57, 3471–3503.

Charlesworth D. 2006. Evolution of plant breeding systems.Current Biology 16, R726–R735.

Clauss MJ, Koch MA. 2006. Poorly known relatives of Arabidop-sis thaliana. Trends in Plant Science 11, 449–459.

Kellogg EA. 2006. Progress and challenges in studies of theevolution of development. Journal of Experimental Botany 57,3505–3516.

McSteen P. 2006. Branching out: the ramosa pathway and theevolution of grass inflorescence morphology. The Plant Cell 18,518–522.

Roux F, Touzet P, Cuguen J, Le Corre V. 2006. How to be earlyflowering: an evolutionary perspective. Trends in Plant Science11, 375–381.


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Scutt CP, Vinauger-Douard M, Fourquin C, Finet C, Dumas C.2006. An evolutionary perspective on the regulation ofcarpel development. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 2143–2152.

Verdu M, Gleiser G. 2006. Adaptive evolution of reproductive andvegetative traits driven by breeding systems. New Phytologist169, 409–417.

Research papers

Andre S, Chanderbali SK, Buzgo M, Zheng Z, OppenheimerDG, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 2006. Genetic footprints of stamenancestors guide perianth evolution in Persea (Lauraceae). In-ternational Journal of Plant Sciences 167, 1075–1089.

Armbruster WS, Perez-Barrales R, Arroyo J, Edwards ME,Vargas P. 2006. Three-dimensional reciprocity of floral morphsin wild flax (Linum suffruticosum): a new twist on heterostyly.New Phytologist 171, 581–590.

Bateman RM, Rudall PJ. 2006. Evolutionary and morphometricimplications of morphological variation among flowers within aninflorescence: a case-study using European orchids. Annals ofBotany 98, 975–993.

Bhattacharya S, Das M, Bar R, Pal A. 2006. Morphological andmolecular characterization of Bambusa tulda with a note onflowering. Annals of Botany 98, 529–535.

Bomblies K, Doebley JF. 2006. Pleiotropic effects of the duplicatemaize FLORICAULA/LEAFY genes zfl1 and zfl2 on traits underselection during maize domestication. Genetics 172, 519–531.

DeWitt Smith S, Baum DA. 2006. Phylogenetics of the florallydiverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae). AmericanJournal of Botany 93, 1140–1153.

Floyd SK, Zalewski CS, Bowman JL. 2006. Evolution of class IIIhomeodomain-leucine zipper genes in streptophytes. Genetics173, 373–388.

Guggisberg A, Mansion G, Kelso S, Conti E. 2006. Evolution ofbiogeographic patterns, ploidy levels, and breeding systems ina diploid-polyploid species complex of Primula. New Phytologist171, 617–632.

Hintz M, Bartholmes C, Nutt P, Ziermann J, Hameister S,Neuffer B, Theissen G. 2006. Catching a ‘hopeful monster’:shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) as a model system tostudy the evolution of flower development. Journal of Experi-mental Botany 57, 3531–3542.

Hodgins KA, Barrett SCH. 2006. Female reproductive successand the evolution of mating-type frequencies in tristylouspopulations. New Phytologist 171, 569–580.

Howarth DG, Donoghue MJ. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the‘ECE’ (CYC/TB1) clade reveals duplications predating the coreeudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA103, 9101–9106.

Huang S-Q, Tang L-L, Sun J-F, Lu Y. 2006. Pollinator responseto female and male floral display in a monoecious species andits implications for the evolution of floral dimorphism. NewPhytologist 171, 417–424.

Kolsch A, Gleissberg S. 2006. Diversification of CYCLOIDEA-likeTCP genes in the basal eudicot families Fumariaceae andPapaveraceae s. str. Plant Biology 8, 680–687.

Malcomber ST, Kellogg EA. 2006. Evolution of unisexual flowersin grasses (Poaceae) and the putative sex-determination gene,TASSELSEED2 (TS2). New Phytologist 170, 885–899.

Marazzi B, Endress PK, Paganucci de Queiroz L, Conti E.2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae,Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns inthe evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries.American Journal of Botany 93, 288–303.

Mateu-Andres I, De Paco L. 2006. Genetic diversity and thereproductive system in related species of Antirrhinum. Annals ofBotany 98, 1053–1060.

Mayr EM, Weber A. 2006. Calceolariaceae: floral development andsystematic implications. American Journal of Botany 93, 327–343.

Paun O, Stuessy TF, Horandl E. 2006. The role of hybridization,polyploidization and glaciation in the origin and evolution of theapomictic Ranunculus cassubicus complex. New Phytologist 171,223–236.

Perez F, Arroyo MTK, Medel R, Hershkovitz MA. 2006.Ancestral reconstruction of flower morphology and pollinationsystems in Schizanthus (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany93, 1029–1038.

Rees M, Childs DZ, Metcalf JC, Rose KE, Sheppard AW,Grubb PJ. 2006. Seed dormancy and delayed flowering inmonocarpic plants: selective interactions in a stochastic environ-ment. American Naturalist 168, E53–E71.

Schranz ME, Kantama L, de Jong H, Mitchell-Olds T. 2006.Asexual reproduction in a close relative of Arabidopsis: a geneticinvestigation of apomixis in Boechera (Brassicaceae). NewPhytologist 171, 425–438.

Smedmark JEE, Eriksson T. 2006. Early stages of developmentshed light on fruit evolution in allopolyploid species of Geum(Rosaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 167, 791–803.

Sokoloff D, Rudall PJ, Remizowa M. 2006. Flower-like terminalstructures in racemose inflorescences: a tool in morphogeneticand evolutionary research. Journal of Experimental Botany 57,3517–3530.

Toomajian C, Hu TT, Aranzana MJ, Lister C, Tang CL,Zheng HG, Zhao KY, Calabrese P, Dean C, Nordborg M.2006. A nonparametric test reveals selection for rapid floweringin the Arabidopsis genome. PloS Biology 4, 732–738.

Whibley AC, Langlade NB, Andalo C, Hanna AI, Bangham A,Thebaud C, Coen E. 2006. Evolutionary paths underlying flowercolour variation in Antirrhinum. Science 313, 963–966.

Pollination and ecology

Review articles

Ackerly D, Sultan S. 2006. Mind the gap: the emerging synthesisof plant ‘eco-devo’. New Phytologist 170, 648–653.

Chittka L, Raine NE. 2006. Recognition of flowers by pollinators.Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9, 428–435.

Galliot C, Stuurman J, Kuhlemeier C. 2006. The geneticdissection of floral pollination syndromes. Current Opinion inPlant Biology 9, 78–82.

Research papers

Anderson IA, Busch JW. 2006. Relaxed pollinator-mediatedselection weakens floral integration in self-compatible taxa ofLeavenworthia (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 93,860–867.

Bai W-N, Zeng Y-F, Liao W-J, Zhang D-Y. 2006. Floweringphenology and wind-pollination efficacy of heterodichogamousJuglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). Annals of Botany 98,397–402.

Biesmeijer JC, Roberts SPM, Reemer M, et al. 2006. Paralleldeclines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain andthe Netherlands. Science 313, 351–354.

Buggs RJA, Pannell JR. 2006. Rapid displacement of a monoe-cious plant lineage is due to pollen swamping by a dioeciousrelative. Current Biology 16, 996–1000.


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Scutt CP, Vinauger-Douard M, Fourquin C, Finet C, Dumas C.2006. An evolutionary perspective on the regulation ofcarpel development. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 2143–2152.

Verdu M, Gleiser G. 2006. Adaptive evolution of reproductive andvegetative traits driven by breeding systems. New Phytologist169, 409–417.

Research papers

Andre S, Chanderbali SK, Buzgo M, Zheng Z, OppenheimerDG, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 2006. Genetic footprints of stamenancestors guide perianth evolution in Persea (Lauraceae). In-ternational Journal of Plant Sciences 167, 1075–1089.

Armbruster WS, Perez-Barrales R, Arroyo J, Edwards ME,Vargas P. 2006. Three-dimensional reciprocity of floral morphsin wild flax (Linum suffruticosum): a new twist on heterostyly.New Phytologist 171, 581–590.

Bateman RM, Rudall PJ. 2006. Evolutionary and morphometricimplications of morphological variation among flowers within aninflorescence: a case-study using European orchids. Annals ofBotany 98, 975–993.

Bhattacharya S, Das M, Bar R, Pal A. 2006. Morphological andmolecular characterization of Bambusa tulda with a note onflowering. Annals of Botany 98, 529–535.

Bomblies K, Doebley JF. 2006. Pleiotropic effects of the duplicatemaize FLORICAULA/LEAFY genes zfl1 and zfl2 on traits underselection during maize domestication. Genetics 172, 519–531.

DeWitt Smith S, Baum DA. 2006. Phylogenetics of the florallydiverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae). AmericanJournal of Botany 93, 1140–1153.

Floyd SK, Zalewski CS, Bowman JL. 2006. Evolution of class IIIhomeodomain-leucine zipper genes in streptophytes. Genetics173, 373–388.

Guggisberg A, Mansion G, Kelso S, Conti E. 2006. Evolution ofbiogeographic patterns, ploidy levels, and breeding systems ina diploid-polyploid species complex of Primula. New Phytologist171, 617–632.

Hintz M, Bartholmes C, Nutt P, Ziermann J, Hameister S,Neuffer B, Theissen G. 2006. Catching a ‘hopeful monster’:shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) as a model system tostudy the evolution of flower development. Journal of Experi-mental Botany 57, 3531–3542.

Hodgins KA, Barrett SCH. 2006. Female reproductive successand the evolution of mating-type frequencies in tristylouspopulations. New Phytologist 171, 569–580.

Howarth DG, Donoghue MJ. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the‘ECE’ (CYC/TB1) clade reveals duplications predating the coreeudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA103, 9101–9106.

Huang S-Q, Tang L-L, Sun J-F, Lu Y. 2006. Pollinator responseto female and male floral display in a monoecious species andits implications for the evolution of floral dimorphism. NewPhytologist 171, 417–424.

Kolsch A, Gleissberg S. 2006. Diversification of CYCLOIDEA-likeTCP genes in the basal eudicot families Fumariaceae andPapaveraceae s. str. Plant Biology 8, 680–687.

Malcomber ST, Kellogg EA. 2006. Evolution of unisexual flowersin grasses (Poaceae) and the putative sex-determination gene,TASSELSEED2 (TS2). New Phytologist 170, 885–899.

Marazzi B, Endress PK, Paganucci de Queiroz L, Conti E.2006. Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae,Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns inthe evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries.American Journal of Botany 93, 288–303.

Mateu-Andres I, De Paco L. 2006. Genetic diversity and thereproductive system in related species of Antirrhinum. Annals ofBotany 98, 1053–1060.

Mayr EM, Weber A. 2006. Calceolariaceae: floral development andsystematic implications. American Journal of Botany 93, 327–343.

Paun O, Stuessy TF, Horandl E. 2006. The role of hybridization,polyploidization and glaciation in the origin and evolution of theapomictic Ranunculus cassubicus complex. New Phytologist 171,223–236.

Perez F, Arroyo MTK, Medel R, Hershkovitz MA. 2006.Ancestral reconstruction of flower morphology and pollinationsystems in Schizanthus (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany93, 1029–1038.

Rees M, Childs DZ, Metcalf JC, Rose KE, Sheppard AW,Grubb PJ. 2006. Seed dormancy and delayed flowering inmonocarpic plants: selective interactions in a stochastic environ-ment. American Naturalist 168, E53–E71.

Schranz ME, Kantama L, de Jong H, Mitchell-Olds T. 2006.Asexual reproduction in a close relative of Arabidopsis: a geneticinvestigation of apomixis in Boechera (Brassicaceae). NewPhytologist 171, 425–438.

Smedmark JEE, Eriksson T. 2006. Early stages of developmentshed light on fruit evolution in allopolyploid species of Geum(Rosaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 167, 791–803.

Sokoloff D, Rudall PJ, Remizowa M. 2006. Flower-like terminalstructures in racemose inflorescences: a tool in morphogeneticand evolutionary research. Journal of Experimental Botany 57,3517–3530.

Toomajian C, Hu TT, Aranzana MJ, Lister C, Tang CL,Zheng HG, Zhao KY, Calabrese P, Dean C, Nordborg M.2006. A nonparametric test reveals selection for rapid floweringin the Arabidopsis genome. PloS Biology 4, 732–738.

Whibley AC, Langlade NB, Andalo C, Hanna AI, Bangham A,Thebaud C, Coen E. 2006. Evolutionary paths underlying flowercolour variation in Antirrhinum. Science 313, 963–966.

Pollination and ecology

Review articles

Ackerly D, Sultan S. 2006. Mind the gap: the emerging synthesisof plant ‘eco-devo’. New Phytologist 170, 648–653.

Chittka L, Raine NE. 2006. Recognition of flowers by pollinators.Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9, 428–435.

Galliot C, Stuurman J, Kuhlemeier C. 2006. The geneticdissection of floral pollination syndromes. Current Opinion inPlant Biology 9, 78–82.

Research papers

Anderson IA, Busch JW. 2006. Relaxed pollinator-mediatedselection weakens floral integration in self-compatible taxa ofLeavenworthia (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 93,860–867.

Bai W-N, Zeng Y-F, Liao W-J, Zhang D-Y. 2006. Floweringphenology and wind-pollination efficacy of heterodichogamousJuglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). Annals of Botany 98,397–402.

Biesmeijer JC, Roberts SPM, Reemer M, et al. 2006. Paralleldeclines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain andthe Netherlands. Science 313, 351–354.

Buggs RJA, Pannell JR. 2006. Rapid displacement of a monoe-cious plant lineage is due to pollen swamping by a dioeciousrelative. Current Biology 16, 996–1000.


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Burd M, Read J, Sanson GD, Jaffre T. 2006. Age–size plasticityfor reproduction in monocarpic plants. Ecology 87, 2755–2764.

Gao J-Y, Ren P-Y, Yang Z-H, Li Q-J. 2006. The pollinationecology of Paraboea rufescens (Gesneriaceae): a buzz-pollinatedtropical herb with mirror-image flowers. Annals of Botany 97,371–376.

Itagaki T, Sakai S. 2006. Relationship between floral longevityand sex allocation among flowers within inflorescences inAquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala (Ranunculaceae). AmericanJournal of Botany 93, 1320–1327.

Jordan CY, Harder LD. 2006. Manipulation of bee behavior byinflorescence architecture and its consequences for plant mating.American Naturalist 167, 496–509.

Kitamoto N, Ueno S, Takenaka A, Tsumura Y, Washitani I,Ohsawa R. 2006. Effect of flowering phenology on pollen flowdistance and the consequences for spatial genetic structure withina population of Primula sieboldii (Primulaceae). AmericanJournal of Botany 93, 226–233.

Larl I, Wagner J. 2006. Timing of reproductive and vegetativedevelopment in Saxifraga oppositifolia in an alpine and a subnivalclimate. Plant Biology 8, 155–166.

Ortiz MA, Talavera S, Garcia-Castano JL, Tremetsberger K,Stuessy T, Balao F, Casimiro-Soriguer R. 2006. Self-incompat-ibility and floral parameters in Hypochaeris sect. Hypochaeris(Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 93, 234–244.

Perez-Barrales R, Vargas P, Arroyo J. 2006. New evidence forthe Darwinian hypothesis of heterostyly: breeding systems andpollinators in Narcissus sect. Apodanthi. New Phytologist 171,553–567.

Smithson A. 2006. Pollinator limitation and inbreeding depressionin orchid species with and without nectar rewards. NewPhytologist 169, 419–430.

Sugiura S, Abe T, Makino S. 2006. Loss of extrafloral nectary onan oceanic island plant and its consequences for herbivory.American Journal of Botany 93, 491–495.

Weekley CW, Brothers A. 2006. Failure of reproductive assurancein the chasmogamous flowers of Polygala lewtonii (Polygala-ceae), an endangered sandhill herb. American Journal of Botany93, 245–253.

Regulatory mechanisms

Research papers

Achard P, Cheng H, De Grauwe L, Decat J, Schoutteten H,Moritz T, Van Der Straeten D, Peng J, Harberd NP. 2006.Integration of plant responses to environmentally activatedphytohormonal signals. Science 311, 91–94.

Alvarez JP, Pekker I, Goldshmidt A, Blum E, Amsellem Z,Eshed Y. 2006. Endogenous and synthetic microRNAs stimulatesimultaneous, efficient, and localized regulation of multipletargets in diverse species. The Plant Cell 18, 1134–1151.

Fahlgren N, Montgomery TA, Howell MD, Allen E, Dvorak SK,Alexander AL, Carrington JC. 2006. Regulation of AUXINRESPONSE FACTOR3 by TAS3 ta-siRNA affects developmentaltiming and patterning in Arabidopsis. Current Biology 16,939–944.

Finkelstein RR. 2006. Studies of abscisic acid perception finallyflower. The Plant Cell 18, 786–791.

Folter SD, Angenent GC. 2006. trans meets cis in MADS science.Trends in Plant Science 11, 224–231.

Gan Y, Kumimoto R, Liu C, Ratcliffe O, Yu H, Broun P. 2006.GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS modulates the regulationby gibberellins of epidermal differentiation and shoot maturationin Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18, 1383–1395.

Gehring M, Huh JH, Hsieh T-F, Penterman J, Choi Y,Harada JJ, Goldberg RB, Fischer RL. 2006. DEMETERDNA glycosylase establishes MEDEA polycomb gene self-imprinting by allele-specific demethylation. Cell 124, 495–506.

Hartweck LM, Olszewski NE. 2006. Rice GIBBERELLIN IN-SENSITIVE DWARF1 is a gibberellin receptor that illuminatesand raises questions about GA signalling. The Plant Cell 18,278–282.

Herr AJ, Molnar A, Jones A, Baulcombe DC. 2006. Inauguralarticle: defective RNA processing enhances RNA silencing andinfluences flowering of Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, USA 103, 14994–15001.

Jullien PE, Kinoshita T, Ohad N, Berger F. 2006. Maintenanceof DNA methylation during the Arabidopsis life cycle is essentialfor parental imprinting. The Plant Cell 18, 1360–1372.

Lee K, Avondo J, Morrison H, et al. 2006. Visualizing plantdevelopment and gene expression in three dimensions usingoptical projection tomography. The Plant Cell 18, 2145–2156.

Li H, Ilin S, Wang W, Duncan EM, Wysocka J, Allis CD,Patel DJ. 2006. Molecular basis for site-specific read-out ofhistone H3K4me3 by the BPTF PHD finger of NURF. Nature442, 91–95.

McClung CR. 2006. Plant circadian rhythms. The Plant Cell 18,792–803.

Pena PV, Davrazou F, Shi X, Walter KL, Verkhusha VV,Gozani O, Zhao R, Kutateladze TG. 2006. Molecular mech-anism of histone H3K4me3 recognition by plant homeodomain ofING2. Nature 442, 100–103.

Reyes JC. 2006. Chromatin modifiers that control plant develop-ment. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9, 21–27.

Schubert D, Primavesi L, Bishopp A, Roberts G, Doonan J,Jenuwein T, Goodrich J. 2006. Silencing by plant polycomb-group genes requires dispersed trimethylation of histone H3 atlysine 27. EMBO Journal 25, 4638–4649.

Schwab R, Ossowski S, Riester M, Warthmann N, Weigel D.2006. Highly specific gene silencing by artificial microRNAs inArabidopsis. The Plant Cell 18, 1121–1133.

Trewavas A. 2006. A brief history of systems biology: ‘Everyobject that biology studies is a system of systems.’ Francois Jacob(1974). The Plant Cell 18, 2420–2430.

Wang X, Chory J. 2006. Brassinosteroids regulate dissociation ofBKI1, a negative regulator of BRI1 signaling, from the plasmamembrane. Science 313, 1118–1122.

Wysocka J, Swigut T, Xiao H, et al. A PHD finger of NURFcouples histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation with chromatinremodelling. Nature 442, 86–90.

Xie K, Wu C, Xiong L. 2006. Genomic organization, differentialexpression, and interaction of SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like transcription factors and microRNA156 in rice. PlantPhysiology 142, 280–293.

Journals reviewed

American Journal of BotanyAmerican NaturalistAnnals of BotanyAnnual Review of GeneticsAnnual Review of Plant BiologyBMC GenomicsCellCurrent BiologyCurrent Opinion in Plant BiologyDevelopment


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DNA SequenceEcologyEMBO JournalFunctional Plant BiologyGenes and DevelopmentGenomeInternational Journal of Plant ScienceJournal of Experimental BotanyJournal of Plant ResearchMolecular Genetics and GenomicsMolecules and CellsNatureNew PhytologistPhysiologia Plantarum

PlantaPlant and Cell PhysiologyPlant BiologyPlant Cell ReportsPlant Molecular BiologyPlant PhysiologyPlant SciencePLoS BiologyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USAScienceTheoretical and Applied GeneticsThe Plant CellThe Plant JournalTrends in Plant Science


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DNA SequenceEcologyEMBO JournalFunctional Plant BiologyGenes and DevelopmentGenomeInternational Journal of Plant ScienceJournal of Experimental BotanyJournal of Plant ResearchMolecular Genetics and GenomicsMolecules and CellsNatureNew PhytologistPhysiologia Plantarum

PlantaPlant and Cell PhysiologyPlant BiologyPlant Cell ReportsPlant Molecular BiologyPlant PhysiologyPlant SciencePLoS BiologyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USAScienceTheoretical and Applied GeneticsThe Plant CellThe Plant JournalTrends in Plant Science


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Flowering Newsletter bibliography for 2006

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Transcript of Flowering Newsletter bibliography for 2006