Environmental Protection 1998 vol.9 no.10

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ontentsENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION • OCTOBER 1998 • VOLUME 9, NUMBER 10

IN EVERY ISSUE FEATURES

6 From the editor 14 Gaining groundMajor innovations in hazardous waste landfill

8 In the lab technology are making strides in protectingthe environment

10 Newswire By Marianna Buoni and David Nielsen

12 Tech spotlight: 20 CAAA: EPA's gameplanOdor control for fighting air toxlcs

This overview of the 1990 Clean Air Act56 New products Amendments spells out EPA's agenda for regu-

68 Classified advertisingllating air emissions

Professional directoryBy john N. Driscoll, DCS

74 Protection24 A common sense approach

to cleanupsperspectives An overview of how to use risk-based decision

74 Advertiser indexmaking to respond to chemical releases into

Page 14the environmentBy john A. Con no,; PE, and Charles j. Newell,PhD,PE

28 Stalking a moving targetQuantification of industrial and wastewaterodors is a challenging, yet necessary first stepin controlling this widespread problemBy Charles M. McGinley, PE, and Michael A.McGinley, MHS

32 The politics of protectionSenatorial candidates in three high-profile racesspeak out on environmental issuesBy Ingrid Tntelnper

36 Once Is not enoughBusiness owners can reduces potential liabilityby switching from disposable wipes to reusableshop towelsBy D.). Smilh, MS

42 CAM rule checkup Page 28

Examine your faCility's air emissions and deter-mine if compliance assurance monitoring andperiodic monitoring requirements applyBy BenlClrd Evcms, PE

DEPARTMENTS

48 Wastewater chemical treatment

ABOUT THE COVER comparison guide

This newly constructed landfillSO Legal watchcell contains a rain protection

cover placed over its liner. Reaching a ceasefire

Sandbags are being used to hold Alternative dispute resolution is increasingly

down the temporary cover. This being used to settle environmental disputes

standard method is used to By jamic McLeroy,jD, and Howard S. Seilzman,jD

protect exposed landfill linersagainst the damage that could SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTlater cause leaks. 38 Product literature showcase

PHOTO COURTESY OF CWESTFAll ECOIMAGESThis supplement comains a description of free

MARK HOWARD. PHOTOGRAPHER literature from a variety qf leading compa2,ies Page 36

1 I I1J f.) ; r I';

Angela Neville, JD, REMEditor-in-Chief

Landfills dumptheir old image

Open pits overflowing with discarded refuse, debris, insects and rats-from prehistorictimes through the present, humans have picked certain sites to be the repositories ofunwanted items and the results have often been eyesores.

Archeologists will attest that dumping grounds reflect the societies that create them.Consequently, as our nation continues to evolve technologically at a rapid rate, it is notsurprising that U.s. landfills are going high tech as well. Present-day landfill managementnow includes the planning, design, operation, monitoring for releases of contaminants,closure and postclosure control of landfills.

The driving force behind these practices ~ the concern about landfills' possible adverseimpact on human health and natural resources like groundwater. The proper managementof these sites is crucial given the ever mounting volume of waste created in our country.For example, each year industrial facilities generate and manage 7.6 billion tons of industrial nonhazardous waste (ISW).

To handle the wide variety ofwastes generated in the UnitedStates, engineers have designedthree different types of landfills.The sanitary or municipal landfills are engineered facilities usedfor the disposal of municipalsolid waste that is determined tobe nonhazardous under the standards set out in the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act(RCRA). Landfills for certainindividual nonhazardous wasteconstituents such as asbestosand combustion ash are calledmonofills. Hazardous waste landfills are used for the disposal of waste classified as hazardous under RCRA.

All these landfills are now required to have certain legally mandated features. Oneexample is the use of landfill liners, which are materials used to line the bottom areasand below grade sides of a landfill. These liners usually consist of alternating layers ofcompacted clay and geosynthetic materials designed to stop migration of any liquids thatform at the bottom of the landfill.

To promote further improvements in landfills, EPA is developing a voluntary Guide forIndustrial Solid Waste Management that is expected to be released for review in November.The guidance document is for owners of new land disposal facilities-landfills, surfaceimpoundments, waste piles and land application locations-to follow when designingand operating these facilities. Among other things, the guide will include a computerprogram and risk-based model developed by EPA to use in selecting appropriate liners.For more information, contact EPA's Paul Cassidy at 703-308-7281.

Advances in hazardous waste landfills are the focus of our cover story "Gainingground," which was written by Safety-Kleen's Marianna Buoni and David Nelson andstarts on page 14. The article profiles innovations such as new liner systems and monitoring systems for groundwater, vadose zones and ambient air.

Burying waste in landfills is a fact of life for our society until we reach the pointthat all wastes either can be recycled for new uses or disposed of in other ways. Inlight of this current reality, ever improving landfill technology is making an importantcontribution in protecting human health and the environment.

Environmental••;••••••••••§.

EDITORIALPublisher

Craig S. StevensGroup Publisher

Dana CornettASlociate Publisher

R.ndy Dye

Edlto...ln·ChlefAngel. Neville,)D. REM. E-",.il: [email protected]

Manallnl EditorAshley E. 8lyth, E·m.i1: [email protected]

Assistant EditorsIngrid Truemper. E·mail: [email protected]

Kristle l. Guillotte, E-mail: [email protected]

Contrlbutlnl EditorsMarianna Buoni, John A Conner, PE.

John N. Driscoll. DCS, Bem.rd Evons. PE.Ch.rles M. McGinley. PE. Mich.e1 A. McGinley. MHS.

).mie McLeroy,)D. Ch.rles). Newell, PhD, PE.David Nielson, Howard S. Seiaman,JD,

D.). Smith. MS, Ingrid Truemper

PRODUCTION/MARKETINGProduction Director

Allee Robinson

Production Man_lerSheila JacksonArt DirectorKathleen Logan

Graphic ProductionGreg l>kloufl, Nuh.n Spoor, Helen Tuohy

Corporate Circulation DirectorGeorge Andrew

Clrculation/Marketlnl HanalerIrene Fincher

ADVERTISING SALESDISTRICT SALES MANAGERS

Central/Midwest8uch.n.n Euley, (972) 687-670-4

West. East CoutsDevin Dreiling. (972) 687-6702

Southeast & CentralThe Miller Group. Kevin Miller and

Mork Guyther, (888) 311-77S61709 E. Hillyer Robinson P1<wy.. Oxford.AL 36203

National Cluslfied Sales ManaprSun Pruitt. (972) 687-6726

Cluslfied Sales RepresentativeD.vid Schwora. (972) 687-6727

National Ust Sales ManalerGlenn Meserole. (972) 687-6714

ADMINISTRATIONPresident

Craig S. StevensControllerDavid Martin

Business Manager). Gregory Nystrom

ENVIRONMENTAL PflmECTION (ISSN # 1057--4298. USPS #006-703)ispublislltd 12 tim." 1""'Vol.9. No. 10.01998_,1'IH"""s Cc<p..5151 BeIdi... Rd..Sua 1010.DaIIu,TX 7S2«l.Phone (9n) 687-6700,periodiaIs J>OS1'&O paid .. Dallu,TX 752«12573 and _ maiin& off....Subsalp<;on .... ""E>win>m>onGJ Pnxe<tion Is m "" I "".Subscriptions _ ..c.nad> p1w. odd $25,,, _ ..plase odd $25.For .. ocherfon;pl counoies, plase odd $15. POSTMA5T£Jl: Send __-... to fHVIROHMfHTAl PROTEC11ON, P.O.... 712,""'"" Morris,IL '10S4471 1. for CUIlOnW __ call(lIS) 7)4-1201, Publlalion d sipd'- does no< """'""'"__ d penonaI.tows d aud>on.Al """......-.eeLRequests "" _Issues should be mode _ line """"'" dpubblion.ThepuOllsherlsno<rosponsi>Ie""lhe"""""dlheIl"tides herein. and any person klIowWlr the lIMce or pnxedlns ind'lt!M:ll"ticIesdoasoathis or her own risk.Artides~1nthkjcu'nalnindeJaedindltErMr1:lrvnenQfPerioclcakBiblioar>PhY.AudlClriDtion .. p/>or<>copy ...... ""_ or penonoIusels.....,.ad by_~Corp..prcMded""'lhebesedu.s.$O'SO

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6 Environmental Protection October 1998

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Salt marsh aids understandingof global warmingAn interdisciplinary team of Georgiascientists has found a surprisingly highrate of carbon and nutrient turnover bymicrobes in one of Georgia's coastal saltmarshes, a highly productive ecosystem.

The team of researchers, associatedwith the Georgia Institute of Technology,is conducting a long-term study at SapeloIsland, Ga., to examine the marsh'sbiogeochemical processes-the exchangeof biogeochemical elements such as carbon, phosphorus, nutrients and metalsbetween living and non-living components of the environment. They are tryingto find out how these processes relate to

the productivity, faunal activity andhydrology of the marsh system. Anunderstanding of these relationships iscrucial to predicting the effects of globalwarming on the coastal environment.

"We observed some of the highest ratesof organic matter decomposition evermeasured in marine systems," said Dr.Joel Kostka, a Georgia Tech adjunct assistant professor and a researcher at the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, aresearch unit of the University System ofGeorgia. One reason for the higher thanexpected results may have been thelength of time the study was conducted.Very few studies have looked at decomposition rates by microorganisms over a 2year period, as this ongoing study hasdone, Kostka added.

"If sea levels rise with global warming,we need to understand the stability ofthese environments and determine if wewill lose them," said Dr. Philippe VanCappellen, an associate professor in Georgia Tech's School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. "With an increased knowledgeof the biogeochemical cycles at work,humans can better predict the future ofthese dynamic and important areas."

For more information contact Dr. JoelKostka, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, by phone at (912) 598-2395 or e-mailat [email protected] or Dr. PhilippeVan Cappellen, Georgia Tech, by phone at(404) 894-3883 or e-mail at philippe.van[email protected].

Spinach enzymesneutralize explosivesResearchers at the U.S. Department ofEnergy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have discovered that nitroreductase enzymes found in spinach and othernatural compounds can eat, digest andtransform explosives such as TNT. Thisemerging biotechnology is called theenvironmentally benign digestion process(EBDP). It reduces dangerous explosivesto low toxicity byproducts that can beused by industry or reduced further toharmless products such as carbon dioxide and water.

This process can help the U.S. militaryeliminate, in a costeffective and securemanner, its nearly500,000 tons ofexplosives stockpiledaround the country.

According to Dr.Manish M. Shah, theproject's principalinvestigator, thedigestion processwould be safer thanother alternatives. Itwould be conductedin a tank of water atatmospheric pressure,

therefore reducing the risk of explosion orfire. There would be no alkaline solutionsto dispose of because the process is doneat a neutral pH.

Future research efforts will determine ifthe byproduct made by the enzymes is oflower toxicity. It may be possible to convert the byproduct for commercial use.Research to date suggests that the byproduct could be used in chemical processesthat use free radical chemistry. For example, researchers have determined theenzymes convert nitrobenzene intop-aminophenol, which is used in thepharmaceutical industry to make drugsused to treat headaches.

The digested byproduct also could bereduced completely to a gaseous state,such as ammonia or carbon dioxide,through a second digestive process usingmicroorganisms.

For additional information contact StaciWest by phone at (509) 372-6313 ore-mail at [email protected].

Environmental.#M;••••:w......@.

ADVISORY BOARD

Randall Airst,jD, LLMBrownfields Redevelopment Division.

American Land Recycling Corp..Exton, Pa.

Gregory G. Bond, PhDCorporate Director of Product Responsibility.

The Dow Chemical Co.,Midland. Mich.

Charles Calmbacher, PhDPresident, Principal Scientist,

SEA Group Inc ..lawrenceville, Ga.

Ann N. Clarke, PhD, CET, REAPresident,

ANC Associates Inc.,Brentwood,Tenn.

Paul Farber, PEt DEETechnical Director.

R.A. Kerley Ink Engineers Inc.,Willowbrook. III.

Howard Gilberg,jDEnvironmental Attorney & Shareholder,

Thompson & Knight. PC,Dallas.Texas

Lawrence H. Keith. PhDVice President and Senior Corporate Fellow

Waste Policy Institute,Blacksbury.Va.

Stephen Koenigsberg, PhDVice President for Research and Development,

Regenesis Bioremediation Products.San Juan Capistrano, Calif.

Barbara J. Mickelson, PEPresident,

Acton Mickelson Environmental,EI Dorado Hills. Calif.

Susan MooreVice President, Environmental Affairs.

Georgia.Pacific Corp. ,Washington, D.C.

George W. Siple, QEPSenior Air Quality Scientist,

Camp Dresser & McKee Inc.,Cambridge, Mass.

Robert P. Smith, PhD, PEBrown & Root, EnvIronmental Services,

Dal1as,Texas

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTfalON welcomes readers'

letters; unsolicited manuscripts; suggestions for articles

and photo shoots; Protection perspectives submissions;

and releases of news, produet5, services. literature. non·

profit resources, business updates and meetings.

Editorial Offices: Environmental Protection, 5151 Beldine

Rd.• 5uite 1010. Dallas.Texas 75240; phone (972) 687

6700. fax (972) 687-6770.

Stevens Publishing grants authorization to photo

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W8 Environmental Protection October 1998

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Online Chemical Scorecardputs pollution on displayNEW YORK-A new Internet servicelaunched by the Environmental DefenseFund (EDF) allows anyone to enter a ZIPcode and see a map highlighting localsources of pollution-and send inqUiriesstraight to those sources.

During the scorecard's first weekonline, it received more than two million hits.

"What could have taken hours, days orweeks to dig out of massive governmentand university databases can now beobtained with a few clicks of a mouse,"

The CREA has sparked criticism fromboth moderate Republicans and traditionalenvironmental advocates. Two-thirds ofthe senators on the committee have ratingsof zero [rom the League of ConservationVoters, including Wayne Allard (R-Colo.),Dirk Kempthome (R-ldaho) and MajorityLeader Trent Lott (R-Miss.).

The group's supponers, however, saythey are deliberately rejecting traditional,federally based approaches to protectingthe environment in favor of local and private-sector solutions.

"The Al Gore, left-wing environmentalmodel is a centralized, bureaucratized,litigious, adversarial, anti-technologymodel," said House Speaker Newt Gingrich (R-Ga.) at the coalition's fund-raiserin June. "Let's create a conservationist,common-sense, practical, high-tech environmental model."

Sierra Club political director DanielJ. Weiss believes the group is a responseto the issue advocacy his and othergroups have begun running in closelycontested races.

"This could be a meeting of 'PollutersAnonymous,''' Weiss said. "Clearly this isan effort to 'greenscam,' to run ads that tryto obscure these and other members' environmental records."

According to the Washington Post, thisyear the environment could be a keyissue in several states where congressional seats could switch hands, including California, Idaho, Iowa, New Mexicoand Washington. The new group is symbolic of the GOP's determination tocounter the barrage of negative publicityit has encountered on environmentalissues-attacks many analysts think contributed to the party's losing seats in the1996 elections.

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"What we want to do is have a cleanenvironment. That does not necessarilymean command economic controls,"Norquist said, adding that Democratshave blocked Superfund cleanup initiatives at the behest of trial lawyers. "Oneof us wants to clean up the environmentand the other one wants to make theirfriends rich. Which one do you want toplay with?"

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SIll....... Shallow and DeepCONnNUOUs-DUTY/:=~ WWT ApplicationsWith Stainless Steel (Lagoons •OxidationADd Bronze Components. D' hAd B . )3HP, SHP, IOHP,IIIld ltc es' erate asmsISHP Surface Pi .HorirontaIRotor~ with Large Volume Water~=~oating Movement and

SII MAXFlON MixerUnprecedented

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GOP group plugs free-marketenvironmentalismWASHINGTON, D.C.-To help "green"their pany's image, Republican activistshave formed a group to promote free-market solutions to environmental problems.

Coalition of Republican EnvironmentalAdvocates (CREA) co-chair GroverNorquist stated that the GOP is notopposed to environmental protection but

Compiled by Ingrid Truemper

10 Circle 6 on card. October 1998

Circle 7 on card.

A. PROOOCT OF:

odor~-~---

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said EDF toxicologist Dr. William Pease,designer of the project. "All you need toknow is your ZIP code."

The site contains full information onthe health effects of thousands of polluting chemicals, as well as instant rankingsbased on pollution loads and health hazards for 17,000 manufacturing facilitiesacross the country. It identifies the individual chemicals involved, highlights thetop-ranked hazards and shows multi-yearemission trends.

The Web site can be found athttp://www.scorecard.org and is free toall users.

StUdy examines concerns andsolutions regarding air pollutionNEW YORK-Sixty-three percent of consumers consider air pollution to be a significant problem, according to a study conducted by COB Research & Consulting Inc.

The study reveals that women are morelikely to consider air pollution a problemthan other demographic groups. Theaffluent are the least concerned about airpollution. When asked to choose amongseveral possible sources of air pollution inthe United States, respondents cited automobiles and chemical industry plantsmost frequently.

According to the study's respondents,responsibility for the reduction of air pollution in the United States is sharedamong the government (33 percent), businesses (23 percent) and individuals (21percent). Generation Xers are least likelyto rely on corporate America for a solution to the problem, whereas babyboomers are least likely to rely on individuals to solve the problem.

"While the majority of Americans consider air pollution a significant problem, noone seems to be sure exactly how to addressit," said Larry Chiagourls, managing director of COB Research & Consulting Inc.

Nearly 80 percent of the respondentssaid they regularly recycle paper or aluminum, which is mandated by the government in many communities. Fifty-onepercent said they regularly buy or userecycled materials, while only 18 percentparticipate in group clean-up activitiesand 16 percent participate in Earth Dayactivities. The affluent are least likely toparticipate in activities that reduce pollution, and baby boomers are the least likelyto participate in Earth Day or groupclean-up activities.

October 1998 Circle 8 on card. II

Compiled by Ingrid Truemper

CharbrollercatalystThe CHARCat" 900 controlssmoke and odors with littlemaintenance. It runs on broiler exhaust heat to releasehydrocarbons during thecooking process in the formof smoke and gas. Removalefficiency is over 95 percentfor gases and over 90 percentfor particulates. Engelhard.Circle 94 on card.

Smith regenerative thermaloxidizers are engineeredVOC emissions controlsystems ideal for low solventconcentrations and highprocess exhaust flow rates.Applications include converting, metal decorating,plastics and odor control.Smith Engineering &Environmental Corp.Circle 96 on card.

Thermaloxidizers

Biofllter systemThe Bioton~ BiologicalOxidation System is designedfor the control of odors andVOCs. Features include longlife, low-compaction Biotonmedia, enclosed design andautomatic moisture additionsystem.The system comes asa pre-designed, shop-fabricated unit or can be customizedin concrete or sandwichpanel construction. MonsantoEnviro-Chem Systems.Circle 97 on card.

Odor control.... Odor neutralizer

.... Water treatment

.... Odor containmentVapor Guard structural fabric

covers eliminate odor problemsat wastewater treatment facilities.

The flat profile minimizesemission equipment costs and

leaves catwalks open to maximizespace entry.The sealed surface ensures complete odor and VOC

containment. ILC Dover Inc.Circle 9S on card.

Reservoir breathers ~

Scrubbing systems ~The Mystairee point of use scrubbing system is ideal for laboratoryscrubbing applications includingdigestion, wet ashing proceduresand source capture of corrosiveand odorous compounds. Due totheir small size they can be mounted next to the source of contaminants for total capture of pollutants at the source. Misonix Inc.Circle 93 on card.

The trident water treatmentsystem is ideal for potablewater, process water, tertiarywastewater treatment andother municipal and industrial

applications.The system removes turbidity, suspended solids, color,iron, manganese, odor and taste. Trident produces finished drinkingwater with turbidity of 0.1 to OJ NTU. U.S. Filter.Circle 92 on card.

The TriCeptor series of reservoirbreathers removes moisture, solid particulate and odors or vapors beforethey harm a system or the environment.The breathers use a three-step filtration process. Features include partiCulate filter, activated carbon, hygroscopic agent, peel strip air intakes andmounting adapters. Porker Filtrotion.Circle 89 on card.

Epoleon odor neutralizers offer a non-toxic alternative for controllingodors from landfill, recycling, sludge, wastewater, scrubbers and other

similar operations.The neutralizers chemically convert odor-causinggases into odorless, non-toxic compounds upon contact, rather than

simply covering up odors. Epoleon Corp. ofAmerica.Circle 88 on card.

Tank coversanddomes~

Temcor's permanent, maintenance-free aluminum coversand domes for circular andnon-circular tanks of all kindscan be clear-span or columnsupported, depending on economics and function.Applications include odor control,water, wastewater, petroleum,petrochemical and bulk storagetanks and more. Temcor.Circle 90 on card.

The De-Odor Rod" is designedto eliminate biological odor andgases such as ammonia andhydrogen sulfides from lift station wetwells, vents,scum hoppers, utilityvehicles andmore.Theunit pullsthe positivemoleculesthat holdthe odor bynegativeattraction,absorbing gaseous odor atthe source. Environmental CoreCenter Inc.Circle 91 on card.

Odor eliminator ~


CD-ROM streamlinestank specificationproiectsSnyder' CD-ROM, SPECSOURCE,

gives you quick access to the broadest

selection of polyethylene tanks in the

indu try. SPECSOURCE is arranged

so you can quickly select the style,

capacity, material (HOLPE or XLPE

polyethylene) and accessories to match

your requirements. Circle lOon card.

Extended warrantyfor sodiumhypochlorite storage

Warranties on four different tank

systems designed to store sodium

hypochlorite have been extended.

These warranties cover

outdoor and indoor

torage for up to five years.Circle lion card.

Asafer way tostore sulfuric acidGet a full three-year warranty on

Snyder's newest, 1.9 specific gravity

HOLPE tanks. Resistant to sulfuric acid

concentration of up to 98 percent,

these tanks comply with ASTM 01998.Circle 12 on card.

Patented SUMO~

outlet maximizestank drainage

The Snyder Unitized Molded Outlet

(SUMO~) maximizes drainage on verti-

cal tanks. The fully encapsulated,

threaded Il1sert IS now~

available 111 316SS,

Hastelloy or mamum

in 2", 3", 4" and 6" ANSI pipe sizes for

storing a broad range of chemicals.

Circle 13 on card.

U.N.- and D.O.T.approved plasticIICs for hazardousmaterials

Snyder Industries offers

the largest selec-

tion of reusable

polyethylene intennediate bulk

Rotationally molded, one-piece, stre -free polyethylene tanks.In sizes from 8 to 22,000 gallons. All with custom engineeredaccessories to match your specifications for storage and handlingefficiency. Call or write for our FREE product catalog.

.""11""".:'11''fI.',I"",.',.

containers (IBCs), for the continuous

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Circle 9 on card.

strength and long-term durability.Circle 14 on card.

By Marianna Buoni and David Nielsen

were built in areas around the country thatwere thought to have appropriate geologysuch as thick clay deposits underlying thelandfill units. Composite liner systems werenot a requirement until the early '80s whenEPA published its minimum technologyliner standard for hazardous waste disposalunits (landfills and surface impoundments).EPAS minimum technology liner standardsrequired that hazardous waste landfills andsurface impoundments be lined with a double composite liner system with leachatecollection and removal systems. The composite liner system consists of one clayliner, generally 2 to 3 feet thick with a permeability of 1 by 10-7 centimeters per second (cm/sec), and a 40 mil synthetiC liner.At that time, the synthetic liner materialsavailable were high density polyethylene(HOPE) and polyvinyl chloride liner. Linermaterial used in the liner system dependedon the landfill operations and the types ofwaste to be landfilled. In the mid 1980s,most landfills began to use HDPE liners.Sophisticated compOSite liner systems weredeveloped to meet the minimum technology standards.

Labeling drums far treatment.

BreakthroughsIn leak-proof linersPrior to 1982, most hazardous waste landfills in operation were unlined units. Many

tion in all aspects of hazardous waste permitting became the norm.

the analytical data-a science that wouldgrow and develop in the 1990s. Vadosezone monitoring was studied and implemented in states such as California. Ambient air monitoring regulations were developed, and implementation dates set insome of the states in which hazardouswaste landfills operated. Waste analysisplans were not just a requirement of aRCRA Part B permit application, but werea requirement of the operating facility.Most importantly, community participa-

Major innovations in hazardous wastelandfill technology are making

strides in protecting the environment

ver the last 12 years,a lot has changed inthe hazardous waste

landfill industry. Business, market, technological, environmental and health andsafety changes have occurred. In the early1980s, more than 30 operating hazardouswaste landfills existed in the UnitedStates, most of which were not fully permitted. Most did not have liner systems orsystems that' monitored the groundwater,the vandose zone (the unsaturated zonebetween the ground surface and thewatertable) and the ambient air. Most ofthese landfills did not have waste analysisplans, nor did the waste that came intothe facilities have to be profiled or tested.Hazardous waste manifests were not uniform-if they were used at all. For themost part, the local communities in whichthe facilities were located had no input inthe location or permitting of the facility.

In 1976, Congress passed the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)and then significantly amended the statutewith the passage of the Hazardous andSolid Waste Amendments of 1984(HSWA). RCRA authorized the U.s. Environmental Protection Agency to reviewpermit applications and issue hazardouswaste facility permits. With the passingand implementation of RCRA and HSWAand the issuance of hazardous waste facility permits, the hazardous waste landfillindustry began to change rapidly in themid and late 1980s.

The 1980s also brought about the existence of hazardous waste liner technology,development of groundwater monitoringand the beginning of statistical analysis of

Gainingground


In the Safety-Kleen (formerly LaidlawEnvironmental Services) hazardouswaste management system, landfill linerdesigns vary depending on the geologyof the landfill location and the depth andquality of groundwater. In general, ahazardous waste landfill liner systemconsists of the following from bottom totop: clay liner, HOPE liner, leachate collection and removal system drainagelayer, a second clay liner, HOPE liner,leachate collection and removal system,and soil cover for an operations layer.Safety-Kleen has eight hazardous wastelandfills in its network. All the landfillsare fully permitted RCRA treatment,storage and disposal facilities (TSOFs).

Advances Ingroundwater monitoringSince the early 1980s, EPA has promulgated land disposal restriction (LOR)regulations. The LORs were promulgatedin phases, and preclude certain types ofwaste from being disposed in a landfill.This includes the disposal of wastes containing free liquids. In addition, EPA has

promulgated strict groundwater monitoring regulations while several states havepromulgated vadose zone monitoringand ambient air monitoring.

Prior to 1984, very little groundwatermonitoring was performed at TSOFs. Assuch, groundwater monitoring regulationswere adopted. The regulations were complex, but general in nature to accommodate all types of geologie and hydrologicgroundwater regimes. Subsequent to thedevelopment of the groundwater monitoring regulations, EPA clarified the regulations through the publication of groundwater monitoring guidance manuals.

In general, groundwater monitoringsystems consist of a series of groundwater wells that monitor waste managementunits (WMUs) on a unit-by-unit basis oron a site-wide basis. This depends on thenature of the geology and location of theWMU relative to groundwater. Most landdisposal facilities have more than 50groundwater monitoring wells.

Groundwater monitoring samples aregenerally collected quarterly and analyzed for general chemistry parameters

An aeria' view ofa hazardous waste

management system.

such as pH; chloride; sulfate; cyanide;alkalinity; bicarbonate; heavy metalssuch as arsenic, lead and chromium; andvolatile organic compounds (VOCs)such as acetone, benzene and trichloroethylene. Periodically, additional analysismay be specified in the facility's permit.Additional testing may include semivolatile organic compounds, pesticides,PCBs and dioxins.

The analytical results are compared tostatistical results that are calculated basedon previous data. If the current analyticalresult is within specified limits, the facility continues with routine groundwatermonitoring. If the result is above thespecified statistical limits or background,then the welles) must be re-sampled todetermine if something other than arelease may have caused the elevatedresult. If the re-sampling confirms theprevious results, then the facility mustsample all the wells and analyze thesamples for Appendix IX chemicals-a

October 1998 Environmental Protection IS

list of about 400 chemicals-to verifythat there are no other chemicals in thegroundwater.

After this has been completed, the facility must evaluate the results and make adetermination as to whether there isgroundwater contamination from a regulated unit. If the facility does not believethat the contamination is from a regulatedunit, then the facility can perform ademonstration to show that a source otherthan a regulated unit caused the elevatedchemical concentrations. If the regulatoryagencies accept the facility's demonstration, then the facility would continue withroutine detection monitoring; otherwise agroundwater clean-up program must bedesigned, permitted and implemented.

Vandose zone vigilanceA technical report is prepared quarterlyand submitted to the regulatory agenciesfor review. The groundwater report mustinclude water level data from each monitoring well, groundwater contour maps,copies of field notes, laboratory analytical data and interpretation and discussion of the results of the monitoring. The

Waste sampling is necessary to stay incompliance.

reports must be Signed by a registeredgeologist or engineer.

In 1984, the state of California modifiedits regulation to include vadose zone monitoring. Vadose zone monitoring wasintended to act as an early warning systemfor possible future groundwater contamina-

tion. The regulations were written torequire the hazardous and non-hazardouslandfill facilities to periodically obtain soilpore liqUid samples. Thus, the only deviceavailable for soil pore liqUid monitoringwas a suction lysimeter, which consists of aporous ceramic cup mounted on the end ofa PVC tube with a rubber stopper and vacuum/sampling tube protruding through thestopper. When a vacuum is applied to thevacuum/sampling tube, water flowsthrough the porous cup, enters into thevacuum/sampling tube and travels to thesurface for collection in bottles. If a soilpore liquid sample could not be obtained,then the landfill facility had to suggest analternate way of monitoring the vadosezone. Due to California's geologic conditions and arid conditions, the depth togroundwater and the zone of saturation arewell below the operational limits of suctionlysimeters.

The hazardous waste landfill industrywas the first industry to be regulated bythese rules. As such, the hazardous wastelandfills in California had to suggest another method for monitoring the vadose zone.California has the most stringent environ-

mental regulations regarding permittingand ground water/vadose zone monitoringin the nation. Several studies were performed by different companies, and it wasconcluded that neutron probe moisturedetection devices were a viable option tomeet the intent of the regulations. Neutronprobes are used to detect the moisture content of soil. If an increase in soil moisturecontent is detected, then there is a possibil-

ity that leachate from the landfill may bemigrating downward and outward.

Neutron probe moisture detection systems consist of a neutron probe moisturedetection gauge and a steel pipe beneaththe landfill. The steel pipe is generallyinstalled during the excavation of the cellor, in the case of existing landfill, installed

Sophisticated liner

systems and monitoring

systems for

groundwater, vadose

zone and ambient air

systems are now

required and in place.

by slant drilling from the ground surface tobeneath the bottom of the landfill in areaslikely to detect leachate. Moisture contentreadings of the native soil beneath thelandfill are taken to calibrate the probe to

the soil's existing moisture content and determine the backgroundsoil's moisture content.Once a background anda baseline soil moisturecontent level has beendetermined, monitoringis usually performed ona monthly or quarterlybasis with a neutronprobe. If an increase inmoisture content ofgreater than 4 to 6 percent is detected abovebackground, the facilitymust notify the regulatory agencies within 7 daysand investigate thesource of the fluid.The vadose zone monitoring system acts asan early warning systemagainst a possiblerelease and groundwatercontamination.

On the lookout for air toxlcsCalifornia requires industries that emit specific air pollutants to obtain air permitsfrom the local air pollution control districts. Depending on the type of industryand the nature of the emissions, you mayneed to perform a health risk assessment.If a health risk assessment is performedand it is concluded that the risk is within


In general, a hazardous waste landfill liner system

consists of the following from bottom to top:

clay liner, HOPE liner, leachate collection and

removal system drainage layer, a second clay liner,

HOPE liner, leachate collection and removal

system, and soil cover for an operations layer.

acceptable limits, the air districts will wantyou to perform ambient air monitoring tovalidate the results of the emission calculations and the risk assessment.

Ambient air monitoring programs consist of upwind and downwind air monitoring stations and continuous meteorological monitoring for wind speed, winddirection, temperature and barometricpressure. Ambient air samples are collected on a specified frequency, typicallyevery 12 days in conjunction with theCalifornia Air Resources Board statewideair toxics monitoring program. The airsamples are analyzed by a laboratory forthe pollutants of interest-typically determined from the risk assessment. After aquarter's worth of data has been collected,an upwind and downwind comparison ofthe chemical concentrations is performed.If it is determined that there is a statistically significant increase above the background concentration, then intensive resampling is performed. Intensive re-sampiing consists of collecting ambient airsamples for a 24-hour period of time,every other day for 12 days. After thisdata has been analyzed, a comparison isagain performed to determine if there is acontinuing significant release of the airtoxic compound in question. If the intensive sampling data confirms the increase,then a mini-risk assessment is performedto determine if the concentration of theair contaminant is above the pre-deter-

mined risk threshold value typically determined when the risk assessment was performed. If the risk is above this level, thenan investigation must be performed todetermine the emissions unit or operationcreating the elevated air contaminant levels. Once the source has been determined,the company must notify the local air district, cease the operations causing the elevated air contaminant levels and request apermit modification.

Planning andseeking pUblic InputWaste acceptance programs, which aretypically the implementation of the facili-

Checking leachate in vandose zone monitoring.

ty's waste analysis plan, are the backboneof facility operations. The type of wasteaccepted drives the waste placement in thelandfill or the type of treatment required.Almost all hazardous waste landfills inexistence in the United States have at leastone type of treatment technology associated with the landfill. In many cases thetreatment technology is stabilization treatment, which typically consists of the addition of pozzolonic reagents via a mixingsystem, that chemically changes the

valance states of the metals requiring treatment such that they do not or are unableto leach back into the environment. Inaddition to driving landfill and treatmentoperations, the facility's waste analysisplan also drives what occurs in the laboratory. Most waste analysis plans specify theanalysis to perform prior to a facility making the determination of waste acceptance.

Public participation in the permitting ofhazardous waste treatment, storage anddisposal facilities has become very active.The federal regulations require public participation during the permitting process.Public participation consists of community groups, neighbors or any person who

has questions, comments or concernsabout what the facility will do and how itwill operate. The public has the right tocome to meetings and bring up any questions or concerns.

In California, any facility permittingactivity that deals with the managementof hazardous waste requires that the leadagency form a Local Assessment Committee (LAC). California's public participation regulations pertaining to hazardouswaste operations provide and require public participation over and above otherstates. The LAC consists of seven community members. The purpose of the LAC isto negotiate terms and conditions ofapproval with the applicant. The processis cumbersome; however, it provides thearena for anyone to discuss their concernswith the applicant, the lead agency andothers involved in the waste handlingoperations. Public involvement can provide for changes in any and all facilityoperations. Many states have public participation requirements that exceed thefederal reqUirements.

The evolutionof modern landfillsHazardous waste landfill changes andinnovations have occurred in all areas.The business has consolidated such thatthere are not as many landfill operators asthere were in the 1980s. Sophisticatedliner systems and monitoring systems forgroundwater, vadose zone and ambientair systems are now required and inplace. The results of most monitoringsystems are statistically analyzed so thataccurate determinations can be made. Allfacilities today have waste analysis plansthat provide a base knowledge of thewaste prior to actual waste receipt fortreatment or disposal. Almost all hazardous waste landfills have treatmentprocesses. Public participation is an integral part of all hazardous waste permitting processes. Public participation allowsfor everyone to know what operationswill be ongoing as well as allowing thepublic to express their concerns.

Hazardous waste landfill operationswere once thought to be simplistic operations. However, today-from permitting tomonitoring to operating the facility-thebusiness of operating a hazardous wastelandfill is far from Simple and in someareas extremely complex.~

Mm;mHla Buoni is general manager andDavid Nielsen is operations manager ofSafety-Kleens Buttonwillow, CaliJ,facility.

For more information, circle 98 on card.


FEDERALDEADLINE

AHEAD UNDERGROUNDTANK DEADLINES ARE

"JUST AROUND THE BEND'"The 10-yearUSEPACompliance Scheduleends on December22,1998andthis couldaffectyou!

It's the Law. ..

Federal USEPA 40 CFR 280Technical Standards and

Corrective Action Requirementsfor Owners and Operatorsof Underground Storage

Tanks (USn

Penalty signs aheadThere's no turning back! If youwant to avoid fines, yourregulated tank systems mustmeet standards. First, theymust be corrosion-resistant(single wall for petroleum -secondary containment forhazardous substances). Theymust also have spill and overfillprevention equipment andrelease detection. Allinstallations must also becertified.

You have options1) You can upgrade yourexisting systems to meet thenew standards. 2) Replace

potential trouble makers withnew underground oraboveground tank systems.Or, if you don't need thestorage, 3) close your tanks.

Whafs the best route?Call Lexicon. We're storage tankexperts. Our experience withfleets helps us to spot dangersigns and map out alternativeroutes to avoid tolls.

If your tanks are already incompliance, we'll help youmanage to keep them that way.Environmental compliance maynot be afree ride, but it's thehighway to the future!

~LEXICONEnvironmental Associates, Inc.

790 East Market Street, Suite 270 West Chester, PA 19382-4806(610) 344-3380 FAX: (610) 344-3388

email: LexiconEn@aoLcom

Circle 16 on card. Regional Offices in Metro-New York and New England

Tips on Tanks:Let us help you stay on top ofyeurtanks. Call or Fax today to receiveourf.t:ft LexiConcepts Bulletins.

This overview of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendmentsspells out'EPA:s agenda for regulating air emissions

will have flexibility to choose how theymeet requirements. Sources are to useMaximum Available Control Technology (MACT) to rcduce pollutant releases.EPA must issue regulations for large ormajor sources first, and must then issueregulations to reduce pollution fromsmall or area sources, setting prioritiesfor small sources, based on health andenvironmental hazards, as well as production volume and batch variability.

If a company wishes to increase theamount of air toxies released from anoperating plant, the company maychoose to offset the increases so thattotal number of hazardous air pollutantemissions from the plant do not go up.Otherwise, they may choose to installpollution controls to keep pollutants atthe required level. If a companyreduces its releascs of a hazardous airpollutant by about 90 percent beforeEPA regulates the chemical, thc company will get extra time to finish cleaningup the remaining 10 percent. This earlyreduction program is expected to resultin a rapid reduction of the levels of several critical hazardous air pollutants.

The Bhopal tragedy that involvedthe reicase of a toxic chemical thatkillcd 4,000 people and injured anadditional 200,000 in India in 1984,motivatcd the CAM initiative thatbusinesses develop plans to preventaccidcntal releases of highly toxicchemicals. The CAA established TheChemical Safety Board (CSB) to investigate accidental releases of hazardousair pollutants. CSB will operate in asimilar manner to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

The 25 MACT standards

when fully implemented

will reduce the emission

of more than 100 air

toxics by more than

I million tons per year,

which is nearly ten times

greater than that

achieved with the

pre 1990 legislation.

By John N. Driscoll, DeS

ics-the 189 listed chemicals that causeserious health and environmental hazards. The implementation of this lcgislation will put the u.s. back in the forcfront of air pollution reduction. TheCAM has a 10-year window to complete the standards for various industrial and commercial sources.

Once the categories of sources arelisted, EPA will issue regulations,including technology, to reduce pollutants, but wherever possible companies

However, in Europe in 1990, it was stilldifficult to find unleaded gasoline forsale. During the late 1980s, northernEuropean countries moved ahead of theUnited States in passing legislation controlling stationary sources.

In 1990, the CAM was amended toinclude new needs such as ozonedepiction, acid rain, HAPs or air tox-

EPA's gameplan for fighting air toxies

U.S. world .nvlron....ntaI•••dershlp Ilipsbut returnl with CAAADuring the 1970s through the mid1980s, the United States was clearly theworld leader in pollutant reduction frommobile sources through the use of catalytiC converters, rcduction of carbonmonoxide and hydrocarbons, on automobiles and the removal of lead fromgasoline. The health effects of leadremoval were obvious in the UnitedStates by the late 1980s and early 19905.

First passed in 1970, the Clean AirAct (CM)-intended to regulateair emissions from both mobileand stationary sources----delegatedto the U.s. Environmental Protec

tion Agency the authority to establishNational Air Quality Standards. In orderto provide the individual states withmore time for compliance, the CM wasamended in 1977. Until 1990, EPAworked on a chemical-by-chemicalbasis, listing and regulating only sevenchemicals known to be risks tohealth-asbestos, benzene, beryllium,arsenic, mercury, radionuclides andvinyl chloride. This approach was ineffective in emissions reductions. The1990 Clean Air Act Amendments(CAAA) involved a new approach: regulation by industry rather than by chemical, thereby re-focusing the program toone that is technology and performancebased. The u.s. Congress generated alist of 189 hazardous air pollutants(HAPs) as a focused guideline to reducing emissions of HAPs from majorsources of air pollution.

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accounted for 41 percent of emissions ofair toxics, area or small sources accountedfor 35 percent and major sources accounted for 24 percent of emissions.

Cars, trucks, buses and other mobilesources release large amounts of hazardous air pollutants such as formaldehyde and benzene. Cleaner fuels such asreformulated gasoline, more efficientengines and proper maintenance of pollution control devices should reduce hazardous air pollutants from mobile sources.In the Netherlands, many of the fuel stations sell both gasoline and liquid

small sources , 8

first place and was removed in 1996.The CAAA of 1990 deals primarily with

major large sources, which is greater than10 tons annually for a single compound or25 tons annually for mixed HAPs, butsmall sources will also be controlled asadditional regulations are passed. The airtoxics producers are to be identified asmajor or area sources. The CAAA directedEPA to set standards based on all majorsources of HAPs, plus sources of particularconcern, to reduce Significantly the emis·sions of air toxies. An emissions inventoryin 1993 showed that mobile sources

TABLE IFinal Air ToxICI MAnsection 112 of the~ ofI""""'"........... as ofJ....." ...INDUSTRY Fi.... rule hdInI ...... .......

publish refIrwa of_date subp8rt () Qtegories

Aerospace manufacturing and ..-It 911195 6OFR45948 (GG) Iindustry*

Basic liquid epoxy resins and non nylon 3/8195 6OFR12670N) 2polyamide resins manufacture

Chromium electroplating and anodizing 1125195 6OFR49848 (N) 6operations*

CoIce <M!Il batteries at steel plants* 10/27193 S8FRS7898 (L) I

Commercial sterilization and fumigation* 1216194 59FR62S8S (0) 2

Dry deaners* 9/22193 S8FR64382 (M) 5

Elastomer production 9/5/96 61 FR46906 (U) 9

Gasoline distribution facilities 12114194 59FR64303 (R) I

Halogenated solwnt deanlng machines 1212194 59FR61BOI (T) 2

Industrial process cooling toWers 9/8/94 59FR46339 (Q) I

Magnetic tape manufacturing 12115194 59FR64580 (EE) I"Marine tank vessel loading operations 9/19195 6OFR48388 (Y) 1

.=-<

Off-site waste operations 7/1/96 61FR34139 (DO) I I

Organic chemical production plants 4/22/94 59FRI9402 (F,G,H,I) I

Petroleum refining industry 8118195 6OFR044 (CC) I

Polyethylene terephthalate polymer 9/12196 61 FR48208 (l1J) 6and styrene-based thermoplasticpolymers production

Primary aluminum reduction industry 1017197 62FRS2407 k

• Printing and publishing operations 5/30196 61 FR27 I32 (KK) 1 I

Secondary lead smelting industry* 3/8/95 60FR32587 (X) I

Shipbuilding and ship repair industry 12115/95 60FR64330 (11) I

Wood furniture manufacturing 1217/95 6OFR62930 OJ) I

major sources........................................................ 40*

Title III moves at a slower paceThe Title III portion of the CAAA, HAPs orair toxics appears to have been moving at amuch slower pace since we are alreadymore than 8 years into the program andregulations have been promulgated for lessthan one third of the industries. As ofJanuary 1998, MACT air toxics final standardshave been issued for only 23 industriesunder Section 112 of the CAAA. Thesestandards affect 48 categories of majorindustrial sources and eight categories ofthe smaller sources. Note that many industries have multiple sources such as elastomer production, chrome plating andanodizing, plastics and polymers. The timeframe for finishing this process is November 15, 2000. As ofjanuary 1998, EPA hasalso proposed rules covering 22 additionalsource categories. The implementationschedule of the standards for the remainingindustries can be found on the Web atwww.epa.govJtnnluatwl7_10yrst.htrnl. Notethat dates are assigned along with a contactname and an e-mail address for each industry or chemical to be regulated. There is aconsiderable amount of ground to cover inthe next one and a half years. The rate willhave to increase considerably, however, tokeep up with the proposed schedule.

Strategy starts withsource IdentificationTo reduce air toxics pollution, EPA mustfirst identify the toxic pollutants whoserelease should be reduced. On the basis ofpotential health and environmental hazard; EPA must regulate these listed air toxics. The 1990 Act allows EPA to add orremove chemicals to the list as necessary.In fact, the 189 chemicals has recentlybeen reduced to 188. Caprolactam apparently should .not have been included in the

Title I progresses rapidlyFrom 1990 to 1994, the Title I portion ofthe CAAA progressed quickly; continuousemission monitoring systems (CEMS) forsulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrogen oxides(NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate emissions monitors were installedin most large power plants. Title IIinvolved monitoring programs for ozone,CO and other similar pollutants. Ambientair programs have been implemented andmany states report the historical monitoring data, such as Louisiana, or daily monitoring data, such as Texas, on their Websites. Within the European Community,most countries have started to monitorair toxies such as benzene, toluene,xylene and, recently, 1,3 butadiene, on acontinuous basis in their upgraded airmonitoring networks.


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Useful Web sites• EPA homepage: epa.gov• EPA Office of Air & Radiation (OAR)

home page: epa.gov/oarl

• EPA Office of Mobile Sources (OMS)home page: epa.gov/omswww

• Unified Air Toxics Web site:epa.gov/tnn/uatwl

• State Environmental Goals andIndicator Project (SEGIP) home page:

fsu.edul -cpm/segip.html

• State of Louisiana Web site:deq.state.la.us/oarp/air.htmState ofTexas Web site:tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/monopsl

ambmon.html

and the longest time was 21 months.What \vill be accomplished when these

standards go into effect? The 25 MACTstandards discussed above when fullyimplemented will reduce the emission ofmore than 100 air toxics by more than 1

million tons per year, which is nearly tentimes greater than lhat achieved with thepre 1990 legislation. Between 1988 and

1993, the reporting to the Toxic ReleaseInventory (TRl) indicates that the ten airtoxics with the largest releases have showna decline of 30 percent or 443.7 tons. TheTRI is the main source of comprehensiveinformation on HAPs and the new (1996)

TRI has just been published on EPAS Website at wwwepa.goveltris_sta.htm. ~

Time frameThe average time between the proposed or

initial and the final publication of the rulesin the Federal Register for the air toxicsMACT standards in Table I was 13months. The shortest time was 9 momhs

Table 1 along with the date of the finalrules and a reference to the Federal RegiSter (FR) that is available in many largelibraries, on-line, from EPA or state

department of environmental protectionoffices. The information can also be downloaded from the Web under national emis

sion standard for hazardous air pollutants(NESHAP) summaries. The Federal RegiS

ter pertaining to aerospace manufacturing

is found in the September I, 1995 60 FR45948, subpart GG. In addition to thestandards issued under Section 112, EPAissued two standards under Section 129 ofthe CAAA covering municipal waste combustors and medical waste incinerators.


Johl1 N. Driscoll, DSC, is president oj HNUSystems 111C., Newtoll Highlallds, Mass.

Monitoring considerationsLarge stationary sources, such as chemical

plants, plastics manufacturing, sterilization and incinerators, release hazardous

air pollutants. The 1990 CAAA deals morestrictly with large sources than small ones,but EPA must regulate small area sources

of hazardous air pollutants as well. As ofJanuary 1998, 48 industries were coveredby regulation. EPA indicated that there isa considerable public health concern with

the effect of large sources on the health ofthe population downwind. In Alberta and

Edmonton, the local Canadian environ

mental authorities require large chemicalproducers to monitor fencelines with continuous analyzers. Most of the fencelinemonitoring programs for CAAA Tille II Iinvolve the use of grab samples includingSUMMA canisters for collection in thefield, followed by laboratory analysis.

With the final implementation of the

CAAA, this will change. The use of continuous monitors for fenceline monitoringoccurs in the United States when a signifi

cant release or leak occurs from a majorource or when there is considerable pub

lic pressure or concern on the part oflocal environmental authorities. This isalso the situation in many Third Worldcountries where there is lillie environ

mental legislation and polilical pressureon the mayor or other public authoritiesrequired to establish monitoring programs. Recent EPA legislalion, the Compliance Assurance Monitoring (CAM)

Rule provides industry with a program toensure the local regulators or neighborsthat it is operating within its permit.

propane gas (LPG). The Dutch government has tax incentive programs for dual

fuel vehicles which pays for the additionalcost of LPG over a 5-year period.

Small sources are also regUlatedAir toxics are released from small area sta

tionary sources, such as dry cleaners andelectroplating. Under the 1990 CAAA,EPA is required to study mcans to reduce

hazardous air pollutants from small neigh

borhood polluters such as aulo paintshops, print shops and more. The agencywill also have to evaluate air loxics pollution after the first round of regulations todetermine whether the remaining healthhazards require additional regulatoryaction. However, legislation for eight small

sources such as chromc plating, primingand chlorinated solvents are included

within the 48 source categories already

regulated as of January 1998.

A list of the 23 industries regulatedunder Section 112 of the CAAA is given in

October 1998 Circle 17 on card.

A commonsense approachto cleanupsAn overview of how to use risk-based decision making to respondto chemical releases into the environment

By John A. Connor, PE, and Charles J. Newell, PhD, PE

A risk-based approach allows environmentalcleanups to be conducted in a rational

manner based on the actual risk that the site

poses to society; it also allows for a flexibleapproach to managing those risks.

There has been an increasing discussion of risk assessments, riskbased corrective action (RBCA,

sometimes referred Lo as "Rebecca"), riskbased decision making and OLher riskbased terms in the environmental cleanupindustry in recent years. For example,over 40 states are considering the adoption of RBCA procedures for managementof corrective action at underground SLorage tanks (USTs) based on an AmericanSociety of Testing and Materials (ASTM)standard issued in 1995. Currently, thereis an ASTM effort Lo develop a RBCA program for other types of chemical releasesites, such as Superfund sites, ResourceConservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)sites and other waste site cleanup programs. Generally, these risk-based programs are designed Lo manage the longterm risks from releases of chemicals tothe environment, as opposed to responding Lo the effects of catastrophic releases,such as oil spills regulated under the OilPollution Act.

Overall, the new focus on risk-basedapproaches is a positive development. Arisk-based approach allows environmental cleanups to be conducted in a rationalmanner based on the actual risk that thesite poses Lo society; it also allows for aflexible approach Lo managing thoserisks. Movement towards risk-basedapproaches does raise a concern thatthey will impose greater complexity onsite evaluation processes, with significantvariability among states. However, these

programs all share the common principles of risk management, which, inessence, are both simple and rational.Keep in mind these Simple principles,which are the basic Lools needed topursue a risk-based strategy on anycleanup project.

Risk management objectivesIn the environmental field, risk management is essentially a two-step process-

prevent releases and manage soil andgroundwater impacts when releases occur(see Figure 1).

Because preventing releases is morecost-effective than managing releases afterthey occur, many of our state and federalregulations are directed Loward ensuringthat accidental spills and leaks do notoccur. However, when hazardous chemicals are released to the environment, weneed Lo respond as necessary Lo preventimpacts Lo public health and the environment. Recent initiatives such as RBCA represent efforts Lo streamline the corrective

action processes while incorporating keyrisk management processes.

Environmental release:concerns and response actionsAn environmental release of a hazardouschemical can pose a variety of concerns,depending on the location, magnitude andnature of the release. The following arekey areas of concern:• Human health and ecological hazards, or

hazards posed by the Loxicity of chemicals Lo human or ecological recepLors;

• Non-biological resource impacts, ordestruction of a natural resource, such aswater resources belonging Lo the state;

• Aesthetic impacts, which are impactscausing a non-hazardous but unsightlyor nuisance problem; and

• Subsurface utility impacts, or impactsfrom dangerous conditions caused byhaving contaminants in subsurface utilities, such as explosive gases.The goal of the risk-based site evaluation

is Lo assess these concerns and define


TABLE I

FIGURE 2

Environmental releases: Concerns and response actions

ious media, such as soil and groundwater.Step two is exposure assessment. Con

duct exposure pathway screening analysisto identify those exposure conditions thatcould apply to the site-commonly basedon the presence or absence of sourcemedia or receptors and the presence or

Protect public healthand the environment

o Prevent spills and leaks

@ Manage risks when releases do occur

Human health and • Prevent exposure toecohazard unsafe levels of contaminants

Non-biological~

Prevent loss ofresource impacts useable groundwater

Aesthetic impacts ~ Prevent odor or nuisance

Subsurface utility impacts ~ Prevent explosive conditions

Goal

KeySteps

ComputerFate &

XStandard x Chem/tox = Target

terminal I-transport I-- exposure I-- database I-- risksmodels factors

I

CONCERN RESPONSE

KEY POINT: .4i....-....Define the concerns and necessary ~ ~I.

response actions for each site.

Calculation flowchart for risk-based corrective action (RBCA) software (from GSIRBCA Tool Kit)

Two Key Steps for Risk Monagement

The first step is site assessment. Collectsite information to characterize soil andgroundwater impacts and identify potential receptors. Key data needs include sitesoil and groundwater conditions, locationof actual and potential receptors, and concentrations of chemicals of concern in var-

II,", m~dl·!·lii,mi;III'tm1fil!·It!!!!!I!MI;;~·il,••••••~

•..•.... : .••...:' • ..............g!£!.I.!iimi•4Irm=·!·ldlll·lt!!!!i~II!!·mj,••••••••

FIGURE I

The basic steps of riskassessment and responseThe risk-based site evaluation process canbe distilled to four basic steps shared byalmost all risk-based regulatory programs.

appropriate response actions on a site-specific basis. This evaluation may involve aninitial qualitative assessment of site conditions, followed, if necessary, by a quantitative analysis of contaminant transport andexposure. Either way, the exercise ofreviewing an inventory of relevant hazardsand targeting appropriate response actionstoward key risk factors constitutes riskmanagement. Under many regulatory programs, response actions may be required ifchemical concentrations in environmentalmedia are likely to result in a human orecological exposure in excess of safe levels;usable water resources could be damagedby continued exposure of the contaminantzone; the contaminants pose explosiveconditions; or the contaminants may causephysical damage to subgrade structures.

Human health concernsHuman health concerns are the centralfocus of many of our state and federalcorrective action rules. Under a riskbased approach, an exposure assessmentis conducted to determine whether thechemical release could result in humanexposure in excess of safe levels. For thisproposal, the environmental engineer orscientist must address various exposurescenarios, hypothetical mechanismswhereby chemicals on affected soil orgroundwater could move to a point ofhuman intake. Typical soil and groundwater exposure scenarios identified onmany state or federal risk-based regulatory programs are listed on Table l.

Again, the exposure assessment may berelatively simple or relatively complex,depending on the specific needs of thestate. For example, if historical data showan affected groundwater plume to be stable or shrinking, then it is impossible forthis plume to impact a water well locatedoutside the existing plume area, and thepotential risk to that well user is zero.No models or calculations are needed.

Alternatively, in the case of an expanding groundwater plume, a model could beemployed to predict long-term plumemanagement patterns. In some cases, suchmodeling may support a more timely riskmanagement decision than could be developed based on monitoring data.

Occober 1998 Environmental Protection 15

absence of chemicals above the thresholdscreening level. For each applicable pathway, evaluate potential exposure levels.

The third step is protective standards.Compare potential exposure conditions toprotective criteria. Identify those affectedmedia zones and chemicals that posepotentially harmful conditions or exceedthe protective criteria established for eacharea of concern. The calculations caneither be performed in a forward mode,where you compare the actual risk at thesite to protective criteria defined by regulatory agenCies, or a backward mode, wherecleanup standards at the receptor are usedto generate cleanup standards at thesource. Software is available to make these

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calculations easier by combining fate andtransport models, standard risk assessmentexposure factors, chemicaVtoxicologicaldatabases, and regulatory agency-mandated target risks in one integrated package(see Figure 2).

These tools allow users to calculateeasily the risks associated with a particular site (the forward calculation) and calculate cleanup standards for the sourcezone at a site that will be protective ofhuman health and the environment.Thefourth step is the response action. Develop a corrective action strategy to minimize risk by preventing exposure toharmful levels of chemicals. Appropriatemeasures may involve removal or treat-

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ment of affected media; containmentmeasures to prevent exposure to soil orgroundwater left in place; or institutionalcontrols to limit future uses of the property as needed to prevent unsafe exposureconditions, such as deed recordation orlimiting the use of a property to commercial or industrial uses with no groundwater extraction. Each of these measuresmay successfully achieve the risk protection criteria. Consequently, the choiceamong these options is not a risk-baseddecision but a function of technical andeconomic considerations as well as landuse plans. The final response actionshould achieve the applicable protectivestandards while preserving the active andproductive use of the property.

SummaryRisk-based management is becoming amore acceptable method under many regulatory programs for responding to chemi-

The exercise of

reviewing an inventory

of relevant hazards

and targeting

appropriate response

actions toward key

risk factors constitutesrisk management.

cal releases to the environment. Althoughon the surface these risk-based approachesappear to be highly complex and difficultto perform, all of the various risk-basedregulatory programs are based on relatively simple principles. Computer softwarepackages help make the calculation of riskand appropriate cleanup standards easierand more straightforward. At sites whereexcess risk is predicted to occur, riskbased management approaches allow moreflexibility in response actions by allowingcontainment and institutional controls inaddition to standard removal and treatment alternatives. (D

John Connor, PE, and Charles Newell, PhD,PE, are president and vice president of Groundwater Services, Inc., Houston. Both are ASIMcertified nationwide risk-based correctiveaction trainers.

For more Information, circle 100 on canl.


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Circle 20 on card.

With today's increasing levelsof development, odor nuisance has become a majorenvironmental issue incommunities. Citizen complaints about odors have

created a chain reaction through all levelsof government as officials search for a sufficient odor regulation or ordinance thatwill effectively but fairly satisfy the community and industry. The question iswhether odors can be quantified for regulatory and operational purposes.

Elusive emission sourcesCommunities and regulators readily knowthat tracking down the cause of objectionalodors may be difficult because indusUialoperations yield odorous emissions in varying degrees from many potential sourcesthat may include trucks, process equipment,fugitive sources, wastewater collection andtreatment systems, associated activities andadjacent activities and businesses. Odorsvary considerably in the follmving ways:• Emission type, such as surface or

point source;• Emission rate as odor units per second;

• Odor strength, which is the concentration and intensity;

• Odor persistence, or the dose-responserelationship;

• Odor character, such as descriptors andHedonic Tone, which is one's personallike or dislike of an odor;

• Frequency of occurrence-random orrepeating;

• Duration of emission, as in an episodeor activity related; and

• Circumstances, such as a temporary condition, emergency release or construction.

Why quantify odorstThe effort to quantify odors may berequired for the following:• Compliance monitoring and compliance

assurance;• Determination of compliance for permit

renewal;• Determination of stallls using base line

data for expansion planning;• Determination of specific odor sources

based upon investigation of complaints;• Verification of complaints after notice

of violation;• Monitoring daily operations and man-

agement performance evaluation;• Comparison of operating practices while

evaluating alternatives;• Monitoring specific events or

episodes-<Iefensible credible evidence;• Detennination of an odor control effica

cy based upon scientific testing;• Determination of an odor control sys

tem COSt effectiveness and co t minimization;

• Comparison of odor control methodsand COSt accountability; and

• Verification of odor dispersion modelingor model calibration.Each of these purposes dictates a need

for dependable and reproducible methodsand practices for odor quantification. Thetrend in the United States and internationally is toward an acknowledgment thatodor is a legitimate air pollmant and that itcan be controlled. Therefore, regulatorsand operators of industrial facilities arefaced with the practical needs for odorquantification, whether the purpose is solely for complaint investigation, public relations, permit renewal or faCility survival.

Site-specific conditions often place significant limitations on the ability of regu-


Odor persistence illustrated

LOG OF DILUTION RATIO

lators and/or operators to implement aprogram of odor quantification. Localterrain and local meteorology are commonconstraints that challenge method development and sometimes limit the choicesof odor quantification practices.

Odor protocol.Ten methods or protocols are commonlyused by facility operators and regulators.The following protocols are presented inbrief exemplary form as a guide.

Point source sampling: A facility mayinclude buildings or processes that have aspecific point emission source-stack, roofexhaust or building side vent. The samplingof the potentially odorous point sourcesinvolves the collection of the air from thepoint source in a Tedlar gas sample bagusing a vacuum chamber, sometimes calleda sampling lung. The odorous air sample isexpress shipped to an odor laboratory forevaluation of the odor parameters, such asodor concentration and descriptors, using

~IIIZ~~u..ol?

9

standard American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM) practices.

Surface sampling: A facility may contain a number of surfaces that have thepotential to emit odorous gases, such aswastewater treatment lagoons. The collection of odors from surfaces requires theuse of a device called a flux hood. A simple flux hood is a bowl invened on to thesurface that is to be sampled. Odor-free airis supplied to the flux hood dUring sampling from the flux hood. Several methodsof surface sampling have been used byinvestigators and the choice will be dictated by the site specific conditions and thedata requirement needs.

On-site monitoring: Operators have theunique ability in the facility to monitor

odors throughout the day Monitoring onsite can also involve odor observationsfrom selected predetermined locations.Sample locations might be at and aroundthe building and the property line.

Complaint response: The use of odorcomplaint hot lines is a common methodused by industry and communities. A hotline system provides citizens with directaccess to register a complaint and otherrelevant information. A complaintresponse plan, with designated on-callinspectors, produces opportunities forobserving odor episodes and for trackingodors to the contributing sources.

Random monitoring: A frequently usedmethod for odor monitoring is the randomor unannounced inspection approach. Therandom monitoring method leads to a compilation of data that can be correlated withmeteorological information and on-siteactivities. Regulators often find that randommonitoring is the only cost-effective methodavailable for compliance determination.

Odor with greaterpersistence

Odor with lesspersistence

Scheduled monitoring: Well-plannedscheduled monitoring can be limited to adaily drive around the facility site or adaily visit to several predetermined monitoring locations. The data from scheduledmonitoring can be used to correlate themany parameters that potentially influenceodor episodes. Meteorological conditionsand on-site operating activities need to berecorded during the monitoring. The useof a versatile database will facilitate theanalysis of the data.

Citizen monitoring: The implementation of citizen monitoring can be part ofan interactive community outreach program for an industry. The primary function of citizen monitoring is to obtaininformation, through accurate record

keeping, that represents real conditions inthe residential community. The citizensrecruited would be trained to measureodors using an intensity scale and toassign standard odor descriptors. The citizen monitors can assist in determiningprevalent times that odors occur andprevalent weather conditions of odorepisodes. Citizen monitors also help inunderstanding the odor intensity level atwhich an odor first becomes a nuisance.

Citizen advisory panel: Occasionally acitizen "jury" is impaneled to evaluateodors associated with a facility A typicalcitizen advisory panel would be gatheredto observe odors at specific locations andasked to respond to the following questionwith a "yes" or "no": In your opinion, dothe odors witnessed at this location on thisday and at this time have the intensity andcharacter which would interfere with thenormal conduct of business or cause material, physical discomfort to a person?

Intensive odor survey: An in-depthevaluation of on-site odor generation andoff-site odor impact might be needed for afacility in preparation for a permit reviewor faCility expansion. Extensive data collection of odors, related meteorological conditions and process operations will identifysources and operations that cause odorsand ones that do not cause odors. Allpotential odor sources can be ranked andtheir relative odor contributions determined. Trials of odor control methods alsomay require an intensive period of datacollection using odor monitoring practices.

Plume profiling: Odor dispersion monitoring can be supplemented with odorplume profiling. Several inspectors placedcross wind and down wind from the odorsource can be assigned to measure odorintensity. Multiple plume profiles, duringdiffering wind conditions, can be used tocalibrate a dispersion model or verifymodel predictions.

M.....rlng odor paramet.rsThe five standard practices directly applicable for quantification of odors are: characterization by desCriptors, word scaleodor intensity, suprathreshold odor intenSity, odor threshold concentration andodor persistence.

The character of an odor is reported byan observer using standard odor descriptors. Numerous standard odor desCriptorlists are available to use as referencingnomenclature. One standard published bythe International Association on WaterPollution Research and Control (IAWPRC)is a flavor wheel for natural waters. A standard list of odor descriptors provides odorinspectors, monitors, operators and citi-


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Charles M. McGinley, PE, is technical director of St.Croix Sensory Inc., Stillwater,Minn., and Michael A. McGinley, MHS, is anengineer/industrial hygienist, at McGinleyAssociates, PA, Stillwater, Minn.

Industries have the opportunity toembrace standard protocols and practices ofodor quantification for purposes of selfimprovement, survival and growth. Proactive odor management strategies with ongoing monitoring and aggressive odor controlwill provide assurances of favorable publicacceptance, regulatory compliance andinformed management decision making. @i)

response function. The dose-response function is determined from the intensity of anodor at full strength and at several dilutionlevels above the threshold level. The plottedvalues as logarithms of the intensity anddilution ratios make up the dose-responsefunction. As illustrated in Figure 1, the odorwith the flatter slope would have a greaterpersistency, or hang time, in the ambient air.

What, when, where '"Odor data collection and analysis addressfour basic questions:

• What are the odors?• When are the odors?• Where are the odors?• What does or does not cause the odors?

zens with a common vocabulary for evaluation, reporting, comparing, contrastingand communicating.

Odor intensity is a measure of the relative strength of an odor above the threshold. Odor intensity can be assigned a worddescriptor or a number on a 5 or 10 scale.A common word scale is:

oNo odor1 Very faint2 Faint3 Noticeable4 Strong5 Very strongIntensity word scales are also used with

only end point word descriptors.The citizen odor monitor typically finds the wordintensity scale easy to understand and use.

Odor intensity quantification can beaccomplished using an odor intensity referencing scale (OIRS). Odor intensity referencing compares the odor in the ambientair to the odor intensity of a series of concentrations of a reference odorant, such asn-butanol. The inspector, investigator,monitor or operator observes the odor inthe ambient air and compares it to theOIRS. The person making the observationmust use a carbon filtered mask to refreshtheir olfactory sense between sniffingobservations. Without the use of a carbonfiltered mask the observer's olfactory sensewould become fatigued or would adapt tothe odors in the surrounding ambient air.Using the OIRS, the intensity is expressedin parts per million of n-butanol.

The odor concentration is a numberderived from a laboratory dilution of asample odor from a Tedlar sample bag.Dilution of the odor is the physicalprocess that occurs in the atmospheredown wind of the odor generating source.The dilution ratio is an estimate of thenumber of dilutions needed to make theodor non-detectable. Odor panelists in thelaboratory observe the sample using aninstrument called an olfactometer. Thetesting procedure produces threshold values that are called detection threshold andrecognition threshold.

In addition to the determination of odorthresholds, an odor laboratory can conduct evaluations for the following odorparameters: intensity, character descriptors, Hedonic Tone and persistency.

Persistency is a term used in conjunction with intensity. The perceived intenSityof an odor will change in relation to itsconcentration. However, the rate of changein intensity verses concentration is not thesame for all odors. This rate of change istermed the persistency of the odor.

The perSistency of an odor can be measured in an odor laboratory as a dose-

October 1998 Circle 22 on card. 11

By Ingrid Truemper

The politicsof protection

Senatorial candidates in three

high-profile races speak out on environmental issues

Environmental issueswill playa factor inat least 10 of the 34U.5. Senate races

occurring in 1998, according toan analysis by the NationalJoumal~ Greenwire, a nonpartisan environmental news daily.Three of the races, in California, Wisconsin and New York,involve important environmental topics.

In California, incumbent u.S.Sen. Barbara Boxer (D) andState Treasurer Matt Fong (R)will battle it out in what is likely to be a close, high-profilerace. Barbara Boxer is one of 18senators in the 105th Congressto receive a score of 100 percent from the League of Conservation Voters (LCV), abipartisan watchdog organization dedicated to educating citizens about the environmentalvoting records of members ofCongress (see Onlineresources).

U.5. Sen. Russell Feingold(D) is running against U.5. Rep.Mark Neumann (R) in Wisconsin. Feingold has also garnereda 100 percent rating from theLCV, and he is known for hissupport of legislation on pollution prevention and Great Lakesprotection as a state senator. Neumann was targeted by environmentalists during his 1996 House re-election campaign, and hisenvironmental record is expected to be raised again. His pledge to"wage war" against environmental protection programs, alongwith a voting record that shows him voting for clean water andclean air initiatives only 29 percent of the time, has landed him onthe "Dirty Dozen" roster put together each year by the LCY.

Environmental Protection

In New York, U.5. Sen.Alfonse D'Amato (R) faces leading Democratic candidateGeraldine Ferraro, a formerU.5. representative and vicepresidential nominee. In 1997,D'Amato received a 29 percentrating from the LCV, the lowestnumber of any senator in theNortheast, Republican orDemocrat. This rating nevertheless represented an enormousimprovement over previousyears-in 1995 and 1996 hereceived scores of seven andzero. However, D'Amato'sattempt to brush up his environmental image in the last yearhas been criticized by Ferraroas a re-election maneuver.

Environmental Proteerionasked each candidate to providehis or her comments on twoenvironmental issues vital to hisor her home state. Where a candidate has declined to respond,previously published statementsof his position on the relevantissues are included.

CaliforniaSen. Barbara Boxer (D)Water scarcity: Our challengeis to make sure that we have an

adequate water supply for future economic growth and agricultural requirements while ensuring that future generations canenjoy clean rivers and streams and fish and wildlife.

The Calfed Bay-Delta Restoration Program brings togetherfarmers, environmental advocates and urban water consumersto ensure a clean and reliable water supply based on sound science. As a member of the Environment and Public WorksCommittee and Appropriations Committee, I have won mil-

October 1998

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Best of all, your new SCADA system won't be 'rocket science'. It'll be well within your capability to

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Callada & Illtematiollal: 28 Steacie Drive, Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2K 2A9. Telephone: 6/3.591.1943 • Pax: 6/3.591.1022

USA: 200 Southern SIal; Slidell, LA 70458. Pa,t.· (504) 643-5450 • Phone (504) 643-1777

Circle 23 on card,

League of Conservation Voters (LCV) http://www.lcv.orgThe LCV has published a National Environmental Scorecard every Congress since1970. the year it was founded by leaders of the environmental movement follOWingthe first Earth Day. Its mission is "to protect the environment through political actionby holding members of Congress accountable for their environmental votes and helping to elect pro-conservation candidates to Congress."

According to the LCV, the annual Scorecard represents the consensus of expertsfrom 27 respected environmental groups who selected the key votes on which members of Congress should be graded. The LCV scores votes on what these experts consider to be the most important issues of environmental health and safety protections,resource conservation and spending for environmental programs.

U.S. Sen. Barbara Boxer (D.Calif.)

State Treasurer Matthew Fong (R.Calif.)

U.S. Sen. Russell Feingold (D-Wis.)

U.S. Rep. Mark Neumann (R-Wis.)

U.S. Sen.Alfonse D'Amato (R·N.Y.)

Geraldine Ferraro (D.N.Y.)

Democratic National Committee

Republican National Committee

Online resources

Sen. Russell Feingold

opposed a bill that did not go far enoughto ensure safe and secure shipments ofnuclear materials from sites in Wisconsinto storage outside of the state. I would liketo see nuclear waste moved to a permanent site outside our state, but I also wantto ensure that waste is not needlesslytransported around in search of a final disposal site. When waste leaves Wisconsin,it should do so pennanently.

I will not accept legislation that is a quickfix and does not ensure that nuclear waste

disposal is safe,secure and fiscallyresponsible.Wetlands protection: I suPPOrtresponsible, common sense protection of wetlands.Wetlands preventnooding byabsorbing runofffrom rainwater

before it reaches rivers and streams, sustain the sport fishing industry, filter pollutants out of the water before they reachour drinking water and support severalendangered species in Wisconsin, as wellas the bald eagle. That is why I fought provisions supported by my opponent in the1996 Clean Water Act that threatened theclassification and protection of over 60percent of Wisconsin wetlands.(Feingolds opponent, Rep. Mark eumann(R), declined to cammelll on the above issues.)

New YorkSen.Alfonse D'Amato (R)(D'Al1Iato declined to respond to specificissues. The following is [he senators officialposition on the envirol1lnelll.)

When the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland,Ohio, literally caught fire nearly 30 yearsago, many of us finally woke up to the

realities of whatpollution wasdoing to our planet. Since then,great sltides havebeen made in thefight to combatpollution. landmark pieces of legislation have been

Sen.Alfonse D'Amoto passed, including---------------- the Clean Air Act

Amendments, the Safe Drinking WaterAct, the Clean Water Act and Superfund.

Through the implementation of theselaws, Americans now enjoy a cleaner environment and have become more consciousof how their actions affect the earth. Recycling, which was almost unheard-of 20

http://www.boxer98.org

http://www.fong98.org

http://www.feingold98.org

http://www.neumann98.org

http://www.damato.org

http://www.ferraro98.org

http://www.democrats.org

http://www.rnc.org

WisconsinSen. Russell feingold (D)

uclear waste disposal: I recently

to be faced: California will be chronicallyshort of water by the year 2010 if steps arenot taken to improve both our storage anddelivery systems. The two major components, the Bay-Delta and Colorado Riverdelivery systems, are broken and must befixed to meet our state's future needs.

It is high time that someone other thanBarbara Boxer ... speak for California onwater and environmental issues in Washington. Common sense solutions can befound to balance the needs of the environment, cities and agriculture. Stewardship istoo important to delegate to Washingtonbureaucrats. We must protect our environment and at the same time refrain fromexcessive regulation of people and jobs.

We need more water storage capaCity,both on-stream and off-stream, and thereis no time to lose, considering how muchtime it takes to plan and build a new facility. For on-stream storage, we should buildthe multipurpose Auburn Dam-for noodcontrol, irrigation and recreation-and weshould modify or replace the Shasta Dam,which is now nearly 50 years old. Offstream, the Los Angeles MetropolitanWater District and the Contra Costa WaterDistrict are building large off-stream reservoirs, but more are needed.

Water is clearly our most importantcommodity-but it is also much more.Water is an essential property right thathelps to define us as a free people.

t"~:~';.,". .; . .".'.' . ..~- ..,:-~eI..

State Treasurer Matt Fong (R)(Fang declined to comment on the aboveissues. The following are excerp[s from aMay 1998 speech.)Water scarcity: There is one simple truth

lions of dollars in federal funding for theCalfed program.

I support legislation to modify FolsomDam and strengthen levees along thelower American River to provide effectivenood contro\. I do not support an Auburn

Dam, based onsafety, cost andenvironmentalconcerns.Air quality: Cleanair is necessary foreconomic growthand a healthyquality of life. In1997, I supported

Sen. Borboro Boxer the president's---------------- decision to backEPA's tougher clean air standards. The newstandards toughen emission limits onozone and particulate maner and will helpreduce respiratory problems that greatlyaffect children and other vulnerable populations.

I have strongly supported research anddevelopment of clean fuel vehicles. 1 successfully fought to repeal the luxury taxon electric cars and to increase tax incentives to use liquefied natural gas. I wonfederal funding for electric vehicles at military installations and for local government alternative fuel neets.


Geroldine Ferraro

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http://www.shanleypump.comShanley Pump &Equipment. Inc.2525 South Clearbrook DriveArlington Heights. Illinois 60005Fax: 847-439-9388

Circle 24 on card.

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We have taken OAF technology to a new level of performance with the EDURMultiphase Centrifugal Pumps. The EDUR line is the ideal pump for all yourDissolved Air Flotation applications and liquid-gas enrichment processing.These high efficiency, specialty pumps eliminate the need for compressors,pressure tanks, and extensive controls required in other system designs.EDUR pumps are wear resistant from contaminated media, providing long,reliable operation, and offering excellent media miXing capabilities.

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Ingrid Truemper is WI assistant editor ofEnvironmental Protection magaZine.

For more infonnatioo, contact the author

at [email protected]

Geraldine Ferraro (D)Her opponcnt: The greatest obstaclc tosolving New York's top environmental problems has been having Al D'Amato as a senator for 18 years--a senator who runs adscalling himself the environmental senator,while receiving a zero percent rating on the

League of Conservation VotersScorecard in 1996.

D'Amato hasspent his careerrepresenting corporate polluters,who have pouredhundreds of thousands of dollars inhis campaign cof-

---------------- fers, at theexpense of clean air, clean water and thepublic's right-to-know.The Hudson Rivcr cleanup: I will playa lcadership role in cleaning up polychlorinatedbiphenyls (POls) from the Hudson River.The Hudson River is one of the worst PCBpollution sites in the world, having more thana million pounds of the chemicals releasedfrom two General Electric factories during a3D-year period, which ended in 1977. InteriorSecretary Bruce &bbin said. 'The sickness ofthe river today is directly traceable to theGeneral Electric Co." I will urge EPA to makea decision on whether G.E. should berequired to clean up the Hudson River as panof the Superfund program. I believe that eachof us should be a "riverkeeper." €Ii)

years ago, has become more widelyaccepted. Restrictions on disposing ofhazardous waste are tighter. Factorieshave dramatically decreased the amountof pollutants released into the atmosphere. All in all, great strides have beentaken toward a cleaner planet.

However, there have been recent concerns about Congress living up to its expectations and commitments with respect toprotecting our nation's environment.

The American people have overwhelmingly indicated thai they do not wish tosee the environmental achievements ofnearly three decades wiped oul. I believeCongress has received that message loudand clear. We have done a lot to protectour environment, but we can still domore. Support for the necessary fundingthat will allow federal environmental protection programs to continue.

October 1998 Circle 25 on card.

AII industries with wiping

towel applications have one basic decisionto make: reusable cotton shop towels ordisposable wipes? The most importantenvironmental factor to consider is the

management of the used absorbents.Single-use wipes and rags are a waste

that is usually sent for costly disposal.Unfortunately, the disposables may alsobe thrown in the trash, exposing the user

to potential liability. Generators of disposables should perform a hazardouswaste determination before selecting aproper waste disposal method. However,

some generators of disposables have minimized their hazardous waste generationand liability by changing from disposables to reusable shop towels.

The printing, aircraft, automotive, circuitboard, coatings and adhesives, furnitureand food processing industries use millionsof shop towels each day. These shop towels

to be a waste, they are subject to fullResouree Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA) regulation. Most laundries are notpermilled to transport, treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste, but many stilllegally process towels contaminated withlisted solvents. The U.s. EnvironmentalProtections Agency's regional offices andeach state's environmental regulatoryagency provides guidance for handlingthese towels. These agencies do not require

all reusable shop towels to be managed ashazardous waste.

The federal EPA decided to defer any

policy making decisions on reusable textiles to the EPA regions and states. EPA hasalso given the EPA regional offices and

states considerable latitude in determiningwhat the local regulatory status of theabsorbents should be.

Michael Shapiro, director of EPAS Officeof Solid Waste, outlined this policy in a

shop towels containing listed solvents fromregulation. The reusable towel exemptionapplies when the towels do not contain anyfree liquids as determined by a paint filterliquids test. New Jersey also requires thatthe towels are managed on-site as hazardouswaste until scnt olT-site for laundering.

In a May 16, 1996, leller to the Uniformand Textile Services Association (UTSA),the state of Colorado informed UTSA that

the information contained in a fact sheet istheir guidance on the regulatory status ofreusable shop towels. The fact sheet states,"Reusable absorbent materials cleaned by

such contractuaVclosed loop cleaning services would not have to be managed ashazardous waste ... ." Colorado added thatthe exemption docs not apply toabsorbents "saturated with free liquid."

Companies Ihat change from a disposable to a reusable shop towel service haverealized other benefits from the reusable

Business owners can reduce potential

liability by switching from

disposable wipes to reusable shop towels

Once is NOT:~J~~'MSenoughcome in contact with all kinds of chemicalsincluding inks, cleaning solvents, furniturelacquers, paint thinners, mineral oils andaqueous CUlling fluids. Many of these

chemicals, due to their chemical characteristics, present difficult challenges, especially where waste disposal is considered.

The reusableregUlatory frameworkQuality and cost issues aside, dilTerent environmental regulatory frameworks guide themanagement of the two absorbent programs, especially where solvents that are

listed as hazardous wastes are involved. Theregulatory dilTerences also exist when thereusable shop towels or disposable wipes

exhibit one or more characteristics of a hazardous waste after use. It is important tonote Ihe dilTerences between the absorbentprograms where the reusables or disposables are contaminated with listed or characteristic solvents.

Since disposable towels are considered

February 14, 1994, memorandum to EPASregional waste management directors. Inthis memorandum Shapiro writes, "Any

determinations or interpretations regardingthis diverse and variable waste stream

should be made by the regulatory agencyIi.e., EPA region or state! implemenling theRCRA program for a particular state. Thishas been our long-standing policy."

Forty-six of 50 stales have eitherexempted or limited the scope of RCRAregulation where reusable shop towels arccontaminated with listed or characteristically hazardous solvent(s). However, all

states and EPA Regions granting exemptions require that specific reusable shoptowels management criteria be followed.These criteria vary from state to state. Two

rules usually apply. First, the laundry mustbe in compliance with its wastewaler discharge permit. Second, the reusable shoplowels must not contain any free liquids.

For example, New Jersey, in an August 3,1994, position paper, exempts the soiled

shop towel guidance. A furniture manufacturing company in New York stale wonthe Governor's Award for Pollution Prevention. The company changed its wipers

from hazardous waste disposables toreusable shop 10weiS. The guidance provided in New York state's January 2, 1992,Technical and Administrative GuidanceMemorandum (TAGM) paved the way forthe change. Besides the waste management benefits of the service, the reusabletowel also exceeded the tough performance requirements for the company'sfinishing applications.

RCRA and CERCLACustomer liability problems can arise from

many federal environmental laws. Of particular concern are RCRA and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCU\),commonly known as Superfund.

We have already established that the

EPA regions and stale environmental agen-


cies have exempted the laundering of shoptowels from full RCRA regulation. Also,disposable wipes and rags are solid wasteand some of that solid waste is a haz

ardous waste. The disposable wipe and raguser sends the waste to a disposal facility.If the disposables are a hazardous waste,

then a hazardous waste manifest willaccompany the shipment 10 the disposalfacility. The hazardous waste manifestclearly establishes the customer as a hazardous waste generator.

Now, consider a laundry Ihat manages areusable shop IOwei program. Laundriesseparate the contaminants from thereusable shop towels. Waste generated bythe separation process is a solid waste and,sometimes, a hazardous waste. If the waste

is a hazardous waste, then a hazardouswaste manifest will accompany the shipment 10 the disposal facility. However, inthis case, Ihe laundry is clearly identifiedas the hazardous waste generalor.

Therefore, a customer using the shop

towel program has reduced its potentialRCRA liability. A layer of protection-Ihelaundry-has been added in the wasteownership chain. In addilion, the cus

tomer has not been identified as a generator of hazardous waste.

CERCI..A has some extremely broad liability provisions. A customer faces potential liability under CERCLA by usingeither reusable shop towels or disposablewipes. This is because of the chemicalsthat get on the absorbent products. Oneway a customer can limit its potentialCERCLA liability is to reduce the volumeof waste sent to off-site disposal facilities.

Laundries separate Ihe chemical contaminants from the reusable shop towels.Therefore, only Ihe separated waste is sentfor disposal. The shop towels are cleanedand returned to the customer. A disposable wiper program will generate a substantially larger volume of waSle whencompared with a reusable shop towel program used in equivalent wiping applications. Typically more than one disposable

wiper is used when compared with thesame application using a shop towel.

CAANo differences in air emissions existbetween reusables and disposables at Ihecustomer's facility. Both products are usedin the same way. There have not been anydocumented instances of a customerchanging to a less volatile cleaning solventbecause a switch was made from one

absorbent program to the other. LiabilityCOll/illUcd all page 46

October 1998 Environmental Protection J7

Product literatureThis department contains a description of products

from a variety of leading companies.

To receive FREE literature, simply circle the numbers

on the reader service card that correspond

to the number beneath the products that interest you.

The Green Book"TIlt: Green Book'" has over 200 full-colorpages featuring hundreds of devices forlab and industrial monitoring and controlof various environmental parameters.Including:

• Waler/wastewater sampling• Air flow and sampling• Gas monilOrs and alarms• Tes. kits• Leak detectors• pH and conductivity devices

OMEGA Engineering Inc.Phone: (203) 359-1660fax: (293) 359-7700E·mail: [email protected] site: www.omega.com

NordbergPhone: (800) 992-0145

Nordberg-Making you more profitable...Whether you're recycling, excavating or sizing aggregates, a Nordberg mobile screeningplant can tum the materials on your job siteinto profilS.

Experience the Nordberg DilTerence - wherequality, perfonnancc and superior customerscrvice scpara.e Nordhcrg mobile screeningplanlS from all the rest. Call us for moreinformation and your rrcc copy of theNordberg Screening video.

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Industrial wastewatertreatment systemsLanda offers a full range of high-qualitysolutions, including: the world's largcstline of pressure washers; automatic partswashers featuring a water-propelled spraybar; wash-water recycling systems; and avariety of industrial trealment systems,such as evaporation, clay and bioremedialian. Contact us for a free brochure.Landa Water Cleaning Systems4275 N.W. Pacific Rim Blvd.Camas, WashingtonPhone: (800) 547-8672, (360) 833-9100fax: (800) 535-9164, (360) 833-9200E-mail: [email protected] site: www.landa-inc.com

New from OMEGANew Horizons in Test & Mcasurernt71l: Meterand Probes is the newcst literature fromOMEGA Engineering Inc. Inside you willfind the latcst information on OMEGA'snewest thcnnometers, multimctcrs, pyromeleTS and lhennocQuplc probes and connectors. In addition, there is infonnation aboutour legendary handbook scries, includingthe Transactions series.OMEGA Engineering Inc.One Omega Drive, P.O. Box 4047Stamford, CT 06907-0047Phone: (203) 359-1660Fax: (293) 359-7700E-mail: [email protected] site: www.omcga.com

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Belt skimmersBelt skimmers are the most cost-effectiveway to remove oil and grease from water.Benefit from over 30 years experiencewith the world's leading industrial oilskimmers. Versatile, rugged belt skimmers remove oiVgrease from wastewaterfor recycle or reuse. Wide range availableWilh removal rates from 1-200 gph. Portable units for coolant tanks and partswashers; well skimmers and completesystems for groundwater remediation;heavy-duty units solve serious oil contamination problems.Abanaki Corp.(800) 358-7546, Fax: (440) 543-7404Web site: http://www.abanakLcom Circle 33 on card,

Something new in nitrate analysisEnzyme-based nitrate testing is aecurare,economical, and environmentally benign.NEefs Lab kits provide quantitative dara.NECfs Field KiLS require no equipment.Interference-free in viTlually any sample soil, wastewater, groundwater, etc.Whatever your application, we've got aNi.ra.e Tes. Kit tha.'s right for you.

NECi, The Nitrate Elimination Co., Inc.334 Hecla St., lake linden, MI 49945Toll-free: (888) NtTRATEWeb sill': www.nitratc.comfax: (906) 296-8003Phone: (906) 296-1115


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1998 Organic ChemicalReference Materials CatalogsThe 1998 Organic catalog has beenredesigned for case of usc, providcs significant technical inrormation and includesnew analytical standards ror usc in environmental, petrochemical, industrial orreseareh applications. Copies of the 1998Organic Standards Catalog arc availableupon requcst.AccuSlandard Inc.Marketing/Sales Department25 Science Park, Box 1New Haven, CT 06511Phone: (800) 442-5290Fax: (203) 786-5287E-mail: [email protected]

Chlorine scrubbersChlorine containment and handlingequipment induding the POWELL Sentry2000 ChlorincJSulfur Dioxide ScrubberSystem, the most advanccd scrubber available today. The Seotry 2000 uses patentedhorizootal packed bed technology and isthe only scrubber tcsted at full scale 3,000ACFM air flow rale with 2,000 pouodreleases of chlorine and sulfur dioxide.Powell Fabrication and Manufacturing Inc.140 Easl Monroe RoadSI. Louis, MI 48880Phone: (517)681-2158Fax: (517)681-5013Web site: www.powellfab.comE-mail: [email protected]

-

Chlori~ulfur Dio,ide----

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Products for Analysis 1999introduces new testing platformsThis year, Hach offers some exciting newplatrorms ror portable testing, which arcshowcased in the latest calalog, Productsfor Analysis 1999. AccuVcr" Test Kits,availahlt.: in 10 key parameters, utilize anunbreakable color comparator ror troublerrcc and affordahle on·site testing. In addition, Hach's new Watcr Quality Test S'riporrcrs an inexpensive means or perfonningsemi-quantitative spot checks. Jus. dip thestrip, wait ror color to develop and com·JYdre against the chart on the container.~Iaeh CompanyPhone: (800) 227-4224, requcsilitcralUrc number 3228.Circle 35 on card.

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Records water level and temp!Solins, LT lxvelogger'" includcs a factoryscalecllemperature sensor, a pressuretransducer, clatalogger and power source

all in one '." dia. x 9" probe. Automaticallyrecords level and temperature. Level measuremenlS are tempenuure compensatedror increases accuracy. Tamper R--straint;no regular servicing; RIOlO year batterylire; Windows 95 or DOS; recording intervals from 0.5 sec to 99 hours; 2 x 24,000measurements per session.Solinst Canada LId., 35 Todd Road,Georgetown, Ontario L7G4R8Phone: (800) 661-2023, (905) 873-2255Fax: (905) 873-1992E-mail: [email protected]\Vcb site: www.solinsLcom I

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MSDS management and environmental compliance softwareMIRS for Windows offers softwarc modules thai can be integrated ror environ·mental aod safety compliance. Thc MIRSMSDS management modulcs provide expedited MSDS tracking and maintenanceoptions for inbound or outbound MSDSs,lext or scanned image rannat, and inhouseor customer dislribulion.

The MIRS environmental compliancemodulcs eover SARA TItle II, EPA-approvedForm R, OSHA Hazeom, Clean Air Act,Water, Waste and Inventory management.

RaNK Electrical Industries Inc.P.O. Box 160, Nokomis, II 62075Phone: (800) 22 I-RaNKFax: (217) 563-8336

ADD-A-PHASE~

The ADD-A-PHASE" phase eonverler, firstintroduccd in 1952, can operate threephase pump or blower motors rrom single-phase power when three-phase poweris either unavailable or prohibitivelyexpensivc to install. Manufactured byRaNK Electrical Industries Inc. ofNokomis, IL, lhis aUlOlransfonner-capacilOr type convener is very dficient and islhe ideal convener ror operating automated, constant load applications.

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Guide to ANSI Pump Designand Material ChoicesThis lechnical guide compares design vari·ations and material choices available rorthose specirying, purchasing or using ANSIcentrirugal pumps ror handling corrosive,abrasive and ultrapure fluids. It directlycompares dt.'Sign rcalurcs, COSl ractors,maintenance considerations and applications related to physical propcnics and service characteristics or various melallic,Ihcnnosci and thermoplastic materials.Vaoton Pump & Equipment Corp.20 I Sweetland Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205Phone: (908) 688-4216Fax: (908) 686-9314E-mail: [email protected] 37 on card.

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MSDS software :MSDSFlLE'¥ sortwarc organizes and quick- :Iy scans MSDSs. II has casy-to-usc engines, :on-the-lly help and MSDS archiving capa- :bilities. Data tahles can be imported direct- I

Iy in'o ACCESS. SARA Tier II and 313 :Fort R listings Gill be printed. An integrat- I

'd chemical datahase of 4,500 chemicals..ross refercnces MSDSs to 25 federal and-;Iate reguhuions. Single user and LAN/networks arc available ror Win 95 and NT.HazMat Control Systems, Inc.5595 E. 7th SI. #654Long Beach, CA 90804Phone: (562) 597-7994Fax: (562) 985-0645; AV Systems Inc.

Circle 36 on card, E-mail: [email protected] ,Circle 40 on card, Phone: (313) 973-3000______________________~~~~~~~_~~h~~~~~~ ~ _

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October 1998 Environmental Protection 19

Product literature--------------------------------------------------T--------------------------------------------------

Introducing Keller's News& Information ServiceKeller~ News & hlJomwl ion Service pro·vides a limesaving weekly fax of regulatory news. Suhscribers can choose from anenvironmental. workplace safely ancVortransporl<lIion news focus, 10 best fit theirneeds. Each fax contains approximately10 news hriefs and a BONUS PAGE covering general business operational news.Kdlas News & "tjorma(iOll Service isavailable wilh a choice of one regulatoryfocus area honus page fro $199. twofocus areas plus bonus page for $249 orthree plus honus page for $299.

Toll-free: (800) 327-6868

DYNAPERWDYNAPERM" is a filtration system capable of flux rates fifty fold higher 'hanconventional cross flow filtration systemswith improved emuent quality. It enablesnear complete removal of suspended particles down to the micron size. This filtration system utilizes rugged microporous lUbes of controlled pore sizes thatare ehemically and biologieafly inert.Enhanced perfonnance is due to combining features of cyclone separation, flowinterruption and cross·now filtration.DYNAFLOW Ine.Phone: (888) DYNAFLOWE-mail: [email protected] site: www.dynaflow-inc.com

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Intennountain Specialty GasesInternational Specialty Gases, an established manufacturer of calibration gases indisposable cylinders, has a large seleetionof zeroing and calibration gas standardsavailable. They range from ppm to percentage concentrations. Mixtures includeBump Test Gas"·, chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonmonoxide, isobutylene, hexane, pentane,melhane and propane. Accessories arealso available.Intermountain Specialty Gases520 N. Kings Road, Nampa, ID 83687Phone: (800) 552-5003Fax: (208) 466-9143Web site: www.internetoutlet.netlisg

Toll-free: (800) 649-5289Web site: www.nqa-usa.com.

NQA, USA - ISO 9000& ISO 1400 I registrarsNalional Qualily Assurance, USA hasregistered 12,000 dients worldwide to

ISO 9000.15014001, QS-9000 andAS9000. Clients benefit from havingquality and environmental systemsaudited by NQA, USA;; speeialized andknowledgeable auditors. Our partneringapproach, non-bureaucratic process andinnovative Icchniques enhance clients'management systems while "keeping ancyc n on the hollOI11 lines.

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ThennaJ and catalytic solutionsWhether you need a direct-fired, recuperative or regenerative thermal oxidizer,Smith Environmental Corporation (SEC)can design the system to meet your individual requirements. Destruction ofvolatile organics, hazardous air pollutants and odors can be achieved eitherthermally or eatalytieally. SMITH sytemsarc provided on an equipment-only orturnkey basis and ean be deSigned fortight spaces. high destruction efficienciesancVor corrosive applications.Smith Environmen'al Corporation (SEC)2837 E. Cedar St., Ontario, CA 91761Phone: (800) 959-5732Fax: (909) 947-2006

MG IndustriesEarlene Shillingford, Produet ManagerPhone: (215) 736-5212Fax: (215) 736-5237E-mail: [email protected]

Recycling firstSome consider unwanted compressedgas cylinders to be hazardous waste. AtMG Induslries. a premier supplier ofindustrial and specialty gases, we consider these eylinders to be polential assets.Our Cylinder Remediation Program isdesigned to place unwanted cylindersback into productive service. Contactour Remediation Product Manager formorc information.

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""""""""'""""""""""MG(!)~ 1"~.IfST ..tlE.

Strohl Systems500 North Gulph RoadKing of Prussia, PA 19406Phone: (800) 634-2016Web site: www.strohlsystems.com

LDRps· Free DemonstrationDislcThe intelligent choicein continuity planning softwareLDRPS is powerful, secure, flexible andeasy-to-usc business continuity planningsoftware. By automating crisis management, emergency response and businessresumption plans, LDRPS gives youaccess to the information you need whenyou need it. Call today.

Floating suctions/skimmers• Pump from top levels in tanks of jet

fuel-eleanest fuel is at top.• Pump lighter specifie gravity produets

off top of heavier produets.• Separate pe'roleum products from water.

Separate heavyllight chemical solutions.

GNY Equipment, LLC71 East Industry CourtDeer Park, New York 11729Phone: (516) 667-1010Fax: (516) 242-3444

Sizes from 2 inehes to 24 inches. Model3018 shown. Materials: aluminum, stainless steel or carbon steel.

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GASTEC' GAS DETECTION &WATER ANALYSIS TUBES

• Single-Stroke Operation

• Direct-Reading Tubes

• Ergonomically Designed Pump

• Fail-Safe Handle Lock

• Lifetime Pump Warranty

Direct reading detector tubesare available for over 300airborne gases and vapors

• Direct Reading I Length of Stain• Single Step Ease of Use• Instantaneous Results• No Expensive Lab Costs• Works by Capillary Action• Portable, Field-Proven Reliability• Fail Safe Operation• Four Ranges Available

SENSAi.iiii" GAS MONITORING SYSTEMS

• Detects aWide Variety of Gases

• Non-Intrusive Calibration

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• Intrinsically Safe

• Password Protected

Sensidyne, Inc. -16333 Bay Vista Drive - Clearwater, FL 33760800-451-9444 - 813·530-3602 - Fax 813·539·0550 - www.sensidyne.com

Circle 50 on card.

IrUlecheckup

Examine your facility's air emissions and determine if compliance assurancemonitoring and periodic monitoring requirements apply

By Bernard Evans, PE

INEnvironmental ProtectionsFebruary issue, Living withthe CE and CAM Rules dis

cusses the Credible Evidence (CE) rule,

Federal Register, February 24, 1997; Vol. 62No. 36; pages 8313 to 8328, and the Compliance Assurance Monitoring (CAM) rule(Federal Register, OCl. 22, 1997; Vol. 62 No.204; pages 54899 to 54947). The aniclestates that these rules require owners andoperators of facilities to rethink how theirsystems should be operated and how theirpermits need to be wriuen. You should alsoconsider a methodology to conduct a CAMand periodic monitoring assessment of yourfacility to determine CAM and periodicmonitoring applicability. Knowing if andwhen these requirements will apply provides insight into planning for equipment

and resources in your budgeting e!fons.

Background on the CAM ruleThe CAM rule is a response by the u.s.Environmental Protection Agency to themandates of the 1990 Clean Air ActAmendments. It is intended to assure airpollution control agencies that properly

designed control measures are installed,

that these measures can achieve applicablerequirements, and that the controls areoperated and maintained in a fashion so

that the affected emission units remain incompliance. Emission units covered by theCAM rule will need to develop a plan thatwill identify performance indicators thatprovide some reasonable assurance of compliance with emission limits. The CAMplan will specify to regulatory agencieswhat the operating ranges for these performance parameters will be, the basis of thechoice and how compliance will be tracked.

Periodic monitoring is designed to fill ingaps such as monitoring that is required aspart of the Title V permit process for stateimplementation plan (SIP)-approved federally enforceable rules that do not containsufficient monitoring requirements toassure compliance with emission limits.

The CAM rule subjects a large numberof industrial sources to additional monitoring in a phased in approach. In addition, periodic monitoring may also subjectindustrial facilities to increased monitoring. To obtain a preliminary indication of

the impact of these two monitoring pro

grams on an industrial facility, a CAM andperiodic monitoring assessment is recommended. The purpose of the assessment isto identify those emission units and associated emission species that may be subject to CAM or periodic monitoring andthe timing of applicability.

The information may then be used to

project additional fiscal expenditures andpersonnel requirements to address CAMand periodic monitoring rcgulatory requirements. This way, an environmental manageror professional might use the assessment 10

proactively determine the need for additional monitoring devices, personnel, maintenance and source testing to comply with thenew monitoring programs. To conduct the

assessment, yOll must determine the applicability of these two monitoring requirements to your facility, each emission unitand the associated emission species. The

overall process is described in Figure I.

Permitting applicabilityThe first step in the applicability assessment procedure is to determine if your

41 Environmental Protection

T FIGURE I • CAM Assessment of applicability

October 1998

501-A Process GC 201 Total VOC Monitor 301-A Air Toxics Monitor

• Area (20 pt) to process monitorlng-ppb to% gas or liquid streams

• sampling systems available!tumkeyinstallations

• Available with PlD or AD

• Fast response lor ppm to %

• Carbon bed monnorlng

• Area monnorl"9"""'Ultipoint available

• Stack gas monnorlng--EPA Method 21For more information, circle 116

• 19" rack, bench or wail mountedautomatic GC

• SpecHic monnor lor fencellne to stackmoniloring

• ppt to ppm with speciation

• Six detectors availableFor more information, circle I 17

• Detectors Include: AD, PlD,TCD, FPD, ECD&FUV Applications include:

Call HNU

• Control/contain spills

• Comply with governmentregulations and eliminatecostly fines

• Provide the operator withaccurate and timely data

• Control, process or wastewater operations

See us at WEFTEC, Booth #4S 13

For more information, circle 51

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

1·800·724-5600

GC 311 Portable GC

For more information, circle 114

• PlD first brought to the industry In1973 by HNU

• PlD based analyzer with auto zero &wide range

• Detect low levels In flanges, fittings and valves

• Datalogglng by site-up to 256 site points

• Industrial Hygiene surveys

• NEMA 4enclosure, Xor Z purged

· =~rn'd~:r.r~~~~':,n~::sfactory

• ppt (optional concentrator) to ppm levels

• Gas or liquid samples

• Five detectors available

DL-101 VOC Leak Detector

Hydrocarbons (BTX, 1,3 butadiene, formaldehyde), fixed gases (N2' 02' CO, CO~), sulfur compounds (H 2S, mercaptans), nitrogen compounds (NH3, amines), chlorinated

1-__F_o_r_m_o_r_e_'_'n_fo_r_m_at_i_on...:,_c_i_rc_l_e_I_I_3-11 compounds (SF6, freons, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, chlorophenols) andinorganics (AsH3, PH3)

facility itself is subject to the CAM rule. Tobe governed by the CAM rule, the facilitymust be subject to Part 70 or 71 permitting requirements-any facility required toobtain a Title V operating permit underthe Clean Air Act as amended.

Now determine if your facility is amajor source of emissions. Generally, thismeans that a facility as a whole has thepotential to emit more than 100 tons peryear (tpy) of any criteria pollutant, morethan 10 tpy of a hazardous air pollutant(HAP) or 25 tpy of any combination ofHAPs. These major source thresholds arelower in geographic areas that are classified as not meeting the National AmbientAir Quality Standards for criteria pollutant. For instance, the threshold forvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) wouldbe 50 tons per year in the NortheastOzone Transport Region, 25 tpy in Houston and 10 tpy in Los Angeles.

This step is important to make a distinction between Part 70 or 71 applicabilityand major source (emissions above thresholds) as some states have Title V programsthat include facilities that are not majorsources. These facilities are not subject toCAM; however, they may be subject toperiodic monitoring requirements.

The remaining steps in the applicabilityassessment deal with individual emissionunits and associated emission species.

Applicable federal emissionlimits and standardsIdentify if there are one or more federalapplicable emission limits or standards associated with each emission unit and associated emission species at your facility An emission limit or standard means any applicablerequirement that constitutes an emissionslimitation, emission standard, standard ofperformance or means of emission limitationas defined under the act. Emission limits andstandards include but are not limited to newsource performance standards (NSPS),national emission standards for hazardousair pollutants (NESHAP), lowest achievableemission rates (LAER), best available controltechnology (BACT), reasonably availablecontrol technology (RACT) requirements byemission unit and pollutant, federallyenforceable limits associated with preventionof significant deterioration (PSD) permit, orthose taken to avoid PSD.

Control device usageFor each emissions unit and its associatedemission species, identify those that usecontrol devices to achieve reduced emissions. Control devices are types of equipment, other than inherent process eqUipment, that are used to destroy or remove

air pollutants prior to discharge to theatmosphere. Typical control devicesinclude gas absorbers, electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, incinerators and nares.Passive control devices such as low-solvent inks, lids, seals and covers on tanksthat are used to limit VOC emissions arenot considered control devices. There arecomplexities over the classification of lowNO, burners as passive controls. If burnershave over-fire air, or adjustable burners,then they are not classified as passive controls, and CAM may be applicable to them.

Potential pre-control emissionsIdentify those emission units and theirassociated emission species that, prior tothe control device, have emissions greaterthan the applicable major source threshold. Federally enforceable operating hourand throughput restrictions limit the emissions rates and should be taken intoaccount in this calculation. It is importantto remember that an emission unit is theactivity that generates the emissions.These emissions may then be routed to acontrol device. For example, a nare headermay have more than 100 tpy of VOCs thatare controlled by the nare, but the individual contribution from each emission unitlinked to that header may be less than 100tpy The potential to emit is based on a perunit calculation basis, and in this example,CAM would not apply.

It is also important that the appropriatemajor source threshold be used in determining applicability You may find thatyour potential emissions of VOCs from anemissions unit are below a nonattainmentarea threshold for ozone (i.e. 50 tpy), butan individual HAP emission may be greaterthan an applicable NESHAP (i.e. 10 tpy).

Rule exemptionsFor those emission units and their associated emission species still remaining in theassessment, determine if there are any unitsthat are exempted by the CAM rule.Exempted units and their associated emissions include those subject to the following:• NSPS and NESHAPs promulgated after

November IS, 1990;• Stratospheric ozone protection require

ments;• Acid rain requirements;• Requirements due to an approved emis

sions trading program;• Emissions cap requirements created

under Title V; and• Certain municipality-owned back-up

utility power units.EPAS logic for exempting units subject to

the above requirements is that there are adequate monitoring procedures built into

these requirements. Note that sources subject to an exemption for one emissionspecies still have to examine applicability ofCAM to other species. Do not quickly dismiss CAM applicability due to these exemptions-such as NESHAPS--and overlookthe fact that the source may require CAMfor other pollutants emitted by the unit.

Timing applicabilityOnce those unit emission species subject toCAM have been identified, the next step isto determine their applicability timing.Applicability timing is based on the postcontrol potential to emit (PTE) rate. Unitswith post-control PTE rates greater than theapplicable major source threshold are classified as large units. Units with post-controlPTE rates less than the applicable majorsource threshold are classified as small units.

For the majority of large units, CAMsubmittals must be included with the TitleV renewal application. For large units inthose states with late Title V programs, theCAM requirements must be addressedwithin the application if the Title V application has not been submitted or notdetermined to be complete by April 20,199B. In addition, beginning April 20,1998, significant permit revision applications must also include a CAM plan foreach affected emission unit species or Pollutant Specific Emission Unit (PSEU).

For small units, CAM applicability initiates at the time of the first Title V renewalapplication. In either case, permitsreopened for cause by the permittingauthority may require CAM informationsubmittal as part of the reopening process.

ConclusionsUnderstanding all of the emissions unitsthat are affected by the CAM and periodicmontiroing rules will be of benefit to TitleV facilities and will avoid over-committingto periodic monitoring programs duringyour Title V permitting efforts. Early determinations of CAM and periodic monitoring applicability will allow you to negotiate"smart" permit conditions and to betterplan for the implications of CAM and periodic monitoring, including the need foradditional equipment, personnel and contractor support. Through planning, environmental compliance is preserved consistent with corporate environmental policies,operating permit conditions and state andfederal regulations. CD

Bernard Evans, PE, is an air practice leaderwith Environmental Resources Management,(ERM), Exton, Pa.



Continued from page 37for air emissions generated by the disposalor laundering of absorbents is the responsibility of the disposal facility or laundry.A customer's liability under the Clean AirAct is the same for shop towels as it is fordisposable wipes.

CWANeither reusable shop towels nor disposable wipes contribute to wastewater contamination at the customer's location. Potential discharges with contamination fromabsorbents may occur at the landfill, disposal facility or laundry. However, thesereceiving facilities are responsible for thewastewater discharges, not the customer.

The customer's liability is negligible underthe Clean Water Act.

All laundries are connected to the localsewer system. The local regulatory agencyresponsible for controlling industrial discharges to the sewer system monitors thewastewater effiuent from the laundries.Wastewater pollutant restrictions are outlined in the local sewer ordinance or thelaundry's wastewater discharge permit. Thesedocuments contain conditions that providefor the discharge of laundry wastewater tothe sewer system. Laundries specializing inshop towel processing have invested millionsof dollars in wastewater treatment equipment and chemicals to ensure compliancewith discharge limitations.

Laundry logisticsThe laundry is responsible for cleaning thesoiled wipers and managing the disposal ofthe material captured from the reusableshop towel. Shop towel customers shouldaudit the laundry supplying the reusableshop towel service. The audit should consist of a review of towel management prac-

Since disposable towels

are considered to

be a waste, they are

subject to full Resource

Conservation and

Recovery Act

(RCRA) regulation.

tices, compliance with applicable permitsand a review of all ofT-site disposal facilities used by the laundry.

The laundry is responsible for supplying the customer with an inventory ofwiping cloths at predetermined intervals-usually every week. Ownership ofthe reusable shop towels remains with thelaundry. The customer rents the towels,thereby eliminating the customer's need topurchase and manage its own inventory ofwiping products.

For more information on the specificreusable shop towel requirements inyour region, contact your state environmental agency's solid waste management division. lD

D.]. Smith, MS, is the corporate environmental engineer for Coyne Textile Services,Syracuse, N.Y


Circle 53 on card. October 1998

Circle 55 on card.

Eliminate corrosion,contamination with inert

tank/pump systems

Vanton integrates tanks, pumps,instrumentation, and controls in standardand custom configurations to handle yourmost aggressive, hazardous, and u~rapure

products with guaranteed results and singlesource responsibility. Every wetted pumpcomponent is made of inert thermoplastics,so there is nothing your chemicals canharm, or be harmed by. Cylindrical, square,and rectangular tanks from 50 to 5000gallon capacities in both stationary andmobile configurations are fabricated ofthermoplastics or fiberglass. For higherpressure applications, steel constructionwith thermoplastic linings is available.

Circle 56 on card.

• •r r ,

Pump aggressive chemicals andwastes from sumps to 50 feet deep

Every wetted component in a VantonSUMP-GAROo vertical pump, including theheavy-wall shaft sleeve, is machined ormolded of solid, chemically inert PVC,CPVC, Pp, PVOF, or ECTFE thermoplastics.This eliminates corrosion and minimizesabrasion, resulting in lower maintenance,longer pump I~e, and contamination-freeproducts. SG Series pumps are conflguredfor sumps 18 inches to 50 feet deep, andhandle flows to 1450 gpm, heads to 245 ft.,and temperatures to 275'F. Bearingless, dryrunning, cantilevered models are availablefor sump depths to 6 feet; Vortex recessed·impeller models for pumping stringy or solidmaterials to 3 inch diameters.

CHEM-GARO'ANSI centrifugal

pumps handle flowsto 1450 gpm, heads to

280 ft., temperatures to 27S'F.Easy-access seal and sliding

inboard bearing simplify maintenance.

Flex-i-liner" sealless, self-primingperistaltic pumps eliminate the wear,leakage and maintenance inherentwith pumps having shaft seals,packing glands, gaskets, and valves.Only two parts contact fluid: a ruggedpolyethylene, polypropylene, or teflonbody block; and a heavy-wall flexibleliner available in a wide rangeof interchangeable elastomericmaterials-all immune to your mostaggressive chemicals and abrasiveslurries, yet gentle to latex emulsionsand other shear·sensitive liquids.

Circle 57 on card.

VANTON PUMP AND EQUIPMENT CORP.201 Sweatland Avenue, Hillside, NJ 07205Tel: 908-688-4216 • Fax: 908-686-9314E·mail: [email protected]: www.vanton.com

Transfer corrosives. volatiles.and abrasives to 40 gpm

Acids, caustics, salts, solvents, chlorides,halogens, and other aggressive, abrasivechemicals can destroy stainless steel,high alloys, plastc linings, and FRPand the pumps comprised of them.But they cannot harm aVantonCHEM-GAROo pump.Because the entire wet end is made ofsolid, chemically-inert, abrasion·resistantthermoplastic.So you eliminate corrosion and theproduct contamination it can cause,while you reduce abrasion to near zero.And for all these advantages, you give upnothing; Vanton CHEM-GAROo ANSIpumps are fully interchangeable with allANSI B73.1 pumps, and feature armoredcasings and flanges to handle the samenozzle loadings as metal pumps.

See us atWEFTEC. Booth #3642 • Circle 54 on card.

ZERO PRODUCTCONTAMINATION(unlike stainless and al/oys)

ZERO ORNEAR·ZEROABRASION(unlike stainless,al/oys, and FRP)

Why the wet end of your nextANSI pump should be

PVC, P~ PVD~ or ECTFE(in""'d ofmin"', alloys, or FRP)

ZERO CORROSION(unlike stainless and al/oys)

ZERO CHEMICALABSORPTION ORWICKING(unlikeFRP)

ZERO TEARING.CRACKING. ORPEEliNG(unlike plastic linings)

Wastewater chemical treatmentcomparison guide'COMPANY

Chemical Lime Co.

P.O, Box 985004, fort Worth, IX 16185

(Bll) 1Jl·8164

Circle 105 on card.

Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties Inc,P.O, Box 15410, Baltimore, HD 21220·0410

(BOO) 64B·1400

Circle 106 on card.

Nalco Chemical Co.

One Naleo Center, Naperville, IL 60563

Circle 107 on card.

Osprey Biotechnics Inc.2530 Trailmate Dr., Sarasota, fL 34243

(800) 553·1185

Circle lOB on card.

Probiotic Solutions

201 S. Roosevelt Ave" Chandler, AI 85226

(602) 961·1220

Circle 109 on card.

Sybron Chemicals

Biochemical Division

P,O, Box 66, Birmingham, NJ 080 II

(800) 61B·0020

Circle 110 on card.

U.S. Filter/Davis Process

2650 Tallevast Rd" Sarasota, fL 34243

(800) 345·3982

Circle Ilion card.

PRODUCT NAME

Quicklime caleium oxide

Hagnesium Oxide Slurry

floHag" H

floHag HUS

HagneClea,e 58

NALHEI"'

HUNO~ PW-N

HUNOX$ PW·S

HUNOX$ Xl Plus·DN

HUNOX$ Xl Plus· I

HUNO~ Xl Plus·6

Bio Energizer

BI·CHE~ 1000 Series

BI·CHEH 2000 Series

Bioxide$, Bioxide·AQ'

Hydrogen Peroxide

DESCRIPTION

lime and lime·based products for water, wastewater, remediation, neutralization and flue

gas delulfurization,

Suspensions of magnesium hydroxide solids in water at approximately a 60 percent solids

concentration, Anon·hazardous, non·corrosive chemical.

Hetals removal program designed to improve environmental performance by keeping your

facility in compliance while conserving and recovering previous resources,

Patented water continuous. oil·free dispmion polymm for raw water clarification and oil

water separation and sludge dewatering in all industries,

Patented, environmentally friendly wastewater inoculants for improved biological removal of

ammonia, nitrite and nitrate from poultry wastewater treatment plants,


oil and grease, excmive BOD/COD from poultry wastewater treatment plants,


ammonia, nitrite and nitrate of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants and

contaminated groundwater,


fats, oil or grease, petroleum hydrocarbons and chemical solvents from industrial and

municipal wastewaler treatment plants,

Patented, environmentally friendly inoculants for improved biological removal of dry·c1eaning

solvents from industrial wastewater treatment plants,

Converts solids to carbon dioxide, increases dissolved oxygen levels, lowm BOD and COD

levels and reduces offensive OdOIl. Designed for sludge reduction in industrial and

municipal wastewaler treatment plants and lagoons.

Bacterial products for wastewater applications,

Solution for natural, biochemical control of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds

in wastewater,

Oxidizer for control of sulfides and other odorous compounds in wastewater.

Iron salt solution for control of hydrogen sulfide in wastewater.


LIQUID SOLID PACKAGING

Bulk or bag

Bulk tank truck or railcar.

Also available in drums and

totes througfl repackaging.

Drums, porta-feeds or bulk

Drums, porta-feeds or bulk

2.S-gallon container or

55-gallon drums


SS-gallon drums


SS-gallon drums


SS-gallon drums


SS-gallon drums

S-gallon jugs, 55-gallon drums

or m-gallon pallet tank

SPECIAL FEATURES

Aweak base that delivers excellent buffering performance. Biological wastewater systems achieve very uniform pH

and alkalinity levels when magnesium hydroxide slurry is utilized as the alkaline reagent.

Azhieves ppb levels and total metals management with product, automated feed and sludge management. ~emoves

soluble mixed metals and chelated metals.

No VOCs and lower BOD than oil containing polymers.

Specially formulated for ammonia+organic nitrogen (lKN) removal from poultry waste. Effective in reducing

nitrite/nitrate toxicity problems.

~educes BOD/COD and prevenll excessive sludge generation.

Consistent ammonia removal even under cold weather. Reduced nitrite/nitrate toxicity problems. Fast deanup of

nitrate contamination from groundwater.

Cost-effective treatment of high strength wastewater.

Fast and complete PCE and TCE removal. No accumulation of toxic intermediates like vinyl chloride.

Dry: 2S- and SO-pound containers; Live bacterial cultures.

X-pound Sol-II-Pak; BID-SOCK"'

Liquid: SS-gallon drums;

2S0-gallon totes

Bulk Natural proces~ non-hazardous product.

Bulk or totes

October 1998

Bulk Hanufactured product; quality control.

Environmental Protection 49

Alternative dispute resolution is increasingly being usedto settle environmental disputes

Reaching a ceasefire

ByJamie McLeroy,JD,and Howard S. Seitzman.JD

"The worst quarrels only arise when bothsides are equally in the right and in thewrong."-Winston Churchill

Churchill was no stranger to controversyand though he didn't know it at the time,he was giving an apt description of a modem-day environmental dispute. Often,everyone in these cases is right about whatthe problem is: a mess threatens the environment. But there is so much to disagreeaboUl, "Who caused it, how do we fix it,and at what cost?" Such details can takeyears and millions of dollars to resolve.This is why litigants are increasingly usingmediation to resolve these cases.

This article is the first in a series thatdiscusses the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in environmental disputes.Pan I of the series focuses on mediationand explains some of the ways that technical expens, such as chemists, engineersand geologists, may be useful in theprocess. Later anicles will address morespecific aspects of dispUle resolution in theenvironmental field.

Why medlate%Mediation is a form of ADR that is beingused increasingly by parties as a way out oftraditional litigation. In litigation, the parties submit their disputes to a judge or jury.Most cases eventually senle, but the negotiations are controlled by the lawyers. whoare aggressive advocates for their clients.Traditional litigation is a lengthy and costlyprocess that angers and frustrates manyclients who often do not achieve the resultsthey want in or out of court.

Mediation is a method of bringing theparticipants in a lawsuit together for intensive sessions where senlement discussionscan take place in a setting that is less formal and adversarial. Generally, the partieshave more input and are able to solveproblems in a way that a judge or jury cannot. Although it is hard to gauge the truerate of settlement in mediated cases, moststudies report very high rates of satisfaction by participants in the process. Mostlawyers now recognize the effectiveness of

mediation and are incorporating it intotheir practices. Judges love the effect ontheir case loads, and in many large cities,such as Dallas, mediation is mandatory inmost complex cases.

Role of mediatorMediation is an informal senlement conference that is presided over by a neutralthird party who facilitates communicationbetween the parties. The role of the mediator differs from that of a judge or arbitrator in one crucial way: the mediator hasno power to make a ruling that affects the

Environmental

professionals will no

doubt have a greater

future role as

consulting expert

witnesses and as

technical neutrals in

the preliminary

stage of preparing for

a mediation, and in

the long-term

administration of

complex settlements.

case. Mediators are usually experiencedtrial lawyers who are skilled in the art ofnegotiation and trained in the special techniques of mediation.

Sometimes, two mediators work together on the same case. This is called comediation, and it works especially wellwhen there are multiple panies demandingthe mediators' time. It is ideal when theco-mediators have backgrounds that arecomplementary; for example, one mayhave a lot of counroom experience andanother may have a science background.

Role of technical expertClients retain technical experts, whetherin-house or outside consultants, to objectively analyze the status of a site or to evaluate a situation and to assist the client indevising a set of possible solutions. Technical experts are knowlegeable about suchissues as the nature and extent of the contamination, migration pathways, cleanuplevels, risk reduction standards and remedyoptions. While experts retained by clientsare not generally perceived as neutral, theirknowledge can provide invaluable assistance resolving disputes if they are activelyincluded in the mediation process. Forexample, parties frequently disagree on thecost of remediation because they do notagree on the type and extent of the remedy.A mediator-controlled discussion betweentechnical experts allows the parties todevise a realistic range of expected costs.Narrow the expected cost range and theparties can re-evaluate settlement options.

This "north to south and east to west"technical evaluation approach has provensuccessful at mediation involving a widevariety of constituents including petroleumproducts, metals, solvents, herbicides andpesticides. In one mediation, this processallowed the parties to reach a satisfactoryresolution in part because one party's veryable expert was able to evaluate the otherparty's future business plan and existingphysical plant design and assist that partyin restructuring both during the mediationprocess. In another successful mediation,after meeting, the experts jointlyapproached the regulatory agency, obtainedfeedback on several maners and furtherrefined the remedy cost estimate.

Role of technical neutralIn environmental cases, the parties also mayrely on the services of a "technical neutral."This is a person employed by both sides,loyal to none, who provides assistance inidentifying the nature of the problem andthe possible remedies and their costs.

Another role for a technical neutral is toact as a decision maker on technical mattersentrusted to the technical neutral by theparties. In one case involving allegations oftoxic tons and property value diminution,the parties agreed as a critical component of

so Environmental Protection October 1998

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System UV4000™ is engineered to meet the most demandingperformance requirements, whether the application be primary orsecondary effluents, combined sewer overflows, stormwater orhigh level disinfection.

For reliable UV solutions, go with the leader.

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Circle 58 on card.

How would you solve this problemfThe owner of a parcel of land, Company A, leased the property over a long period oftime to a reclaimer of batteries and metals. The site is located in a major metropolitanarea and is adjacent to a river that serves as a source of drinking water. Metals, including lead, acids and solvents, are present in the soil and the shallow groundwater.Thereis no evidence that the constituents have migrated to the river or its alluvium.

Company A, a highly regulated utility. has sued the reclamation company and some25 companies that shipped materials to the site for reclaiming. The 25 companies canbe categorized as automotive parts manufacturers, technology companies and othermanufacturers engaged in highly competitive and relatively unregulated business lines.

Assume the 25 companies have set aside their internal disputes regarding allocationand are working collectively to minimize the sum they will pay as a group to partially theultimate remedy. It becomes apparent to the mediator that despite the good faith effortsof Company A and the 25 companies, the settlement negotiations are stalling because therisk analysis and risk tolerance of the two sides varies greatly. Company A is risk adverseand demands a significant monetary premium for accepting the risk that the remedymight come in over cost. Company A does not trust the remedy cost estimate providedby the group of 25 and likes to exercise a high degree of control in projects. Conversely,the group of 25 believes that Company A's remedy estimate is inflated because of thelarge contingency amounts Company A has allotted for unknowns and cost overruns.They also doubt that Company A can effectively manage a remediation project and thatCompany A will overengineer the project, resulting in inflated costs.They will not pay alarge premium to shift the risk of cost overruns.All parties generally agree on the needto remediate the site and of the general nature of the remedy components.

You have been retained to assist the mediator on technical issues. As the technicalneutral, your task now is to bring the risk evaluation and risk valuation differences tothe attention of the parties and to offer possible solutions to the parties for their consideration. How will you accomplish your task and what solutions will you offer? Forward your responses to [email protected].

No HassleChlorineMeasurement

ModelT 0548 CL Free

~:~,;,~~~r~:~~~

5 ampling Systems areexpensive and break down.

Replacing reagents costs time andmoney. You don't want to deal withthem and we don't think you should.Rosemount Analytical, Uniloc Divisionoffers an inexpensive on-line analyzerfor automatic measurement andcontrol of free chlorine. This means youcan get a continuous record of yourchlorine residual and controi disinfection both easily and economically.

The Modell 0548 CL Analyzer hasbeen extensively field tested in applications just like the ones you have. Ituses an easy to maintain, Model 499Aamperometric sensor that installsdirectly in a process line or in a lowflow assembly. Startup can be assimple as connecting the sensor cableand entering the numerical value onthe sensor tag into the analyzer. Latercalibration using DPD or other titrations are also supported.

The Modell 0548 CL offers manyfeatures:

•Automatic temperature compensation• Automatic pH compensation• .001 ppm resolution display and• User selectable filtering for low

noise or rapid response.

Save yourself time and money,eliminate those unnecessary reagentsand get a continuous reading instead!

ROSEMOUNT'ANALYTICALFISIIER'ROSEMOOIT"ManaglngT1le Process Bellel:

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the settlement to jointly select a technicalneutral to evaluate the known data concerning the site and to determine what, if any,additional data was required to determinewhether the site's closure plan componentswere operating and effective. While thetechnical neutral's authority was broad, itwas limited by the parameters agreed uponby the parties, and disputes involving thetechnical neutral's decisions were subject toan expedited, binding arbitration process.

Confidentiality of proceedingOne of the hallmarks of mediation is thestrict confidentiality of the proceedings. Inlitigation, information disclosed in pre-trialhearings and in the discovery process indepositions and written interrogatories isnormally pan of the public record. Information exchanged between the parties inmediation, however, is private. The panicipants cannot be subpoenaed to give testimony about anything that happened in themediation. Settlement offers cannot be usedas admissions against any side in coun.

The mediator holds separate meetingswith the panies in which they share information they do not want to reveal to theother side. This allows each party to feelcomfonable engaging in a frank talk withthe mediators about the weaknesses of itsown position. The mediator uses this sensi-

tive information to help each side evaluatethe actual risk of not reaching a settlement.

Alternative remediesThe confidential setting and the informalnature of the mediation proceeding allowthe parties to let their hair down in a waythat lawyer-driven negotiations do not. Askillful mediator leads the parties in brainstorming sessions about settlement possibilities. She may act as a sounding boardfor settlement proposals and may offer suggestions of her own.

One of the beauties of a mediated settlement is that the parties have the power toagree on a host of remedies that a coun cannot impose. This gives the mediator great latitude in helping the parties solve the underlying problem that led to the dispute. Agoodmediator spends a lot of time getting the parties to focus on their mutual interests. Shealso encourages disputing parties to recognizewhat they really need to get the deal done, asopposed to unrealistic demands, in order toget them moving past entrenched positions.

An example of allOwing both parties toachieve a positive result is one penaltyenforcement case brought by a regulatoryagency. A number of first impression legalissues separated the parties and the twowere facing a 3-week trial. By listeningcarefully to the panies and floating various


InformationresourceEPA lists its Alternate Dispute ResolutionFact Sheet on its web site athnpJ/es.epa.gov/oecalosre/9S0S00-2.html.

settlement options, the mediator assisted

the panies in structuring a settlement thatallowed the regulaLOry agency LO send amessage to other similarly situated manufacturers. The parties finally resolved allmatters associated with this particular operation at a cost and over a time period thatfacilitated the company's ongoing manufac

turing operations. Although the disputebetween the panies had largely focused ontheir differing interpretations of the law andthe facts surrounding the specific operation,

the settlement focused on pragmatic goals.The hearing was scheduled LO take 3

weeks, and there was the threat of alengthy appeal. But the case was fully settled in mediation in 2 days. Why? Becausethe mediaLOr got the parties LO shift thefocus from who was liable for what in thepast LO what it would take to solve the

problem both parties helped create. Theadministrative law judge had the power LOimpose some of the fines-possibly more

than the state senled for-but the judgecould not have ordered the defendants LO

cooperate in such a way.

Dealing with difficult peopleMediaLOrs are experts in dealing with difficult people under pressure-and we're notjust talking about lawyers. Personality conflicts often get in the way of effective negotiating. By talking with the parties andtheir lawyers and observing their negotiating styles, the mediaLOr can usually identify the obstacles LO communication andhelp people work around them. Sometimeshe must address tense relations between

attorneys and their own clients.A mediator u es various techniques to

defuse personal conflict. He tries from theget-go to establish a rapport with the keyplayers in the negotiations so they trust themediators even if they do not trust each

other. He counsels each side about the beststrategy LO use in negotiating with theblockhead on the other side. He separatesparties when necessary, and carries messagesback and forth, acting like a human shieldwhen the panies vent their anger abouttheir adversaries. An experienced mediaLOrcan stand toe-LO-LOe with someone with abulldozer personality whose tactics mayjeopardize the success of the negotiations.

Corporations also have personalities thatinfluence the negotiations. A big companywith layers of bureaucracy makes decisions

differently than a mom-and-pop business. Inthe environmental field, some businessesoperate in highly regulated areas and aremore risk-adverse. They make decisions in away that may confound a company with anunfettered entrepreneurial spirit. MediaLOrsthat appreciate these differences can helpone company understand the world view ofthe other and come to terms with what the

other side needs in order LO compromise.

ConclusionMediation is more popular than ever as a toolLO resolve environmental conflicts in everyarena. Environmental professionals \vill no

doubt have a greater role in the future asconsulting expen witnesses and as technical

neutrals in the preliminary stage of preparingfor a mediation, and in the long-tenn administration of complex settlements. ~

Jamie McLeroy, an attorney-mediator practicingfor 17 years in Austin, Texas, is theauthor of several publications advisitlg businesses on various legal topiCS includingBusiness Insurance Guide: How LO

Purchase the Best and Most AffordableCoverage, published by Summers Press, Ft.Worth, Texas. Howard S. Seitzman is anattorney-mediator and arbitrator in Austin,Texas, who specializes in the praClice ofenvironmental and administrative laly.



DrIve unItThe Model DHL-60-20-2 driveunit includes a high-capacity,precision-bearing integral with a

The RFS OBTEK machine isdesigned to treat many different types of wastewater generated by various industries. It iseasy to operate and requiresvery little maintenance. Simplyfill the process tank withwastewater and turn themachine on. Immediately,clean water than can be reusedor discharged is produced.Redondo Filtration Systems.Circle 123 on card.

Wastewater treatment

standards provide the user withquick and affordable means toassess instrument drift or torecalibrate the instrument. Theyare not temperature sensitive orphotosensitive. Turner Designs.Circle 122 on card•

End connectorsMetal union end connectors that work

with Eslon f¥\IC and COrIan' Cf¥\IC unionscan be used with all Eslon unions as well as

Esloclean· unions and ball valves. to maketransitions between metallic and thermoplastic or dissimilar plastic piping systems.

Es/on Thermoplostics.Circle 124 on card.

In-line disposable filters aredesigned for the preparation ofgroundwater samples for dissolved metals analysis. The highcapacity filters give 700 em' ofeffective filtration area using a0.45].1m membrane. They fit lllinch-by-II-inch tubing and barbsadapt to II-inch-by-%-inch tubing. Solinst Canada Ltd.Circle 121 on card.

Chlorophyll astandardsTurner Designs Inc. now offerssolid secondary standards foruse in the nuorometric analysisof extracted chlorophyll a. These

"11=:: '= e::.. :: ••••- =::.- :: iE':

DIsposable filters

SYSTAT 8.0 is the latest versionof statistics and graphics software. New features includeadditional spatial statistics, arevamped user interface, an output organizer, a data editor,more graph editing, 32-bit architecture and more. SPSS Inc.Circle 120 on card.

Software

Compiled by Kristie LGuillotteand Ingrid Truemper

Railroad Track Spill Containment

with Horizontal Remediation Wells

Get to the sourcethe first time!

4-.AfE:~~

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www.transenvsys.com

The Ounce of Prevention to Precludea Ton of Headaches!

Unique, Relocatable Spill Containment Pans with Rolling Raincovers.Opens When You Need It and Closed and Locked When Not Needed.

Avoid Collecting Snow, Rainwater and Debris!Lower Your Environmental LiabilitylAnd a few of the applications IJre:

• Air sparging• Soil vapor extraction• ~·remediation• Groundwater extraction• Leachate collection• Dual phase extraction

and many more..

203.248.9599

Some of the benefits:• No business interruption during installation• Maximum exposure to contaminants• Cost efficient• Reduced maintenance. equipment,

and operations cost.• Rapid site closure

DirectionalTechnologies, Inc.Horizontal Drilling Services

North Haven, CT

54 Circle 61 on card. Circle 62 on card. October 1998

Are you Serioust

If you are serious about significantlyincreasing sales and generating more leadsin the most cost-effective manner, you needto reach us!

Environmental Protection ActionPaccard deck, from the publishers of Environmental Protection magazine, reachesover 90,000 buyers and specifiers inevery major buying influence. Theseare the decision makers with buyingpower your advertising message,product or service needs to target to

generate more ad inquiries, prospects and new customers! It's timeto get serious about taking yourbusiness to new levels and gaining the competitive edge. Call anEnvironmental Protection ActionPac card deck specialist today forresults with impact and get serious!

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STEVENS DIRECTFor over 75 years Stevens Direct has been providing information solutions for the Occupational Health &: Safety, Environmental, andHealthcare professions. As a recognizedleader in these industries, Stevens Directoffers key executives, decision makers, andprospects for your marketing needs. Stevens'

in-house list Managers, with years of experience indirect Marketing, can pinpoint the right targets foryour direct mail and telemarketing campaigns.

Today's rising postageand printing costsmake list selectionincreasingly importantin achieving maximumprofitability for yourmarketing efforts. Careful use of demographicslike Job Function, Purchasing Responsibility,Company Size, and Typeof Business, enable you tofocus on prospects mostlikely respond to your offer.Stevens Direct's expertise inmatching the right audienceto your offer, combined withcontinuously updated lists that

have a proven response record, helps guarantee successfor your marketing projects.

OVER 85% OF OUR CLIENTS BECOMEREPEAT CUSTOMERS.

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SMU does not dlSCflmll,ate on the baSIs 01 race. cOlOr. natlO/tlll or ethmc origm. se~. age. Of disability

The Remedi-Cal, a 100 10

2,000 sefm catalytic oxidizer, iscapable of destroying VOCs atan efficiency rate of 97 percentor higher. Custom sizes,options and system conflgurattons are available for Global

Catalytic oxidizer

accordmg to the manufaclllrer.This improved. spray-appliedproduct linc allows contractorsto qUickly protect steel or Ironprocess equipment with a hlghbuild, c1astomeric membrane.FUlura Coatings Inc.Circle 128 on card.

FUTURA-THA Eabrasionresistant coatings have betterabrasion resistance than steel.

.. : . ;;-:------~.....IJ"C"looni~.......,;~

Increasingly, the handling and storage of hazardous materials inan environmentally safe, secure manner is an issue you must dealwith. And it isn't something you want to leave to guesswork.

Today, addressing this problem is as easy as calling on the prosof EPI. Our E.P. Containment Systems answer with the most advanced, relocatable, Factory Mutual approved buildings available.Our complete line of building sizes and designs can be custom-fittedwith a wide range of options to periectly meet your requirements.

Put the best available technology to work for you wherecost-effective hazardous material storage is demanded. Call todayfor complete information on our professional solution - The E.P.Containment System.

mil Environmental products,lnc:·I~1'i1 Olvl.lon or BENKO PRODUCTS INC.

5350 Evergreen Pkwy' Sheffield Village, Oh 44054 r;::.:;tv1Ph. (440) 934-2180 Fax (440) 934-4052 ~www.benkoproducts.com

Mother" Oil Remediation Products is a four-page colorbrochure listing patented chemistry that will instantly renderoils hydrophobic and Viscoelastic. Oil bonds to the productsinstantly, preventing sinking.cmulsiflcation, wealhering andsheen and tarball formation.Mother Oil.Circle 127 on card.

Oil remediationprodUcts brochure

Skim-pak fixed weir skimmersfrom Douglas Engineeringremove pure oil from separation tanks and sumps.Designed to work either withgravity now or controlledpumping, Ihe skimmer willautomatically remove oil concentrations in excess of 'f, inchwith no underlying water.Douglas Engineering.Circle 126 on card.

Master of Sciencein Hazardousand Waste MaterialsManagementAn SM U graduate degree will givcyou a competitive advantagein the new millennium.

• Dcveloped in consultation with the EPA.

• Emph:lsis 011 management.1I1d technical issues in treatmcnt,elimination, handling, regulation,and compliance of wastc matcrials.

• AI'.libblc nationwide throughvideotape distance eduColtion.

J!!!. SMU ENGINEER! G~(H()(ll OtI-S(il:"lllU"(i

A~J)Arrlll-])~(11-:-'( I-

www.seas.sl1lu.edu • 1-800-601-4040SOl'TIII:It:-: METHODIST U!\'I\'ER~lrY

Oil skimmers

forged alloy steel gear enclosedin a durable fabricated steelhousing. All reducers that makeup Ihe drive unit are directlycoupled. The primary reducer ishydraulically driven 10 ensureload balancing between the pinion drive gearboxes. DBS Mfg.Circle 125 on card.

••

56 Circle 64 on card. Circle 65 on card. October 1998

ant are®

INCORPORATED

TECHNOLOGIES 1M

1401 Rockville Pike, Suite 500, Rockville, MD 20852Telephone: (301) 284-3000; FAX (301) 284-3001

E---

Find out how PiantWare32 can help you assureregulatory compliance, cut daily costs, and reducerisks while boosting productivity and profitability.

Environmental, Health and Safety information management isbusiness information management. It is essential not only forregulatory compliance but also to your bottom line - evenyour ability to continue business operations.

Call (800) 999·5009 or visit our Web siteat www.essentech.com today!

Air • Waste • Water • Inventory •MSDS • Health & Safety

PiantWare32 is a comprehensive, thoroughly integratedenvironmental management information system thatlets you unify and streamline information processesat every level of your operations - saving timeand money every step of the way.

Your Essential Enterprise-WideEHS Software Solution

Select only the capabilities you need to manage:

PLWAEI098Circle 66 on card.

•••••••••CASSby Babcock

SBR Wastewater Treatment Plantsfor Domestic, Municipal & Industrial Applications

For More Information Contact:

Babcock Water Engineering, L.P.15707 Rockfield Blvd., Suite 333

Irvine, CA 92618Phone: 714-472-9110 • Fax: 714-472-9210

E-Mail: [email protected]://www.sbrcass.com

See us atWEFTEC, Booth #2135· Circle 67 on card.

DO YOU OPERATE A FRTER PRESSOR A BELT FRTER PRESS?

WE CAN PROVIDE PRESS CLOTHS OR BELTSWITH THE BEST DELIVERY TIMES AT THELOWEST PRICES WITH ISO-9001 QUALITY!

SCAPA FRTRATION4563 JORDAN ROAD - P.O. BOX 238

SKANEATELES FALLS, NY 13153-0238PHONE: 1-800-637-6206 - FAX: 1-315-685-5574

scrubber modules, oxidizers,vacuum eXlraClion modules,integrated units and vapor liquid separator modules. GlobalTechnologies.Circle 129 on card.

Chlorinating system

The PPG system consiSlS of a3-inch calcium hypochloritetablet wilh 65 percent available chlorine and the PPGSeries 3000 chlorinator, allowing operators to chlorinatewater consistently and accurately. It is an alternative 10

chlorine gas cylinders andsodium hypochlorite for sanilizing waler syslems. PPGIndustries Inc.Circle 130 on card.

Filter element

JET Pleal'· is a multi-plealedfilter element designed for theWheelabrator family of pulsejel collectors. It can enhancethe performance of existingpulse jet dust collectors. allowing greater gas now and morethan four limes the surface filtralion area of slandard bags.Wheelabrator Air PollutionControl Inc.Circle 131 on card.


next

DOES

person

KNOW[:::::::=-- • • • • • • • • • • •.

says

THAT"

it.

who

get

EO~

gonna.1 S

The

DIDN'T"I

We hear it a lot.

When you're one of the largest and most diversified

environmental management companies in the COWltry,

it's tough letting everyone know everything you do.

Most folks, for example, know about our Wayne

Disposal RCRA/TSCA landfill, and EQ's Michigan

Disposal Waste Treatment Plant - North America's

largest treatment facility by volume. A lot of people

have used our chemical recovery and recycling.

And our lab analysis services are pretty well known.

But tell them that EQ can manage transportation,

or remediate contaminated sites,

or treat waste water, or recycle oil

and spent deicing fluids for airports,

and it's the same old thing:

"I didn't know EQ does that."

The fact is, EQ has grown to

provide a comprehensive package

of environmental management services all from a

single vendor. That's because some of the largest

corporations in the world trust us to handle their :

varying needs. As those needs have grown, so has

our ability to meet them.

So please. Take just a moment to call EQ at

1-800-KWALITY (592-5489) or visit our website at www.eqonline.com. We'll send you an informative package

",,' w;]l «II '0" mo~ ,bo",", ",," '0" pmoob], know. ~

THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMPANY

36255 MICHIGAN AVENUE • WAYNE, MICHIGAN 48184734-329-8000 FAX: 734-329-8140 SALES: 800-592-5489

www.eqonline.comCircle 69 on card.

r----~~.----'

TRUMBULL INDUSTRIES

'/ Floor Boxes accept stems up to 2-3/8".

_______ Stem Guides in DuctileIron or 316 Stainless.

~ Extension Stems fabricated~ to meet your requirements.

~ Extension Stem Nuts & Couplings~ for stem diameters 7/8" to 2-3/8".

________ Mud Valves, rising and non-risingstem, in 4", 6" and 8" sizes.

Hydrostatic Tank Pressure Relief Valves in 4" and 6"';"'.~lImflOO'(_'~""'"See us at WEFTEC 98 in ORLANDO, Booth #2575

L for other products related~ the Waterworks industry .J

Circle 71 on card.

CO tester

The ECOM-EM CO tester is asmall, handheld unit designed to

meet the MSHA regulationrequiring testing of CO emissions from diesel engines usedin underground coal mines. Features include CO measurementto 4,000 ppm, exhaust and vacuum pressure testing, internalpump, backlit LCD display andmore. ECOM America Ltd.Circle 132 on card,

Water conservationprojectNew Logic International Inc.installed their VSEP" system atHospital Central Services Associ-

alion in Seattle. The system willbe used for wastewater trealment and waler recycling at thislaundry facility The system isable to recycle up 10 80 percentof the waler used. New LogicInternational.Circle 133 on card,

Dust suppressant

EnviroKleen· is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, oil-sheenfree, colorless, odorless and safefor human, animal and plantlife. It provides control efficiency in localions such as construction sites, indoor warehouses,

flue gas emissions monitoring

Land Combustion is at the forefront of flue gas emissionsmoniloring technology with reliable, proven solutions.A wide range of products, combined with over 50 years ofexperience in the field, ensure all customer compliancerequirements are met.

Model 4500MKIIOpacity and DustMonitor

LANCOM Series IIPortable Flue GasAnalyzer

a range ofcompliance

monitors

CO02

NOxDust

Opacity

ILAnDcombustion

Division of Land Instruments InternafionalInc. 2525B Pearl Buck Road Bristol.PA 19007. USATelephone: 215 781-0810Facsimile: 215 781-0798Toll Free: (in USA) 800 922 9679E-Mail: [email protected]: hllp:llwww.landinsl.com/combl

60 Environmental Protection Circle 70 on card. October 1998

Sampling probe

(maan!fled 20,OOOx)

13005 Aliddlerown Industrial Blyd.Suite H, Louisville, KY 40223502-244-7135·800-841-0180Fa" 502-244-7136

~IVISE

call

Lawsuit.

or services, just

1-800-841-0180.

at a competitive price.For more detailed infor

mation on our facilities

It's legal action waiting to happen. Fact is, abatementsite air clearance samples can contain plenty of asbestos

that won't be seen with PCM. At McCall & SperoEnvironmental, Inc. you'll benefit from several Philips

TEMs, unquestionably the most accurate and sensitivemethod for analysis of asbestos in air and water. MSE

is a NVLAP certified lab, backed by a highly qualifiedstaff of M.S. and B.S. scientists that specialize in

asbestos analysis. You can have your results in aslittle as two hours and

--

The Super Probe is designedwith standard components plusa 2-inch outer sheath. Thesheath is designed for efficientreplacement of pitot, stack thermocouple and probe liners.Geometric calibration of pitOl isincluded. Wind tunnel calibra

tion is available upon request.Andersen Instruments Inc.Circle 136 on card.

ADAM is a Windows-basedasbestos management, regulatory compliance and docu

ment preparation software system. It provides consultants,building owners and government agencies with a methodto manage their asbestos information. It also generates survey reports and notification,material locations, abatementinfonnation and OSHA

records. EcoLogic Systems.Circle 135 on card.

Asbestos software

intennodal operations, landfills,mining haul roads, steel millsand more. Midwest IndustrialSupply Inc.Circle 13.. on canl.

Circle 73 on card.

October 1998 Circle 72 on card. Environmental Protection 61

Optimize Your PackedTower with Jaeger Internals

Sewer pipeH,SewerSafe", a new line of sewer pipe and fittings, is designedfor use in corrosive areas of thewastewater infrastructure. It features a fused calcium aluminatemortar lining called SewperCoatthat has exceptional resistance tohydrogen sulfide gas. GriffinPipe Products Co.Circle 137 on card.

Water quality checker

TurbidimeterThe Micro 100 laboratory turbidimeter meets performancecriteria specified by u.s. EPAmethod 180.1 for NTU mea-

Alarm accessory

the matter transfor.med by thepurification. KrUger.Circle 139 on card.

The Model U-10 water qualitychecker measures pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and more. Twenty samplesof data on six parameters can bestored in memory for recall. display and printout. User can selecteither a 2- or 10-meter interconnection cable between the electronics and the sensors. Horiba.Circle 141 on card.

Gas Techs new vibrating alar.maccessory is deSigned for use\vith the 95 Series personalportable instrument. It has anintegral clip that fiLS on a belt orshirt pocket. The vibrating alar.mis lightweight and the size of apager. It is powered by two AAalkaline batteries. Gas Tech Inc.Circle 140 on card.

vides solids removal to less than15 milligrams per liter withoutclarifiers. It combines a biological reactor to degrade pollutionand a phase separator to remove

Filtration processThe BIOSTYR· process providestertiary treatment in less than 15percent of the space required byconventional processes, according to the manufacturer. It pro-

sensitive light detector thatboosts resolution. It is free ofsignal drift, and not affected bycolor, turbidity, clouding, suspended solids or now rate.Rosemount Analytical.Circle 138 on card.

Put our years of experience and our computerized applicationstechnology to work for you.

• The Largest Number ofSuccessful Applications

• Responsive ServiceAttitudes to OEMs,Consultants, and End Users.

• Jaeger Tri-Packs®,theStandard of the IndustiY inRandom Plastic Packings

• Complete Line of TowerInternals

• Extensive Experience inEnvironmental andProcess Applications

• NS~ Certified ProductsAvailable

• Quality EngineeringServices

Get the most effectivecolumn packing andinternals for air strippingand scrubbing.

Jaeger has suppliedhundreds of air strippingand scrubbing towerswith packing and internalsfrom Maine to Hawaii.

elfiEGERSuperior performance by design 1M

1611 Peachleaf • Houston, TX 77039 • Tel: (281) 449-9500· Fax: (281) 449-9400www.jaeger.com • (800) 678-0345

The Model REFRAC DS refractometer includes continuousmeasurement that is temperature-compensated and a super-


ACTIVATED CARBONSEnvirotrol provides granular,

pelletized, and powdered pro·ducts lor nearly all liquid andvapor phase applications.

REACTIVATION SERVICECustom reactivation recycles

your corbon for a fraction of the

cost of virgin corbon and eliminates the expense and liability of

spent corbon disposal.

FULL SERVICEACTIVATED CARBON SUPPLY:

Serving:• Waste & Groundwater • Solvent Recovery

• V.O.c. Control • Food & Pharmaceutical

• General Air Filtration • Chemical Process

ADSORPTION SYSTEMSStandard and custom designedadsorption systems from drum size

to the industries' largest configu

rations may be purchased or

leased.

Hydrocarbon analyzer

The Model 55C hydrocarbonanalyzer is deSigned to measuredirectly both methane and non-

Delta's newest draft coolingtower expands seamless corrosion proof plastic towers to larger capaCities. The tower is available in seven different models,which range from the capabilityto handle 250 cooling tons to500 cooling tons. The towers aredesigned to handle everythingfrom routine applications toextremely corrosive. DeltaCooling Towers Inc.Circle 145 on card.

The Multi-Belt Oil Grabber canreduce oil content to less than 5ppm in water. It saves coolantsby removing tramp oil and conserves pans wash water byremoving oily contamination. Itcan be used in tanks with depthsas shallow as 1 fOOl or as deep as100 feel. Abanaki Corp.Circle 146 on card.

Phase monitor

Gas detector

The PhD Plus confined spacegas detector measures oxygen,combustible gas and up to twoadditional toxic gases. It ishoused in a rugged, compactcase designed for demandingenvironments. Snap-in NiCad oralkaline battery packs provideup to 12 hours continuous operation. Biosystems Inc.Circle 144 on card.

The Model 2581 three-phasemonitor protects any three-phasemotor from loss of phase, lowvoltage and phase reversal. Thevoltage and phase-angle sensingcircuit allows lost phases to bedetected on a loaded motor, evenwhen regenerated voltage is present. Time Mark Corp.Circle 143 on card.

surement, and will accuratelymeasure turbidity from a to1,000 NTU and display theresults to a resolution of 0.01. Itfeatures a simple menu structure, an RS-232 serial pan andmore. HF Scientific Inc.Circle 142 on card.


The new mini gas conditioner isdesigned to be used with Testo'sentire product line of combustion flue gas analyzers. It is anactive moisture removal systemthat increases accuracy and protects the analyzer. The mini-gasconditioner is ideal for lowrange measurements, coolingthe sample gas, long-term measurements and high moisturegas streams. Testo Inc.Circle 151 on card.

Mini gas conditioner

The new top stack tighteningfeature on the Muffin Monstergrinder allows maintenance tobe taken care of in threesteps-remove the back plate,tighten the cutter stack andreattach the plate. This feature

, allows users to perform stacklightening within minutes andthe unit does not have to beremoved from its channel.JWC Environmental.Circle 150 on card.

VOC monitor

The new 301-A VOC monitor isideal for monitoring hazardous airpollutanLS at the fenceline or inthe process. When it is coupledwith the new Model 650 spargingsystem, ppb levels of a variety ofVOCs in water can be measured.This instrument is capable of performing spot-checking for wastetreatment, municipal treatmentand industrial emuenLS HNUSystems Inc.Circle 149 on card.

and completely resuspend solids. Grinder maintenanceLiquid Dynamics Corp.Circle 148 on card.

Mixing system

The JetMix'" Vortex Mixing System is engineered to take advantage of a tanks natural hydrauliccharacteristics to achieve optimum mixing of solids. It is capable of operation on an as-neededbasis due to its ability to quickly

':{;f!>~"- ;~'~:~1~r.'-il" -: ~.! ..: t . ~ ~l::"

ot;.,'",' ·.*t... _"",,~~~~

methane hydrocarbons. Itsback-flushed gas chromatography system allows reliable measurements of non-methanehydrocarbons at sub-ppm concentrations. The Model 55C'smenu-driven software allowsusers to establish operatingparameters and to control calibration and measurements.Thermo EnvironmentalInstruments Inc.Circle 147 on card.

~signing and running processes that reduce wastes and emis·Vsions is not only the right thing 10 do. it's also the smart

thing...as good for the bottom line as it is for your communityand the planet. AIChE publications can help, with titles like:

- Envirollmental Progress-a quarterlymagazine that covers all aspects of pol.lution controL including air, water, andsolid and liquid wastes.

- Environmental titles from DECH£MA,the German chemical enginet>ring society, addressing such issut>s as industrialwastewater, and bioassays for soils.

- TIle Environmenr: Air, Water, & Soil andEnvironmental Managemeru anelPollution Prmmtion-PEP Series bookswhich compile the best anicles fromAIChE literature on critical industryissues.

For more information on AIChE environmental producte,call 1-000-242-4363 and requeet a copy of our

F1J",lcaticn. Catalog.

The T0-4100 Continuous On-line MonitorDetect leaks of petroleum products in non·contact cooling water, boiler feedwater, effluent water, and process water. The TD-4100 features a non-fOUlingflow cell to significanlly reduce maintenance, and detects from ppm to ppb!Supports NPDES discharge permits and correlates to standard methods.

BI TURNER DESIGNS845 W Maude A~enue . Sunnyvale CA 9<1086(-408)749·0994· FAX j408) 7-49·0998· hnp l/WwwlurnerdeSlgnscom

64 Circle 76 on card.See us atWEFTEC, Booth #40 II • Circle 77 on card.

October 1998

Steam recovery system

Oeden's low-pressure steamrecovery system enables indusInal plants with steam pressureas low as 15 psig to reduce theullilty, fuel and steam costs ofcarbon adsorption solventrecovery. It recycles heat fromcarbon-bed regenerative steam,cUlling fresh steam consumpllon by as much as 50 percent.Oeden Corp.Circle 152 on card.

The Series 1200 oxygen analyzers provide accurate monitoring of excess air and combustion efficiency under anyconditions. The series hasthree major components-theprobe, the control or displayunit and the opt ional gas calibration now control unit.land Combustion.Circle 153 on card.

Blofiltratlon systemThe MicroBiotic" carbon biofiltration systems employ microorganisms to degrade and destroyup to 99 percent of VOCs. Carbon media at 6 to 10 millimeters

LARGE Or smallALL THE SIZES YOU NEEDMag-drive, non-metallic pumpsfrom 1 HP to 100 HP withflows up to 1400 GPM,heads up to 440 FT.and temperaturesup to 250°F.

Unparalled NEVER LEAK'" performance with corrosiveliquids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, bleach,caustic soda and many other solvents.

_",lfIeUM

..............-AllSIIIAS, IIIC. • 109t1/'r1tt BIrd. Elk 6nlre VIII"., It 1iOtJI17, U.S.A.

(1U7) 290-0482. FAX: (1U7) 2911-1U81 .'nlemllt: http://Www.ansINl.eMApart 01 Sundstrand Fluid Handling

MAKE THERIGHT

REMEDIATIONCALL

Irs up to you to make the right call on remediation

equipment for soil and groundwater cleanup.You'lI want the professionals at NEPCCO on ,.

your team to design an integrated system

to meet your site's unique requirements.With over 900 system installations

since 1981, nobody matches the proven

knowledge, experience and engineeringsupport of NEPCCO's remediation

experts. The fast, reliable and cost-effective solutionsto your environmental remediation challenges are

just a call away. 800·277·3279 I www.nepcco.com

NEPCCOENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS" TECHNOLOGIES

October 1998 Circle 78 on card. Circle 79 on card. 65

provides long-term media guarantee on compaction and degradation, low operational andmaintenance costs and no natural gas consumption. GeoenergyInternational Corp.Circle 154 on card.

Thermal oxidizer

The Millennium" is a regenerative thermal oxidation systemdesigned for low air flow applications. It is engineered toachieve VOC destruction ratesup LO 99 percent with 95 percent nominal thermal efficiency,and handles process air flowsas low as 2,000 scfm.MEGTEC Systems.Circle 155 on card.

Industrial Guardian enclosuresare designed to protect personalcomputers and other sensitiveelectronic equipment in hostileenvironments. Available in standalone, table-top, or pedestal

mounted versions, the enclosuresare crafted from heavy gaugesteel with a durable powder coatfinish. BR Metal Technology.Circle 156 on card.

Emissions monitoring

The MicroCem is a field-provencontinuous emissions moniLOring package aimed at the smallersize boiler, furnace, incineraLOr,combustion turbine, engine andprocess plant market. Gas sensing is provided by an advanced

microprocessor controlled multiple sensor package. Anarad.Circle 157 on card.

Emissions analyzers

The ENERAC'" 3000 series, portable emissions analyzers

include advanced SEM" sensors.AULOmatic features ensure accurate and reproducible compliancelevel data that can aid in reducing both operational and compliance risks. The 3000 series iscapable of monitoring oxygen,carbon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen,

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THE UNIVERSAL TECHNOLOGYfor

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JENTECH_INSTRUMENTS, INC.

introduces the MiniCanand the CS 1200 passiveflow controller for:

Druck Incorporated4 Dunham Drive_ New Fairfield, CT 06812(203) 746-0400 r-ax: (203) 746-2494http://www.druckinc.comemail: [email protected] Group Companies: Druck· Ruska Instrument· Pressurements·Unomat

DDruck

CIC1 See us at WEFTEC, Booth #4013 • Circle 81 on card.Circle 82 on card. October 1998

Stormwater Best ManagementPractices (BMP) training kitversion 2.0 and Spill Prevention and Response (SPCC)training kit include 18- to 20minute videos designed to helptrain employees and contractors on how to comply withapplicable regulations. The kitsalso include trainer's manualsand quizzes to evaluateemployees' understanding ofsubject matter. EXCAL VisualCommunications.Circle 162 on card.

Gas detectors

The Bionics SH-I003HT andSH-1007HT are "smart" instruments designed for the continuous detection and measurementof toxic gases in installationswhere access to the sensor system is restricted. They areextractive, electrochemicaldetection systems capable ofsampling areas up to 30 feetaway. PureAire MonitoringSystems Inc.Circle 161 on card.

and standard speeds of 310 and Training kit170 rpm. Chemineer Inc.Circle 160 on card.

The Chemineer4 Fixed-MountJT Series Mixer is designed forrapid and uniform blending ofmoderately viscous fluids in volumes up to 10,000 gallons. Features include a double-reduction, helical gear design for inline speed production; a powerrange from V. to 5 horsepower;

internal moving pans and usesvery little water. Tri-Mer Corp.Circle 159 on card.

MixerWet dust collector

The Whirl-Wet-AG is an allpolypropylene, zero corrosioncollector of high loadings ofdust. The unit is continuouslyself-cleaning and will capture99.5 percent of all dust 2microns and larger. It operatesat a very low noise level, has no

nitrogen oxide and sulfur. Energy Efficiency Systems Inc.Circle 158 on card.

~iil----------""----------IIIIiIIIJi'!I'Iii'~"...... ... ...·.1

Circle 83 on card.

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User Guide to

DRUM HANDLING EQUIPMENT•

•.,.-

Ifyou're notreading Stevens'

newsletters ...you should be.

We understand that you need the

most current information possible.That's what we're here for.

Stay informed. You can't afford not to.

Call today.

If you need to keep on top of thelatest environmental news coming outof Washington, D.C., you should be

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on areas that concern you most:Environmental Protection, Air Quality,

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Management and Water Pollution.

(972) 687-6700

Environmental NE'V~SPROTECTION WI

October 1998 67

.~.,

•.."

Western Research Insitituteannounces the

U.S. DOE Spill Test Data BaseDala reposilory for miligation and dispersion lests conducted al Ihe

U.S. Department of Energis HAZMAT Spill Center

Files available for download• All available dala since 1990• Spill research bibliography• Spill research mailing list

www.westernresearch.org/projects/STFDBDataPage.hlm1200 - 9600 BAUD

8 data / I stop / 0 Parity

• For more information·Phone (307) 721-20 IIFax (307) 721-3455.1 WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Technology

Circle 165 on card. .. "

Classifieds

Circle 166 on card. ..

0'...

"

Recruitment

..... SALTLAKE"'COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Faculty Position inEnvironmental

Technology(#98039) - Teach Environmental, Health andSafety. and Hazardous Material classes tocollege-level students. Prepare, teach, andupdate technical material for use in classroomand labornlo,)' settings. M.S. degree in a relatedfield and three years of full·time relaled, paidwork experience in the field of Health andSafety and Hazardous Malerial required. Teach·ing experience and professional certificationandlor licensing preferred. Demonstratedknowtedge and experience wilh OSHA, EPA,and DOT regulations. This position closesNovember 2, 1998. For complete requiremenlssee position announcement (hard copy, web siteorjob line 801-957·4133). To be considered foremploymenl, please submil an official Sail LakeCommunity College employment application,resume/vitae. cover lener, ilIld tmnscripts to:

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4600 So. Redwood RoadP.O. Box 30808

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68 Environmental Protection

Circle 168 on card.

October 1998

Classifieds

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Circle 167 on card.

Equipment rental

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Tel: (519) 746-6151· F.u: (519)146-0793t-mall: [email protected]

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Circle 173 on card.

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Circle 170 on card.

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Circle 174 on card.

OSHAAud10rizedTrainingCenter.KC,MO.

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Circle 172 on card.

Visit our redesigned web site atw_.eaglecmms.com

and check out our ProTeus MaintenanceManagement Software...designed to fitJl"!l.r need5!.Vear 2000 compliant -• Audit Trail for ISO 9000 certiflcatlon• M5 OffIce"", Binder Filef'lol integration• Interface to Johnson Controls' MetasysO!>

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Circle 169 on card.

October 1998 Environmental Protection

TEl. (909) i3O-0999FAX. (909) m-oIlOO

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Circle 176 on card.

Circle 175 on card.

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Circle 179 on card.

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Circle 181 on card.

UET UNIVERSAL ENVIRONMENJ'AL~ TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

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Circle 180 on card.

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END BIRDPOLLUTIONI ..,u,('

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Circle 177 on card.

Quality Service Since 1987

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Circle 182 on card.

Aero Tec Laboratories Inc. ~Romsev. NJ 07446-1251 USA Y;

Tel: 201-825-1400 Fox: 201-825-1962 ~e-Mail: [email protected] p

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- .~ ContainmentSystems

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Depend on QuantityIf we do not stock aspecial drum, we will get it for you.

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Circle 178 on card.

System Control Services Corp

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October 1998 Environmental Protection 71

Circle 186 on card.

SSI Bailer PricesAre Coming Down to Earth!!!

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Circle 183 on card.

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EnvironmentalEducation

Leading to aProfessional

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TO ADVERTISE, CALL

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~

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Circle 185 on card.

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Circle 184 on card.

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800-775-1738MILCO SAFETY RENTAL. INC.

II (,(.I III lW \ ..... 111 \1{ .... ,\:(01{ \11 \\1 J'\(

Pfolosslonal Ground Waler and (nwIIDnmanl,,1 Engineering Set~lces

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Environmental Protection October 1998

Film mctcr Rcntals & Scrviccs

PSC offers shon term rental & technicalservices using precision portable non·intrusive flow or energy flowmeters forWater & Energy Conservation Surveysor to verify compliance to EPA require·ments, as well as:

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AIR DISPERSIONMODELING COURSES.

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Leaders in air dispersion modeling software andtraining.See our ad in Classifieds

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Manufacturers of quality, competitively pricedwater sampling bailers. "55l bailer prices areDown to Earth"See our ad in Classifieds

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Consultants

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Professional groundwater and environmentalengineering services.See our ad in Classifieds

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Innovative solutions to help you implement anEnvironmental Management System (EMS). understand the requirements of ISO 14001 and add value

October 1998

to your business.

Drums - Containers

General Container Co'1' - 54 Veronica Avenue,POBox 6140. Somerset, NJ 08875-6140.(908) 435-0020, FAX: (908) 435-0040.E-Mail: www.generalcontainer.com.

Your source for steel, polyethylene andstainless steel drums.See our ad in Classifieds

Dust collectorsAutomation Products - 3030 Maxroy. Houston,TX77008, (713) 869-0361, FAX: (713) 869-7332.See our ad in Classifieds

Education

Columbia Southern University -24847 Commercial Ave.. Orange Beach.AL 36561.(800) 977-8449, FAX: (334) 981-3815.

Earn your 85, MS, Ph.D. through the freedomof distance education.See our ad in Classifieds

Engineering &environmental services

Dome. & Moore Group - 911 Wilshire Blvd.,Suite 700. Los Angeles. CA 90034.(213) 683-1560. FAX: (213) 628-00 IS.E-Maii: [email protected].

Engineering, environmental, constructionmanagement, litigation support services.See our ad in Classifieds

Laboratory - Asbestos/lead

International Asbestos TestingLaboratorle. (IATL) - 16000 Horizon Way, Unit 100,Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054.(609) 231-9449. FAX: (609) 23 i-9818.Asbestos and lead analyticai services. NVLAP,AIHA,and NY-ELAP accredited.See our ad in Classifieds

Liners - Truck

Packaging Re.earch & De.lgn POBox 678, Madison, MS 39130.(800) 833-9364, FAX: (60 I) 853-1202.Disposable bag liners for roll-offs. dump

trailers & railroad gondola's.See our ad in Classifieds

Rental equipment

Ase Professional. - 15075 E. Eleven Mile Rd.•Roseville. MI 48066. (800) 372-4260,FAX: (810) 771-0098.

Safety equipment rental & repair.See our ad in Classifieds

Safety training & conSUltingEnvironmental & Safety Service. Inc, PO Box 3394.Wilmington, NC, 28406(910) 763-6999. FAX: (910) 763·8709.

Full service company specializing in OSHAand EPA training and consulting.See our ad in Classifieds

Sludge dewatering services

J.D. MeagherfAllwaste Inc. - PO Box 752.Westborough. MA 01581. (508) 366-6606,FAX: (508) 366·6662.See our ad in Classifieds

Training manuals - Wholesale

Network Environmental Systems Inc. -10933 Trade Center Drive # I08, Rancho Cordova,CA 95870. (800) 637·2384,FAX: (818) 853-8526.Internet Address: www.nes.hazmat.com.OSHA - EPA - DOT training manuals for sale.See our ad in Classifieds

Waste Water TreatmentIPEe Global, Inc. - 1047 E.Acacia St.• Ontario. CA9/761. (909) 930-0995. FAX: (909) 930·0900.Internet Address: www.ipecglobal.comComplete line of affordable waste water systems,modules, and components featured on the internet.See our ad in Classifieds

Water monitoring

Scientific Instruments Inc. - 518 W Cherry St.Milwaukee.WI 53212. (414) 263-1600,FAX: (414) 263-5506, E-Mail:[email protected] gauging/water monitoring.See our ad in Classifieds

Environmental Protection 73

Protectionperspectives

The Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area is located IS mileswest of Las Vegas, Nev., on the eastern slope of the Spring Mountain

Range. It covers 196,000 acres. Red Rock boasts some of the world'sbest climbing because the weather is beautiful all year long and the area

features a rare combination of different kinds of climbing and uniquelysturdy rosy sandstone. Red Rock beckons as a climber's paradise-rock

enthusiasts from all over the world visit Red Rock year-round.

PHOTO COURTESY PAUL fARBER,WILLOWBROOK, ILL

Advertiser indexCircle

17607876676551IS1371618118218169756631551113114lIS116117111074770164735198I118119865968768501464910II11131480n61

74

Advertiser PageAnarad Inc.. . . . . . . . 23Andersen Instruments Inc. . . . 53Ansimag Inc .. . .. .. .. 65A.I.C.E . . . . 64BabcockWater Engineering 58Benko Products Inc.. . . . 56Bureau of National Affairs Inc. (BNA) .. 45Carharn Inc.. . .. 17Control Micro Systems 33Convault 61Directional Technologies. . . 54Druck Incorporated. . . . . . . . . 66Ecoloquip .. . .. 21ECOM-America. . . . . . . 31Entech Instruments Inc. . . . . . 66Environmental Quality Inc.. . 59Envirotrollnc.. . . . . . . . 63Essential Technologies Inc. . . 57GNE5Y5.. .. .. 4Global Water. . . . 35HNU Systems Inc. . 43HNU Systems Inc 43HNU Systems Inc. . . . 43HNU Systems Inc 43HNU Systems Inc 43HNU Systems Inc 43ILC Dover 29ITEQ Inc. . 27Jaeger Products Inc. . . 62Keck .. .. . .. IIland Combustion. . 60Lexicon Environmental Associates Inc.. 19LFR... .. 7McCall &Spero Environmental 61Mother Environmental Systems. . . .. 9New Logic. . 26Odor Management. . . . IIOMEGA Engineering Inc 2OMEGA Engineering Inc 2OMEGA Engineering Inc .. 2Praxair Inc. . . . ... 75RosemountAnalytical. . . . . .. 52S&NAiroflo...... .. 10Safety-Kleen Corp 76Scapa Filtration. . 58Sensidyne .. .. . 41Shanley Pumps. .. . . . . .. .. .. • . . . 35SMU 56Snyder Industries. . 13Snyder Industries 13Snyder Industries. . 13Snyder Industries. . . . 13Snyder Industries. .. . .. ... 13Snyder Industries. . . 13Sybron Biochemical . . . . . . ... 65S.G.I.C.S.. . . . . . . . 46Trans Environmental Systems S4

Environmental Protection

Circle58717754SS5657179

1461S71361441S61601151511451161351311S81141611181401S4119137141149141ISO139In1481S5134117In130161113138111110lSI1471431S9111131

1939

Advertiser PageTrojan Technologies Inc.. . .. 5ITrumbull Industries Inc 60Turner Design 64Vanton Pump 47Vanton Pump 47Vanton Pump 47Vanton Pump 47West Group.. . .. . .. 3Zentox...... . 65

NEW PRODUCTSAbanaki Corporation. . . . . . . 63Anarad ..66Andersen Instruments Inc.. . 61Biosystems Inc , 638R Metal Technology. . . . . . . . 66Chemineer Inc.. . 67DBS Manufacturing 56Dedert Corporation 65Delta Cooling Towers Inc. . . . . .. 63Douglas Engineering..........•..... 56EcoLogic Systems 61ECOM America Ltd.. . . . 60Energy Efficiency Systems Inc 67Eslon Thermoplastics. . 54EXCALVisual Communications 67Futura Coatings Inc 56Gas Tech Inc 62Geoenergy International Corporation. 66Global Technologies. . . 58Griffin Pipe Products Co.. . . . 62HF Scientific Inc. . . 63HNU Systems Inc. . . . . . . . . . 64Horiba .. 62JWC Environmental. . . . . . . 64Kruger.. .. . .. 62land Combustion. . . . . 65Liquid Dynamics Corporation 64MEGTEC Systems. . . . . . . . 66Midwest Industrial Supply Inc 61Mother Oil .. .. .. 56New Logic International .... . 60PPG Industries.. .. .. .. .. 58PureAire Monitoring Systems Inc 67Redondo Filtration Systems 54Rosemount Analytical. . . . . . . 62Solinst Canada Ltd. ... . ... 54SPS5 Inc.. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .54Testo Inc. . . . . 64Thermo Environmental Instruments Inc.64Time Mark Corp 63Tri-Mer Corporation. . 67Turner Designs, , .. , , , , .... , , , . , . 54Wheelabrator Air Pollution. . . 58

PRODUCT UTERATUREAbanaki Corporation. . . . . .... 38AccuStandard Inc. .... . .. 39

Circle

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Advertiser PaleAV Systems Inc. . . . . .... 39DYNAFLOW Inc.. . . . . . .. 40GNY Equipment, LLC 40Hach Company 39Haz Mat Control Systems 39Intermountain Specialty Gases 40Keller's News &Information Service 40landa Water Cleaning Systems 38MG Industries. . . . . 40National Quality Assurance, USA ..... 40NECi,The Nitrate Elimination Co. Inc.. 38Nordberg 38OMEGA Engineering Inc 38OMEGA Engineering Inc 38Powell Fabrication and ManufactUring Inc. 39Ronk Electronic. . . 39Smith Environmental Corporation .... 40Solinst Canada Ltd. .. . . . . . 39Strohl Systems .. .. .. .. .. . 40Vanton Pump & Equipment Corporation. 39

TECH SPOTUGHTEngiehard .. .. .. .. 12Environmental Care Center Inc , . . 12Epoleon Corporation ofAmerica 12ILC Dover Inc. . . . . . . . . . 12Misonix Inc , , , , , : , , .. 12Monsanto Enviro·Chem Systems 12Parker Filtration. . . . 12Smith Engineering &Environmental Corp. 12Temcor.... .. 12U.S. Filter 12

HOTSPOTSNew Environment Inc" , . . , .. 68Vestil Manufacturing Company 67Western Research Institute. , , . , , 68

CLASSIFIEDSAeroTec... .. ..... 71American Aquatic Testing Inc. . . 71ASC Professionals . . 71Atlanta lab Systems. . . . . . . . . . . 71Automation Products Inc, , , . . .. , . 72Bio Renewal Technologies 728ird·X.................. ..71Carolina Global Maps. . . . . . . . . . .. 69Eagle Technology .. .. .. .. . .. ... 69Environmental Care Center . , , , , .. 70Environmental Container, , , . , , . , , 72FrontierTechnology Inc 69IT Corporation ... .. 68lakes Environmental 69Onion Enterprises , 69Safety Services ofTexas 69Sampling Specialties Inc.. . . . . 72System Control Services Corp 71U.S. Encon Systems . . 69Vector Technologies. . . . 70

October 1998

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Environmental Protection 1998 vol.9 no.10

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Transcript of Environmental Protection 1998 vol.9 no.10