EMENDA SEMBIRING, ST., MT., M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D

TANTANGAN PENGELOLAAN MIKROPLASTIK DI MASA DEPAN

OLEH:

EMENDA SEMBIRING, ST., MT., M.Eng.Sc., Ph.DDisampaikan pada WEBINAR

PUSAT STUDI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP ITB

18 MEI 2020

APAKAH MIKROPLASTIK?

Mikroplastik adalah plastik yang berukuran < 5 mm.

Jenis mikroplastik:• Primer• Sekunder

Emenda Sembiring, PhD/FTSL-ITB/Webinarpslh 2

Plastik berdasarkan ukuranMega-Plastik (> 100 mm)

Makro-Plastik (> 20 mm)

Meso-Plastik (20 -5 mm)

Mikro-Plastik (5 mm -1μm)

Nano-Plastik (< 1 μm)

3

( Sumber: Barnes et al, 2009, GESAMP, 2015, Plastics Europe, 2017)

Emenda Sembiring, PhD/FTSL-ITB/Webinarpslh

< 5 mm

Mikroplastik Primer dan Sekunder

Synthetic polymers

(Thermoplastics & Thermosets)Synthesized

biomassSynthesized

fossil fuel

Macro-sized productsMicro-sized products

Primary microplastics

Secondary microplastics

Photo degradation

Thermal degradation

Thermo oxidation

Biodegradation

Hydrolysis

Fragmentation

(Andrady, 2011)


Sumber Mikroplastik

Mikroplastik Primer Mikroplastik Sekunder

• Pemupukanpolysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose acetate coating (Jarosiewicz & Tomaszewska, 2003)

• WWTP dan lumpur

700,000 microfibers / 6 kg wash in a domestic washing machine (Napper & Thompson, 2016)

• Gesekan Ban MobilCar tyres: 0.81 kg/capita/year styrene-1.3-butadiene rubber (SBR) (Kole et al. 2017)

Kosmetika dan toiletries

4594 – 94,500 PE microbeads from a single facial wash per year in UK (Napper et al. 2015)


Source and Fate of Microplastic in the Environment

Source: Grida.no

6Emenda Sembiring, PhD/FTSL-ITB/Webinarpslh

Transport and Fate 8

Horton, et al. (2017) Science of the Total EnvironmentEmenda Sembiring, PhD/FTSL-ITB/Webinarpslh 7

MISMANAGED PLASTICSCoastal countries generated close to 275 million tons of plastic waste in 2010, and 4.8 to 12.7 million tons of the plastic made it way to the oceans (Jambeck et al. 2015)


Global Flows of Packaging Material in 2013


Others1.026 MMT

(18,2 %)

Raw material plastic5.635 MMT

Import1.67 MMT

(80% ASEAN)

Country Production2.31 MMT

PackagingStyroform 0.017 MMT

(0.3 %)

Shopping bag0.366 MMT

(6,5 %)

Building0.845 MMT

(15 %)

Packaging2.254 MMT

(40%)

Household1.127 MMT

(20%)

Country Capacity2.66 MMT

Recycle1.655 MMT

Plastic Waste1.692 MMT

(29.4 %)

Material still consuming 3.061 (53.2 %)

Finished GoodsPlastic Impor

0.12 MMT

MaterialRecycle

1.001 MMT(17.4%)

ManagedWaste

1.522 MMT

Non-ManageWaste Litter0.17 MMT

Carry overplastic waste before

0.654 MMT

Source: BPS and InaplasData 2016

MATERIAL FLOW OF PLASTICS IN INDONESIA


Plastics Consumption Plastics Waste

36%Landfill

44%Burning,

Dumping to River, Disposal

20%Recycle

Source: Damanhuri, 2018

Indonesia Plastics Flow


Studi Keberadaan Mikroplastik di Indonesia

Keberadaan Mikroplastik di Sungai Citarum

Location Particles/m3

Situ Cisanti (Upstream) 0.029 0.023 0.0166

Oxbow (Middle) 15.71 14.92 4.13

Muara Gembong (Downstream) 0.094 0.12 0.053

MuaraGembong

Situ Cisanti

Oxbow, DayeuhKolot

15

Keberadaan Mikropalstilk di Laut dan Sedimen Laut di Indonesia 16

Microplastic Impact on Biota and Food Web

Avio et al., 2015: MP’s accumulate in stomach and liver in mullet fish 17Emenda Sembiring, PhD/FTSL-ITB/Webinarpslh

Humans Consuming Microplastics

Household Dust and Air

Contaminated sea food

Drinking Water

THROUGH

INHALATION

INGESTION

EXPOSURE PATHWAYS

TOXICOKINETICS

Adsorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

ACUTE

CHRONICS

POTENTIAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS

Source: Ministry of Health, Indonesia18Emenda Sembiring, PhD/FTSL-ITB/Webinarpslh

Kemungkinan Dampak Pada Kesehatan Manusia

150 μm1.5 μm

Human hairBacteria WBC

No absorption into body

Into cells & blood stream Into liver & kidneys

DNA damage (UNFAO, 2018 & Lusher et al, 2017)

3.7 L / day

16 p / day

5800 p / year

2.7 L / day

12 p / day

4400 p / year

(American Institute of Medicine, 2017)


Strategi Penanggulangan Sampah Plastik di IndonesiaKeputusan Presiden No 83/2018

20

1. BEHAVIORAL CHANGE

2. REDUCED LAND-BASED LEAKAGE

3. REDUCED SEA-BASED LEAKAGE

4. ENHANCED LAW ENFORCEMENT AND FINANCIAL

5. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

JUMLAH KEGIATAN

Sumber: Kemenkomar


Penyisihan Mikroplastik di unit Pengolahan Air

• Microplastics removal of rapid sand filter (0.39 mm and 0.68 mm silica sand) is considered tobe quite effective in removing microplastics greater than 200 μm (Fajar dkk, 2019).

• For filter cloth, the largest percentage of microplastic removal is shown in the 57.5 µm filter,which is 89.5%, while the lowest removal is shown in the 194 µm filter which is 25% (Mahapatidan Sembiring, 2019)

Process Removal of Plastic Flakes

(%)

Removal of Tire Flakes

(%)

Pre sedimentation 27.01 – 30.31 87.19 – 89

Sedimentation 29.01 – 29.03 27.60 – 39.55

Rapid Sand Filter

ES of 0.39 mm

96.4 – 99.2 77.8 – 95.5

ES of 0.68 mm

90.53 – 96.58 76.47 – 93.550

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

40 mesh 70 mesh 40 mesh 70 mesh 40 mesh 70 mesh

194 µm 115 µm 57.5 µm

mic

ro

pla

stic

rem

ov

al (

%)

microplastic removal (min) microplastic removal (max)


Pemodelan keberadaan Mikroplastik di Sumber air Bakuair Minum


Sumber: Penelitian Ramdhan dan Sembiring 2020 (on going)

NO. ADVANCEDTREATMENT

% REMOVAL OFMP

PERFORMANCE OF UNITRELATED TO MP REMOVAL

1MEMBRANEBIOREACTOR(MBR)

99,9%

MBR TREATS PRIMARY CLARIFIED WASTEWATER WITH MUCHHIGHER MP COMPARED TO SECONDARY EFFLUENT; HAD THESMALLEST PORE SIZE (0,4 M) OF FOR ALL THE STUDIEDFILTERS. THIS GIVING A HIGHER REMOVAL PERCENTAGE.

2 RAPID SANDFILTER (RSF) 97%

MPS ARE CAUGHT BETWEEN THE SAND GRAINS OR ADHEREDTO THE SURFACE OF THE SAND GRAINS. THE ADHESIONCOULD BE POSSIBLY FURTHER IMPROVED WITH COAGULANT.

3 DISSOLVED AIRFLOTATION (DAF) 95%

MICROPLASTICS ARE TRANSPORTED TO THE SURFACE OF THEFLOCS DUE TO THEIR BUOYANCY. AS FLOTATION ISPARTICULARLY DESIGNED TO REMOVE LOW-DENSITYPARTICLES, IT CAN BE EXPECTED TO EFFICIENTLY REMOVEPLASTICS.

4 DISC FILTER 40-98,5%

EXCESSIVE POLYMER ADDITION RESULTED IN MEMBRANEFOULING, LED TO ACCELERATED BACKWASH FREQUENCY. DURING THE HIGH-PRESSURE BACKWASH, PART OF MPSPROBABLY PASSED THE FILTER CLOTH TO FINAL EFFLUENT, HENCE LOWERING THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY.

Source: Talvitie et al., 2017

Beberapa Perbandingan Penyisihan Mikroplastik di Unit PengolahanAir Limbah


23

Pollution and Human Exposure

inge

stio

n Marine

Terrestrial

Fresh water

24

Investigating Atmospheric Microplastic in Total Suspended Particulate (TSP):

Inha

latio

nAtmosphere

Found that there are significant amount of microplastics in Total Atmospheric Fallouts (TAF)

Only few studies have been recorded


Sumber: Yudison, dkk, 2019

Referensi• Alam, F.C., Sembiring, E., Muntalif, B.S., Suendo, V., 2019. Microplastic distribution in surface water and sediment

river around slum and industrial area (case study: Ciwalengke River, Majalaya district, Indonesia). Chemosphere 224, 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.188

• Andrady, A.L., 2017. The plastic in microplastics: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 119, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082

• Avio, C.G., Gorbi, S., Regoli, F., 2015. Experimental development of a new protocol for extraction and characterization of microplastics in fish tissues: First observations in commercial species from Adriatic Sea. Marine Environmental Research, Particles in the Oceans: Implication for a safe marine environment 111, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.014

• Barnes, D. A., Galgani, G., Thompson, R. C., & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, 364(1526), 1985-1998.

• Cordova, M.R., Purwiyanto, A.I.S., Suteja, Y., 2019. Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in the northern coastal waters of Surabaya, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.040

• Cordova, M. R., Hadi T. A., and Prayudha, B. 2018. Occurrence and abundance of microplastics in coral reef sediment: a case study in Sekotong, Lombok-Indonesia. AES Bioflux, 10.

• Damanhuri, E. 2018. Paparan pada launching Danone- Aqua #bijak berplastik movement. • Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2016. The New Plastic Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics & Catalyzing Action.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation• Fajar, M. Sembiring, E. & Handajani, M. 2019. The Process of Microplastics Removal in Water using Rapid Sand Filter

– Single Media. Proceeding of International Conference of Microplastic Pollution in the Environment in Asia.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.014

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.040

Referensi (2)• GESAMP. (2015). Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific

Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection.• Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the

ocean. Science 347, 768–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352• Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2019. Paparan pada Seminar International Conference of Microplastic Pollution in the Environment in Asia.• Lamb, J.B., Willis B.L., Fiorenza, E.A., Couch C.S., Howard R., Rader D.N., True J.D., Kelly L.A., Ahmad A., Jompa.J., Harvell, C.D. 2018. Plastic

waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science. 359(6374):460-462• Mahapati, W.O.S W., Sembiring, E, • Müller, C., Townsend, K., Matschullat, J., 2012. Experimental degradation of polymer shopping bags (standard and degradable plastic, and

biodegradable) in the gastrointestinal fluids of sea turtles. Science of The Total Environment 416, 464–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.069

• Mahapati, W. O. S. W., Sembiring, E., & Hidayat, S. 2019. Effect of Microplastic Particle Size on Performance of Polymer Woven Filter Media. Will be published in Proceeding of International Conference of Microplastic Pollution in the Environment in Asia.

• Napper, I. E., & Thompson, R. C. (2016). Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibers from domestic washing mavhines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 112(1-2), 39-45.

• Purba, N.P., Handyman, D.I.W., Pribadi, T.D., Syakti, A.D., Pranowo, W.S., Harvey, A., Ihsan, Y.N., 2019a. Marine debris in Indonesia: A review of research and status. Marine Pollution Bulletin 146, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.057

• Rochman, C.M., Tahir, A., Williams, S.L., Baxa, D.V., Lam, R., Miller, J.T., Teh, F.-C., Werorilangi, S., Teh, S.J., 2015. Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption. Scientific Reports 5, 14340. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14340

• Sembiring, E., Nitivattananon, V., 2010, Sustainable solid waste management toward an inclusive society: integration of the informal sector, Resources, Conservation & Recycling 54, p 802-809

• Sembiring, E., Damanhuri, E., Widyarsana, IMW., Agustina, E., 2019. Plastics Material Flow Study to Prove Possible Land Based Leakage: a Case Study of Sarbagita Region, Bali, Indonesia, Proceeding ISEE, 213-224.

• Talvitie, J., Mikola, A., Koistinen, A., & Setala, O. (2017). Solutions to microplastic pollution: Removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Research, 123, 401-407.

• Yudison, A.P., Tomo, H.S., Sembiring, E. 2019. Investigating Atmospheric Microplastic in Total SuspendedParticulate (TSP): Preliminary Study. Proceeding of International Conference of Microplastic Pollution in the Environment in Asia.


https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352

EMENDA SEMBIRING, ST., MT., M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D

Documents

Transcript of EMENDA SEMBIRING, ST., MT., M.Eng.Sc., Ph.D