October-December 2017Number 4Volume 8

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SCOPUS IJPHRD CITATION SCORE

Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development

Scopus coverage years: from 2010 to 2016 Publisher:

R.K. Sharma, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications

ISSN:0976-0245E-ISSN: 0976-5506 Subject area: Medicine:

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

CiteScore 2015- 0.02

SJR 2015- 0.105

SNIP 2015- 0.034

Cite Score 2017- 0.03SJR 2017- 0.108SNIP 2017- 0.047

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & DevelopmentEXECUTIVE EDITOR

Prof Vidya SurwadeAssociate Professor, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar,Medical College & Hospital, Rohinee, Delhi

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD1. Dr. Abdul Rashid Khan B. Md Jagar Din, (Associate Professor) Department of Public Health Medicine, Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia2. Dr. V Kumar (Consulting Physician) Mount View Hospital, Las Vegas, USA3. Basheer A. Al-Sum, Botany and Microbiology Deptt, College of Science, King Saud University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia4. Dr. Ch Vijay Kumar (Associate Professor) Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Buraimi, Oman5. Dr. VMC Ramaswamy (Senior Lecturer)

Department of Pathology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur6. Kartavya J. Vyas (Clinical Researcher)

Department of Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (USA)

7. Prof. PK Pokharel (Community Medicine) BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal

NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE1. Dr. Anju Ade (Associate Professor)

Navodaya Medical College, Raichur,Karnataka2. Dr. E. Venkata Rao (Associate Professor) Community Medicine,

Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.3. Dr. Amit K. Singh (Associate Professor) Community Medicine,

VCSG Govt. Medical College, Srinagar – Garhwal, Uttarakhand4. Dr. R G Viveki (Professor & Head) Community Medicine,

Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka5. Dr. Santosh Kumar Mulage (Assistant Professor)

Anatomy, Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences Raichur(RIMS), Karnataka6. Dr. Gouri Ku. Padhy (Associate Professor) Community and Family

Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur7. Dr. Ritu Goyal (Associate Professor)

Anaesthesia, Sarswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Panchsheel Nagar8. Dr. Anand Kalaskar (Associate Professor)

Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, AP9. Dr. Md. Amirul Hassan (Associate Professor)

Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, UP10. Dr. N. Girish (Associate Professor) Microbiology, VIMS&RC, Bangalore11. Dr. BR Hungund (Associate Professor) Pathology, JNMC, Belgaum.12. Dr. Sartaj Ahmad (Assistant Professor),

Medical Sociology, Department of Community Medicine, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Meerut,Uttar Pradesh, India

13. Dr Sumeeta Soni (Associate Professor) Microbiology Department, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat,India

NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD1. Prof. Sushanta Kumar Mishra (Community Medicine)

GSL Medical College – Rajahmundry, Karnataka2. Prof. D.K. Srivastava (Medical Biochemistry)

Jamia Hamdard Medical College, New Delhi3. Prof. M Sriharibabu (General Medicine) GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry,

Andhra Pradesh4. Prof. Pankaj Datta (Principal & Prosthodentist)

Indraprastha Dental College, Ghaziabad

NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD5. Prof. Samarendra Mahapatro (Pediatrician)

Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa6. Dr. Abhiruchi Galhotra (Additional Professor) Community and Family

Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur7. Prof. Deepti Pruthvi (Pathologist) SS Institute of Medical Sciences &

Research Center, Davangere, Karnataka8. Prof. G S Meena (Director Professor)

Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi9. Prof. Pradeep Khanna (Community Medicine)

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana10. Dr. Sunil Mehra (Paediatrician & Executive Director)

MAMTA Health Institute of Mother & Child, New Delhi

11. Dr Shailendra Handu, Associate Professor, Phrma, DM (Pharma, PGI Chandigarh)

12. Dr. A.C. Dhariwal: Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Dte. DGHS, Ministry of Health Services, Govt. of India, Delhi

Print-ISSN: 0976-0245-Electronic-ISSN: 0976-5506, Frequency: Quarterly (Four issues per volume)Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development is a double blind peer reviewed international journal. It deals with all aspects of Public Health including Community Medicine, Public Health, Epidemiology, Occupational Health, Environmental Hazards, Clinical Research, and Public Health Laws and covers all medical specialties concerned with research and development for the masses. The journal strongly encourages reports of research carried out within Indian continent and South East Asia.

The journal has been assigned International Standards Serial Number (ISSN) and is indexed with Index Copernicus (Poland). It is also brought to notice that the journal is being covered by many international databases. The journal is covered by EBSCO (USA), Embase, EMCare & Scopus database. The journal is now part of DST, CSIR, and UGC consortia.

Website : www.ijphrd.com©All right reserved. The views and opinions expressed are of the authors and not of the Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. The journal does not guarantee directly or indirectly the quality or efcacy of any product or service featured in the advertisement in the journal, which are purely commercial.

EditorDr. R.K. Sharma

Institute of Medico-legal PublicationsLogix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall,

Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh)

Printed, published and owned byDr. R.K. Sharma

Institute of Medico-legal PublicationsLogix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall,

Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh)

Published atInstitute of Medico-legal Publications

Logix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall, Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh)

I

1. A Study of Financial Counselling and Estimation of Variance between Estimated Bill and Actual Bill of Cardiac Cath Lab ........................................................................................................................................... 1

Brig. A P Pandit, Harshada Tambe

2. Alienation, Attachment Style, and Alcohol Addiction “A Study of Young Women Habitual Drinkers” ...... 9Bhawani Singh Rathore, Uma Joshi

3. Challenging Issues in Health Economics .................................................................................................... 15S. N. Sugumar, C. K. Gomathi

4.ExaminingtheImpactofDevelopmentProjects’ontheProjectaffectedPeople:AStudyin Kalinganagar Industrial Estate, Odisha, India ............................................................................................. 20

Chandrakanta Sahoo, Shukadeb Naik

5.EffectivenessofHandMuscleStrentheningExercisesonDominantHandPinchStrengthin Smartphone Addicted Collegiate ................................................................................................................. 26

D. Malarvizhi, A. Abinaya

6.EffectofTractionVersusCounterTractionwithConservativeTreatmentonAdhesiveCapsulitis............31Divya Nitin Lad, S. Anandh

7.EffficacyofProbioticDrinkContainingLactobacillus Casei Shirota StrainonFactorsaffecting Dental Caries ............................................................................................................................................... 36

Mary Byju, Kundabala Mala, Neeta Shetty, Ramya Shenoy, Shrikala Baliga

8. Health Expectancy Under Dynamic Set Up for India and its Selected States ............................................ 42Mompi Sharma

9.IoTbasedE-CriticalCareUnitforPatientsIn-Transit................................................................................46Naveen Kumar, Surya Narayan Panda, Preethi Pradhan, Rajesh Kaushal

10.TheInfluenceofModerateIntensityExercisesonFatigueandQualityofLifeinCancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy ............................................................................................................ 51

Neelam Tejani, S. Anandh

11.TheEffectivenessofPlannedEducationalInterventiononKnowledgeandSkillsinHomeCareManagement among Care Givers of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury ............................................................................. 56

Kanmani J, Laly KG, Nila KM

12.MicrobiologicalEvaluationofPolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)Tape,CelluloseSpongeandCottonas SpacerMaterialsCombinedwithIntracanalMedicament-AninVitroStudy............................................61

Aditya Shetty, Payal Garg, Mithra N. Hegde, Lakshmi Nidhi Rao, Chitharanjan Shetty, Shishir Shetty

13.Socio-DemographicandCulturalFactorsInfluencingTreatmentOutcomesamongPatientswith

I

Indian Journal of Public Health Research &

Development

www.ijphrd.com

Volume 8 Number 4 October-December 2017

1. Detention, Nepotism and Truancy as Predictors of Workplace Deviance in.....................................................................01

Service Organizations: India's Experience

Sainath Malisetty, K Vasanthi Kumari

2. A Comparative Study of Satisfaction of Midwives and Mothers of Adherence to Patient Rights..................................07

Maryam Soheily, Akram Peyman, Beheshteh Tabarsy

3. Indian Diabetes Risk Score for Screening of Undiagnosed Diabetes...................................................................................13

Individuals of Eluru City, Andhra Pradesh, India

Chandrasekhar Vallepalli, K Chandra Sekhar, U Vijaya Kumar, P G Deotale

4. Awareness and Predictors of PCOD among Undergraduate Students ..............................................................................18

CAnn Mary Nelson, Lekha Viswanath, Anju Philip T

5. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness on the Reduction of Anxiety...........................................................................................23

and Depression of Divorced Women

Yasamin Hojatifar, Mina Hosein Zadeh, Fariborz Dortaj

6. A Study on Clinical Profile and Trend in Suicide Attempters in Psychiatry Consultation...............................................28

D Naveen Kumar

7. A Study of Organo-phosphorous Compound Poisoning with Reference to....................................................................33

Blood Sugar and Pseudocholinesterase Levels

Nithinkumar S Kadakol, Sunilkumar S Biradar, Smitha M, Mallikarjun KBiradar

8. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in School Going Children in...........................................................................37

Rural Areas of Hapur District, UP, India

KamyaVerma, Krati R Varshney, Sanjeev Dimri, S P Garg

9. Study of Osteoporosis in Women of Malwa Region of Punjab............................................................................................41

Veerendra Choudhary

10. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Group Therapy on Reducing Internet...............................................................44

Addiction and Increasing the General Health of Adolescent Girls

Nasrin Rahimi Shadbad

11. Role of Social Support and Coping Styles in Mental Health of Women Who Apply for Divorce..................................49

Farhad Asghari, Hajar Ramazannia

Contents

Volume 10, Number 3 March2019

II

TuberculosisAttendingTribalHealthCareCentersofH.D.KoteTaluk,MysuruDistrict......................66Prakash Boralingiah, Dennis Chauhan

14. LanguageProficiencyamongHigherSecondaryStudentswithRespecttoPsychologicalFactors...........72R. Jeyanthi, S. Arockiadoss

15.ProfileofPatientsWhoUnderwentAbortioninTertiaryMedicalCollegeinTrichy:ADescriptiveStudy76Raghuram V, Shankar S, Betty Janice A, Brammamuthu S, Chezhian V M, Elango. S

16. RoleofMDCT in Evaluation of Acute Abdomen ...................................................................................... 79A. Sravan Krishna Reddy, S. Shrinuvasan, S. Sajith, R. Chidambaram

17. Patterns and Distribution of Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis in School Children of Sivakasi ............. 85A. Ashwatha Pratha, S. Gheena

18.PrevalenceofReproductiveTractInfectionsandTreatmentSeekingBehavioramongWomenof 15-49YearsAgeGroupinHaldwaniBlock,DistrictNainital,Uttarakhand,India....................................89

Neha Verma, Sadhana Awasthi, Chandramohan Singh Rawat, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Bithorai Basumatary

19. Sustainable Agriculture and of Irrigation Practices in India ....................................................................... 95Arasheethbanu

20.AStudytoAssesstheKnowledgeRegardingCervicalCancerScreeningandPreventionamong WomeninRuralAreasinTrichy.................................................................................................................99

Shankar. S, Raghuram V, Elango, Sowndarya S, Sharumathi R R, Sasirekha P

21.StudyonUtilizationofBreastFeedingBoothsinMajorBusTerminalsbyLactatingMothersinSelected DistrictsofTamilNadu.............................................................................................................................103

Shankar S., Raghuram V, Elango, N. Leka jothi, K. Madhubala

22. Study to Assess Knowledge, Practice and Attitude of about Self Breast Examination among Women in FieldPracticeAreaofaMedicalCollegeinTrichy..................................................................................108

Raghuram V, Shankar S, Suganya S, Suganthi S, Suhaanth G, Tharan Kumar S, Elango S

23. StudyonProfileofPregnancyOutcomesinaTertiaryCareHospitalinTrichy,SouthIndia..................112Shankar S, Raghuram V, Swarnalatha P, Thendral Vasan P, Swathi S, Elango S

24.AStudyofKnowledge,AttitudeandPracticeRegardingE-wasteManagementamongNursing StudentsataTertiaryCareHospital..........................................................................................................117

Amit A Mane, Sujata V Patil, P M Durgawale, S V Kakade

25.HostileTobaccoandOralHealth–AReview.............................................................................................123T.Sarumathi, Krishnan Mahalakshmi, S. Raghavendra Jayesh, B. Krishna Prasanth, Sindhu Poovannan

26.SoftTissueandAlveolarBoneRepairofPlateletRichFibrinOverPlateletRichPlasmain ExtractionofImpactedThirdMolars........................................................................................................129

B. Saravanakumar, A. Julius, S. Raghavendra Jayesh, B. Krishna Prasanth

27. Workplace Spirituality and its Impact on Organizational Commitment and Employees’ Job Satisfaction amongstHigherEducationalInstitutionTeachers.....................................................................................132

Dayal Sandhu

28.TheRoleofMRIinNon-TraumaticChronicHipJointPain....................................................................137Dhanashree More, Pramod Shaha, Sonesh kumar Chougule, Utkarsha Patil, Kapil Sawarkar, Ria Rai, Dhirajkumar Mane

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29.ComputedTomographyEvaluationofMediastinalMasses......................................................................143Utkarsha Patil, PramodShaha, Omkar Patil, Dhanashree More, Dhirajkumar Mane

30.Knowledge,AttitudeandPracticeamong13-15YearsOldSchoolChildrenTowardsOralHygiene......149Prashaanthi Nagaraj, Geo Mani

31.AStudyonAwarenessaboutSelfMedicationPracticesamongWorkingPeopleinKerala.....................154Anusree M., Gokul K. C., Girish S

32.SalivaryCortisolLevel;ItsRoleinStressInducedinPatientsUndergoingDentalTreatment; An in Vivo Study ....................................................................................................................................... 159

Sumit Singh Phukela, Ashish Dabas, Reshu Madan, Shefali Phogat, Manoti Sehgal, Jaiveer Singh Yadav

33.HealthCareServicesbyPrimaryHealthCentresinUthamapalayamTalukinTheniDistrictof TamilNadu-AnEconomicAnalysis..........................................................................................................163

S. Saravanan, M. Ramesh, S. N. Sugumar, S. Sudha, Prof. Teluswarna, Prof. Rajarethinam Emmanuel

34.SchoolTeacher’sKnowledge,AttitudeandPracticesRegardingOralHealthin Ballabhgarh Block, Faridabad .................................................................................................................... 169

Neha Verma, Meena Jain, Nisha Rani Yadav, Souryaa Poudel, Ankur Sharma, Vishal Jain

35.RepresentationofKnowledgeThroughOntologyforSwineFluDiseaseinSemiaridTropicalRegions 172P Radhika, P. Suresh Varm, N. Lakshmi Kalyani, P. Rama Krishna, M. Santosh Kumar

36.Knowledge,Attitude&PracticesRegardingPreventionofDengueandMalariaamongResidentsof UrbanAreainKolhapurCity,Maharashtra...............................................................................................177

Pallavi A. Potdar

37.ComparativeEvaluationofEfficacyofOralDiazepamandBuspironeinReducingAnxietyand DiscomfortinMandibularThirdMolarSurgery-InVivoStudy..............................................................182

Sushmita Mitra, Kalyani Bhate, Santhosh kumar S. N., Kapil Kshirsagar, Bhagyashree Jagtap, Pradnya Kakodkar

38. PostMaritalDepressionamongWomen...................................................................................................187Vidyadhari Pedaprolu, Priya. M

39.VariousTechniquesUsedtoDiagnosePsychogenicNon-epilepticSeizures(PNES):ABriefOverview 190Priyesh Kumar Singh, Naveen, Tara Singh, Vijay N. Mishra, Rameshwar N. Chaurasia, Trayambak Tiwari

40.AStudyonProblemsandDifficultiesinImplementingKnowledgeManagementPracticesin Education Sector ........................................................................................................................................ 195

R. Priya, J. John Adaikalam

41. A Comprehensive Study on Novel Hybrid Approach for Decision Support System in Disease Diagnosis 200K. Sharmila, C. Shanthi, R. Devi, T. Kamala Kannan

42.ManagementofCalcificMetamorphosiswithMinimallyInvasivePorcelainVeneers–ACaseReport 205Shreya Hegde, Swathi Pai, Roma M

43.PerformanceofIndianAgriculturalExport-AnAnalysis..........................................................................208S. Gunaseelan, N. Kesavan

44. AnEarlyInfectedLungIdentificationandVerificationModuleUsingNeuralClassifier........................212S. Sandhiya, Y. Kalpana

45.AssessmentofInflammatoryMarkersinHemolyticCrisiswithSpecialReferencetoSickleCellAnemia 219Prashant Nigam, P. K. Patra, Lakhan Singh, Ramnesh Murthy

46.CorrelationofFootLengthandGestationalMaturityinNeonates–AStudyfromCoastalKarnataka.....223Rose Ann Roy, Suchetha S Rao, Prasanna Mithra

47. ClinicalProfileofChildrenwithAutismSpectrumDisorder:AStudyfromCoastalKarnataka.............228Shebna A Khader, Suchetha S Rao, Nutan Kamath

48. A Study on the Nutritional Status of the School Going Adolescents of East Sikkim, North East India 232Tshering Dolkar, Brig. V K Mehta, J T Wangdi

49.TheCombinedEffectofContinuousRun,AlternatePaceRunandFartlekTrainingonSelected PhysiologicalVariableamongMaleAthletes............................................................................................238

T. Arun Prasanna, K. Vaithianathan

50.PrevalenceofLifestyleRelatedRiskFactorsforNon-communicableDiseasesamongAdolescentsofan UrbanCommunityinMumbai..................................................................................................................242

Joshi Bhavna Pramod, Tayade Deepak Narayan

51.RoleofCurcumininChemopreventionofOralCancer:AReview..........................................................248Yogesh Chhaparwal, Shubha Chhaparwal, Navin Patil

52. BreastFeedingPractices-AnExploratorySurveyamongMothersofInfants..........................................253Mamatha Shivananda Pai, Binu Margaret E, Yashoda S, Sheela Shetty

53.ComparativeStudytoAssesstheStressofMothersofPretermandLowBirthWeightBaby Admitted in NICU vs Postnatal Ward ....................................................................................................... 258

Violin Sheeba, T. Radha Bai Prabu

54. EatOutHabitsofIndividualsWithReferncetoErnakulamMetroCity..................................................261A. S. Ambily

55.Women’sHealthinMidlife:FactorsInfluencingMenopausalSymptomsamongRuralWomenin TiruvallurDistrictofTamilnadu................................................................................................................266

Ruma Dutta, Pankaj Shah, Shanthi Edward, Anitha Rani, Dinesh Raja, Timsi Jain

56. ReviewofBurdenofRiskFactorsofCoronaryHeartDiseaseinIndia...................................................272Meenakshi Khapre, Vartika Saxena

57.HorizontalRidgeAugmentationUsingRidgeExpansionTechniqueFollowedbyImplantPlacement...276Gayathri Krishnamoorthy, Nayana Prabhu, Vidhi Goyal, Srikanth

58.ServicesofUntouchabilityintheSacredComplexofLingarajTemple...................................................281P. Sreeja, Jagannath Dash, R. Vinoth

59.HarnessingtheDifferentiatedModelofHIV-AIDSCareasanEnablingFactorforSuccessful HIV-AIDSProgrammeManagement........................................................................................................288

Shayhana Ganesh

60.CanArtificialIntelligencebeUsedasanEnablerforAnti-Retro-ViralMedicationAdherencein HIV-AIDSManagementProgrammes?.....................................................................................................290

Shayhana Ganesh

IV

61.RecommendationsforHIV-AIDSProgrammeManagementIndicatorDevelopment..............................293Shayhana Ganesh

62.ProspectiveLungTransplantationinIndonesia:LungDonorPreparation,Preservation,andAllocation 296Zulkifli Amin; Sari PurnamaHidayat

63. FactorsCausingInfantMortalityinSurabaya..........................................................................................301Wahyu Gito Putro

64.TheAssociationbetweenShortNapandMemoryPerformanceUsingConciseLearningMethodand LogicalLearningMethodamongPrivateUniversityStudentsinSelangor,Malaysia.............................305

Mustafa Fadil Mohammed, Mohammed A. Abdalqader, Mohammed Abdelfatah Alhoot, Mohanad R. Alwan, Mohammed FaezAbobakr, Asha Binti Abd. Rahman

65.SwimmingSkillDevelopmentamongRuralChildrenUnderLimitedInfrastructure: TheStakeholders’Perspectives.................................................................................................................311

Orapin Laosee, Ratana Somrongthong

66. Personality,PerceivedaboutCo-workersSafetyBehaviorandUnsafeActsinConstructionWorkers...316Noorce Christiani Berek, Qomariyatus Sholihah

67.DeterminantFactorsofWorkStressamongTeachingandNonTeachingStaffinIndonesia...................321Ratih Damayanti, Erwin Dyah Nawawinetu

68.MeasurementofRadonConcentrationintheSoilofSomeAreasoftheCityofShatrahUsingthe NuclearImpactDetector(Cr-39)...............................................................................................................326

Ibtihaj Ahmed kadhim

69. ImmunoglobulinsLevelsinIraqiAtopicpatients(Asthma,RhinitisandUrticaria)................................332Salwa G. Turki, Suad A. Brakhas, Wesam H. Ahmed

70. RoleofserumLeptinandProlactininIraqifemales’patientswithRheumatoidArthritis.......................337Abbas Toma Joda

71.PeroxisomeProliferatorActivatedReceptor(PPAR)DeltaGeneticPolymorphismin Saudi Normal Population .......................................................................................................................... 343

Abdulraheem A. Almalki, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Osama M. Al-Amer, AbdulAziz A. Almalki, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim

72.SpiritualResilienceModelonDrugAbuseIntensityamongSeniorHighSchoolStudents, SouthKalimantan:APathAnalysis..........................................................................................................348

Syamsul Firdaus, Anggi Setyowati, Endang Sri Purwatiningsih

73.TheEffectofGivenInformation,KnowledgeandCommunityParticipationofFamilyPlanning VillageProgramsinEastJavaProvince-Indonesia...................................................................................354

Annisa Ullya Rasyida, Iswari Hariastuti, Kuntoro, Haryono Suyono, Sri Widati

74. EffectofBoneMorphogeneticProtein-4ontheExpressionofBMP-7InBoneRepair...........................359Athraa Y. Al-Hijazi, Abdul Karim A Al-Mahammadawy, Imad K. Abbas Al-Rifae, Basim M Khashman, Alaa Wael Izzat

75. MeasuringEscherichia coliinfoodsandBeveragestowardsCertificationofCafeteriainCampus.......364Dewi Susanna, Yvonne M. Indrawani, Zakianis, Tris Eryando, Aria Kusuma

V

VI

76. Consumption of Salted Fish and Hypertension in the Area of Salted Fish Industry ................................. 367Dewi Susanna, Arni Widiarsih, Tris Eryando, Nopa Arlianti, Ayu Indriyani

77. Spousal Communication on Family Planning and Contraceptive Adoption in Indonesia ........................ 372Dian Kristiani Irawaty, Hadi Pratomo

78. EpidemiologyCharacterofTuberculosisamongInternallyDisplacedPersonsinTikritCity.................377Athraa Essa Ahmed, Azeez Mohammed Ali Azeez

79.TheRelationofPhysicalAirQualityandOccupancyDensitywiththeExistenceofStreptococcus sp Bacteria in Air at Sarijadi Urban Village Sub district of Bandung ........................................................... 382

Elanda Fikri, Novita Sekar Ayu Prabono, Pujiono

80.ThePolicyofReproductiveHealthEducationfortheAdolescencewithIntellectualDisabilityin Indonesia:AQualitativeStudy..................................................................................................................387

Dhefi Ratnawati, Evi Martha, Sela Fasya

81. ArtificialUVRadiationsEmittedfromDifferentTypesofLamps...........................................................392Fadhil Khaddam Fuliful, Adnan M. Mansoor Al-Saeedi, Hind K. Abbas

82.AccuracyofUltrasoundinComparisontoMagnaticResonanceImaginginDiagnosisofMeniscalTears 397Mahmoud Khudair Yaseen, Faiq I. Gorial

83.TheDifferentIntakeofEnergyandMacronutrientonWeekdaysandWeekendamongAdolescentin Urban City ................................................................................................................................................. 401

Syafira Kandinasti, Farapti Farapti

84.FactorsAffectingWaitingTimeforOutpatientMedicalRecordDocumentsinGeneralHospital Dr.H.Moch.AnsariSalehBanjarmasin...................................................................................................407

Febriyanti, Achmad Rofi’i, Bahrul Ilmi, Husaini, Meitria Syahadatina Noor

85.ThePresenceofLeadinBloodofPregnantWomenattheFirstTrimesterinAlNajafCity−Iraq...........412Fulath Abdul-Redah Muhsin

86.Knowledge,AttitudeandPracticeofRelapseMalariaPatients.aCrossSectionalStudyfrom MandailingNatalDistrict,Indonesia........................................................................................................416

Nelson Tanjung, Mido Ester J Sitorus, Risnawati Tanjung, Haripin Togap Sinaga

87.EffectofAddingDifferentLevelsofGreenTeaPowderCamellia Sinensis to Diet on Some PhysiologicalTraitsinBroiler...................................................................................................................420

Khawla A. Salman, Sunbul J. Hamodi, Luma K. Al-Bandr

88. ThePrevalenceofCesareanSectioninMisanProvinceandIt’sIndicatingFactors................................425Saba Jassim Alheshimi, Aqeela Hayder Majeed, Kawakeb N Abdulla, Hiba Ali Rassme, Nawras Khairi Fadhil, Hayder Adnan Fawzi

89.RoleofDiffusion-WeightedMRIandDynamicContrast-EnhancedMRIinEarlyStagingof Bladder Cancer .......................................................................................................................................... 431

Mohammed Abd-Kadhim, Mohammad Abd-Alrida Hussein, Hayder Adnan Fawzi

90. EffectofGenderonDifficultiesinLaparoscopicCholecystectomy.........................................................437Wisam Mahmood Aziz

91.EffectsofEmpowermentandWorkEnvironmentonJobSatisfactionof Nurse-midwivesworkinginHospitals......................................................................................................441

Sun Ok Lee, Hee Kyung Kim, Jung Suk Park

92.EffectivenessoftheSmokingStopModeltoImprovetheRehabilitativeBehaviorofAdolescentSmokers446Heni Nurhaeni, Suryati Badrin

93.FamilySupportandActivitiesofElderlywithHypertensionintheWorkingAreaofMangasaPublic HealthCenter,MakassarCity,Indonesia..................................................................................................449

Ramlah, Bahtiar

94.SITRUSTApp:DetectingTBCasesandIncreasingRMTUtilizationintheHealthcareFacilitiesin East Java .................................................................................................................................................... 453

Satiti Palupi1, Zaimah2, Siti Murtini3, M. Atoillah4

95. AdherencetotheNationalImmunizationSchedulefortheFirstYearofLifeinMisan,Iraq..................459Esraa Abd Al-Muhsen Ali, Hussein Fadhil Musa Aljawadi

96. PersonalFactorsthatAffectAdherenceofFluidRestrictioninPatientwithHemodialysis.....................465Ika Yuni Widyawati, Nursalam, Kusnanto, Rachmat Hargono

97. ShiftWorkandtheRiskofCancer–ASystematicReview.......................................................................471Yulaida Maya Sari, Baiduri Widanarko

98.AnalysisofPeripheralNeuropathyDisordersinHumansfromMercuryExposure:ASystematicReview 476Ummul Hairat, Budi Hartono

99. Accident Compensation and Disability Cash Compensation Utilization of Workers with Disabilities due to an Accident .................................................................................................................. 482

Indriati Paskarini, Tri Martiana, Tjipto Suwandi, Firman Suryadi Rahman

100.UseofMonitoringCardstoIncreaseIronSubstanceandHemoglobinLevelsinPregnantWomen........487Darmayanti, M. Mukhtar, A. Rizani, Tut Barkinah, Mahpolah, Mahdalena

101. TheGammaNailVersusDHSintheTreatmentsofIntertrochantericFractures......................................492Wejdi A. Al –Fatlawy

102.DetectionEntericViralintheNewbornCausesDiarrheainAl-ZahraaHospitalofAl-NajafGovernment 497Ihasan Adnan Hashim, Mohammed Abdulrazzaq Assi, Hayder Ali Muhammed

103.EffectivenessofVideoAssistedTeachingProgrammeonToiletTrainingofToddlersamong ParentsinaSelectedRuralAreainShimla,HimachalPradesh,India.....................................................502

Jinu K. Rajan

104. Ex vivoCytopathicEffectStudyofHumanAcanthamoeba keratitis and Use of E. coli in Parasitic Culture 508Mohenned A. Alsaadawi, Naer Alkaabi, Sura Alkhuzaie, Simon Kilvington

105.Teacher’sPerceptionofStakeholderSupportinthePeerEducationProgramaboutDrugAbusePrevention 514Ira Nurmala, Elisa Dwi P, Muthmainnah, Riris Diana R

106.FunctionalAnalysisofBeta2MicroglobulinProteininPatientswithProstateCancerUsing BioinformaticsMethods............................................................................................................................519

Ammar Adil Jasim, Abbas Abdullah Mohammed, Ali Abdulhafidh Ibrahim

107.UseofBipolarCauteryinThyroidectomy.................................................................................................524Khalid k. Hussein

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108.AnalysisofOccupationalandNon-OccupationalFatigueRiskFactorsamongCommercialPilotsin PTXYZ,Jakarta........................................................................................................................................528

Robiana Modjo, Haris Muzakir

109.CorrelationbetweenSerologyandMolecularDiagnosticTestsforHCVinChildrenReceivingBloodor BloodProductsExperienceofSingleInstitute,WasitProvince-Iraq2016...............................................533

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110.TheEffectofExtensionMethodsonKnowledgeandAttitudeofYoungWomenabout“Sadari”atImmim High School of Pangkep District ............................................................................................................... 539

Arlin Adam, Sukri Palutturi

111.UnderstandingtheDelayedFactorsforReducingMaternalandNeonatalMortalityinIndonesia: Basedonthe2015Inter-CensalPopulationSurveyandthe2014VillagePotentialStatistics.................543

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112.StudyofHematologicalChangesintheExperimentallyInfectedSheepwithTicksHyalomma spp. ...... 551Ihsan M. Sulbi, Rana A. Jawad, Rana F. Mousa, Yasser J. Jameel, Abbeer F. Abd-Al-Hussain

113.StudytheAntioxidantActivityofSage(Salvia Officinalis) Leaves Extract ............................................. 556Saba J. Ajeena, Suhayla K. Mohammed, Zahraa H. Raheem

114.EffectofWinterNutritionwithDietarySupplementsonActivitiesofHoneyBees’Colonies................560Najiha M. Bari, Maryem A. Hasoon, Abbas G. Hamza

115. UseAutologousPlateletsRichPlasmainTreatmentofSkinWoundsinRabbits....................................564Jassim M. Albozachri, Hayder N. Alkhalissi, Namir I. Mohammed, Yasser Jameel

116.EffectofUsingPrebiotic(Dandelion)andProbiotic(Bacillus subtilis) on Some Physiological and ImmunologicalTraitsofBroilerChicken.................................................................................................569

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117.TheRoleofVitaminDSuplementationinAllergicRhinitisManagement...............................................574Abdul Qadar Punagi, Stella Fitrianty Attu, Sutji Pratiwi Rahardjo, Firdaus Hamid, Ilham Jaya Patellongi

118.ARelationshipbetweenKnowledge,Attitude,andPracticeaboutBalancedNutritionGuidelinesand MetabolicSyndromeamongCentralObeseTeachersinMakassar..........................................................579

Nurzakiah Hasan, Veni Hadju, Nurhaedar Jafar, Ridwan Mochtar Thaha

119.EffectiveAudioVisualAidsChangetheBehaviorofElementarySchoolStudentsinMaintaining DentalandMouthHealthinMakassarCity..............................................................................................584

Yusriani

120.TheImpactofMarketingInformationSystemsonBrilliantFinancialPerformanceinHospitalIndustry589Ahmed Mohammed Fahmi, Sajjad Mohemmed Atiyah, Arcelan S. Sadiq

121.TheSourcebetweenArabicandPersian,anAppliedStudyinSuratMaryamanditsTranslation...........595Rabab Hakim Sachet, Hasan Gazi Alsa’ad, Abbass Ali Waffa’ai

122. TheRoleofPhysicalActivityinDeterminingtheLevelofOlderPeople’sDepression..........................599Arwani, Shobirun, Rodhi Hartono, Sugih Wijayati, Supriyadi, Ismi Rajiani

123.Nurse’sCompetenceinSupportingtheSpiritual-ReligiousNeedsofPatientsinIndonesia....................604Supriyanto, Achir Yani S. Hamid, Dede Rosyada, Muchtarudin Mansyur, Ferry Efendi

124. AwarenessonSubstanceAbuseamongUniversitiUtaraMalaysiaStudents...........................................609Nurhazlina Mohd Ariffin, Anis Atiqah Abdul Ghani

125.TheEffectofResidenceAreaonMotorSkillDevelopmentamongChildren..........................................614Nor Idayu Yusoff, Mohamad Razali Abdullah, Hafizan Juahir, Jeffrey Low Fook Lee, Siti Musliha Mat-Rasid, Norlaila Azura Kosni, Mohd Khairi Zawi

126.PhysicalFitnessandAnthropometricCharacteristicsinSchoolChildren:AComparisonofUrbanand RuralAreasinEastCoastofPeninsularMalaysia....................................................................................619

Hanisah Azahari, Mohamad Razali Abdullah, Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki, Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi, Hafizan Juahir, Rabiu Muazu Musa, Khairi Zawi

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129.Awarenessone-HealthamongUndergraduateStudentsinBangladesh...................................................636Chowdhury A Hossain, Mohamad A Mohamed, Md S R Zishan, Rabiul Ahsan, Siti M Sharun

130. Indicator of Dyslipidemia for Ischemic Stroke in Elderly with Hypertension .......................................... 642Adita Puspitasari Swastya Putri, Atik Choirul Hidajah

131.SupportingFactorstoGetCoverageofMalariaMassBloodSurvey(MBS)Above80%: Lesson Learn From Gripit Village, Banjarmangu Sub District, Banjarnegara District ............................. 649

Bina Ikawati, Tri Wijayanti, Agung Pujakesuma, Corry Laura Junita Sianturi

132.LeptospirosisOutbreakduringRiceHarvestingSeasoninKebumen,CentralJavaIndonesia (TheFirstCaseReportinKebumen)........................................................................................................654

Dyah Widiastuti, Dewi Puspitaningsih, Siwi Mars Pramatama Wijayanti

133.HousingConditionasTuberculosisInfectionRiskFactor........................................................................659Dyah Wulan Sumekar Rengganis Wardani, Endro Prasetyo Wahono

134. EarlyMarriageInAdolescentOpinion.....................................................................................................663Lia Kurniasari, Nida Amalia, Noor Azizah Yuda Putera, Lisa Wahidatul Oktaviani, Suprayitno

135. TheEffectofNarcoticsAnonymousMeetingtowardRelapsePreventionamongPrisoners...................667Niken Agus Tianingrum, Pipit Feriani, Erni Wingki Susanti, Kartika Setia Purdani, Yuliani Winarti, Bachtiar Safrudin

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Riskiana Amalia, Heru Sasongko, Wisnu Kundarto, Rasmaya Niruri

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IX

X

138.MaternalCareamongMaduresethroughtheFormofCulture.................................................................683Shrimarti Rukmini Devy, Riris Diana Rachmayanti, Fildzah Karunia Putri

139. Implementation of Premenstrual Gymnastics on Intensity of Pain dan Level of Anxiety ........................ 689Sri Sumarni, Nur Khafidhoh, Umaroh

140. Dietary Diversity in Agricultural and Coastal Area as Potential Source for the Prevention of Child Stunting in Sidoarjo District ...................................................................................................................... 696

Trias Mahmudiono, Dwi Putri Pangesti Suryo Andadari, Calista Segalita

141. EatingPatternsandPhysicalActivitytoReduceDiabetesMelitusType2..............................................701Triselia Monika, Atik Kridawati

142. RelationshipbetweenCadresCounselingaboutDiarrheatoHandlingChildDiarrhea...........................709Umi Solikhah, Theresia Dian Fransisca

143.TheEffectofHealthEducationaboutPJASandPHBSonStudentsGradeVSDN001 Sungai Kunjang, Samarinda ...................................................................................................................... 716

Yakub Andriyadi, Wahnadita Rahman, Dayang Arini, Raudhatun Nisya HL, Dina Lusiana Setyowati

144.InsightsintoUrbanInformalWorkersinIndonesia:HealthInsuranceEnrollment,AdverseSelection Issue and Access to Health Care ................................................................................................................ 722

Budi Aji, Arih Diyaning Intiasari, Siti Masfiah

145.ImprovementofWaterQualityafterImplementationofWaterSafetyPlans(WSPs)in Semarang City, Indonesia .......................................................................................................................... 725

Budiyono Budiyono, Praba Ginandjar, Lintang Dian Saraswati, Dina Rahayuning Pangestuti, Martini Martini, Sutopo Patria Jati

146.Social-EcologicalRiskDeterminantandPredictionForDengueTransmission.......................................732Fazidah Aguslina Siregar, Tri Makmur

147. Determinants of Plumbun Level in Blood among Elementary School Students in Cinangka, Bogor ...... 738Nissa Noor Annashr, I Made Djaja, Kusharisupeni

148.ImmunizationCoverageonInfantinHigh-RiskAreainSemarangCityIndonesia.................................744Sutopo Patria Jati, Martini Martini, Syamsulhuda Budi Mustofa, Ayun Sriatmi, Nikie Astorina Yunita Dewanti, Budiyono Budiyono

149. QualitativeStudy:PatientsPerceptionofPITCinSemarang’sHospitals................................................748Novia Handayani, Zahroh Shaluhiyah, Antono Suryoputro

150.SystemDynamicModelofLeptospirosisControlinDemak,Indonesia,2014........................................753Rr. Anggun P. Djati, Tri Ramadhani, Nova Pramestuti, Dwi Priyanto, Tri Handayani, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo

151.MaternalHeightasanDeterminantFactorsofChildrennottobeStuntingUntilAge59Months..........765Salimar, Anies Irawati, Besral

152.ACommunity-BasedStudyontheAssociationHelicobacter pylori seropositive to upregulate Cyclooxygenase2(COX2)Expression.....................................................................................................772

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153. IndividualCharacteristicandCadmiumLevelinBloodonTradisionalMetalFoundryWorkers...........777Yuliani Setyaningsih, Ari Suwondo, Ahmad Saihu

XI

154.PharmacovigilanceStudyofAntituberculosisDrugRegimensinAdultPatients.....................................782Yeni Farida, Anggun Nurus Sholikhah, Rasmaya Niruri

155.NoiseExposureAssessmentandEstimatedExcessRiskofCabinPersonnelintheLocomotive-CC205789Pertiwi Andarani, Icha Desinta, Wiwik Budiawan, Syafrudin Syafrudin, Mochtar Hadiwidodo, Haryono S. Huboyo

156.ForgivenessMeditationasanEffortinImprovingMentalHealthamongCollegeStudents....................795Amalia Rahmandani, Yohanis Franz La Kahija, Salma

157.PsychometricMeasurementofPerceivedStressamongMidwivesatPrimaryHealthCare Province of Central Java Indonesia ........................................................................................................... 804

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158.IsNutritionalandSocioeconomicStatusRelatedwithToothEruptionofFirstIncisivePermanent MandibularamongSchoolandSpecialNeedStudents?...........................................................................810

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160.EffectivenessofDisinfectantAandBontheGrowthofBacteriaintheAreaofCentral SurgicalInstallationofHospitalXinKudusCity....................................................................................821

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161.HouseholdFoodSecurityandFoodDiversityasRiskFactorforStuntinginToddlersat24-59MonthsofAge 831Novita Nining Widyaningsih, Kusnandar, Sapja Anantanyu

162.TheInfluenceofGivingInformationandItsFactorsAffectingtheKnowledgeLevelofAntibiotics UseinTemanggungRegency....................................................................................................................839

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163.PersuasiveCommunicationinMorningDialoguesPerformedbyHospitalHealthPromotionOfficers withDegenerativeDiseasesPreventionKnowledge(TheCaseStudyatthePatientCheckupinSultan Agung Islamic Hospital) ........................................................................................................................... 843

Besar Tirto Husodo

164. OralHealthProgramforSchoolChildren:DependentorIndependentUKGSProgram.........................848Irma HY Siregar, Endah Aryati Eko Ningtyas, Sukini

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167.SantriPerceptionontheLesbianGayBiseksualandTransgenderPhenomenonaStudyinPondok PesantrenNurulMursydSemarang...........................................................................................................867

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168.FactorsthatAffecttheSuccessofTuberculosisTherapyinPrimaryCare:TypeofTbPreliminaryStudies872Titiek Hidayati, Tri Pitara Mahanggoro, Adelia Rizka Amila, Amien Rais Zarkasih, Noor Aulia Fajriati, Noviana Haryuni, Rika Estri Rahmawati

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169.MappingofTuberculosis(TB)PrevalenceinPadangCity.......................................................................877Masrizal, Ade Suzana Eka Putri, Tari Amanda R, Randa Ilham

170.HistoryofChildrenandMalnutritionStatusinMagetan..........................................................................882Kusuma Estu Werdani, Nurul Isnaini, Yuli Kusumawati

171.Mother’sKnowledge,Attitude,andPracticeofExclusiveBreastfeeding................................................887Rian Diana, Annis Catur Adi

172.FactorsAssociatedwithCerumenImpactionintheCoastalElementarySchools(CaseStudyin1st GradeoffiveElementarySchools,BandarharjoHealthCenter’sWorkArea,inNorthSemarang).........893

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173. ExploringtheComplianceTestforX-rayinHealthFacilitiesSecurityofMakassarRegion..................899Alan Tanjung Aji Prastowo, Yuliani Setyaningsih, Hanifa M. Denny

174.AComparativeAnalysisbetweenIntegratedOccupationalSafetyandHealthManagementSystemina SupportMiningCompanyandtheIndonesianMiningSafetyManagementSystem...............................904

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175.TheCorrelationbetweenRegulationUnderstandingbyInter-Professionalfirst1000daysofLifeHealth WorkersandtheAccelerationofToddlerStuntingPrevention.................................................................911

Annis Catur Adi, Rian Diana, Shrimarti Rukmini Devy, M. Bagus Qomaruddin, Nyoman Anita Damayanti, Nuzulul Kusuma Putri

176.CadresOutreachProgramtoMothersImproveNutritionalStatusofUnderTwoYearOldChildren......917Martha Irene Kartasurya, Dina Rahayuning Pangestuti, Aditya Kusumawati, Resa Ana Dina, Julia Pertiwi, Doddy Izwardy, Anung Sugihantono

177.PositiveEmotion,EngagementandMeaningofLifeoftheElderlyinPesantren(IslamicBoardingSchool) 923Dinie R. Desiningrum, Yeniar Indriana, Suparno

178.HealthProfessional’sPerceptiontowardImpactofHospitalAccreditationonQualityofCareinAsia: ASystematicReview.................................................................................................................................929

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179. TheEvaluationofAcuteAppendicitisClinicalPathway..........................................................................935Khoirun Nimah, Atik Nurwahyuni

180.DeterminantsofthePornographyExposureEffectsonJuniorandSeniorHighSchoolAdolescencein Sanggau District, West Kalimantan ........................................................................................................... 941

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181. Psychoeducation DzikrReducesPerceivedStressandPostpartumDepressionSyndromeson Primiparous Women .................................................................................................................................. 946

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182.ReductionSugarofTuberPasteFlourAdditionalα-AmylasefromLc. mesenteroidesEN17-11and Fr. fructosusEN17-20toProtectPeoplefromDiabetesMellitus.............................................................952

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183.TheImpactofCounselingontheImprovementofNutritionalKnowledgeandPhysicalActivitieson WomenPrisoners(AStudyatWomenPenitentiaryInstitutionClassIIASemarang)..................................958

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184.ChallengesofUniversalAccess:HealthPromotionStrategyonPillarofOpenDefecationFreein TirtoVillage,Pekalongan,CentralJava,Indonesia...................................................................................963

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185.UnderstandingHIV/AIDSPerceptionUsingHealthBeliefModelofFemaleSexWorkerswithHIV/AIDS 971Ratu Matahari, Fitriana Putri Utami

186. TheCharacteristicofSeveralInfantMortalityRiskFactorsinBatangDistrict.......................................976Rr. Vita nur Latif, Nor Istiqomah, Dwi Edi Wibowo

187.SelectionofBirthAttendentofLaborinTheVillagePelangiranInhilDistrict........................................981Yessi Harnani, Hetty Ismainar, Nurvi Susanti, Zulmeliza Rasyid, Sri Kurnia

188.CommunityBehaviortowardsFilariasisMassDrugAdministrationinTegaldowoVillage, Pekalongan Distsrict, Indonesia ................................................................................................................ 988

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189.MATES(MacaronDates)asanAlternativeSupplementaryFoodforUndernourishedToddler..............993Stefania Widya Setyaningtyas, Adhelia Niantara Putri, Nandia F. Dhorta, Brilliance Faresta

190.DifferencesofFamilySupportandIronTabletsConsumedPostPregnantWomenClassesand MidwivesCounseling................................................................................................................................999

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192.DepressionAssociatedwithQualityofLifeinPeoplewithParaplegia..................................................1012Marsella Martha Robot, The Maria Meiwati Widagdo, Rizaldy Pinzon, Mitra Andini Sigilipoe

193. PieFormulaBiscuitFlourandSoyProteinIsolateasAlternativeofHighProteinSnackforToddler..1017Mahmud Aditya Rifqi, Mufidah Ahmad, Irohatul Aila, Fikriyah Alaiyu

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Suyatno

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199. Pain,Hyperuricemia(UricAcid),andElderlyInsomnia........................................................................1049Yulianto, Yufi Aris Lestari, Puteri Indah Dwipayanti, Dewi Nur’aeni, Erik Toga, Muh Sajidin, Lutfi Wahyuni

Housing Condition as Tuberculosis Infection Risk Factor

Dyah Wulan Sumekar Rengganis Wardani1, Endro Prasetyo Wahono2

1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, Jl. S. Brojonegoro No.1 Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia; 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University

of Lampung, Jl. S. Brojonegoro No.1 Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Indonesiaisacountrywiththethirdtuberculosis(TB)incidenceintheworld.BandarLampungisoneofthecitiesinIndonesiawithahighTBincidence.TBincidenceinthecityincreasedabout80%duringfouryearsperiod(2,056casesin2016comparedto1,195casesin2012).BandarLampungislocatedinthefifthpoorestprovinceinIndonesia,whichcloselyrelatedtopoorhousingcondition.Thisstudyaimedtoidentifysignificantinfluenceofhousingcondition,whichconsistedofvariables:ventilation,in-housesunlight,in-housesmokingpollutionandin-houseTBcontact;toTBinfection.Acasecontrolstudywasusedtostudytheinfluenceofrelatedvariables.Casesamplegroupconsistedof31smear-positiveTBpatients;meanwhilecontrolsamplegroupconsistedof62patientswithoutTB.BothsamplegroupswereobtainedfromSukarajaandPanjangCommunityHealthServicewhichhaveperformingDirectlyObservedTreatmentShortcourseand have highestTB incidence inBandarLampung.Datawere collected by using structured interviewquestions and observation; andwas then analyzed using bivariateChi square analysis. Less ventilation(oddsratio/OR:4.747;95%confidenceinterval/CI:1.875–12.022),noin-housesunlight(OR:5.219;95%CI:2.040–13.355),existenceofin-housesmokingpollution(OR:3.067;95%CI:1.240–7.584)aswellasexistenceofin-houseTBcontact(OR:10.688;95%CI:3.792–30.121)areTBinfectionriskfactors.Inconclusion,TBcontrolprogramshouldbehighlightedtheconcernedvariablesinorder toaccelerateTBincidence reduction, especially in countries with poor housing conditions.

Keywords: housing condition; tuberculosis; risk factor

Corresponding Author:DyahWulanSumekarRengganisWardaniDepartmentofPublicHealth,FacultyofMedicine,University of Lampung, Jl. S. Brojonegoro No.1Bandar Lampung 35145, IndonesiaPhone:+628122516128Email:dyah.wulan@fk.unila.ac.id

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is a country with the third tuberculosis (TB)incidenceintheworld.ThenumberofTBincidencein2016was1,020,000(660,000–1,460,000)1, increased 122% compared to TB incidence in 2012 which was460,000(380,000–540,000)2. Bandar Lampung is one of the cities in Indonesia with a high TB incidence.Moreover,TBincidenceinthecityalsoincreasedabout80%duringfouryearsperiod.TBincidencein2012was1,195 cases, increased to 2,056 cases in 20163. Bandar Lampung also a city in Lampung province, a fifth

poorest province in Indonesia. One of indicators of poor province is poor housing condition4.

Housing condition is socio-economic indicator ofhealth and welfare related to the environment5. Poor housing condition is linked to poverty, which increase vulnerability to disease6. Poor housing condition includes suchaspoorairventilation,poor in-housesunlightandexistenceofin-housesmokingpollution7.Poorairqualityin the house as a result of insufficient ventilation andthe presence of cigarette smoke contribute to decreased respiratory health and have impact toTB transmission.Moreover,poorairqualitycausedby in-housesmokingpollution can disrupting the mucociliary defense function of airways, impair alveolar pulmonary macrophages function and make the lung vulnerable to infection, including TB8.This condition is deteriorated by thepresence of in-house TB contact, which will increasetheprobabilityofin-houseTBtransmission9.ThisstudyaimedtostudywhetherTBincidenceinBandarLampungis associated with an increasing poor housing condition.

DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00577.1

660 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2019, Vol.10, No. 3

METHOD

This studywas a case control study, conducted atSukarajaandPanjangCommunityHealthCentre(CHC),whichhadthehighestTBincidenceinBandarLampung.Population of this research consisted of case and control population. Case population was TB smear positivepatients during period of January –April 2016 in thestudysites,whichwere35TBsmearpositivepatients.Meanwhile, control populationwasTB suspectwhichhavebeenconfirmeddidnotsufferTBinthesamestudysites and period, which was 147 patients. Case sample wasallpopulationwhichwaseligible,thosewas31TBsmearpositivepatients.Meanwhile,controlsamplewastwice as case samples, those were 62 patients.

Research variables in this study consisted ofventilation, in-house sunlight, in-house smokingpollution, in-house TB contact and TB infection.Ventilation was measured by percentage of ventilation area of housewidth (less ventilation: <20%, adequateventilation: >20%)10. In-house sunlight was observedby existence of sunlight in-house (there was no in-house sunlight, there was in-house sunlight)10. In-house smoking pollution was indicated by existence of familymemberwho smoke inside the house (therewasin-housesmokingpollution,therewasnoin-housesmoking pollution)11.In-houseTBcontactwasindicated

byexistenceofTBcontactinsidethehouse(therewasin-houseTBcontact,therewasnoTBcontact).

In this research,datawascollected through in-depthinterview, observation and measurement. Data was then analyzedusingbivariatanalysisChi-Squaretoidentifythesignificance(pvalue)andsignificantinfluence(oddsratio/OR)ofeachindependentvariabletodependentvariable.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This result shows that there aremore respondentsin case group (smear positive TB respondents) whomostliveinahousewithlessventilation(56.2%),noin-housesunlight(58.1%),existenceofin-housesmokingpollution (50.0%)aswell as existenceof in-houseTBcontact (70.4%); compared to respondents in controlgroup(respondentswithnoTBinfection).Respondentsin control group most live in a house with adequateventilation (78.7%), have in-house sunlight (79.0%),haveno in-housesmokingpollution(75.4%)andhavenoin-houseTBcontact(81.8%)(table1).BasedonthebivariatanalysisusingChiSquare,itisalsoshownthatall of research variables have p value of less than 0.05. In addition,existenceofin-houseTBcontactiscategorizedas variable with the highest OR (OR: 10.688; 95%Confidence Interval/ CI: 3.792 – 30.121) among theothervariables(table1).

Table 1: Bivariat Analysis of Housing Condition to TB

VariablesTB Infection

p value OR (95% CI)Yes No

Less ventilationYes 18(56.2%) 14(43.8%)

0.001 4.747(1.875–12.022)No 13(21.3%) 48(78.7%)

No in-house sunlightYes 18(58.1%) 13(41.9%)

0.001 5.219(2.040–13.355)No 13(21.0%) 49(79.0%)

Existence of in-house smoking pollutionYes 16(50.0%) 16(50.0%)

0.025 3.067(1.240–7.584)No 15(24.6%) 46(75.4%)

Existence of in-house TB contactYes 19(70.4%) 8(29.6%)

<0.001 10.688(3.792–30.121No 12(18.2%) 54(81.8%)

OR:OddsratioCI:Confidenceinterval

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2019, Vol.10, No. 3 661

Inthisresearch,existenceofin-houseTBcontactisthestrongestriskfactortoTBinfection.TBcontactisthesourceofTBtransmission.Thetransmissionriskisgreaterwhen index case is sputum smear positive12. Researchresult in Pakistan showed that in-house smear positiveTBcontacthasprobabilityof11.73%totransmitsmearpositiveTB to in-house familymember. Inaddition,healsohasprobabilityof9.6%to transmitsmearnegativeTB to in-house familymember9. Family members who have more intimacy and contact duration to in-houseTB contacts have greater risk to have TB infectionrather than family member who have less intimacy and contact durationof familymember to in-houseTBcontacts12. Research in India showed that a husbandwith smear positive TB rarely transmits his disease tohis wife but more to his mother, due to social structure relationship which refer to intimacy. The disease cangetmostmanifested in in-house familymemberwithinthefirst fourmonthsof the activediseaseof the smearpositivein-houseTBcontacts.Although,thediseasealsocangetmanifestedduringtheactivediseaseofin-houseTBcontactsorevenafter4–24monthsofsuccessfullytreatingthesmearpositiveTBcontacts12.

In this research, in-house TB contact influencesTBinfectiontogetherwithlessventilation,noin-housesunlight as well as existence of in-house smokingpollution, which refer to poor housing condition, especially poor in-house air quality. Previous researchshowed thatmost ofTBpatients inBandarLampung,Indonesia, clustered in areas with poor housing condition4.Moreover, in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia,amongotherTBinfectionriskfactors(foodsecurityandhealth access), poor housing condition is the greatest risk factor13,14.

Based on observation, most of case sample’s respondents live in slum areas which are densely populated residential areas and crowded houses. Moreover,most of their houses are small houseswithfewer windows or even cannot be opened windows due to crowdedhouses surrounding their houses.Thiscondition caused the houses have less ventilation and less or even no in-house sunlight. The condition alsomakes worse in-house air quality if there is in-housesmoking pollution.

Tuberculosiswasspreadviarespiratorytinyparticlesdroplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which wouldrapidlyevaporated,leavingdropletnuclei.These

tiny particles would remain suspended on in-houseair until either inhaled or ventilated out of the house. Therefore, in a house with less ventilation, dropletnucleimight remain suspended in the in-house air forprolonged periods, which mean will increased risk to be more inhaled15. However, droplet nuclei would not remainonin-houseairwithgoodin-houseaircirculationand adequate ventilation. In the other hand, most ofrespondent’s case sample houses in this research have less ventilation which will increase the risk of transmission andinfection,withOR:4.747(95%CI1.875–12.022).This result concurs with research in Canada showingthatmorethantwo-thirdof153housesinendemicandepidemicTBareashadpoorventilationsystem16.

Droplet nuclei are also susceptible to ultraviolet light, includingsunlight.Therefore, sufficient in-housesunlight is needed to control M. tuberculosis7. In a housewithhavelessorevennoin-housesunlight,riskof droplet nuclei to be inhaled will increase which also increase TB transmission and infection probability17. In this research the riskofno in-housesunlight toTBinfectionis5.219(95%CI2.040–13.355).

Inthisresearch,TBinfectionisalsoinfluencedbyin-house smoking pollution. Smoking pollution willimpaired the normal mucociliary clearance of tracheal bronchial secretions and alveolar macrophage function, therefore it will weakening resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and increasing of risk infection18. In this research,theprobabilityofexistencein-housesmokingpollutiontoincreaseriskofinfectionis3.067(95%CI1.240–7.584).

CONCLUSIONS

This research shows that poor housing conditionconsisted of: less ventilation, no in-house sunlight,existence of in-house smoking pollution as well asexistence of in-house TB contact are TB infectionrisk factors.Therefore,TB control program should behighlighted the concerned variables in order to accelerate TB incidence reduction, especially in countries withpoor housing conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to thank to Ministry of ResearchTechnology and Higher Education, Indonesia forthe research funding. We would also like to thank to

662 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, March 2019, Vol.10, No. 3

TB taskforce of Sukaraja and Panjang CHC BandarLampung, for their support during data collection.

Conflict of Interest:Theauthorsdeclarethattherearenoconflictsofinterest.

Ethical Clearance: Ethical clearance for this research was obtained from Faculty of Medicine Universityof Lampung.Moreover, the respondents in this studyhas received informed consent prior to the study and participated on voluntary basis.

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