Elementary Hindi reader 08 (Shikshak Darshika).indd

ElementaryHindi Reader

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8ysf[kdk

MkWú deyk fo'oukFku(fjVk;MZ ysDpjj ,oa ,tqosQ'kuy dkmalyj)

U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúubZ fnYyhµ110002 (bafM;k)

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First Published 2016

ISBN: 978-93-5199-847-1

Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

The moral rights of the author has been asserted.

©Reserved with the Publishers

All rights reserved under the Copyright Act. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transcribed, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or computer, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopy or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Printed at: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Sahibabad (Uttar Pradesh)

This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action.

vkeq[kcPpksa dks LowQyh thou osQ lkFk&lkFk vkl&ikl osQ ckgjh thou ls tksM+us osQ mn~ns'; ls bl iqLrd esa okrkoj.k dk o`gn cks/ djk;k x;k gSA jVus dhin~/fr ls Nk=kksa dks fudkydj Lor% lkspus] fu.kZ; ysus ,oa jpukRed vfHkO;fDr djus dh fn'kk esa ys tkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vk'kk gS ;g iz;kl cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dks lkFkZd cukdj gj Nk=k dh fganh i<+us&fy[kus ,oa lh[kus dh {kerk dks c<+k,xkA

'kqn~/ mPpkj.k djuk vkSj 'kqn~/ fy[kuk nksuksa Hkk"kk osQ ”k:jh lksiku gSaA bls en~ns u”kj j[krs gq, bl iqLrd esa dbZ vH;kl fn, x, gSa ftudh enn ls Nk=k 'kqn~/ fganh fy[k ,oa i<+ ik,¡xsA cPpksa dh #fp ,oa LoHkko dks osaQnz esa j[kdj geus ;g iz;kl fd;k gSA gekjh bl dksf'k'k esa liQyrk rHkh feysxh tc LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z ,oa f'k{kdx.k cPpksa dks fofHkUu jpukRed xfrfof/;ksa ,oa fØ;kdykiksa dh lgk;rk ls lh[kus dk ekSdk nsaxsA vk/qfudrk dh nkSM+ esa cPpksa dks Lo;a lh[kus dk ekSdk nsus ij gh liQyrk feysxhA

izkjafHkd fganh jhMj dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns'; dks cPpksa rd lgh <ax ls igq¡pkus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa osQ fy, f'k{kd&nf'kZdk dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA mEehn djrs gSa fd bl fn'kk esa fd;k x;k iz;kl mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxkA vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa ,oa fon~okuksa osQ lq>koksa dk Lokxr fd;k tk,xk ftlls la'kks/uksa esa enn feysxhA

µysf[kdk

(iv)

fo"k;&lwph

1- izkFkZuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

2- ij[k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9

3- vksyafid [ksy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

4- liQyrk dh f=kos.kh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

5- dksbZ eq>s esjk cpiu ykSVk nks -------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

6- Jh panz'ks[kj osadVjeu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

7- nkor --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

8- Hkkjr osQ rhFkZLFkku µ osQnkjukFk vkSj cnjhukFk ------------------------------------------ 34

9- eq>s eksckby gh jgus nks ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

10- iqLrosaQ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

11- lnkpkj dk rkoh”k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46

12- esVªks jsy% vk/qfud tu&ifjogu ---------------------------------------------------------------- 50

13- dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrh -------------------------------------------------------- 54

14- eqlhcr gkfFk;ksa dh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58

15- Lokeh foosdkuan dk i=k ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

16- dchj osQ nksgs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67

17- paikdyh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72

18- lqeu ,d miou osQ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76

vH;kl iz'u&i=k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77

dk;Z&if=kdk (mRrj&rkfydk) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 80

5

1- izkFkZukizfrikn~; fo"k; izkFkZuk dfork esa ijekRek ls cPps fourh dj jgs gSa fd gs ek¡ gesa bruh 'kfDr nks fd ge lalkj osQ

gj ekuo dks cny losaQA gj O;fDr osQ eu ls HksnHkko] bZ";kZ&n~os"k feVkdj lcosQ ân; esa mnkjrk] fouezrk ,oa Lusg dk Hkko Hkj losaQAlalkj dks egdrk xqynLrk cukus osQ mn~ns'; ls cPps izHkq ls vuqjks/ djrs gS fd lcosQ eu ls

Ny&diV feVkdj vkRefo'okl dk Hkko Hkjrs gq, mUgsa 'kfDreku cuk nsaA

ewyHkko izkFkZuk dfork esa bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd os lkjh l`f"V ls cqjh Hkkouk,¡ feVkdj lalkj dks

egdrs gq, xqynLrs osQ leku cuk nsaA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZu l`f"V dk fu;e gS dk lans'k nsuk] bZ";kZ n~os"k dk Hkko feVkdj izse] Lusg dk Hkko Hkjuk]

vkRefo'okl dk Hkko HkjukA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky 'kCnkFkZ] iz'uksRrj] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] okD;&iz;ksx] o.kZ&foPNsn] izR;;] Hkkookpd laKk] fd@dh

dk iz;ksx jpukRed vfHkO;fDrA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

dkO; iafDr;ksa dk ljykFkZ

'kfDr gesa nks ---------------------------------------------------------- Lusg dk HkkoA

cPpksa osQ ekè;e ls dof;=kh bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk djrh gS fd gs o`Qik lkxj izHkq] ns'kHkj osQ balkuksa esa ekuoh;rk dk Hkko Hkj nksA ftlls lc ,d&nwljs ls Lusg ,oa vkReh;rk dk O;ogkj djsaA vkt dh ladVdkyhu ifjfLFkfr esa vkilh eS=kh Hkko vR;ar vko';d gSA dof;=kh izHkq ls fouhr Hkko esa dg jgh gS fd gj ekuo osQ ân; ls Hksn&Hkko feVkdj izseHkko Hkj nksA

feVkdj ------------------------------------------------ cuk nks gesa 'kfDrekuA

izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa izHkq ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd vkilh Hksn&Hkko Hkqykdj lc ,d lkFk feydj izse ,oa Lusg ls jgsaA ,d&nwljs osQ izfr bZ";kZ n~os"k feVkdj iwjs ns'k esa HkkbZ&pkjs dk Hkko Hkj nsaA bZ'oj ls dof;=kh izkFkZuk djrh gS fd gesa bruh 'kfDr nks Hkxoku fd ge iwjs fo'o dks ifjofrZr dj nsaA gj ekuo osQ eu esa vkRefo'okl dk Hkko Hkj nsaA ifjorZu dks egRRo nsrs gq, dof;=kh dgrh gSa fd gs izHkq! gesa bruh 'kfDr nks fd ge leLr fo'o dks ifjofrZr dj lalkj dks iwQyksa osQ xqynLrs&lk cuk nsaA vFkkZr dof;=kh leLr fo'o dks izse ,oa Lusg ls egdk nsuk pkgrh gSA iwjh /jrh esa bl rjg dk ifjorZu dj ns rkfd ns'k esa ,d ubZ psruk] u;k mRlkg] ubZ meax ,oa vkReh;rk dk Hkko mRiUu gks tk,A

6

ekSf[kd (d) dof;=kh izHkq ls fo'o osQ gj bulku dks cnyus dh 'kfDr ek¡xrh gSA ([k) dof;=kh lcesa vkReh;rk dk Hkko Hkjuk pkgrh gSA (x) lalkj dks og egdrs xqynLrs&lk cukuk pkgrh gSA (?k) dof;=kh lHkh ekuoksa dks izsee; cukuk pkgrh gSAfyf[kr 1- (d) dof;=kh gj bulku dks mnkj ,oa fouez ns[kuk pkgrh gSA ([k) og bulku osQ fny ls HksnHkko] Ny&diV oSj&nqjko feVkuk pkgrh gSa ftlls os lc ,d

nwljs ls Lusg dj losaQA (x) og lalkj osQ lHkh bulkuksa esa I;kj dk Hkko Hkjuk pkgrh gSa ftlls os iwQyksa dh rjg egosaQ

,oa lcdks egdk,¡A (?k) lalkj osQ yksxksa osQ eu ls bZ";kZ] n~os"k tSlh Hkkoukvksa dks feVkdj Lusg ,oa izse dk Hkko

Hkjuk pkgrh gSa ftlls vkilh nq'euh feVkdj lc I;kj ls fey&tqydj jg losaQA (Ä) og bZ'oj ls 'kfDreku cukus dk ojnku ek¡xrh gSa ftlls og iwjs ns'k dks I;kj dh fLuXèkrk

ls ,d Mksj esa ck¡/ losaQA olq/So oqQVqEcde dh Hkkouk ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA 2- (d) HksnHkko ([k) mnkjrk (x) vkRefo'okl (?k) cny nsaA 3- (d) feVkdj Ny&diV] oSj&nqjko Hkj nsa lcesa vkRefo'okl dk HkkoA ([k) /jrh ls feVkdj bZ";kZ&n~os"k cny nsa bldk iwjk os'kA ek¡xrs rqels ;s ojnku cuk nks gesa

'kfDrekuA (x) Hkjdj mnkjrk fouezrk vikj c<+k losaQ lcesa Lusg dk HkkoA

4- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 3 lgh (x) 7 xyr (?k) 3 Bhd

5- (d) dljr djus ij 'kjhj esa 'kfDr dk lapkj gksrk gSA ([k) iwjs fo'o esa ,drk dk Hkko gks rks lalkj esa leL;k gh u gksA (x) fouezrk lcdk ân; thr ysrh gSA (?k) vkt /jrh ij gfj;kyh de gksrh tk jgh gSA (Ä) ek¡ cPpksa ls Lusg djrh gSaA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) 'k~ $ v $ o~Q $ r~ $ b ([k) o~ $ b $ u~ $ v $ e~ $ j $ v $ r~ $ vk (x) bZ $ j~ $ "k~ $ ;~ $ vk (?k) vk $ r~ $ e~ $ v $ o~ $ b $ 'k~ $ o~ $ vk $ l~ $ v

2- (d) xqaiQ $ br ([k) izlkj $ br (x) eq[kj $ br (?k) r:.k $ vkbZ

3- va/dkj] fouezrk] bulkfu;r] lk/uk] Lora=krk

4- (d) fd ([k) dh (x) dh (?k) fd (Ä) dh

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Lo;a djsaxsA

7

dk;Z if=kdkµ1

uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d

ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15

1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ 6

(d) dof;=kh bulku osQ fdl Hkko esa ifjorZu ykuk pkgrh gSa vkSj D;ksa\

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) og bZ'oj ls D;k ojnku ek¡xrh gSa vkSj D;ksa\

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(x) og lalkj dks oSQls egdkuk pkgrh gS\

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2- 'kCnksa dks muosQ vFkZ ls feykb,µ 4

(d) mnkjrk (i) viukiu

([k) vkReh;rk (ii) /ks[kk

(x) o`Qikfu/ku (iii) nku'khyrk

(?k) Ny&diV (iv) o`Qik djus okyk

3- okD; cukb,µ 3

(d) fouezrk µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) 'kfDr µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) fo'o µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ^dh* vFkok ^fd* yxkdj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 2

(d) jk/k us dgk ------------------------- og dy esjs ?kj vk,xhA

([k) mlosQ ?kj ------------------------- Nr ls ikuh Vid jgk gSA

(x) ckfj'k ------------------------- otg ls NqV~Vh gks xbZA

(?k) ek¡ us dgk ------------------------- Hkhrj vkvksA

8

dk;Z if=kdkµ2



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ,d 'kCn esa nhft,µ 3

(d) dof;=kh izHkq ls D;k ek¡xrh gS\ ---------------------------------------------------------------

([k) lalkj dks og D;k :i nsuk pkgrh gS\ ---------------------------------------------------------------

(x) HksnHkko feVkdj D;k Hkko Hkjuk pkgrh gS\ ---------------------------------------------------------------

2- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3

(d) 'kfDr µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) fo'o µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) fny µ ----------------- -----------------

3- fuEufyf[kr Hkko dh iafDr;k¡ dfork ls Nk¡fV,µ 3

(d) fo'o esa ,slk ifjorZu yk,¡ fd xqynLrs dh rjg og egd tk,A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) gs o`Qikfu/ku! gesa bruh 'kfDr nks fd ge fo'o osQ gj bulku dks cny losaQA

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- uhps fy[ks o.kks± dks feykdj 'kCn cukb,µ 3

(d) vk $ r~ $ e~ $ v $ o~ $ b $ 'k~ $ o~ $ vk $ l~ $ v -------------------

([k) o~ $ vk $ j~ $ "k~ $ b $ o~Q -------------------

(x) n~ $ o~ $ , $ "k~ $ v -------------------

5- lgh Hkkookpd laKk pqudj [kkyh txgksa dks Hkfj,µ 3

xoZ] mnkjrk] LokLF;

(d) jktk cfy dh ---------------------- lHkh tkurs gSaA

([k) ---------------------- x;k rks lc oqQN x;kA

(x) eq>s Hkkjr esa tUe ysus dk ---------------------- gSA

9

2- ij[kizfrikn~; fo"k;

izLrqr dgkuh esa ;ksX;rk dh ij[k dh xbZ gSA ukxktqZu uked ,d jlk;u&'kkL=kh nks f'kf{kr ;qodksa dk lk{kkRdkj dj mudh ijh{kk ysuk pkgrs FksA nksuksa ;qodksa dh f'k{kk] Kku] cqn~f/erk ,oa ;ksX;rk,¡ leku FkhaA ukxktqZu us lksp le> dj foosdiw.kZ <ax ls fu.kZ; fy;k vkSj nksuksa uo;qodksa dks ,d&,d inkFkZ fn;kA bl inkFkZ dks igpkudj viuh bPNkuqlkj mldk jlk;u cukdj ykus dks dgkA dke iwjk djus osQ fy, rhu fnu dk le; fn;kA

rhu fnu ckn nksuksa uo;qod ykSVsA ,d us jlk;u rS;kj dj fy;kA ukxktqZu n~okjk iwNs x, lHkh iz'uksa dk mlus Bhd&Bhd tokc Hkh fn;kA nwljs uo;qod us jlk;u rS;kj ugha fd;k FkkA iwNus ij mlus ekiQh ek¡xrs gq, nq[kh gksdj dgk fd jktekxZ ij ,d chekj vkneh djkg jgk FkkA og mls ?kj ys vk;kA mldh lsok esa le; fudy x;kA blfy, og jlk;u rS;kj ugha dj ik;kA

ukxktqZu us [kq'k gksdj mls lgk;d fu;qDr dj fy;kA iwNus ij mlus crk;k fd ;a=k dh rjg jlk;u cukus okyk esjs fy, mi;ksxh ugha FkkA ekuo cudj ekuo dh lsok djus okyk gh esjs fy, mi;qDr FkkA

ewyHkko

tks nwljksa dh lsok ugha dj ldrk fpfdRlk ugha dj ldrkA lPps bulku dh ij[k mlosQ O;ogkj ls gksrh gSA f'k{kk bulku dks bulkfu;r ls nwj j[ks rks ,slh f'k{kk fdlh dke dh ughaA

ys[kd us ekuo osQ ekuoh; xq.kksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k gSA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k

lsok dk Hkko] ân; dh laosnuk] O;ogkj dh ij[k] lw{e n`f"V] foosdiw.kZ fu.kZ;] lPps lgk;d dh ij[k

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky

'kCnkFkZ] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] foykse 'kCn] iz'uksRrj] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] okD;&iz;ksxA

O;kdj.k& okD;ksa osQ izdkj] eqgkojksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx] vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] jpukRed vfHkO;fDrA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd 1- (d) ukxktqZu izkphu Hkkjr osQ ukeh jlk;u'kkL=kh FksA ([k) jktk us ukxktqZu osQ ikl nks ;ksX; ukStokuksa dks HkstkA

10

(x) ukxktqZu us uo;qodksa dks ,d inkFkZ fn;kA (?k) uo;qodksa dks rhu fnu dk le; feyk FkkA (Ä) igys ;qod us jlk;u rS;kj fd;k FkkAfyf[kr

1- (d) ukxktqZu us viuh iz;ksx'kkyk esa dbZ nok,¡ rS;kj dh FkhaA blh dkj.k os fo'o izfln~/ gks x, FksA

([k) ukxktqZu us jktk ls enn ek¡xh D;ksafd dke cgqr gks x;k Fkk vkSj os vosQys l¡Hkky ugha ik jgs FksA

(x) ukxktqZu us nksuksa ukStokuksa dks ,d&,d inkFkZ fn;k vkSj mldk jlk;u rS;kj djus dks dgkA (?k) nwljk ukStoku jlk;u dh tk¡p ugha dj ik;k D;ksafd mlus jktekxZ ij ,d chekj O;fDr

dks ns[kkA og mls mBkdj ?kj ys vk;k vkSj mldh lsok esa mldk lkjk le; fudy x;kA (Ä) bl ikB ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd ekuo lsok lcls cM+k /eZ gSA osQoy f'k{kk ,oa

;ksX;rk ls gh euq"; dh fuiq.krk dh ij[k ugha gks ldrhA tks ekuo cudj ekuo dh lsok djs ogh fpfdRlk osQ {ks=k esa dke dj ldrk gSA

2- (d) ukxktqZu us jktk ls dgkA ([k) nwljs uo;qod us ukxktqZu ls dgkA (x) igys uo;qod us ukxktqZu ls dgkA (?k) ukxktqZu us nwljs uo;qod ls dgkA (Ä) jktk us ukxktqZu ls dgkA

3- (d) jlk;u ([k) mnkl (x) ekuo (?k) ;a=k (Ä) yk;d

4- (d) chekj vkneh dgk¡ iM+k Fkk\ ([k) ukxktqZu D;k djuk pkgrk Fkk\ (x) brus esa dkSu vk x,\ (?k) igyk ;qod D;ksa mi;ksxh ugha Fkk\ (Ä) dkSu mlosQ yk;d Fkk\

5- (d) eSaus lM+d ij dbZ ;qod ns[ksA ([k) esjh cgu dy chekj FkhA (x) ukStoku ukSdjh dh [kkst esa fudy iM+sA (?k) MkWDVj enn osQ fy, lgk;d j[krs gSaA (Ä) ekuo ,d nwljs dh enn djrs gSaA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) feJ okD; ([k) fefJr okD; (x) la;qDr okD; (?k) ljy okD; (Ä) la;qDr okD;

11

2- (d) dksf'k'k djuk & dkiQh gkFk&iSj ekjus osQ ckn og ukSdjh ik ldkA ([k) Hk; ls nc tkuk & vius firk osQ lkeus jfo Hkhxh fcYyh cu tkrk gSA (x) rax djuk & cPps ek¡ dh uke esa ne dj nsrs gSaA (?k) cgqr I;kjk & jk/k lcdh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk gSA

3- fØ;k laKk (d) cM+cM+kuk cM+cM+kgV ([k) gM+cM+kuk gM+cM+kgV (x) iQM+iQM+kuk iQM+iQM+kgV (?k) FkjFkjkuk FkjFkjkgV

4- (d) vukFk ([k) vn`'; (x) vrhr (?k) vfLFkj (Ä) vifjfpr (p) vtkr'k=kq

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

Nk=kksa dks Lo;a djus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA d{kk esa ppkZ djok,¡A

12

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 3 (d) ukxktqZu fo'o&izfln~/ oSQls gq,\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ukxktqZu us jktk ls D;k iwNk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) ukxktqZu us ukStokuksa dks D;k nsdj igpkuus osQ fy, dgk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fdlus] fdlls dgk\ 3

fdlus fdlls

(d) ¶eSaus jlk;u rS;kj dj fy;k gS¸ --------------------- ---------------------

([k) ¶ftlus jlk;u ugha cuk;k] mlus euq"; --------------------- ---------------------

dh lsok dh FkhA¸

(x) ¶vkpk;Z th] eSa vkidk vijk/h gw¡A¸ --------------------- ---------------------

3- 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ 3 (d) izkphu µ --------------------------- ([k) ij[k µ ---------------------------

(x) fpfdRlk µ ---------------------------

4- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) lM+d µ ------------------- ------------------- ([k) ;qod µ ------------------- -------------------

(x) izkphu µ ------------------- -------------------

5- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn nhft,µ 3 (d) tks iqjkuk gks ----------------------------

([k) fpfdRlk djus okyk ----------------------------

(x) vijk/ djus okyk ----------------------------

13

dk;Z if=kdkµ2



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 6

(d) ukxktqZu us jktk ls enn D;ksa ek¡xh\

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([k) nwljk ukStoku jlk;u dh tk¡p D;ksa ugha dj ik;k\

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(x) ukStokuksa dks fdrus fnuksa dk le; fn;k x;k Fkk\

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2- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ 2

(d) izdk'k µ --------------------- ([k) mi;ksxh µ ---------------------

(x) mfpr µ --------------------- (?k) ;ksX; µ ---------------------

3- okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3

(d) ukStoku µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ;qod µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) chekj µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- eqgkojksa dk vFkZ fy[kdj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3

(d) gkFk iSj ekjuk µ ----------------------

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([k) vk¡[k dk rkjk µ ----------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fØ;k 'kCn cukb,µ 1

(d) cM+&cM+ µ ----------------------

([k) Fkj&Fkj µ ----------------------

14

3- vksyafid [ksyizfrikn~; fo"k; vksyafid [ksyksa dk lalkj esa fo'ks"k LFkku gSA bldh 'kq#vkr vkyafid uked LFkku ij gqbZ FkhA

vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku dbZ [ksy tSls nkSM+&owQn] jFk&nkSM+] eqDosQck”kh vkSj oqQf'r;ksa dh izfr;ksfxrk,¡ gksrh FkhaAvk/qfud ;qx dk igyk vksyafid lu~ 1896 esa ,Fksal esa vk;ksftr gqvkA gj pkj o"kZ esa ,d ckj

vksyafid [ksy [ksys tkrs gSaA vksyafid [ksyksa dk mn~ns'; f[kykfM+;ksa dh izfrHkk dks mtkxj djuk gSAfo'o osQ lkS ls Hkh vf/d ns'k bu [ksyksa esa vius f[kykM+h Hkstrs gSaA vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku lkjk

fo'o ,d LFkku ij tSls fleV tkrk gSA olq/So oqQVaqcde dh Hkkouk ;gk¡ ekuks lkdkj gks mBrh gSA lkjs euq"; jax&tkfr vkSj ns'k dk HksnHkko Hkqykdj ,drk dh Hkkouk ls [ksy esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA [ksyksa osQ ekè;e ls vkilh ln~Hkko c<+kus esa vksyafid [ksyksa dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA

ewyHkko vksyafid [ksyksa ls olq/So oqQVawcde dh Hkkouk c<+rh gSA lkjs euq"; jax&tkfr vkSj ns'k dk HksnHkko

Hkqykdj ,drk dh Hkkouk ls [ksy esa Hkkx ysrs gSa ftlls HkkbZ&pkjs dh Hkkouk c<+rh gSAbu [ksyksa ls tks /u feyrk gS mls varjkZ"Vªh; lfefr dks lkSai fn;k tkrk gSA blls f[kykM+h jktuhftd]

/kfeZd ,oa O;kolkf;d izHkko ls cps jgrs gSaA vksyafid [ksyksa dk eq[; mn~ns'; f[kykfM+;ksa dh izfrHkk dks mtkxj djuk gSA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k olq/So oqQVqacde dh Hkkouk Hkjuk] ln~Hkkouk c<+kuk] ifjJeh ,oa /S;Zoku cukus dh izsj.kk] HksnHkko Hkqykdj ,drk dh Hkkouk c<+kukA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky 'kCnkFkZ] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] foykse 'kCn] iz'uksRrj] okD;&iz;ksxO;kdj.k&loZuke] rRle] rn~Hko 'kCn] vusd 'kCnksa osQ cnys ,d 'kCn jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡A

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd 1- (d) vksyafi;k ioZr ij [ksys tkus osQ dkj.k budk uke vksyafid iM+kA ([k) vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku nkSM+&owQn] jFk nkSM+] eqDosQckth vkSj oqQf'r;ksa dh izfr;ksfxrk,¡ gksrh

FkhaA (x) ml f'k{kk'kkL=kh dk uke Fkk cSju fi;js n owQcrsZA (?k) ,Fksal esa vk;ksftr gqvk FkkA (Ä) olq/So oqQVqacde dh Hkkouk lkdkj gks mBrh gSA

15

fyf[kr 1- (d) mudh ;kstuk Fkh fd lHkh ns'kksa osQ 'kkSfd;k f[kykM+h ,d LFkku ij ,df=kr gks vkSj fofHkUu

[ksy izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysaA ([k) fi;js us vksyafid [ksyksa osQ ckjs esa le>k;k fd vksyafid [ksyksa esa egRoiw.kZ ckr thruk

ugha gS] cfYd mlesa Hkkx ysuk gSA (x) vksyafid f[kykM+h [kqn dks jktuhfrd] /kfeZd vkSj O;kolkf;d izHkko ls cpk, j[krs gSaA (?k) vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku lkjk fo'o ,d LFkku ij tSls fleV tkrk gSA (Ä) vksyafid èot dh i`"BHkwfe li+ sQn gSA ml ij ,d&nwljs ls xq¡Fks gq, ik¡p xksys gSaA gj xksyk

,d&,d egkn~ohi dk izrhd gSA

2- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 7 xyr (x) 3 lgh (?k) 7 xyr (Ä) 3 lgh

3- (d) [ksyksa dh 'kq#vkr dh ([k) gj pkj o"kZ ckn [ksys tkrs gSaA (x) ;gk¡ ekuks lkdkj gks mBrh gSA (?k) jktuhfrd] /kfeZd vkSj O;kolkf;d izHkko ls cpk, j[krs gSaA (Ä) fi;js dh o`Qik ls nqckjk thoar gks xbZA

4- (d) vksyafid [ksy vkilh ln~Hkko c<+krs gSaA ([k) izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx ysus ij ;ksX;rk c<+rh gSaA (x) lHkh f[kykM+h izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx ysuk pkgrs gSaA (?k) fo'o osQ dbZ ns'k fØosQV osQ [ksy esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA (Ä) [ksyksa esa Hkkx ysus ij ,drk dh Hkkouk c<+rh gSA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) rqEgkjk ([k) eSa (x) og (?k) mldk (Ä) mlls (p) rqeus

2- (d) lwjt & lwjt iwjc esa mxrk gSA ([k) lp & lp cksyuk t:jh gSA (x) nw/ & nw/ lsgr osQ fy, vPNk gSA (?k) vk¡lw & vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw cgrs jgrs gSaA

3- (d) ykHknk;d ([k) izfrjks/d (x) lq/kjd (?k) dkYifud (Ä) vo';e~Hkkoh (p) ikfjokfjd

4- csVk] ys[kd] esjk] eSuk] oSQlk] ;s] Nk¡Vs] ,slk] iSlk] FkSyk] lquus] flusek] oSlk] ,sud] izse

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡cPps ftl fdlh fØosQV eSp osQ ckjs esa tkurs gks mlh osQ ckjs esa fy[ksaA

16

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 3 (d) igys vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku dkSu&dkSu lh izfr;ksfxrk,¡ gksrh Fkha\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vk/qfud ;qx dk igyk vksyafid fdl LFkku ij vk;ksftr gqvk Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku dkSu lh Hkkouk tkx`r gksrh gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- vFkZ fy[kdj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3 (d) izfr;ksfxrk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) 'kq#vkr µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) mn~ns'; µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,µ 2 (d) lw;Z µ --------------------- ([k) nqX/ µ ---------------------

(x) lR; µ --------------------- (?k) vJq µ ---------------------

4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa mfpr LFkku ij ^,* ;k ^,s* dh ek=kk yxkb,µ 3 (d) cVk µ --------------------- ([k) ,ud µ ---------------------

(x) y[kd µ --------------------- (?k) ize µ ---------------------

(Ä) olk µ --------------------- (p) Fkyk µ ---------------------

5- mfpr loZuke dk iz;ksx dj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 4 (d) --------------------- uke D;k gS\

([k) --------------------- dc ls iqdkj jgk gS\

(x) --------------------- ?kj ij ugha gSA

(?k) --------------------- f[kykSuk dgk¡ x;k\

17

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) fi;js us vksyafid [ksyksa dh Hkkouk osQ ckjs esa D;k le>k;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vksyafid èot oSQlk gksrk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) vksyafid f[kykM+h fdl izHkko ls [kqn dks cpk, j[krs gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) izrhd µ ----------------- -----------------

([k) 'kjhj µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) fo'o µ ----------------- -----------------

3- tksM+s feykb,µ 3

(d) gjD;wfyl us vksyafid (i) ;gk¡ ekuks lkdkj gks mBrh gSA

([k) vksyafid [ksy (ii) i`"BHkwfe li+ sQn gSA (x) olq/So oqQVaqcde~ dh Hkkouk (iii) jktuhfrd] /kfeZd vkSj O;kolkf;d izHkko ls cpk, j[krs gSaA

(?k) vksyafid f[kykM+h [kqn dks (iv) fi;js dh o`Qik ls nqckjk thoar gks xbZA

(Ä) egku vksyafid ijaijk (v) gj pkj o"kZ ckn [ksys tkrs gSaA (p) vksyafid èot dh (vi) [ksyksa dh 'kq#vkr dhA

4- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn nhft,µ 3

(d) ykHk nsus okyk µ ----------------------------------

([k) lq/kj djus okyk µ ----------------------------------

(x) vo'; gksus okyk µ ----------------------------------

18

4- liQyrk dh f=kos.khizfrikn~; fo"k; lejcgknqj flag fyf[kr liQyrk dh f=kos.kh ys[k esa ys[kd us LokLF; ij cy fn;k gSA thou osQ

fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa li+ Qy gksus osQ fy, tks ewy vk/kj gS og gS LokLF; ;kuh ranq:LrhA ekewyh izfrHkk okyk O;fDr LoLFk ,oa lcy gks rks egRRoiw.kZ dk;Z dj losQxkALokLF; dks Bhd j[kus osQ fy, t:jh gS vkgkj esa larqyu] fu;fer O;k;ke vkSj lksus&tkxus ,oa fuR;

dk;Z esa fu;ferrkA LokLF; osQ lkFk liQyrk izkfIr esa izkFkZuk dk Hkh cM+k egRRo gSAblosQ vykok thou osQ izfr lgh ,oa LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh thou dh liQyrk osQ eq[; lksiku gSaA

ewyHkko lq[kh vkSj liQy thou osQ fy, vPNk LokLF; gkfnZd izkFkZuk rFkk larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k ;s rhuksa vko';d gh ugha vfuok;Z Hkh gSaA vuqHko&lkxj osQ ;s pqus gq, eksrh ge lcosQ fy, ^iFk dk nhi* cu ldrs gSaA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k thou esa ifjJe dk egRRo] LokLF; dh ns[k&js[k thou osQ izfr lgh ,oa LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k] lPph izkFkZuk] vkgkj&fogkj esa larqyu vkfn osQ egRRo ij izdk'k MkyukA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky 'kCnkFkZ] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] iz'uksRrj] tksM+s cukuk lgh@xyr dk fu'kku] okD; cukukO;kdj.k&in foxzg] opu] fojke&fpg~u] vuqPNsn&ys[kuA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) ys[kd us iwNk fd vkius thou ls D;k lh[kk\ ([k) thou osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa liQy gksus dk ewy vk/kj gS LokLF; ;kfu ranq#LrhA (x) LokLF; dh leL;k rHkh gy gksxh tc ge Hkw[k vkSj Hkkstu dk laca/ vPNh rjg le>

ysaA (?k) lPph izkFkZuk eupkgk iQy nsrh gSA (Ä) dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuk n`f"Vdks.k larqfyr j[ksa rks foiQyrk Hkh liQyrk esa cny ldrh

gSA

fyf[kr 1- (d) mRre LokLF; osQ fy, vkgkj&fogkj esa larqyu ,oa fu;fer O;k;ke t:jh gSA ([k) lksus&tkxus] fuR;deZ vkfn esa fu;ferrk cjrsaA lkalkfjd lq[kksa dk miHkksx djsa fdarq larqyu

[kksdj ughaA vkgkj&fogkj fcxkM+ nsus ls gh jksx gksrs gSa vkSj mudks Bhd j[kus ls jksx Lo;a nwj gks tkrs gSaA

19

(x) leiZ.k dh Hkkouk ls dh xbZ izkFkZuk ls ,d vthc 'kfDr feyrh gSA ruko <hys iM+ tkrs gSa vkSj thou esa ,d ubZ meax] ubZ vk'kk dk lapkj gks tkrk gSA

(?k) lq[k&nq[k] liQyrk&foiQyrk] mrkj&p<+ko rks f”kanxh esa vkrs gh jgrs gSaA dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuk n`f"Vdks.k larqfyr j[kus ij foiQyrk Hkh liQyrk esa cny tkrh gSA

(Ä) lq[kh vkSj liQy thou osQ fy, vPNk LokLF;] gkfnZd izkFkZuk rFkk larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k rhuksa phtsa vfuok;Z gSaA

2- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 3 lgh (x) 7 xyr (?k) 7 xyr

3- (d) ifjJe ([k) vuqHko lkxj (x) LokLF; (?k) ;FkklaHko (Ä) thou

4- (d) dh xbZ izkFkZuk ls 'kfDr feyrh gSA ([k) O;k;ke vPNk iQy nsrk gSA (x) jksx nwj gks tkrk gSA (?k) fdarq lPph Hkw[k] >wBh ughaA (Ä) iFk dk nhi cu ldrs gSaA

5- (d) gesa Hkfo"; dh fpark ugha djuh pkfg,A ([k) thou esa liQy gksus osQ fy, ifjJe t:jh gSA (x) LoLFk jgus ij ge chekj ugha iM+rsA (?k) gj jkst lqcg izkFkZuk djsaA (Ä) lsgr osQ fy, O;k;ke t:jh gSA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) jktk vkSj jkuh ([k) HkkbZ vkSj cgu (x) rksrk vkSj eSuk (?k) i<+ vkSj fy[k (Ä) vkrs vkSj tkrsA (p) fnu vkSj jkr

2- (d) nhokjsa ([k) iSls (x) rLohjsa (?k) cPps (Ä) nokrsa (p) csVs (N) fdrkcsa (t) yM+osQ

3- myV&iqyV gks x, ?kj dks ns[kdj ¶ek¡! ek¡! dgk¡ gks rqe\ rqEgkjk uUgk iq=k jkt rqEgsa <w¡<+ jgk gSA jkt dks ns[kdj] ¶ dkSu gks\ ;s crZu rqeus isQaosQ gSa\ feBkb;k¡ dgk¡ xbZ\¸ m¡Qph vkokt esa] ¶,s yM+osQ! esjk csVk dgk¡ x;k\¸

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Lo;a fy[ksaA vfHkO;fDr {kerk c<+sxh vkSj Nk=k fy[kus dk vH;kl dj ik,¡xsA

20

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) thou osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa liQy gksus dk ewy vk/kj D;k gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) LokLF; dh leL;k oSQls gy gks ldrh gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) foiQyrk dks liQyrk osQ jax esa oSQls jax ldrs gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) izkFkZuk thou osQ fy, D;ksa vko';d gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- lgh 3 ;k xyr 7 dk fu'kku yxkb,µ 2 (d) iaú usg: vius O;Lr thou esa nSfud O;k;ke osQ fy, le; fudkyrs FksA

([k) ân; ls dh xbZ lPph izkFkZuk csdkj ugha tkrhA

(x) Hkw[k yxus ij [kkuk ugha pkfg,A

(?k) ftanxh esa dke;kc gksuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA

3- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) bulku µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) izkFkZuk µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) fe=k µ ----------------- -----------------

4- cgqopu cukb,µ 3 (d) nhokj µ --------------------- ([k) rLohj µ ---------------------

(x) fdrkc µ ---------------------

5- okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3 (d) Hkfo"; µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ifjJe µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) izkFkZuk µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) mRre LokLF; oSQls j[kk tk ldrk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) liQyrk izkfIr esa izkFkZuk dk D;k egRRo gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) lq[kh ,oa liQy thou osQ fy, dkSu lh rhu phtsa vfuok;Z gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 2

(d) ;fn bulku esa izfrHkk vkSj ------------------------- gS] rks liQyrk mls feysxh ghA

([k) ------------------------- ls pqus x, eksfr;ksa ls Hkjh mudh fiVkjh [kqyhA

(x) thou osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa liQy gksus dk ewy vk/kj gS -------------------------A

(?k) viuh vknrksa dks ge ------------------------- vPNh j[ksaA

3- vFkZ fyf[k,µ 3

(d) es/koh µ --------------------- ([k) lsokeqDr µ ---------------------

(x) nwHkj µ ---------------------

4- fojke fpg~u yxkb,µ 2

(d) eSaus Hkkr jksVh rjdkjh vkSj ngh [kkbZ

([k) ek¡ ek¡ dgk¡ gks rqe

(x) rqEgkjk uke D;k gS

(?k) ,s yM+osQ esjk yM+dk dgk¡ gS

5- okD; cukb,µ 2

(d) eupkgk µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) /`"Vrk µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

22

5- dksbZ eq>s esjk cpiu ykSVk nksizfrikn~; fo"k;

dof;=kh uferk lSu cpiu osQ fnuksa dh ;kn fnyk jgh gSaA cpiu thou dk lcls lqugjk ,oa vkuafnr le; gSA HkkbZ&cguksa dk vkil esa yM+uk&>xM+uk] ftn djuk] Lusg djuk] jksuk&eukuk vkfn dHkh Hkqyk, ugha HkwyrsA mu {k.kksa dh ;kn dj dof;=kh vkuafnr gks jgh gSA

ewyHkko

cpiu dh ;knsa csgn vkuan nsrh gSaA cPpksa dh eklwfe;r rFkk Hkksysiu dks n'kkZuk rFkk cky&lqyHk lgtrk dks iznf'kZr djukA


cpiu n~okjk ekuo&thou osQ Lof.kZe dky dh cky&lqyHk lgtrk dks fpf=kr djuk] vcks/rk] eklwfe;r vkfn Hkkoksa dks mtkxj djukA


'kCnkFkZ] iz'uksRrj] okD;&iz;ksx] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] foykse 'kCnA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd (d) dof;=kh us cpiu dks papy dgk gS D;ksafd bl le; HkkbZ&cguksa ls >xM+uk vkSj 'kSrkfu;k¡

djuk LokHkkfod gSA ([k) pkjikb;ksa ls ?kj cukrh FkhaA (x) cpiu osQ [kksus dh ckr dh xbZ gSAfyf[kr

1- (d) dof;=kh cpiu esa ek¡ dh ekj] Lusg djuk] HkkbZ&cguksa ls yM+uk] xqM~Ms&xqfM+;ksa ls [ksyuk vkfn ;kn djrh gSaA

([k) xqM~Ms&xqfM+;ksa dh 'kknh djokus dk [ksy [ksyrh FkhaA (x) dof;=kh dgrh gSa fd os firk ls ftn djrh Fkha vkSj iwjk u gksus ij jksrh FkhaA firk th

eukrs rks [kq'k gks tkrh FkhaA ml :Bus eukus osQ fnuksa dks okil ys vkuk pkgrh gSA (?k) dof;=kh dks vkt iqjkuh ckrsa ;kn vk jgh gSa D;ksafd cpiu ekuo&thou dk lcls lq[kn

le; gSA mnklh osQ {k.kksa esa os ;knsa eu dks lqowQu nsrh gSaA

23

2- Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ dfork i<+dj Lo;a djsaA

3- (d) firk ls dh f”kn dks iwjk djkuk] dHkh jksuk rks dHkh eukukA ([k) oks ekj [kkuk fnu esa nks&pkj ckjA (x) oks xqM~Ms&xqfM+;ksa osQ fookg xhr xk nksA (?k) dksbZ eq>s esjk cpiu ykSVk nksA

4- (d) cpiu esa cPps mNy&owQn epkrs gSaA ([k) gesa ekrk dk vknj djuk pkfg,A (x) firk dh ckr ekuuk t:jh gSA (?k) esjk HkkbZ eq>s cgqr I;kj djrk gSA (Ä) cPps dHkh&dHkh cgqr f”kn djrs gSaA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) czg~ekaM ([k) fon~;ky; (x) fpg~u (?k) fpV~fB;k¡ (Ä) cqn~f/ (p) olqa/jk

2- (d) ufn;ksa dk ty BaMk gSA ([k) cPpksa us xkus xk,A (x) vknfe;ksa ls iwN yksA

3- (d) gkFk& ge dj ls fy[krs gSaA VSDl& gesa dj Hkqxrku djuk pkfg,A

([k) firk& esjs rkr cgqr vPNs gSaA HkkbZ & esjs rkr dh 'kknh gks xbZ

(x) ifj.kke& esjh ijh{kk&dk iQy dy fudysxkA [kkus okyk iQy& eq>s iQy [kkuk ilan gSA

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Lo;a djsaA

24

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 3 (d) dof;=kh us cpiu dks papy D;ksa dgk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) dof;=kh fdl oLrq ls ?kj cukrh Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) dof;=kh cpiu dh fdu ckrksa dks ;kn djrh gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- dfork dh iafDr;k¡ iwjh dhft,µ 3 (d) dgk¡ [kks x;k oks ek¡ dk nqykj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) dksbZ firk osQ lk;s dk vglkl djk nks -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- ekud :i nhft,µ 2 (d) fpfêò;k¡ µ --------------------- ([k) m|ksx µ ---------------------

(x) fpàu µ --------------------- (?k) olqU/jk µ ---------------------

4- cgqopu cukb,µ 3 (d) unh dk ty BaMk gSA ([k) vkneh ls iwN yksA ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------

(x) cPpk jksrk gSA ------------------------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3 (d) cpiu µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ([k) HkkbZ µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) firk µ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6- nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,µ 1 (d) dj µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------

([k) iQy µ ----------------------------- -----------------------------

25

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) dof;=kh ek¡ vkSj HkkbZ&cguksa ls tqM+h cpiu dh fdu ckrksa dks ;kn djrh gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) firk osQ ckjs esa dof;=kh D;k dgrh gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) xqM~Ms&xqfM+;ksa osQ lkFk dof;=kh dkSu lk [ksy [ksyrh Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) papy µ --------------------- ([k) cpiu µ ---------------------

(x) fnu µ ---------------------

3- 'kCnksa dk vFkZ fyf[k,µ 4

(d) nqykj µ --------------------- ([k) iziqQfYyr µ ---------------------

(x) vglkl µ --------------------- (?k) ftn µ ---------------------

4- dfork ls pkj tkfrokpd laKk 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ 2

------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------

26

6- Jh panz'ks[kj osadVjeuizfrikn~; fo"k; foKku osQ {ks=k esa Hkkjr dk uke lalkj Hkj esa mTToy djus okys Jh panz'ks[kj osadVjeu ukscy iqjLdkj

izkIr oSKkfud FksA ckjg o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh gksus osQ igys gh mUgksus dkWyst esa izos'k ik fy;k FkkA HkkSfrdh foKku esa loZizFke vkus osQ dkj.k mUgsa vj.kh Lo.kZind iznku fd;k x;kAizdk'k ,oa èofu osQ {ks=k esa mUgksaus dbZ fd,A Jh jeu us igys&igy bl jgL; dk irk yxk;k fd

vkdk'k uhyk D;ksa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS vkSj leqnz esa rSjus okys fge&'kSy uhys D;ksa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSA bl [kks”k osQ fy, mUgsa ukscy iqjLdkj feykA ml [kks”k dks jeu izHkko uke fn;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us in~efoHkw"k.k ,oa Hkkjr&jRu dh mikf/ ls mUgsa lEekfur fd;kA bruh izfrHkk ,oa fof'k"Vrk osQ gksrs gq, Hkh vR;ar ljy ,oa lk/q O;fDr FksA

ewyHkko Jh osadV jeu vÕ;j dh thou&?kVukvksa n~okjk ;g fln~/ gksrk gS fd ifjJe rFkk iz;kl ls ,d&u&,d

fnu liQyrk t:j feyrh gSA izfrHkk ,oa ifjJe dk laxe gks rks O;fDr csgn m¡QpkbZ rd igq¡p ldrk gSA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k ftKklq izo`fr] oqQN u;k [kks”k fudkyus dh yxu] ifjJeh ,oa /S;Zoku] ljy ,oa lknxh] ns'kokfl;ksa

osQ fy, oqQN dj fn[kkus osQ fy, iz;Ru'khyA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky 'kCnkFkZ] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] iz'uksRrj] lgh@xyr fu'kku] O;kdj.k&dky] iz'uokpd jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡A

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) jeu osQ firk dk uke Jh pUnz'ks[kj vÕ;j FkkA ([k) /S;Z'khyk vkSj n`<+ ladYi okyh efgyk FkhaA (x) HkkSfrdh foKku esa loZizFke vkus osQ fy, vj.kh Lo.kZ ind iznku fd;k x;kA (?k) Jh jeu osQ vè;kid izksisQlj tsEl us mUgsa Nk=ko`fRr fnykbZA (Ä) mUgksus irk yxk;k fd vkdk'k vkSj leqnz esa rSjus okys fge&'kSy uhys D;ksa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA

fyf[kr

1- (d) Jh osadVjeu th dh xf.kr] HkkSfrdh foKku] [kxksy foKku vkSj laxhr esa cgqr #fp FkhA ([k) ckjg o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh gksus osQ igys gh ckyd jeu dkyst esa izos'k ik x,A lcls de

vk;q osQ Nk=k gksus ij Hkh mudk Kku vU; Nk=kksa ls T;knk FkkA bl dkj.k os izksisQljksa osQ fiz; Nk=k cu x,A

27

(x) dkWyst esa HkkSfrdh foKku esa Lo.kZizFke vkus osQ dkj.k mUgsa Lo.kZind iznku fd;k x;kA mRlkfgr gksdj mUgksus HkkSfrdh foKku osQ vè;;u dks tkjh j[kkA

(?k) Jh jeu us igys&igy bl jgL; dk irk yxk;k fd vkdk'k uhyk D;ksa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA vkSj leqnz esa rSjus okys fge&'kSy uhys D;ksa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA bl {ks=k esa mUgksaus tks [kkst dh mls jeu&izHkko dgrs gSaA

(Ä) Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa jeu&izHkko osQ fy, ukscy iqjLdkj fn;kA mudh [kkst ,oa izfrHkk osQ fy, mUgsa in~efoHkw"k.k ,oa Hkkjr jRu dh mikf/ Hkh miyC/ gqbZA

2- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 3 lgh (x) 3 lgh (?k) 7 xyr (Ä) 7 xyr

3- (d) vn~Hkqr laxe Jh jeu esa FkkA ([k) dkaxzsl osQ vè;{k pqus x,A (x) miegkys[kkdkj osQ in ij fu;qDr gq,A (?k) xf.kr ,oa foKku dh vksj FkkA (Ä) osQ fiz; Nk=k cu x,A

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) Hkfo";r dky ([k) Hkwr dky (x) Hkfo";r dky (?k) Hkwr dky

2- (d) orZeku dky & ge LowQy tk jgs gSaA & ge iqLrd i<+rs gSaA

([k) Hkwrdky & dy ckjh'k gqbZ FkhA & geus dy fiDpj ns[khA

(x) Hkfo";r dky & ge dy xkuk lquus tk,¡xsA & gekjs ?kj dy nknh vk,¡xhA

3- (d) cPps dc ugk,¡xs\ ([k) firkth D;k dj jgs gSa\ (x) dkSu ikuh ysdj vk,xk\ (?k) D;k vkt LowQy can gS\ (Ä) dkSu vPNk xkrh gSA (p) D;k HkS;k ?kj ij gSa\ (N) D;k nhfidk jks jgh Fkh\

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡


28

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) ikoZrh vEeky oSQlh efgyk Fkha\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) jeu dks Nk=ko`fRr fdlus fnykbZ\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) fdl mez esa jeu us eSfVªd ijh{kk ikl dh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) jeu us fdl jgL; dk irk yxk;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) fctyh µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) vuqie µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) fuiq.k µ ----------------- -----------------

3- tksM+s feykb,µ 2 (d) izfrHkk ,oa ifjJe dk (i) miegkys[kkdkj osQ in ij fu;qDr gq,A ([k) Jh je.k Hkkjrh; foKku (ii) xf.kr ,oa foKku dh vksj FkkA (x) dksydkrk foRr foHkkx esa (iii) dkaxzsl osQ vè;{k pqus x,A (?k) dkyst esa mudk è;ku (iv) vn~Hkqr laxe Jh jeu esa FkkA

4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ lkeus muosQ dky dk uke fyf[k,µ 3 (d) rqe esjs ?kj dy vkukA ----------------------------------

([k) dy esjs firk th fnYyh x,A ----------------------------------

(x) eSa pkj fnu ckn fnYyh tkm¡QxkA ----------------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks iz'uokpd esa cnfy,µ 3 (d) esjh cgu i<+ jgh gSA

([k) lhrk vPNk xkrh gSA

(x) eq>s [ksyuk vPNk yxrk gSA

29

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) osadVjeu fdl dkj.k izksisQljksa osQ fiz; Nk=k cus\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) jeu us D;k [kkst dh\ mls fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) os fdl izdkj oqQ'ky oSKkfud cus\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- lgh 3 ;k xyr 7 dk fu'kku yxkb,µ 2

(d) izfrHkk vkSj ifjJe dk vn~Hkqr laxe Jh jeu esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA

([k) HkkSfrdh foKku esa izFke vkus osQ dkj.k mUgsa ^vj.kh Lo.kZind* iznku fd;k x;kA

(x) Jh jeu dk tUe ,d jbZl ?kjkus esa gqvk FkkA

(?k) izdk'k ,oa èofu osQ laca/ esa jeu us dksbZ vkfo"dkj ugha fd;kA

3- lgh fo'ks"k.k n~okjk fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,µ 3

(d) rksrs dh pksap --------------------- gSA

([k) esjh isafly --------------------- gSA

(x) ;g gekjk --------------------- ifjokj gSA

4- okD; cukb,µ 3

(d) vk'p;Z µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vkfo"dkj µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) /S;Z µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) #fp µ --------------------- ([k) tUe µ ---------------------

30

7- nkorizfrikn~; fo"k; izLrqr dgkuh esa cPpksa dh fuLLokFkZ Hkkouk ,oa eklwfe;r dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gS uoqQy osQ o"kZxk¡B

osQ fnu cgqr cM+h ikVhZ dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA vpkud ckfj'k gksus osQ dkj.k ikVhZ osQ bartke ij ikuh fiQj x;kA ftu yksxksa dks U;ksrk fn;k x;k Fkk] muesa ls dksbZ ugha vk;kA vkuan us lq>ko fn;k fd fiNokM+s clh >ksifM+;ksa esa vkx yx tkus ls yksxksa dk ?kj&ckj cckZn gks x;k FkkA muosQ chp lkjk Hkkstu ck¡V fn;k tk, rks mudk isV Hkh Hkj tk,xk vkSj [kkuk Hkh cckZn ugha gksxkA igys rks ekrk&firk ekus ugha ijarq ckn esa cPps osQ vuqjks/ ij mUgksus mldh ckr eku yhA cPpksa dh mnkjrk ,oa lw>&cw> dks ysf[kdk us cM+h [kwclwjrh ls mtkxj fd;k gSA

ewyHkko bl dgkuh dk ewy Hkko ;g gS fd cPpksa osQ fy, lHkh leku gksrs gSaA muesa fu'Nyrk gksrh gSA mudk

fdlh ls dksbZ fo'ks"k LokFkZ ugha gksrkA mudh mnkjrk ,oa lw>&cw> dks izdk'k esa ykuk gh ysf[kdk dk mn~ns'; gSA bl dgkuh esa bl Hkko dks eeZLi'khZ rjhosQ ls O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k ;g dgkuh t:jreanksa dh enn djus dks dgrh gSA ,sls ewY;ksa dks ;g dgkuh egRRo nsrh gS ftuosQ

dkj.k cPpksa dh vcks/rk ,oa fu'Nyrk izdV gksrh gSA thou esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dks egRRo nsuk pkfg,A nwljksa dk dY;k.k djus ls vkRelarks"k feyrk gSA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky ;g fganh xn~; dh dgkuh fo/k esa fy[kk x;k gSA okD;&iz;ksx] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] fØ;kfo'ks"k.k] opu] laokn&ys[ku ,oa vuqPNsn&ys[ku

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd (d) oRlyk ,oa egknso oaQI;wVj oaQiuh esa dke djrs FksA ([k) esg#fUulk ?kj esa cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrh FkhA (x) og [kkus osQ fy, Hkkstu ek¡x jgh FkhA (?k) ckfj'k osQ dkj.k yksx vkus esa vleFkZrk tkfgj dj jgs FksA (Ä) vkuan us lkjk [kkuk xjhc yksxksa esa ck¡V nsus dks dgkAfyf[kr 1- (d) esg#fUulk vukFk FkhA mlosQ ekrk&firk xqtj x, FksA egknso osQ fe=k mls ?kj yk, FksA

oRlyk us mls cPpksa dh ns[kHkky osQ fy, ?kj ij j[k fy;kA mlosQ ikl jgus dk dksbZ fBdkuk ugh FkkA og muosQ ?kj jg xbZA

([k) esg#fUulk us ikVhZ dk /we&/ke ls vk;kstu fd;k FkkA cPpksa osQ diM+s] oRlyk dh lkM+h] egknso dk lwV] lc oqQN bL=kh dj j[k fn;k FkkA 'kkfe;kuk xkM+us okyksa dks fgnk;r ns jgh FkhA

31

(x) xjhc vkSjr dk ?kj tydj jk[k gks x;k FkkA tks oqQN mUgksus eqf'dy ls tksM+ j[kk Fkk] og lc cckZn gks x;k FkkA [kkus&ihus osQ fy, Hkh muosQ ikl oqQN ugh FkkA cPps Hkw[ks FksA blfy, og mudh Hkw[k feVkus osQ fy, Hkkstu ek¡x jgh FkhA

(?k) vkuan dk lq>ko lqudj egknso vkSj oRlyk grizHk ls jg x,A egknso us lkspk fd tks ckr muosQ eu esa ugha vkbZ og muosQ iq=k us dg nhA oRlyk dks yxk fd mldk eu fdruk dBksj gks x;k FkkA bruk [kkuk jgrs gq, Hkh xjhcksa dks f[kykus dk fopkj mlosQ eu esa ugha vk;kA

(Ä) bl dgkuh ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd cPps HksnHkko ugha ns[krsA mudh lw>&cw> vkSj foosdiw.kZ cqn~f/ le;kuqowQy fopkj izdV djrh gSA muosQ fopkjksa dks gesa egRRo nsuk pkfg,A lkFk gh gesa ;g Hkh f'k{kk feyrh gS fd t:jreanksa dh enn djuh pkfg,A

2- (d) egknso osQ fe=k us egknso ls dgkA ([k) esg#fUulk us pkSdhnkj ls dgkA (x) xjhc vkSjr us esg#fUulk ls dgkA (?k) vkuan us ek¡ ls dgkA (Ä) esg#fUulk us oRlyk ls dgkA

3- (d) 'kkfe;kuk ([k) esg#fUulk (x) fouez (?k) ckfj'k (Ä) vleFkZrk

4- (d) vkt lqcg ls rst ckfj'k gks jgh gSA ([k) >ksaiM+h esa jgus okys cPps Hkh vc i<+us yxs gSaA (x) esjs ?kj esa esgeku vkus okys gSaA (?k) esjs tUefnu ij eSaus ikVhZ nhA (Ä) gekjk ifjokj cM+k gSA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- mn~ns'; fo/s; (d) v'kksd lksgu dk cM+k iq=k gSA ([k) gekjk jk"Vª le`n~/'kkyh gSA (x) gesa gj jks”k fon~;ky; tkuk pkfg,A (?k) larks"kh lnk lq[kh jgrs gSaA (Ä) vkt o"kkZ t:j gksxhA

2- (d) ckgj] vpkud ([k) è;kuiwoZd (x) ”kksj ls] /hjs&/hjs (?k) ;gk¡] iafDrcn~/ (Ä) jkr&fnu

3- (d) yM+osQ i<+rs gSaA ([k) yM+fd;k¡ xkrh gSaA (x) cPps jksrs gSaA (?k) iwQy f[kyrs gSaA (Ä) cPps LowQy x, gSaA

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

32

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) esg#fUulk dkSu Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vkuan us lkjk [kkuk fdls nsus dks dgk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) xjhc vkSjr D;k ek¡x jgh Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) esg#fUulk osQ izfr oRlyk dk O;ogkj oSQlk Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fdlus] fdlls dgk\ 3 fdlus fdlls (d) ¶eS mu yksxksa dh enn djuk pkgrh g¡wA¸ --------------------- ---------------------

([k) ¶ge brus cM+s yksx oqQN lksp ugha ik jgs gSa¸ --------------------- --------------------- rw D;k vkbfM;k nsxk\ (x) ¶rqEgsa irk gS fd >ksaiM+h okys yksx dgk¡ gSa\¸ --------------------- ---------------------

3- 'kCnksa dks muosQ vFkZ osQ lkFk tksfM+,µ 2 (d) vk;kstu (i) vkns'k ([k) :[k (ii) izca/ (x) mYya?ku (iii) O;ogkj (?k) fgnk;r (iv) fu;e rksM+uk 4- vusd 'kCnksa osQ cnys ,d 'kCn nhft,µ 3 (d) tks midkj ekurk gks µ ----------------------------

([k) fpark esa Mwck gqvk µ ----------------------------

(x) ftldk dksbZ viuk u gks µ ----------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ opu cnydj fyf[k,µ 3

(d) yM+dk i<+rk gSA µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

([k) xk; pj jgh gSA µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

(x) iwQy f[kyrk gSA µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

33

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) ikVhZ dk bartke esg#fUulk us oSQls fd;k Fkk\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vkuan dk lq>ko lqudj egknso vkSj oRly dh D;k izfrfØ;k gqbZ\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) esg#fUulk egknso osQ ifjokj esa D;ksa vkbZ Fkh\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) bPNk µ ---------------- ---------------- ([k) lsod µ ---------------- ----------------

(x) efgyk µ ---------------- ----------------


(d) ckfj'k µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) esgeku µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) ifjokj µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- mn~nssssssssssss'; ,oa fo/s; vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ mn~ns'; fo/s; 3

(d) xkM+h vkdj IysViQkeZ ij [kM+h gks xbZA ------------------------- -------------------------

([k) xhrk fon~;ky; tkrh gSA ------------------------- -------------------------

34

8- Hkkjr osQ rhFkZLFkkuµosQnkjukFk vkSj cnjhukFk

izfrikn~; fo"k;

Hkkjr ,d /kfeZd ns'k gSA ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa dks uSfrd] /kfeZd rFkk nk'kZfud Kku osQ lkFk&lkFk ;ksx&lk/uk dk ykHk Hkh feyrk gSA gekjs rhFkZLFkku bl Kku dks c<+krs gSa vkSj HkDrksa dh Jn~/k dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSaA osQnkjukFk vkSj cnjhukFk ,sls gh nks ifo=k LFky gSa] ftUgsa vR;ar egRRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA osQnkjukFk f'koth osQ ckjg izfln~/ T;ksfrfy±xksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g osQnkj uked igkM+h ij fLFkr gSA blfy, bls osQnkjs'oj Hkh dgrs gSaA osQnkjukFk eafnj osQ n~okj ij uan dh ,d cgqr cM+h ewfrZ gSA eafnj osQ Hkhrj dksbZ ewfrZ ugha gS ijarq rhu dksuksa okyk ,d cM+k lk ioZr [kaM gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ;g osQnkjukFk dk ,d Hkkx gS vkSj nwljk Hkkx i'kqifr ukFk osQ :i esa usiky esa gSA bl eafnj esa x.kifr] ikoZrh] ikaMo] oqaQrh vkSj nzksinh dh ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA ljfn;ksa esa pkjksa vksj ci+ ZQ te tkrh gSA eafnj can gks tkrk gSA osQnkjukFk osQ mirhFkZ mQ[kheB esa iwtk gksrh gSA

cnjhukFk ftls cnjh/ke Hkh dgrs gSaA bls 'kadjkpk;Z th us izfln~/ /ke ekuk FkkA O;kl eqfu us ;gk¡ riL;k dh Fkh vkSj czg~elw=k xzaFk Hkh fy[kk FkkA ;gk¡ cnjhukFk osQ :i esa fo".kq Hkxoku dh fo'kky ,oa HkO; ewfrZ gSA cnjhukFk osQ mRrj esa vyduank gSA bldh nkfguh vksj czg~e rky gS bu ifo=k LFkyksa dh ;k=kk dj ;k=kh [kqn dks /U; ekurk gSA

ewyHkko

dyk] laLo`Qfr rFkk /kfeZd {ks=kksa osQ fy, izfln~/ osQnkjukFk ,oa cnjhukFk ls ifjfpr djkukA


iz'uksRrj] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] lgh@xyr dk pquko] l~ vkSj 'k~ dk varj] la;qDr o.kks± dh igpku] izR;;] vusd 'kCnksa osQ cnys ,d 'kCn] ;k=kk fooj.k] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] R;ksgkj fooj.k&ys[kuA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) osQnkj uked igkM+h ij fLFkr gSA ([k) feV~Vh ls f'kofyax cuk;k FkkA (x) ikaMoksa us ;g eafnj cuok;k FkkA (?k) osQnkjukFk dk nwljk Hkkx usiky esa gSA (Ä) cnjh dk nwljk vFkZ gS ckny

35

fyf[kr

1- (d) osQnkjukFk eafnj izfln~/ ckjg T;ksfrfy±xksa esa ,d gSA ;g osQnkj ioZr ij fLFkr gSA uj vkSj ukjk;.k us osQnkj ioZr ij feV~Vh ls f'kofyax cukdj ;gk¡ iwtk dh FkhA bl eafnj esa f'koth dh dksbZ ewfrZ ugha gS ijarq rhu dksuksa okyk ,d cM+k lk ioZr[kaM gSA ;gk¡ x.kifr] ikoZrh] ikaMo] oqaQrh vkSj nkSinh dh ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA eafnj osQ ckgj ifjØek dh tkrh gSA

([k) lfnZ;ksa esa bl igkM+ ij iwjh rjg ci+ ZQ te tkrh gS blfy, HkDr ;gk¡ ugha tk ikrsA (x) lfnZ;ksa esa iwtk osQnkjukFk osQ mirhFkZ mQ[kheB esa gksrh gSA mQ[kheB esa f'ko th osQ lkFk&lkFk

cnjhukFk] rqaxukFk] vksadkjs'oj] osQnkjukFk] m"kk] vfu#n~/ dh ewfrZ;k¡ gSaA (?k) cnjhukFk osQ ukedj.k osQ vyx&vyx dkj.k gSaA ;gk¡ csj osQ o`{kksa dk ou gS blfy, bls

cnjhou dgrs gSaA nwljk dkj.k gS cnjh dk vFkZ gS cknyA ;gk¡ [kqys ekSle esa Hkh cknyksa dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA blfy, bldk uke cnjh/ke iM+kA

(Ä) cnjhukFk esa Hkxoku fo".kq dh fo'kky ewfrZ gSA ckSn~/ksa us cnjhukFk dh ewfrZ dks ukjn oqaQM esa Mky fn;kA

2- (d) ifo=k ([k) osQnkjukFk] cnjhukFk (x) ikaMo (?k) uanh (Ä) vyduank (p) 'kadjkpk;Z

3- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 3 lgh (x) 3 lgh (?k) 3 lgh (Ä) 7 xyr (p) 3 lgh

O;kdj.k cks/

vewY; Jn~/k izfln~/ feV~Vh le`n~/ egRRoiw.kZ fLFkr izlUu

1- (d) vkt gekjs ?kj fHkUu&fHkUu idoku cus gSaA ([k) eafnjksa esa HkDr Hktu xkrs gSaA (x) eSa p'ek igurk gw¡A (?k) vkt psUuS dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr rax gSA (Ä) psUuSoklh gj leL;k dk lkeuk djus dks rS;kj jgrs gSaA

2- (d) la;kstd ([k) iz'kald (x) vk;kstd

3- (d) esgurh ([k) n`<+ izfrK (x) ;'kLoh (?k) ckY;dky (Ä) vk/kjf'kyk

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡


36

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) uj vkSj ukjk;.k us osQnkj ioZr ij fdl ph”k ls f'kofyax cuk;k Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) osQnkjukFk dk nwljk Hkkx dgk¡ gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) osQnkjukFk dks vkSj fdl uke ls tkurs gSaA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) cnjhukFk dk ;g uke oSQls iM+k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 3 (d) HkDrksa dh Jn~/k dh Hkkjr ns'k dks --------------------- cukrh gSA ([k) osQnkjukFk eafnj osQ n~okj ij --------------------- dh cM+h ewfrZ gSA (x) --------------------- vkSj cnjhukFk Hkkjr osQ egRRoiw.kZ ifo=k LFkku gSaA

3- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ 2 (d) ifo=k µ --------------------- ([k) iz'kalk µ ---------------------

(x) mRrj µ --------------------- (?k) lqanj µ ---------------------

4- okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3 (d) oqaQM µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) fHkUu µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) HkDr µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- ^d* izR;; yxkdj 'kCn cukb,µ 2 (d) i<+us okyk µ --------------------- ([k) izlUu djus okyk µ ---------------------

(x) vk;kstu djus okyk µ --------------------- (?k) la;kstu djus okyk µ ---------------------

6- vFkZ fyf[k,µ 1 (d) ikSjkf.kd µ --------------------- ([k) oSHko'kkyh µ ---------------------

37

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) ljfn;kssa esa HkDr cnjhukFk vkSj osQnkjukFk D;ksa ugha tk ikrs\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) cnjhukFk dh ewfrZ dks dgk¡ LFkkfir fd;k\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- lgh 3 ;k xyr 7 dk fu'kku yxkb,µ 2

(d) osQnkjukFk eafnj osQ Hkhrj osQnkjukFk dh rjk'kh gqbZ ewfrZ gSA

([k) cnjhukFk esa O;kl eqfu dk vkJe FkkA

(x) vyduank osQ ck,¡ rV dk guqeku dk ,d eafnj gSA

(?k) ukjk;.k eafnj esa x:M+ vkSj oqQcsj dh ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh gSA


(d) fo".kq µ ---------------- ---------------- ([k) ikoZrh µ ---------------- ----------------

(x) ckny µ ---------------- ----------------

4- 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj okD; cuk,¡µ 4

(d) ifo=k µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) rhFkZLFkku µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn nhft,µ 2

(d) cgqr esgur djus okyk --------------------------------------

([k) cpiu dk le; --------------------------------------

38

9- eq>s eksckby gh jgus nksizfrikn~; fo"k;

MkWú e/q /ou fyf[kr eq>s eksckby gh jgus nks dfork esa ysf[kdk us rduhdh fodkl osQ iQk;ns crk,¡ gSaA ifjorZu lalkj dk 'kk'or fu;e gSA ;qok ih<+h Hkh rduhdh fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk [kqn dks ifjofrZr dj jgh gSA ,slk gh ,d ifjorZu gS eksckbyA blus ;qok oxZ osQ thou dks iwjh rjg ifjofrZr dj fn;k gSA ;g ifjorZu dHkh vuqowQy izHkko Mkyrk gSA rks dHkh izfrowQyA ysf[kdk ;qodksa dks blosQ vPNs izHkko dks viukus dks dgrh gSA oSKkfud fodkl osQ bl NksVs uewus ls dbZ iQk;ns gSaA vxj bldk iz;ksx lksp le> dj fd;k tk, rks ;g gekjs cM+s dke vk,xkA

ewyHkko

eksckby ls dbZ iQk;ns gSaA ;g ;qok oxZ osQ fy, ojnku cudj vk;k gSA bl ojnku dks vfHk'kki cuus ls jksduk gksxkA fdlh Hkh ph”k dk mi;ksx vPNkbZ osQ fy, djus ij og [kq'kh gh nsrh gSA


;qokoxZ dks foosdiw.kZ <ax ls lksp&le>dj dke djus dh izsj.kk nsuk] rduhdh ,oa oSKkfud fodkl osQ dkj.k mRiUu ph”kksa dk iz;ksx djuk] lekt osQ dk;ns&dkuwuksa dks tkuuk vkSj mudks ekuukA


iz'uksRrj] 'kCnkFkZ] okD;&iz;ksx] 'kqn~/ okD;&ys[ku] dkjd fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx] dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] laokn&ys[kuA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) ;qokih<+h osQ fy, eksckby xguk gSA ([k) psgjs ij eqLoqQjkgV vk tkrh gSA (x) og ?kfV;k dgykrk gSA (?k) Hkfo"; crkrk gSAfyf[kr (d) gj dksbZ eksckby ysuk pkgrk gS D;ksafd eksckby gh mlosQ thus dk LVkby n'kkZrk gSA ([k) eksckby vkt vko';d vax cu x;k gSA ;qok oxZ mlosQ fcuk vius dks v/wjk le>rk gSA

gj ;qod osQ gkFkksa esa eksckby fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mlosQ fcuk gj dksbZ [kqn dks ?kfV;k ekuus yxk gSA eksckby ij Hkfo"; osQ ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA vkus okyk le; D;k gksxk

39

blosQ ckjs esa irk pyrk gSA f'k{kk] ukSdjh] leL;kvksa dk lkek/ku] ftKklk iwfrZ] tkudkjh lHkh oqQN ml NksVs ls LØhu ij vk tkrk gSA oqQN Hkh tkuuk gks eksckby ls iwNk tk ldrk gSA eksckby ls dbZ iQk;ns gSaA bldk mi;ksx djuk t:jh gSA ;g nwfj;k¡ de dj nsrk gSA bruk gh ugha foifRr;ksa dk lek/ku Hkh eksckby dj nsrk gSA ;g foKku dk ojnku gS vkSj rduhdh ;qx dh 'kku gSA

(x) eksckby foKku dk ojnku cu x;k gS D;ksafd blus nwfj;k¡ de dj nh gSaA ;g Hkfo"; osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA ns'k&fons'k dh lwpuk,¡ nsrk gSA rduhdh ;qx dh 'kku gS eksckbyA blosQ dkj.k gj eqlhcr ls NqVdkjk ik;k tk ldrk gSA

(?k) eksckby dk mi;ksx ojnku osQ :i esa djuk pkfg,A xkM+h pykrs le;] LowQVj pykrs oDr] lM+d ikj djrs oDr eksckby dk mi;ksx djus ij nq?kZVuk,¡ gks ldrh gSaA blls cpus ij ;g vfHk'kki ugha cusxkA

(Ä) ;qodksa dks bldk mi;ksx vPNs dkeksa osQ fy, djuk pkfg,A nq?kZVuk LFky ij iqfyl dks cqykus] vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr esa yksxksa ls enn ek¡xus] leL;k gksus ij ?kj esa gkykr dh lwpuk nsus xkM+h ;k vkWVks esa lokjh djrs oDr dksbZ nqO;Zogkj djs rks lwfpr djus] iqfyl dks lwpuk nsus] fe=kksa ls ckrphr djus vkfn osQ fy, djuk pkfg,A

2- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 7 xyr (x) 7 xyr (?k) 3 lgh (Ä) 3 lgh

3- (d) eksckby dke dh ph”k gSA ([k) foKku osQ ojnku osQ :i esa eksckby gesa feyk gSA (x) rduhdh fodkl osQ dkj.k gekjk thou ljy gks x;k gSA (?k) vkt dk ;qok oxZ foKku ls dkiQh Kku izkIr dj ikrk gSA (Ä) eksckby dk mi;ksx djuk ;qod&;qofr;k¡ LVkby ekurs gSA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) i<+rk FkkA ([k) vkm¡Qxk@vk;k FkkA (x) bruk m¡Qpk (?k) yack (Ä) x, Fks\

2- (d) us ([k) ls (x) ij (?k) dh (Ä) dks

3- Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Lo;a djsaA

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

40

dk;Z if=kdkµ1




(d) ;qok&ih<+h osQ fy, eksckby D;k gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ftlosQ ikl eksckby u gks] og D;k dgykrk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) vkt dk eksckby D;k crkrk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- foykse 'kCn nhft,µ 3

(d) ?kfV;k µ --------------------- ([k) iQk;nk µ ---------------------

(x) ojnku µ ---------------------

3- vaxzsth 'kCnksa osQ fganh vFkZ nhft,µ 2

(d) LVkby µ --------------------- ([k) Lekby µ ---------------------


(d) eksckby µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) foKku µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) rduhdh µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- v'kqn~/ okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ dhft,µ 4

(d) jke nsj ls ?kj vkrs FksA ([k) eSa rqEgkjs ?kj dy vkrk gSA

------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

(x) og dy vkm¡QxkA (?k) rqe dy dgk¡ x;k Fkk\

------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

41

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) eksckby foKku dk ojnku oSQls cu x;k\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ;qodksa dks bldk mi;ksx fdl izdkj djuk pfg,\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) gj dksbZ eksckby D;ksa ysuk pkgrk gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr Hkko dh iafDr;k¡ dfork ls <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ 2

(d) esjs vusd ykHk gSa] ijarq lekt dks fu;e ugha Hkwyus pkfg,A

---------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vktdy eksckby osQ fcuk dke ugha pyrkA

---------------------------------------------------------------


(d) gkFk µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) voufr µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) vax µ ----------------- -----------------

4- lgh fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 3

(d) f'kf{kdk --------------------- Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+k;kA (dks] ls] us)

([k) cPps xsan --------------------- [ksy jgs gSaA (dh] us] ls)

(x) fpfM+;k Mky --------------------- cSBh gSA (us] ij] dks] ls)

5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ 1

(d) ;qok&ih<+h µ -------------------------

([k) vfHk'kki µ -------------------------

42

10- iqLrosaQizfrikn~; fo"k; iqLrosaQ euq"; osQ thou esa liQyrk dk jkLrk fn[kkus okys nhid gSaA lqn'kZu th fyf[kr bl ys[k esa

mUgksaus gekjs thou esa iqLrdksa osQ egRRo ij izdk'k Mkyk gSA mudk dguk gS fd iqLrosaQ iqjkus ,oa u, ;qx dh eq¡g cksyrh rLohjsa gSaA iqLrosaQ mu vknfe;ksa dh dye dh [ksfr;k¡ gSa] ftuosQ gkFk dk fy[kk ,d&,d 'kCn vkt eksfr;ksa osQ eksy fcdrk gSAdkfynkl ,oa 'ksDlih;j tSls egku ys[kd viuh ys[kuh osQ ekè;e ls vkt Hkh gekjs chp thfor

gSaA g”kkjksa lky chr tkus osQ ckn Hkh buosQ deky vkt Hkh iwQyksa dh rjg ygygk jgs gSa vkSj ckn esa Hkh ygygkrs jgsaxsA iqLrosaQ rks cgqr lkjh fey tk,¡xh] ijarq vko';drk gS ,slh iqLrdksa dh tks vPNh gSa] lans'k nsrh gSa] ekxZ HkVdus ls jksdrh gSa] vkRefo'okl c<+krh gSa vkSj iFk&izn'kZu djrh gSaA ftl rjg gkfudkjdj Hkkstu [kkus ls ;g vPNk gS fd vkneh Hkw[kk&I;klk gh jgsA mlh rjg cqjh iqLrd i<+us ls vPNk gS fd vkneh fcyoqQy gh oqQN u i<+sA

ewyHkko iqLrd gekjs thou esa cgqr egRRo j[krs gSaA vPNh iqLrdksa dks i<+uk t:jh gSA dkfynkl] 'ksDlih;j

vkfn dh fy[kh iqLrosaQ gekjs Kku dks c<+krh gSaA iqLrosaQ gesa chrs le; ,oa vkus okys le; osQ ckjs esa cgqr lh tkudkfj;k¡ nsrh gSaA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k iqLrosaQ i<+uk Kku o`n~f/ dk ,dek=k lgkjk gSA iqLrosaQ liQyrk dk ekxZ fn[kkus okys nhid gSaA iqLrdksa

osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd gekjs chp thfor jgrs gSaA iqLrosaQ u gksrha rks ge vius izkphu bfrgkl ls vufHkK jg tkrsA iqLrosaQ osQoy eu&cnyko dh phtsa ugha gSaA os Kku dk L=kksr gSaA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky iz'uksRrj] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] okD;&iz;ksx] fojke&fpg~u] iszj.kkFkZd fØ;k,¡] fotkrh; 'kCn dk

pquko] vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky dk fodklA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) iqLrosaQ dgrh gSa fd gesa i<+us ls rsjk thou lq/jsxkA ([k) liQyrk dk jkLrk fn[kkus okys nhid gSaA (x) iqLrosaQ ys[kdksa osQ vius txr vkSj thou dh vPNh ckrsa vius 'kCnksa esa lqukus dks gj le;

rS;kj gSaA (?k) thou esa t:jr gS vPNh iqLrosaQ i<+us dh vkSj le>us dhA (Ä) iqLrdksa dk pquko djrs le; gesa cgqr lko/ku jguk pkfg, è;ku j[ksa fd iqLrosaQ vPNh

vkSj Kkuon~/Zd gksaA

43

fyf[kr

2- (d) iqLrosaQ gekjk Kku c<+krh gSaA ;s lalkj osQ lksp&fopkj dk iQy] vkxs c<+kus vkSj mQij mBkus osQ lk/u gSaA

([k) vxj vkt 'ksDlih;j ftank gks tk,¡ rks lkjh nqfu;k esa [kqf'k;ksa dh ygj Nk tk,A vesfjdk] teZuh] izQkal] bVyh vkSj :l osQ cM+s&cM+s yksx 'ksDlih;j osQ n'kZu djus osQ fy, ,d&nwljs dks /Ddk nsrs gq, u”kj vk,¡xsA

(x) lkbal us ge ij cgqr lkjs midkj fd, gSaA fctyh] ikuh vkfn osQ vykok mlus lcls cM+k midkj fd;k gS ys[kdksa dks vej cukus dkA iqLrdksa dh dher bruh ?kVk nh gS fd 'ksDlih;j] bClu] xsVs] ,Mhlu] dkfynkl] fcgkjhyky] rqylhnkl] dchj vkfn dh fdrkcsa tks pkgs [kjhn ysA tc pkgs mudh fy[kh gqbZ lnkcgkj ckrsa i<+&i<+ dj [kq'k gks ysA

(?k) iqLrosaQ osQoy eu&cgyko dk lk/u ugha gSaA os gesa ns[kus osQ fy, vk¡[ksa vkSj lquus osQ fy, dku nsus okys Kku osQ Jksr gSaA iqLrosaQ gesa crkrh gSa fd nqfu;k igys fdl v¡/sjs esa lksrh Fkh vkSj fdl /jrh ij jsaxrh FkhA fdl rjg og thou dh jks'kuh dh rjiQ c<+hA fdl rjg euq"; izo`Qfr dh rkdr osQ lkFk yM+k] fdl rjg lfn;ksa dh yM+kbZ osQ ckn liQy gqvkA iqLrosaQ gesa crkrh gSa fd ns'k oSQls m¡Qps mBrs gSa] oSQls /jk'kk;h gks tkrs gSaA usrk fdl rjg yksxksa dks vius ihNs pykrs gSa vkSj fdl rjg yksx mUgha usrkvksa osQ gkFk ekjs tkrs gSa\

(Ä) ys[kd osQ LoxZ esa ,slh iqLrosaQ gksuh pkfg,] tks lpeqp iqLrosaQ gksa] le; u"V djus okyh] eu dks fgykus vkSj pyu dks fxjkus okyh iqLrosaQ u gksaA

2- (d) liQyrk ([k) eucgyko (x) e”kgc (?k) eg¡xh (Ä) lko/ku

3- (d) cPPkksa dks iqLrosaQ i<+uh pkfg,A ([k) xka/h th lalkj Hkj esa e'kgwj FksA (x) egku yksx ejus osQ ckn LoxZ tkrs gSaA (?k) thou Hkj vPNs dke djuk pkfg,A (Ä) esjh cgu dks rLohj [khapus dk 'kkSd gSA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) lsB th pksxs ls eq¡g gVkdj xqLls ls ¶Hkkx ;gk¡ lsA ns[krk ugha] eSa Vsyhi+ Qksu ij ckr dj jgk gw¡A

([k) ¶dg ns] esjk flj nnZ dj jgk gS]¸ eaxj us pkpk th dks lqukdj dgkA (x) li+ sQn d.k] okLro esa gekjs 'kjhj osQ ohj flikgh gSaA tc jksxk.kq] 'kjhj ij /kok cksyrs gSa]

rks ;s li+ sQn d.k muls MVdj eqdkcyk djrs gSaA (?k) og cksyk] ¶feyrk Hkyk D;k gS\ ;gh [kkus Hkj dks fey tkrk gSA dHkh ugha Hkh

feyrk gSA¸

2- (d) fiyokuk ([k) djokuk (x) fnyokuk (?k) cuokuk (Ä) fHktokuk

3- (d) feBkbZ ([k) eafnj (x) /M+duk (?k) yM+dh

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Lo;a djsaA

44

dk;Z if=kdkµ1




(d) iqLrosaQ gels D;k dgrh gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) iqLrdksa dk pquko oSQls djuk pkfg,\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) iqLrdksa dk D;k mi;ksx gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) iqLrosaQ gesa D;k lqukus osQ fy, rS;kj gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) vk¡[k µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) vkx µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) iRFkj µ ----------------- -----------------

3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 3

(d) iqLrosaQ osQoy --------------------- dh ph”ksa ugha gSaA

([k) gekjs iqj[kksa osQ le; iqLrosaQ --------------------- FkhA

(x) iqLrosaQ --------------------- dk jkLrk fn[kkus okys nhid gSaA


(d) iqLrosaQ µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) e'kgwj µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) thou µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- iszj.kkFkZd fØ;k,¡ cukb,µ 2

(d) ihuk µ ------------------------------------------

([k) nsuk µ ------------------------------------------

45

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) iqLrosaQ gekjs fy, D;k gSa\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) lkb±l us ge ij D;k midkj fd, gSa\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) vxj vkt 'ksDlfi;j ftank gks tk,¡ rks D;k gksxk\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ 3

(d) U;ksNkoj µ --------------------- ([k) e'kgwj µ ---------------------

(x) e”kgc µ ---------------------

3- mfpr fojke fpg~u yxkb,µ 3

(d) jk/k xhfrdk eatw"kk ,d gh LowQy esa i<+rh gSa

([k) #dks esjh ckr lqudj tkvks

(x) vjs D;k dj jgs gks

4- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vFkZ fy[kdj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3

(d) vk¡[ksa [kqyuk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) iRFkj iM+uk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

46

11- lnkpkj dk rkoh”kizfrikn~; fo"k;

gfj'kadj ijlkbZ fyf[kr bl O;aX; dFkk esa ys[kd us lek”k esa iSQys Hkz"Vkpkj ij gkL; ,oa O;aX; osQ ekè;e ls iz'u mBk;k gSA O;fDr dh t:jrsa c<+rh tk jgh gSa lkFk gh mudh bPNk,¡A eg¡xkbZ osQ c<+ tkus ls yksx xyr rjhdksa ls iSls dekus osQ ekxZ <¡w<+us yxs gSaA lnkpkj dk rkoh”k Hkz"Vkpkj dks ugha feVk ldrkA

,d jkT; esa tc Hkz"Vkpkj cgqr T;knk iSQy x;k rks jktk us vius njckfj;ksa dks cqykdj iwNk fd Hkz"Vkpkj dgk¡ gSA njckfj;ksa us dgk fd fo'ks"kK cqykdj iwNk tk,A mUgksus crk;k fd Hkz"Vkpkj gj txg iSQyk gqvk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd jktk osQ flagklu esa Hkh gSA jktk fpafrr gks mBsA fpark osQ dkj.k muosQ fxjrs LokLF; dks ns[k njckjh ,d lk/q dks ys vk,A lk/q us ,d rkoh”k nsdj mls ck¡/us dks dgkA jktk us rkoh”k cukus dk Bsdk lk/q dks ns fn;kA lkjs deZpkfj;ksa dks rkoh”k iguk fn;k x;kA

jktk os'k cnydj ijh{kk ysus ,d dk;kZy; esa x,A ogk¡ eghus dh nwljh rkjh[k dks tkdj ,d deZpkjh dks ?kwl nsus dk iz;Ru fd;kA mlus mUgsa Mk¡Vdj Hkxk fn;kA nqckjk mlh rjg jktk eghus dh vkf[kjh rkjh[k vFkkZr~ bdrhl rkjh[k dks mlh deZpkjh osQ ikl x,A ?kwl nsus ij deZpkjh us iSls j[k fy,A jktk osQ iwNus ij ml deZpkjh us jktk dks rkoh”k dh vkok”k lqukbZA ¶vkt bdrhl rkjh[k gSA vkt ys yksA¸

ewyHkko

bl dgkuh osQ ekè;e ls dgkuhdkj us ;g crk;k gS fd eg¡xkbZ osQ c<+ tkus ls yksx xyr rjhdksa ls iSls dekus osQ ekxZ <w¡<+us yxs gSaA Hkz"Vkpkj osQ c<+us dk ;gh dkj.k gSA lnkpkj dk rkoh”k ck¡/dj Hkz"Vkpkj ugha feVk ldrsA viuh vkRek dh vkok”k lqudj gh euq"; lnkpkjh cu ldrk gSA


bl dgkuh dk mn~ns'; yksxksa dh dfBukb;ksa dks le>uk vkSj okLrfodrk rd igq¡pdj leL;k dk lek/ku <w¡<+uk gSA fØ;kRed :i ls Hkz"Vkpkj osQ ckjs esa yksxksa ls ckrsa djuk rFkk esgur ,oa ifjJe osQ fy, iszfjr djuk gSA esgur ls dh xbZ dekbZ ls gh O;fDr [kq'k jg ldrk gSA ?kwl dh dekbZ lq[k ugha ns ldrhA


fjDr LFkku iwfrZ] lgh ;k xyr dk pquko] iz'uksRrj] fdlus fdlls dgk] o.kZ fopkj vuqLokj] vuqukfld fpg~u] vkKk] laosQr] 'krZ esa u ugha er dk iz;ksx] jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡ dgkuh&ys[ku] ;k=kk fooj.kA

47

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrjekSf[kd

(d) jkT; esa gYyk epk Fkk fd Hkz"Vkpkj cgqr iSQy x;k gSA ([k) fo'ks"kK dks cqykus dks dgkA (x) fo'ks"kKksa us O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus dks dgkA (?k) lk/q us jktk dks rkoh”k fn[kk;kA (Ä) vkt bdrhl rkjh[k gSA vkt rks ys yksAfyf[kr

1- (d) jktk us njckfj;ksa ls lkjs jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks <w¡<+us dks dgkA ([k) njckjh us lq>ko fn;k fd os yksx jktk dh fojkVrk osQ vkxs oqQN ns[k ugha ikrsA blfy,

fo'ks"kK uked tkfr dks cqykdj Hkz"Vkpkj <w¡<+us dk dke lkSaik tk,A mUgksaus dgk bl tkfr osQ yksxksa osQ ikl ,slk vatu gksrk gS ftls yxkdj os ckjhd ph”k Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA

(x) jktk us fo'ks"kKksa dks vkns'k fn;k fd Hkz"Vkpkj dk irk yxk,¡A mUgksaus dgk fd gekjs jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj gSA ij dgk¡ gS ;g irk ugha pyrkA rqe yksx bldk irk yxkvksA vxj fey tk, rks idM+dj ykvksA

(?k) lk/q us crk;k fd vkRek ls csbZekuh osQ Loj dks nckdj bZekunkjh osQ Loj fudkyus osQ fy, lnkpkj dk rkoh”k igukuk gksxkA bl rkoh”k ls fudyh lnkpkj dh 'kfDr csbZeku vkRek dk xyk ?kksaV nsrh gS vkSj vkneh dks rkoh”k osQ bZeku osQ Loj lqukbZ iM+rs gSaA og bu Lojksa dks vkRek dh iqdkj le>dj lnkpkj dh vksj iszfjr gksrk gSA

(Ä) ugha] lnkpkj dk rkoh”k Hkz"Vkpkj dks iwjh rjg feVk ugha ik;k D;ksafd Hkz"Vkpkj dk dkj.k xjhch ,oa c<+rh eg¡xkbZ gSA

2- (d) jktk us njckfj;ksa ls dgkA ([k) ,d njckjh us jktk ls dgkA (x) fo'ks"kK us jktk ls dgkA (?k) ,d njckjh us jktk ls dgkA (Ä) jktk us lk/q ls dgkA

3- (d) fo'ks"kK ([k) Hkz"Vkpkj (x) >wBk (?k) myV&isQj (Ä) vkRek dh iqdkj

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) da/k ([k) <ax (x) vpaHkk (?k) laca/ (Ä) ?kaVk (p) oaQpu

2- (d) ladh.kZ ([k) xk¡o (x) vk,¡xs (?k) ik¡p (Ä) xanxh (p) vk¡[k (N) vgadkj (t) 'kkafr

3- (d) u ([k) ugha (x) er (?k) er (Ä) er


48

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) jkT; esa fdl ckr dk gYyk epk Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) lk/q us jktk dks D;k fn[kk;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) fo'ks"kKksa us jktk dks D;k lq>ko fn;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) eghus osQ vkf[kjh fnu rkoh”k esa ls D;k Loj fudy jgs Fks\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) vkRek µ -------------------- -------------------- ([k) prqj µ -------------------- --------------------

(x) uk'k µ -------------------- --------------------

3- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn nhft,µ 3 (d) thrk u tk losQ µ --------------------- ([k) ri djus okyk µ ---------------------

(x) lk/uk djus okyk µ ---------------------

4- vuqLokj ( ) yxkdj nqckjk fyf[k,µ 2 (d) dU/k µ --------------------- ([k) vpEHkk µ ---------------------

(x) ?k.Vk µ --------------------- (?k) d×pu µ ---------------------

5- u] ugha ;k er dk mfpr iz;ksx dhft,µ 3 (d) -------------- tkus dgk¡ ls ;s fe=k vk x,A

([k) vkt fnYyh -------------- tkvksA

(x) eSaus rqEgkjh fdrkc -------------- pqjkbZA

(?k) rqe vkt iqQy>fM+;k¡ -------------- iQksM+ksA

(Ä) -------------- tkus dgk¡ ls bruh phafV;k¡ vk xb±A

(p) eSaus rqEgkjk eksckby -------------- fy;kA

49

dk;Z if=kdkµ2



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 6 (d) jktk us njckfj;ksa ls Hkz"Vkpkj dks dgk¡ <w<+us dks dgk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) fo'ks"kKksa us jktk dks Hkz"Vkpkj osQ D;k y{k.k crk,\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) lk/q us Hkz"Vkpkj feVkus dk D;k mik; crk;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fdlus] fdlls dgk\ 3

fdlus fdlls

(d) ¶gesa rks vkt rd ugha fn[kkA rqe yksxksa dks¸ --------------------- ---------------------

fn[kk gks rks crkvksA¸

([k) ¶gk¡ egkjkt] vc Hkz"Vkpkj bZ'oj gks x;k gSA¸ --------------------- ---------------------

(x) ¶bUgksaus lnkpkj dk rkoh”k cuk;k gSA og ea=kksa ls fln~/ gS vkSj mlosQ ck¡/us ls vkneh

,dne lnkpkjh gks tkrk gSA¸ --------------------- ---------------------

3- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ 2 (d) v/e µ --------------------- ([k) cqjk µ ---------------------

(x) thou µ --------------------- (?k) lTtu µ ---------------------

4- 'kCnksa esa lgh LFkku ij vuqLokj ( ) vkSj vuqukfld fpg~u ( ) yxkb,µ 2 (d) ldh.kZ µ --------------------- ([k) vk,xs µ ---------------------

(x) xnxh µ --------------------- (?k) ikp µ ---------------------

5- okD; cukb,µ 2 (d) Hkz"Vkpkj µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) flagklu µ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

50

12- esVªks jsy% vk/qfud tu&ifjoguizfrikn~; fo"k;

euq"; LoHkko ls xfr esa jguk ilan djrk gS bl ikB esa crk;k x;k gS fd egkuxjksa esa csyxke c<+rh tula[;k ,oa okguksa dh csrgk'kk o`n~f/ ls iznw"k.k rks c<+ gh jgk gS] lkFk gh lM+d nq?kZVuk,¡ ,oa tku&eky dh gkfu osQ n`'; gj txg ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA lkFk gh ,d txg ls nwljh txg tkus esa le; cgqr yxrk gSA bl lHkh leL;kvksa dks en~ns u”kj j[krs gq, esVªks jsy dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA esVªks jsy esa VSªfiQd tke dh dksbZ fiQØ ughaA ;k=kk esa yxus okyk le; de gks x;k gSA fdjk;k Hkh clksa tSlk gh gSA

ewyHkko

bl ys[k osQ n~okjk ys[kd us crk;k gS fd oSQls euq"; us viuh ;k=kk dks lqxe rFkk ljy cuk;k gSA


vko';drk vkfo"dkj dh tuuh gSA cqn~f/ dk lgh mi;ksx] rs”k fnekx rFkk foosd n~okjk leL;kvksa ls NqVdkjk gsrq esVªks jsy dk vkfo"dkj


u, lk/uksa dh tkudkjh] vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx] iz'uksRrj] u, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k] fjDr LFkkuks dh iwfrZ] rn~Hko] rRle] lkFkZd&fujFkZd 'kCn] 'kqn~/ djsa] jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) c<+rh tula[;k ,oa okguksa dh o`n~f/ ls c<+rk iznw"k.k ,oa nq?kZVuk,¡A ([k) 35 yk[k okgu (x) VªSfiQd tke ugha gksxk] le; dh cpr gksxhA (?k) ;a=kpkfyr lhf<+;ksa dh lqfo/k ,oa cl] jsyos LVs'kuksa ls tqM+k gqvkA (Ä) Lopkfyr gSA

fyf[kr

1- (d) c<+rh tula[;k ,oa iznw"k.k osQ dkj.k egkuxjksa esa leL;k mRiUu gks xbZ gSA lkFk gh VªSfiQd tke ,oa lM+d nq?kZVuk,¡ Hkh c<+ jgh gSaA bu leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku Lo:i esVªks jsy dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA

51

([k) esVªks jsy dh lqfo/k Hkkjr esa dksydkrk] psUubZ] caxyq:] fnYyh] t;iqj ,oa eqacbZ esa miyC/ gSA

(x) bldh O;oLFkk vk/qfud rduhd ls lapkfyr gSA blosQ dksp okrkuqowQfyr gSA fVdV iz.kkyh Hkh Lopkfyr gSA esVªks LVs'kuksa ij ;a=kpkfyr lhf<+;ksa dh lsok miyC/ gSA esVªks jsy osQ njok”ksa Lopkfyr gSaA esVªks osQ vanj gj vkus okys LVs'ku dh tkudjh nh tkrh gSA

(?k) esVªks jsy dks cl :V osQ lekukarj rS;kj fd;k x;k gS rkfd ;kf=k;ksa dks esVªks ls mrjus osQ ckn dkbZ nwljk lk/u izkIr djus esa vlqfo/k u gksA

(Ä) esVªks jsy ls ;k=kk djus ij yksx /wy&feV~Vh ls cpdj BaMd esa vkjke ls ;k=kk dj ldrs gSA VªSfiQd tke dh dksbZ fpark ughA le; de yxrk gS rFkk fdjk;k Hkh yxHkx clksa tSlk gh gSA

2- (d) esVªks jsy dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA ([k) ns'kksa esa blosQ ykHk ns[kdj Hkkjr esa bls viuk;k x;kA (x) 90 izfr'kr futh gSaA (?k) psUubZ] caxyq: ,oa fnYyh esa miyC/ gSA (Ä) lgt cuk jgh gSA

3- (d) egkuxjksa esa iznw"k.k cgqr vf/d gksrk gSA ([k) Hkkjr dh tula[;k c<+rh tk jgh gSA (x) yksx lM+d ij owQM+k isaQdrs gSA (?k) esVªks jsy esa geus lokjh dhA (Ä) eq>s LVs'ku tkuk vPNk yxrk gSA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) vkB ([k) dku (x) vke (?k) HkkbZ (Ä) ?kj (p) dks;y (N) rsy (t) gkFk (>) ngh (×k) gkFkh

2- (d) lkFkZd & iqLrd] riL;k] jsy] jpk] ykyk] <syk ([k) fujFkZd & oksVh] okuk] dkik] jkpk

3- (d) og rqEgkjk vknj djrk gSA ([k) mldk twrk [kks x;kA

(x) og cgqr vkxs c<+ x;kA (?k) jkr Hkj eS tkxrk jgkA

(Ä) rqEgkjh cgu dgk¡ xbZ gS\

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡


52

dk;Z if=kdkµ1




(d) egkuxjksa dh lcls cM+h leL;k D;k gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) esVªks jsy ls D;k iQk;nk gksxk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) esVªks LVs'kuksa ij dkSu lh lqfo/k miyC/ gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) esVªks jsy dh lqfo/k fdu&fdu 'kgjksa esa miyC/ gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) vkuan µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) mUufr µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) fctyh µ ----------------- -----------------

3- tksM+s feykb,µ 2

(d) VSªfiQd tke osQ lek/ku Lo:i (i) 90 izfr'kr futh gSA ([k) tkiku] dksfj;k] gk¡xdk¡x] flaxkiqj (ii) psUubZ] caxyq: ,oa fnYyh esa miyC/ gSA (x) oqQy okguksa esa (iii) ns'kksa esa blosQ ykHk ns[kdj Hkkjr esa bls viuk;k x;k

(?k) esVªks jsy dh lqfo/k (iv) esVªks jsy dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA

4- rn~Hko :i fyf[k,µ 3

(d) v"V µ --------------------- ([k) vkez µ ---------------------

(x) nf/ µ ---------------------

5- 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ 3

(d) vlqfo/k µ --------------------- ([k) iznw"k.k µ ---------------------

(x) csyxke µ ---------------------

53

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) esVªks jsy dh [kkst D;ksa gqbZ\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) esVªks jsy dh rduhdh fo'ks"krkvksa osQ ckjs esa crkb,A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) esVªks jsy dks cl :V osQ lekukarj D;ksa cuk;k x;k gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- foykse 'kCn nhft,µ 3

(d) o`n~f/ µ --------------------- ([k) vk/qfud µ ---------------------

(x) Lopkfyr µ ---------------------


(d) egkuxj µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) LVs'ku µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) lM+d µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls lkFkZd ,oa fujFkZd 'kCn vyx dhft,µ 3

<syk] okuk] cwjh] [kkuk] riL;k] dkik] jkpk

---------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------

---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------

54

13- dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrhizfrikn~; fo"k; dfo gfjoa'kjk; cPpu us esgur osQ egRRo dks lgt ,oa ljy :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA bl dfork

osQ ekè;e ls ;g crk;k x;k gS fd vliQyrk ,d pqukSrh gSA bls Lohdkj dj vkxs c<+us okyk ges'kk liQy gksrk gSA izfln~f/ ikus osQ fy, la?k"kZ djuk vko';d gSA eSnku NksM+dj Hkkxus okyk eafty rd igq¡p gh ugha ldrkA phaVh dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dfo dgrs gSa fd uUgh phaVh tc nkuk ysdj nhokj ij p<+rh gS rc dbZ ckj fxjrh gSA ij fxjdj mBuk mlosQ 'kjhj esa lkgl dk lapkj djrk gSA og ckj&ckj dksf'k'k dj liQy gks tkrh gSAbl izdkj xksrk[kksj leqnz esa ckj&ckj Mqcdh yxkrk gSA rHkh mls eksrh feyrk gSA ftruh ckj vliQyrk

gkFk yxs mruh gh ckj tks'k c<+rk gSA yxkrkj esgur djus ij t:j liQyrk gkFk yxsxh] t;&t;dkj feysxhA dfo dgrs gSa fd dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrh gSA

ewyHkko dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrhA yxkrkj iz;Ru djrs jgus ij liQyrk gkFk yxrh gS vliQyrk

dks pqukSrh osQ :i esa ysdj vkxs c<+us okys eafty rd igq¡p tkrs gSaA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k ;g dfork bl n`f"Vdks.k ls egRRoiw.kZ gS fd blesa HkkoukRed ugha oju~ ;FkkFkZ ijd thou dks

egRRo fn;k x;k gSA /S;Z ls thou O;rhr djuk] la?k"kZ djuk vliQyrk dks pqukSrh osQ :i esa Lohdkj djuk gekjk mn~ns'; gksuk pkfg,A ;g ekudj pyuk pkfg, fd fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa gesa dfBukb;ksa ls ?kcjkuk ugh pkfg,A

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky iz'uksRrj] okD;&iz;ksx] lgh Øe esa 'kCn ys[ku] izR;;] fojke&fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx] dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn&ys[ku

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) ygjksa ls Mjdj ukSdk ikj ugha gksrhA ([k) uUgh phaVh nhokj ij nkuk ysdj p<+rh gS rks fiQlydj fxj tkrh gSA D;ksafd larqyu [kks

tkrk gSA (x) eqV~Bh [kkyh gksus dk vFkZ gS fd eksrh ik, cxSj xksrk[kksj dk ykSVukA (?k) dfo us vliQyrk dks pqukSrh ekuk gSA (Ä) gfjoa'kjk; cPpu izfln~/ ghjks vferkHk cPpu osQ firk FksA os ,d egku ,oa izfln~/ dfo

FksA

55

fyf[kr

1- (d) uUgh phaVh osQ ekè;e ls cPpu th crkuk pkgrs gSa fd gesa phaVh ls la?k"kZ djuk lh[kuk pkfg,A nkuk ysdj phaVh nhokj ij p<+rh gS] dbZ ckj fxjrh gS ijarq gkj ugha ekurhA y{; ij igq¡p dj ne ysrh gSA mlh rjg gesa Hkh vkxs c<+us] esgur djus] y{; ij igq¡pus ,oa liQy gksus dh izsj.kk phaVh ls ysuh pkfg,A

([k) xksrk[kksj fla/q esa ckj&ckj Mqcdh yxkrk gS D;ksafd ,d ckj Mqcdh yxkus ij eksrh gkFk ugha yxrkA eksrh izkIr djus osQ fy, mls ckj&ckj dksf'k'k djuh iM+rh gSA

(x) phaVh osQ eu dk fo'okl jxksa esa lkgl Hkjrk gSA vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk nsrk gSA gkj ls dHkh u ?kcjkus dh ulhgr nsrk gSA

(?k) vliQy gksus ij gesa vliQyrk dks pqukSrh eku dj viuh deh dks nwj djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A tc rd liQyrk u feys vuojr iz;Ru djrs jguk pkfg,A

(Ä) izfln~f/ izkIr djus osQ fy, fnu&jkr esgur djuh pkfg,A la?k"kZ djus ls ?kcjk, cxSj dksf'k'k djrs jguk pkfg,A eqlhcr vkus ij fopfyr gq, cxSj mRlkfgr gks vkxs c<+rs jguk pkfg,A

2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

3- (d) dksf'k'k djus ij liQyrk feyrh gSA ([k) phaVh dHkh vosQyh ugha gksrhA (x) izHkq ij fo'okl djks rks dHkh fujk'k ugha gksuk iM+sxkA (?k) esgur dk iQy ehBk gksrk gSA (Ä) vliQyrk dks pqukSrh osQ :i esa ysdj vkxs c<+ksA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) vliQyrk ([k) eSnku (x) xksrk[kksj (?k) eksrh (Ä) ukSdk (p) nqxquk (N) pqukSrh

2- (d) liQyrk ([k) Lora=krk (x) lqanjrk (?k) jk"Vªh;rk (Ä) vliQyrk (p) Li"Vrk

3- (d) ¶gs jke! ;g rqeus D;k fd;k\¸ ([k) egs'k (g¡lrs gq,) cksyk] ¶dy feysasxsA¸ (x) ¶ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cgu lc vk, FksA¸ (?k) MkWú osQ ?kj izksú vk, FksA (Ä) ';kek us] eq>ls dgk] ¶rqe dU;koqQekjh dc tk jgs gks\¸


56

dk;Z if=kdkµ1




(d) fdl dkj.k ls ukSdk ikj ugha gksrh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) dfo us fdls pqukSrh ekuk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) uUgha phaVh dgk¡ ls ckj&ckj fiQlyrh gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) xksrk[kksj fla/q esa D;ksa ckj&ckj Mqcdh yxkrk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) fla/q µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) ygj µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) uUgh µ ----------------- -----------------

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls fo'ks"k.k cukb,µ 3

(d) lkgl µ --------------------- ([k) esgur µ ---------------------

(x) vkf[kj µ ---------------------

4- v{kjksa dks lgh Øe esa j[kdj 'kCn cukb,µ 3

(d) iQylrkv µ --------------------- ([k) dkukS µ ---------------------

(x) nkueS µ --------------------- (?k) rheks µ ---------------------

(Ä) xqnquk µ --------------------- (p) rhukSpq µ ---------------------

5- ^rk* tksM+dj 'kCn cukb,µ 2

(d) liQy µ --------------------- ([k) lqanj µ ---------------------

(x) vliQy µ --------------------- (?k) Lora=k µ ---------------------

57

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) uUgha phaVh osQ mnkgj.k ls cPpu th D;k crkuk pkgrs gSa\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) phaVh osQ eu dk fo'okl jxksa esa D;k Hkjrk gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) vliQy gksus ij gesa D;k djuk pkfg,\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) Mjiksd µ --------------------- ([k) esgurh µ ---------------------

(x) xgjk µ ---------------------

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3

(d) phaVh µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) dksf'k'k µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) esgur µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr LFkkuksa ij fojke&fpg~u yxkb,µ 3

(d) gs jke ;g rqeus D;k fd;k

([k) ekrk firk HkkbZ cgu lc vk, Fks

(x) ';kek us eq>ls iwNk rqe dU;koqQekjh dc tk jgs gks

58

14- eqlhcr gkfFk;ksa dh---izfrikn~; fo"k;

MkWñ e/q /ou fyf[kr bl dgkuh esa gkfFk;ksa dh eqlhcr nwj djus dk mik; crk;k x;k gSA [kjxks'k dks izkphu dky ls gh foosd'khy cqn~f/eku ,oa prqj crk;k tkrk gSA bl dgkuh esa crk;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg ,d prqj [kjxks'k us foosd'khy cqn~f/ dk iz;ksx dj gkfFk;ksa dks laxes'oj osQ fudV clk;kA blls [kjxks'k Hkh cp x, vkSj gkfFk;ksa osQ ikuh dh leL;k Hkh nwj gks xbZA lw[kk iM+us osQ dkj.k gkfFk;ksa dk >qaM ijs'kku gks x;kA jktk ls lykg ysdj os jktegy osQ fiNokM+s cgrh dkosjh unh dk ty ihus yxsA jktk us gkfFk;ksa dks dkosjh ,oa Hkokuh osQ laxe LFky rd osQ lHkh tkuojksa dks ty igq¡pkus dks dgkA tc gkfFk;ksa osQ jgus dh leL;k vkbZ rks mUgsa jktk us 'kgj esa clus dks dgkA gkFkh ijs'kku gks mBs D;ksafd 'kgj esa clus ij ekuoksa ls mUgsa cgqr [krjk FkkA var esa os fiQj ls taxy pys x, vkSj ogh cl x,A ftl ekxZ ls os unh osQ fdukjs vkrs Fks ogk¡ [kjxks'kksa dh Vksyh jgrh FkhA gkfFk;ksa osQ iSj osQ uhps ncdj [kjxks'k ekjs tkrs FksA ,d [kjxks'k us cM+h prqjkbZ ls panznso dh vkKk dgdj mu gkfFk;ksa dks laxe LFky osQ ikl ,d rkykc osQ fdukjs clk fn;kA gkFkh Hkh [kq'k gks x, vkSj [kjxks'k Hkh cp x,A

ewyHkko

[kjxks'k dh prqjkbZ] laxes'oj eafnj dk o.kZu] lw[kk iM+us osQ le; tkuojksa dh leL;k dk lek/kuA


lgh@xyr] iz'uksRrj] fdlus&fdlls dgk] okD;ksa osQ izdkj] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] fo'ks"k.k] milxZ] dgkuh&ys[ku] laokn&ys[kuA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

1- (d) gkfFk;ksa dk >qaM fr:uk.kk osQ taxy esa jgrk FkkA ([k) jktk ls feyus x,A (x) I;kl cq>kus osQ ckn lc ,d&nwljs ij lw¡M+ Hkj&Hkjdj fipdkjh ekjus yxsA (?k) lkjs ou&izkar esa ty dk fNM+dko djus dks dgkA (Ä) [kjxks'k us dgk fd og panzek dk nwr gS vkSj panzyksd ls vk;k gSA

fyf[kr

1- (d) ikuh u cjlus ls isM+&ikS/s] unh rkykc lc lw[k x, FksA taxy esa Hkh rs”k /wi osQ pyrs vkx yx xbZA lkjs tkuoj Hkkx x,A gkFkh O;koqQy gksus yxs D;ksafd unh esa ikuh de gks jgk Fkk vkSj mudh I;kl cq> ugha ik jgh FkhA

59

([k) gkFkh us jktk ls dgk fd taxy esa vkx yx xbZ gSa ikuh osQ lHkh L=kksr lw[k x, gSa I;kl cq>kus dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha gSA vki jktk gSaA vki gekjs fy, ty dk izca/ djsaA ugha rks ge lc ej tk,¡xsA

(x) ikuh dks ns[kdj lc gkFkh [kq'k gks x,A lcus HkjisV ikuh fi;kA I;kl cq>kus osQ ckn lc ,d&nwljs ij lw¡M+ Hkj&Hkjdj fipdkjh ekjus yxsA

(?k) laxes'oj eafnj osQ fudV cls 'kgj Hkokuh esa gkFkh jguk ugh pkgrs FksA mUgsa Mj Fkk fd ekuo mUgsa ogk¡ ls fpfM+;k?kj ys tk,¡xs vkSj yksgs dh eksVh tathjksa ls ck¡/dj j[k nsaxsA blosQ vykok muosQ cPpksa dks csp nsaxsA muesa ls oqQN dks ekjdj peM+s ,oa nk¡r dks csp nsaxsA

(Ä) uUgsa [kjxks'k us gkfFk;ksa dks cM+h prqjrk ls csoowQiQ cuk;kA mlus dgk fd og panzek dk nwr gS vkSj panzyksd ls vk;k gSA mUgksus lans'k Hkstk gS fd gkFkh ftl ?kkV ij tkrs gSa] og ?kkV panzek dk gSA mudh vuqefr cxSj gkFkh ogk¡ ugha tk ldrsA mlus gkfFk;ksa ls ;g Hkh dgk fd laxes'oj eafnj esa ugkus ls lkjs jksx ,oa ihM+k,¡ nwj gks tkrh gSaA bl rjg mUgsa pkykdh ls csoowQi+ Q cukdj mlus mUgsa laxes'oj eafnj osQ djhc gh laxe LFky osQ ?kkV ij clk fn;kA

(p) Hkokuh 'kgj esa dkosjh vkSj Hkokuh ufn;ksa dk laxe gksrk gSA ogk¡ Jh laxes'oj dk eafnj gSA bl rhFkZ dk nwljk uke fr#uk.kk gSA

2- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 3 lgh (x) 7 xyr (?k) 7 xyr (Ä) 7 xyr

3- (d) ,d gkFkh us vU; gkfFk;ksa ls dgkA ([k) jktk us gkfFk;ksa ls dgkA (x) gfFkuh us vU; gkfFk;ksa ls dgkA (?k) [kjxks'k us gkfFk;ksa ls dgkA (Ä) gfFkuh us [kjxks'k ls iwNkA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) firk th osQ chekj gksus osQ dkj.k eq>s tkuk iM+kA ([k) tc xjeh cgqr T;knk Fkh rc eSa ckgj fudy ugha ik;kA (x) mlosQ dgus ij eSa eku x;kA (?k) eSa ?kj tkm¡Qxk vkSj i<+w¡xkA (Ä) tc xkM+h us lhVh nh rc Vªsu py iM+hA

2- (d) jktk & u`i] Hkwi ([k) unh & lfjrk] rfVuh (x) fnu & fnol] okj (?k) taxy & ou] vj.; (Ä) ikuh & ty] uhj

60

3- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; (d) m¡Qph pV~Vku ([k) csgn [kq'k (x) leLr tkfr (?k) uUgs gkFkh (Ä) nwj taxy

4- cs $ tku & cstku lq $ ekxZ & lqekxZ v $ izlUu & vizlUu vu~ $ mfpr & vuqfpr v $ fo'okl & vfo'okl

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

61

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) gkfFk;ksa dk ny dgk¡ jgrk Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) I;kl cq>kus osQ ckn gkfFk;ksa us D;k fd;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) [kjxks'k us gkfFk;ksa dks viuk ifjp; oSQls fn;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) oqQN gkFkh mnkl D;ksa Fks\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ 3 (d) laxe µ --------------------- ([k) ?kkV µ ---------------------

(x) r`Ir µ --------------------- (?k) nkf;Ro µ --------------------- (Ä) je.kh; µ --------------------- (p) O;koqQy µ ---------------------

3- fdlus] fdlls dgk\ 3 fdlus fdlls (d) ¶I;kjs gkfFk;ks! eS panzek dk nwr g¡wA¸ --------------------- ---------------------

([k) ¶vkt ls rqe lkjs ou&izkar esa ty dk fNM+dko djksxsA¸ --------------------- ---------------------

(x) ¶ns[kks! panznso rqe lcls izlUu gSa vkSj rqe lcdks vk'khokZn ns jgs gSaA --------------------- ---------------------

4- mfpr milxZ yxkdj u, 'kCn cukb,µ 3 (d) -------- $ tku µ -------- ([k) -------- $ izlUu µ --------

(x) -------- $ mfpr µ --------

5- okD; cukb,µ 2 (d) bZ'oj µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ty µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

62

dk;Z if=kdkµ2



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 6 (d) gkfFk;ksa us jktk ls D;k dgk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) Hkokuh 'kgj dh D;k fo'ks"krk Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) ikuh dks ns[kdj gkfFk;ksa us D;k fd;k\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) unh µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) xjeh µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) panz µ ----------------- -----------------

3- eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ 2 (d) vke osQ vke xqBfy;ksa osQ nke µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

([k) v?kty xxjh Nydr tk, µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks funsZ'k osQ vuqlkj cnfy,µ 2 (d) firk th chekj gSa blfy, eq>s tkuk iM+kA (ljy okD;) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) eSa ?kj tkdj i<+w¡xkA (la;qDr okD;) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; vyx dhft,µ 2 fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"kK (d) m¡Qph pV~Vku µ --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

([k) uUgs gkFkh µ --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

(x) csgn [kq'k µ --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

(?k) leLr tkfr µ --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

63

15- Lokeh foosdkuan dk i=kizfrikn~; fo"k;

i=k 'kSyh esa fy[kk x;k izLrqr ikB Lokeh foosdkuan n~okjk vius f'k"; dks vk'oklu nsus osQ fy, fy[kk x;k i=k gSA os tkiku esa Fks] tc mUgksaus ;g i=k fy[kk FkkA ogk¡ ls os oSadksoj gksrs gq, dukMk x, vkSj fiQj f'kdkxksA vesfjdh thou dk o.kZu djrs gq, os fy[krs gSa fd ;gk¡ /u dks ikuh dh rjg [kpZ djrs gSaA os f'k"; dks dM+h esgur djus dks dgrs gSaA fdlh osQ migkl dks lqudj ?kcjkuk ugh pkfg,A y{; izkfIr osQ fy, vuojr esgur djuh pkfg,A fdlh ls Hkh lgk;rk dh vis{kk ugha djuh pkfg,A Hkxoku 'kfDreku gS mUgha dh izkFkZuk djuh pkfg,A os nhu&nfjnz ,oa ifrrksa dk mn~/kj djsaxsA ;gh lans'k mUgksus f'k"; dks fn;k FkkA

ewyHkko

dM+h esgur] drZO;fu"Bk] bZ'oj ij fo'okl djus ij gh egkurk feyrh gSA fuHkhZdrk] lkgl rFkk ,dkxzrk dks os thou dk eq[; y{; ekurs FksA


iz'uksRrj] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] okD;ksa esa iz;ksx] fØ;k osQ :i] okP;] vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) fo'o /eZ ifj"kn dk vk;kstu gqvk FkkA ([k) tkiku ls oSadksoj fiQj dukMk gksrs gq, f'kdkxks x,A (x) ikuh dh rjg [kpZ djrs gSaA (?k) nhu&nqf[k;ksa dh lgk;rk djus dh izkFkZuk djksA (Ä) os 'kfDreku gSaA os lgk;rk vo'; djsaxsA nhu&nfjnz ,oa ifrrksa dk mn~/kj djsaxsA

fyf[kr

1- (d) vesfjdk osQ yksx cgqr /uh gSaA ;gk¡ oLrqvksa dk ewY; cgqr vf/d j[kk x;k gSA vU; ns'kokfl;ksa osQ fy, ;gk¡ jguk dfBu gSA ;gk¡ dk lk/kj.k oqQyh ukS&nl #i, gj jks”k dek ysrk gSA ;g lc oqQN ns[kdj foosdkuan th dks yxk fd mudk lq[k&LoIu VwV x;k gS] mUgsa vius y{; rd igq¡puk Fkk blfy, pkg dj Hkh os ykSV ugha ik,A

([k) mudk thou lq[ke; FkkA os yksx iSls ikuh dh rjg [kpZ djrs FksA oLrqvksa dk ewY; cgqr vf/d gSA ;gk¡ dk oqQyh Hkh fnu esa ukS&nl #i, dek ysrk gSA

64

(x) mUgksaus dbZ ;a=k.kk,¡ Hkksxh FkhaA vius izk.kksa ls fiz; ekuoksa dks Hkw[ks ejrs ns[kkA yksxksa dk migkl lgu fd;kA ftuosQ fy, dke djrs Fks] os mudh voKk djrs ,oa g¡lh mM+krs FksA

(?k) os [kqn ij ,oa bZ'oj ij Hkjkslk djus dks dgrs gSaA (Ä) fdlh izdkj dh pkykdh u djukA nq%[kh euq";ksa osQ fy, Hkxoku ls izkFkZuk djksA lgk;rk

feysxh vkSj vo'; feysxhA bZ'oj 'kfDreku gSA muls izkFkZuk djus ij lgk;rk vo'; feysxhA eqlhcrksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, lkgl dh vko';drk gSA dHkh gkj uk ekuus dh n`<+izfrKrk gksuh pkfg,A

2- (d) Hkjkslk ([k) rS;kj (x) bZ'oj (?k) pkykdh (Ä) mn~ns';

3- (d) lalkj esa dbZ rjg osQ yksx jgrs gSA ([k) gesa xjhcksa dh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A (x) Hkxoku ij fo'okl djus ij dke liQy gks tkrk gSA (?k) eq>s u, dye dh vko';drk gSA (Ä) ekrk&firk ij Hkjkslk djks] os gekjk Hkyk gh pkgsaxsA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) cuokuk ([k) dVokuk (x) /qyokuk (?k) fy[kokuk (Ä) #yokuk (p) i<+okuk

2- (d) dy geus ;ksx lh[kkA ([k) fHk[kkjh Hkh[k ek¡x jgs gSaA (x) nknh th dgkuh lqukrh FkhaA (?k) xq# th us gesa jk"Vªxku fl[kk;kA (Ä) yM+dksa us iraxs mM+kb±A

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡ Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

65

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) Lokeh th tkiku ls dgk¡ x, Fks\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vesfjdk osQ yksx /u oSQls [kpZ djrs gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) Lokeh th dk lq[k&LoIu D;ksa VwV x;k Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) Lokeh th us Hkxoku ls D;k izkFkZuk djus dks dgk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- eqgkojksa dk vFkZ fyf[k,µ 2 (d) dej dluk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

([k) g¡lh mM+kuk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

3- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) ln~O;ogkj µ --------------------- ([k) fo'okl µ ---------------------

(x) lk/kj.k µ ---------------------

4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 3 (d) Hkjkslk djuk] rks osQoy vius mQij vkSj --------------------- ijA ([k) e:¡ ;k cpw¡] ijarq viuk --------------------- u NksM+w¡xkA (x) dej dldj dk;Z djus osQ fy, --------------------- gks tkvksA

5- deZokP; dks drZ`okP; esa cnfy,µ 3 (d) dy gesa ;ksx fl[kk;k x;kA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) nknh th n~okjk dgkuh lqukbZ tkrh FkhA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) yM+dksa n~okjk irax mM+kbZ xbZA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

66

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) vesfjdk okfl;ksa osQ thou osQ ckjs esa foosdkuan th us D;k dgk\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) Lokeh th us thou esa D;k ;a=k.kk,¡ Hkksxh Fkha\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) gesa eqlhcrksa dk lkeuk fdl rjg djuk pkfg,\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) lalkj µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vko';drk µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) Hkjkslk µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- iszj.kkFkZd fØ;k esa cnfy,µ 3

(d) cukuk µ --------------------- ([k) /ksuk µ ---------------------

(x) dkVuk µ ---------------------


(d) dke µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) euq"; µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) nfjnz µ ----------------- -----------------

67

16- dchj osQ nksgsizfrikn~; fo"k; fuxqZ.k dkO; /kjk osQ jkekJ;h 'kkL=k osQ KkuekxhZ HkDr dfo dchjnkl th f'k"; ,oa xq# osQ laca/

dks fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa n~~okjk csgn [kwclwjrh ls fpf=kr djrs gSaA xq# osQ le{k mUgksaus bZ'oj dks Hkh NksVk crk;k gSA mUgksaus vius nksgksa esa thou osQ xw<+ rRoksa dks Hkh ljy ,oa lgt Hkk"kk esa le>k;k gSA izLrqr nksgksa esa mUgksus xq#] ifjJe] ehBh ok.kh vkfn dk egRRo crk;k gSA vius nksgksa esa dchj nkl th bZ'oj dh efgek] mlosQ izHkko] loZ=k jgus dh Hkkouk dks izdV djrs gSaA

ewyHkko dfo us xq# dh egRrk dk izfriknu fd;k gS] thou dh {k.k Hkaxqjrk e/qj ok.kh ,oa bZ'oj dh

egkurk dk lans'k fn;k gSA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k xq# dk egRRo] le; ,oa ehBh ok.kh vFkkZr~ fouez O;ogkj dh tkudkjh nsukA

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky 'kCnkFkZ] iz'uksRrj] HkkokFkZ le>kuk] fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ,oa mlosQ Hksn] milxZ] vuqokn] HkfDrdky osQ

dfo;ksa dh tkudkjhAHkkokFkZ1- dLrwjh oqaQMy cls -------------------------- ukfgaAdchjnkl th bu iafDr;ksa esa bZ'oj dh efgek] mlosQ izHkko] loZ=k jgus dh Hkkouk dks izdV djrs

gq, dgrs gSa fd e`x viuh ukfHk esa dLrwjh osQ jgus ij Hkh mlls vutku taxy esa <w¡<+rk fiQjrk gSA dLrwjh ,d lqxaf/r inkFkZ gS ftldh lqxa/ e`x dks taxy esa HkVdkrh gS dfo dgrs gSa fd bZ'oj gekjh vkRek esa gksrk gS ij ge mls igpku ugha ikrs vkSj eafnj rFkk rhFkZ LFkkuksa esa <w¡<+rs fiQjrs gSaA euq"; bl lPpkbZ dks Hkwyk gqvk gS fd og vn`'; 'kfDr jke gSA ftls nqfu;k ns[k ugha ldrh_ osQoy eglwl dj ldrh gSA2- xq# xksfoan ------------------------------------- fn;ks crk;AHkkokFkZ&bZ'oj xq# dks Js"B ekurs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ge Hkze esa iM+ tkrs gSa fd xq# dks egRRo nsa ;k

Hkxoku dksA os dgrs gSa fd xq# vkSj xksfoan nksuksa [kM+s gksa rks O;fDr vKkurk osQ dkj.k nqfo/k esa iM+ tkrk gS fd fdls egRRo nsaA Hkxoku dgrs gSa fd gesa vf/d lkspus dh vko';drk ugha D;ksafd Hkxoku us Lo;a gh crk;k gS fd xq# rks eq>ls Hkh cM+k gSA3- lrxq# dh efgek ------------------------------- fn[kko.k gkjAHkkokFkZ&dchj nkl th xq# dh efgek dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd xq# dh efgek dk dksbZ var

ugha gSA os ge ij vusd midkj djrs gSaA gekjh vkarfjd vk¡[ksa [kksydj bZ'oj ls gekjk feyu djkrs gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd xq# gesa Kku n`f"V nsrk gS ftlls ge vius Hkhrj fLFkr Hkxoku dks igpku ikrs gSaA

68

4- ikuh osQjk ------------------------------------- ijekrAeuq"; osQ {k.kHkaxqj thou osQ ckjs esa izdk'k Mkyrs gq, dchjnkl th dgrs gSa fd euq"; tkr ikuh

osQ cqycqys dh rjg gSA ftl rjg lwjt osQ fudyrs gh rkjs fNi tkrs gSa mlh rjg ns[krs&ns[krs gekjk thou u"V gks tk,xkA gesa thou jgrs vPNs dke djus pkfg,A5- ekyh vkor -------------------------------------- gekjh ckjAdchjnkl th thou dh lPpkbZ osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA ekSr ls Mjus ls dksbZ iQk;nk ughaA iwQyksa dk

mnkgj.k nsrs gq, os dgrs gSa fd ekyh dks vkrs ns[k dfy;k¡ iqdkjrs gq, dgrh gSa fd vkt rks iwQyksa dks rksM+ yksA dy ge f[ky tk,¡xs rks gesa rksM+ ysukA gj ifjfLFkfr esa ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gksuk pkfg,A ekSr dk Mj thus osQ lq[k dks Nhu ysxkA gj fLFkfr esa rS;kj jguk pkfg,A6- dky djS lks ---------------------------------- cgqfj djsxk dcAdchjnkl th le; osQ egRRo dks Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd le; {k.kHkaxqj gSA tks vkt gS og dy ugha Hkh gks ldrk gSA tks oqQN djuk gS mls blh le; djksA chrs dy dks ykSVk;k ugha tk ldrkA vkus okys dy dks ge ns[k ugha ldrsA tks oqQN gS og vHkh gSA os dgrs gSa fd tks oqQN dy djuk pkgrs gks mls vkt djksA tks vkt djuk pkgrs gks mls vHkh djksA iy Hkj esa D;k gksxk\ dksbZ ugha tkurkA ekSr gks xbZ] izy; gks x;k rks dc dj ikvksxsA7- ,slh ckuh cksfy, -------------------------- vkigq¡ lhry gks;AehBh fouez ok.kh osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, dchjnkl th dgrs gSa fd ges'kk ehBh ok.kh esa cksfy,A fouezrk ls is'k vkb,A eu esa nwljs osQ izfr isze gks rks vkok”k esa feBkl Lo;a vk tkrh gS ehBh ok.kh esa cksyus ij lquus okyk Hkh [kq'k gks tkrk gS vkSj cksyus okyk Hkh vkuan dh vuqHkwfr djrk gSA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) e`x ou esa dLrwjh dks <w¡<+rk gSA ([k) xksfoan us [kqn xq# dks Js"B dgk gSA (x) dfy;k¡ dgrh gSa fd vkt iwQyksa dks rksM+ yks_ dy gekjh ckjh vk,xhA (?k) Lo;a rks [kq'k gksaxs lkFk gh nwljs Hkh [kq'k gks tk,¡xsA

fyf[kr

1- (d) bZ'oj d.k&d.k esa lek, gq, gSaA os gj izk.kh osQ ân; esa fojkteku gSaA yksx mUgsa le> ugha ikrs D;ksafd os vKku gSa vkSj HkkSfrdrk dh pdkpkSa/ mudh vk¡[kksa ij ijnk Mky jgh gSA

([k) dchjnkl th dgrs gSa fd xq# dh efgek vuar gSA og eu dh vk¡[ksa [kksydj gesa ijekRek osQ n'kZu djkrk gSA

(x) thou ikuh osQ cqycqys dh rjg gSA tks mBrk gS fiQj feV tkrk gSA ftl rjg rkjs lqcg gksrs gh fNi tkrs gSa oSls gh thou Hkh {k.kHkaxqj gSA

69

(?k) dchjnkl th ehBh ok.kh esa cksyus dks dgrs gSa D;ksafd ok.kh dh uezrk nwljksa dk fny rks thr gh ysrh gS] [kqn dks Hkh [kq'k djrh gSA

2- (d) dky djs rks vkt dj vkt djS lks vcA iy esa ijy; gks,xh] cgqfj djsxk dcAA ([k) ekyh vkor nsf[kosQ] dfy;k¡ djh iqdkjA iwQyh&iwQyh pqu fy;ks] dky gh gekjh ckjAA (x) ikuh osQjk cqncqnk vl ekul dh tkrA ,d fnol fNi tk,xk T;ksa rkjk ijHkkrAA

3- Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Lo;a djsaA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) FkksM+k&FkksM+k & ifjek.kokpd ([k) dy & dkyokpd (x) vanj & LFkkuokpd (?k) dHkh & dkyokpd (Ä) vpkud & jhfrokpd

2- (d) izfr $ owQy & izfrowQy ([k) lq $ iq=k & lqiq=k (x) fo $ t; & fot; (?k) v/ $ tyk & v/tyk (Ä) vu $ i<+ & vui<+

3- le; xfr'khy gSA ;g de ;k T;knk ugha gks ldrk gSA gj iy dk egRRo gSA le; chr tkus ij ge oqQN ugha dj ldrsA tks le; cckZn djrs gSaA os liQy ugha gksrsA tks le; dk lnqi;ksx djrs gSa] os thou esa liQy gksrs gSaA

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡

Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Lo;a djsaA f'kf{kdk fdrkcsa pquus esa enn djsaA

70

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) e`x ou esa D;k <w¡<+rk jgrk gS vkSj D;ksa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ekyh dks vkrs ns[k dfy;k¡ D;k dgrh gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) ekuo thou osQ izfr dchjnkl th D;k dgrs gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) dchjnkl th oSQlh ok.kh esa cksyus dks dgrs gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- nksgksa dh iafDr;ksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ 3 (d) lrxq# dh efgek vuar] vuar fd;k midkjA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A ([k) ikuh osQjk cqncqnk] vl ekul dh tkrA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A (x) dky djS lks vkt dj] vkt djS lks vcA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A

3- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) ykspu µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) e`x µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) xq# µ ----------------- -----------------

4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fØ;kfo'ks"k.k 'kCn Nk¡fV,µ 3 (d) FkksM+k&FkksM+k vH;kl dhft,A ----------------------------------

([k) vanj vk tkb,A ----------------------------------

(x) og vpkud vk x;kA ----------------------------------

5- fganh esa vuqokn dhft,µ 2 (d) Time is always moving. --------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) We cannot do anything. --------------------------------------------------------------------

71

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) ?kV&?kV esa jke gSa rks yksx mUgsa le> D;ksa ugha ikrs\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) dchjnkl th xq# dh efgek osQ ckjs esa D;k dgrs gSa\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) dchj us fdls cM+k crk;k gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr vFkZ Li"V djus okys nksgs dks fyf[k,µ 4

(d) tks dy djuk pkgrs gks mls vkt djks] tks vkt djuk pkgrs gks mls vc djksA dy D;k

gksxk oqQN dgk ugha tk ldrkA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) euq"; dk thou ikuh osQ cqycqys dh rjg gSA ftl izdkj rkjk lw;Z osQ izdk'k esa fNi tkrk

gS oSls gh gekjk thou Hkh ,d fnu feV tk,xkA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) vuar µ ---------------------------- ([k) midkj µ ----------------------------

(x) fnol µ ----------------------------

4- milxZ yxkdj u, 'kCn cukb,µ 2

(d) ------------------- $ cy -------------------

([k) ------------------- $ iq=k -------------------

72

17- paikdyhizfrikn~; fo"k; bl dgkuh esa vktdy osQ uo;qodksa dh euksHkkouk fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA vktdy vfHkHkkodksa ,oa cqtqxks±

dh cPpksa ls cgqr vf/d mEehnsa gksrh gSaA tks oqQN os ugha dj ikrs mls cPpksa n~okjk djokus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA cPpksa dh euksn'kk dh mUgsa fpark ugha gksrhA vktdy cPpksa esa cgqr vf/d tkx:drk gSA os viuh ilan&ukilan Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs gSaApsyIik osQ firk foeku nq?kZVuk esa ekjs x,A mldh ek¡ us csVs dks ukuk osQ lqiqnZ dj fn;kA ukuk th

dks nkekn ls cgqr mEehnsa FkhaA tc og ej x;k rks mUgksaus viuh mEehnsa ukrh n~okjk iwjh djuh pkghA ijarq ukrh rks dfo cuuk pkgrk FkkA og vR;ar laosnu'khy] Hkkoqd ,oa izo`Qfr iszeh FkhaA ukuk th us mls tcjnLrh fc”kusl i<+us yanu Hkst fn;kA mlus tkus ls igys paikdyh dk ,d ikS/k yxkdj ek¡ ls mldh ns[kHkky djus dks dgkA ukuk th O;kikj dh ns[k&js[k ugha dj ik jgs FksA pkgrs Fks fd fdlh rjg ukrh O;kikj l¡Hkky ysA tc og ykSV dj vk;k rks lh/s paikdyh osQ ikS/s dh rjiQ x;kA og ikS/k lw[k dj ej x;k FkkA mls ns[k og ek¡ ls yM+us yxkA brus lkyksa ckn ykSVk Fkk ij mls u rks ek¡ dh fpark Fkh u ukuk dhA fpark Fkh rks osQoy ml ikS/s dhA ukuk th le> x, fd ukrh dh #fp fdlesa gSA

ewyHkko bl ikB esa cPpksa dh euksn'kk dk fp=k.k gSA ;g dgkuh cqtqxks± ,oa cPpksa osQ chp osQ ruko ,oa la?k"kZ

dk fp=k.k djrh gSA cPpksa dks mudh bPNkuqlkj dksbZ Hkh fo"k; ysdj i<+us nsuk pkfg,A

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k ;qodksa dks viuh bPNk iwfrZ gsrq dksbZ fo"k; ysdj i<+us ij etcwj ugha djuk pkfg,A laosnu'khy] Hkkoqd] dksey ân; O;fDr O;kikj dh ctk; dfork esa #fp j[krk gks rks mls jksduk ugha pkfg,A

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky iz'uksRrj] fdlus fdlls dgk] lgh@xyr] tksM+s cukb,] vO;;] fØ;kin] ^us* dk iz;ksx] fØ;kfo'ks"k.k lkj&ys[kuA

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) og ekewyh vadksa ls ikl gqvk FkkA ([k) ukfPp;kj fr#osadVe dh csVh FkhA (x) fr#osadVe us vius ukrh dk LFkku yanu LowQy vkWiQ dkelZ esa lqjf{kr fd;k FkkA (?k) xqykc yky D;ksa gS\ (Ä) mUgksaus dgk fd psyIik dksey ,oa e/qj ân; dk gSA og mn~;ksxifr ugha dfo cuuk

pkgrk gSA

73

fyf[kr

1- (d) nhoku th us ukrh dh f'k{kk osQ fy, ?kj ij fuiq.k vè;kid dks V~;w'ku fnykus j[k fn;k FkkA yanu LowQy vkWiQ dkWelZ esa LFkku lqjf{kr djok;kA dejs esa mn~;ksx laca/h fdrkcksa osQ <sj yxk fn,A fiQj mls m¡Qph f'k{kk osQ fy, fons'k Hkh Hkst fn;kA

([k) ukfPp;kj osQ ifr dh fons'k esa foeku nq?kZVuk esa e`R;q gks xbZA ifr dks [kksdj og iq=k osQ lkFk firk osQ ?kj vk xbZA

(x) dfork dk 'kh"kZd Fkk xqykc yky D;ksa gS\ mlus vè;kid ls dgk fd ;qx&;qx ls ifjJe djus okyksa dk [kwu ”kehu osQ vanj igq¡p jgk gSA og ogha lw[kdj jg tkrk gS] rHkh mlls f[kyus okyk xqykc yky&yky fn[krk gSA

(?k) psyIik us fons'k tkus osQ igys paikdyh dk ,d ikS/k yxk;k FkkA ek¡ ls dg x;k Fkk fd og mldh ns[k&js[k djsA ijarq ek¡ us ml vksj è;ku ugha fn;kA isM+ lw[kdj eqj>k x;kA mlh dks ysdj nksuksa esa cgl gks jgh FkhA

(Ä) ugha o`n~/ nhoku cgknqj dh bPNk iwjh ugha gqbZA mUgksaus [kqn dks rlYyh ns nh fd mls isM+&ikS/ksa ,oa izo`Qfr ls T;knk isze gSA blfy, mls etcwj djuk csdkj gSA

2- (d) nhoku cgknqj fr#osadVe us viuh csVh ukfPp;kj ls dgkA ([k) ukfPp;kj us firkth ls dgkA (x) vè;kid us nhoku cgknqj fu#osadVe ls dgkA (?k) psyIik us ukuk th ls dgkA (Ä) nhoku cgknqj us vius pkjksa vksj [kM+s vf/dkfj;ksa ls dgkA

3- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 3 lgh (x) 7 xyr (?k) 7 xyr (Ä) 3 lgh

4- (d) mn~;ksx laca/h i=k&if=kdkvksa dk <sj yxk FkkA ([k) [kq'kcw ls Hkj x;k FkkA (x) lHkh fe=kksa osQ irs ns fn,A (?k) ân; dk gSA (Ä) dksbZ ppkZ gks jgh FkhA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- vO;; & og jkr Hkj tkxrk jgkA fØ;kin & og ?kM+k Hkj x;kA og fnuHkj dke djrk jgkA HkhM+ ls dejk Hkj x;k FkkA

2- (d) jke us ikB i<+ fy;kA ([k) lhrk us rqels D;k dgkA (x) eSaus mls ?kj cqyk;k gSA (?k) jfo us eq>s ,d dye fn;k gSA (Ä) ge lcus mldk tUe fnu euk;kA

3- (d) Hkhrj ([k) ;gk¡ (x) oqQN (?k) fd/j (Ä) FkksM+k&FkksM+k

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

74

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) fr#osadVe psyIik ls D;ksa ukjk”k Fks\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ukfPp;kj dkSu Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) psyIik dh dfork dk Hkko D;k Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, fons'k tkus osQ igys psyIik us ek¡ ls D;k dgk Fkk\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- eqgkojksa dk vFkZ fyf[k,µ 2 (d) nkSM+&/wi djuk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vk¡[ksa isQj ysuk µ ---------------------------------------------------------------

3- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) ekewyh µ --------------------- ([k) eqf'dy µ ---------------------

(x) ifjiDork µ ---------------------

4- fdlus] fdlls dgk\ 4 fdlus fdlls (d) ¶vius csVs osQ ikl gksus dh [kwch ns[kh\¸ --------------------- ---------------------

([k) ¶esjh rfc;r osQ ckjs esa ugha iwNkA ij paik --------------------- ---------------------

osQ ikS/s dk fdruk [;ky gSA¸ (x) ¶bl dfork osQ ckjs esa mlls oqQN u dfg,xk lkspsxk fd eSa f'kdk;r djrk gw¡A¸ --------------------- ---------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr okD; mfpr fØ;kfo'ks"k.k n~okjk iwjs dhft,µ 2

Hkhrj] oqQN] fd/j] FkksM+k&FkksM+k

(d) --------------------- tkuk gS crkvksA ([k) [kkyh er cSBks --------------------- dke djksA (x) xjeh gS --------------------- vk tkvksA (?k) ikuh --------------------- djosQ ih;ksA

75

dk;Z if=kdkµ2



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 6 (d) ukfPp;kj vius iq=k dks ysdj firk osQ ikl D;ksa ykSV vkbZ Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) psyIik osQ ykSV vkus ij ek¡&csVs esa fdl ckr ij cgl gksus yxh Fkh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) D;k o`n~/ nhoku cgknqj dh bPNk iwjh gqbZ\ mUgksaus [kqn dks oSQls rlYyh nh\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) vuqie µ -------------- -------------- ([k) vkKk µ -------------- --------------

(x) nq[k µ -------------- --------------

3- tksM+s feykb,µ 2 (d) caxys osQ ,d dejs esa (i) [kq'kcw ls Hkjk FkkA ([k) losjs lkjk dejk (ii) lHkh fe=kksa osQ iRrs ns fn,A (x) nhoku th us vius (iii) ân; dk gSA (?k) psyIik dksey ,oa e/qj (iv) mn~;ksx laca/h i=k&if=kdkvksa dk <sj yxk FkkA

4- Bhd loZuke 'kCn ls [kkyh txg Hkfj,µ 2

gekjk] rsjk] esjk] rqEgkjk

(d) --------------------- ?kj dk uke D;k gS\ ([k) --------------------- cLrk ys tkvksA (x) --------------------- ?kj ;gk¡ ls nwj gSA (?k) iqLrosaQ i<+us ls --------------------- thou lq/j tk,xkA

5- tksM+h 'kCn feykb,µ 2 (d) [kkuk (i) fy[kuk ([k) pyuk (ii) jksuk (x) i<+uk (iii) ihuk (?k) g¡luk (iii) fiQjuk

76

18- lqeu ,d miou osQizfrikn~; fo"k; n~okfjdk izlkn ekgs'ojh fyf[kr lqeu ,d miou osQ dfork esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k

gSA Hkkjr dh izko`Qfrd lqanjrk] izkphu lH;rk o laLo`Qfr rFkk ekuork osQ egRRo dks O;Dr fd;k gSA Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns'k gSA tgk¡ lHkh izdkj osQ yksx jgrs gSaA ;gk¡ vusdrk esa ,drk gSA ;gk¡ dh feV~Vh dh moZjrk rFkk iQlyksa dh gjhfrek yqHkkouh gSA Hkkjr ,d miou dh rjg gS tgk¡ fofHkUu rjg osQ iwQy f[kyrs gSa] egdrs gSa] lcdk eu eksg ysrs gSaA gekjs ns'k esa dbZ tkfr] jax] Hkk"kk vkfn osQ yksx izse iwoZd esy&tksy ls jgrs gSaA ftl rjg ekyh miou dh ns[kHkky djrk gS] mlh rjg bZ'oj ge lc dh ns[kHkky djrs gSaA dfo us olq/So oqQVaqcde dh Hkkouk ij cy fn;k gSA

ewyHkko bl dfork osQ ekè;e ls olq/So oqQVaqcde dh Hkkouk mtkxj gqbZ gSA izo`Qfr dk mnkgj.k nsdj dfo

us viuh Hkkouk O;Dr dh gSA iwQyksa dh rjg ekuoksa dks Hkh egdrs] 'kksHkk;eku gksrs ,oa ,drk ls jgrs fn[kk;k gSA /uh&fu/Zu] lcdks ,d lkFk isze ls jgrs fn[kk;k gSA dfo dh dfork esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk] ns'k isze dh Hkkouk mtkxj gqbZ gSA izo`Qfr isze Hkh Li"V gqvk gSA

thou ewY; ,oa n`f"Vdks.k ns'k izse dh iszj.kk] vusdrk esa ,drk] ekuork dk lans'k] izo`Qfr isze

Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa dkS'ky iz'uksRrj] okD;ksa dk iz;ksx] opu] loZuke dkjd osQ fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx] jpukRed dkS'ky

ikB~;iqLrd osQ mRrj

ekSf[kd

(d) ge lc ,d gh miou osQ iwQy gSaA ([k) pk¡nuh lcdks ugykrh gSA (x) ge lc ,d gh /jrh ij jgrs gSaA (?k) Hkzejksa osQ ehBs xqatu ls gesa ,d tSls Loj feys gSaA (Ä) ,d lw=k esa c¡/dj ge ,drk ls jguk lh[krs gSaA

fyf[kr

1- (d) dfo gesa ,d gh miou dk iwQy dgrs gSa D;ksafd ge Hkh miou dh rjg /jrh ij ,d lkFk esy ls jgrs gSaA dfo dh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk izdV gqbZ gSA

([k) lwjt gekjs ân; dks isze ls Hkj nsrk gS vkSj pk¡nuh gesa lcosQ lkFk Lusg ls fgy&feydj jguk fl[kkrh gSA

77

(x) ge ,d miou vFkkZr~ Hkkjro"kZ :ih miou osQ iwQy gSaA ys[kd us Hkkjro"kZ dks ,d egdrk gqvk miou ekuk gS ftldk gj ,d iwQy Hkkjroklh gS] tks lkFk feydj miou :ih Hkkjr dh 'kksHkk c<+krk gSA

(?k) dfBukb;ksa dk] leL;kvksa dk vkSj d"Vksa dk lkeuk g¡lrs gq, djuk lh[kk gSA ge dHkh gkj ugha ekurs dfBukb;k¡ gesa l'kDr cukrh gSaA

( Ä) dfo ns'k isze dh Hkkouk O;Dr djrk gSA iwQyksa dh viuh Hkk"kk gS&laosnuk gSA dfo ns'k dks miou ,oa ns'kokfl;ksa dks iwQy ekurk gSA vyx&vyx vkdkj] jax o xq.kksa ls Hkjs miou tSlk gh gS Hkkjrns'k] tgk¡ vyx&vyx tkfr] o.kZ Hkk"kk osQ yksx jgrs gSaA ftl izdkj bl fofo/rk ls miou egdrk gS oSls gh Hkkjrns'k esa Hkh fofo/rk esa ,drk gSA

2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA

3- (d) ckx esa dbZ lqeu f[kys FksA ([k) miou iwQyksa dh lqxa/ ls egd jgk FkkA (x) li+ sQn eksrh lqanj gSA (?k) lwjt fudy vk;kA (Ä) pk¡n gesa 'khryrk nsrk gSA

O;kdj.k cks/

1- (d) jksfV;k¡ ([k) yM+fd;k¡ (x) yM+osQ (?k) nsfo;k¡ (Ä) oLrq,¡ (p) ukfj;k¡

2- (d) og ([k) rqe (x) rqe (?k) esjh

3- (d) us] dh ([k) osQ (x) osQ fy, (?k) ij (Ä) dks

jpukRed xfrfof/;k¡


vH;kl iz'u&i=k 1- (d) Hkwrdky ([k) HkkbZ vkSj cgu (x) Hkfo";r dky (?k) v (Ä) m¡Qph

2- (d) (i) oqQ'kyrk ([k) (i) jhfrokpd (x) (iii) fla/q (?k) (ii) o`QrK (Ä) (i) d"V

3- (d) 3 lgh ([k) 3 lgh (x) 7 xyr (?k) 3 lgh (Ä) 7 xyr

78

dk;Z if=kdkµ1



1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ 4 (d) pk¡nuh D;k djrh gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) ge lc dgk¡ jgrs gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) dk¡Vksa esa f[kydj geus D;k lh[kk gS\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) ge ,d lw=k esa c¡/dj D;k lh[krs gSa\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ 3 (d) ty µ ----------------- ----------------- ([k) miou µ ----------------- -----------------

(x) i`Foh µ ----------------- -----------------

3- 'kCnksa osQ fyax crkb,µ 3 (d) miou µ --------------------- ([k) /jrh µ ---------------------

(x) lqeu µ --------------------- (?k) dk¡Vk µ --------------------- (Ä) lqxa/ µ --------------------- (p) xxu µ ---------------------

4- us] dks] osQ fy,] ij] osQ] dh osQ iz;ksx ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 3 (d) jktk ----------------------- xjhcksa ----------------------- lgk;rk dhA ([k) jk/k ----------------------- gks'k mM+ x,A (x) ek¡ us x.ks'k ----------------------- diM+s [kjhnsA (?k) cPps Nr ----------------------- p<+sA (Ä) lc cPpksa ----------------------- cqykvksA

5- opu cnfy,µ 2 (d) jksVh & --------------------- ([k) oLrq & ---------------------

(x) yM+dk & --------------------- (?k) ukjh & ---------------------

79

dk;Z if=kdkµ2




(d) dfo gesa ,d miou dk iwQy D;ksa dgrs gSa\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) lwjt vkSj pk¡n gesa D;k nsrs gSa\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) geus oSQls thuk lh[kk gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ 3

(d) lqeu µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) miou µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) eksrh µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


(d) lqxa/ µ --------------------- ([k) tUe µ ---------------------

(x) iwQy µ ---------------------

4- loZuke 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ 3

(d) jke ?kj ls fudyk vkSj --------------------- lM+d ij fxj iM+kA

([k) --------------------- dgk¡ tkuk pkgrs gks\

(x) --------------------- fdrkc [kks xbZ gSA

80

dk;Z if=kdk (mRrj&rkfydk)

1- izkFkZuk

dk;Z if=kdkµ1 1- (d) dof;=kh bulku osQ fny ls HksnHkko] Ny&diV] oSj&nqjko dks feVkdj lcosQ ân; esa

mnkjrk] fouezrk ,oa Lusg dk Hkko ykuk pkgrh gS rkfd os lc ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk Lusg ls jgsaA

([k) og bZ'oj ls 'kfDreku cuus dk ojnku ek¡xrh gSa ftlls og iwjs ns'k dks I;kj dh fLuX/rk ls ,d Mksj esa ck¡/ losaQA

(x) og lalkj dks egdrs iwQyksa&lk egdkuk pkgrh gSA

2- (d) (iii) ([k) (i) (x) (iv) (?k) (ii)3- (d) gesa fouezrk dk xq.k /kj.k djuk pkfg,A

([k) gesa viuh 'kfDr dk lnqi;ksx djuk pkfg,A (x) vkt lkjk fo'o foKku osQ peRdkjksa ls gSjku gSA

4- (d) fd ([k) dh (x) dh (?k) fd

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) dof;=kh izHkq ls 'kfDr ek¡x jgh gSA

([k) dof;=kh lalkj dks egdrs gq, xqynLrs dk :i nsuk pkgrh gSA (x) dof;=kh HksnHkko feVkdj lcesa vkReh;rk dk Hkko Hkjuk pkgrh gSA2- (d) 'kfDr µ rkdr] cy ([k) fo'o µ lalkj] nqfu;k

(x) fny µ ân;] eu3- (d) yk losaQ fo'o esa ,slk cnyko

egd tk, xqynLrk lalkjA ([k) 'kfDr nks gesa o`Qikfu/ku cny losaQ fo'o dk gj bulkuA4- (d) vkRefo'okl ([k) okf"kZd

(x) n~os"k5- (d) mnkjrk ([k) LokLF; (x) xoZ

2- ij[k

dk;Z if=kdkµ1 1- (d) ukxktqZu viuh iz;ksx'kkyk esa vusd nok,¡ cukus osQ dkj.k izfln~/ gks x, FksA ([k) ukxktqZu us jktk ls iwNk fd tks nwljksa dh lsok ugha dj ldrk] og fpfdRlk oSQls djsxkA

81

(x) ukxktqZu us ukStokuksa dks ,d&,d inkFkZ nsdj mls igpkuus dks dgkA

2- (d) igys ;qod us ukxktqZu ls ([k) ukxktqZu us jktk ls (x) nwljs ;qod us ukxktqZu ls3- izkphu µ iqjkuk] ij[k µ igpku] fpfdRlk µ bykt4- lM+d µ ekxZ] jkg ;qod µ ;qok] ukStoku izkphu µ iqjkru] iqjkuk5- (d) izkphu ([k) fpfdRld (x) vijk/h

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) ukxktqZu us jktk ls lgk;d Hkstus osQ fy, enn ek¡xh D;ksafd iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke vf/d

Fkk vkSj ukxktqZu vosQys FksA ([k) nwljk ukStoku jktekxZ esa isM+ osQ uhps iM+s ,d chekj vkneh dh lgk;rk djus osQ dkj.k

jlk;u dh tk¡p ugha dj ik;kA (x) ukStokuksa dks fn, x, inkFkZ ls jlk;u rS;kj djus osQ fy, rhu fnuksa dk le; fn;k x;kA

2- (d) va/dkj ([k) vuqi;ksxh (x) vuqfpr (?k) v;ksX;3- lHkh ukStoku feydj ihfM+rksa dh enn djus yxsA lkeus ls vk jgk ;qod esjk HkkbZ gSA eSa

chekj Fkk blfy, fon~;ky; ugha vk ik;kA

4- (d) gkFk&iSj ekjuk µ iz;Ru djuk µ joh'k us cgqr gkFk&iSj ekjs] rc tkdj liQyrk feyhA ([k) vk¡[k dk rkjk µ cgqr I;kjk µ uhrk vius ekrk&firk dh vk¡[k dk rkjk gSA5- (d) cM+cM+kuk ([k) FkjFkjkukA

3- vksyafid [ksy

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku igys nkSM+&owQn] jFk&nkSM+] eqDosQckth vkSj oqQf'r;ksa dh

izfr;ksfxrk,¡ gksrh FkhaA ([k) vk/qfud ;qx dk igyk vksyafid lu~ 1896 esa ,Fksal esa vk;ksftr gqvk FkkA (x) vksyafid [ksyksa osQ nkSjku ;g Hkkouk tkx`r gksrh gS fd thou esa vko';d rF; fot;

ikuk ugha] vfirq vPNh rjg tedj la?k"kZ djuk gSA2- (d) v.kZo us okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk esa izFke iqjLdkj thrkA

([k) eq[; vfrfFk us nhi izTofyr dj dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr dhA (x) thou dk mn~ns'; yksd dY;k.k gksuk pkfg,A 3- (d) lwjt ([k) nw/ (x) lp (?k) vk¡lw4- (d) csVk ([k) ,sud (x) ys[kd (?k) isze (Ä) oSlk

82

(p) FkSyk5- (d) rqEgkjk ([k) og (x) og (?k) esjk (Ä) eq>ls

(p) rqeus

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) fi;js us vksyafid [ksyksa dh Hkkouk osQ ckjs esa fd vksyafid [ksyksa esa egRRoiw.kZ ckr thruk

ugha gS] cfYd mlesa Hkkx ysuk gSA thou esa fot; ikus ls vf/d MVdj la?k"kZ djuk egRRoiw.kZ gSA

([k) vksyafid èot dh i`"BHkwfe li+sQn gSA ml ij vkil esa xq¡Fks ik¡p xksys gSaA gj xksyk ,d egkn~ohi dk izrhd gSA

(x) vksyafid f[kykM+h Lo;a dks jktuhfrd] /kfeZd vkSj O;kolkf;d izHkko ls cpk, j[krs gSaA2- (d) izrhd µ fpg~u] laosQr ([k) 'kjhj µ ru] dk;k

(x) fo'o µ lalkj] txr3- (d) (6) ([k) (5) (x) (1) (?k) (3) (Ä) (4)

(p) (2)4- (d) ykHknk;d ([k) lq/kjd (x) vfuok;Z

4- liQyrk dh f=kos.kh

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) thou osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa liQy gksus dk ewy vk/kj LokLF; gSA

([k) Hkw[k vkSj Hkkstu dk laca/ le>us ls LokLF; dh leL;k gy gks ldrh gSA (x) dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuk n`f"Vdks.k larqfyr j[kdj foiQyrk Hkh liQyrk esa cny

tkrh gSA (?k) izkFkZuk ls 'kfDr feyrh gS blfy, thou esa izkFkZuk egRRoiw.kZ gSA

2- (d) 3 ([k) 3 (x) 7 (?k) 7

3- (d) bulku µ ekuo] euq"; ([k) izkFkZuk µ fourh] nqvk

(x) fe=k µ l[kk] nksLr4- nhokjsa] rLohjsa] fdrkcssa5- ek¡ us cPpksa osQ mTToy Hkfo"; dh dkeuk dhA

ifjJe liQyrk dh oqaQth gSA gesa izfrfnu bZ'oj dh izkFkZuk djuh pkfg,Adk;Z if=kdkµ2 1- (d) larqfyr vkgkj&fogkj] fu;fer O;k;ke rFkk Hkw[k yxus ij gh Hkkstu djus ls LokLF; mRre

83

j[kk tk ldrk gSA ([k) ân; ls dh xbZ izkFkZuk dHkh csdkj ugha tkrhA og euq"; dks eupkgk iQy nsrh gS blfy,

liQyrk izkfIr esa izkFkZuk dk Hkh egRRo gSA (x) mRRe LokLF;] izkFkZuk rFkk thou osQ izfr LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k lq[kh ,oa liQy thou osQ fy,

vfuok;Z gSaA2- (d) ifjJe ([k) vuqHko&lkxj

(x) LokLF; (?k) ;FkklaHko3- es/koh µ gksf'k;kj] lsokeqDr µ fjVk;j

nwHkj µ dfBu4- (d) eSaus Hkkr] jksVh] rjdkjh vkSj ngh [kkbZA

([k) ek¡! ek¡! dgk¡ gks rqe\ (x) rqEgkjk uke D;k gS\ (?k) ,s yM+osQ! esjk yM+dk dgk¡ gS\5- jktho us Hkkx&nkSM+ djosQ eupkgk ?kj ys fy;kA

gesa cM+ksa dk vieku djus dh /`"Vrk ugha djuh pkfg,A

5- dksbZ eq>s esjk cpiu ykSVk nks

dk;Z if=kdkµ1 1- (d) cpiu esa ge lHkh izdkj dh 'kjkjrsa djrs gSa] rjgµrjg osQ [ksy [ksyrs izlUu jgrs gaS

blfy, dof;=kh us cpiu dks papy dgk gSA ([k) dof;=kh cpiu esa pkjikb;ksa ls ?kj cukrh FkhA (x) dof;=kh ek¡ osQ nqykj] fiVkbZ] HkkbZ&cguksa ls >xM+k] [ksy vkfn dks ;kn djrh gSA 2- (d) oks ekj [kkuk fnu esa nks&pkj ckj] oks iziqQfYyr oks] papy cpiu esjkA ([k) dksbZ eq>s esjk cpiu ykSVk nksA

3- (d) fpV~fB;k¡ ([k) fpg~u (x) mn~;ksx (?k) olqa/jk

4- (d) ufn;ksa dk ty BaMk gSA ([k) vknfe;ksa ls iwN yksA (x) cPps jksrs gSaA 5- esjk cpiu ukuh osQ ?kj chrkA iz.ko esjk NksVk HkkbZ gSA esjs firk jks”k feBkbZ ykrs gSaA

84

6- (d) dj µ gkFk] VSDl iQy µ vke] lsc vkfn [kkus dh oLrq] ifj.kke

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) dof;=kh vius cpiu dh ek¡ osQ nqykj vkSj HkkbZ&cguksa ls >xM+us tSlh ckrksa dks ;kn

djrh gSA ([k) dof;=kh firk osQ lk;s dk vglkl djkus dks dg jgh gSA (x) dof;=kh xqM~Ms&xqfM+;ksa dh 'kknh djkus dk [ksy [ksyrh FkhA2- (d) fLFkj ([k) cq<+kik (x) jkr3- ykM+&I;kj] cgqr izlUu] vuqHko] gB4- ek¡] pkjikbZ] xqM~Ms&xqfM+;k] firk

6- Jh panz'ks[kj osadVjeu

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) ikoZrh vEeky /S;Z'khyk rFkk n`<+ ladYi okyh efgyk FkhaA

([k) jeu osQ vè;kid izksisQlj tsEl us mUgsa Nk=ko`fRr fnykbZA (x) jeu us ckjg o"kZ dh mez iwjh gksus ls igys gh eSfVªd dh ijh{kk ikl dj yhA (?k) jeu us bl jgL; dk irk yxk;k fd vkdk'k uhyk D;ksa fn[krk gSA2- (d) fon~;qr] rfM+r ([k) vrqyuh;] vuks[kk

(x) oqQ'ky] prqjA

3- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (i) (?k) (ii)4- (d) Hkfo";r~ dky ([k) Hkwrdky

(x) Hkfo";r~ dky5- (d) esjh cgu dgk¡ i<+ jgh gS\

([k) D;k lhrk vPNk xkrh gS\ (x) eq>s [ksyuk D;ksa vPNk yxrk gS\

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) jeu viuh d{kk esa lcls de vk;q osQ Nk=k Fks ijarq mUgsa vU; Nk=kksa ls vf/d Kku Fkk

blfy, os izksisQljksa osQ fiz; Nk=k cu x,A ([k) jeu us ;g [kkst dh fd vkdk'k uhyk D;ksa fn[krk gS rFkk leqnz esa rSjus okys fge&'kSy

uhys D;ksa fn[krs gSaA muosQ bl [kkst dks ^jeu izHkko* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA (x) jeu vius ijh{k.kksa vkSj fu"d"kks± dks i=k&if=kdkvksa rFkk izfln~/ foKkuosRrkvksa dks fy[kdj

Hkstrs FksA bl izdkj os ,d oqQ'ky oSKkfud cusA

85

2- (d) 3 ([k) 3 (x) 7 (?k) 7

3- (d) pky ([k) lqanj (x) NksVk&lk4- 'kSyk osQ vpkud /uh cuus ij lc vk'p;Z djus yxsA fon~;qr osQ vkfo"dkj us ekuo dk

thou cny fn;kA ladV dh fLFkfr esa /S;Z j[kuk pkfg,A5- v#fp] e`R;qA

7- nkor

dk;Z if=kdkµ1 1- (d) esg:fUu;k oRlyk vkSj egknso osQ cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrh FkhA ([k) vkuan us lkjk [kkuk >ksiM+iV~Vh osQ cPpksa dks nsus dks dgkA (x) xjhc vkSjr cPpksa osQ fy, [kkuk ek¡x jgh FkhA (?k) esg#fUulk osQ izfr oRlyk dk O;ogkj fouez FkkA

2- esg#fUulk us oRlyk ls oRlyk us vkuan ls egknso us esg#fUulk ls 3- (d) vk;kstu µ izca/ ([k) #[k µ O;ogkj (x) mYya?ku µ fu;e rksM+uk (?k) fgnk;r µ vkns'k 4- (d) o`QrK ([k) fpafrr (x) vukFk 5- (d) yM+osQ i<+rs gSaA ([k) xk;sa pj jgh gSA (x) iwQy f[kyrs gSaA

dk;Z if=kdkµ2

1- (d) esg#fUulk us ikVhZ osQ fy, cPpksa osQ diM+s] oRlyk dh lkM+h vkSj egknso dk lwV bL=kh dj fn, Fks rFkk 'kkfe;kuk xkM+us osQ fy, fgnk;r ns nh FkhA

([k) vkuan dh ckr lqudj egknso vkSj oRlyk gSjku jg xbZA mUgksaus lkspk fd tks ckr muosQ eu esa ugha vkbZ] og muosQ iq=k us dg nhA

(x) esg#fUulk egknso osQ ifjokj esa cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djus vkbZ FkhA vc og iwjs ?kj dh izca/d FkhA

2- (d) vfHkyk"kk] pkg ([k) ukSdj] vuqpj (x) L=kh] vkSjr 3- rs”k ckfj'k ls lM+osaQ ikuh esa Mwc xb±A ,d&,d dj lHkh esgeku igq¡p x,A eSa vius ifjokj osQ lkFk mQVh x;k FkkA

86

4- (d) mn~ns'; µ eq>s] fo/s; µ fcyoqQy Hkw[k ugha gSA ([k) mn~ns'; µ xkM+h vkdj fo/s; µ IysViQkWeZ ij [kM+h gks xbZ (x) mn~ns'; µ xhrk fo/s; µ fon~;ky; tkrh gSA

8- Hkkjr osQ rhFkZLFkku

dk;Z if=kdkµ1 1- (d) uj vkSj ukjk;.k us osQnkj ioZr ij feV~Vh ls f'kofyax cuk;k FkkA ([k) osQnkjukFk dk nwljk Hkkx i'kqifr osQ :i esa usiky esa gSA (x) osQnkjukFk dk ,d uke osQnkjs'oj Hkh gSA (?k) cnjhukFk dk ;g uke osj osQ o`{kksa osQ ou osQ dkj.k iM+kA2- (d) ifo=k ([k) uanh (x) osQnkjukFkA3- (d) vifo=k ([k) vizlUu (x) nf{k.k (?k) vlqanj4- lHkh rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa us ifo=k oqaQM esa Luku fd;kA

vkj{k.k ij lcdh jk; ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gSA izg~ykn bZ'oj dk ije HkDr Fkk 5- (d) ikBd ([k) iz'kald (x) vk;kstd (?k) la;kstd 6- ikSjkf.kd µ iqjk.k ls lacaf/r] oSHko'kkyh µ [kq'kgky

dk;Z if=kdkµ2

1- (d) ljfn;ksa esa ci+ ZQ iM+us osQ dkj.k HkDr osQnkjukFk vkSj cnjhukFk ugha tk ikrsA ([k) vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z us cnjhukFk dh ewfrZ dks ujn oqaQM ls fudkydj x#M+ xqi+ Qk esa LFkkfir

fd;kA2- (d) 7 ([k) 3 (x) 7 (?k) 3

3- (d) fo".kq µ gfj] ukjk;.k ([k) ikoZrh µ mek] xkSjhA (x) ckny µ es?k] tyn4- ifo=k µ 'kqn~/ µ ufn;ksa dks ifo=k cuk, j[kuk ge lcdk drZO; gSA

rhFkZLFkku µ fdlh /eZ dk fo'ks"k iq.; {ks=k ;k iwtk LFky µ Hkkjr osQ vusd rhFkZLFkku gSaA

3- (d) esgurh ([k) ckY;dky

9- eq>s eksckby gh jgus nks

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) ;qok ih<+h osQ fy, eksckby xguk gSA

([k) ftlosQ ikl eksckby u gks] og ?kfV;k dgykrk gSA (x) vkt dk eksckby Hkfo"; Hkh crkrk gSA

87

2- (d) cf<+;k ([k) uqdlku (x) vfHk'kki 3- (d) LVkbyµ'kSyh] Lekbyµg¡lh 4- vktdy eksckby j[kuk iSQ'ku cu x;k gSA MkWú vCnqy dyke us foKku osQ {ks=k esa cgqr

;ksxnku fn;kA orZeku ;qx rduhdh dk ;qx gSA 5- (d) jke nsj ls ?kj vkrk FkkA ([k) eSa rqEgkjs ?kj dy vkm¡QxkA (x) og dy vk,xkA (?k) rqe dy dgk¡ x, FksA

dk;Z if=kdkµ2

1- (d) uohu rduhdh osQ dkj.k vkt eksckby ckr djus osQ vykok baVjusV pykus] fiQYesa ,oa xkus lquusa] oSQejs ls iQksVks [khapus] ohfM;ks ctkus tSlh lqfo/kvksa ls iw.kZ gS blfy, ;g foKku dk ojnku cu x;kA

([k) ;qodksa dks eksckby dk iz;ksx lko/kuh ls djuk pkfg,A eksckby dh lqfo/kvksa dk nq#i;ksx ugha djuk pkfg, rFkk ;g è;ku j[kuk pkfg, dh eksckby nq?kZVukvksa dk dkj.k u cusA

(x) vktdy eksckby ”k:jr ls vf/d LVkby cu x;k gSA ftlosQ ikl eksckby ugha gS] mls NksVk le>k tkrk gS blfy, gj dksbZ eksckby ysuk pkgrk gSA

2- (d) ekuk eq>ls gSa cgqr iQk;ns] ij Hkwyksa er lekt osQ dk;nsA ([k) tks dy Fkk vkt ugha] fcuk eksckby dke ughaA 3- (d) dj] ikf.k ([k) iru] fxjkoV (x) fgLlk] vax 4- (d) us ([k) ls (x) ij 5- ;qok&oxZ] 'kki

10- iqLrosaQ

dk;Z if=kdkµ1

1- (d) iqLrosaQ dgrh gSaµ gesa è;ku ls i<+ks vkSj gels izkIr Kku dks eu esa mrkj yksA ([k) iqLrdksa dk pquko lko/kuh ls djuk pkfg,A (x) iqLrosaQ gesa liQyrk dk jkLrk fn[kkrh gSa rFkk chrs le; dh dgkfu;k¡ crkrh gSaA (?k) iqLrosaQ gesa thou vkSj txr dh vPNh ckrsa lqukus dks rS;kj gSaA

2- (d) n`x] ykspu ([k) vfXu] ikod (x) ik"kk.k] izLrj 3- (d) eu&cgyko ([k) eg¡xh (x) liQyrk

88

4- iqLrosaQ gekjh lPph lkFkh gSaA eSjh dkWe viuh izfrHkk osQ dkj.k e'kgwj gks xbZA thou dk y{; ijksidkj gksuk pkfg,A 5- fiyokuk] fnyokukA

dk;Z if=kdkµ2

1- (d) iqLrosaQ gekjs fy, mi;ksxh lk/u gSaA os gesa lksp&fopkjdj vkxs c<+us vkSj liQyrk dk jkLrk fn[kkrh gSaA

([k) lkbal us iqLrdksa osQ :i esa ys[kdksa dks vej cukdj ge ij lcls cM+k midkj fd;k gSA

(x) vxj vkt 'ksDlfi;j f”kank gks tk, rks lalkj osQ vusd ns'kksa osQ yksx mlosQ n'kZuksa osQ fy, nkSM+ iM+saxsA

2- U;ksNkoj µ leiZ.k] e'kgwjµizfln~/ etgc µ /eZ

3- (d) jk/k] xhfrdk] eatw"kk ,d gh LowQy esa i<+rh gSaA ([k) #dks] esjh ckr lqudj tkvksA (x) vjs! ;g D;k dj jgs gks\ 4- (d) vk¡[ksa [kqyuk µ lroZQ gksuk µ fe=kksa esa /ks[kk [kkdj t;nhi dh vk¡[ksa [kqy xb±A ([k) iRFkj iM+uk µ u"V gksuk µ ck<+ ls fdlkuksa dh [kqf'k;ksa ij iRFkj iM+ x,A

11- lnkpkj dk rkoh”k

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj iSQykus dk gYyk epk FkkA

([k) lk/q us jktk dks lnkpkj dk rkoh”k fn[kk;kA (x) fo'ks"kKksa us jktk dks Hkz"Vkpkj feVkus osQ fy, O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu dk lq>ko fn;kA (?k) vkt bdrhl rkjh[k gSA vkt rks ys ys!2- (d) nso] pSrU; ([k) oqQ'ky] fuiq.k

(x) fouk'k] izy;3- (d) vts; ([k) riLoh (x) lk/d4- (d) da/k ([k) vpaHkk (x) ?kaVk (?k) oaQpuA5- (d) u ([k) er (x) ugha (?k) er (Ä) u

(p) ughaA

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) jktk us njckfj;ksa ls lkjs jkT; esa Hkz"Vkpkj <w¡<+us dks dgk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dk uewuk ykus osQ

fy, Hkh dgkA

89

([k) fo'ks"kKksa us crk;k fd Hkz"Vkpkj lw{e gS] vxkspj gS] ij og loZ=k O;kIr gSA mls ns[kk ugha tk ldrk] osQoy vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(x) lk/q us Hkz"Vkpkj feVkus osQ fy, lcdks lnkpkj dk rkoh”k igukus dk lq>ko fn;kA2- (d) jktk us njckfj;ksa ls

([k) fo'ks"kKksa us jktk ls (x) njckfj;ksa us jktk ls3- (d) mRre ([k) vPNk (x) ej.k (?k) nqtZu4- (d) ladh.kZ ([k) vk,¡xs (x) xanxh (?k) ik¡p5- gj ljdkjh foHkkx esa Hkz"Vkpkj ls turkj =kLr gSA jktk dk flagklu lksus dk cuk FkkA

12- esVªks jsy% vk/qfud tu&ifjogu

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) VSªfiQd tke vkSj lM+d nq?kZVuk,¡ egkuxjksa dh lcls cM+h leL;k gSA

([k) esVªks jsy ls ifjogu dh leL;k gy gks tk,xhA (x) esVªks LVs'kuksa ij ;a=kpkfyr lhf<+;ksa dh lqfo/k miyC/ gSA (?k) esVªksa jsy dh lqfo/k fnYyh] dksydkrk] psUubZ] caxyq#] t;iqj ,oa eqacbZ esa miyC/ gSA2- (d) g"kZ] izlUurk ([k) fodkl] mRFkku

(x) fon~;qr] lkSnkfeeh3- (d) (iv) ([k) (iii) (x) (i) (?k) (ii)4- v"V&vkB] vkez&vke] nf/&nghA5- (d) lqfo/k dk vHkko] ([k) nwf"kr okrkoj.k

(x) fcuk yxke osQA

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) tula[;k ,oa okguksa osQ dkj.k c<+rs iznw"k.k] lM+d nq?kZVukvksa ,oa VªSfiQd tke dh leL;k

dks nwj djus osQ fy, esVªks jsy dk vkfo"dkj gqvkA ([k) esVªks jsy osQ njok”ks Lopkfyr gSaA esVªks jsy esa vkus okys gj LVs'ku dh tkudkjh nh tkrh

gS rFkk lwpuk LØhu ij Hkh iznf'kZr gksrh jgrh gSA esVªks jsy osQ fMCcs okrkuqowQfyr gSaA (x) esVªks ykbu dks cl :V osQ lekukarj cuk;k x;k gS rkfd ;k=kh esVªks ls mrjdj lqfo/k ls

cl idM+ losaQA2- (d) âkl ([k) iqjkru (x) ;a=kpkfyr3- iznw"k.k gj egkuxj dh leL;k gSA

esjs ?kj ls jsyos LVs'ku nwj gSAlM+d pkSM+h djus dk dk;Z izxfr ij gSA

90

4- lkFkZd µ <syk] [kkuk] riL;k fujFkZd µ okuk] owjh] dkik] jkpk

13- dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh gkj ugha gksrh

dk;Z if=kdkµ1

1- (d) ygjksa ls Mjdj ukSdk ikj ugha gksrhA

([k) dfo us vliQyrk dks pqukSrh ekuk gSA

(x) uUgha phaVh nhokjksa ls ckj&ckj fiQlyrh gSA

(?k) xksrk[kksj eksrh <+w¡<us osQ fy, fla/q esa ckj&ckj Mqcdh yxkrk gSA2- (d) leqnz] lkxj ([k) rjax] ygjh

(x) NksVh] y?kq3- (d) lkglh ([k) esgurh (x) vkf[kjh4- (d) vliQyrk ([k) ukSdk (x) eSnku (?k) eksrh (Ä) nqxquk

(p) pqukSrh5- (d) liQyrk ([k) lqanjrk (x) vliQyrk (?k) Lora=krk

dk;Z if=kdkµ2

1- (d) uUgha phaVh osQ mnkgj.k ls cPpu th ;g le>kuk pkgrs gSa fd O;fDr dks Lo;a dks de”kksj ;k NksVk ekudj lkgl ugha NksM+uk pkfg, cfYd fujarj liQy gksus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A

([k) phaVh tSlk uUgk tho tc nkuk ysdj nhokjksa ij p<+rh gS vkSj dbZ ckj fxjrh gS foaQrq og fo'okl osQ lkFk ckj&ckj p<+us dk iz;kl djrh gSA mldk ;g fo'okl jaxksa esa lkgl Hkjrk gSA

(x) vliQy gksus ij fujk'k gksus dh vis{kk mls Lohdkj djuk pkfg, vkSj viuh deh esa lqèkkj dk iqu% iz;kl djuk pkfg,A

2- (d) fuMj ([k) vkylh (x) mFkykA3- (d) phaVh ifjJeh tho gSA

([k) gesa vius y{; dks ikus dh yxkrkj dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A (x) yxu vkSj esgur O;fDr dks liQy cukrs gSaA4- (d) gs jke! ;g rqeus D;k fd;k\

([k) ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cgu lc vk, FksA (x) ';kek us eq>ls iwNk] ¶rqe dU;koqqQekjh dc tk jgs gks\¸

91

14- eqlhcr gkfFk;ksa dh

dk;Z if=kdkµ1

1- (d) gkfFk;ksa dk ny fr#uk.kk osQ ?kus taxy esa jgrk FkkA

([k) I;kl cq>kus osQ fy, gkFkh jktk osQ ikl x,A

(x) [kjxks'k us gkfFk;ksa ls dgk fd og panzek dk nwr gSA

(?k) tks gkFkh mnkl Fks] mudk fopkj Fkk fd laxe ls mUgsa fpfM+;k?kj okys idM+dj ys tk,¡xsA2- (d) feyu ([k) unh dk fdukjk

(x) larq"V (?k) f”kEesnkjh (Ä) lqanj (p) ijs'kku3- (d) [kjxks'k us gkfFk;ksa ls

([k) jktk us gkfFk;ksa ls (x) [kjxks'k us gkfFk;ksa ls4- (d) vutku ([k) vizlUu (x) vuqfpr5- bZ'oj gh lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk j{kd gSA

gesa ty dk lnqi;ksx djuk pkfg,A

dk;Z if=kdkµ2

1- (d) gkfFk;ksa us jktk ls dgk fd o"kkZ u gksus osQ dkj.k ty&L=kksr lw[k x, gSaA taxy esa vkx yx xbZ gSA vki gekjs fy, ty dk izca/ djsaA

([k) Hkokuh 'kgj osQ fudV laxes'oj eafnj Fkk rFkk ogk¡ cgqr ty FkkA

(x) ikuh dks ns[kdj gkFkh [kq'k gks x,A I;kl cq>kus osQ ckn os lw¡M+ esa ikuh Hkj&Hkjdj ,d&nwljs ij fipdkjh ekjus yxsA

2- (d) lfjrk] rajfx.kh ([k) xzh"e] mQ"ek (x) pk¡n] 'kf'k3- (d) nksgjk ykHk ([k) de Kkuh vf/d fn[kkok djrk gSA4- (d) firk th dh chekjh osQ dkj.k eq>s tkuk iM+kA

([k) eSa ?kj tkm¡Qxk vkSj ?kj tkdj i<+w¡xkA5- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";

(d) m¡Qph pV~Vku ([k) uUgs gkFkh (x) csgn [kq'k (?k) leLr tkfr

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15- Lokeh foosdkuan dk i=k

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) Lokeh th tiku ls oSadksoj x, FksA

([k) vesfjdk osQ yksx /u dks ikuh dh rjg [kpZ djrs gSaA (x) vesfjdk esa eg¡xkbZ ns[kdj Lokeh th dk lq[k&LoIu VwV x;kA (?k) Lokeh th us Hkxoku ls nq[kh euq";ksa osQ fy, izkFkZuk djus dks dgk gSA2- (d) dk;Z osQ fy, iwjh rjg rS;kj gksuk ([k) e”kkd mM+kuk3- (d) nqO;Zogkj ([k) vfo'okl (x) lk/kj.k&vlk/kj.k4- (d) bZ'oj ([k) mn~ns'; (x) rS;kj5- (d) dy geus ;ksx lh[kkA ([k) nknh th dgkuh lqukrh FkhA

(x) yM+dksa us irax mM+kbZA

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) Lokeh th us crk;k fd vesfjdk osQ yksx /uh gSa rFkk os /u ikuh dh rjg [kpZ djrs

gSaA mUgksaus oLrqvksa dk ewY; cgqr vf/d j[kk gS ftlls vU; ns'kksa osQ yksxksa dk ;gk¡ jguk dfBu gSA

([k) Lokeh th us thou esa vius fiz; yksxksa dks Hkw[ks ejrs ns[kus rFkk yksxksa dk migkl lgu djus tSlh ;a=k.kk,¡ lghaA

(x) gesa eqlhcr esa fujk'k gksus dh vis{kk dej dldj dk;Z osQ fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg, rFkk vius mQij vkSj bZ'oj ij Hkjkslk djuk pkfg,A

2- lalkj esa gj O;fDr /u osQ ihNs nkSM+ jgk gSAvko';drk iM+us ij gesa nwljksa dh enn djuh pkfg,A

tfru esjk fe=k gSA eq>s ml ij Hkjkslk gSA3- (d) cuokuk ([k) /qyokuk (x) dVokuk4- (d) deZ] dk;Z ([k) ekuo] uj (x) nhu] xjhc

16- dchj osQ nksgs dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) e`x ou esa dLrwjh <w¡<+rk jgrk gSA

([k) ekyh dks vkrs ns[k dfy;k¡ dgrh gSa fd iwQy pqu fy, gS] dy gekjh ckjh gksxhA (x) dchjnkl th us ekuo thou dks {k.k Hkaxqj dgk gSA (?k) dchjnkl th ehBh ok.kh cksyus dks dgrs gSaA2- (d) xq# dh efgek vuar gSA mUgksaus vuar midkj fd, gSaA

([k) ekuo thou ijuh osQ cqycqys dh rjg {k.k Hkaxqj gSA (x) dy dk vkt djuk pkfg, vkSj tks vkt djuk gS mls vHkh djksA

3- (d) n`x] us=k ([k) fgj.k] lkjax (x) f'k{kd] vkpk;Z

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4- (d) FkksM+k&FkksM+k ([k) vanj (x) vpkud5- (d) le; fujarj xfr'khy gSA ([k) ge oqQN ugha dj ldrsA

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) yksx vKku osQ dkj.k ?kV&?kV esa jke dks ugha le> ikrsA os bZ'oj dks ckgj <¡w<+rs gSa

tcfd bZ'oj muosQ vanj gSA ([k) dchjnkl dgrs gSa fd xq# dh efgek vuar gSA mUgksaus esjh eu dh vk¡[ksa [kksydj eq>s

vuar izHkq osQ n'kZu djk, gSaA (x) dchj us xq# dks bZ'oj ls Hkh cM+k crk;k gS D;ksafd xq# us gh mUgsa bZ'oj ls feyok;k gSA2- (d) dky djS lks vkt dj] vkt djS lks vcA

iy esa ijy; gks,xh] cgqfj djsxk dcAA ([k) ikuh osQjk cqncqnk] vl ekul dh tkrA ,d fnol fNi tk,xk] T;ksa rkjk ijHkkrAA3- (d) var ([k) vidkj (x) jkf=k4- (d) lcy ([k) lqiq=k

17- paikdyh

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) fr#osadVe chúdkWe dh ijh{kk esa de vad vkus osQ dkj.k psyIik ls ukjk”k FksA

([k) ukfPp;kj fr#osadVe dh csVh rFkk psyIik dh ek¡ FkhA (x) psyIik dh dfork dk Hkko Fkk fd /uh yksx e”knwjksa dk 'kks"k.k dj jgs gSaA (?k) mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, fons'k tkus ls igys psyIik us ek¡ dks paik osQ ikS/s dks jks”k ikuh nsus

dh ckr dghA2- (d) cgqr iz;Ru djuk ([k) cny tkukA3- (d) [kkl ([k) vklku (x) vifjiDork4- (d) fr#osadVe us ukfPp;kj ls

([k) fr#osadVe us ukfPp;kj ls (x) vè;kid us fr#osadVe ls5- (d) fd/j ([k) oqQN (x) Hkhrj (?k) FkksM+k&FkksM+k

dk;Z if=kdkµ2 1- (d) ukfPp;kj osQ ifr dh foeku nq?kZVuk esa fons'k esa e`R;q gks xbZ Fkh blfy, og csVs osQ lkFk

firk osQ ?kj vk xbZA ([k) psyIik osQ fons'k ls ykSV vkus ij paik osQ ikS/s osQ lw[k tkus osQ fo"k; esa ek¡&csVs cgl

dj jgs FksA

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(x) nhoku cgknqj psyIik dks mn~;ksxifr cukuk pkgrs Fks foaQrq mudh ;g bPNk iwjh ugha gqbZA mUgkssaus ;g dgdj [kqn dks rlYyh nh fd vHkh muosQ ukrh esa vkWfiQl l¡Hkkyus dh le> ugha vkbZ gSA

2- (d) vuks[kk] vrqyuh; ([k) vkns'k] funsZ'k (x) d"V] ihM+k3- (d) (iv) ([k) (i) (x) (ii) (?k) (iii)4- (d) rqEgkjk ([k) esjk (x) gekjk (?k) rqEgkjk5- (d) (iii) ([k) (iv) (x) (i) (?k) (ii)

18- lqeu ,d miou osQ

dk;Z if=kdkµ11- (d) pk¡nuh ge lcdks ugykrh gSA

([k) ge lc ,d xxu osQ uhps jgrs gSaA (x) dk¡Vksa esa f[kydj geus g¡ldj thuk lh[kk gSA (?k) ,d lw=k esa c¡/dj ge xys dk gkj cuuk lh[krs gSaA2- (d) ikuh] uhj ([k) cxhpk] okfVdk

(x) /jrh] Hkwfe3- (d) iqfYyax ([k) L=khfyax (x) iqfYyax (?k) iqfYyax (Ä) L=khfyax

(p) iqfYyax4- (d) us] dh ([k) osQ (x) osQ fy, (?k) ij (Ä) dks5- (d) jksfV;k¡ ([k) oLrq,¡ (x) yM+osQ (?k) ukfj;k¡

dk;Z if=kdkµ21- (d) dfo us lalkj dks miou dgk gS ftl izdkj miou esa vyx&vyx rjg osQ iwQy gksrs gSa

mlh izdkj ,d lalkj esa ge lc jgrs gSaA ([k) lwjt gesa izdk'k vkSj mQ"ek nsrk gS rFkk pk¡n gesa pk¡nuh nsrk gSA (x) geus dk¡Vksa esa f[kydj vFkkZr d"V >sydj g¡ldj thuk lh[kk gSA2- (d) clar Írq esa Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr osQ lqeu egdus yxsA

([k) eSa izfrfnu miou esa tkrk gw¡A (x) geus ,d eksrh ns[kk] tks cgqr pednkj FkkA3- (d) nqx±/ ([k) e`R;q (x) dk¡Vk4- (d) og ([k) rqe (x) esjhA

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Elementary Hindi reader 08 (Shikshak Darshika).indd

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