Elementary Grammar 0 L" T E Turkish Language - Forgotten ...

100

Transcript of Elementary Grammar 0 L" T E Turkish Language - Forgotten ...

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

TH E A LPH ABET

THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE

THE CONCORDANCE OF SUBSTANTIVES

THE ADJECTIVE

COM PA R ISON OF A DJECTIVES

TH E PRONOUNS

TH E NUM ERALS

TH E FOR M ATION OF NOUNS

THE IR REGULA R AUXIL IA RY VERBS

THE REGULA R VERB

THE REGULA R A UXIL IA RY VER B

THE FORM A TION OF VERBS F ROM TH E VE RBA L ROOT

CONJUGATION OF TH E NEGATIVE VER B

FORM ATION OF COM POUND VERBS

THE FOR M ATION OF VERBS FROM NOUNS

THE POST-POSITIONS

THE ADVERBS

TRANSLATIONS

TU R K ISH GR A M M A R .

THE A LPHA BET.

FOR M O IIr T H E LETTE R S W HEN

STA ND ING A T

M IDDL E . A LO N E .

Soundedasa veryhardh.

At the beginningofW OI‘dbsometimesast.

2 TURKISH GRAMMAR .

F OR M 0? TH E L ETTER S W HENSTA NDING A T

M IDDL E . END . A LO NE .

A vowelsoundandsometimesnotsounded.

Threedotsaresometimesplacedover thisletternsl.

AsI: at thebeginning andin the middle of words,a t the end asehor a .

Besidesthese letters, there are three vowel points, indicatingsoundsnearly corresponding to a 1 andu as. however, these are

not printetkthey afl‘

ord no assistance to the student . The soundto be given ‘

to any combination of consonantscan on ly be learnedby experience.

To acquire some familiarity with the formsof the lettersthestudent can turn to any of the vocabulariesattached to the exer

cises, where the Turk ish wordsare written with English charactersby theside of them, and to Tale I, page 7, where the English text isgiven below the Turk ish .

These lettershave, in particularwords, valuesdiffering from thosegiven in the tableH9 at the endof the present participle beingsoundedasp.

isat the commencement of wordsor between two vowelsisfrequen tlysoundedasd.

The diphthong isgenerallysoundedaso, 00, or 14. Thiscombination may, however, besoundedasi, av, ai, or cy.

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

to) , mark ed asng in the table, isfrequen tly written as65. The

three lettersnumbered 2 5, 26, and 2 7 are generally printed alik e .

It will be seen that a , 3 , j , j , jare never joined to the

letter following them ,so tha t in the m iddle of a word they havethesameshape asat the end.

When J 1and l a occur together they are joined as1 Turk ishisread from right to left.

There isno definite article in Turk ish .

The numeralJ’ bir , one, isusedasthe indefinite article, ‘

a’

or‘an .

There are two numbers, thesingular and the plural . The nom i

native plural isformed by the addition ofJJ Zer to the nom inative

“singular : c a l a t, the horse ; ler, the horses: g ay /ca lmthe

cat ;flag /ca liber

,the ca ts etmekdji, the bak er J

'k-‘ é‘ j

ehmkdjiler, the bak ers.

THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE .

There are two declensions, the first for wordsending in a consonant , the second for those ending in a vowel . The casesand theirterm inationswill be understood from the following examples.F irst Declension . Wordsending in a consonant

SINGUL A R . PLURAL .

N . e day.

fbjf goon ler, th

i days.G. oonm

i, of the day. goon leruii, of the days.

D . oonah, to the day. i goon lereh, to the days.

A c. the day . 5114if goon lery, the days.

L . om de‘

l'

z,in the day. n

ib;goon lerdeh, in the days.

Ah. the day. goon lerda n ,from thedays.

Wordsending in g l are of the first declension : sem i,

palace;Genitive serayiii Da tive seraya k , etc . : a t?tckay, a river ; GEL? tchayi i

i,of a river. Wordsending in u

and to) change these letters, in form ing the first four casesof thesingular, in to fi and e) 9, except in a few monosyllables. In the

other casesand in the plura l, however, theu" and e) are retained

Ex . sanduk , the box the boxes;aux -o sandugyii,of the box : ka lpak, the cap; “ 7

13 ka lpageh, to the cap

B 2

4 TURKISH GRAMMAR.

wf keupdc, the dog; p16; keupeghufi , of the dog ,

kenqwlder, the dogs. But d-L’ Icha lk,people;Genitive alfal fa

kha llcifi, etc. Wordsending in up in general change thisc ) into a ,

in all the casesof the singular, ukm-3 koofrt, the wolf; e -

o'

koorduii'

, of the wolf, etc . : but in the plura l the w isretained,1131’skoortler, the wolves. In c a l a t, the horse, the up isretained,

eL'

il a tyii, of the horse;d l a teh, to the horse, etc.

Second Declension . Wordsending in a vowelNominative

j g kapoo, the gate.

Genitive kapoonui'

i, of the ga te.

Dative a”;kapooya , to the ga te.

A ccusa tive kapooyi, the ga te.

Loca tive kapooda , in the ga te .

AblativeUs) ;kapooda n , from the ga te.

The plura l isformed asin the first declensionfl)? kapooler,

kapooleruii, etc. : Ex . w f goomy, the ship;M gaomi

n ifi, of the ship : keupm , the bridge ;up;lm cpm nm ,

of the bridge : dol ada , the island; M l adam'

ii,of the island;

H M adayeh, to the island. Buty

800, water, has soojjooii ,in the genitive, insteadofshy , but all the other casesare regular.

It isto he remarked thatJ! ev

,the house , haselj l eveii, of the

house, etc ., and isof the first declension .

In the Turk ish grammar there are no genders. Beingsof different sexesare in genera l distinguished by differen t names: Ex .

LE) ;boogha , the bull;al gal fuels, the cow ;w )1

» khoros, the cock ;

Gui. ta ,oulc, the hen ; w l a t, the horse ; £sif t "? Icisra/c, the mare.

When, however, there are not two wordsfor the individualsofdifi

'

erent sexes,they are distinguished by the use of the common

name precededby er, man , and1-3 kiz , girl, or GJ

U ka ry, woman ,in the case of persons, anddgl erkelc, ma le, and dishy, female,

in the case of animals.USDA

/3 ka m ndash, of the same mother; U

S

LL'

»13ll brother ;

Iciz kwrandash, sister ; Uriashdjy, cook ; f

l

or ashdjy, man -cook“Sq

-idL5}; Iea ry ashdjy, woman-co

anderkek eshelc, a jack ass;cud dishy eshek , a jenny.

The following casesare to be observed hml Inglis, theEnglish

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

man;w };hifi l Inglisca risy, the Englishwoman :1&4l Frenais,the F renchman ;$495 r e l} F rensisca risy, the F renchwoman .

See nex t article.

When twosubstantivesstand together, onedescribing the nature,value, quality, object or ownership of the other, the gen itive case of

the noun describing isused, and it isplacedbefore the other wordwhichhasthe term ination 05 y or sy added to it, according asit endsin a consonant or a vowel : cl); Iciz ifi sa ndugbi,the girl

’sbox ;J l (“J-oél adamifi a ty, the horse of the man . Veryoften

, however, the termination of the genitive isom itted; thisisgenera lly the case when the omission will not render the meaningdoubtful

jl avsa lu'by, the master of the house.

When onesubsta ntive denotesthe ma teria l or magnitude of the

other, they may be placed together in the nominative without any

a lteration ; as,fix? j "

I ;bir demir tchekidj, an iron hammer ;

up»; ddrt a rshin bez , four arshinsof linen .

It isto he remarked that the combination of wordsgiven abovemay be conveniently considered assingle words. They are then

declinable according to the rulesgiven aboveNom .

U

Sl d‘sl adamio‘i a ty , the horse of the man .

Gen . M l c ada mm a tin ifi , of the horse of the man .

Dat . t esl adamiii a tz'

ya , to the horse of the man , etc .

tsj gl M l ria l adamiii a tin ifi eyeri, thesaddle of the man’shorse.

THE ADJECTIVE .

The adjective in Turk ish isnot declined. When it isused toattribute a quality it standsbefore the substantive, andwhen asapredicate it follows;as ”9 191 ! b

ir doghroo adam , a just man ;J" V ol

t. .al f ,

boo adem dir, thisman ispolite; Jj j bir

guz el kez , a pretty girl .The comparative isformed by strengthen ing the positive with

the wordas

.

” cla im; as, My Lg»; dahe booyook , greater. It isalsoformed by placing the word compared in the abla tive case beforethe positive u-b‘codua booyook , larger than the house . The

compara tive isa lso formedby the use of the term ination ad)or 6)

wk é l cake, old;djfi l eskerdc, older. When the word endsin e) or g , thisletter isomitted in the comparative : def lcutchek,

6 TURKISH GRAMMAR .

small ; e-Jfi ; kutchuruk , smaller. Thismanner of forming thecomparative isnot, however, common .

Thesuperla tive isformedby placing the particle pe/c, el l eii ,

tchok,all meaning very,’ before the positive;as

,fil eJl eii age,

the best; literally, very good. It isalso formed by placing the

positive with a final 6 or u“ , according asthe word endsin a

consonan t or a vowel, after asubstantive in the gen itive or ablativeplural ; as, x l MI

L-M ademleriii agasy, the best man . The

followi ng examples, exhibiting other methodsfor form ing com

paratives, should be attended to : fi l aye, good;fi l uby'

a?"

daby z iade aye, better (litera lly, still more good);”ldjumladan aye, best (literally, than all good); abl w ast. sheditilleh, with violence, very violent ; L B AA shedit illehsooghook , V917 °°1d°

Vocasunanx .

J’

Jeye.

I f“;shehir, city.

0 grass.u

fi l a tesh, fire.

db ba lik , fish.

g lxgkebabgoastmeat .b”? tchorba ,soup .

j; Ica z , goose.

smart, milk .

300, water .

bite/ta lc, k nife.

j g) ;korkoo, fear.

Gil;ka ty, hard.

LS few ,bad.

Ufib bash, head. temiz , clean .

I ?“ semiz , fat .

4 9 A am id,hope. zenguin , rich . w l et, meat .

ggrim y, village ulc, little.

In Turk ish the immediate object of the transitive verb isplacedin the nominative orsometimesin the accusa tive case. When theverbhasin addition a remote object , thisisplaced in the dativeas);relj g1 3 Iciz bir adam yurdy, the girlsaw a man 93Ei f f

el

adam ketab Li zehserdy, the man gave the girl a book . It

isto be noted that the verb isplaced at the endof thesentence .

See page 16.

”Oh, and.

na g» khasta ,sick .

tabac , plate. jj-éJL 5009700, jIISt,

l};loam , black .

straight .dl a le, white. fl boo, this.

reng, colour.

duka n,shop . dir

,is.

gal. »sa ry, yellow.

fl); dirler, are, for

M yeshel, green . whichf isgeL3) mpa , barley. nerally used.

grso0k

,

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

Exxxcxsn I .

wf fl fi Jr “95W } ! 7

b°lfil

vi 399 4

GJ" “m y . 9°ub

o‘f 9

°fi t“

9'

re lxl

7; L5)

”fl i t-5

er”; 9° “dr u?“sfi f fi 99° uM l-e cH ’

f 9°

J JL: g3h) q rel} !

$31 5,

Thismilk isgood. A glassof m ilk . Thistobacco isvery bad.

The goose’seye isblue. Thisfish isred. The goose in theshopisverysma ll . There are fleasin the city and in the village. The

fleasin the city are very large. Barley isyellow ,and grassis

green . The roast mea t isfat , thesoup iscold, and the pla tesaredirty. The boy’scap isblack . The bridge and the gate are in

the city . The iron of the kn ife isbad. The dog iscleaner thanthe wolf. The fat goose isbigger than the fish. It iscolder inthe village than in the city.

TALE I.

(ai l-é) » l j jl g-La

’ di liy"

Lg fG

J-Li

UnutS n

"

ufle ufi fljf ehejiuuAgog /hyg

wy ou"

A fiffi -‘

wcfi-

pjj

‘l a

fisn k fi b l ’

fifi l

us” flee »fw w w w a s“

as

ff es”

“ 54 we} rt?” w e‘J

’J c a

b—w

D?psjn 34

“ his” al e ” £5313 5 ” m )

reg/ jib”;

8 TURKISH GRAMMAR.

flew-“W fi ° "J/ (

wW ‘fl

subf lee-w ’ h‘ef w hl "

ff919

“ Jo- NA“

9199 -9 sf”) r

s“f r

ufi’wfiu”

”lb“ uh )‘r “ f fi esf fl -w fie-L P “M a

l

rte-”fl 4 9°

VOCA BULARY .

The Turks went 3 when back 5near they

were hungry 7 with onion they ate bitterness, heat1°caused tearsto flow but ‘2

come opposite 1° flow

dying 1” they are weeping 1° they thought newswithout ask ing 1’ they run 2° isdead weeping

”2 then 33

going out make a lamentation 2° thus 3°as

many “7villagers “3

all 2°collecting together in 3°

cry3‘raised 3“ impossible to describe ”3

at last the headsof the families ”5

centre 3°coming 37 will 3"

of God3’ patience necessary saying ‘3 become calm

‘3coming enquired ‘5 isdead theysa id ‘7

not

dead belief ‘9on account of 5° thus.

Transcription in English characters.Bir keuyning turklerg bir goon baza rloo sheherek va rdgler tcl mn

Iceuyning geraa yilcininnehgeldiler cam lery a tchdysuga n ileha tmelcyediter veholsaga ning adjgsy turk lering guz inda n gashtchilcwrdgmeyer oogla ndfiklery baba lerineh ca raka vardiler gurdiler baba

lerin ing guz lerindan gash aka r kimseh ool00p aghla rler sandilerIcha ber surm idyn seghirtdiler keuymh geloop kimseh ooI/mishbaba ler'nu

'

z agldashoo geliurerler dediler peek avretler da lchi evler

dan tchikub faga n ildiler aghlashu erlem'

neh ca rshu va rdiler

turk ler tclm n aubry ao-ileh guerdiler a n ler dakhi adam ooldy

sandiler aghlashdilero

veh neh denglu rustagi var isseh kamooIceugn ing itchinehdjem alaap bir ghiriv koopa rdiler him vasfehgelmezdy helehak ibet ketklmda ler oorta gerehgymp amry a llahing

dir saber simek gerek diu bindery dikderdiler haz a rda n gela n

twrlcler surdiler [vim ooldg keuydeh diu itdiler wa llah keuydan

kimseh oolm idy shefwrdeh Ieim ooldy didiler anler da lchy kimsehoolmidy didiler surdiler guardiler Iceh kamu ooglan suzinehuna ndq eritchun booileholdiler.

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

THE PRONOUNS.

The persona l pronounsare declined asfollowsSINGULA R . PLURAL .

N .

0’ ben ,

I.

[ q biz ler biz,we.

G. ben im,of me.

ff ”biz im

,ofus.

D . LS ba nya , to me. bizeh, to us.A c. up,

beny, me. 519

,biz i

,us.

bende, in me. my ,biede

,in us.

Ab.

ULU benda n

,from me.

if ) " bizdan , from us.

N .

c)“ sen , thou. j“ siz , you.

G . sen iii, of you. sizefi , of you.

D . Li . sa nya , to you. sizeh, to you.

A c. u" seny, you. siz i, you.

L . senda , in you. siede, in you.

Ab. senda n, from you. sizda n ,

from you.

N .

)l 8: l o 01

, he,she, or IL”67710 7 3 they.

G. eb l a nm‘

i, of him, etc . d

/bl anla rifi , of them .

”b l anla reh, to them .

Ac. us”a n i, him, etc . “I

t”a n la ry, them.

L . nai l a nda , in him, etc . uJb l anla rdeh, in them .

Ab. wai l a nda n , from him .

031“ a n la rda n ,

from them .

)l and l are also used asdemonstrative pronouns, and then

mean— this, that, thishere, that there;they are then also declinedasabove. The other demonstrative pronounsarey ,

boo, ft

. shoo,”

L l z’shboo, this, that, the same. They are declined in the same

waySINGUL

AR . PLURAL

Nom . fl boo, this. JD) ;boon lar, these.

Gen . ab) ;boonufi , of this. boon leren , of these.

Dat . Lg) boonya , to this. boon lera , to these.

A cc . boony, this. boon lery, these.

Loc . boonda , in this. boon lerde, in these .

Abl . boonda n , from this.Uéfbfi boonlerda n , from these.

f ,600 refersto near objects;f

t. shoo, to those more remote ;

fi l ishboo, to those nearest of all .

IO TURKISH GRAM MAR .

The genitive casesof the personal pronounsareusedaspossessivepronouns. The common usage, however, isto place at the endof

the substantivesthe letterst" c), 6 (or as“ after a vowel), J

f ,

all;the methodwill be understoodfrom the example

the book,insteadof v hf

rs: ben im ketab, my book

L'c itabim ,my book . LKkitabimiz , our book .

L5 kitabiii, thy book . bf kita bifiiz , your book .

ugLJ /citaby, hisbook . GILLJ /citablery, their book .

Lil a na , the mother;rLSl anam ,my mother ; UA Ul a nasy, his

mother.

The wordsformedasabove are declinable like othersubstantives,but the pronominal affixesare placedafter the

fl of the plura l .

SINGU'

LAB . PLURAL .

Nom .

rsL-S kitabim , my book . hf kitablerim , my books.

Gen . a g g kitabemifi, of my book . of my books.Nom. ka lemm , your pen . ka lemlemn , your pens.Gen . m ka lemii

'

iifi,of your pen ka lemleri fieii, of your pens.

Nom . f ” ;kapoomiz , our door. kapulemniz , our doors.Gen . M y”?kapoomiz m, of ourdoor. kapulermiz iii, of our doors.

Wordsending inu" and a») change those lettersinto t endas(soft);as, the box

F9“ sa ndughim ,

my box .

SINGULAR .

Nom. dorety, hiswife.

Gen . avreten iii, of hiswife.

Dat . avretineh, to hiswife.

Acc . a vretiny, hiswife.

Loc . tubsavretindeh, in hiswife.

Abl . was” : avretindcm

,from hiswife.

PLURAL .

Nom . 13 a rretlere, hiswives.Gen . guys” : a vretlerin iii, of hiswives.Dat . as; avretlerineh, to hiswives.A cc.

“ugh”: a vretleriny, hiswives.

Loc. “my”; avretlerindeh, in hiswives.a vretlerindan , from hiswives.

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

SINGULA R .

Nom .

gnua nasg, hismother.

Gen . else-am a nasin iii, of hismother. The plura l istheDat . n eubl a nasina , to hismother. same asin words

uAcc .

U la nasiny, hismother.

ending m a consoand

WM ) nant .

Loc . sm bl a nasinda , in hismother.

Abl .(”L L-3um anasinda n , from hismother.

It will be observed that in the plural the wordsstanding bythemselveswith the afiix of the thirdperson are capable of receivingfour interpreta tions: suz lerg may mean either— hiswords,their word, or their words; or it may be the accusative plural,and be only— the words. To avoid this

, the personal pronounmay be added

, ejjb l their words. For emphasis, too, the

possessive pronoun isoften used in addition to the pronominalendings; as

,

tgn ben im ketabim , my book .

The in terrogative pronounsref, r( kins, who ? and tsn eh, what ?are declined lik e substa ntivesof the first andsecond declensionsrespectively. In the ablative singular and the whole of the pluralthe letter a of asis, however, omitted. It isalsosometimesomittedfrom the dative singular. The interrogative uh ; ka nghg, what ?wha t k ind of? isindeclinable. uh ; isused a lso in the sensewhich , whichever. These all tak e the possessive sufiixesufi g fi

ka nghymiz , which of us? jl) r

p nah-m va r, what have I ? The

following interrogativesare in use nasil, what k ind of ?

14 35 n idje, how many ? f a} L3 or nekada r, how much ? 93,

my)nerehor neredeh, where ? ” 5

-9 n itehun , why ? 6L; ka tch

,

how many? ”( EU ba tchkereh, how many times? u° r} : nereda n ,

whence 9 L; Ica tcha , for how much ? Thesubstantive followingthese interrogativesusually rema insin thesingular, and isoften inthe genitive.

The relative pronounswho, which, that, are translatedcommonlyby 6 inch, more rarely by Ieim or

ff It isdeclined in the

genitive dsl J The rema inder of the casesare formedby the useof the corresponding casesof M . The nomina tive plura l, however,isthesame asthe nominativesingular.

The terminationsof anduslei are used to form possessive

pronounsand adjectives; as, benimki, my own , that which

I2 TURKISH GRAMMAR .

ngsto me ; kemn kg, that which belongsto the girl ;

“flu. “ elemdeki kilidj, the sword that isin my hand;ui sxgfi l agha z efidaki dilifi , your tongue that isin your

mouth ; Uf asl, ‘ ha vadaghg cushler, the birdsin the air ;

£ 394. ga rink i, to-morrow’s.

The reflectives,u{and g a f kendg,self, are declined lik e other

wordsending in a vowel .The reflective pronounsare built upby the use of the pronomina l

endingswith £ 5 kendim , I myself ;Genitive,kendim iii; Da tive etc . kendyme

z

,we ourselves;

M juf kenduii

,thouthyself; disy, he himself.

Ji g

bir kimseh,a certa in person , somebody,some one ;2

4;

hehr, all fa and

J"24;hehr biry andhehr bir

, each , every one

W hepissg, all r’j‘ hehr kem,

whoeverjg hehr neh, what

ever ;“ 51’ hitehbir kimseh, no one ; 5

3

. f .

hitchbir

alley, nothing; lj),

bir a lbir,the one the other;y .

n jl boo olberg, this the other;jl bir az , a little,some;

loamy k img,some the others, one another.

“ lif booradeh, here ;“bl ooradeh, there.

VOCA BULARY .

J.3L; ha zer, prepared, ready. ys

— tpendjere, window .

(sla b.badjalc, leg.

)l)or va n or vardir,have,has,

yol, road. isused W i th wordsW ith thegeldy, hascome. pronominal afiix , Jl) ”l evim

g a ll a ldy, he took . ea r, I have a house .

The particled

‘ my isused in mak ing an enquiry. It isattachedto the wordabout which the enquiry ismade :

as) , ejj l cviiisa r my,

have youa house ?“Squ aw

: sheherda n geldymy, hashe comefrom the city ? Had the enquiry been asto whether he had come

from the city, when it waspossible tha t he m ight have come from

the village, the L5. wouldhave been differently used,ua lf uésjp

sheherdammy geldy, hashe come from the city ?Theusisalso usedwhen the enquiry isnot direct,J "

basa lim eyehmg dir, let mesee whether he isgood, or, literal]mesee Ishe good?’ The interrogative particle isomitted after

an in terrogative pronoun , and frequently also in speak ing when bythe manner or tone itsabsence can besupplied.

14 TURKISH GRAMMAR.

Thesewordsare indeclinable thesubstan tive with them remainsin thesingular ;as, l‘”U)

’ on adem , ten men m l§,luf jfi guz

kirk utch a t, one hundred and forty-three horses. The verb alsomay remain in the singular. Very often thesubstantive isput inthe genitive : el asl UNon adamiii, or “bl ci n a l adamiii any, tenmen.

The ordinalsare formed by adding Us? ad}: to the cardinal

numbers:a ?) birindji, the first ; fi ndikindgz, the second;

as»

yirmindji, the twentieth . The ordinalsare declinable,andare placedbefore thesubject counted.

The in terrogative ka tch, how many ? tak esthe ordina ltermination :$ 3 indji, which in theseries?The ordinalstake the pronominal termination :

durtindjim iz , the fourth of us.The cardinal andordinal numberstak e the affixesa or sy,

and then have the meaningsa} ,birg, a person , a certain person ;

l ikindjisg, thesecondperson .

The distributivesare formed by the addition of if to cardinal

numbersending in a consonant, andft shir to those ending in g ;

as, ”a, hirer, by ones; _l ikisher, by twos. When several

numbersare used, the first only tak esthe terminationJ} !

durcir guz , by four hundreds; ail—oal ademlereh

beaker grushvir, give the men five piastersapiece.

The fractiona l numbersare formed by the addition of u or u"to the number form ing the denom inator : we

al utekdehbir, one

third; mfi j l onda n yedy,seven -tenths. Common ly,however,

or a}; yarim or gaff-y, and fln are used for one

a quarter ;(9b ya rim sa -a t

,half

an hour; an ?

utchwhirak sa -a t,three quartersof

an hour. In place of(”L3 the wordGa” ! bootchook isusedwhen

it makesup a part of a larger number ; as, 6-

3} é l

iky bootckook sa -a t, two and a half hours. Fractionsmayalso be expressed byusing the ordinal numbersfollowed by (5L;

pa i : 4 th,ugxél

,shalf; um if

):

Ji m,

the armyissixteen thousand, of which half iscavalry .

The termination d! or c}! lyk isadded to the numeralsor to the

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

noun accompanying the numeral,asbelow ELL» besldik

,a piece

containing five ; wa d kirk grooshlek kitab, a bookworth forty piasters;ua b, beup beshyuz parehlik ba lta ,

an axe worth five hundred para ; di al utcha ilek , every threemonths

, andonce in three mon ths.The numerica l adverbsonce, twice, etc . are formed usin

kez,

safer, with the cardinal numbersJ: bir kere,

once ; tjf ufl j iki kere, twice.

The multiplicativesare formed by using w L‘

i ka t after the

cardinal numbers: set;w‘on ka t,tenfold.

The A rabic wordsl camel andcg)’evvelky,

first,are in common

use . T he word eLll ilk , first, early , isalsosometimesused.

In spea k ing of a number of men or thingsit isnot unusua l toemploy an aux iliary word, as, for instance, ui

'b.bask , in the case of

animals: Ex . algal USUU)’ on bash inek , ten (head of) cows. In

the case of persons, kiehg orJAJ nefer isused. In the case of

animals, USU bash or w ‘

)m e. In the case of things, CJnS kute,

on aded,or ai l.) da na are the wordsmost frequently used;on ,

however, issometimesusedwhen personsarespoken of.

When it isintended to note particularly that all the personsnamedjoin in the action

, so deli or 6's.) dak hi isused na t

al ab;

a}?keupek utchdehka ra dir , a ll the three dogsare black .

In speak ing uncertainly of the number, as, for insta nce, two or

three dogs, the particle L3 ya , ‘or,

isomitted : digsf l iki

utchkeupek , two or three dogs.

VOCABULAR Y .

The nega tive form of dir ,‘ is

,

isJf. deg/cl, ‘ isnot . ’ The

pronominal term inationsare added to it asbelowSINGULAR . PLUR AL .

degilim ,I am not . degilez , we are not .

degilsin ,thouart not . degelsieiiz , youare not .

f ig deyelder, he isnot . deyeldirler, they are not .ayehdegelsiiiiz , youare not good.

”a shelter irak deyel dir, the city isnot far.

The negative ofj) var, hehas, isa) ;gale or yok dir

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

Gfi »I have not a dog. It isto he remark ed, however, that whenpossession isimplied, the name of the possessor isin the genitive ;as

, Jl) “( fif el asl J ) . boo adamiii keupeky va r, thisman hasa dog,

(literally) of thisman hisdog there is.

t Lif a idelu, useful. (c a -a lim

, learned.

M ’skoorkmisk , frightened.

g3.9) Zaek , worthy.

‘Lfi ‘ eyoormoorteh, egg. l ekmek , bread.

tutun , tobacco . gages? tcketckek , the flower.

bagtcluh, the garden . tooz,salt.

U“ L

_sl ayak , the foot . 6-

9 3, pa rmak , toe, finger.

Jf gul, the rose. 6-97 ?tekodjuk , child.

1 .2L? teha ir, the meadow. ta rla , the field (arable).am ,

but . Li b,ba rgban , gardener.

gunderdy, hassent . eel/( gen ie, isnecessary.

The Turk ish verb governsin general either the nominative or

accusative. When the object isa pronoun , a noun with a pro

nominal termination or a proper name, it isin the accusative whenit isa substantive, it isin the nominative unlesssomething determinate ismean t

cpl a t a ldim ,I have bought a horse.

él a tg a ldim , I have bought the horse.

(A ll

L5”y .

boo a ty a ldim,I have bought thishorse .

Verbsgoverning the dative and ablative will be followed byablative anddative in the vocabularies.

Exa ncxss: V.

The gardener hassent twenty eggs. A little salt isnecessary.

There are five fingerson each hand. Youhave not six fingers.

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

A useful dog isnot frightened. The little boy gave four rosesto the little girl . There isnot a rose in the gardener

’shouse.

The boy met the girl on the road. Thisonion isbigger thanan egg. What newsisthere 1n the city ? There are forty-five

cowsin the fieldand there are three boys.

TA LE II.

”bl; by”“1 9n di dJ gul l) numb t fi/ P I

A ‘I

uf f Ge abflf “ 55 5”M M ra

h

cum/ g, o n )”

“ i n “ :

go J udd.) g a lgl

°

jla3 8

m u. “ A .12

fi gs"

J\

c ps y a’

w L.) a rm ’

uu

m u»ww s

cast ?"

rJ l “ LL U M

U M un

/A

u) tJ-pw l 0 31t -p-etb i i

um G M ‘M as. » M a lj ljil}

a. mi . Jlum f juu wa n

“ L“ “Jr" f . u) ? 6“

1'

.

w“ b e

:

)\Jfi -as

Vocasm sr .

1 In the Egyptian city Cairo in telligent , able3a lways

prophet 5side 6of the world 7

affairs 3considered

9not lasting 1° then 11

giving up, removing hishand‘2retiredspot

, corner ‘3choosing 1‘

adoration ‘5

gavehimselfup to 1°

a little ‘7 didnot come 1“aston ished

‘9 wascome again 2° being, while I was hour 2“youdid

not go23 in appearance in reality 25 2° office

of viz ier “7seek ing.

F orm a tion of N ouns.Fromsubstantives, adjectivesdenoting possession or endowment

can be formedby the addition ofJ

.) In orcl ly from cpl a t, horse,

Jl a l atlu, mounted, possessor of a horse, a cavalier;from Ji g alwl ,

talent, jun alcellu, intelligent ;uf keuy, vil lage, Jf lceuylu,

belonging to a village, a villager;J) ; tuz , salt, A“; tuz lu,sal teds,0

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

g;3; km geuzlu, black -eyed;f»; koorlcoo, fear, koor

Icooloo, dangerous) l j by L

'

a . kha toon luer, a marriedman .

[When an adjective or numeral agreeswith the substantiveformed in thisway some ambiguity may arise :

jbj L

'

»

ik i kha tun loo er,a man with two wives, a man twice married. In

the first case,in speak ing, the ik i isjoined to the kha tun ; in the

second, they are pronouncedseparately ]By the addition of

cs? djy to substantives, the noun agent isformed Ex .

etmek,bread ctmekdjy, the bak er.

J) ; the road yoldji, the traveller.

jg kapoo, the door ;677 33 kapoodji, the porter.

Thistermination isusedwith as, us’ n idji, what ishe ?For the formation in the case of verbs,see page 2 4 .

F rom adjectivesandsubstantivesalik e, are formedsubstan tivesdenoting the action or quality, by the addition of 6] or all look or

life;from ca n): doost, the friend, J i b ) : doostlook , friendship ;from

etmekdyz, bak er,1etm kdjilik , the trade of a bak er

J);guzel, beautiful, M f guzdlik , beauty ; tchodjuk, the

child, tchocljuk lik , childhood.

The same term ination isused to form the noun denoting theplace where asubstance or thing isfound from i gool, the rose,elUJ goollook, the rose bed; from E

LL dagh, mountain, 6im.

dag/1.12717, a moun tainousplace ; from elgff keupek , the dog, M ;Iceupelclelc, the k ennel . F or the use of thisterm ination with verbs,see page 2 9 andsee a lso page 15.

Diminutivesare formedby the addition of thesyllable eh.

» or as,djik or djelc from

rsl adem ,

the man, M al ademdjek ,

the little

man ;Gan-31 131 oogla ncljek , the little child. Thismay be further

strengthened by the addition of j z ; as,fi g sl ademcb

ekiz , a verylittle man . Thislast termination isusedin general when the wordismeant to indicate affection a l meaning, rather, ‘

the dear

little man .

The term ination j“ siz , without, isplaced at the end of a nounto form an adjective, denoting privation, Pf ”soosiz , dry, fromy

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

water ;Jan el edebsiz , impolite koorkoo,fear

,P’s»; [coor

koosis, fearless, and from this koorlcooeiz lilc,fearlessness.

The termination USb dashdenotescompanionship ;from J) ; yol,road

, USUJfi yaldash, fellow-travellers.For the termination J ky,see page I r.

Substantivesmay also be formedby the combination of twosubstantivesor asubstan tive andadjective as, from lea /wok , coffee,anda b kha na ,

house, QB W (khafam a), coffee-house duh-é

khastaham a , hospital .

THE TURKISH IRREGULAR AUXILIA RY VERBS.

Thesubstantive verb isvery peculiar in Turk ish . It isused toform the personsand numbersof verbsby addition to the verbalroot, and isalso used, asbelow,

with nouns,bothsubstantive and

adjective.

W'

ith an adjective, USLggash, wet .

Present T ense .

SINGUL AR . PLURA L .

rt Lgyashim ,

I am wet . yash-iz , we are wet .

M L: yaslwen , thouart wet . yasheifiiz , youare wet .

-Lgyashder, he iswet . yashdirler. theyarewet .

of the andperson plural siz isfrequently used.

Imperfect .

smuULA R .

lst Pers. an}U3L3gas/a idim ,I waswet .

2nd l USA;yashidifi , thouwast wet .

3rd G ael USUyashidy, he waswet .PLURA L .

lst Pers. M ai l USUyashidook , we were wet .

2udjflgl ‘JSLQyashidifiiz , youwere wet .

3rdfie-L il U

S

LQ. yashidiler, they were wet .Perfect .SINGUL AR .

U

z

i;yashimishim ,I have been wet .

US

LQyashim ishsen , thouhast been wet .

)J no -£l USL3yash m e?»

0 2

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

PLUR AL .

H iUSLQyashim ishiz , we have been wet .

USLg. gashimishsiz , youhave been wet .

uSLgyashim is/cderler, they have been wet .

Presen t Condition al .SINGULAR .

lst Pers. USLQyashz’ssim ,

if I be wet .

2nd USLQyashissiii , if thoube wet .

3rd (f ) M l USb yashisider, if he be wet .PLURA L .

1st Pers. sin g}USLgyask 1

'saek,if we be wet .

2nd p l USLggashissz’

a’

ciz,if yoube wet .

3rd M l USLgyask issehler, if they be wet .

Observe, that these endingsare a lso added to substa n tivesfi g ) ; yoldjy

- iz , we are travellers;p d

): dostsifiez , youare

friends.The N egative F orm of the Substan tive V erb

SINGULAR . PLURA L .

deg/dim ,I am not . deyelez , we are not .

deg/else", thouart not . deyelsmgez , youare not .

deyelder, he isnot. deyelderler, they are not .

The f and of the third person singular and plura l are

genera lly omitted.

The other tensesare formedby the addition of J S deyel to the

imperfect , perfect, and other tensesgiven above : Jfa cp lfi l cplJ)

,

60 a t ayeha t deyel, thisisnot a good horse; UL; “i t M lvlf .) x

i

Jf ; eye/i deyel issehpe/c yema n deyel, if it isnot a good one, it isnot a very badone.

The interrogative particle 6‘ ned to the lastsyllable;as,( ”

A leyas/zmi-um ,am I wet ? USL3gashdeyelmysen , are

younot wet 1The aux iliary verb to have doesnot ex ist in Turk ish . Itsplace

issuppliedby the impersona l verbJ) va r , there is. T he conjugation isformedby the use of the pronominal endingsin the mannerindica tedbelow. The negative isformed by theuse of a);ya

k or

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

The negative formsof the above examplesareJfi ”

l bir evim yak , I have not a house.

mzem yak idi, I hadnosalt .bir kitabem yak isseh, if I have not a book .

The perfect and other tenses, formedby the use of gl j l olma k,

have in the negative verb the negative form of a lmak , viz .

6 olmemak , not to be.

In the perfect thisgivesg allj v.13} .

bir ka lemem almadi, I havehadno pen .

tutunum oledjek , Ishall have tobacco.tutunwiiuz olmeyehcb

ak , yousha ll not have tobacco .

It isto be remembered, however, that the verb isalso used in its

proper impersonal senseJl) r

el14bir adam va r dir, a man

exists, there isa man l g bio kishy va r idy, there wasfa being;G aelJ) ; bir k ishy yak idy, there wasnot a person .

The tensesof the impersona l verbPresen t . SINGULAR .

Imperfect .

j) va r dir,there is. g oal )

I)va r idy, there was.

Presen t Subjun ctive . Imperfect .

n o ), va r isseh, if there be. a ny ), va rsidy, if there hadbeen .

Gerund. va r 1'

ken, there being.

Negative Verb.

Presen t . Imperfect .

yak dir, there isnot . I g oal dfi yak idy, there wasnot .Presen t Subjunctive .

W 532 yak issah, if there be not .

Imperfect .

yokysydy, if there had not been .

Gerund. fl ) ?yok iken, there not being.

When possession isindicated, the name of owner isin the gen itive :

)l, w

ifeI

‘ sshj g,

a baker hadashop .

The varioustensesof the verb g lj ohna k are frequently usedin place of the above.

TURKISH GRAMM AR .

It will be seen that the word yak deniesthe existence of

something. Jfa deniestha t some quality or description belongsto a noun . In a few casesit isimma terial which of the two nega

tivesisemployed. In answer to the question , Isthe girl here ?’either negative might be employed.

J) 6111

3.sheraby w a

r,he haswine.

bir butchikzm yak, I have not a kmfe .

nama z va r,what have we ?

tabak lerifi yakidy, youhadnot plates.EXER CISE VI.

mf n-

jaj bl ‘

U‘ f Afi as“ ;

Uta h. a

nus. i s L.

J)W U ; abs} .

a m04 5) ) 4 9

°c?)

11q J.»J fa l é

jlW5 ?

"

The bak er isin hisshop . The door of the bak er’sshop islarge,

but the window islarger. The traveller and three of hisfriendsare in my house. The road in the mountain isvery bad. Thereare four dogsin the k ennel . Are there not five dogsin your

‘k ennel ? There are three dogsin thiskennel, and two dogsin myhouse. Isthere anysalt mea t in thisshop ? There isa black -eyedgirl in theshop, but there isnosalt meat . Isthe gardener intelligent ? The gardener isvery intelligent, but hishandsare verydirty. There are five knivesin the box .

THE REGULAR VERB .

The present infinitive of the Turk ish verb endsin either cl ..

mek or ma k : Ex . bilmek,to k now ; G abi a ra/mak , to

seek . The imperative isformed by cutting off thisending : Jan617, know ;1) am ,seek . The word thusobtained isthe root , andappearsin all the tenses.

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

By the addition of the term ination to the root u? djy (pagethe name of the agent isformed bilidjy, one who k nows,a connoisseur . sarmak

,to love ; sereb

'

y, a lover.

635424 3 If ?! iylwa idindjy, tempter, from ighvehetmek ,

to tempt .By the addition of

)J loo :

).Lb billoo, known ; savkooloo,

beloved.

By the addition of mek sevmeh, the action of loving.

The tensesmost commonly required are given for the verbseumak , to love.

F irst Presen t . (1)SINGULAR .

severim ,I love

, or do love, I am accustomed to love .

seversen, thoulovest, dost love, art accustomed to love.

sever, he loves, doeslove, isaccustomed to love.

PLUR AL .

sw am we love,do love, are accustomed to love.

seversmzz , youlove, do love, are accustomed to love.

severlcr, they love, do love, are accustomed to love.

Second Presen t . (2)SINGULAR .

sem'

on'

m,I am loving (now).

seviorsen,thouart loving.

sembr, he isloving.

PLURA L .

sw ioriz , we are loving.

sw iarsifiiz , youare loving.

seviorler, they are loving.

F irst Imperfect . (3)SINGULAR .

seviardim orsw ioridim, I wasloving.

sem'

ordia‘

i orseviaridia‘i, thouwast loving.

or sem’

ordy orsevioridy, he wasloving.

PLURAL .

seviordik orsevion '

dik , we were loving.

seviordifiiz orsw iomkiifiez , youwere loving.

p gyor seviordiler orseviofl diler, they were loving.

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

Second Imperfect . (4)sm oom .

and severdim,I loved

, used to love.

severdm ,thoulovedst .

severdy, he loved.

PLURA L .

severdik , we loved.

severdio‘iez, youloved.

Ila saverdiler, they loved.

F irst Perfect . (5)SINGULAR .

sevdim, I loved, have loved, didlove.

sevdiii,thoulovedst .

sevdy, he loved.

PLUR AL .

sevdik,we loved.

swdifiez, youloved.

sevdiler, they loved.

Second Perfect .

smouun .

sevmishim,I have loved.

sevmishsen, thouhast loved.

(Jo) semnish(dir), he hasloved.

PLURAL .

sevm ishiz, we have loved.

sevmiskifiez , youhave loved.

sevmishler,they have loved.

Pluperfect . (6)

ral or

(" Lil sevmishidim orsevmisk oldum,

I

loved, etc.,like

F irst Future . (7)SINGULA R .

sevehdjegim,Isha ll or will love.

sevehdjekaen , thoushalt or wilt love.

sevehdjek, heshall or will love.

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

PLURA L .

sevekdjeyiz , weshall or will love.

sevehcb'

eksez , yousha ll or will love.

sevehdjek lir, theysha ll or will love.

Second Future .

SINGULAR .

uh , " sevm ish oloorim ,I shall have loved, etc . ,

Present,see page 30 .

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

f ”sev, love thou. sevehlim, let uslove .

sevsaon,let him love. sevifiiz

,love you.

sevsun ler, let them love.

SUBJUNCTIVE .

Present .sm eum .

I9“ or sevehim orserum , that I may love .

W 9 “ sevehsen, tha t thoumayst love.

savek, that he may love.

PLURAL .

sarabiz orsevelem , that we may love.

seveksifaiz , that youmay love.

sevehler, that they may love .

Imperfect .

SINGULAR .

sevekidum,that I might love, etc . , like

CONDITIONAL .

Present .

SINGULAR .

seversem orseverissem ,if I love.

seversea'i. orsevefl asefi, if thoulovest .or seversehor am i ne}: if he loves.J)

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

PLURA L .

or scvcrsek or acverissck , if we love.

scvcrsci‘ziz orscw rissci‘ic z

,if youlove.

or sevcrscldcr orsevcrt'sschlcr, if they love .

Imperfect .

and scvscm ,if I have loved.

With terminationsthesame asin the PresentPerfect .

ri g m achidum

,if I had loved, etc. ,

lik e

INFINITIVE .

scvmek, to love .

g ij i sevmisholma k , to have loved.

Declin able Presen t Participle, U) “ seven , loving, one that isloving, who loves.

Indeclin able Presen t Participle, sever,

Declinable Past Participle, seedek,loved, having loved.

Indeclin able Past Participle, swmzsh,Declinable Future,sis and sczehdjck , about to love,

getting to love.

Indeclin able Future , (5 and scvmcly, necessary to love .

GERUNDS.

sevcrkcn andscvcrikcn , in loving, while loving.

sw ap,loving, loved.

scvcrck , in loving (continually).scvimb

'

c, when loving.

sevmckin ,loving, because he loves.

scvchlu,since he loves.L AY-b. »scvdukdck or scvimekdah, in or whilst loving.

The indeclinable future part1c1ple formswith the aux iliarytermination

ref-byscva y

-im, Imust love ;and also an imperfectwith

(" Li‘ sevmely- idim,

I must have loved.

The above are the principa l tensesof the active verb

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

The interrogative verb isformed by the use of the part icle6

.

my. Thisisplaced at the end of the word;as, bildufimy,have youk nown ? In those tenses, however, when the auxiliaryverb isadded to the present and future participlesto form the

present imperfect and future, theL5

. isadded on after the participle : bilurm iscn , do youk now ? bilurm iduk ,didwe k now ? Had the particle been at the end of the word, thequestion would have been about your or our k nowing, asdistinguished from some one else k nowing; asabove, the question isasto your or our k nowing, asdistinguished from your or our

ignorance.

Vocasum v .

evct, yes. kka ir, good, well, used

gcturmck , to bring.for no .

yelmek , to come . ol d -J istemck , to wish.M bilmck

,

to k now. u kis' nwk, to cut .

M l itckmck , to drink . eh;ycmek , to eat .

diwek, tosay. 91-9 433pishirmck, to cook .

el ‘fif gcrmck , to enter. fi lo dushnwk , to fallgucrmck , tosee . cl ..

12 m;gustcrnwk , toshow

T he verb agreesin genera l with itsnomina tive in number and

person , but frequently it isused in the third personsingular, whenthe thirdperson plural wouldby thisrule be required. Verbsthatin English are followed by a dative or ablative are in genera l

followed by the same casesin Turk ish .

Ex ascrssVII.

rw ;uaLz{ M y .“uh j lfifedfu

30 TURKISH GRA M M A R.

EXERCISE VIII.

(SJ -Bl JS 114.l Lol ual .Jl Q L'K .

Glfi

Conjugation of the verb dl) ‘alma k , to be, to become.

Present .

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

olaurim,I am . l olouriz , we are.

c)“

)l alourscn ,

thouart . l olaursifiiz, youare.

”If olaur, he is. [lyljl alourlcr

,they are .

Imperfect .

SINGUL AR .

rial) or

(”WM claw -dim or -

fd1'

m , I was.asfi lj l or n gj l alour

-difi or - tdm , thouwast .

awl»or olowr-di or - idy, he was.

PLURAL .

l alowr-duk or - iduk , we were.

l or l”lj l olowr

-dufiuz or -idufiuz

, youwere.

flaw) or

jlq'Agbjlfi olour-dilcr or -idilcr

, they were.

F irst Perfect .

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

oldum,I was. l alduk

,we were.

dA bl oldufi , thouwast . l aldiv

'

a'

z, youwere.

L94JJ l oldy, he was. oldilcr, they were.

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

Second Perfect .

SINGULAR .

l olimisl n'm ,I have been .

l olimishscn , thouhast been, etc . , like the Present .

Pluperfect .

unlj l olm ish-idcm , Ihadbeen , etc . ,like the Imperfect ,

Future.

(fi t

ri gdj l ala

djek im, Ishall be.

Imperative .

SINGULAR .

l 01, be thou.

d)l and l l 0180011. and allch, let him be.

PLUR A L .

olehlim,let usbe.

olchifwz

,he ye.

113)” i oIsoon lcr, let them be.

SUBJUNCTIVE .

Presen t .alcl n

'

m,that I may be, lik e the Present Indicative .

Imperfect .

r“ " d

)‘olelu

'

dim , that I might be, lik e the Imperfect .

CONDITIONAL .

fi g"and( “ i lfl

jj‘alourscm andolourissek im

,if I be.

PA RTICIPLES.

INDECL INABLE .

” bl olour

,being.

UA) ‘olmisk, having been .

6-9: l olehdjek , about to be.

TURKISH GRAMM AR .

GERUNDS.

a,» l olup, when in being.

l olo'wriken , in being, while being.

olidjek , in being.

olimfick , while in being.

M al olmegkz

'

n , having been .

The other tensesin common use can be formed after the modelof the regular verb.

Compound verbsare formed by the use of Gij l olma k with a

le ;JAJl J’skabul alma k ,repared;glj l Jr} ka til

ohna k , to k ill ; CS‘)va ky almak

, to tak e place, to happen ;sooghoogk alma k , to be cold.

The passive of CAJl alma k , d‘ i -bl olunmak , isused in thosecaseswhere the verb formedw ith gl j l hasan activesignification , to

form the passive verb M )‘Jr} ka til olunma k, to be k illed.

Vocasumsr .

t sJ z inha r, beware. yoksch, or, or possibly .

6L; kha lk , people.

I ;tiz , quick ly.

uL‘) z cman,time.

J43 a. nehkader, how .many ?

J43 leader, quantity, value . howmuch ?bashlmnak , to begin . asmhkada r zema n ,

howbinmek , to ride, to moun t long?(on horseback). M U ca tchmek , to run away .

Jfi eger, if. can nula, to go.

BxssmssIX.

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

F orm ation of Verbsfrom Verbal R oot .

The passive isformedby the insertion ofJ 1 after the root el l , »scvilmek

, to be loved.

yakmak , to burn ; ya kilmak , to be burnt .

When the root endsin up t, thisissometimeschanged into a d

before the J 1.When the root endsin a vowel, JJ m l or m

l isinserteddimek

, tosay; dim lmek,to besa id. The J I is, however,

commonly omitted in those cases, and elm .» dinmek , to be said,

isused.

When the root endsin J 1, instead of doubling the letter, uisinserted as, bilmelc, to k now ; M bilenmek , to be

k nown .

The passive andactive verbsare conjugatedin thesame manner.

Presen t .

sem'

liorum , I am being loved.

Vi)

“ se'vilerim , I am loved.

Imperfect .

sevilidim ,I wasloved.

Futuresevilehdje/cim ,

Ishall be loved.

etc etc.

From the root of the verb many verbsmay be formed. The

most important of them are given below.

From sevmelc, to love, are formed theNegative sevmemdc, not to love.

Causative 01 swdi/rmek , to cause to love.

R eflective sem'

nmdc, to love one’sself (used for to be

R eciprocal scvishnwk , to love one another.

From the passive sem'

lmek , to be loved, in like manner,may be formed sevilmemdc, not to be loved

sevilderme/c, to cause to be loved.

m ildermemdc, not to cause to be loved.

I)

34 TURKISH GRAMMAR .

By the insertion of a after the root in the negative, the verbexpressing the impossibility of the action isformed

sevehmemek , not to be able to love.

sevderehmemek , not to be able to cause to love, etc withothersin thesame way.

The verbsthusformed are conjugated after the modelsgiven ,with the exception of the negative verbs. The conjugation of the

verb M l etmemelc,not to do, or make, isnow given .

F irst Present .sm cuum.

QM‘etmiorim ,

I am not mak ing.

W M ‘etmiorsen , thouart not making.

M l etmior, he isnot mak ing.

PLUBAL .

l ctmioriz , we are not mak ing.

l etmiorseiiiz , youare not mak ing.

jbfi -o -Zel etmiorler, they are not mak ing.

Second Presen t .SINGULA R .

Ml etmem, I do not make.

o‘H ‘etmezsem

,thoudost not make.

H ‘etmez , he doesnot mak e.

PLUR AL .

M l etmezez , we do not mak e.

PH }etmezsii 'iiz , youdo not mak e.

15-0 34 etmez k r, they do not make.

F irst Imperfect .smoum a .

PW‘etmeyordim , I wasnot mak ing.

03)n etmeyordifi ,thouwast not mak ing.

gyM l etmyordy, he wasnot mak ing.

PLURAL .

etm yordilc, we were not mak ing.

etmyordifiez , youwere not mak ing.

etmeyordiler, they were not making.

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

Second Imperfect .

ra glfi l etmez idim or etmezdin and

PM)‘M l etmez oldim, I did

not make.

va il ctmez idim

, I didnot mak e.

M a l/“mil atmasidifc, thoudidst not mak e.

fin al etmez idy, he didnot mak e.

PLURAL .

dai lH l etmae ida le,we didnot mak e.

{g lfl l aimez idii’

wz

, youdidnot make.

115mlH l etmez idiler

,they didnot make.

F irst Perfect .sm cum n .

rumetmedim, I have not made.

add-c a l etmedifi , thouhast not made.

gmgg l etmedy, he hasnot made.

PLURAL .

4,9t ctmedulc, we have not made.

jft l etmcdifiez , youhave not made.

A w l etmedilcr, they have not made.

Second Perfect .

SINGULA R .

Ml etmemishim

,I have not made.

M l etnwm ishsen,thouhast not made.

M l ctmem ish, he hasnot made.

PLUM L .

l etmcmishez , we have not made.

l etmemishsifiez , youhave not made .

ctmemishler, they have not made.

Pluperfect .

rai l M l ande etmemwhdam andetmemwdzm , I had

not made, hk e the Imperfect .D 2

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

Future .

atmchdjegim, I will orshall not make.

Future Perfect .

M l etmcmisholoorim,Ishall not have made.

Imperative .

SINGULA R .

w l etmeh, do not make.

etmesoon , let him not mak e .

PLURA L .

l etmchlim,let usnot make.

l etmifi iz , do not make.

”M l etmesoon ler, let them not make.

Presen t Subjun ctive .

{Qua i l etmeyim , that I may not mak e, like the Present Indicative

andSubjunctive Present .

Imperfect .

etmeyeidt'

m , that I m ight not mak e,lik e the Imperfect

Indicative.

CONDITIONA L .

Presen t .l M l ctmez isem

,if I do not mak e.

lJanel etmez iseo

i,if thoudost not mak e.

Imperfect .

rug -A l ctmssem,

if I didnot make.

Perfect .

Hal and ctmezdim,

if I hadnot made.

INFINITIVE.

M l etmenwk , not to mak e.

Present Partieiple indeclinable l etmez, not making.

declinable atmen ,

TURKISH GRA M MAR .

Vocasum ar .

ugh. ya rin , to-morrow .

”cf girugetnwlc, to return ,

u) : dun , yesterday. to go back .

0 . 5L» tosell.gezme/c, to walk . k hidnwtkia r,servant .

Exmwrsn X .

rd-o l i

'

b gal

fa b l

rg a lfl q fi d

”Q l dfl j )

¢ gl jfi.u.L . l 3l aw l)

One day when I. wasreturning from your house I met yoursisteron the road. I wish to go to town to-morrow to buy five horses.Isaw a man yesterday in the mark et preparing barley forsale. Willyoucome to your brother’shouse to-morrow ? Ido not know, whenI come back from the mark et I may not have time. If youshouldhave time come.

The power, possibility or impossibility, necessity, desirability of

an action isexpressed by the use ofof . » mumlcen

, Jul : Icabul,possible, or Mf gerelc, necessary, with thesubstantive verb.

gen iedir, it isnecessary.

moomlcin deyel im ,I am not able.

When these are followedby a verb, the verb may placed inthesubjunctive, and isprecededby J : Ex . s

,“ { cl gerelc loch

couch, he must have. Without the J it isgerelc, andhasthesame mean ing.

It ismore commonly, however, in the infinitive; as,$5 Jfilsif te d;ol Ica til oolinma k gen /c dir, he must be k illed.

if“TURKISH GRAMMAR .

{iIt will be remembered that the impossibility of

action may be expressedby the verb terminating in M , etc .

It isto be noted thatdL

-S cabuJy issometimesusedfor thesub

stantive kabiIIe/c,possibility.

63-2 Lsl.,3 kabily yak , there isno possibility, insteadof Jfa J-Skabil deyel dir, it isnot possible.

col d.) bilmek,to k now,

isused to expresspossibility,power, etc .

When used in thissense,the verb which in English followsit, is

placedfirst, and isin thesubjunctive.

”Lg L l,l nahollehbilur

, how can it be ?

chi : gelehbilmelc, to be able to come.

From nounssubstantive and adjective by the addition of all ,

gl , g34 .3, Ga y, 60-3 :verbsare formed.

keur, blind;Gig gm zeumelc,to become blind.

Us);bash, empty ; boshlinmek , to empty.

m l a t, horse; a tla nma lc, to ride.

tuz ,sa lt ; tuz lamm/c, tosa lt.

In some casesone letter or more of the word ischanged or

retrenched: buyulc, ebb-3

,

buyumek , to increase; frommg; kutchuk lek , smallness, m kutchuldenmek , to

beccme little, m ;kumztskzetmeief te make little : from

use,

back , a head, 6-4 -3“ bashIama/c, to begin .

Insome wordsthe final letter of the noun ischangedin formingthe verb as, guz , the eye, el ajf gm rnw/c, tosee semez ,fat , semen nek , to become fat .

Vocasum r .

‘I’J z ira , because . w ?

tcha ighen nak ,to call out .

JLl-ldfi l—ha l, immediately

barf, f l aghir, heavy.

koywn ,sheep.w ry, a flock .

Em acxssXI.t w l uéb fl u

rrzul “ w

e

is em»ee l/ essay ..e-xe exes-x

40 TURKISH GRAMMAR .

(“all M

POST-POSITIONS.

The particle supplying the place of the preposition in Englishfollowsthe wordsgoverned by them in the Turkish language.

so dehandu" dun ,used in form ing the loca tive andablative cases,are examplesof them . Those most commonly in use are

(I) ah.

bilehor A i l ileh, with . (2) ”A, gibi , as.(3) “De

-fl itohun,on account of. (4) siz , without .

(5) e) : dale, asfar as. (6)ufi i i yilcin ,near.

L3ka rshoo, Opposite. (8)wf guerdt , according to.

(9) sm‘

ira, after. (10) a) .

barn ,since. (I 1) l cuvel , bebt e.

Of these, the first four govern the nom inative, but the first threemay tak e the genitive, those following them from (5) to (8) takethe dative

,the last three tak e the ablative.

al gl pp.basem illah, with us.

xbl illeh isused to denote the instrument with which an act

ed(abl e al gl r

t;ka lem illehya zdem , I wrote with apen .

was) , benden swim , after me. g al evema yilcin ,

near

my house .

U ta often precedesthe word followedby tel.) delc ctJa Ha}! L3ta yariyehdelc, asmuch asa half. Though without the li themeaning would be thesame. The U is, in fact, a Persian preposition with thesame meaning asctJa .

m i ll‘b'b

'babam itehim , on account of my father. This

particle also goeswith verbs eh; ga rmela itchun , in

order tosee; sueldelc itcl mn ,from havingspok en.

The following particlesare of thesame classasthe above, butthey can take pronominal afiixes, and are then declinable

TURKISH GRAMM AR .

l)‘“f a

, among. a ) alt, under. ”g

el itchery, in.

bl M d

, behind.

”Lil clery, before.

Ex .

Wyn-bl a ram izda n , from among us;evei

'

z itoherusinehgermelc, to go in the house.

A few foreign prepositionsare in useJ" a z

,from . b b“

, W ith . a,

bah, in .

6’ by, without .

TAL E III.

m .» M , p f .w fi x w x .

y , uxyf” eb brl

(a

l 5LL uh) " 5

club 1 9-5‘

ebb sL‘

L Lgl cry

/lg)

. fi ysb '

fi W 64 -23

”Ru“ li l o

jmé fi b J W

e

as, J ) ;

sLt . ul u-r-elfi 64 -10 m l “ i t?

»raw

"l

ué n ana

x deb

-i

f ea

r“ LS'L l-zl

un l it -2"

tbl A g .”

Jlja

“U“ a lg a- M M

“9 x 95 w ife

” ‘J-‘fifu’ “f o

rJ)‘

sagacious oldman 3 intelligent

rea ched 7causedto come into hispresence very mean ing

less sense, meaning greatly proof, experienceshouldnot be angry (I wil lsay) that I maysay 1‘speakmounting

1°passed over ‘7suddenly ‘9a hole 19he

fell down in a heap 2°a thousand 2‘

artifices 3“savedhimself 2’ time again

2°near

3° far off. arrestnoproperty 2°depriving of place.

ADVERBS.

M anysubstantivesandadjectivesare used asadverbsEx .

“03;boogoon, to

-day. afgmm , by night . az

,little.

Adverbsmay be formed by the addition of u djc to nouns

42 TURKISH GRAMMAR.

é -tjf keupelxljeh, lik e a dog ;g a l adamdjeh, after the manner

of a man . They may be formed, too, by the addition of as! a nd:

as, dusta neh,in a friendly way. They are also formed by

the use of some of the post-positions, abl illeh, we dun , etc . ; as,

birda n,once.

Vocuum r .

snakel ctmelc, to relate,

to tell a ta le.

m'

tehhim,as

,lik e as.

U ta, that,so tha t

dily, fool.

dikmelc, to attain .

J.) yil, year.

USL.) yash, ago.

DJ larch

,pound.

EXERCISE XII.

u- +b Uwas, a)» y . w ‘$ 611“ U f a fi

ftfib

djl( 55 I

Lrah» di h j

l s.

EXERCISE XIII.

m y , a,

jfi - f vfi fi df ‘

z’o

‘w z’ fi f Gr ! um “

“Lil lj éuz

‘l fi w

wlj t a hiran , aston ishment,admiration .

oolmek , to die .

kira tutmak , to hire.

a ), wa risa, heir.

is}; much, purse.

w menfa’

a t, profit .

massraf, expenditure,loss.

TURKISH GRA M MAR .

EXERCISE I.

A rich man . Goodmen . A fat goose. Idle boys. A big boy.

A little girl. The city islarge. Thisbarley isbad. Thissoupiscold. The shop isfar. The woman isill. Iron ishard. The

good man isjust . R ich men are idle. The plate isclean . Thisgrassisgreen . The kn ife and the glassare black . The goose and

the bare are white. The headof the horse ispretty. Thisman ’scow issick . The man and the boy are in the house. The boy’sknife isin the chest. The village isfar from the city. Theshopsof thisvillage are little.

Exnncxsn II.

Thissoup isvery cold. A goose isbigger than a hen . Thisassisvery large and the horse issmall . The fish’shead islarger thanthe plate. The city islarger than the village. Thiscity isverypretty . Thisk nife isthe very best . Thisgirl saw a red box .

The ma n gave the boysa black box . This. man saw a white fish.

The cow of the man isin the village.

TALE I .

One daysome village Turkswent to the mark et town . Whenthey got near their village on their return they became hungry,and ate some bread and onion . Now the onion wasverystrong,and made the Turks’ eyeswater. Now the little boyscame tomeet their fathers, and theysaw that from their eyestearswereflowing.

‘They are weeping because some one isdead,’ theythought ;andwithout ask ing for news, they ran off, and coming to

the village, Somebody isdead, our fathersare coming in tears,’theysaid. The women on this, com ing out of their houses, madelamentation, and went to meet their weeping husbands. Whenthe Turkssaw them in thisstate they too thought tha tsome one

wasdead, andbegan to weep ;andasmany peasantsasthere were,collected in the village, and raised a mourningsuch asit isimpossible to describe. At length the fathersof fam iliesmeetingtogether, saying to one another, It isthe will of God, we mustbear it patiently,’ became calm . The Turkswho came from the.

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

market, ask ed, Who isdead in the village?

’ They replied,Thank God, in the village no one isdead but in the city, who

isdead They too reply, No one isdead.

’ They enquired, andthey discovered that the whole happened through their belief in thewordsof the boys.

EXERCISE III.

Who isthis? It ismysister. Where isthe boy’sfather? He

isin my house. The Englishman gave my book to hiswife. Yourshop islarge. The window of yourshop isfine. Thisman tookmy box . Where ishe? He isin the city. Your horsesare verygood. Our horsesare larger than their asses. Who hascome ?

Hesaw your brother. \Vhose house isthis? He gave it to mehimself. He gave me the k nife from hisown box . Your fathergave me this. It isthe man whom hesaw . Who hascome ? Ourbrother hascome from the village. The road from my house isbad. No one hascome. A man gave me the other books. Iseverything ready ?

EXERCISE IV.

Have youasister? Have youhope? How manymen are therein thiscity ? What book isthis? To whom did he give it ?Have youa little bread? How many legshasa horse ? Your doghasfour legs. M y booksare in the other room . A re these horseshere yours? Thisismy horse, isit not a large one ? How much

isthisfish? Some one hascome from the city. \Vhoever isinthe house isidle. A little water isbetter than a great deal . The

flesh of thisgoose isvery dark . He gave thisboy a knife, the

other he gave a book . A re the horsesready ? M y horsesareready, but your horsesare in the village. An egg today isbetterthan a fowl to-morrow.

EXERCISE V.

Fourteen boysandtwenty-five girls. Howmany dogshave you?I havesix dogs. On each of your feet how many toeshave you?On thisfoot I have five toesandon the other also I have five toes.In thisfield there are two hundred horses, and the field isverylarge. Thisflower isnot beautiful. He gave the children two

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

pretty. I am cutting the bread, and it isvery bad. The otherm ansaw it in the city. The bak er eatsbread. The Frenchwomancook ed the meat . The child fell from the roof of the house. Thism an will show youthe way. Youwill see my father in the city.

I will send hisbox to the village . M any from the city and the

village will enter thishouse. A re many men coming from the

city ? Have younotseen a great number on the road? No, Sir.

A man hasgone into the house. Because he lovedthe girl he came

into the house. Who are you? I am the man who brought thebox .

EXERCISE VIII.

Open the door. Tak e the book . We looked at the man , butthere wasnothing in hishand. We took my book from the girl .

The boy found the k nife in the house. I will put the eggsin the

box . Let usbreak the bird’seggs. I am look ing for my friends

in the city . Your boy hasspoilt my book . The men were afraid

of your dogs. I saw a man lying on a bed. Your friendswillfindmy bedsin the city. The man look ing for bread opened thebox . W e have received nothing from the city. I wasafraid of

spoiling the book . I escaped from the city . Look ! on the read

there are two men on horseback,I think that they are two friends

of mine. What isthere in the shop ? What do youwant, Sir?I wish to buy some books. W e are the sonsof the man whoescapedfrom the city .

EXERCISE IX.

Thisboy k illed my dog. Thirteen children will assemble inthe house. Let the horsesbe ready quick ly. It isvery coldto day. I saw the people collecting together. When (at whattime)did it happen ? AsI wascoming to your house Isaw themcollecting. How many men did yousee? One hundred and

twenty or one hundred and thirty . One day I got on my horse,and on the way to the city I met three wolves, my dog ran

away and I began to get frightened. Sha ll I have time to come

from the city ? Had he not three horsesin the village? If youshould have good homestake care not to sell them (beware thatyoumay notsell them).

TURKISH GRAMMAR .

EXERCISE X.

One day, in the village, I bought ninety eggsfor ten piastres;yesterday I did not find twenty . To-morrow I shall not go to

the city . M y boy wen t to your house ; your girl took him in

a room , but gave him nothing. The bak er iscoming from the

city to make bread, he wishesto go back to -morrow . I have not

brought youany barley ; yesterday in the mark et there wasnogoodbarleysold. I had no time for reading. I will walk a little,

are youready ? Thisman saw a fat goose on the road andwishedto buy it . but the owner of the goose didnot wish tosell it . I go

to the city, what will happen I do not k now . How many horsesdid yousee in the meadow ? Thisman if he seesone

,saysa

hundred or a thousand. How often have I told him, but it is

no good.

EXERCISE XI .

I wish to go to the city , but it isnot possible . Isit possible tosendmy boy to fetch the bread that isgiven ? Thisisastone thatcannot be brok en . A t the time that youhear of my brother, come,for I must come to the city . Today I went out , on coming to

the meadow I could not find my horses. Thisman bega n to call

out when he came to my house. Coming to the city we were not

able to enter it, and I immediately went to your house. Dogsare where they are not called for. M en who k now much do not

say much . Isa id to thisman ,If thislead isheavy

,tell me.

N0

one can escape the tongue of the world. Some take oneside,and

some ta ke the other.

TAL E III.

In thiscity there wasasagaciousoldman who hadan ass. He

continuallysaid, M y assiswiser than the Shah ’sm inisters. ’ One

day the report of thisreached the Shah’sears; then the Shahcaused the old man to be brought before him , andsaid, Why doyousay these verystupid words?’ The old mansaid, O Shah !there istruth in the words, they are not mean ingless, I havefrequently experienced it ; if the Shah wil l not be angry I willtell him.

The Shah said, Tell me.

The old man sa id, One

TURKISH GRAMMAR.

day, Shah mounting my ass, I passed over a bridge,suddenly hisfoot went Into a hole, he fell headlong, andsaved himself with thegrea test trouble. Every time tha t again he passesover that bridge,he doesnot go near the hole, but passesit far ofl'

. Now , Shah ,youare alwaysarresting your viz iers, appropriating their property,depriving them of their places, andsome of them youput to dea th ;but fearing nothing, they come aga in . Now my assonce onlyfalling, goesno more near the hole.

EXERCISE XII.

Hespeakslik e a fool, but he actslike a wise man . Hesaid thosewordstha t youmight k now that your son isfoolish . I have no

son who can be my heir afler me. When hishorse wasfour yearsold, it wasvery good, every one who saw it wasastonished, butthree yea rsafterwardsit died. If a person have a flock of Sheepand one of them isblack , doesthismak e all thesheep in the flockblack or doesit not ? He began to build a house in every city .

I ask edhim , Why do youdo this?’

For your advancement I willtell youa ta le.

EXERCISE XIII.

Tell the truth, youhave not shown these flowersto any one ?

Speak , let mesee how many poundsyouwant for the horse . If he

en ter Islam the M ussulmanswill gain nothing, and the Christianswill lose nothing. A purse with a hundred piastresin it fell outof my hand. Who are you? Youare myservant, I have hiredyoufor five pounds.

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CONTENTS — 1. V ra-chhedik a, the“ Kin KongKing,

”or Diamond awn . Translated from

the Chinese by the v . S. Bea l , Chaplain , B .N .— 11. The Paramita-hridaya Sti tra , or, in Chinese ,

M O ho-pO-yeopo-lo-mih-to-sin-king,” The Great Param itt Heart Sutra .

" Translateditem the Chinese by the Rev . 8 . Beal , Cha lain , R .N .

— 111 . On the Preservation of NationalLiterature in the East . By Colonel P. J . GO demid.

— IV. On the Agricultural, Commercial ,Financial , and M ilitary Statisticsof Ceylon . By E . R . Power, Esq .— V. Contributionsto a

Knowled e of the Vedi c Theogony and M ytholo By J . M uir, D .C.L . LL .D .— VI. A Tabular

List of riginal W orksandTranslations, publia ed by the late DutchGovernmen t of Ceylon at

their Printing Pressa t Colombo . Compiled by M r. M a t . P. J . Ondaa tje, of Colot .— V11.

Assyrian and Hebrew Chronology compared. with a view ofshowing the ex tent to which theHebrew Chronolo of Ussher must be modified, in conformit

yw ith the Assyrian Canon . ByJ . W . Bosan uet,?sq .

— Vl l l . On the existing DictionariesO the M alay Language. By Dr.

H . N . van er Tun ic — IX . Bilingual ReadingsCuneiform and t nician . Noteson some

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— X. Transla t ionsof Three Copperbpla teInscriptionsof the FourthCen tu A .D . , and Noticesof the Chdlukya andGurjjara DynastiesByProfessor J . Dowson Stafl Co lege, Sandhurst . — X1. Y amsand the Doctrine f a FutureLife, according to the Big-Yajur and A tharva-Vedas. By J . M uir, Esq . , L .D .

- XII.On the J Otisha Observa tion of the Place of the Colures, and the Da te derivable from it. ByW illiam W hitney, En

g, Professor of Sanskrit in Yale College, New Haven , U .S.

— Note on

the preceding Article. y Sir EdwardColebroolte, Bart . , M .P. , Presiden t B . A .S.— XIII. Pro

asof the Vedic Religion towardsAbstract Conceptionsof the Deity. By J . M uir, Esq . ,

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abha ta ,Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Blia ttotpa la , and Bhdsk arfichiirya . By Dr. BhtuD Hono

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Esq .— 111. Five hundredquestionson the Social Condition of the Nativesof Bangs By the

Rev . J . Long.— IV . Short accoun t of the M alay M anuscriptsbelonging to the Royal Asia tic

Society . By Dr. H . N . van derTuuk .— V . Transla t ion of the Amitiibha Sutra from the Chinese .

B the Rev . 8 . Deal , Chaplain Roya l Navy.— Vi . The in itial coinage of Bengal . By EdwardT omas, Esq .

— V II. S imensof an Assrian Dictionary . By Edwin Norris, Esq .-V111. On

the Relationsof the Pr eatsto the other e assesof Indian Society in the Vedic age By J . M uir,Baq .

- 1X . On the Interpreta t ion Of the Veda . By the same — X. An a ttempt to Transla tefrom the Chinese a work known asthe Confessiona l Servicesof the

grea t compassionate Kwan

Y in , pouessing 1000 bandsand 1000 eyes. By the Rev . 8 . Bea , Chapla in Ro y al Navy .The Hymnsof the Gaupsyanasand the Legend of King Asamiiti . By Professor M ax

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57 and59, Ludga te H ill, London, E . C.

Vol. III. In Two Parts. pp. 616,sewed. W ithPhotograph. 22s.CONTm — I. Contributionstowardsa Glossary of the Assyrian Language . ByH . F. Talbot .

— 11. Remarkson the l ads-Chinese A lphabets. ByDr . A . Bastian .

— III. I‘he poetry of

M ohamedRabadan, Arragonese. By the Hon . H . E . Stan le — IV. Catalogue of the Orienta lM anuscri

ptsin the Library of King’sCollege , Cambridge. Edward Henry Palmer, B .A

Scholar o St . John 'sCollege. Cambridge ; M ember of the RO Asiatic Society M embre de laSociétéAsia tique de Paris.— V. Description of the Amravati ‘

Ope in Guntur. By J . For usson ,Es F .R . S.

— VI. Remarkson Prof. Brockhaus’ edition Of the Kathlsarit-sagara . Lamb IX .

I V 11. By Dr. H . Kern, Professor of Sanskrit in the University Of Leyden .— VII. Thesource

of Colebrooke’sEssay On the Dutiesof a Faithful HinduW idow.

” By Fitz edwardHall , Berk,

M .A . , D.C.L . Oxon . Sap lamen t : Further detail of proofstha t Colebrooke’sEssay, On t e

Dutiesof a Faithful Hin n W idow ,

” wasnot indebted to the Vivddabhan truava . By FitzedwardHall, Esq .

— VIII. The Six thH am of the First Book of the Big eds. By ProfessorM ax M uller, M .A . Hon .

- I Sassanian Inscriptions. B E . Thomas, Esq .— x . A o

count of an Embasa from M orocco to Spain in 1690and 1691. BB

0 Hon . H . E . J . StanleXI. The Poetry 0 M ohamed Rabadan , of Am n . By the on . H . E . J . Stanley. II.M a terialsfor the History of India for the Six Hun redYearsof M ohammadan rule, previoustothe Foundation of the British Indian Empire. By M ajor W . Nassau LL .D. , Ph.D .

— XIII.A Few W ordsconcem in the H ill people inhabiting the Forestsof t Cochin Sta te . ByCaptain G. E . Fr

yver, M Stafl Corps, - XIV . Noteson the Bho uri Dialec t of

Hindi,spoken in estcrn Bebar. By John Beames, Esq . , M agistrate of bumparun .

Vol. IV. In TwoPasta. pp. 621,sewed. 163.CONTENTs. — I. Contribution towardsa 01 Of the M e

ga Language. By H . F. Talbot .

Part IL — II . On Indian Chronology . By J . ergusson , F .R .S III. The Poetry ofM ohamed Rabadan of Arragon . B

Bthe Hon. H . E . J . Stan ley .

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yd Pagoda at M eagan , near the

Burmese Capital , in a M emorandum by Capt . E . H . Sladan , Po itioa l Agen t at M andalé;w ithRemarkson the Subject by Oc t. Henry Yule, C.D. XI. The Brhat-Sanhita; or, Complete

System of Natural Astrology of VarAha -M ihira . Transla ted from Sanskrit into English byDr.

Kern - XII. The M ohammedan Law of Evidence, and itsinfluence on the Administration ofJustice in India . By N . B . E . Baillie, Esq .

— XII l . The M ohammedan Law of Evidence in con .

nec tion with the Administra tion of Justice to Foreigners. By N . B . E . Baillie, — XIV ATransla tion Of a Bactrian Pi ll Inscription . By Prof. J . Dowsom — XV. Indo-Part ian Coins.By B . Thomas

, Esq.

Vo

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rs. — I. Two Jt tak as. The original Pt li Tex t . with an English Transla tion . By V.

F ausb611. — II. On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keugung kwan, in North China . B A .

W ylie — III. The Brha t Sanhitt ;or Complete 8 stem of a tura l Astrology of Varaha-M i iraTransla ted from Sanskrit in to Englishby Dr. H . ern .

— IV. The Pongol Festival in Southern

India . By CharlesE . Gover.— V. The Poetry of M ohamed Rabadan , O Arragon . By the Right

Hon . Lord Stanley of A lderley.— VI. Essay on the Creed and 008m of the Jangams. By

CharlesP. Brown .— VII. On M alabar, Coromandel, Quilon , etc . By C . P. Brown .

— VIII . Onthe Treatmen t of the Nexusin the Neo euLanguagesof India . By John Beames, B .C .S.

1X . Some Remarkson theGrea t Tope a t S ncbi. By the Rev . S. Bea t - X . Ancien t Inscriptionsfrom M a thura. Translated by Professor J . Dowson .

— Note to the M athura Inscriptions. ByM ajor-General A . Cunningha m— XI. Specimen of a Transla tion of the Adi Granth . By Dr.

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— XIII . The Brha t-Sanhitfi ; or,

Complete 8 stem of Natural Astrology of Varaha -mihira . Transla ted from Sant in to Englishby Dr. H . arm— XIV. On the Origin of the Buddhist Arthaka thu. By the M ndliar L . Comrillahjasinh Governmen t Interpreter to the Ra tnapura Court, Ceylon . W ithan In troduction byR . C. ders, la te Of the Ce louCivil Service — XV. The Poetry of M ohamed Rabadan, OfA rragon . By the Right Hon . rd Stanley Of A lderley .

— XVI. Proverbia Communia S a ca .

By Capta in R . F. Burton . XVII. Noteson an A ncien t Indian Vase, withan A ccouut of t e En

graving thereupon . By CharlesHorne, late of the Benga l Civil Service — XVIII .

Tho Bhar Tribe . By the Rev . M . A . Sherring LL D Benares. Communicated by C. Horne,la tes.c.s. — x1x . orJ ihad in M ohammedan Law, and itsapplication to British

India . By N . B . E . Ba ill ie.— XX . Commentson Recent Pehlvi Decipherments. W ith an Inci

dental Sketch of the Deriva tion of Aryan A lphabets. AndContributionsto the Early H istoryandGeography of Tabaristi n . Illustra tedby Coins. By E . Thomas, F .R .S.

Vol. VL , Part I, pp . 212,sewed, withtwo platesanda map. 88.

Corin n a — The Ishmaelites, and the Arabic Tribeswho Conquered their Country . By ASprenger.

— A Brief Account of Four Arabic W orkson the Histo and Geography of ArabiaBgCaptain S. B. M iles.— Outhe M ethodsof Disposing of the Desat Liassa. Thibet. etc . By

C arlesHorne, late B .C.S. The Brhat-Sanhita;or, Com lete System of Natura l Astrology ofVaraha-ui ihira, Translated from Sanskrit in to English y Dr. H . Kem p -

jNoteson 11wen

Thsan ’sAccount of the Principalitiesof Tokhl risttn , in which t om QR “ Q\ \ Ya wn“ “ Nah,“

Idea ca tionsare Reconsidered. By Colonel Yule , C .D .-

the m m at Em.“ C: m

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Arabia . By A . Sprenger.— An Accoun t Of Jerusalem . Transla ted for the late Sir H . M . E lliot t

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— ThePoetry of M ohamedRabadan , of A rragon . By the Right on . LordStanley Of A lderley.

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The Eyba t-SSDIIIIS;or. Complete System Of Na tura l Astrology Of VarAha-mihira . Transla tedfrom Sanskrit into Englishb

yDr. H . Kern .

— The Initial Coinage of Benga l. under the EarlyM uhammadan Conquerors. art 11. Embracing the reliminary period between A . it . 614-884

$A .. .D 1217-1236 EdwardThomas,F .R .S.

— The gendOf Dipai'

i li ara Buddha . Translatedrom the Chitiese (an

B

intended to illustra te Platesx x ix . and ‘Tree andSerpent W orshipBy S. BeaL— Note on A rt . IX . . ante p . 213-274 on H iouen -Thsang'sJourney from Patn a to

Ballahhi. By JamesFergusson . D . . ,L . P.R .8.— Contributionstowardsa Glossary of the

Assyrian Language . By H . F . Ta lbot .

Vol . VII. , Part I. , pp. 170and 24,sewed. W itha plate. 88 .

CONrsN'rs. — The Uposompadd-Kamma cdcd, being the Buddhist M anual of the Form and

M anner Of Ordering Priestsand Deacons. The Pali Tex t . with a Translation and Notes.By J . Dickson , B . sometime Studen t of Christ Church, Ox ford now of the Ceylon CivilService .

— Noteson the M egalithic M onumen tsof the Coimba tore District M adras. By M . J .

W alhouse. late M adrasC .8 .-Noteson the Sinhalese Language . No . 1. On the Formation of

the Plura l Of Neuter Nouns. By R . C . Childers, la te Of the Ceylon Civil Service.— Tbe Pali

Tex t of the M O M a rin ibbdna Sum: andCommen ta ry. with a T ranslation . By R . C. Childerstla te of the CeylonCivil Service — The Briha t-San liita ;or, Complete

!)Systern of Natural Astrologyof Varaha-mihira . Translated from Sanskri t into English h

yDr. H . Kern .

— Note on t

Valle Of Choombi. By Dr. A . Campbell. la te Superin tenden t O Darjeeling — The Name Of theTwe t li Imam on the Coinage of Egypt . By H . Sauvaire and S tanley

8Lane Poole.

— ThreeInscriptionsof Parak rama BAbuthe Grea t from Pulastipura, Ceylonsciate circa 1180A . “

hT . W . RhysDavids. — Of the Kharaj or M uhammadanpLand Tax ; tsApplica t ion to ritis

India, and Effec t on the Tenure Of Land. By N . B . E . Baillie .-Appentlix : A Spec imen of a

Syriac Version Of the Ka lilahwa-Dimnah. w ithan EnglishTransla t ion . By W . W right.

Vol . VII.,Part II. pp. 19 l to 394 ,sewed.

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— Sigiri, the Lion Rock. near Pulastilpli

l

ira, Ceilon , and the Thirty-nintb Chapter

of the M ahfivamsa . By T . W .

B

RhsDavids. he Nort ern Fron tagersoryChina . Part I .

TheO riginesof the M ongols. . .H Howorth.— Inedited Arabic Coins. By Stanley Lane

Poole .

- Notice on the DinarsOBIythe Abbasside Dynasty . By Edward ThomasRogers. — The

Northern Fron ta gersof China . Part II. The Origine~ Of the M anchus. By H . H . Howorth.

— Noteson the O ld M ongolian Capita l Of Shangtu. By S. W . Bushell . B Se . ,M .D .

- Orien ta lProverbsin their Rela tionsto Folklore , H istor

y,

LoSociolog . wi thSuggest ionsfor their Collee

t ion . In terpreta tion , Publica tion . By the Rev wO OldSimhalese Inscriptions. Thet asa M a llsInscription . da te 1200A D , and the Ruwaiiwwli Dagaba Inscription , date 1191 A .D .

Tex t . Translation . endNotes. By T . W . RhysDavids. Noteson a Bactrian Pali Inscriptionand the Samvat Era . By Prof. J . Dowson .

— Note on a Jade Drinking Vessel of the EmperorJahangir By Edward Thomas, F .R . 8 .

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-On theIluinsOf Sigiri

'

in Ceylon . B T . H . Blakesley. Esq " Public W orksDepa it nien t. Ceylon .— The

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now Of the Ce t lon Civil Service .— Noteson the Sinhalese Language . No 2 . Proofsof the

Sansk rit ic Origin of Sinha lese. By R . C . Childers. la te Of the Ceylon Civil Service .

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-'

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he Northern Fron ta era of China. Part 11. The Kara Khitai . By H . II .

H ow .orth — lncdited A rabic Coins. 1 . B

I;Stanley Lone Poole — Outhe f orm of Governmen t

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1872 . Second Series.7 . ORIGINALS AND ANALOGImsof some of Chaucer’sCanterbury Tales.

Part I. I. The original of the M an of Law’sTale of Constance, from the

French Chronicle of NicholasTrivet, A rundel M S. 56,sh. 1340 A .o . , collatedwiththe later copy, ab. l400, in the Nationa l Library at Stockholm ; copiedandedited with a trnslation, by M r. BosuNn Ba con . 2 . The Tale of M erelausthe Emperor,

" from the Early-Englishversion of the G ala Romanorum in Harl.M S. 7333 a nd 3. Part of M a tthew Paris’sVita Ofi e Primi, bothstories,illustra ting incidentsin the M an of L aw

’sTale. 4 . Two FrenchFabliaux likethe Reeve

'sTale. 5 . Two Latin Storieslike the Friar'sTale.

1873. F irst Series.XXX . The Six-Text Canterbury Tales, Part V. , containing the Clerk

'sandM erchant

’sTales.1873. SecondSeries.

8 . A lbertano of Brescia’sL iter Consiliist Consola tionis, A .n . 1246

(the La tinsource of the Frenchoriginal of Chaucer’sH el ios), editedfrom the

M 8 5 . bv Dr.

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1874 . F irst Series.XXXI. The Six-Text, Part VI. , containing the Squire

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1874 . SecondSeries.9. Essayson Chaucer, hisW ordsandW orks, Part II . : 3 John of

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E . Buocx . 4 . Chaucer'suse of the final -e, by JosnruPAvnn, Esq . 5 . M rs.

E . Barret t-Browning on Chaucer : being those partsof her review of the Bookof the Poets, 1842, whichrelate to him here reprintedby leave of M r. Robert

Browning. 6. Professor Bernhard Ten-Brink’scritical edition of Chaucer'sCompleynte to Pits.

1875 . F irst Series.XXXVII. The Six-Tex t, Part VII the Second Nun's, Canon's-Yeoman's, and

M anciple’sTales, withthe BIauk Parson Link .

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XLIV. A detailed Comparison of the M ylar and Oryseyde with Boccaceio’sF iloetrato, witha Translation of all Passagesused by Chaucer, andan Abstract of the Partsnot used, by W . M ICHA E L Kossn'

rrx, Esq . ,

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by HENRY C aoum, Esq. , M .A . Bothin Royalsto for the Sir-Tex t,andin 8vo. for theseparate Ellesmere M S.

1875 . SecondSeries.10. OriginalsandAnaloguesOf Chaucer’sCanterbury Tales, Part II .

8 . A lphonsusof Lincoln , a Story like the M am a’sTa le. 7 . How Reynard

caught Chanticleer, the source of the Nun ’s-Priest'sTa le. 8 . Two Ital ian

Stories, anda Latin one, lik e the Pardoner’sTa le. 9 . The Tale of the Pr.est 's

Bladder, astory like the Summoner”: Ta le, being Lidisde IsVesciosPrestre.‘par Jak esdo Basiw. IO. Petrarch

’sLatin Tale Of Griseldis(with Boccacc io ’sSto ry from which it wasre-told) the original of the Clerk

’sTale. 11. Five

Versionsof a Pear-tree Story lik e that in the M ercha nt’sTa le. I2. Four

Versionsof The Life of Sain t Cecilia, the original of the SecondNun’sTa le.

11. Early English Pronunciation , with especial reference to Shakspere andChaucer. By A tsx annea J . ELLIS, Esq . , F .R .S. Part IV.

12 . Life R ecordsOf Chaucer. Part I . , The RobberiesOf Chaucer byR ichard Brerelay and othersat W estminster, and at Ha tcham , Surrey, on

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13. TR YNNE’S ANm AnvERSIONs(1599) ON SPEGR '

r’

S Chaucer’sWorker,re-edited from the unique M S . , by Pa nnx . J . F URN IVA L L , withfreshLivesofW illiam andFrancisThynne, and the only known fragment of The Pilgrim

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1. EAR LY ENGLISH A LLITRRATIvE POEM S. In the W est-M idlandDialec t of the Fourteenth Century . Edited by R . M OR R IS , Esq. , from an

unique Cottonian M S. 16s.2 . A RTHUR (about 1440 Edited by F . J . FURNIvALL , Esq .

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PER R Y, M . A Prebendary of L incoln . 73 .

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SO M E IM PE RPECTIONS OP IM PRESSIONES OP CHAUCER’S W ORKER, reprinted

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11. THE M ONARCHE , and other Poemsof Sir DavidLyndesay. Editedfrom the first edition by JOHNE SxOT-r, in 1552, by FITERDW A RD HA LL ,Esq. , D.C.L .

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E M EIDEN ANT M ARTYR . Three Tex tsOf ab.

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