Effect of Diameter Cylinder Liner to Power, Fuel Consumption, ExhaustGas Emissions

Natalino Fonseca Da Silva Guterres1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang2Department of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering of Pukyong National

UniversityJ1. Prof. Sudarto, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia 50275

natalinofonseca81@gmail.com

Keywords: Oversize, Pistons, Engine Power, Fuel Consumption, ExhaustEmissions.

Abstract. One of the important issues in the automotive field is amatter of piston components, one of which is the change in diameter oroversized. Given the importance of the engine power issues that areaffected by damage to the cylinder wall where the finish withoversized way, it is necessary to examine the difference in thediameter of the cylinder to the power output will affect how well thechanges in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The study wasconducted by way of experiment. The object of this study wasmotorcycle Beijing BJ 100-A 100 cc, 2002. Piston piston varied asstandard, oversized 0.50 mm and 1.00 mm. The dependent variable is themotor power, fuel consumption and exhaust gas. Retrieval of data every5 minutes for 3 times and the speed of 1700 rpm, 2600 rpm and 3600rpm. Data measured engine power at rpm using a tachometer. Fuelconsumption data is measured by a Pipette Volumetric. The data wasperformed using flue gas exhaust gas analyzer. Calculation results aredisplayed in tables and graphs. The results showed that the diameterof the cylinder liner effect on engine power. The larger the diameterof the piston, the power even greater. The diameter of the cylinderliner effect on fuel consumption. The bigger oversize piston thewasteful fuel consumption. The larger the diameter of the piston, thepercentage decreases exhaust emissions.

IntroductionOne of the many common means of transport is a motor vehicle. Until

now, the majority of the population in Asian countries are still usinga motorcycle. In line with the variation of the utilization of thistype of two-wheeled vehicles, among others, for the transport ofpeople, goods transportation, for sports activities, and the promotionor marketing of a product that should reach far into the countryside.We can see also that lately motorcycles sold in our country is notonly made in Japan, America or Europe, but the motorcycles made in

countries of Asia such as China, Korea, Thailand. Even the Malaysianautomotive market began to flood our country. The use of themotorcycle will be more widespread in the future. According to recordsPASMI (Association of Indonesian Motorcycle Assembler) at the end of2000, the official motorcycle sales reached 920,000 units. This figureis predicted to expand at the end of 2001 reached 1.2 million units.Although there are some things there are similarities between amotorcycle and a step-engined two-engined four steps, but thediscussion of the problems here is only focused on a motorcycleengined four steps. Viewed as a whole body of motorcycle bike isdivided into the engine, chassis, and other body cover. Problems oftenoccur in motorcycle four lankah namely in machining parts, carburetor,braking, electricity and others. So one very fatal damage to affectlifespan and reduced engine power is part of the motor. Problems thatoccur in the motor will result in the engine will not turn on or hardturned on, the machine is off, the engine sound is not normal, clutchslippage, transmission gear difficult to enter or dificult to work andsometimes jump and others. To identify the power / motor power, thediscussion will turn to the cylinder block that is over size diameterof the cylinder and piston, fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissionschange. Cylinder block serves as a driving piston, the gas exchangewith the new gas combustion, seating cooling fins (that uses the airconditioning system) or acoat of water (that use water cooling system). The piston moves backand forth in the cylinder. In the movement of the piston in charge ofcompressed gas, received the power of combustion and forward it to thecrankshaft. Between the piston with the cylinder wall there is a gap(clearance). The gap is necessary so that the piston is not jammedduring hot conditions. But the gap should not exceed the prescribedlimit, eg usage limit 0.120 mm. If the gap had crossed the line, thegap must be returned to the standard by means of over size. This meansthat the diameter of the cylinder is enlarged, the size of the pistonhas been replaced by greater. Size over size are 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, andmost of it is oversized 1,00. Oversize 25 means the enlargement of thepiston diameter of 0.25 mm as well as 50 = 0.50 mm, 75 = 0.75 mm and100 mm = 1,00 mm. Given the importance of the engine power issues thatare affected by damage to the cylinder wall where the finishmengoversize manner, it is necessary to examine the difference in thediameter of the cylinder to the power output will affect how well thechanges in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.

MethodologyThe study begins with the preparation of materials testing

Motorcycle namely Beijing BJ 100-A 100 cc, in 2002. This bike has beenchecked and in good condition. The first test is for a standardpiston, then proceed with the other piston size of 0.50 mm and 1.00mm. Fariasi rev the engine for each piston diameter is the same thatthe speed of 1700 rpm premises 40, 2600 with a speed of 60 rpm and3600 rpm at 80. For versenelin gear is in use when the testing istooth in 4 level. In each of the third variation of the pistondiameter and the third variation of the round then pengabilan data forpower will be seen on screen engine dynamometer, to measure enginerotation can be seen on the tachometer, to calculate the value of fuelconsumption in a Pipette Volumetric and then exhaust emissions willare presented in the exaust gas analyzer. With simultaneous datacollection process for each variation of piston: standard for dataretrieval piston in each variation of the engine rotation, so eachtest will be three times the data retrieval time for 5 minutes Shelahwas followed by testing for the other pistons. Thus for the entiredata collection process is 9 times the value of the data to meet thedependent variable is power, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.The formula counts to support data analysis are as follows:

All data results will be observed in the form of tables and charts.

The analysis Data and DiscussionObservations Data.Table 1. Data testing of power and torque, fuel consumption andexhaust gas emissions for standard piston.

Tabel 2. Data testing of power and torque, fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions for oversize 0,50 mm.

Tabel 3. Data testing of power and torque, fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions for oversize 1,0 mm.

The calculations.Here is a sample calculation for Ni, Pe, Pi and fuel consumption (Fc)were taken from the test data to a standard piston with a rotary speedof 1700 rpm as follows:Diameter of Piston (D) = 50 mm.Rotation (n) = 1700 rpm.Effective power (Ne) = 2.20 hp.Of torque (T) = 10 Kg.m.Time (t) = 84 seconds.The compression ratio (r) = 9.1.Fuel consumption = 20 (ml / sec).

1. Volume of Piston Sirculation (VL).

VL =

π4D2.L

VL=

97143751000

=97,14375cm3

.2. Volume of Compression (VC).

VC = VLr−1 VC =

97,143759,1−1

=11,99(cm

3).

3. Effective pressure (Pe).

Pe = 0,45.Ne.zVL.n.a

= 16,29kg /cm2

4. Mechanical pressure (Pm)

Pm=10 [A+B(L.n30 )]

=10 [¿0,05+0,0155(49,5cm3.1700rpm30det. )]

= 4,85 kg.cm2

5. Mechanical power (Nm).

Nm =

Pm.VL.n.a0,45.z

= 0,89 hp.

6. Pressure Indication Average (Pi).

Pi = Pe (kg.cm2)+ Pm (kgcm

2) = 21,14 kg.cm

2.

7. Fuel consumption (Fc).

Fc=bt.γ.3600

1000 = 0,63 liter/jam.

8. Specific Fuel effective (SFCE).

SFCe=FcNe

= 0,28 (kg/hp.jam).

9. Specific Fuel indication (SFCi).

SFCi=FcNi

= 0,16 kg/hp.jam.10. Balance of Heat.

Combustion heat (Qb).Qb = Fc.LHV Fuel = 6935,66 kcal/jam.

11. Efficiency ( ηm ).a. Mechanical Thermal Efficiency ( ηm ).

ηm=NeNi

x100%

= 0,77 %.

b. Effective Thermal Efficiency ( ηe ).

ηe=632 NeQb

x100%

ηe=632 2,2hp6935,66kcal /jam

x100 = 0,27 %.

c. Thermal efficiency indication ( ηi ).

ηi=632 NiQb

x100%

ηi=632 3,88hp6935,66kcal /jam

x100

= 0,35 %.

Chart Research Results.1. Charts of Power and Pressure

The chart of power indication The chart of pressure indication

The chart of thermal efficiency indication

2. The chart of fuel consimtion

3. Gas Emissions

HC Gas Emission Percentation CO Gas Emission Percentation CO2 Gas EmissionPercentation

Power Machines Discussion.The chart showed that results is power tends to increase

indication if the engine rotation increases. This is because thelarger the engine rotation the engine work harder. With increasingengine round is the combustion cycle becomes faster so that the powergenerated is also greater. 1,00 mm piston variations generally have agreater indication than the variation of 0.50 mm and a standardpiston. Standard piston has a small indications. This is because withthe increase in the diameter of the combustion chamber becomes larger.Furthermore, this will result in greater power.

Chart shows the pressure indication that the pressure indicationof the ride when the engine rotation increases to a standard pistonvariations. This is consistent with indications of power generated. Asfor the piston pressure indication smaller 0.50 mm at rpm 3600 rpm.This is due to an effect on the age of the bike is used. This vastincrease in the diameter of the cylinder causes the pressure becomesgreater. In general, the piston has a value of 0.50 mm and 1,00 mmpower indication and pressure indication greater than the standardpiston.

Fuel Consumssion DiscussionFuel consumption Chart shows that the greater the fuel

consumption when the engine rotation increases. This is because thelarger the engine rotation, the combustion process becomes faster. of

course require fuel consumption is greater. Variation standard pistonhas a fuel consumption of less than 1,00 mm and 0.50 mm pistonvariations. This is due to the addition of diameter causes thecombustion chamber becomes larger and thus require more fuel.Moreover, according to the power that is greater indication forvariations piston 0.50 mm and 1, 00 mm. This generated powerindication show that fuel consumption is also much more.

Gas Emission DiscussionData from the flue gas percentage if taken the average value can

be tabulated as follows:

The above results indicate that standard piston has apercentage of the exhaust gas is greater than 0.50 mm and 1,00 mmpiston variations. This is in accordance with the power valueindicative of variation of 0.50 mm and 1,00 mm piston is greater. Thispower can be used as a reference indications that the combustionprocess takes place better. Although fuel consumption unuk pistonvariations 0.50 mm and 1,00 mm bigger, this means that the combustionis occurring. Because if the combustion process is not good then thepercentage of the exhaust gas becomes larger.

Conclusion.From the data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded as follows:1. The diameter of the cylinder liner effect on engine power. The

larger the diameter of the piston, the power even greater.2. The diameter of the cylinder liner effect on fuel consumption. The

bigger piston dioversize the wasteful fuel consumption.3. The larger the diameter of the piston, the percentage decreasesexhaust emissions.

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