Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap Co-Editor Dr. Ravindranath Kewat

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Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal

International Research journalPrinting Area June 2017

Issue-30, Vol-01ImpactFactor

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s r UGC ApprovedSr.No.8431

EditorDr. Bapu g. Gholap

(M.A.Mar.& Pol.Sci.,B.Ed.Ph.D.NET.)

Co-EditorDr. Ravindranath Kewat

(M.A. Ph.D.)

“Printed by: Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd. Published by Ghodke ArchanaRajendra & Printed & published at Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd.,At.Post.Limbaganesh Dist,Beed -431122 (Maharashtra) and Editor Dr. Gholap Bapu Ganpat.

June 2017, Issue-30, Vol-01

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I n d e x........................................................................................................................................................................01) Effect of Pranayam on the development of Physical, Mental and Ethical LevelDr. Acharya Nisha Joshi, Indore || 10........................................................................................................................................................................02) Using New ICT Technology for Effective Teacher EducationDr. Rajesh P. Khambayat, Mrs. Shubhangi R. Khambayat, Bhopal || 16........................................................................................................................................................................03) 21ST CENTURY AND SEXUAL ASSAULT OF WORKING WOMENDr. Mukesh Kumar, Alwar || 24........................................................................................................................................................................04) Role of Education for Global WarmingRabindranath Barajunayak, Odisha || 29........................................................................................................................................................................05) Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in relation to their Study HabitsDr. Rahul Gopichand Saner,Dr. Tushar Madhukar Mali, Dist. Dhule. || 33........................................................................................................................................................................06) CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND EMPLOYEES WELFARE IN AN ORGANIZATIONADIL AHMED SIDDIQUI || 36........................................................................................................................................................................07) Teaching English as an Integrated Skill and Problems of Second Language LearnerDr. G.Sujatha, Machilipatnam || 39........................................................................................................................................................................08) Importance of E- Commerce In Business ActivityDr. Subhash. K. Zinjurde, Ahmednagar || 43........................................................................................................................................................................09) WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS VIEWS ON DIGITAL INFORMATION RESOURCES AND SERVICES...Dr. S. Sujatha, Warangal, (T.S) || 48........................................................................................................................................................................10) Political consciousness of TagoreSuchismita Das, Santiniketan || 52........................................................................................................................................................................11) LIVE STOCK PROPERTY AND BANJARA COMMUNITY IN KALBARGA AND RAICHUR DISTDr. Ganapati.K .Lamani, Dist. Ballari || 57........................................................................................................................................................................12) Upliftment of marginalized Groups in the Indian ContextDr. Preeti Jaiswar, BBAU, Lko || 63........................................................................................................................................................................13) OPTIMISATION OF CANAL WATER ALLOCATION .....DR. UDAI VEER SINGH, DIBAI (BULANDSHAHR) || 69........................................................................................................................................................................

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om14) AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r àgma_mÜ`_m§Vrb ^mfmS>m°. à_moX J§JmYa Am§~oH$a, {O. Zm{eH$ || 73........................................................................................................................................................................15) ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü µÖÖÓ“Öê †Ã¯Öé¿µÖ ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ�ú ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸üÃÖ×“ÖÖ �ÖÓÓÓã›üß¸üÖ´Ö ›ëü�Öôêû, ÖÖÓ¤êü›ü || 76........................................................................................................................................................................16) ´Ö¸üÖšüß ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ¾Öî“ÖÖ×¸ü�ú ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ¯Öæ¾ÖÔ Ö¸Óü¯Ö¸üÖ ¾Ö ¾µÖÖ¯ŸÖß¿Öê�Ö ´Ö. ¸ü±úß ´Ö. µÖãÃÖæ±ú, ¯Öã�Öê || 78........................................................................................................................................................................17) ¾Öê¿µÖÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ �ú¸ü�ÖÖ·µÖÖ ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÃµÖÖ ¾Ö ´Öã»ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÃµÖÖ�îú»ÖÖ¿Ö ¾Æüß. ×²ÖÃÖÖÓ¦êü || 84........................................................................................................................................................................18) ´Ö¬µÖµÖã�ÖßÖ ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖÂ™ÒüÖŸÖß»Ö ˆªÖê�Ö¬ÖÓ¤êü ‹�ú ‹ê×ŸÖÆüÖ×ÃÖ�ú †ÖœüÖ¾ÖÖ (�úÖê�ú�Ö ¯ÖÏ¤êü¿ÖÖ“µÖÖ ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÖÔŸÖ)¯ÖÏÖ. †ºþÞÖ †¾Ö×“ÖŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö ¯ÖÖ™üß»Ö, •ÖôûÝÖÖ¾Ö, ¯ÖÏÖ. ›üÖò. ¸ü´Öê¿Ö ›üß. •ÖÖ¬Ö¾Ö, ×¿Ö¸ü¯Öæ ü || 89........................................................................................................................................................................19) ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉiÉÒ±É <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉÉ : BEò +¦ªÉÉºÉ|ÉÉ. VÉÉä¶ÉÒ ®úÉVÉEÖò¨ÉÉ®ú ±ÉI¨ÉÒEòÉÆiÉ, |ÉÉ. b÷Éì. näù¶É¨ÉÖJÉ ¨É½äþ¶É |É¦ÉÉEò®ú, ÊVÉ. ¤ÉÒb÷ || 91........................................................................................................................................................................20) Lokeh foosdkuankps ‘kS{kf.kd fopkj & ,d ,sfrgkfld flagkoyksduizk- MkW- izdk’k iokj] ft- ukxiwj || 94........................................................................................................................................................................21) Ã¾ÖµÖÓÃÖÆüÖµÖŸÖÖ ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ �Ö™ü †Ö×�Ö ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ÃÖ�Ö´Öß�ú¸ü�ÖÃÖÖî. �ú´Ö»Ö †Ö¸ü. ¯ÖÖê™ü¤ãü�Öê || 97........................................................................................................................................................................22) �ãú´ÖÖ¸üÖ¾ÖÃ£ÖêŸÖß»Ö ×¾ÖªÖ£µÖÖÕÃÖÖšüß µÖÖê�Ö ×¿Ö�Ö�ÖÖ“Öê ´ÖÆüŸ¾ÖÁÖß´ÖŸÖß ÃÖÖêÖÖ»Öß ³ÖÖ�Ö¾ÖŸÖØÃÖ�Ö ¸üÖšüÖê›ü, ¯ÖÏÖ. ›üÖò.†ÖÖÓ¤ü ´ÖÖ¬Ö¾Ö¸üÖ¾Ö ¾ÖÖ‘Ö, †Öî Óü�ÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ü || 101........................................................................................................................................................................23) ×¾ÖªÖ£µÖÖÕ Ö¬µÖê ¸üÖÂ™ÒüßµÖŸ¾ÖÖ“Öß ³ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖ ×Ö´ÖÖÔ�Ö �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×¿Ö�Ö�úÖÓ“Öß ³Öæ×´Ö�úÖ›üÖò. ˆ••¾Ö»ÖÖ �êú. ÃÖ¤üÖ¾ÖŸÖì, ÖÖÓ¤êü›ü. || 103........................................................................................................................................................................24) yebo ojepees keÀe meeLe' DeeefCe Deelee kegÀþb peeµeer} ìesUbYeÆe?' ³eeb®ee leew}efvekeÀ efJe®eejizk- fuykacjh dqyd.khZ || 105........................................................................................................................................................................25) ×¿Ö¾Ö�úÖ»ÖßÖ »ÖÂ�ú¸üß ×ÖµÖ´Ö, ×¿ÖÃŸÖ›üÖò.ÃÖ×ŸÖ¿Ö ¯ÖÏ. œüÖê êü, ×•Ö. †�úÖê»ÖÖ || 108........................................................................................................................................................................26) lar ukensokaP;k dkO;krhy jlkyadkjv:.k fHkdkth okGds] okjk.klh || 111........................................................................................................................................................................

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om27) vkn'kZ jktk % N=irh laHkkth jkts Hkkslys‘kstwG Kkus’oj ckcqjko] vkSjaxkckn || 115........................................................................................................................................................................28) •ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖŸÖß»Ö †Öã¤üÖ×ÖŸÖ ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ µÖÖ ŸÖÓ ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö : ‹�ú †³µÖÖÃÖÁÖß. ¬ÖÖÓ•ÖµÖ ‹»Ö. ´ÖÖêŸÖê¾ÖÖ¸, ›üÖò. ÃÖÖî. ¿ÖÖ»ÖßÖß ‹´Ö. ÃÖÖ�Ö¸ü�ú¸ü, ×•Ö. ÖÖ�Ö¯Öæ üü || 118........................................................................................................................................................................29) ikSf"Vd pkjk fufeZrhph f=lq=hizk- fuels f’kry ,l~-] ft- vgenuxj || 120........................................................................................................................................................................30) f'koN=irhP;k O;DrheRokph tM.k?kM.k ,d vH;klKu. Bhuwaneshwari mitaram Waghaye, Dr. D.D.Kapse, Lakhani || 125........................................................................................................................................................................31) «eÇeceerCe cetuÙe DeeefCe JÙeLee Ùeebvee vÙeeÙe osCeejer ‘leneve’Øee. [e@. MeefMekeâeble jeceoeme heešerue, efpe. peeuevee || 130........................................................................................................................................................................32) mŸkjk[k.M fo/kku lHkk pquko % 2012 rFkk 2017 dk rqyukRed v/;;u] yksgk?kkV fo/kku-----fxjh’k flag] ftyk- uSuhrky ¼mŸkjk[k.M½ || 133........................................................................................................................................................................33) ´ÖÖã ¿Ö´ÖÖÔ �êú �ú£ÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ´Öë ‹ê×ŸÖÆüÖ×ÃÖ�ú ‹¾ÖÓ ¯ÖÖî üÖ×�Ö�ú ²ÖÖê¬Ö›üÖò. ÃÖÓ•ÖµÖ ×¾Ö�Îú´Ö œüÖê›ü êü, ×•Ö»ÖÖ. ¬Öã»Öêû || 138........................................................................................................................................................................34) xq# jfonkl dk lekt n‘kZuizk- MkW- izoh.k dkacGs] ft-ykrwj || 140........................................................................................................................................................................35) ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ, ÃÖÓÃ�éú×ŸÖ ‹¾ÖÓ »ÖÖê�ú�ÖßŸÖ›üÖò. «Ö¸ü�úÖ ×�ÖŸÖê-´ÖãÓ›êü, ×•Ö. ²Öß›ü. || 142........................................................................................................................................................................36) ke=À<Cee meesyeleer kesÀ keÀLee meeefnl³e ceWb m$eer keÀe efJeêesnelcekeÀ mJej[e@. meefjlee ®eewyes, efpe. HeeueIej || 144........................................................................................................................................................................37) vk/kqfud lapkj lk/ku ,oa egkfo|ky;h Nk=ksa dk jktuhfrd laKku fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa lhekUr -----MkW- txeksgu flag usxh] mÙkjk[k.M || 148........................................................................................................................................................................38) dqekj vacqt fd dfork esa ledkyhu ;FkkFkZ dk fp=.kçk- ç’kkn lanhi bZ’oj] vkSjaxkckn || 154........................................................................................................................................................................39) çkfIr vkSj euh"kk% vkRela?k"kZM‚- uk>hek vkj 'ks[k] fgEeruxj] xqtjkr || 156........................................................................................................................................................................

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40) ijEijkxr ifjos'k esa okjk.klh dh fHkfÙk fp=dykizhfr] okjk.klh || 159........................................................................................................................................................................41) Hkz"Vkpkj ;g ,d euksoSKkfud v/;;uçk- Ogh-,u- jkeVsds] ft- tGxko || 161........................................................................................................................................................................42) 235n97h 725Z d9 d5'; 290 f1"1 v5)j 4 zrhdl 82: || 165........................................................................................................................................................................43) ´ÖîÓ ”û®ÖÖ™êüÓ úÖ ”Óû¤ü ÆæÑü - †–ÖêµÖ¯ÖÏÖ“ÖÖµÖÔ ›üÖò. ¸üÖ´Ö“ÖÓ¦ü ´ÖÖ»Öß, •Ö»Ö ÖÖÑ¾Ö || 170........................................................................................................................................................................44) L=h&eu ij dyedkj ;ksxs'k dkuok dk ;ksxnku % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;uMkW- eksfudk feJk] jktLFkku || 173........................................................................................................................................................................45) orZeku f’k{kk iz.kkyh esa ‘kSf{kd rduhdh dh HkwfedkMkaW0 latho dqekj ‘kqDyk] fl/kkSyh] lhrkiqj] mRrj izns’k || 180........................................................................................................................................................................

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Effect of Pranayam on thedevelopment of Physical,Mental and Ethical Level

Dr. Acharya Nisha JoshiSchool Of Yoga, D.A.V.V., Indore

==============***********===============What is Pran?

Pran doesn’t only mean life, it is relatedto existence. The meaning of pran is the vitalforce which is there in existence. Patience andmobility the mixture of both is known as pran.There is no such element in this nature whichdoesn’t have an existence of pran becausewithout life nothing can be organized ordisintegrated.What is Pranyam?

The word pranayam is made up of twowords Pran + Aayam. Pran is our vital force bywhich our body gets energy to do work. Bloodflow and breath etc work due to this vital force.The word ‘aayam’ means voluntary control andexpantion of the vital force in the body.

Normally pranayam is considered to be anactivity which establishes control over thebreath. This can be considered right in a viewof performing any activity but it does not conveythe right meaning. The vital force is very subtlein comparison to breath, it energizes thepranmay kosh, and it also affects the mind andbody of a human being and we can also activateand regulate the vital force in the body throughthe techniques of pranayam and enhance ourworking capacity to achieve the height ofpositive energy around us.Process of Pranayam (Four Aspects):

In the practice of pranayam the fourimportant aspects are brought intoimplementation-

011. Purak or Process of controlled

inhalation.2. Rechak or Process of controlled

exhalation.3. Antarkumbhak or stopping the breath

voluntarily while it is inhaled.4. Bahirkumbhak or stopping the breath

voluntarily while it is exhaled.It is being certified by the yogis that the

ratio between purak, kumbhak and rechak shouldbe 1:4:2. In the beginning the ratio betweenpurak, kumbhak and rechak should be 1:1:2 or1:2:2. Every round should be completedpeacefully and without any extra effort andwhen we are able to perform the ratio of 1:4:2at ease then should also add the practice oftribandhs with it.firstly we should perform purakand rechak in the ratio of 1:2 and with practicewe can add kumbhak in it.Bandhs:

With the use of bandhs we shift ourawareness towards our internal body. Bandhmeans to control. These bandhs are very muchessential during the practice of pranayam. Weget more benefit of pranayam if we practice itwith kumbhak and bandhs. These bandhs areas follows:

1) Jalndhar Bandh2) Uddiyan Bandh3) Mool BandhWhen we use them during the practice of

pranayam their order should be as follows:1) Mool Bandh2) Jalandhar Bandh3) Uddiyan BandhAnd the order of opening the bandh should

be:1) Uddiyan Bandh2) Jalandhar Bandh3) Mool Bandh

Pranayam and Respiratory System:The main work of the respiratory system

is to supply oxygen to the different parts of thebody and to eliminate carbon dioxide form the

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body, but this is also an interesting aspect thatsome amount of carbon dioxide is required inthe blood. For the need of inhalation andexhalation these organs are essential:

1. Mouth2. Nostril3. Pharynx4. Bronchi5. Bronchioles6. AlveoliAlveoli is the smallest unit of lungs where

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidetakes place, almost 30 cr. Alveoli’s are presentin a lung. Oxygen comes to the blood fromalveoli and carbon dioxide comes to alveoli fromblood.

Sternum rises during respiration anddiaphragm gets pressurized downwards, whichexpands the chest and the pressure in the lungsgets decreased and oxygen gets into lungs. Themost important muscle during the respiration isthe mahaprachira muscle which connects theabdominal cavity, lungs and spine. By the helpof yogic activities there is an activity ofexpansion and contraction in this mahaprachiramuscle. In pranayam we are advised to takelong and deep breath by which this mahaprachiramuscle gets stretch and the vital force getstransmitted.

Oxygen is the most important element forthe working of the body muscles. An activitywhich increases the level of oxygen in the lungsand the level of carbon dioxide is reduced thatactivity is known as pranayam.

To complete the requirement of oxygenin different diseases: In the majority of thediseases the rate of metabolism increases, sothe requirement of oxygen is also increasedwhich is completed by pranayam easily. This isthe reason why pranayam is really effective inmost of the diseases. Regular practice ofpranayam maintains the oxygen level in the bodyand energizes the body.Effect of Pranayam on Oxygen:

The energy in the body which is used for

the day to day activities and maintenance of thebody temperature are generated from theprocess of oxygen and glucose. Whenever thereis a increase in the need of oxygen in the bodythe respiratory rate and the metabolism rate alsoincreases and completes the requirement ofoxygen in the body. We can understand this bythe following process:

Air+ Food+ (B.M.R.) =Energy+ CO2+ WaterPranayam and Breathing:

Breathing is the most important processof the body. It effects the life each and everymuscle, it is also directly connected with theworking of the brain. Humans respire for but 14to 18 times per minute and 21,600 times in aday.

Generally we use about 500ml. air the onerespiratory round. But many researchers say thatif we practice deep breathing then this amountcan be up to 4,400ml. This deep inhalation andexhalation can increase the amount of oxygenin the blood of the body which increases thevital force at the level of muscles.

When we perform pranayam which thepractice of tribandhs there is a possibility ofkundalini awakening which saves the quantityof breathing, so for the time we are performingpranayam the reduction the respiratory rate withthe help of kumbhak and tribandhas and increasethe life of an individual. The practice ofpranayam increases our life span. This is thereason by which the capacity of the lungs andheart increases and respiration capacityincreases. Regular practice brings our mind atpeace and relaxes our body in such a way thatthe breath gets lighter. At a very higher state ofconsciousness the respiratory rate drops to 2 to3 breaths per minute.According to Hathyog Pradipika:

The time between two breaths is knownas life. The person who takes half breaths, helives half of his life. The one who breathesproperly live his life and attains control over hislife. Ancient yogis were very much aware of theimportance of breath. Breath is life.

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Condition of Breath through Pranayam:During the practice of pranayam a person

has to take a deep and complete breath in. Whenan individual inhales then more air is taken intothe lungs. It contains more amount of oxygen.Deep and complete breath settles air of about3000ml. in the lungs (inspiration capacity). Anadult takes about 500ml (tidal volume) of air insingle inhalation and exhales the same amountof air in single exhalation. The breathingcapacity of the lungs is 3000ml. and we are ableto use only 500/3000ml. = 1/6 portion. 2500 to2900 ml. (functional residual volume), (RV+ERV)is always filled in the lungs. With the practiceof deep breathing, then exhalation of 1600ml.(E.R.V.) can 1200 to 1500ml. lungs can be empty.Generally a person inhales and exhales about 7to 8 liters of air in a minute, but a person who islying down inhales about 8 liters of air. A personsitting on a chair or on asana acquires about 10to 16 liters of air per minute through inhalation.A person generally walking inhales about 8 litersof air per minute.

A day has 24 hours i.e. 1440 minutes. Ifwe calculate an average of 13 liters of air perminute for our general work then a person willconsume about 1440*13 liter of air.

1440*13 liter = 19000 liter.At the time of pranayam light air is inhaled.

Air is not life, but the elements which we getfrom air are essential for life. The amount ofvital force in a person’s body decides the levelof energy and activeness in his life. If the vitalforce is less the person will be lethargic. He willfeel stressed and depressed and will be moreof cunning nature. The cunning nature of aperson is directly connected to the level of vitalforce in the body.

The main objective of pranayam is to usethe lungs to the optimum level and attain moreamount of vital force in the body. Increase inthe mount of vital energy will help in thebetterment of achieving excellent mind, physicalhealth and purification of blood. The main

objective of pran is to be helpful in reducing therespiratory rate and manage it in long-term.Why Slow and Deep Breathing?

So the benefits of deep breathing areobvious, but why deep breathing? The reason isalso very clear and important because oxygenneeds time to move from lungs into the bloodand in such a way carbon dioxide found in bloodneeds time to travel from blood into the lungs.So, if shallow breath is taken then it will not beable to manage the ratio between oxygen andcarbon dioxide. Deep breathing can able tomaintain this ratio according to the requirement.This is the reason and relation of deep andcontrolled breathing. By deep breathing purakis done to the optimum capacity and deepbreathing manages the O2 and CO2 in the body.The second reason behind slow breathing is thatit improves the alveolar ventilation becauseduring shallow breathing the tidal volumedecreases which is clear with the aboveexample.Breath and Lifespan:

The coordination of breath also decidesthe lifespan of a being. Ancient yogis havestudied the nature and its law in detail. Theysaw that the beings with slow respiratory ratelive for a longer time like: tortoise, elephant etcand being with shallow breathing die early like:dogs, birds etc.Breathe of Various Beings in One Minute

We are able to witness that in the all thesebeings the respiratory rate decides their lifespan. Tortoise lives for about 400 years.

The people who have a habit of shallow

Bird Pigeon Duck Monkey Boar Horse Goat Cat Snake Elephant Tortoise

30 34 22 30 36 26 24 24 19 15 5

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breathing have a less lifespan as compared toa person with pranayamic, deep and controlledbreathing. The reason on the physical body isthat it is connected to the heart. Deep breathkeeps the heart healthy and strong and givesan opportunity of a longer life. Deep breathincreases the working capacity, vital force andgeneral health.Important Rules during the Practice ofPranayam:

• Pranayam should be done at a pure,clean and positive place. If possible, practice itnear water.

• Practice pranayam in siddhasana,padmasana or sukhasana, keeping the spineerect.

• Breath should be inhaled through nostrilonly, this creates a filter for the breath, whichmaintains the body temperature and the allergicpractices stop in the nostril itself.

• Pranayam should also be performedwith a gap of 4 to 5 hours from a meal, as thatof asana.

• Mainly pranayam should be performedaccording to nature of the body and the climate.

• There should not be any stress whileperforming pranayam.

• During the practice of pranayam if thereis any stress then take a break of 5 to 6 breaths.Physical Development through Pranayam:

The physical capacity of the body isimproved by pranayam. The principle of yoga isto keep the person healthy who is alreadyhealthy and to cure the person who is un-healthy. Pranayam is the essence of yoga; bythe practice of pranayam practioners developextreme physical strength, sharp mind,attraction and internal strength. A strong bodyand a healthy mind is the requirement forcompleting the day to day activities and forspiritual growth pranayam is required.

The physical requirement of pranayamdepends upon the capacity of the practioner. Thevalue of that can also increase. Tridosh like vath,

pitt and cough can be balanced in such a wayevery other element can also be cured. Thepower of the body energizes the person. In sucha way a practioner can attain optimum healthand strong body. But what is health? Thedifferent systems working in the body of anindividual and their balance among themselvescan be termed as health like: nervous system,endocrine, breath, digestive system these arethe main system of the body, but nervous systemand endocrine system are more important butthey are also dependent upon other systems aswell. Like we have lungs and asankhya kosh inour body which tkes oxygen but substantial partof the lungs don’t get utilized and get un-healthynd body gets de-energized. By deep inhalationthe level of oxygen and reduction of carbon-dioxide helps the person to be healthy. Theancient yogi ’s in the have given so muchimportance to pranayam at the physical level,some people have an opinion that to keep ourbody healthy and to manage the dirt in the bodywe won’t need activity of cleaning, pranayamin itself is very much the answer to clean theinner body and establish a healthy life. With thehelp of pranyam the whole body of thepractioner gets attractive personality, it helpsto achieve physical capacity and maintains it inthe long- term.

At the view of the body pranayam onlyhelps in the respiratory system. Pranayammeans to stop the breath for some time. Withthe help of pranayam the practioner is protectedfrom many physical diseases. The different typesof pranayam have been discussed with relationto their cure as in Hathyog Pradipika:

1. Surya Bhedan Pranayam: mindcleaning, vath diseases etc.

2. Ujjayi Pranayam: cures cough, good forsauces, etc.

3. Sithkari Pranyam: improvessleepiness, craving, provides an attractive body.

4. Shitli Pranayam: reduces the effect ofpoison.

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5. Bhastrika Pranayam: beneficial in thedisorders of vath, pitt and cough.

6. Bhramari Pranayam: pranayam to curemental disorder.

Hath yogi ’s have described differentpranayams which have different benefits. Thekhumbhak is same all the pranayams but thepurak and rechak are different in all pranayams,sometimes from the left nostril or from the rightnostril and sometimes from mouth, in such away they have imagined different pranayams.They have described the magnificent results ofpranayam like flying in the air and running ofthe water is also possible through pranayam,but the motive of pranayam is to developphysical energies.Mental Development through Pranayam:

Mental health is dependent upon manyreasons. Heredity also plays a very importantrole with practioners behavior, thoughts,lifestyle, diet and friends affect the mentalhealth. Independent nervous system controlthese activities which are not in the voluntarycontrol. Like: heart beat, expansion andcontraction of lungs, secretion of hormones inthe digestive system. Independent nervoussystem is divided into two parts: 1) Sympatheticnervous system 2) Para- Sympathetic nervoussystem.

These systems are opposite in nature andwork opposite to each other and completes eachother. Sympathetic nervous system works tomake the body active. This system is importantin emotional and important situations. In timeswhen we need to face a important situation thissystem postpones the regular work and keepsthe body ready for the challenge. The oppositethis in which the energy of the body is saved bythe reduction of activeness of the body is doneby para-sympathetic nervous system. It createsa balance between vital activities in the bodyand both the systems work opposite each otherbut affects each other. Generally the balancebetween them is maintained but when the

situation changes there are changes in theemotions and behavior of a person due tosympathetic and para- sympathetic nervoussystem. When sympathetic nervous system getsactive there is increase in the breath, heart-beat, blood pressure, etc. in para-sympatheticnervous system there is stability in the body ofa person.

The activities of independent nervoussystem are considered involuntary. The motiveof pranayam is to shift these involuntaryactivities into voluntary control. By the controlof breath the heart beat and the nerves arecontrolled, by which the independent nervoussystem is controlled which avoids negativeeffects of aggression, anger, pressure and stressetc. This establishes extreme stability at thelevel of mind and opens way for extra-ordinaryexperiences.

The regular practice of pranayam helps instrong internal organs, growth, and attractionon the body etc. pranayam develops mentalpowers. The eight chakras (i.e. mooladhar,swadhisthan, manipur, anahat, vishuddhi, agyaand sahastrar) are centers of knowledge. If thesechakras are activated then the person is loadedwith extraordinary knowledge. The main tool toactivate these chakras is pranayam. In this waymind is controlled through pranayam.Ethical Development through Pranayam:

From the spiritual point of view the motiveof pranyam is stability of chitt by which Samadhiis attained.

To control the cunning nature of chitt thepractice of pranayam is performed. In thestarting of the yoga practice when the asanagets stable pranayam plays an important role.The lack of knowledge of the mind is reducedand finished through pranayam. But the focusof ancient yogis was on self realization andcontrol rather than objective benefits that’s whythey believed the whole yogic practices as a wayof spiritual benefit and a way towards the lord.They knew the body by which we eat, sleep, walk

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etc is not the actual form of humans. This bodyis temporary. This body can be destroyed andfinished anytime but the subtle body is morestable and the role of subtle body is moreimportant than the physical bodies.

As like endocrine glands the specialnervous centers also affect the mind of a humanbeing. It develops our intellect and stables themind. Stavgun is at priority which developsethical values. There are magical effects ofpranayam on the respiratory systemwith thehelp of pranayam the muscles of the respiratorysystem gets strong and lungs gets flexible. Itincreases the working capacity of the lungs. Wegets more vital force through breath whichstabilizes our body and body also gets energizedin this deep breath is inhaled the deeper areasof the lungs also gets air which cleanses thoseareas.

Regular practice of pranayam decreasesthe counts of breath per minute which increasesthe life span. Pranayam also increases theworking capacity of the lungs. It solves theproblems of breath and hiccups. Nadi-Shodhanpranayam cleanses the nerves and the lungs andstabilizes the mind. Disorders related to breathcan be cured by the regular practice of ujjayiand bhastrika.

Generally if we go against the mind it getsfrustrated and starts creating problems, but themind which is stable in the breath works againstits nature and he is unaware of that. Pranayamis the easiest and the best way to keep the mindstable and solve the cunning nature of the same.Conclusion:

In such a way we can see that pranayamis not only helpful for our body it is also the needof our mind and soul. It effects the life span of ahuman being. Practice of pranayam establishesa sense of dharna. Yogi is able to focus his mindat any subject and succeeds effectively. In sucha practitioner of pranayam is detached from theexternal objective world and is focused in theinternal world of the subject. Manu Maharaj has

said that- ‘Elements like gold are being purifiedin the dawn of fire, in same way the organs andthe body are purified by the control of pran withthe help of pranayam’.References:

• Goswami, Dr. Harshvardhan, Pranayam,Satyam Publishing House, Pratham Sanskaran-2011.

• Harshvrdhan, Pranayam, SatyamPublishing House, Pratham Sanskaran-2011.

• Koushik, Satish, Patanjal Yog Darshan,Subodh Publications Delhi Sanskaran-2004.

• Kuwalyanand Ji, Swami, Pranayam,Kaiwalyadham Lonalava, Tritiya Sanskran-1993.

• Omanand Swami, Patanjal Yog Darshan• Sampunanand, Dr., Yog Darshan, Prabhat

Kumar Mishra, U.P., Hindi Sansthan Lucknow,Chaturth Sanskaran-200

• Vajhe, Dr. Duttatrey, Swadhyay Evum YogChikitsa, Dr. Duttatrey Ramchandra Vajhe, PunePratham Sanskaran-2004.

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Using New ICT Technology forEffective Teacher Education

Dr. Rajesh P. KhambayatHead, dept. of Education & Research,

National Institute of Technical Teachers’Training & Research (NITTTR), BHOPAL

Mrs. Shubhangi R. KhambayatLecturer, School of Education,

Jagran Lakecity University (JLU), Bhopal

==============***********===============ABSTRACT

In today’s knowledge era, Information andCommunication Technology (ICT) has becomeone of the basic building blocks of our modernsociety. The recent advances in ICT have createdunique opportunities in the field of education &training and have a profound influence on theway teachers teach and how learners learn.Integrating ICT towards better-quality teachingand learning environment are gainingprominence in creating a new learning culture.There is a growing recognition that ICT can playan important role in changing and modernizingteacher education and prevailing practices inthe instruction system.

Teachers are the central forces in tappingthe new learning opportunities created by theICT revolution. These educators are instrumentalin deciding how teaching and learning shall takeplace in classrooms, in institutions and in thecommunity. Consequently, today’s teachersneed to be at the center of educational change.Using appropriate ICT, keeping in view withpedagogy-technology integration can play a keyrole in this transformation. However, the desiredchange involves committed action from all the

02key stakeholders. This article discusses the newforms of ICT available for enhancing teachereducation to meet the specific challenges to suitmixed learning needs in the varied contexts ofthe India.

Key words: Information andCommunication Technology, ICT, teachereducation, podcast, wiki, blog, e-learning, m-learning.1. BACKGROUND

The flow of information has changed theway we live in today’s knowledge world. Theteaching and learning practices are continuouslysubjected to renewal, mainly due todevelopments in technology including use of ICT,the commercialization and globalization ofeducation, social changes and in the pursuit ofquality. Of these, the impact of ICT and the newknowledge economy is the most significant.Changes in the global environments aretransforming the existing educational structuresand system. These changes likewise influenceteaching and learning paradigms.

Due to the rapid technological progress,faster and more profound changes are likely tobe witnessed in the near future. As a result, ICTis becoming significant for education andtraining system. New developments ininformation technologies have opened newpotential in teaching and learning approaches.The research findings in this field are veryencouraging and there is a need to make use ofICT potential for enhancing the outreach andquality of instructional delivery.2. ROLE OF ICT IN EDUCATION

Swamy (2012), in development literature,ICT has been characterized as having thepotential to enable national development. ICThas become an essential component of basiclife. In many countries, ICT has helped inimproving the quality of education. It has theability to address illiteracy and improve thequality of education in all sectors through

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multimedia capabilities such as simulations andmodels. ICT can give learners access to conceptsthat they previously could not grasp. Theacquisition of ICT skills in educational institutionhelps in knowledge sharing, thereby multiplyingeducational opportunities. Integrating ICT willbe crucial as it means harnessing technology toenhance the learning skills. The present day ICTtools has potential use to manage complexityand solve problems by thinking critically,creatively, and systematically towards the goalof acquiring thinking and problem-solving skills.For the students, this can be used for makingassignments, collecting data, documentation,and conducting research.

It can be an effective medium forimproving the quality of teaching and learning.This can act as the medium through which ateacher can help learners understand easily thecomplex concepts. In order to introduce the useof ICT in educational institutions, teachers orstudents undergoing teacher education must bemade aware of its potential and be trained inusing ICT. They must be given enoughopportunities for acquisition of new knowledge.This can be made possible by promoting ICT-based training programs introduced in theircurriculum. The next section discusses in detailabout the use of ICT for learning in highereducation institutions, especially teachereducation institutions.3. USE OF ICT IN TEACHER EDUCATION

The need for teacher training is widelyacknowledged. Professional development toincorporate ICTs into teaching and learning isan ongoing process. Teacher educationcurriculum needs to update this knowledge andskills as the curriculum changes. The teachersneed to learn to teach with digital technologies/tools, even though many of them have not beentaught to do so (Swamy (2012). A teacher’sprofessional development is central to theoverall change process in education. Making

most effective use of ICT is a powerful anddiverse resource, and which can potentially altertraditional teacher–student relationships. If theyare to invest time and energy in embracing thetechnology, teachers need to understand andexperience the potential benefits of using ICT.Moreover, they need to have access to theevidence that supports the improvements inteaching and learning, including case studiesand examples of effective practice. If thenecessary changes in education are to berealized, they need strong leadership andsupport along with a school development planfor the integration of technology. They also needtechnical support so that they feel comfortablein using the technology and are more willing toexperiment.4.0 EMERGENCE OF NEW ICT TECHNOLOGYFOR TEACHER EDUCATION

The recent developments in ICT havecreated many new forms of instructional tools/media for enhancing the instructional system.There are many forms of ICT enabled tools beingentered the teaching-learning process. Severalinstitutions are on a swift path to integrate suchlearning technologies into day-to-day classroompractices. Many individual teachers areincreasingly making adoption of ICT technologyan institutional priority. Few new forms of suchICT technology as an instructional media toolsare briefly outlined in the subsequent pages.a) Podcasting

A podcast is an audio or video broadcastthat is distributed over the Internet. It usuallyhas a format similar to a radio or television show.Because little equipment is needed to record apodcast and the Internet is used as thedistribution medium, virtually anyone can createone and distribute their thoughts and opinionsto the world. The word usurped webcast incommon vernacular, due to the rising popularityof the iPod and the innovation of web feeds.

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Figure 1: Podcasting MechanismSource: http://www.sddu.leeds.ac.uk/

on l ine _resou rces /po dcast in g /images/podcasting_overview_image_large.jpg

The mode of delivery differentiatespodcasting from other means of gaining accessto media files over the Internet, such as directdownload, or streamed webcasting. A list of allthe audio or video files currently associated witha given series is maintained centrally on thedistributor’s server as a web feed, and thelistener or viewer employs special clientapplication software has known as a podcatcherthat can access this web feed, check it forupdates, and download any new files in theseries. This process can be automated so thatnew files are downloaded automatically. Filesare stored locally on the user’s computer or otherdevice ready for offline use, giving simple andconvenient access to episodic content.Commonly used audio file formats are OggVorbisand MP3. In many respects, this is closer totraditional publishing models associated withbooks and magazines (as opposed to radio,which uses a live stream).

There are many useful features ofPodcasts; it enables teachers and trainees/students to share information with anyoneanytime. If a trainee/student is absent, he orshe can download the podcast of the recordedlesson. Teachers may also create podcasts tobe used as a preparation tool for students. Thiswould be pedagogically equivalent to having

students read a text before a lesson. It can be atool for teachers or administrators tocommunicate curriculum, assignments and otherinformation with parents and the community.Teachers can record book talks, vocabulary orforeign language lessons, music, interviews,debates. Podcasting can be a publishing tool fortrainee/student verbal/oral presentations.Video podcasts can be used in similar ways aswell.b) Blogs

A blog is a type of website or part of awebsite. Blogs are usually maintained by anindividual with regular entries of commentary,descriptions of events, or other material suchas graphics or video. Entries are commonlydisplayed in reverse-chronological order. Mostblogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leavecomments and even message one another viawidgets on the blogs and it is this interactivitydistinguishes them from other static websites.Microblogging is another type of blogging,featuring very short posts.

Figure 2: BloggingSource: http://isntthatawesome.tumblr.com/

An edublog is a kind of blog written bysomeone with a stake in education. Examplesmight include blogs written by or for teachers,blogs maintained for classroom instruction, orblogs written about educational policy. Thecollection of these blogs is often called theedublogosphere, in keeping with the larger

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blogosphere, although that label is notnecessarily universally agreed on. Similarly,educators who blog is sometimes callededubloggers.

Currently, use of blogs has become verypopular in educational institutions includingschools and colleges. Blogs can be importanttools for sharing useful information and tipsbetween co-workers, dispersing information tostudents, or keeping in contact with parents.Teachers can create, monitor and edit blogs toensure that the postings are appropriate andconcern in the classroom.

There are many teachers’ related blogs onthe internet where teachers can shareinformation with each other. This can includespecific content that they are working on in theirclassroom or exemplary lessons that they wishto share with other teachers. It is a tool foreducators to share ideas with one another onwhat has worked with students and what hasnot. Teachers can often rely on these sourcesto communicate with one another regarding anyissues in education that they may be havingincluding classroom management techniquesand policies. In this way, the blog often acts asa support system for teachers where they canaccess ideas, tools, and gain support andrecognition from other professionals in theirfield.

Many teachers use blogs as a way tocommunicate and enhance classroom instructionbetween their students. It is easy to introducethe use of blogs in the classroom and allowsboth the teacher and student the ability to editand add content at any time. The ability for boththe teacher and student to edit content allowsstudy to take place outside the classroomenvironment. Blogs increase exposure to otherstudents from around the country or world whileimproving writing and communication skills.Teachers are using blogs as a way to postimportant information such as homework,important dates, missed lessons, projects,

discussion boards, and other useful classroominformation that is accessible by all. Studentscan access this information from home, or fromany computer that is connected to the Internet.Students can use blogs to communicate withother students for group projects as well.Students can also access the blog to ask oneother question regarding a missed assignmentor lesson. It also gives students an opportunityto collaborate on poetry, various writingassignments, or readings. Students can respondinitially to the text, including their thoughts,feelings, connections, questions, etc. Otherstudents would have the opportunity to respondand react to these responses. This wouldgenerate conversation amongst the studentsand develop their critical and analytical thinkingskills. It also allows students who are shy andreserved in class to voice their opinions andinsight using a different approach. With the useof blogs in the classroom, students learn fromeach other and individually express them aswell.c) Wiki

A Wiki is a website that allows the easycreation and editing of any number of interlinkedweb pages via a web browser using a simplifiedmarkup language or a WYSIWYG text editor.Wikis are typically powered by wiki software andare often used to create collaborative wikiwebsites, to power community websites, forpersonal note taking, in corporate intranets, andin knowledge management systems.

Wikis and education often go together.Wikis are also sometimes used in classroomsfor collaborative projects. Some teachers havefound that learner prefers to add their owncontent rather than rewrite others’ work,perhaps because of an institution cultivatednorm of individual ownership. Some studentsalso express shyness about exposing their workto be viewed by others. Such transparencyseems to reduce plagiarism.

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Figure 3: Wiki ConfigurationSource: http://learningweb2.wikispaces.com/Wikis+Overview

There is likewise one significant capability,with wiki software such as MediaWiki, to reviewall the edits made by any particular user. In thisway, if an edit made by a user is identified asproblematic, it is possible to check his/her otheredits for issues. This feature is also useful forteachers of classes in which grades for groupprojects are determined by the contributions ofindividual students to a wiki. Since all the workis done on the wiki, the teacher can seeeverything that is and is not being done. Thatmakes early intervention possible whenever itis necessary. In coming years, wiki is going tobecome an effective tool for the instructionalsystem. Some of the publicly available wikiwebsites prevalent for creating Wikis includes,www.wikia.com, www.wiki.com,www.wikispaces.com, www.wikipedia.org,www.wiki-site.com, allow for self-education.d) e-learning

E-learning comprises all forms ofelectronically supported learning and teaching.ICT systems, whether networked or not, serveas specific media to implement the learningprocess. E-learning is utilized to reference out-of-classroom and in-classroom educationalexperiences via technology, even as advancescontinue in regard to devices and curriculum.

Presently, e-learning is essentially thecomputer and network-enabled transfer of skills

and knowledge. E-learning applications andprocesses include Web-based learning,computer-based learning, virtual classroomopportunities and digital collaboration. The e-content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, andCD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-ledand includes media in the form of text, image,animation, streaming video and audio.

Figure 4: E-learning in Education & TrainingSource: http://www.johnbosco.ac.in/Engg/e-learning.html

Abbreviations like CBT (Computer-BasedTraining), IBT (Internet-Based Training) or WBT(Web-Based Training) have been used assynonyms for e-learning. We can still find theseterms being used, along with variations of e-learning such as elearning, Elearning.e) m-learning

The term M-Learning, or “mobile learning”,has different meanings for differentcommunities. Although related to e-learning anddistance education, it is distinct in its focus onlearning across contexts and learning withmobile devices. One definition of mobilelearning is any sort of learning that happenswhen the learner is not at a fixed, predeterminedlocation, or learning that happens when thelearner takes advantage of the learningopportunities offered by mobile technologies.In other words mobile learning decreaseslimitation of learning location with the mobilityof general portable devices.

The term covers: learning with portable

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technologies, including but not limited tohandheld computers, MP3 players, notebooksand mobile phones. Nowadays, m-learningfocuses on the mobility of the learner,interacting with portable technologies, andlearning that reflects a focus on how society andits institutions can accommodate and supportan increasingly mobile population.

Figure 5: M-learning SystemSource: http://instructionaldesignfusions.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/mobile_device_interactions.png

M-learning is very convenient as it isaccessible from virtually anywhere. M-Learning,like other forms of E-learning, is alsocollaborative; sharing is almost instantaneousamong everyone using the same content, whichleads to the response of instant feedback andtips. M-Learning also brings strong portabilityby replacing books and notes with small RAMs,filled with tailored learning contents. In addition,it is simple to utilize mobile learning for a moreeffective education experience.f) u-learning

The ubiquitous learning (or u-learning,ULearning) is equivalent to some form of simplemobile learning, e.g. that learning environmentscan be gained access in various contexts andsituations. The ubiquitous learning environment(ULE) may detect more context data thanelearning. Beside the domains of eLearning,uLearning may use more context awareness toprovide most adaptive contents for learners.

Figure 6: U-Learning SystemSource: http://classroomaid.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/personalizedlearning.png

A ubiquitous learning environment is, anysetting in which students can become totallyimmersed in the learning process. Therefore, aubiquitous learning environment [ULE] is asituation or setting of pervasive or omnipresenteducation or learning. Education is happeningall around the trainee/student, but the trainee/student may not even be conscious of thelearning process. The source data are presentin the embedded objects and trainee/studentsdo not have to DO anything in order to learn.This can be a very effective tool for developingprofessional competence among young trainee/students in our country.g) Digital storytelling

Digital Storytelling is the practice of usingcomputer-based tools to tell stories. As withtraditional storytelling, most digital stories focuson a specific topic and contain a particular pointof view. However, as the name implies, digitalstories usually contain some mixture ofcomputer-based images, text, recorded audionarration, video clips and/or music. Digitalstories can vary in length, but most of the storiesused in education typically last between twoand ten minutes. The topics that are used inDigital Storytelling range from personal tales tothe recounting of historical events, fromexploring life in one’s own community to thesearch for life in other corners of the universe,and literally, everything in between.

Researchers such as Hibbing and Rankin-

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Erikson (2003) and Boster, Meyer, Toberto, &Inge (2002) have shown that the use ofmultimedia in teaching helps students retainnew information as well as aids in thecomprehension of difficult material. DigitalStorytelling can provide educators with apowerful tool to use in their classrooms.

There are numerous ways that DigitalStorytelling can be used in the educationsystem. There are many topics and areas, e.g.,computer technology, environment forsustainable development, management,psychology where the use of digital storytellingcan be very effective. The broad process ofdigital storytelling is shown in the figure 7 asgiven below.

Figure 7: Digital StorytellingSource: http://digitalv2p.pbworks.com/f/1314309392/Digital%20Storytelling%201.pngh) e-books

An electronic book (also e-book, ebook,digital book) is a text- and image-basedpublication in digital form produced on,published by, and readable on computers orother digital devices. The Oxford Dictionary ofEnglish defines the e-book as “an electronicversion of a printed book”, “but e-books can anddo exist without any printed equivalent”.Sometimes the equivalent of a conventionalprinted book, e-books can also be born digital.E-books are usually read on dedicated hardwaredevices known as e-Readers or e-book devices.Personal computers and some cell phones canalso be used to read e-books.

Figure 8: E-booksSource: http://ep.yimg.com/ty/cdn/artbook/ebook03.jpg

Compared to the paperback books, e-books are found to be more convenient and moreaccessible, since it can be translated into manylanguages, can be connected to the internet,and can enable a “text-to-speech” option wherethe contents of the books were read aloud. Itsmajor drawback, however, is the cost where thesingle e-book reader far outweighs the cost ofa single book. Privacy and environment concernswere also an issue, aside from the fact that itmight promote piracy and may force the closureof some publishing companies due tocompetition.i) Social Networking

Social networking is an “online service,platform, or a site that focuses on building andreflecting social relations among people. e.g.who share interests and/or activities”. Most ofthem are web-based and allows the users toshare ideas, activities, interests and eventswithin their individual networks.

The most prominent example of this in thecurrent context is Facebook. It is presently thewidest and the most rapidly expanding socialnetworking site on the planet, boasting morethan 500 million users. It is also expected to beadopted in education as it enables users to postprofiles, send messages about themselves andexchange photos as well as information.

Twitter is another free social networking

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service on the internet that enable users to sendand read messages known as tweets. Tweets,limited in length to 140 characters, are sent tothose who subscribe to particular users, calledfollowers. Teachers can utilize it by sendingtweets to their trainee/students concerningupdates of their blogs, assignment, importantlearning events/activities etc.5. KEY BARRIERS IN USING ICT TOOLS

Although more and more technologycontinues to enter institutions and classrooms,not enough teachers are receiving adequatetraining to use successfully these available ICTtools and technology-based educationalmaterials and resources. The result of a recentsurvey conducted shows that teacherthroughout the country is looking forprofessional guidance to master thetechnological devices designed for today’sclassrooms. In addition, there are many criticalbarriers being faced in adapting such tools.Some of the barriers faced include the following:

i. Financial constraints, with securebudgets being prioritized in other sectors;

ii. Hardware is the target of investment,rather than creating and developing localchampions and a competent absorptiveenvironment;

iii. Insufficient attention is given to, firstimproving the skills of teachers andadministrators as facilitators and prime movers,and to enhancing their role as mentors andguides;

iv. Internet access may be spotty,unreliable, and very expensive; institutiondepartments are not well interconnected;

v. There is little integration of ICTs intothe curriculum or in day-to-day activities of theinstitution; There are few experienced technicalspecialists with up-to date knowledge;

vi. There is a narrow and conservativefocus on traditional technology in the selectionof ICTs, software, and networking;

vii. Local firms participating in the supply

process may not have the knowledge of, oraccess to, the most effective technologies;

viii. High software costs, due to lack ofnational educational software licensing policies;

ix. Teacher apprehension in the face of ICTtechnology, and lack of motivation to change andimprove;6. CONCLUSION

The foregoing discussion has shown thesignificance of ICT tools in practice teaching-learning, the many of educational tool optionsavailable for teachers to enrich their instruction.Instructional tools, when carefully selected andintegrated, can ensure that trainee/studentdevelop the right attitude toward-instructionalcontent. Furthermore, classroom interactionamong the teacher and trainee/students can beenhanced.

Teachers will have to realize that theultimate goal is to create a learning environmentin the classroom. The teacher needs to becreative and innovative in handling his/her class,developing the relevant teaching materials, andselecting the appropriate ICT based instructionaltools. The digital tools opened new horizons forinnovations, especially in education andtraining. More efficient and creative ways oftransmitting knowledge from the start to theend user will usher a new generation ofindividuals who are more knowledgeable,creative and capable of creating newer and moreefficient methods in the quest to make life moresimplified and make information moreaccessible to everyone in the institution.

Finally, in the age of rapid technologicalchange, there is one thing certain: teachers willneed to adapt changes if they are to survive andkeep pace with new methods and technology. Itis moreover emphasized that regularprofessional development of teachers is the keyto integrate successfully ICT tools ininstructional system.REFERENCES

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• Bernard R. Robin (2011). TheEducational Uses of Digital Storytelling.Retrieved from http://faculty.coe.uh.edu/brobin/homepage/Educational-Uses-DS.pdf Dateretrieved: 13 Nov 2016.

• Gurumurthy K. (2011). New models inTeacher Education through ICTs, Retrievedfromhttp://www.teindia.nic.in/js/TE_Remorm-Workshop/TE_ICT_GM.pdfDate Retrieved: 12April 2017.

• Jonathan Anderson (2010). ICTTransforming Education, A Regional Guide,Published by UNESCO Bangkok, 2010.

• Khambayat Rajesh (2010). EnhancingTeaching and Learning with Digital MediaResources, In Country Program on DevelopingLearning Resources Using Digital Media,Colombo Plan Staff College for TechnicianEducation, Manila, PHILIPPINES.

• Majumdar, S. (Ed.). (2005). RegionalGuidelines on Teacher Development forPedagogy-Technology Integration. Bangkok,UNESCO Regional Office for Education in Asiaand the Pacific. Retrieved fromhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/ images/0014/001405/140577e.pdf Date retrieved: 12 March, 2017.

• Mastin, T. (2010). The future of DigitalEducation. Retrieved from: http://www.broadband2.com/futureofdigitalmedia.asp. Date retrieved: April 9, 2017.

• Ministerial Council on Education,Employment, Training and Youth Affairs Australia(2008). Digital education- Making ChangeHappen. Retrieved from: http://www.aictec.edu.au/aictec/webdav/shared/Digital_EducationMaking_Change_Happen.pdf. Date Retrieved:March 10, 2017.

21ST CENTURY AND SEXUALASSAULT OF WORKING

WOMEN

Dr. Mukesh KumarLecturer in Law

Govt. Law College Alwar

==============***********===============“Women share with men the need for

personal success, even the taste for power, andno longer we willing to satisfy those needsthrough the achievements of surrogates,whether husbands, children or merely rolemodels.”

– Elizabeth DoleAbstract:

It is considered that we humans are onlyrace which has always been tried to develop inall field of life. In order to civilization as wedeveloped, men has taken upper hand and evenafter giving equal contribution by women, theyalways been put in back side. Sexual harassmentis a common problem affecting all women in thisworld irrespective of the profession that theyare in, but legal system is sleeping and so theyfail in providing them security. Sexualharassment is about male dominance overwomen and it is used to remind women that theyare weaker than man.Introduction:

“women are honored where, divinityblossoms there, and where women aredishonored, all action no matter how nobleremain unfruitful.” This is a main aspect ofIndian philosophy but, from ancient time, justagainst this philosophy women are always beensubjected to harassment and atrocities,worldwide. Women have always contributed totheir family and to the society from their side

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but man never gave importance to their workand even the equal opportunity to theirdevelopment.

Sexual harassment is classified as a formof sex discrimination under Title VII of the CivilRights Act of 1964. The U.S. Equal Employmentopportunity Commission (EEOC) defines it as“unwelcome sexual advances, requests forsexual favors, and and other verbal or physicalconduct of a sexual nature” that interferes withone’s employment or work performance, orcreates a “ hostil or offensive workenvironment” (U.S. EEOC 2011).Correspondingly, De Coster and colleagues(1999) find that females with greater tenure,independent of age, were more likely to viewsexual harassment as a problem for them atwork, concluding that the practice is usedinstrumentally against powerful females whoencroach on male territory. each of these findingsuggests that women supervisors may be morelikely to experience sexual harassment thanother working women.Sexual harassment: Today’s situation

Today’s woman is highly self directedperson alive to the sense of her dignity andimportance of her functions in the privatedomestic domain and the public domain of theworld of work. Women are rational in approach,careful in handling and want to do things as bestas possible. The fourth world conference ifwomen held in Beijing in September 1995 hademphasized that no enduring solution ofsociety’s most threatening social, economic andpolitical problems could be found without theparticipation of women. The 1995 world summitfor social development hed also emphasized thepivotal role of women in eradicating poverty andmending the social fabric. Wikipedia defines-sexual harassment as bullying or coercion of asexual nature of rewards in exchange for sexualfavours. In a society where violence againstwomen is posed just to show the patriarchalvalue operating in society, these values of menpose the greatest challenge in curbing sexual

harassment. Studies have shown that 1 out ofevery 3 working women are touched by sexualharassment. Every country is facing this problemtoday. No female worker is safe and the senseof security is lacking to them. Sexual harassmentis rooted in cultural practices and is exacerbatedby power relations at the workplace. Unlessthere is enough emphasis on sensitization at theworkplace, legal changes are hardly likely to besuccessful.

Sexual harassment includes suchunwelcome sexually determined behavior(whether directly or by implication) as:

a) Physical contact and advances;b) A demand or request for sexual favors;c) Sexually colored remarks;d) Showing pornography;e) Any other unwelcome physical verbal

or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.India is a democratic country. Various

committees and commissions have beenconstituted before and after the independenceto evaluate the progress in women’s status andto suggest ways and means to enhance thestatus of women. In our country citizens havethe fundamental right to live with dignity underarticle 21 of the constitution of India. But therewas no law specifically dealing with sexualharassment. Laws are not able to provide justiceto the victims. There are various cases broughtbefore the supreme court of India but all caseswere not successful in laying down new lawsfor sexual harassment. In the year of 1997,Supreme Court tried to lay down guideline inVishakha’s case. These guideline weresomewhat successful because in this casesupreme court argued that there is a need forseparate laws but it was not given the requiredattention.Sexual harassment: The law

Looking to the physical structure ofwomen, it need to give more protection to themin spite of harassment and exploitation.According to the law in Indi, Sexual harassmentviolates the women’s fundamental right of

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gender equality and life with dignity underarticle 14 and article 21 respectively. Althoughthere were no specific laws for curbing sexualharassment at the workplace in India but certainprovisions are there in other legislation likeIndian Penal Code, which provides protectionagainst women’s sexual harassments such asin IPC: Section 294 deals with obscene acts andsongs at public place. Section 354 deals withassault or criminal force to women with intentto outrage her modesty. The Criminal Law(Amendment) act, 2013 introduced change tothe Indian Penal Code, making sexualharassment an expressed offence under Section354 A to D. Section 354(A) deals with Sexualharassment and punishment for sexualharassment. Section 354(B) deals with Assaultor use of criminal force to women with intent todisrobe, Section 354(C) Voyeurism and 354 (D)deals with Stalking. Section 376 deals with rape.Section 509 deals with uttering words or makinggestures which outrages a women’s modesty.Sexual harassment in India is termed “Eveteasing”. The critical factor is the unwelcomebehavior, thereby making the impact of suchactions on the recipient more relevant ratherthan intent of the perpetrator. According to theIndian Constitution, Sexual harassment infringesthe fundamental right of a women to genderequality under Article 14 and her right to lifeand live with dignity under Article 21. In 1997,the Supreme Court of India in a Public InterestLitigation, defined sexual harassment atworkplace, preventive measures and redressmechanism. The judgment is popularly knownas Vishaka Judgment AIR 1997 SC 3011. In April2013, India enacted its own law on sexualharassment in the workplace- The SexualHarassment of Women at Workplace(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act,2013. Almost 16 years after the Supreme Court’slandmark guidelines on prevention of sexualharassment in the workplace (known as the“Vishaka Guidelines”). The Act has endorsedmany of the guidelines and is a step towards

codifying gender equality. The Act is intendedto include all women employees in its ambit,including those employed in the unorganizedsector, as well as domestic workers. The Act hasindentified sexual harassment as a violation ofthe fundamental rights of a women and her rightto life and to live with dignity under article 21of the Constitution; as well as the right topractice any profession or to carry on anyoccupation, trade or business which includes aright to a safe environment free from sexualharassment. The Act also states that theprotection against sexual harassment and theright to work with dignity are universallyrecognized human rights by internationalconventions and instruments such asConvention on the Elimination of all Forms ofDiscrimination against women, which has beenratified on the 25th June, 1993 by the Governmentof India.FAILURE IN IMPLEMENTING THE LAWSRELATING TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT:

As per the vishakha guidelines, it is madecompulsory to constitute a complain committeein every workplace but private companies hardlyinstitute them while the governmentorganizations just do it on Paper. Theorganizations in which these committee existsface other serious problems as it is beenreported by victims that the committee membersdo not even have the clue of theirresponsibilities, powers and duties and so thisrarely lead the victim to get justice. The attitudeof the employers deep-seated as they have apresumption that this cannot happen in theirorganization and so the women’s complaint endsup with nothing. People use to make fun of herand this makes her incapable of getting justiceor being heard properly. Section 354 (on whichthe ruling in the Mrs. Rupan deol Bajaj Vs KanwarPal Singh Gill, 1996 AIR 309 was based) andsection 509 of IPC is the criminal provisionapplied in most of the sexual harassment cases,but yet these provisions have only limitedeffectiveness. Therefore, there were no strong

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legislative stand against sexual harassment inthe workplace. A number of bills (by the nationalcommission for women, women’s organizationand the government) have been drafted butthere were still confusion on what bill wouldserve the purpose better. Change in attitude ofpeople is a basic requirement for implementingany law in the society for women. Thisimplementation of laws leads to protectionagainst undesired sexual behavior. Theprevention of sexual harassment should be doneat all level of employees and it should bechecked that the women employees get apositive environment.

We recommend the following steps thatneed to be taken for preventing sexualharassment at workplace :-

1. The committee should never be biasedin dealing with certain individuals of theorganization. For example if the accused is asenior executive or partner he should not beexcused just for the sake of his position andstrict action should be taken against him.

2. A commitment is required from all thelevels of the organization for the positiveimplementation of the policies and proceduresmade against sexual harassment.

3. Women worker’s should not fear intalking about any harassment related to sex andit is their duty to immediately bring in notice tothe complaint committee about any such act.

4. The employer should always be undera fear of any kind of monetary of reputationalharm which can occur if such a kind of activityhappens in his company. We also think thatthere is a need of formulating a separate anti-sexual harassment policy dealing particularlywith this issue,

5. Women should be motivated againstsexual harassment and they should be asked tocomplaint about it if they think that it is harmingthem in any manner and they should make themrealize that their complaints will not besubjected to ridicule or any kind of threat,

6. There should be well set up complaint

channel which is in direct communication withthe women employee. The women should notfeel obscure in complaining about the problemsshe is facing during employment at theworkplace. The complaint committee shouldtake all such kind of complaint very seriouslyand appropriate action must be taken withinreasonable time,

7. It is the duty of the complaintcommittee to keep every complaint confidential,

8. Every employee should understand thatit is his legal duty to provide every womenemployee a sense of security in workplace ,

9. He should understand that any kind ofharassment on his women employee will resultin detrimental effects on her health, confidenceand her potential at work which also results inher leaving the job,

10. Every organization should conductsexual harassment awareness training for boththe male and female employees. This mutuallearning will help in creating an atmosphere ofhostility and employees will feel comfortable.This training should also include the impacts ofsexual harassment on women,COMMON EFFECTS ON THE VICTIMS

Common psychological, academic,professional, financial, and social effects ofsexual harassment and retaliation:

• Becoming publicly sexualized (i.e.groups of people “evaluate” the victim toestablish if he or she is “worth” the sexualattention or the risk to the harasser’s career)

• Being objectified and humiliated byscrutiny and gossip

• Decreased work or school performanceas a result of stress conditions; increasedabsenteeism in fear of harassment repetition

• Defamation of character and reputation• Effects on sexual life and relationships:

can put extreme stress upon relationships withsignificant others, sometimes resulting indivorce

• Firing and refusal for a job opportunitycan lead to loss of job or career, loss of income

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• Having one’s personal life offered up forpublic scrutiny—the victim becomes the“accused”, and his or her dress, lifestyle, andprivate life will often come under attack.

• Having to drop courses, changeacademic plans, or leave school (loss of tuition)in fear of harassment repetition and/or as aresult of stress

• Having to relocate to another city,another job, or another school

• Loss of references/recommendations• Loss of trust in environments similar to

where the harassment occurred• Loss of trust in the types of people that

occupy similar positions as the harasser or hisor her colleagues, especially in case they arenot supportive, difficulties or stress on peerrelationships, or relationships with colleagues

• Psychological stress and healthimpairment

• Weakening of support network, or beingostracized from professional or academic circles(friends, colleagues, or family may distancethemselves from the victim, or shun him or heraltogether)

Some of the psychological and healtheffects that can occur in someone who has beensexually harassed as a result of stress andhumiliation: depression, anxiety and/or panicattacks, sleeplessness and/or nightmares,shame and guilt, difficulty concentrating,headaches, fatigue or loss of motivation,stomach problems, eating disorders (weightloss or gain), alcoholism, feeling betrayed and/or violated, feeling angry or violent towards theperpetrator, feeling powerless or out of control,increased blood pressure, loss of confidence andself-esteem, withdrawal and isolation, overallloss of trust in people, traumatic stress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal thoughts orattempts, suicideA BRIEF LOOK AT THE LANDMARK CASES:-

Sexual Harassment: Case laws in IndiaThere are various cases which had come before

the courts in India and the judgment in most ofthe cases has motivated women to register morecomplaints as compared to earlier:

1) Apparel Export Promotion Council v.A.K Chopra, AIR 1999 SC 625. The Supreme Courtin this case declared that sexual harassment isgender discrimination against women and alsosaid that any act or attempt of molestation by asuperior will constitute sexual harassment.

2) Mrs. Rupan Deol Bajaj v. Kanwar PalSingh Gill , 1996 AIR 309. This case has changedthe meaning of the terms, modesty and privacyin such a way that, any kind of harassment orinconvenience done to a women’s private orpublic life will be considered as an offence.

3) Vishaka & others Vs. State ofRajasthan & others, AIR 1997 SC 3011. In thiscase Supreme Court laid down the followingguidelines which recognized it not only as aprivate injury to an individual woman but alsoas the violation of her fundamental rights. Theseguidelines are significant because for the firsttime sexual harassment is identified as aseparate category of legally prohibited behavior.These are subjected to all workplaces until anyother legislation is passed by parliament in this regard.

4) Medha kotwal lele & others v. unionof India & others .This case helped theVishakha’s case to implement the guidelinessuccessfully by issuing notices to all states &the union territories to impact the necessary steps.

5) Recentaly we have seen Tarun tejpal’scase, Which is sub judice.Conclusion :-

The national commission for women hadrightly pointed out that even after 69 years ofindependence women continue to be treated asthe single largest group of backward citizens inIndia. The role of women in the over alldevelopment has not been fully understood norhas it being given its full weight in the struggleto poverty, hunger, injustice and inequality inthe national level. Even when we are in the 21st

century , our society still discriminates againstwomen in matters of there rights and privileges

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and prevents them form participating in theprocess of national and social progress. We haveto do a lot to overcome the discriminatoryattitude towards women and improve theirstatus in the society.

Sexual harassment is an social evil andnot only the educational system but the legalreforms can counteract of deep foundations ofinequality of sexes that are built in the minds ofpeople through the socialization process.Education system should be used torevolutionize the traditional attitudes andinculcate near values of equality. Deepfoundations of equality should be built in theminds of the people. Grassroots awaking isneeded.References :-

1. Vishaka Judgment AIR 1997 SC 3011.2. The Sexual Harassment of Women at

Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition andRedressal) Act, 2013.

3. J.N.Panday “Constitution of India”4. Mrs. Rupan deol Bajaj Vs Kanwar Pal

Singh Gill, 1996 AIR 309.5. T. Bhattacharya – “Indian Penal Code”.6. The Criminal Law (Amendment) act,

2013.7. “Law against sexual harassment at

workplace comes into effect”. Times of India.Retrieved 14 December 2013.

8. “Lok Sabha passes bill against sexualharassment in the workplace”. Retrieved 13September 2012.

9. Nishith Desai Associates, VeenaGopalakrishnan, Ajay Singh Solanki and VikramShroff, India’s new labour law - prevention ofsexual harassment at the workplace, Lexology,30 April 2013

10. Polanki, Pallavi (28 August 2012). “Billagainst sexual harassment a boost to domesticworkers”. First Post. Retrieved 13 September2012.

Role of Education for GlobalWarming

Rabindranath BarajunayakReader in Education,

Govt. Teachers’ Training College,Phulbani, Odisha

==============***********===============Introduction

Among eight planets of our solar system,life is possible only in our green planet i.e.,Earth. Nature is an integral part of our life.According to Sir Thomas Browne, “Nature is theArt of God.” Its contribution towards thesustainance of our life is undescribable. Natureis always dynamic. It is always changing fromday to day and from minute to minute. The skylooks pale pink at dawn to slight blue at morning,it looks slight orange at evening to purple attwilight. The sea looks blue at morning andemerald green at noon. As we know “A thing ofbeauty is a joy forever.” So, all these happeningsin nature always soothers our life. But, due tovarious human interference, the nature andautomatically our human surroundings suffer alot. Due to advancement of science andtechnology the modern world today isconfronting many visible and invisible problemswhich threaten progress, prosperity, peace andhuman living. One of the greatest environmentalproblems in our time we are facing is Globalwarming. Global Warming is major challenge ofour global society.Meaning of Global Warming

Global Warming is the increase of Earth’saverage surface temperature due to effect ofgreen house gases such as carbon dioxide,emission from burning fossil fuels or fromdeforestation.

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An increase in the temperature of earthdue to fossil fuels, industry and agriculturalprocesses caused by human, natural and othergases emissions is termed as Global Warming.Short wave solar radiations sink into the earth’satmosphere and warms its surface, while longwave infrared radiations emitted by earth’ssurface is absorbed and then reemitted by trapgases. Due to green house gases we have beganto experience climate changes occur in our earthatmosphere. Higher concentrations of greenhouse gases which are present in ouratmosphere, increase global warming becausethey enhance the heat trapping capacity of ourearth.

Air contains 0.03% of carbon dioxide.However, the atmosphere contain of CO2 isincreasing day by day due to indiscriminate useof fossil fuels. This releases carbon dioxide gasin the atmosphere. The solar energy whichreaches the earth, a part of it is reradiated,however, CO2 acts as a sheet and preventsescape of reradiated heat energy which nowremains in the atmosphere and it gets heated.This way temperature of the earth is increasingslowly day by day. This is referred to “GlobalWarming”.Causes of Global Warming

There are number of factors which causesglobal warming. It is caused by both natural andmanmade activities.

The green house gases such as carbondioxide, nitrous oxide and methane and otherpollutants absorb more heat from the sun thenit radiates back. This causes an increase in theintensity of heat in atmosphere. Green housegases are the ingredients of the atmosphere thatadd to the green house effect.

The main green house gas that isresponsible for global warming is Carbondioxide, CFC, Methane.

Carbon dioxide is the major green housegas. The sources of carbon dioxide includes: (i)Burning of fossil fuels. (ii) level increases as a

consequence of deforestation.Methane (CH4) is responsible for about

20% of the green house effect. The sources ofmethane includes:- (i) Rice, (ii) Paddies (iii)Burning Wood (iv) Cattle, (v) Wetland, (vi) Landfields etc.

CFC is used in cold storage refrigerator,motor vehicles etc. which in turn mixes in air. Itincreases the temperature at high rate. Thesources of CFC includes (i)Air conditioningindustry, (ii)Foam packaging industry.

Nitrous oxide is responsible for 15% ofgreen house gases. Its sources are (i)coalburning, (ii)breakdown of chemical fertilisers,(iii) biomass burning etc.

Global Warming is the result of burningof fossil fuels, coal and oil that release abundantquantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

The excessive deforestation has resultedin further increase of the carbon dioxide in theair, moreover the carbon dioxide emissions fromthe road vehicles have further increased thecontent of their green house gases.

Rapid industrialisation is another bigcause of global warming.Effects of Global Warming

Global warming is posing a danger to theearth. The effect of global warming arenumerous. One of the major effect of globalwarming is climate change. The world isbecoming warmer and warmer. There are floods,draughts, earthquakes in the areas. Theatmosphere gets suddenly very harsh in theterms of cyclones and thunderstorms.

Another major effect of global warminghas been noticed in the behaviour of wildlife.There has been extinction of various species dueto global warming.

One major consequence of global warmingarising out of green house effect is the rise insea level. Four major changes take place priorto this. They are:- Thermal expansion, Mountainglacier melting, Greenland Ice-sheet melting &Polar(Aretic & Antarctic) ice sheet melting. Thus,

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the coastal cities and ports may be submergedunder sea water. Many islands may vanish fromthe earth surface as well as from the world map.

Another effect of global warming will beon the vegetation that is available on the earthsurface. There will be drastic change in the typeof vegetation available in the area which will inturn effect the inhabitation of the area.

As an effect of global warming theglaciers are retreating at an alarming rate andchanging the entire environment of themountains. There will be a considerable increasein the water level of oceans & seas as a resultof melting of glaciers.

Global warming has a great impact onrainfall. It affects the rainfall pattern. There isno rainfall in time.

By increasing temperature ‘Acid rain’occurs which is usually occurs due to ozone hole.

The human health is put at risk becauseof global warming. As an effect of globalwarming various new diseases have emerged.These diseases are occurring frequently due tothe increase in earth average temperature.Since, the bacteria can survive better in elevatedtemperature and even multiplies faster when thecondition is favourable.How to Prevent Global Warming

The effect of global warming are very largein number and it is posing a danger to the earth.So, it is necessary to combat this problem tosave the earth and our life.

The following preventive steps would helpto save the earth from the harmful effect ofglobal warming.

• Consumption of fossil fuels to bereduced. The production of carbon dioxide willdecrease with the reduction in the use of fossilfuels.

• The non-conventional sources of energysuch as solar energy, wind powers etc. shouldbe used in place of fossil energy.

• Natural gas can be used in place of coalbecause its carbon content is half than that of

coal & contains no sulphur.• Fuel efficient vehicles should be

designed.• The production and uses of CFC should

be lowered as far as possible.• The laws that govern pollutions and

green house gases should be followed.• Reduction in thermal power generating

stations:- Reduced dependence on thermalpower for our electricity need would helptowards reducing the quantity of carbon dioxidein the environment.

• Carbon dioxide emissions should bereduced. It is a major cause of global warming.

• Afforestation is another step to decreasethe concentration of CO2. Because plants useCO2 for manufacture of food in the process ofphotosynthesis and release oxygen.

• People should be made aware about thebad effects of global warming.Role of Education for Global Warming

Human life is the best creation of God andeducation is the best creation of man. Humanlife and education are related like flower andfragrance. We can’t think of education withoutlife and life without education. It is educationwhich makes a man a real man. Education isthe best way to solve any problems of our life.According to Tagore, “Education is the widestway leads to the solution of our problem.”

Education plays a vital role in the humanlife. Development of a country depends uponthe education of its citizens. For the developmentof a nation education is very much essential.“Education is the backbone of all society andnation.”

By Nelson Mandela, “Education is thepowerful weapon, we can use it to change theworld.” Education is a powerful instrument ofsocial change. There is great change in everysphere of our life and through education aneffective social change can be taken place.

Education is a powerful weapon to solveany problem like global warming. So, the role of

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education for global warming is very important.Through education, all the people of our countrybecome aware about the climate changeenvironmental issues like problems, causes andeffects of global warming and its solutions tosave our earth.

The various agencies of education suchas formal, informal and non-formal agencies ofeducation plays an important role in educatingthe people about their environment. Through TV,Radio, Internet, Newspaper we come to knowabout the causes, effects and remedies of globalwarming. So Mass media is also an effectiveway to aware the people and it is possible onlythrough education.

By George Washington Carve:- “Educationis the key to unlock the golden door of freedom.”

Education has a key role to change thesociety, develop the nation. It promotesknowledge, skills and values among theindividuals. There are various programs of Govt.for safe environment which we come to knowthrough education.

The United Nations Educational Scientificand Cultural Organisations (UNESCO) promotesclimate change education as a central elementof the global response to climate change throughits climate change education. for sustainabledevelopment programme, within the frameworkof Education for Sustainable Development (ESD).

Through its climate change Education forSustainable Development Programme, UNISCOaims to make climate change education a morecentral and visible part of the internationalresponse to climate change. The programmeaims to help people understand the impact ofglobal warming today and increase the ‘ClimateLiteracy’ among young people. It does this bystrengthening the capacity of its member statesto provide quality climate change education,encouraging innovative teaching approaches tointegrate climate change education in school andby raising awareness about climate change aswell as enhancing non-formal education

programmes through media and networking.Environment Protection Act,- 1986 is an

Act of the Parliament of India in the wake ofBhopal tragedy, the Govt. of India enacted theEnvironment Protection Act of 1986 under Article253 of the constitution. Passed in March 1986,it came into force on 19 Nov 1986. The purposeof the act is to implement the decisions of UnitedNations Conference on the HumanEnvironments. They relate to the protection andimprovement of human environment andprevention of hazards to human beings, otherliving creatures, plants and properties.

Some other important Environmental Actsenacted in India are:- Wildlife Protection Act,1972, Forest Conservation Act, 1980,Water(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,1974 etc. These acts make possible aware aboutthe environment.

Environmental Education (EE) is providedto the students in schools and colleges.Environmental Education allows individuals toexplore environmental issues, engage inproblem solving and take action to improve theenvironment. As a result, individuals develop adeeper understanding of environmental issuesand have the skills to make informed andresponsible decisions.

UNESCO states that EE is vital in impartingan inherent respect for nature amongst societyand in enhancing public environmentalawareness. UNESCO emphasizes the role of EEin safeguarding future global developments ofsociety Quality Of Life (QOL), through theprotection of the environment, eradication ofpoverty, minimization of inequalities andinsurance of sustainable development.(UNESCO, 2014a).

So, there are various programmes of Govt.for a safe and better environment and peoplecan become aware about these programmesthrough education only.

Through Education, people can becomeaware about the environmental issues like globalwarming, green house effect etc. and

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accordingly they can take effective step to savethe earth and our life. So, Education is a powerfulmeans to face any problems.Conclusion

Today, global warming is a seriousproblem that we have to take proper initiativesto save this mother earth.

There is a saying that, “United we stand,divided we fall.” If there is peace, harmony andthe feelings of common brotherhoodness amongthe individuals, then we can develop our nation.By standing unitedly, we can face any problemof our life. So, with effective co-operation fromthe citizens and Govt. officials, we can slowdown the effect of global warming. And in thisconnection education is an essential element.Education plays a significant role to solve anyproblems of our life. So, every individual shouldbe educated and we must be aware about ourduty to save the Earth and our life.Reference

1. C.S. Patil & P.M. Binadar(2009)Environmental Education, A.P.H. PublishingCorporation, New Delhi.

2. H.N. Biswanath (2006) Models ofTeaching in Environmental Education. DiscoveryPublishing House, Delhi.

3. K.P. Reddy & D.N. Reddy (2007)Environmental Education, Neelkamal PublicationPvt. Ltd., New Delh.i

4. M.K. Satapathy (2007) Education,Environment and Sustainable Development.Sipra Publications, Delhi.

5. R. Roy (2008) Curriculum, Pedagogy andTeacher Training for Environmental Education,Sipra Publications, Delhi.

Academic Achievement ofSecondary School Students inrelation to their Study Habits

Dr. Rahul Gopichand SanerSmt. H. R. Patel Arts Mahila College

Shirpur, Dist-Dhule.

Dr. Tushar Madhukar MaliR. C. Patel College of Education,

Shirpur, Dist-Dhule.

==============***********===============Abstract:

The present study is aimed primarily atstudying Correlations between academicachievement and study habits of secondaryschool students. The data was collected from100 secondary school students at Shirpur Tehsilin Dhule District. Normative Survey Method wasused for collecting the data and also correla-tion method was used for finding correlation.Study habits Scale (Dr. T. Pradipkumar) was usedfor measurement. As the results of present studyreveal that there is positive and valid correla-tion between study habits and academicachievement of secondary school male and fe-male students.Introduction:

Study habits are defined as those tech-niques, such as summarizing, note taking, out-lining, and mind mapping or locating materialwhich learners employ to assist themselves inthe efficient learning of the material and hand.The term “study habit” implies a sort of moreor less permanent method of studying. Accord-ing to Azikiwe (1998) good study skills are goodasset to learners because, these assist studentsto attain mastery in areas of specialization and

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consequent excellent performance, while theopposite constitute constraints to learning andachievement leading to failure. There is nodoubt that these complain evidently point to onefact. That is, lack of effective study habits. It isthis problem, the researcher wishes to investi-gate as it appears to be one of the root causesof the dwelling standard of our educational sys-tem today.

The present research is meant to find outwhether there is in Academic Achievement ofSecondary School Students in relation To StudyHabits.Title of Research:

Academic Achievement of SecondarySchool Students in relation to their Study Hab-its.Review of related literature:

Chand Suresh (2013) found no significantdifference exists between Govt. and private sec-ondary school students on reading and note tak-ing, concentration, habit and interest, schoolenvironment component of study habit and to-tal study habit. Santha Kumari and S.Chamundeswari. (2015) A significant differenceis found between students in different catego-ries of schools and gender pertaining to achieve-ment motivation, study habits and academicachievement. Parvinder Singh. (2015). Foundthere is significant relationship betweenacademic achievement in mathematics and stu-dents differ significantly on various levels ofstudy habits. Anju Verma. (2016). Found Maleand Female students do not differ significantlywith respect to their mean scores on study hab-its are accepted.Problem of statement:

The researcher frames the statement ofproblem in question form as given below:

1. Is there any correlation between aca-demic achievement and study habits amongmale Secondary School Students?

2. Is there any correlation between aca-demic achievement and study habits among fe-

male Secondary School Students?3. Is there any correlation between aca-

demic achievement and study habits among to-tal Secondary School Students?Objectives of the Study:

1. To find out the relationship betweenAcademic Achievement and Study Habits of maleSecondary School Students

2. To find out the relationship betweenAcademic Achievement and Study Habits of fe-male Secondary School Students.

3. To find out the relationship betweenAcademic Achievement and Social Intelligenceof total Secondary School Students.Hypothesis:

1. There is no significant relationship be-tween the Social Intelligence and AcademicAchievement of Male Secondary School Students

2. There is no significant relationship be-tween the Social Intelligence and AcademicAchievement of Female Secondary School Stu-dents

3. There is no significant relationship be-tween the Social Intelligence and AcademicAchievement of Total Secondary School StudentsMethod:

Normative survey method was followed.Variables:

Independent Variable: Study Habits andDependent Variable: Academic Achievement.Sample:

A Sample of 100 9th standard Studentsfrom the four Secondary School of Shirpur City.It includes 50 Male and 50 female SecondarySchool Students. Purposive sampling method.Tools used for the Study:

Tool used for the present study is StudyHabits Scale (SHS) developed by Dr.T.Pradipkumar.Statistical treatment of Data:

The obtained data was analyzed using Sta-tistical techniques like Mean, StandardDeviation,’t’ value and Pearson Product MomentCorrelation value.

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Testing of Hypotheses:1. There is no significant relationship be-

tween the Social Intelligence and AcademicAchievement of Male Secondary School Stu-dents.

The table ‘r’ value at .05 level is 0.273and the obtain ‘r’ value is 0.554. So the obtain‘r’ value is greater than table ‘r’ value. So thenull hypothesis is rejected. On the basis of ob-tain ‘r’ value; we can say that, there is signifi-cant correlation between study habits and aca-demic achievement of male secondary schoolstudents.

2. There is no significant relationship be-tween the Social Intelligence and AcademicAchievement of Female Secondary School Stu-dents.

The table ‘r’ value at .05 level is 0.273and the obtain ‘r’ value is 0.662. So the obtain‘r’ value is greater than table ‘r’ value. So thenull hypothesis is rejected. On the basis of ob-tain ‘r’ value; we can say that, there is signifi-cant correlation between study habits and aca-demic achievement of female secondary schoolstudents.

3. There is no significant relationship be-tween the Social Intelligence and AcademicAchievement of Total Secondary School Stu-dents.

The table ‘r’ value at .05 level is 0.196and the obtain ‘r’ value is 0.589. So the obtain‘r’ value is greater than table ‘r’ value. So thenull hypothesis is rejected. On the basis of ob-tain ‘r’ value; we can say that, there is signifi-

cant correlation between study habits and aca-demic achievement of total secondary schoolstudents.Findings:

1. There is significant correlation betweenstudy habits and academic achievement of malesecondary school students. (its valid and reli-able correlation)

2. There is significant correlation betweenstudy habits and academic achievement of fe-male secondary school students. (its valid andreliable correlation)

3. There is significant correlation betweenstudy habits and academic achievement of to-tal secondary school students. (its valid and re-liable correlation)Conclusion and Discussion:

The findings of the study show positiveand valid correlation between study habits andacademic achievement of secondary school maleand female students. Study habits depend onstudent individuality. Teacher and parent shouldmust careful about learning environment of stu-dent, time of study, planning of subject wisereading, Learning style, Mental Health and otherrelated work about study. Teachers and parentmotivate all time to students for study with plan-ning.Reference

• Aggarwal J.C. (1991). Educational & Vo-cational Guidance & Counseling. New Delhi:Doaba House.

• Verma, Anju. (2016). A Study of AcademicAchievement among High School Students inRelation To Their Study Habits. (InternationalJournal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Lit-erature (IMPACT: IJRHAL) ISSN (P): 2347-4564;ISSN (E): 2321-8878 Vol. 4, Issue 3, Mar 2016,75- 88)

• Best, J. W and Khan K. M. (2002) Re-search in Education (7th Edition) New Delhi,Practice Hall of India.

• Chand, Suresh. (2013) Study Habits ofSecondary School Students In relation to Type

Male Secondary

school students

Variables N df Obtained ‘r’ Table ‘r’ Study Habits

50 48 .554 .273 Academic Achievement

Female Secondary

school students

Variables N df Obtained ‘r’ Table ‘r’

Study Habits 50 48 .662 .273

Academic Achievement

Secondary students

Variables N df Obtained ‘r’ Table ‘r’

Study Habits 100 98 .589 .196

Academic Achievement

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of School and Type of Family. (International Jour-nal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary ResearchISSN 2277 3630 IJSSIR, Vol. 2 (7), JULY (2013)indianresearchjournals.com)

• Garrett, H. E (1985) Statistics in Psychol-ogy and Education, Bombay Vakils, Feffer andSimons Ltd.

• Kothari, C.R. (1990) Research Method-ology, Methods and Techniques, New Delhi:Wiley Eastern Limited.

• Parvinder Singh. (2015). AcademicAchievement in Mathematics in Relation toStudy-Habits. (International Journal Of Innova-tive Research & Development, www.ijird.comMay, 2015 Vol. 4 Issue-5)

• Santha Kumari and S. Chamundeswari.(2015). Achievement Motivation, Study Habitsand Academic Achievement of Students at theSecondary Level. (International Journal of Emerg-ing Research in Management &Technology ISSN:2278-9359 (Volume-4, Issue-10))

CORPORATE SOCIALRESPONSIBILITY AND

EMPLOYEES WELFARE IN ANORGANIZATION

ADIL AHMED SIDDIQUIJJTU UNIVERSITY

==============***********===============Introduction

Corporate social Responsibility is conceptwhich is growing fast and spreadingtremondously in the corporate sectors andbusiness industry. The CSR is becoming the ideaof every buisnes oorganizations as it is emergingas the need of hour for every organizations. CSRencourages the employees participation in theday to day activities of the organizaton andpromotes betterment of the employees andworkers in every organization whether big orsmall. The concept of CSR policy promote socialcommitment of the organization and encouragethe organization to work for the variousstakeholders of the society and environment andimpact them in an positive manner.Abstract.

This article evaluates the corporate socialresponsibility activities underraken by theorganizations for the welfare of the employeesworking in different organizations.The variousaspects of CSR that are discussed in this papermay help different organizations to understandCSR in a better manner and implement severalactivities such as better working conditions, fairwages, effective participation of the workers andvarious other activities for the welfare of theemployees.Literature Review:

DR. Amandeep Batra (2013) CorporateSocial Responsibility (CSR) which was earliersynonyms to the voluntary donations or charity

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by the corporate houses has found itscomprehensive compulsory place in the circlesof trade and Industry globally. This paperhighlights the prime features of ITC’s ambitiousCSR project ‘e-Choupal’ and finds that really thisproject is pioneering in the field of CSR ingeneral and for the upliftment of rural farmersin particular. Further, it was observed that thesekinds of CSR initiatives may become the role-model in the achievement of CSR objectivesworld-wide.

Pravin D. Sawant (2014) CSR is that anyrelationship that the company has any group willbe dynamic as will the social, political, economicand legal environment in which it operates.Today the common goal of the domestic andinternational business community is to bringforth wealth in a socially and environmentallyresponsible way. This study has focused on theimplementation of corporate socialresponsibility, in the Pharma industry companies,This study has focus on more qualitativeapproach rather than quantitative.

Daniel Kipkirong Tarus ( 2013 ) Thispaper studies that Developing countries arefacing a formidable unemployment challengedue to a combined effect of slow economicgrowth and rapid increase in population. InKenya, Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS)estimates that 500,000 jobs would be createdannually with 88% of these generated by smalland medium size enterprises.Objectives:

1) To study the impact of CSR on activitiesof organization.

2) To study the relationship between CSRand employees welfare.Limitation:

1) The study is limited to employeeswelfare only.

2) The size of data collected is small.

(1) Primary data: The primary data iscollected from of the employees of feworganization through different set ofquestionnaire prepared for them.

(2) Secondary data: The secondary datais collected from the Annual reports, magazinesand reports published by the organization fromtime to time.

Sample: In this paper 25 employees wereselected for the purpose of study from differentorganizations which includes 20 males and 5females from the age group of 25 years to 35years.Data analysis:

A survey was conducted where differentset of questions were asked to employees ofthe different organizations with regards toemployees welfare activities undertaken by thedifferent organizations as a part of Corporatesocial Responsibility.

A questionnaire was prepared foremployees of the organizations where they weregiven the option such as Yes, No and Don’t know.The questionnaire includes following sets ofquestions.

1. Does CSR have an impact on theactivities of the organizations ?

2. Does CSR encourages organizations tomanage employees effectively ?

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3. Do you think there is a relationshipbetween CSR and employees welfare ?

4. Does CSR encourages employeesparticipation in an organization ?

Conclusion and recommendation:The employees of the organizations are

the important stakeholders of the organizationand they should be handle carefully. The aboveanalysis indicates that CSR plays an importantrole in improving the status of the employees inan organization. It encouarges employeesparticipation in an effective manner and thereby promotes employees welfare programes inan organization leading to betterment of theemployees. The conclusion drawn from theabove data analysis proves that there exist arelationship between CSR and employeeswelfare and at the same time CSR impacts theactivities of the organization in a positivemanner. It is recommended that business shouldundertake various welfare programes for theemployees such as providing them trainingprogrames, improving their skills, creating goodatmosphere in company and providing jobsecurity and different orientation programes

which help them to grow and live a stress freelife.References.

Amandeep, D. (2013). sustainability ofcorporate social responsibilty in india. A journalof multidisciplnary research , 2 (1), 23-32.

relano, F. (2015). Disambiguating theconcept of social banking. Journal of finance andrisk perspectives , 4 (3), 48-62.

sawant, P. D. (2014). corporate socialresponsibilty of selected pharma companies inindia. Global journal of commerce andmanagement research , 3 (4), 34-56.

tarus, D. k. (2013). small and medium sizemanufacturing enterprises growth and workethics in kenya. developing country studies, 3(2),1-12.

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Teaching English as anIntegrated Skill and

Problems of Second LanguageLearner

Dr. G.SujathaLecturer in English,

The Hindu College, Machilipatnam

==============***********===============Abstract:

Writing is integrated with reading,listening and discussing the core content andso learning a second language is in effect,learning the four skills – listening, speaking,reading and writing. : Familiarity with the soundsystem and ability to articulate English soundsprepare the students for listening to utteranceswith understanding. Practice in listening shouldprecede practice in speaking. The studentshould be able to recognize a sound before theyattain the ability to produce it. Reading is adecoding process and it is a very complex processinvolving many physical, intellectual and oftenemotional reactions. Learning to write a secondlanguage is not merely learning to put down onpaper the conventional symbols of writingsystem that represents the utterances one hasin mind, but it is also purposeful selection andorganization of ideas, facts or experience.Language is often called a skill rather than asubject which is learnt by constant practice. Weuse English as a second language. Learning isnot as natural to us as it is to the native speakerbut an activity in formal classroom teaching.

Key Words: Integrated skill listening,speaking, reading, writing, skill subjectTeaching Language as an Integrated Skill:

Writing is integrated with reading,

07listening and discussing the core content andso learning a second language is in effect,learning the four skills – listening, speaking,reading and writing. Communicative approachaims at communicative competence.Communicative abilities include linguistic skills.In order to find our contexts for written work,we also need to explore opportunities forintegrating it more effectively with otherclassroom activities involving not only readingbut also speaking and listening. In real life it isthe consequence of a certain situation.Supposing there is an activity to apply for a job,it involves reading, speaking and listening, andwriting.

Listening: Familiarity with the soundsystem and an ability to articulate Englishsounds prepare the students for listening toutterances with understanding. Listening shouldprecede speaking. It paves the way for them todevelop oral fluency and accuracy. Listening isa receptive skill and speaking is a productiveskill. Listening is concerned with decoding amessage and understanding. It is a skill thatcan be developed through systematic teaching.It can be cultivated through listening practice,both intensive and extensive. Practice isprimarily for language items as part of thelanguage teaching programme. In India, ourstudents are hampered in their ability to listenfor meaning by certain weaknesses like: (a)inadequate range of words and phrases that areunderstood, (b) inability to maintain attention,(c) inability to understand pronunciation otherthan personal or regional pronunciation, (d)inability to understand fast speech, (e) inabilityto understand against background noise throughacoustic /electrical interference. The studentscan enrich their vocabulary through reading andby looking up unfamiliar words in dictionarieswith phonetic transcription. Dictation is anadmirable exercise for sharpening attention andthe teacher can adjust his speech and clarity tothe capacity of the class and gradually speed

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up. The development of other skills would beeasy if they are based on aural foundation.

Speaking: Practice in listening shouldprecede practice in speaking. The studentshould be able to recognize a sound before theyattain the ability to produce it. Listening shouldbe sharpened with particular emphasis ongrammatical and lexical items. To give practicein speaking, the teachers may start withdialogues. Reading aloud can be adopted.Some of the drawbacks generally noticed in ourstudents are: misplaced stress on syllables andwords, or absence of stress at all, confusionbetween sounds with meaningful contrasts,failure to discriminate between long and shortvowels or diphthongs, interference of thephonological system of the mother tongue ofthe learner, failure to aspirate initial /p/ /t/ /k,production of the harsh sounds /r/ in words like‘wonderful’, ‘far’, etc., and misapplication oflexis and idiom. The teacher should keep in mindthat an unintelligible utterance becomesunacceptable because of grammatical, lexicaland syntactic inaccuracies. What is importantis that a student who learns a second languageshould be able to feel that he has the basicmachinery to say what he wants. It is not aneasy thing to instil this confidence in the student;it calls for considerable preparation and creativethought on the part of the teacher. “Tocommunicate effectively a speaker must knownot only how to produce grammatical utterancesof a language, but also how to use themappropriately. The speaker must know what tosay, with whom and when and where” (Cooper1968:39). Providing maximum opportunities tolearners to speak, improves writing skills alsoas both the skills aim at expression.

Reading: Reading is a decoding processand it is a very complex process involving manyphysical, intellectual and often emotionalreactions. It entails the ability to recognizegraphic symbols and their corresponding vocalsounds. There are two types of reading skills –

the skill of reading aloud and the skill of readingsilently. The second-language teacher shouldpay attention to silent reading. The process ofreading has three stages – the recognitionstage, the structuring stage and theinterpretation stage. The student who wants tolearn English will have a lot to read and onlysilent reading enables him to do it at somespeed. The students must have practice in bothintensive and extensive reading. An efficientreader must possess the skills like: (a) ability toskim and dip, (b) ability to read fast with goodcomprehension texts that are easy in languageand content, or difficult texts that are familiar;(c) ability to read slowly but with excellentcomprehension, difficult texts on professional,academic and technical subjects in which he hasa special interest and requires specializedknowledge; (d) ability to use works of reference,(e) ability to size up the book quickly. Exposureto written communication helps the learners todevelop the real communicative competence.

Writing: Learning to write a secondlanguage is not merely learning to put down onpaper the conventional symbols of writingsystem that represents the utterances one hasin mind, but it is also purposeful selection andorganization of ideas, facts or experience. It isa slow and ardous process. The student wholearns to write English has not only to cope withthe script of the language but also with theproblems of ease and fluency of expression, ofgrammatical and lexical accuracy and of theappropriateness of the style of writing, asdemanded by the occasion or situation. Learningto write therefore is learning to use grammarwith ease and facts in some sequential orderas tools. The main aim of a writing course is totrain the student in expressing himself in goodEnglish. The teaching of writing course shouldcover the widest possible range of kinds ofwriting. The teacher must see that progress isachieved in successive stages. No exerciseshould be set that is too difficult for the student;

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any task assigned to the student should beadjusted in its presentation to an appropriatelevel of difficulty and should be capable of beingtackled within the language the student knows.The grammar teaching that is done should berelevant to the needs of the composition. Thestudents should be encouraged to write a draftof the exercise first, revise and then rewrite it.The teaching of English at the college level wasscarcely even intended to provide languageinstruction. Although exposure to literature can,and frequently does, result in consolidation andsharpening of language skills, it is doubtfulwhether college teaching ever had the impartingof language skills as a conscious aim (UGC1977).

Some of the suggestions for the teacherto bring the task to the level of the class areuseful. “The teacher can (i) limit the length ofthe written material to be produced ii) increasethe amount of class preparation for the task,(iii) provide guidance on the final form of thewritten work, (iv) encourage students tocollaborate in the actual process of writing, (v)allow cross-checking between the draft stageand the writing of the final product, (vi) limitthe complexity of the writing task itself, and (vii)can demand that the task be completed eitherslowly or quickly” (Broughton et al. 1978:121).The students’ written work should be gonethrough by the teacher. This will enable him toassess the students’ level of achievement andprepare for the tasks ahead. Besides correctingthe students’ composition, the teacher shouldtake practical steps to remedy weaknesses inwriting generally seen in a composition class.The weaknesses that can be remedied are: (a)inadequacy of lexical range; (b) misapplicationsof words and phrases; (c) grammatical faults;(d) misspellings; (e) faulty punctuation; and (f)use of words that are outdated.

Integrated approach: Language is oftencalled a skill rather than a subject which is learntby constant practice. It is more a matter of doing

than of knowing. The two language skillsnamely listening and reading require lessexertion on the part of learners. These are calledreceptive skills because when listening orreading, the person is at the receiving end ofthe communication channel. Speaking andwriting, on the other hand are active skills. Theperson is at the transmitting end of thecommunication channel. These are productiveskills, and the skills overlap as language is notan amalgamation of diverse skills but it is oneintegrated skill. In most cases we have to usemore than one skill simultaneously. For example,if we are engaged in conversation we have tolisten and speak.

Writing in most languages is arepresentation of speech sounds, which in turnrepresent the meanings. In early stages, thewritten medium cannot be taught meaningfullywithout reference to the spoken medium. Sincethe learner has to learn language from others,he has to gain language experience first throughskills of comprehension, listening and readingbefore he can learn corresponding expressionskills. The comprehension skills are learntbefore expression skills. The written mediumis dependent on the spoken medium. Readingalso forms a good basis for writing. No skill canbe learnt in isolation because they areinterrelated and interdependent. What is learntthrough one medium can be transferred to theother. The complex nature of language skillshows that teaching of one skill overlaps theother and thus exercise of one skill facilitatesthe learning of the other skills also.

Problems of the Second LanguageLearner:

We, Indians, are not native speakers ofEnglish. We use English as a second language.Learning is not as natural to us as it is to thenative speaker but an activity in formalclassroom teaching. The native speaker ofEnglish has imbibed the language, has becomefamiliar with the components of English in the

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natural process of growing up. For us learningEnglish is essentially a deliberate effort atdeveloping a command and control of thedifferent components of the language; itsphonology, its morphology and its syntax. Fromthe moment of his birth, the native languagechild is exposed to the sounds of the language.He is thus in constant contact with these soundsfor most of his waking hours. Most of thelanguage he hears is directed at him by otherpeople. Without any conscious effort he learnsthe essential components of his language. Thetwo significant factors in the process of languageacquisition are that the child is exposed tospoken language and that he hears linguisticallyuncontrolled language.

The child’s exposure to language enableshim to internalize the grammar of his language.The learners of second language are not somuch exposed to the language they attempt tolearn as a child acquires his mother tongue. Ifexposure to language enables the learner tobecome acquainted with linguistic structures,opportunities to use these structures, if madeavailable to him, will make it possible for him tospeak the language. Perhaps he will makemistakes in his utterances, especially in thebeginning, but these mistakes will becomeuseful to him if he gets the feedback thatenables him to learn from them. In the case ofthe second language learner, the feedbackshould be the responsibility of the teacher. Theteacher’s correction of mistakes through thefeedback should be cautiously andsympathetically carried out.

A very significant factor in languagelearning is motivation. The child acquiring hismother tongue has his strongest motivation orurge to learn as his basic needs remainunfulfilled if he cannot express himself in hismother tongue. But the second language learnerhas his motivation in the need to communicate– whatever be the level of communication hewants to reach. Emphasis should be laid on thecommunicative use of language.

The duration of exposure to the languageis also one of the factors of importance in secondlanguage learning. In India English is taught asa second language in schools and colleges forfive or six hours a week. In the existing systemwe begin to teach English at the fifth standardwhen the innate capacity of the child to learn anew language is considerably reduced and thechild has to exert more to learn English. Perhapsthe duration is hardly adequate; also thecourses are spread over years. Another factorthat hinders language learning is classroomconditions. These conditions include thenumber of students in a class, the physicalarrangements for the class, teaching materials,library, etc. The second language classes shouldbe of right size. The two vital factors in a secondlanguage learning situation are the student andthe teacher. The teacher has problems to tacklewhen he is faced with the task of teaching aclass of students who show varying capacitiesof assimilation. In India even at the college levela large number of students have to be givenelementary lessons in the language. They, aswell as the students who have a better standard,feel that the lessons and methods adopted arenot appropriate to their age or status. The resultis a kind of general resentment. Some of thestudents are weakly motivated owing to theirsocial and family backgrounds. The teachermust himself stimulate and sustain motivation.

Like the student the teacher himself is avariable factor in the scheme of teaching asecond language; his skill and personality areinstrumental in creating the necessaryconditions for learning. He should be proficientin the language; his knowledge and expertisein methods and techniques of language teachingshould be of reasonably high standard. Thelanguage teacher must be educated, at least tothe levels of his peers. He must have the generalpreparation of a teacher. He must know thetarget language well enough to be imitated byhis students. Every second language teacher

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has a serious problem to cope with the students’bilingualism. The habits of the speech in the firstlanguage, its syntactical structures, itsphonological system, etc., can becomeimpediments to the learning of English. Theycan be overcome through sustained remedialteaching. The problem is that the students, andespecially students in developing countries, whohave received several years of formal Englishteaching, frequently remain deficient in theability to actually use the language and tounderstand its use, in normal communication,whether in the spoken or the written mode(Widdowson 1983).

Teaching English as a second language inIndia is thus beset with problems such as poormotivation, inadequate exposure to thelanguage, poor classroom conditions, lack ofteaching aids and materials, incompetence ofteacher’s bilingualism and its effects on thelearner, etc. However, some worthwhile teachingis possible if the right relationship is establishedin the attitudes of the learner, the teacher, thelearner’s parents, and through this relationshipthe learner is properly motivated.References

• Broughton, G. et al. 1978. TeachingEnglish as a Foreign Language. London, Henleyand Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

• Cooper, R.L. 1968. “An elaboratedlanguage testing model.” Language Learning,Special issue No. 3 On Problems in ForeignLanguage Testing.

• U.G.C. 1977. National Workshop onSyllabus Reform in English. New Delhi

• Widdowson, H.G. 1983. LearningPurpose and Language Use. London:OxfordUniversity Press. 15-19.

Importance of E- Commerce InBusiness Activity

Dr. Subhash. K. ZinjurdeHead of Marketing Department ,

New Arts , Commerce and ScienceAhmednagar

==============***********===============Abstract

E-commerce success is an issue that hasattracted the interest of many pundits. There isa general models and frameworks for evaluatinge-commerce success. Whether traditionalinformation systems success models can beextended to investigating e-commerce successis yet to be investigated. The businesscommunity in the past decade has beencharacterised by debate over the value oreffectiveness of e-Commerce and how this typeof technology needs to be implemented. Duringthis period the business world has witnessedmany examples of failures of Internet basedbusiness. There is little doubt that the highfailure rate in Dot.Coms had much to do withmisconceptions regarding the ease with whiche-Commerce could be implemented. Unrealisticexpectations caused tried and tested businessrules to be abandoned as hyperbole over tooksound business sense.. Customer EcommerceSatisfaction (CES) is proposed as a dependentvariable to e-commerce success and itsrelationships with e-commerce system quality,content quality, use, trust and support aredefined and discussed.

Keywords: E-commerce,E-Business,E-commerce systems success, Customer e-commerce satisfaction,Introduction

In the ten years, approximately, since E-Commerce became a major issue there have

08

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been many attempts to create and operatesuccessful businesses facilitated by thistechnology. The establishment of a very largenumber of Dot. Com businesses during thesecond half of the 1990s reflects the high hopeswhich were placed in this technology. Most ofthese attempts have failed and the reasons forsuch failures are well catalogued (See forexample Ames, 2001; Carton, 2001). The numberof successes has been relatively small and thelessons, which can be learnt from theseorganisations, are not yet well known.Objectives:

1. To study various consumer oriented E-Commerce application

2. To understand Building Blocks in theInfrastructure Of E-Commerce Applications

3. To trace out various methods of E-Payment

4. To study implementation of E-Commerce

Methodology: The paper is based onsecondary data. Information is collected fromvarious books, journals, articles andnewspapers.What Is E-Commerce?

Electronic commerce is the application ofcommunication and information sharingtechnologies among trading partners to thepursuit of business objectives. E-Commerce canbe defined as a modern business methodologythat addresses the needs of organizations,merchants, and consumers to cut costs whileimproving the quality of goods and services andincreasing the speed of service delivery. E-commerce is associated with the buying andselling of information, products and services viacomputer networks. Key element of e-commerceis information processing. The effects of e-commerce are already appearing in all areas ofbusiness, from customer service to new productdesign. It facilitates new types of informationbased business processes for reaching andinteracting with customers - online advertising

and marketing, online-order taking and on-linecustomer service etc. It can also reduce costsin managing orders and interacting with a widerange of suppliers and trading partners, areasthat typically add significant overhead to thecost of products and services. Also E-commerceenables the formation of new types ofinformation-based products such as interactivegames, electronic books, and information-ondemand that can be very profitable for contentproviders and useful for consumers. Virtualenterprises are business arrangements in whichtrading partners separated by geography andexpertise are able to engage in complex jointbusiness activities, as if they were a singleenterprise. One example would be true supplychain integration, where planning and forecastdata are transmitted quickly and accuratelythroughout a multi-tier supply chain. Anotherexample would be non-competing suppliers witha common customer using E-commerce to allowthat customer to do “one stop shopping” withthe assurance that a single phone call will bringthe right materials to the right location at theright time.Benefits of E-Commerce

Electronic Commerce can offer both shortterm and long-term benefits to the companies.Not only can it open new markets, enabling youto reach new customers, but it can also make iteasier and faster for you to do business withyour existing customer base. Moving businesspractices, Such as ordering, invoicing andcustomer support, to network-based system canalso reduce the paperwork involved in business-to-business transactions. When more of theinformation is digital, one can better focus onmeeting your customer’s needs. Trackingcustomer satisfaction, requesting morecustomer feedback, and presenting customsolutions for the clients are just some of theopportunities that can stem from E-commerce.Multimedia Content for E-CommerceApplications

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Multimedia content can be consideredboth fuel and traffic for E-commerceapplications. The technical definition ofMultimedia is the use of digital data in morethan one format, such as the combination of text,audio, video and graphics in a computer file/document. Its purpose is to combine theinteractivity of a user-friendly interface withmultiple forms of content. The success of E-commerce applications also depends on thevariety and innovativeness of multimediacontent and packaging. E-commerce requiresrobust servers to store and distribute largeamounts of digital content to consumers. Thesemultimedia storage servers are large informationwarehouses capable of handling various content.Theses servers must handle large-scaledistribution, guarantee security and completereliability.Types of E-Commerce

The following three strategies are the focalpoints for E-Commerce

1. Business-to-business E-commerce:The Internet can connect all businesses to eachother, regardless of their location or position inthe supply chain. This ability presents a hugethreat to traditional intermediaries likewholesalers and brokers. Internet connectionsfacilitate businesses’ ability to bargain directlywith a range of suppliers thereby eliminatingthe need for such intermediaries.

2. Business-to-consumer E-commerce:One-way marketing. Corporate web sites are stillprominent distribution mechanisms forcorporate brochures, the push, one-waymarketing strategy.

a. Purchasing over the Web: Availabilityof secure web transactions is enablingcompanies to allow consumers to purchaseproducts directly over the web. Electroniccatalogs and virtual malls are becomingcommonplace.

b. Relationship Marketing: The mostprominent of these new paradigms is that ofrelationship marketing. Because consumer

actions can be tracked on the web, companiesare experimenting with this commercemethodology as a tool for market research andrelationship marketing:

• Consumer survey forms on the web• Using web tracking and other technology

to make inferences about consumer buyingprofiles.

• Customizing products and services• Achieving customer satisfaction and

building long-term relationships3. lntra-company E-commerce:

Companies are embracing intranets at aphenomenal growth rate because they achievethe following benefits:

a. Reducing cost - lowers print-intensiveproduction processes, such as employeehandbooks, phone books, and policies andprocedures

b. Enhancing communications -effective communication and training ofemployees using web browsers builds a senseof belonging and community.

c. Distributing software - upgrades andnew software can be directly distributed overthe web to employees.

d. Sharing intellectual property -provides a platform for sharing expertise andideas as well as creating and updating content- “Knowledge webs”. This is common inorganizations that value their intellectual capitalas their competitive advantage.

e. Testing products - allowsexperimentation for applications that will beprovided to customers on the external web.Implementation of E-Commerce: A Life CycleApproach

Proper implementation requires deliberateattention to seven stages of technology lifecycle:

1. Awareness Training: Provides anunderstanding of what the technology is, ageneral sense of what it can do for a business,and how to begin implementation,

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2. Business Analysis : It is easy to jumpimmediately from “awareness” to the details of“requirements analysis”, but doing so is amistake. To assure maximum value from EC,there must be a thorough understanding of howthe new technology can help the business.

3. Requirements Analysis: Yields anunderstanding of what kind of EC functionalityis needed to meet business requirements. Asan example: business need equals to keepcustomers informed of changing productavailability and price. Requirement equals toweb based catalogue.

4. Design: Sets out specifics, e.g. Who aremy potential vendors? By when do I needdifferent parts of the system up and running?What will the system cost?

5. Implementation: The system becomesreal. New technology comes in the door. Trainingis conducted. New business process begins tofunction. And so on.

6. Integration and Validation: Make surethe system performs as per its specifications.

7. Maintenance: Keeps the systemrunning, deals with unforeseen circumstances,and plans for improvement.

The main reason to employ these stagesis that failure to do so can result in wasted time,wasted money, and sub-optimal systems. Whileit is important to assure that all stages areinvoked, the effort expended on each may varygreatly with circumstance. As an example, acompany contemplating a Web based cataloguemay have a critical mass of workers who haveused the Web and who appreciate what it cando. In this case little awareness training isneeded. It may be important to make sure thatpeople involved have a specific appreciation ofwhat Web catalogues can do, but certainly thissituation does not require that great resourcesbe invested in the Awareness stage. As a secondexample, a company may implement e-mail, atechnology that draws on well proven off-the-shelf software, and which requires no complex

system integration. While “integration andtesting” must certainly be carried out, theresources invested in this life cycle stage shouldbe relatively small.Systems of Payments In E-Commerce

E-commerce is rife with buzzwords andcatchphrases. Here are some of the currentterms people like to throw around:

1. Credit card-based: If consumers wantto purchase a product or service, they simplysend their credit card details to the serviceprovider involved and the credit cardorganization will handle this payment like anyother.

2. Smart cards: These are credit and debitcards and other card products enhanced withmicroprocessors capable of holding moreinformation than the traditional magnetic stripe.The chip can store significantly greater amountsof data, estimated to be 80 times more than amagnetic stripe. Smart cards are basically of twotypes:

3. Relationship based smart creditcards: This is an enhancement of existing cardservices and/or the addition of new services thata financial institution delivers to its customersvia a chip-based card or other device. These newservices may include access to multiple financialaccounts, value-added marketing programs, orother information cardholders may want to storeon their card.

4. Electronic Purses: These are wallet-sized smart cards embedded with programmablemicrochips that store sums of money for peopleto use instead of cash for everything frombuying food to paying subway fares.

5. Digital or electronic cash: Also callede-cash, these terms refer to any of severalschemes that allow a person to pay for goodsor services by transmitting a number from onecomputer to another. The numbers, just like thoseon a dollar bill, are issued by a bank andrepresent specified sums of real money. One ofthe key features of digital cash is that it ’s

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anonymous and reusable, just like real cash. Thisis a key difference between e-cash and creditcard transactions over the Internet.

6. Electronic checks: Currently beingtested by Cybercash, electronic checkingsystems such as PayNow take money fromusers’ checking accounts to pay utility and phonebills.

7. Electronic wallet: This is a paymentscheme, such as Cybercash’s Internet Wallet,that stores your credit card numbers on your harddrive in an encrypted form. You can ther makepurchases at Web sites that support thatparticular electronic wallet. When you go to aparticipating online store, you click a Pay buttonto initiate a credit card payment via a securetransaction enabled by the electronic walletcompany’s server. The major browser vendorshave struck deals to include electronic wallettechnology in their products.Conclusion:

E-commerce systems demonstratesimilarities with traditional information systemswhile at the same time allowing additionalfunctionality that cannot be performed on typicalinformation systems as we came to understandinformation systems. The similarities betweene-commerce systems and other informationsystems motivate researching the possibilitiesof extending IS theories to e-commerce. Thispaper makes one such effort in applying andextending D&M’s IS success model to e-commerce success. Success is amultidimensional construct and attempts todefine it otherwise will be flawed both inconcept and operation. In addition, success canbe assessed at various levels such as system,individual and organizational. What to assessand how to measure it depend on the level ofanalysis and results from each levels of analysismay not necessarily show causality. That means,for example, that organizational level successmay not necessarily follow the success of thesystem at the individual level.References:

1. Ravi Kalakota, Andrew b.Whinston,Frontiers of Electronic Commerce, AwlInternational.

2. BajajKKand Nag Debjani, From EDI toElectronic Commerce, TataMcGraw-Hill

3. Bajaj and Nag, Electronic Commerce:The cutting edge of Business, Tata Mcgraw-Hill

4. Greg Holden, Starting An E-commerceBusiness For Dummies,2nd edition, IDG booksIndia

5. David Kosiur, Understanding ElectronicCommerce, Microsoft Press.

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WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTSVIEWS ON DIGITAL

INFORMATION RESOURCESAND SERVICES IN KAKATIYA

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY: A STUDY

Dr. S. SujathaLibrary Assistant,

Kakatiya University, Warangal, (T.S)

==============***********===============Abstract

Universities are the higher intellectualhubs to transmit knowledge and understandingof ideas and values to its users, in this aspectlibrary is an important organization. Libraries arethe heart of every educational institution as itsupports every teaching and research activity.As technology is changing very fast, the librariesand its users need to constantly evaluate thenew technologies and implement them for betterutilization to their own field. This paperenlightens the results of a discovery ofinformation services offered by KakatiyaUniversity Library. To know the services of digitalinformation resources offered by KU library, asurvey is conducted and for that a structuredquestionnaire was designed and distributed to69 participants, who are participated in the userawareness workshop on ‘Web of science andendnote in research’ organized by CentralLibrary, Kakatiya University, Warangal incollaboration with Clarivate analytics, New Delhion 21.02.2017. Out of that 62 respondentsresponded to the questionnaire (i.e. 89.85%).

Keywords: Digital resources, AcademicActivities, Kakatiya University Library, WorkshopParticipants.

09Introduction: University libraries cater its

services to faculty, researchers, students, andstaff members meets their information needs.Libraries occupy an important place in theframework of the academic system. Libraries areexpected to provide the required information totheir users in ample and timely manner.Information explosion and development intechnology has given rise to several challengesto the library and we are bound to changeaccordingly. The quality of teaching, research,and community service in any university systemdepends on information sources and servicesoffered by the libraries. All information users,both in the personal and professionals need tomake use of digital information services forresearch and to work out problems. The mainobjective of the library is to render satisfactoryand timely services to the user community. Thelibraries are constantly expanding theirresources and developing new programmes andprocedures to meet the various informationrequirements of the users. The present study isan attempt to analyses the use of digitalinformation resources by the workshopparticipants.

University at a glance: Kakatiya Universitywas established on 19th August, 1976 to fulfillthe aspirations of the Telangana people forhigher education. The founding of the Universitywas in fact a historic event in the sense thatheralded a new era in the realms of highereducation of this region. The erstwhile Post-Graduate Centre of Osmania University wasupgraded and named Kakatiya University. Thedevelopment of the University over the yearshas been gradual but impressive. The Universitywas initially accredited with B+ grade by theNAAC in 2002 and reaccredited with A grade in2008. The University situated in a sprawling areaof about 650 acres, has now 28 departments infour colleges on the campus with a network ofeleven constituent colleges and 471 affiliatedcolleges. It has its Post-graduate Colleges at

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Subedari (Hanamkonda), Nirmal, Karimnagar,Godavarikhani, Jangoan, Mahabubabad,Bhupalapally, Khammam and Kothagudem, inaddition to University Engineering College atKothagudem. The University is now offeringprogrammes in Engineering, Pharmacy, Law,Computer Science, Business Management,Education, Science, Arts, Commerce, Orientalcourses in the University, constituent andaffiliated colleges. In addition, the School ofDistance Learning and Continuing Education(SDLCE) is offering a large number ofprogrammes through distance mode. It has aspacious Central Library with a rich collectionof 1,50,000 books in addition to 31,000 backvolumes of research journals.

About Library: The Central Library iscentrally placed and easily accessible to all thedepartments in the campus. The library servesthe information needs of the students, researchscholars, teaching faculty and non-teaching staffof the University with a good numbering ofborrowers. As on closing of the financial year2017 the library has a rich collection of 1,50,000books in addition to 31,000 back volumes ofresearch journals as print resources in varioussubjects, e-resources including more than 30 e-books, nearly 1200 CDs, Digital Library whichincludes DELNET and UGC_INFONET onlinejournals subscription, etc and 43,000+ e-journalsin its credit. All the constituent colleges anddepartments were brought under CampusNetwork providing round the clock INTERNETfacility.Objectives of the study:

• To reveal the use of library facilities bythe participants

• To assess the use of print and e-resources offered by the library

• To observe the respondents preferenceand frequency towards information resources

• To find out the attitudes of participantstowards satisfaction on innovative informationservices at library

Methodology:The study was conducted using a survey

method by questionnaire tool. The studyencompasses research scholars and facultymembers of the various disciplines. A wellstructured 69 questionnaires were personallydistributed among the target group ofrespondents during the workshop on 21st

February 2017 at Kakatiya University campus.The researcher personally collected thecompleted questionnaires from the respondents.About 62 filled questionnaires were returned;the response rate is 89.85%.Data Analysis:

Table-1: Age-wise distribution ofrespondents

The table 1 illustrate that 53.22% of theworkshop participants are above 31 years agegroup, followed by 40.32% between 26-30 agegroup and remaining 6.4% are 21-25 years agegroup.

Diagram-1: Status and Gender-wisedistribution of the respondents

The diagram-1 prove the status and genderof the respondents, and it is clear in the diagramthat 68.42% of the respondents are researchscholars and remaining 31.50% are the facultymembers. Whereas in gender wise respondentsare male is 71.92% and 28.10% are female

Age Response Percentage 21-25 yrs 4 6.4 26-30 yrs 25 40.32 Above 31 yrs 33 53.22 Total 62 100

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respondents are participated in the workshop.Table-2: Purpose of visit to Library

(Note: Permitted multiple answers)The Table-2 demonstrate that the

respondents purpose of visit to library, and it isclear that 82.4% of the respondents are visit thelibrary for reading the news papers, followedby 71.9% visit to browse the internet, 63.1% visitfor photocopying purpose, 56.1% visit to finishworkshop assignments and least 31.5% visit thelibrary to gain current and general information.

Diagram-2: Opinion on arrangement ofdocuments

The diagram-2 explains the opinion onarrangement of documents and it is evident inthe diagram that 45.6% of the respondents givenexcellent, followed by 40.3% given good andremaining 14.1% given poor.

Table-3: Level of satisfaction on libraryfacilities and services

(Note: Permitted multiple answers)The Table-3 is evidence for the level of

satisfaction on library facilities, and it isobserved in the table that 96.4% replied

newspaper facility is ‘excellent’, followed by75.4% for seating arrangement, 64.9% forarrangement of library resources. Therespondents ranked ‘good’ for 85.9% forcleanliness, reading room facility (56.1%),followed by ventilation/lighting/water facilities(49.1%), and digital library facility (36.8%).

Table-4: Rating of library facilities andservices

The Table-4 reveals the rating of libraryfacilities and services, and it is apparent fromdiagram that 53.22% of the respondents ratedexcellent, followed by 30.64% said poor andremaining 16.12% given rating no comment.

Table-5: Level of satisfaction on librarydigital information services

The Table-5 confirm the level ofsatisfaction on library Digital InformationServices, and it is clear in the table that whenwe observed the most satisfactory level givenfor four DISs they are Information regardingResearch Funding Agencies (54.3%), digital-library (43.8%), and creating self employmentskills (38.5%). Followed by Satisfactory DISs arethree they are Social Networking (73.6%), OPAC(56.1%) and Blogs (54.3%). And not satisfactoryDIS is creating self employment skills (29.8%).

Table-6: Rating of library digital

Purpose No. of respondents Percentage To finish workshop assignments 32 56.1 To browse the internet 41 71.9 Photocopying purpose 36 63.1 To gain current and general information 18 31.5 To read news papers 47 82.4

Particulars Excellent Good Poor Resp. % Resp. % Resp. %

Arrangement of lib. resources 37 64.9 13 22.8 7 12.2 Cleanliness 7 12.2 49 85.9 3 5.2 Digital library facility 19 33.3 21 36.8 17 29.8 Newspaper 55 96.4 2 3.2 0 00 Photocopying 31 54.3 19 33.3 7 12.2 Reading room facility 21 36.8 32 56.1 4 7.0 Seating arrangement 43 75.4 8 14.0 6 10.5 Ventilation/Lighting/Water 25 43.8 28 49.1 4 7.0

Rating No. of respondents Percentage Excellent 33 53.22 Good 19 30.64 Poor 10 16.12 Total 62 100

Particulars Most Satisfactory Satisfactory Not satisfactory Resp. % Resp. % Resp. %

Blog 20 31.5 33 54.3 9 14.0 Creating self employment skills

24 38.5 20 31.5 19 29.8

Digital library 27 43.8 23 36.8 13 19.2 Information regarding Research Funding Agencies

33 54.3 18 28.0 12 17.5

OPAC 18 28.0 34 56.1 11 15.7 Wi-Fi 31 50.8 22 35.0 10 14.0 Social Networking 16 24.5 45 73.6 3 1.7

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information services

The Table-6 reveals the rating of libraryfacilities and services, and it is apparent fromtable that 51.61% of the respondents ratedgood, followed by 43.54% said no comment andremaining 4.83% given the rating poor.Findings:

• It is observed that 53.22% of therespondents are above 31 years age group,40.32% between 26-30 age group and 6.4% are21-25 age group.

• Majority 68.42% of the respondents areresearch scholars and remaining 31.50% are thefaculty members. Whereas in gender wise malerespondents 71.92% and 28.10% are femalerespondents are participated in the workshop.

• Majority 82.4% of the respondents arevisiting the library for reading the news papers,followed by 71.9% to browse the internet, 63.1%visit to photocopying purpose.

• A Considerable number 45.6% of therespondents gave excellent opinion onarrangement of documents, 40.3% gave opiniongood and remaining 14.1% gave poor.

• Large majority of the respondents 96.4%replied newspaper facility is excellent followedby 75.4% seating arrangement, 64.9% forarrangement of library resources.

• Majority 53.22% of the respondentsrated excellent against for library facilities andservices, followed by 30.64% said poor andremaining 16.12% given no comment.

• Majority of the respondents 54.3% saidinformation regarding Research FundingAgencies is most satisfactory against the DIS,73.6% given satisfactory for Social Networking.

• Most of the respondents 51.61% ratingthat library facilities and services are good,followed by 43.54% said no comment.

Conclusion:The Internet has attracted the attention

of the users as an easy source of accessingdigital information and it is evident from theabove study. In the history of our civilizationculture library has a tradition of providinginformation services for its users. Libraries areabout collections, but they are also providinginnovative information facilities and servicesmuch more. The libraries must provide a userbenefited services. Majority of the participantsfound that library providing the informationregarding Research Funding Agencies is mostsatisfactory against the digital informationservices in Kakatiya university library.Suggestions

• Library staff should help and educatethe library patrons when they are facingproblems while accessing the information.

• Awareness should be generated aboutDIS to obtain up to date information.

• Create awareness about the new libraryCollection (print books, e-journals, databases)added in the library.

• Efforts should be made to increase thespeed of the Internet access.

• Librarian should motivate to their staffto help the library clientele about innovativeinformation service provided by the library.

• More computer terminals should beinstalled in the library for easy access to itsusers.

• There is need to increase the bookcollection with national and international latesteditions.References:

1. S.O. Popoola, (2008). The Use ofInformation Sources and Services and Its Effecton the Research Output of Social Scientists inNigerian Universities Library Philosophy andPractice, ISSN 1522-0222. http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/popoola.htm (visitedon 2.5.17).

2. Kakatiya University profile 2016-17.http://www.kakatiya.ac.in//central-library

Rating No. of respondents Percentage Good 32 51.61 Poor 3 4.83 No comment 27 43.54 Total 62 100

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(visited on 4.5.17)3. Sujatha, S. (2015). “Usage of Innovative

Information Services in Dravidian UniversityLibrary, Kuppam (A.P.): Views of WorkshopParticipants” Prof. B. Ramesh Babu & Dr. P.Rajendran (Eds), ‘International Conference onInnovation Driven Librarianship: Creating FutureLandscape for the New Generation Libraries andLIS Professionals’. Organized by SRM University,Chennai.11-13 June 2015. ISBN: 978-93-84136-05-5 (Pp.537-545).

4. Ramesh, D B. (2008) Emergence ofElectronic Journals. In Nigam, BS and Kataria,Sanjay (Ed.), Digital Libraries, Pp259-261.

Political consciousnessof Tagore

Suchismita DasResearch Scholar, Department of Hindi,

Bhasha Bhavana, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan

==============***********===============Tagore was born in 1861, just three years

after 1857 revolution, which was called as thefirst war of independence. Which wasdownplayed by the British, who called it theSipoy mutiny. It was time of social and politicalturmoil in India. Most of the affluent peopleused to be loyal to the British to play safe. Butside by side cruel policies of the government,forced Indian citizens to raise their voice againstthe injustice and inhuman behavior of the rulers.

The atmosphere of Tagore’s family wasvery cultured and literary. Love for mother landand to think the whole world as a single familywas inherent thoughts of his clan.Nationalism

Tagore was far away from any tint ofnarrowness. He never sacrificed his ideals forpersonal gains or temporary needs. He was verymuch against narrow nationalism. He advocatedthe thought of French thinker Rene´Descartesthat the main constituents of nation are not cast,language, materialistic goals, religious similarityor geographical boundary. But Nation is a humanelement. Its main constituents are old heritageand tradition of oneness and people’swillingness to live together. In India, besides thisunity we also share a common feeling. Thefeeling of sacrifice for others. It brings ustogether and forms a nation. The dharma of Indiais unity in diversity. The difference in view doesnot mean that we are opposing each other.Someone, who is not familiar to us is not to be

10

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considered enemy. It accepts all type ofideologies. It gives everybody his due respectand importance. This is the vital force and specialcharacteristic of our nation.

Loving one’s own country can not stop oneto love the whole world. If we hate someonebecause he belongs to some other country, ifwe advocate bloodshed against other countriesthen it is not justified. Violence and brutality inthe name of nationalism is not pardonable.

In his poem “The Sunset of the Century”,Tagore wrote against the narrow meaning ofnationalism -“ The last sun of the century sets amidst the

blood red clouds of theWest and the whirlwind of hatred.

The naked passion of the self-love of Nations,in its drunken delirium

of greed, is dancing to the clash of steel andhowling verses of

Vengeance.The hungry self of the nation shall burst in aviolence of fury from its shameless feeding.

For it has made the world its food.And licking it, crunching it and swallowing it in

big morsels....”Imperialism

Viswamitra’s attempt to create a newworld. According to Bible a king vied withheaven and tried to build something bigger thanheaven. Ravana’s aim to rule the world. All ofthe above are examples of great longings. Theseaims were selfish and not long lasting butbefore they ceased to exist they had createdenough destruction on earth.

Such is the case of Imperialism of theBritish. They tried to expand their kingdom byall means. It became easy for them to torturenative people of their extended empire. Toacceed another country, just to fulfill one’s luxuryneeds, usurping all of their rights to live withdignity; is a brutal and uncivilized act. But theytook it as a matter of political pride. It can neverbe justified, and Tagore also very stronglycondemned it.

We were not getting our food properly butwe were asked to feed others. To fulfill theirluxury needs and satisfy their greed Britishgovernment was drawing our blood.How long one could put up with this!!Diplomacy

Tagore tried to define diplomacy and itsneed in an easier way.

Unlike India there was no such disputebetween the sovereign and the people ofEngland. Even in that situation if any change ofpolicy was needed (which is of public interest)it took lots of effort and tactics to bring thatchange about. When everybody was satisfiedwith the need of the new policy then only it wasapproved. But in India government was againstits people. And general public was the weakerof the two. Then it does not remain easy or evenpossible to pursue government for somethingwhich was for our benefit. We had to find a wayout. We had to use diplomacy.

If we have a good idea and want toconvert it to reality then only thinking this andworking simply will not do. There will be lots ofdifficulties in our way to success. Only having anoble idea does not ensure successfulcompletion of our task. Even if we have an ideaof public interest, we still can face severaloppositions and obstacles. Then a straight walkis not enough to help us to achieve our goal.Then we either have to jump over the obstacleor we have to change our path to reach thedestination. For example Tagore gives us apicture from life :- suppose a man is going tohis in-laws place, which is a good job. Suddenlya pond came into his path. Then if he thinks thatI am going for a good job therefore I shouldcontinue my journey as I was doing before. Andhe tries to walk on the pond. Then despite havinga good aim he will not be able to complete hisjourney. Then it is advisable for him that, if pondcomes in his way then he should bypass thepond. This change of predetermined direction,this tactic is called diplomacy. It does not means

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using ill means but it tells us to move accordingto the rules of changing time and atmosphere.Unconventional Patriotism

Tagore’s view on patriotism was not somuch conventional. He admired Gandhi but didnot support all his views. He did not support theMahatma’s view on students’ taking part inpolitics. Tagore said that what we are facing inour country is not only because of British rule.Hatred towards Englishmen and driving themaway is not the solution for all of our ills. At thesame time forcible application of non-cooperation movement was not acceptable to him.He said that not only the end but the meansalso must be noble.

Instead of blaming others, he said that weshould strengthen ourselves. If we look for helpfrom government and stop performing our dutieswe will loose our self dependency and selfrespect. He urged people of his nation for selfgovernance at village and state level. To manageeducation, justice at local level, water etc weshould help each other. Before the emergenceof the British we had kings, but besides the kingit was duty of the whole society to look afterthe basic needs of the people. Rich and noblemen donated to help the other sections ofsociety. Tagore suggested that today we haveto choose a social leader among ourselves tofollow the tradition of self governance. This canensure our freedom and self respect. We shouldnot depend upon foreign government.

There should be a regional committee inevery state (region) of India. This committee willhave branches in every village, to cover eachand every district. These committees will gatherall types of information and after that they willtry to solve all possible problems at local level.

In villages there will be a social groupwhich will hold meetings led by village chief(Graam Pradhan) to solve issues related tojustice, economy, education etc. There will be acommon platform for doing important works ofvillage as well as for organizing variousentertaining programs.

If farmers cultivate their several smallplots together then it will allow them to usemachinery, which can save time and energy. Juteand sugarcane producers can work unitedly. Itwill help them to set up devices to market theirproduction as end products. Milkmen andweavers can opt for better market if they workas co-operative society. Then they do not haveto depend upon any type of external help.

When Bengal was divided into two partsby British in 1905, Tagore was very upset withthis decision. But he gathered his strength andsaid that just to sit and cry against this partitionwill not serve any purpose. We have to be strongand united so that even division of Bengal cannot disturb our internal unity. Merely a line onthe map should not separate our hearts. It cannot break the bond of love and brotherhood.Role of Women

It is duty of women as well as men toserve our own nation. If women say that we donot have power do to anything, we can only seethe situation and shed tears. Then it is not true.Women is the other name of shakti which meanspower. It is also your country. Its problem is yourown problem. You are daughter of this land. Tobe a true Indian you should use indigenousclothes and accessories. It will help the motherland. You should not indulge yourself inperfection of your beauty. But its time to sacrificeall luxuries and comfort for the sake of yourcountrymen. When Indians are not getting foodthen you should not support feeding foreignersat our cost. We (including women) should payattention towards our nations needs and itssufferings. To protect and love our countryshould be our oath.Practical side of Patriotism

Tagore was neither disloyal to his countryneither advocated British rule in India. He triedto find out a way to strengthen his countrymen.For him the real solution to India’s problems iseducation and awakening of Indian minds. ButTagore did not support the orthodox system of

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education. It was the system of rote-learning,introduced by British in India. In one of his shortstories “The Parrot’s Training” he tried to showus the bad effect of the British learning system.Therefore to get rid of our problems we shouldhave educated mass and for that we have torectify our education system. Tagore made hisviews real through the foundation of ashram inSantiniketan, which later turned out to be aCentral University. Tagore invested most of hisenergy, efforts , imaginations and economicresources to make his dream of ideal educationreal.

We can remember Tagore’s contributionin resolving a dispute between Gandhi andAmbedkar. The dispute evolved due toAmbedkar’s insistence on separate electoratesfor untouchables and Gandhi’s announcement— in protest against the concession — of a fast“unto death” beginning on 20 September 1932.

Tagore wrote many poems, songs, shortstories and essays as well as delivered lectures;to wake up his fellow countrymen. He urgedthem to protect their nation, their dignity, thespirit of humanity and asked them not to livethe life of a slave. He wanted people to regaintheir pride, rights and self confidence. Whichcan lead them to become self reliant andindependent. We can quote one of his songsfrom Gitobitan-

“akhon aar deri noy, dhor go tora hate hatedhor go.

Aaj aapon pothe phirte hobe, samne milonsorgo.

Oore, oi utheche shonkho beje, khullo duarmondire je.

Logno boye jaye pache, bhai, kothay pujarorgho.

Akhon jar ja- kichu aache ghore, saja pujarthalar pore

onto daner utsodharay mongolghot bhor go.Aaj niteo hobe, aaj diteo hobe; deri keno

korish tobe-banchte jodi hoy benche ne, morte hoy to mor

go.”

On extremists he said that- when one partgoes to the extreme (read British) then the otherpart is compelled to be extremist. On one sidewe have Lord Curzon, Merley, punitive police,exile, jail, lynching,suppression and torture thenon the other side it is obvious to see somereaction. The reaction comes out as agitationof common people and their intolerance.

Tagore was shocked with the cruelty ofJalianwalabag massacre. He wrote a letter toLord Chelmsford,Viceroy renouncing theknighthood that had been conferred upon himby lord Hardinge in 1915, in protest against themassacre. The letter was published in TheStatesman, June 3, 1919-Your Excellency,

The enormity of the measures taken by theGovernment in the Punjab for quelling somelocal disturbances has, with a rude shock,revealed to our minds the helplessness of ourposition as British subjects in India. Thedisproportionate severity of the punishmentsinflicted upon the unfortunate people and themethods of carrying them out, we are convinced,are without parallel in the history of civilisedgovernments, barring some conspicuousexceptions, recent and remote. Considering thatsuch treatment has been meted out to apopulation, disarmed and resourceless, by apower which has the most terribly efficientorganisation for destruction of human lives, wemust strongly assert that it can claim no politicalexpediency, far less moral justification. Theaccounts of the insults and sufferings by ourbrothers in Punjab have trickled through thegagged silence, reaching every corner of India,and the universal agony of indignation rousedin the hearts of our people has been ignored byour rulers- possibly congratulating themselvesfor imparting what they imagine as salutarylessons. This callousness has been praised bymost of the Anglo-Indian papers, which have insome cases gone to the brutal length of makingfun of our sufferings, without receiving the least

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check from the same authority, relentlesslycareful in something every cry of pain ofjudgment from the organs representing thesufferers. Knowing that our appeals have beenin vain and that the passion of vengeance isbuilding the noble vision of statesmanship inout Government, which could so easily affordto be magnanimous, as befitting its physicalstrength and normal tradition, the very least thatI can do for my country is to take allconsequences upon myself in giving voice to theprotest of the millions of my countrymen,surprised into a dumb anguish of terror. The timehas come when badges of honour make ourshame glaring in the incongruous context ofhumiliation, and I for my part, wish to stand,shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side ofthose of my countrymen who, for their so calledinsignificance , are liable to suffer degradationnot fit for human beings. And these are thereasons which have compelled me to ask YourExcellency, with due reference and regret, torelieve me of my title of knighthood, which I hadthe honour to accept from His Majesty the Kingat the hands of your predecessor, for whosenobleness of heart I still entertain greatadmiration.Yours-faithfully,RABINDRANATH TAGORECalcutta,6 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane,May 30, 1919Conclusion

We have to be clear about one thing thatTagore was neither a political leader nor afreedom fighter. He was a poet and a greatthinker. A poet has a vision for each and everyaspect of life and his surroundings. He is deeplyaffected by the happenings around him. He cannot simply close his eyes and keep on doing hisown business. He was a great worshiper ofhumanity, and when he saw humanity beinginjured he could not stop himself from reactingagainst it. That is why he wrote many poems,

plays, songs, novels, short stories and essaysdepicting the real situation of the world. Withhis writings and speeches and even with histravelogues and letters he tried to awaken hiscountry and world to do something to heal thewounds of bleeding humanity. He showed us thepath to be followed. He told us the true meaningof civilization. He never advocated the idea ofnarrow nationalism and hatred towards others.For him the whole world is one, geographicaland political boundaries are not for him. Likewater, birds and air move from one place to otherirrespective of boundaries he wanted to loveeach and every person of this world. He wantedto turn the world into a global family. For himthe ideal of Vasudhaiv kutumbakam washighest. But he can not tolerate that one part ofworld is making the other part its slave. Thistype of cruelty is not acceptable to him. Humandignity is first priority for human beings. Heasked people to fight for dignity and highestideal of freedom. Every one has equal rights tolive with freedom. If someone is not allowingother to follow these basic rights then its ourduty to fight for our rights. We should nevertolerate injustice and inhuman behavior. Torealize this we need true and proper education.Education for making a person complete in allaspect and not to make him fit for a clerical jobonly is needed. Then we will respect the spiritof freedom. We will see others as we seeourselves. Unity, brotherhood, service tocivilization should lead us to an ideal life. In hisown words-Where the mind is without fear and the head

is held high;Where knowledge is free;

Where the world has not been broken up intofragments by narrow domestic walls;

Where words come out from the depth oftruth;

Where tireless striving stretches its armstowards perfection;

Where the clear stream of reason has not lost

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its way into the dreary desert sand of deadhabit;

Where the mind is led forward by thee intoever-widening thought and action

Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let mycountry awake.

Gitanjali, poem no. 35References :-

1. Tagore, Rabindranath, RabindraRachanawali - part 10 to 14 (1961) Visva Bharatir soujonne, poshchim bongo sorkarer pokhkhesikha sochib shree Dhirendramohan Sen kortrikprokashito

2. Tagore, Rabindranath, RabindraRachanawali - part 1 to 9 (1961)

3. Dutta, K (editor); Robinson, A (editor) ,Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, (1997)St.Martin’s Press.

4. Roy, BK , Rabindranath Tagore: The Manand His Poetry, (1977)Folcroft Library Editions

5. Chakravarty, A , A Tagore Reader,(1961)Beacon Press.

6. Kripalani, Krishna, RabindranathTagore: A Biography (1962) London: Oxford.

7. “Tagore and Nationalism.” Journal ofCommonwealth Literature 39.2 (June 2004): 1-6.

8. Radhakrishnan, S., The Philosophy ofRabindranath Tagore (1961) Baroda, India: GoodCompanions.

9. Rabindranath Tagore’s Letters to C.F.Andrews, Letters to a Friend (2002) Rupa,NewDelhi.

10. Chatterjee, Ramananda (editor),Golden book of Tagore (1931) Golden bookcommittee, Calcutta.

11. Dasgupta, Tapati, Social thoughts ofRabindranath Tagore (1993) AbhinavPublications.

12. Mukherjee, Kedar Nath, RabindranathTagore’s concepts of state, nation, andnationalism (2003) Punthi Pustak.

LIVE STOCK PROPERTY ANDBANJARA COMMUNITY IN

KALBARGA AND RAICHUR DIST

Dr. Ganapati.K .LamaniMA.M.Phil,.PhD. NET.

Associate Professor in Sociology / Principal,Govt First Grade College Kampli, (Tq)Hosapete

(Dist)Ballari

==============***********===============Abstract

The lambani population in the State was40 lakh and they had been classified asScheduled Castes in Karnataka while in someStates they were classified as Scheduled Tribes.In a recent order, the Government had grantedRs. one crore each to 20 districts for the all-round development of the Lambani tandas.There were over 2,000 lambani tandas in theState and the community had been demandingfor long that the tandas should be rechristenedas revenue villages which would enable themreap better benefits. They are however differentwhen compared with the other castes. Becausethey are mainly agriculturists. HyderabadKarnataka Region of Karnataka consists 6districts. In almost all districts Banjarasareexisting.Introduction:

The origin and spread of Banjaras couldbe traced to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.Banjaras have been inhabited throughout theKarnataka with different nomenclatures such asSugalis, Lambadas, Banjaras etc., who are infactone and the same. In Karnataka theneighbouring castes generally called them asBanjaras as well as Lambani. The Banjaras arevery tall and handsome so they have been called

11

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Lambani meaning people who are tall. They aretremendous toilers by nature. The traditionaloccupation of Banjaras or Lambani was tradeand commerce. In the past Banjaras were tradingand transporting the food grains from one placeto another place. They came to Southern Indiaas transporters of food suppliers for the armiesof Delhi Sultanates, Mughals, Marathas, Nizamsand the British. They supplied food grains to thearmies of Mughal and the British during thewars. It may be very interesting to note thatBanjaras gave much importance to their packof oxen in their trading which became veryuseful medium of transactions between theNorth and South India.Methodology:

With regard to methodology the writer hasto a large extent utilized the primary datacollected by interviewing the samplerespondents. A sample of 26 respondentsrepresenting male and female as well semiurban and rural residents of Gulbarga andRaichur districts were interviewed for elicitingtheir views in regard to the objective of thearticle. This type of interview and discussionswere of immense fully helped in making thisArticle. The writer also followed observationmethod for the collecting information pertainingto the paper. The writer paid personal visits tothe villages / Thandas in the settlement of theCommunity Kalaburagi and Raichur districts andstayed there for some days and madeobservations and from there collecting relevantdata according to the object of paper. In additionto the above the writer also scanned substantialpublished material available in different librariesof the State of Andhra Pradesh.Distribution of Banjara or Lambani:

The Banjara are a class of usually ascribedas nomadic people from the Indian state ofRajasthan, North-West Gujarat, and WesternMadhya Pradesh and Eastern Sindh province ofpre-independence Pakistan. They claim tobelong to the clan of Agnivanshi Rajputs, and

are also known as Banjari, Pindari, Bangala,Banjori, Banjuri, Brinjari, Lamani, Lamadi,Lambani, Labhani, Lambara, Lavani, Lemadi,Lumadale, Labhani Muka, Goola, Gurmarti,Gormati, Kora, Sugali, Sukali, Tanda, Vanjari,Vanzara,and Wanji Together with the Domba,they are sometimes called the “Gypsies of India”.They are divided in three tribes, Maturia, Labana,and Charan.

The Banjara have spread to AndhraPradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra,Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh andother states of India. About half their numberspeak Lambadi, one of the Rajasthani dialects,while others are native speakers of Hindi, Teluguand other languages dominant in their respectiveareas of settlement. Rathore, Parmar, Pawar,Chauhan, castes belong to Vanjara communityin Rajasthan and Gujarat now are in GeneralSeats after the communal rights taken place inRajasthan for Reservation in 2008 as they werelandlords in Amarkot, Fathaykot and Sialkotbefore Partition of India and Pakistan. They arean ST in Andhra Pradesh (where they are listedas Sugali), Orissa, Karnataka (SC), Haryana,Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh.

The word Banjara is a deprecated,colloquial form of the word of Sanskrit origin.The sanskit bi-word Vana chara transliteratedas “Forest wanderers”, presumably because of

Banjara Total population

ca. 5.6 million Regions with significant populations

Andhra Pradesh 2.2 million Karnataka 1.1 million Maharashtra 0.9 million

Madhya Pradesh 0.4 million

Rajasthan 0.3 million

Languages Lambadi, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu and Marathi

Religion Hinduism

Related ethnic groups other Hindustani populations

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their primitive role in the Indian society as forestwood collectors and distributors.

Food: The traditional food of Lambadis isBati which is Roti. Daliya is a dish cooked usingmany cereal (wheat, jawar). Banjara people arevery much fascinated about non-vegetarianfood. Saloi (made from goat blood and otherparts of goat) is a non-vegetarian dish madeexclusively by Banjara people. They prefereating spicy food.

Dress: Women are known to wear colorfuland beautiful costumes like phetiya (as ghagra)and kanchalli (as top) and have tattoos on theirhands. The dress is considered fancy andattractive by Western cultures. They use mirrorchips and often coins to decorate it. Women puton thick bangles on their arms (patli). Theirornaments are made up of silver rings, coins,chain and hair pleats are tied together at theend by chotla.

Men wear Dhoti and Kurta (short withmany folds). These clothes were designedspecially for the protection from harsh climatein deserts and to distinguish them from others.Arts, literature and entertainment:

Their customs, language and dressindicate they originated from Rajasthan. Theylive in settlements called thandas. They lived inzupada (hut). Now many of them live in cities.They have a unique culture and dance form. Onmany occasions they gather, sing and dance.Their traditional occupation is agriculture andtrade. Banjaras are also a group of nomadiccattle herders.

The accurate history of Lambanis orLambadis or Banjaras is not known but thegeneral opinion among them is that they foughtfor Prithvi Raj against Muhammad of Ghor. Thetrail of the Lambadi/Banjara can be verified fromtheir language, Lambadi borrows words fromRajasthani, Gujarati, Marathi and the locallanguage of the area they belong to.

Banjaras originally belong to Rajasthanand they were Rajputs who migrated to southernparts of India for trade and agriculture. They

settled down in the southern or central area ofthe country and slowly loosened contacts withRajasthan, and their original community. Overa period of time both the communities separatedand they adopted the local culture. The languagespoken by Banjaras settled in Yavatmal districtof Vidarbha, Maharashtra is an admixture ofHindi, Rajasthani and Marathi. The word“Banjara” must have evolved from Prakrit andHindi and Rajasthani words “Bana/Ban or Vana/Van” meaning Forest or Moorlands and “Chara”meaning ‘Movers’. The Banjara are (togetherwith the Domba) sometimes called the “Gypsiesof India”

Dance, Lambadi is a special kind of danceof Andhra Pradesh. In this form of dance, mainlythe female dancers dance in tune with the maledrummers to offer homage to their Lord for agood harvest. At Anupu village nearNagarjunakonda, Lambadi dance originated.They are actually semi-nomadic tribes who aregradually moving towards civilization. This danceis mainly restricted among the females andrarely the males participate in Lambadi dance.Lambadi is a special kind of Folk Dance whichinvolves participation by tribal women whobedeck themselves in colorful costumes andjewelry.Dynamism in Live Stock Property of Banjarasor Lamabani:

The economic life of the tribal peopleconstituted of the cultural features of theirsystem of life. Every community has its own wayto meet its basic needs for the existence of itsmembers otherwise they are threatened withextinction. Nature here comes forward and joinshands with them to fulfill their needs fashionedin their own way depending on their customs,traditions, demographic structure etc.,. The studyof the economic system of a community cantake us a considerable way towards a generalunderstanding of a human needs thatdetermines individual’s behavior and individualrelationships. For an assessment of the tribaleconomy in such situation special analytical

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concepts are necessary because socialorganization and culture is different and kinship,political organization, religious life would directlyaffect economic organization and performancesensitively in tribal communities is crucial thatis why only a socio-economic approach whichconsiders explicitly the relationships betweeneconomy and society is capable of yieldinginsights and generalization of tribal importance.The economic system is designed to satisfymaterial wants of the people, to organizeproduction and to control distribution and todetermine the rights and claims of ownershipwithin the community.

Banjaras flourishing trading operationshave thrivedmainly on their pack-bullocks whichprovided them a dependable means of transportat a time when roads were not developed andother modern means of transport were quiteunknown. But as normally restored with the firmestablishment of British empire in India, theBanjaras who were moving from place to placehad to slowly give up their nomadic habits.Further, the introduction of quick moving modernmeans of transport facilities hastened thedecline of their business operations as theirslow moving pack-bullocks could not completewith fast moving busses, trains etc., Hence theywere forced to give up their unprofitabletraditional occupation of itinery trading underthe changed conditions and took to agricultureand sedentary life. But still some of themmaintain the traditional skill in cattle rearing andbreeding and this old pastoral trait which largelyhelped them in carrying out their once flourishingtrade also contributed in no less measure to theirshift to agriculture. The tribal habitat by andlarge devoid of sophisticated economicdevelopment activity till the era of planneddevelopment set in fast and radical changes.Several projects were launched for exploitationof water, mineral and forest resources in thetribal areas both for the development of thetribal and their inhibiting area and besides otherschemes taken up on resource availability

considerations. It may be very interesting to notethat the situation which was either to near statichas acquired a dynamic character moderntechnological culture is penetrating into thetraditional tribal system. In the process ofexploitation of natural resources the simpletribal folk who have been living in these regionsare visibly and indirectly subjected to exposureto the developmental activities undertaken bythe mechanism of political system.Importance of Bullocks in the Economics ofBanjaras:

Banjaras flourishing life mainly thrived ontheir pack of bullocks, which were treated as animportant property by the Banjaras. Historicalevidences prove that Bhangi and Jhanginaiks ofBanjara Community had with them one lakhEighteen thousand bullocks. Bhagvandaspossessed 52,000 bullocks.

These people followed Asaf Khan carryinghis provisions into the Deccan. Asaf Khan gavegood protection to their property of bullocks inorder to keep up the supply of grain and fodder.Asif Khan also gave to Bhangi and Jhanginaiksthe prescriptive rights saying:

RanjankapanichapparkaghassDin ka teen KhunmaafAurJahonAsafJahkeghoreWahanBhangiJhangike BailThe above prescriptive rights say that

Bhangi and Jhangi may freely have pots of waterand grass for choppers (roofs). Three murders aday will be pardoned because where AsafJah’shorses (cavalry) are, these Bhangis and Jhangi’sbullocks are present. This plate remains in thepossession of the descendants of Bhangi andon the death of the representative of this familyhis successor would receive a khilat from hishighness the Rajas.

Live-stocks took an important role in thesurvival of Banjaras. Banjaras take care of theiranimal husbandry cows and buffaloes are themain source of income of Banjaras. Theybecame a part of their lives. The domesticanimals will have resistance in all seasons.

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Banjaras provide sufficient grass for productionof milk. The milk contains all the food includingproteins, fat, sugar and other nutrients. Milk isgood for health. Vitamins, Proteins present inmilk helps to grow up healthy and have a strongbody with full of energy. Because of in takingmilk Banjaras look healthy and beautiful withfair colour.

Buffaloes are an inseparable part ofagriculture used in forming initial cultivation ofsoil in preparation for sourcing seeds. They usedin ploughing, planting and weeding, fortransporting the products. On the occasion ofDeepavali Festival they perform special worshipby decorating colorfully the animals’ i.e.., cows,oxes, buffaloes etc. and its horns. When thecows / buffaloes / oxes become older and unableto work the Banjaras will train up their cubs forwork. Live stock is used as a powerful fertilizeron crop fields, for floor coating. Dung is usedfor fuel production. The ashes of dung are usedfor cleaning vessels or pots. Dung is naturalantiseptic medicine also. By using dung as afertilizer Banjaras will gain more crop productionwhich is a major income for their survival.Inseparable Attachment of Banjaras withBullock Property:

When internal communications improvedafter the introduction of railways andmechanized transits have come andsimultaneously improvement in road transport.Then the Banjaras have lost their position. Thearmies which preferred fast moving transportsystem in the changed circumstances with theresult they were forced to abandon the olderand well established occupation. They have toseek other avenues for their employment. Theirflourishing trading operations mainly thrived ontheir packbullocks which provided them adependable means of transport at a time whenroads were not developed and other modernmeans of transport were quite unknown. But stillsome of them retained their traditional skill incattle rearing and breeding and this old agepastoral practice largely helped them incontributing in no less measure to their recent

shift to agriculture.It may be very interesting to note that the

displacement of their occupation by the railwaysand roadways may be a blessing in disguise incertain spheres of life. Though they havesuffered economically they have abandonedtheir hazardous and nomadic and migratory life,and settled down in group permanently to earntheir livelihood. Besided this, some changeshave taken place in the sphere of marriage andother social customs due to this development.Now the family life is more compact andstabilized. Despite the precarious economicposition, the Banjaras did not like to adopt wagelabour as it was against their pride and tradition.Out of sheer economic necessity, the Banjaratook up collection of forest products and laterworked as agricultural labourers on theagricultural lands of neighbouring castepeasants.

After 1880 forest labour and sale of forestproduce and pastoralism became their mainoccupation. However by 1930, the forest workhad ceased to provide them enough earningsbecause of deforestation, strict implementationof forest protection measures and declarationof some forest as reserved forests. The situationcompelled the Banjaras to turn their attentiontowards agriculture and other types of labour inorder to supplement their earnings. And after1930 they ultimately settled down first aspastoralists and then as agriculturalists,although agriculture had never been theiroccupation in the history of Banjara. Most ofthem have taken to pastoralism, agriculture andvarious types of labour for their means oflivelihood. They are finding it difficult to carryon their occupation because of a decliningdemand for their goods and also because ofshortage of grazing land for their cattle.

The habit of living in isolated groups awayfrom other communities, which was acharacteristic of their nomadic feature, stillpersists among the Banjaras. Even today, mostof the Banjaras continue to live in exclusivehabitats away from the multi caste villages,

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though often a few Banjara families also live inmulti caste villages and towns. The cattle, whichthey used for good breed of bullocks for theireconomic avocation in the past, have helpedthem to have good calves for sale andsupplement their income. By maintaining manycattles, these Banjaras started to work asagricultural as well as casual labourers in thefields of non-Banjara to earn their livelihood.The present researcher with much zeal andenthusiasm paid personal visits to some of thevillages / Thandas in Kalabuargi and Raichurdistricts of Hyderabad region of Karnataka. Withmajor interest on their live stock property heentered into discussions about the prevailingbullock property with some of the Banjara orLambani families. The scholar had discussionswith 26 banjara families in Kalabuargi andRaichur districts. The data reveals that the Headof the families used to possess cows and oxenproperty in the past.Conclusions:

To conclude the Banjaras are basicallytraders and of course also as Rajputs ruled someof the territories of the Indian Peninsula. Whenthe Mughals got strong hold in South India, theBanjaras settled down in different parts ofDeccan plateau. When theirpack bullocksbecome free from the Mughal army, they startedtrading and became useful medium oftransaction between the North and South. Theproperty of bullock played important role in thelife style of Banjaras. They used to own hundredsand thousands of pack bullocks. This is shownin the data presented vide Table No: 01. Two /three of them even possessed cows from 3000to 5000. Even though, in due course of time mostof them lost their live stock property due todeforestation lack of proper treatment for sickanimals, maintenance problems, etc., a few ofthem continued till late 1980s. Later, becauseof the socio/ cultural / economic changes thathave taken place in their life style, they alsoreduced their property to a great extent.

Further, due to modernization andurbanization also, many Lambadas or Banjaras

of the present generation have given up not onlytheir traditional occupations but also their dresspattern and life styles; including those belongto Warangal and Karimnagar districts. Besides,the recent scientific and technical developmentsof society had unfathomable influence on theirinstitution of live stock property.REFERENCES

1. All India BanjaraSevaSangh 147 NorthAvenue (New Delhi 1968).

2. BanjaraCharithra (Samskruthi –Pragathi) B. ChiniyaNaikHathiramBavajipublications Anantapur (1998).

3. BhangyaBhukya subjugated Nomads,orient Black Sean Private limited, New Delhi2010.

4. Census Statistics published byGovernment of India, Department of Statistics(Hyderabad).

5. Edgar Thurston Castes and Tribes ofSouther India Vol. IV cosmo publication Delhi1975

6. Jeevala Naik Banjara VamshavaliGandhiji Sugali Sevak Sangham Srikashmiprinters, Guntur 1990.

7. NaikRanjit P(ed) A Report of All IndiaBanajara Study Team.

8. P.K.Rao Nomadic Banjara AndhraPradesh Tribal Cultural Research and TrainingInstitute, Tribal Welfare Department (Hyderabad1953).

9. Pratap DR the Banjaras of Bapunagar asettlement in the Urban environment ofHyderabad APTCRT, Tribal Welfare Department(Hyderabad 1968).

10. Reddy K B : A Tribe in Transition: TheSugali of RayalaSeema Region of A.P. 1984

11. Sankar J N :Moghal EconomyOrganization and working Naya Prakash BidhanSaroni 206 Calcutta 1987.

12. Vidyarthi L P and Rai B K the TribalCulture of India concept publishing company,New Delhi 1985.

13. Vyas N M Banjara the mercantileNomads of Rajasthan Tribe 1967.

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Upliftment of marginalizedGroups in the Indian Context

Dr. Preeti JaiswarAssistant Professor,

BBAU, Lko

==============***********===============“Education for All” in India has intensified

since the 1990s. For example, external aid,especially World Bank loans to primaryeducation, significantly increased in the 1990sdue to the implementation of “Adjustment witha Human Face” under economic liberalizationin 1991. There has been more political andconstitutional commitment to elementaryeducation in recent years. Decentralization andcommunity participation in education wasencouraged in the 73rd and 74th amendmentsto the constitution in the early 1990s, and freeand compulsory basic education from 6 to 14years of age, as a fundamental right, was addedto the 86th Constitution of India in 2002, andwas legislated at national level in 2009. At thesame time, since the 1980s, it has becomeincreasingly clear that the de facto privatizationof education, reflected in the growing numberof private schools, has become prominent in alarge number of states, including theeducationally backward states. Nevertheless,“Education for All” is still an uncompleted task,since approximately 17% of children aged 5 to14 are still out of the school, and 36% of thetotal population of India were illiterate in 2004-05 (Government of India, 2006) . At the sametime, since the 1980s, it has becomeincreasingly clear that the de facto privatizationof education, reflected in the growing numberof private schools, has become prominent in a

12large number of states, including theeducationally backward states. Nevertheless,“Education for All” is still an uncompleted task,since approximately 17% of children aged 5 to14 are still out of the school, and 36% of thetotal population of India were illiterate in 2004-05 (Government of India, 2006)2. This overallpicture of education in India implies thateducational opportunities and attainment for theurban deprived are much lower than for theaffluent sections of the population.Meaning of Deprived/ Marginalized Groups-

The concept of Deprived/ MarginalizedGroups is generally used to analysesocioeconomic, political, and cultural spheres,where disadvantaged people struggle to gainaccess to resources and full participation insocial life. In other words, marginalized peoplemight be socially, economically, politically andlegally ignored, excluded, or neglected, and,therefore vulnerable. Marginality’ is demeaning,for economic well-being, for human dignity, aswell as for physical security. Marginalization/deprived is generally described as the overtactions or tendencies of human societies, wherepeople who they perceive to be undesirable orwithout useful function are excluded, i.e.,marginalized. The people who are Deprived/Marginalized are outside the existing systemsof protection and integration. This limits theiropportunities and means for survival.Nature of Deprived/ Marginalized Groups

Marginalization - Deprived/ marginalizedis a multidimensional, multi-causal, historicalphenomenon. To relegate or confine to a loweror outer limit or edge, as of social standing.There are no general laws to understand andcomprehend the complex nature ofmarginalization. Marginalization can be due toclass, in relation to specific social, cultural,economic and political conditions, as well asideological systems, social awareness, andhuman action.

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Deprived/ Marginalized Groups vary indifferent settings. The religious, ecologicalsystem, patriarchy, political economy of acountry, and the overall social system have animpact on the marginalization of specific groupsor an individual.

Deprived/ Marginalized also varies fromculture to culture. This can be seen in relationto elderly people living in different countriesand cultures. The strong and supportivetraditional family system in some cultures oftenprovides better respect and care to elders thanthe public aided system available in others. Levelof awareness among the marginalized groupsplays very important role. Organizedcommunities which are aware of their rights,demand more justice than unorganizedcommunities. This also depends upon thesupport of the political-economic system of thecountry where they live in. Democraticinstitutions are favorable for most of thedisadvantaged groups. Deprived/ MarginalizedGroups happen simultaneously at the micro andmacro levels. Deprived/ Marginalized Groupsoccurs at different levels, i.e., individual, group,community, and global. Discrimination acrossdifferent social institutions, such as family,schools and neighborhood, at work places, orplaces of worship. Many communities, a resultof colonization, experience marginalization suchas aboriginals, or women too face discrimination.Globalization too has increased the gap betweenrich and poor nations. The influx of capitalism,information technology, company outsourcing,job insecurity, and the widening gap betweenthe rich and the poor, impacts the lives ofindividuals and groups in many capacities.

Types of Deprived/ MarginalizedGroups- Marginalization at the individual levelresults in an individual’s exclusion frommeaningful participation in society. Some broadtypes of Deprived/ Marginalized Groups such associal, economic, and political have beenidentified.

i) Socially Deprived/ MarginalizedGroups Social marginalization is a process ofsocial rupture or destruction, in which groupsas well as individuals alike become detachedfrom various types of social functions andrelations. This generally prevents these peoplefrom functioning in the so called normalactivities within a society. The individual isforced into a new system of rules while facingsocial stigma and stereotypes from the dominantgroup in society. Socially marginalized peopleare largely deprived of social opportunities.There are those born into marginal groupingse.g., lower castes in India, or members of ethnicgroups suffer discrimination. This marginality istypically for life. They lack the required socialand cultural capital to participate in mainstreamdevelopment processes. Their social networksare weak and vulnerable. They are deprived ofaccess to resources, such as, economic,educational, cultural, and other supportsystems. This creates social isolation and limitstheir participation in the development process.ii) Economically Deprived/ MarginalizedGroups

Economic marginalization” means beingunimportant to the economy. Some individualsor groups can be marginalized from the rest ofthe economy. The sources and amount of theirincome varies. Poverty and economicmarginalization have both direct and indirectimpact on people’s health and wellbeing.iii) Politically Deprived/ Marginalized GroupsPolitical marginalization does not allow thegroup to participate democratically in decisionmaking, and, hence, they lose their right to everysocial, economic, and political benefit. In everysociety, lack of political empowerment affectslarge sections of people, including women,ethnic minorities, migrants, and disabledpersons, elderly.Reasons responsible for Deprived/Marginalized Groups

Some of the important factors that are

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responsible for marginalization are exclusion,globalization, displacement, and disaster bothnatural, and manmade.

i) Exclusion: Marginalization is a processthat denies opportunities and outcomes to ‘those‘living on the margins’, while enhancing theopportunities and outcomes for those who are‘at the centre’. Deprived/ Marginalized combinesdiscrimination and social exclusion. It offendshuman dignity, and it denies human rights. Casteand class prejudice, in many societies acrossthe globe, exclude many groups andcommunities, and hinder their activeparticipation in economic and socialdevelopment.

ii) Globalization: Globalization hasincreased openness which has promoteddevelopment at the cost of equity. It is viewedthat globalization has enhanced the gapbetween haves and have-nots and thus boostedmarginalization. While it is true that some middleincome developing countries, as well as the mostpopulous countries, India and China, are gainingout of globalization, yet the impact is not equallyuniversal.

iii) Displacement- The developmentprogrammes implemented by the governmentand increasing construction of developmentprojects consistently displace a massive numberof tribal, poor, and weaker sections. This resultsin marginalization of already marginalizedpeople.

iv) Disasters- Natural and UnnaturalDisasters are a global phenomena and a seriouschallenge to development. Vulnerability is linkedto broader social issues such as poverty, socialexclusion, conflict, education, health, genderissues and marginalization.

Natural:-earthquake, volcanic eruption,hurricane, tornado, ice storm, flood, landslide,wildfire, insect infestation, and diseaseoutbreaks.

Manmade:-Can be associated withtechnological advances, i.e., explosives,

unexploded ordinance, toxic spills, emissions ofradioisotopes, and transportation accidents. Italso includes incidents involving hazardousmaterials such as carcinogens, mutagens, orheavy metals. Dangers are posed by structuralfailure of devices and machines or installations,and plants, such as bridges, dams, mines, powerplants, pipelines, high rise buildings, vehicles,and trains.

Social: These include incidents primarilyinvolving social unrest, such as hijacking, riots,demonstrations, crowd rushes, and stampedes,terrorist incidents, as well as bombings,shootings, and hostage taking.Most vulnerable Deprived/ MarginalizedGroups

Some of the most vulnerable marginalizedgroups in almost every society are:

i) Women: Under different economicconditions, and under the influence of specifichistorical, cultural, legal and religious factors,marginalization of women can be seen from theirexclusion from certain jobs and occupations.Women belonging to lower classes, lowercastes, illiterate, and the poorest region havebeen marginalized more than their better offcounterparts.

ii) People with Disabilities: People withdisabilities have had to battle against centuriesof biased assumptions, harmful stereotypes,and irrational fears. The stigmatization ofdisability resulted in the social and economicmarginalization of generations with disabilities,and thus has left people with disabilities in asevere state of impoverishment for centuries.

iii) Elderly: Being past middle age andapproaching old age; rather old. S Ageing is aninevitable and inexorable process in life. Formost nations, regardless of their geographiclocation or developmental stage, the 80 yearolds, or over-age group is growing faster thanany younger segment of the older population.Elderly women form the majority of marginalizedgroups among them.

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iv) Ethnic minority: – a group that hasdifferent national or cultural traditions from themajority of the population the term, ethnicminority, refers to marginalized people of thesame race or nationality who share a distinctiveculture. A minority is a sociological group thatdoes not constitute a politically dominant votingmajority of the total population of a givensociety. It may include any group that issubnormal with respect to a dominant group, interms of social status, education, employment,wealth, and political power. Every large societycontains ethnic minorities. They may be migrant,indigenous or landless nomadic communities,or religious minorities that have a different faithfrom the majority.

v) Caste Groups: The caste system is astrict hierarchical social system based onunderlying notions of purity and pollution.Brahmins are on the top of the hierarchy andShudras or Dalits orthe Scheduled Castesconstitute the bottom of the hierarchy. Themarginalization of Dalits influences all spheresof their life, violating basic human rights suchas civil, political, social, economic and culturalrights. Literacy rates, purchasing power and poorhousing conditions among Dalits are very low.Physical segregation of their settlements iscommon. However, in recent years due toaffirmative action and legal protection, theintensity of caste-based marginalization isreducing.

vi) Tribes: In India, the population ofScheduled Tribes is around 84.3 million and isconsidered to be socially and economicallydisadvantaged group. They are mainly landlesswith little control over resources such as land,forest and water. They constitute agricultural,casual, plantation and industrial labourers. Thishas resulted in poverty, low levels of educationand poor access to health care services. In theIndian context the marginalized are categorizedas the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,denoted tribes, nomadic tribes, and otherbackward classes.

Problems Related to Education for Deprived/Marginalized Groups

The challenge of poverty associated withdisability: With an estimated 1,027 millionpeople, India is the world’s second mostpopulated country. It has 17 percent of the globalpopulation and 20 percent of the world’s out-of-school children. Despite impressive gains inthe last few decades India still has more than260 million people living in poverty. A largenumber of children with disabilities live infamilies with income significantly below thepoverty level. While disability causes poverty,it is also possible that in a country like India,poverty causes disability. The combination ofpoverty and disability results in a condition of“simultaneous deprivation. This is a syndromethat sets up barriers to the participation ofpersons with disabilities in the normal routinesand activities of the community, includingregular schooling.

The challenge of modifying deeply heldattitudes: Attitudes of the non-disabled areproving to be a major barrier in the socialintegration of persons with disabilities. “Themore severe and visible the deformity is, thegreater is the fear of contagion, hence theattitudes of aversion and segregation towardsthe crippled”. Such attitudes reinforced byreligious institutions may militate against anyattempts to include students with disabilitiesinto regular schools. For example, Hindusbelieve that disability is a consequence ofmisdeeds performed in the previous life (oftenreferred to as the doctrine of Karma. Anyattempts to improve the life of a person with adisability may be considered a “defiance of thewills of Allah or as interference with a person’skarma”

Dissemination and public education:People, including parents and school personnel,are largely unaware of the full intent of therecent legislation passed by Indian Parliament.A large number of school personnel are also not

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aware of funding available to include studentswith disabilities in regular schools. There issome evidence that those educators who areknowledgeable about government policies andlaws concerning integrated education tend tohave positive attitudes toward implementingsuch programs. There is also evidence whenparents are knowledgeable and supportive ofintegrated education; they tend to have apositive effect on school personnel. Thus, unlesspeople, especially parents of children withdisabilities and school personnel, are madeknowledgeable about the various provisionsenshrined in the Act, the Central and Stategovernments’ commitment to providingintegrated education will be in vain. Althoughsome attempts are being made to disseminateinformation about the Persons with DisabilitiesAct to parents, to government officials and nongovernment organizations, they have beenextremely limited in coverage.

The challenge of providing adequatelevels of training to key stakeholders: Themajority of school personnel in India are nottrained to design and implement educationalprograms for students with disabilities in regularschools. Most teacher training programs in Indiado not have a unit on Disability Studies. Theuniversities, which do cover some aspects ofspecial education in their teacher trainingprograms, fail to train teachers adequately towork in integrated settings

Inadequate resources: The majority ofschools in India are poorly designed and feware equipped to meet the unique needs ofstudents with disabilities. The lack of disabilityfriendly transportation services and accessiblebuildings are considered by some to be fargreater problems than social prejudice andnegative attitudes. Both the Central and Stategovernments will have to provide increasedresources to this aspect of education to ensuresuccessful implementation of integratedpractices in schools.

Education of the Marginalized Deprived/Marginalized Groups in the Indian Context

The Education Commission 1964-66 in itsreport stressed on the equalization ofeducational opportunity. One of the mostimportant objectives of education is to equalizeopportunity enabling the marginalized, backwardor the underprivileged classes to use educationfor improvement of their conditions. Policies oneducation 1968, 1986 and 1992 all stressedupon speedy action for the promotion educationof the deprived sections of the society.Mainstreaming the Marginalized. Deprived/Marginalized Groups

• Mainstreaming is the process, tointegrate (a student with special needs) intoregular school classes. To incorporate into aprevailing group. The prevailing current ofthought, influence, or activity. Representing theprevalent attitudes, values, and practices of asociety or group.

• Efforts have been made to reacheducation to all. However, there is wastage andstagnation in education. There are economic,social and educational causes that hinder theeducation of children coming from lower strataof society.

• Incentives to families to send theirchildren regularly to schools till they reach theage of 14.

• Pre-metric scholarships for all childrenregardless of incomes.

• Constant micro planning and verificationto ensure enrolment, retention and successfulcompletion of courses.

• Remedial measures to better theirchances for further education and employment.

• Recruitment of teachers from scheduledcastes.

• Provision of hostel facilities.Developing curricula and instructional

materials in tribal languages with facility toswitch to regional language. Also the curriculain the states to depict rich cultural identity of

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the tribal people. Teacher training to tribal youthwith assured employment. Residential schoolsincluding ashram schools, anganwadis, nonformal and adult education centers to open onpriority basis. Incentive schemes, scholarshipsfor higher education with emphasis on technical,professional and Para-professional courses.Remedial programmes to help overcomepsycho-social impediments. The marginalized/deprived groups existing in society havehistorically suffered deprivation in all walks oflife in general and in education in particular.Efforts have been made towards economic,social and educational progress of themarginalized people of India. The examinationreforms have been suggested right from thetime of independence by various committees setup for the purpose There is great diversity inthe population and the government of India haspassed regulations with respect to inclusion ofall irrespective of any kind of disability. Thereare efforts to provide equal opportunities andinclusion of all in the process of education.

Not only are we aware of the vital rolethat education plays in counteractingdisadvantages over which people have littlecontrol, but also its important role in shapingtheir opportunities for education and wider lifechances.

Protecting the rights of, marginalized andvulnerable persons is probably the mostoverlooked and disregarded area of humanrights law. Marginalized groups are generallymarginalized by society, making them easy toignore. Since they only ever represent a smallpercentage of the population they lack thecritical mass that is often needed to successfullyassert human rights claims.References:-

• Ginsburg, H., (1972). The myth of thedeprived child: poor children’s intellect andeducation Publisher prentice-Hall pp 158-170

• Stoessinger, L., (1978). DeprivedChildren: Mersham Experiment, A Social and

Clinical Study Publisher Greenwood Press• Payne. C., (1979). Caring For Deprived

Children, Publisher Croom Helm Ltd• Jha, J. and D. Jingran 2005. Elementary

Education for the Poorest and Other DeprivedGroups: The Real Challenge of Universalization,Delhi: Menorah.

• Kundu, A. and N. Srangi 2005.“Employment Guarantee: The Issue of UrbanExclusion”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.40 No. 4, pp. 3642-3646.

• Mehta, Arun, C. 2008. ElementaryEducation in India: Progress Towards UEE,National University of Education Planning andAdministration and Department of Educationand Literacy, Ministry of Human ResourceDevelopment, Government of India

• Springer. Ethel. (2012). ChildrenDeprived of Parental care, A Study of ChildrenTaken, Under Care publisher Forgotten Books

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OPTIMISATION OF CANALWATER ALLOCATION

(Special Reference in Uttar Pradesh)

DR. UDAI VEER SINGHASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF ECONOMIC,

DIGAMBAR (P.G.) COLLEGE,DIBAI (BULANDSHAHR)

==============***********===============Increase in water demand poses new

challenges for water resource planners to keeppace with the increase in population.Agricultural production needs to be increasedwhich is possible through development of newwater resources projects or efficient watermanagement within the existing projects.Considering the above mentioned aspects anattempt has been made to study the surfacewater use planning for increasing cropproduction in Kurebhar block of Sultanpur districtlies under Sharda Sahayak commond network ofUttar pradesh, India. The Kurebhar block whichis entirely canal inrigated block by the ShardaSahayak canal commond area of Sultanpurdistrict of estern Uttar Pradesh in north India.The Area is a part of the agriculturally importantIndo Gangetic plain with an area of 4436 sq kmand home to more than 2.59 million people witha population density of 583. The climate ismonsoon type and is characteriged by botsummer and cold winter season. The averageannual rainfall is about 1000 mm. About 90% ofannual rainfall is received during the months ofJune to September.

Several modeling approaches, such aslinear programming, dynamic programming etc.are studied by Aron (1969) Aron and Scott (1971)Haimes and Dreizen (1977), O’ Mara and Duloy(1984), Reichard (1995), Watkins and Kinney(1998), Latif and James (1991) presented a

13linear programming to maximize the net foodproduction. Hence the primary objective of thepresent study is to evaluate the feasibility ofthe surface irrigation water use and to Arive atan optimal cropping pattern for maximization ofnet food production under various physical andeconomic constraints. This paper initiallydiscusses briefly the characteristics and currentuse of water resources in the Sharda Sahayakcanal command area, leading to identificationof relevant economic issues in their use.

The Kurebhar Block has rich network ofmain canal, its distributaries and minors sufficednumbers of outlets from these networks givesthe discharges of irrigation water which iscalculated and tabulated. The study block hasthe salinity due to the development of sodicityand water logging by extensive canal systemnetwork and poor water management allocationand availability of canal water for irrigation inthe study area has shown in Table : 1. It hasalso observed under dry periods of canalirrigation system the farmers are also defendantof their shallow tube well owned by themselvesfor safer side. Since this water is costlier, hencetheir use is negligible in the study area.

Table : 1Allocation and Availability of Canal Water

in the Study Area

Total allocation during the year (average)6228.14

Total losses is main canal 1245.63 ha – mWater available at outlet head 4982.52 ha – m

S. No.

Period (Months)

Discharge (Cum/Sec)

Valume of Water Allocated (ha – m)

Seepage loss

from the maniacal (ha – m)

Volume of water available (ha – m)

1. July 1.000 267.84 53.57 214.27 2. August 0.700 187.49 37.50 149.99 3. September 0.700 181.44 36.29 145.15 4. October 0.700 187.49 37.50 149.99 5. November 3.950 1023.84 204.77 819.07 6. December 3.950 1057.97 211.59 846.37 7. January 3.950 1057.97 211.59 846.37 8. February 1.950 471.74 94.35 377.40 9. March 1.950 505.44 101.09 404.35

10. April 1.950 522.29 104.46 417.83 11. May 1.950 505.44 101.09 404.35 12. June 1.00 259.20 51.84 207.36

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There are three main cropping seasons inthe area that include a Kharif season from Juneto September, Rabi season from October toFebruary and Zaid season from March to Maymajor crops during the rainy season are Paddy(Crice), Sugarcane and maize and during the Rabiseason wheat, pulses and oilseeds are the maincrops. During the zaid season and bean,moonbeam and maize are main crops. Inaddition to that, vegetables are also grown in asmall part of the area, which is not indicatedseparately crop water requirements for existingcropping pattern under the study area hasevalute and shown in Table : 2.

The food self-sufficiency is a major thrustin India. Since rice is one of the majorcomponents of food, all agricultural practicesin and around the area are targeted to achievesufficient production of rice. In the study areathe present cropping pattern and agriculturalpractices are prevailing as per theirsocioeconomic requirements, which include self-sufficiency in food employment and availabilityof agricultural infrastructure so in the presentstudy. The self sufficiency of food through paddyand wheat have been proposed as a major groupin the cropping pattern along with crops likesugrcane, pulsec and oil seeds.Cost and Benefit Parameters

The cost of providing surface water for theirrigation to various crops is worked out basedon the total cost (capital, operation andmaintenance). Surface water charges are verymuch less as compared to ground water. Theestimated average unit costs of surface waterand ground water are 1101.59 (Rs/ham) and2527.64 (Rs/ham), respectively. Based onagricultural inputs and produced corps in thestudy area, net benefits/ha for various crops aregiven in Table : 3. These units cost and netbenefits have been in the optimization modelas cost and benefit constraints.Linear Programming Model

The linear programming technique hasbeen used to formulate the water use

optimization model, to arrive the optimalallocation of surface water irrigation to maximizethe benefits within the framework of givenconstrants and designed cropping pattern(Ediwahyunan, 2002) for which as optimizationmodel is formulated, for surface irrigationsystem under similar water use regimes. Lostly,optimal strategies of surface water resourcesare identified to maximize the economic valuesfor a given set of parameters. One year planninghorizon has been considered with monthlyplanning period.

In the present study, the LINDO 6.1package is used to solve the model. This usesthe revised simplex method to solve the linearoptimization models. The objective function hasbeen formulated for maximizing the net benefitsresulting from the cropping activity in the studyarea. The unit cost of surface irrigation water,cost of cultivation and other parameters havebeen considered the same for all the monthsduring which the Table : 2.

Table : 2Crop water requirement for existing

cropping pattern under the study area

Table : 3Net benefits per hectare for various crops

Surface irrigation water is available theobjective function is formulated consideringbenefits and unit costs of providing water, whichcan be expressed as :

S. No. Months Paddy Sugar Cane Maize Wheat Moog Pulser Total

na-m 1. July 448 57 920 2. August 191 43 505 3. Sept 312 55 234 4. October 49 367 5. November 80 200 December 93 80 January 87 93 February 74 87 March 45 1 63 74 April 147 42 21 108 May 480 83 243 210 June 172 653 30 65 806 Total 1274 1480 155 446 329 3684

S. No.

Crops Grain Field kg/ha

Unit Price Rs/Kg

Total Receipt Rs/ha

Cost of cultivation

Rs/ha

Net benefits Rs/ha

1. Paddy 5,600 13.00 72,800 22,852 49,948 2. Sugarcane 50,000 2.80 1,40,000 27,200 1,12,800 3. Maize 2900 14.00 40,600 6,300 34,300 4. Wheat 4000 16.00 64,000 22,571 41.429 5. Moogbeen 800 30.00 24,000 7,740 16,260

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Maximize Net annual benefits =

The model has been used to investigatethe different integrated water use policy options.To understand the present scenario, the modelhas been run for existing cropping patterns withthe present condition and then various caseshas been investing ahead proposed croppingpatterns with different alternatives (threescenarios) of surface and groundwater (whenno surface water is available through canal)utilization.

The first simulation is carried outconsidering the present cropping pattern andirrigation practices in which groundwatervariable is kept as zero during the simulationand a net benefit of 45061.42 million rupees (MRs) has been obtained using 4038.44 ha-msurface supplies. Areas under crops in Kharif,Rabi and Zoid season have been obtained as45% (2250ha), 30% (1965ha) and 25% (1230ha)of the [CA (4917ha)], respectively. Model resultsfor this case are presented in fig. 1

Different scenarios of the proposedcropping pattern under the conjunctive usescheme have been formulated, consideringpercentage of the area under the different cropsin the different seasons to arrive at maximumvalue of the objective functions. Proportion ofthe area (% of CCA) under the different corps inKharif, Rabi and Zaid season has been kept fixedin the all scenarios. In the Khanf season 70%area is proposed under paddy and 10% areaunder each other crops. In the Rabi season 40%area is corseted under wheat and 20% areaunder each other corps. In Zaid season 30% areais considered Urd-Mung and 10% area underother crops. there cases have been formulated

by conridering different percentage of areaunder the different crops in various seasons.

This study is proposed to present thebenifits of irrigation water as compared topresent practices for an area, where it is notbeing used till now. The Sharda-Sahayakirrigation project has been implementedconsidering only surface water supplies forirrigation. Presently due to the limitedavailability of surface water only 45%, 40% and30% of the CCA is under irrigation in Kharif, Rabiand Zaid seasons, respectively since groundwater is not utilized is a planned way. But usingthe surface and ground water conjunctivelyrelaibility of the irrigation can be increasedwhich reduces the losses due to uncertainty inrainfall and insufficient surface supplies. Theeconomic value of the present cropping patternhas been evaluated considering only surfacesupplies as presently groundwater is not use.

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Therefore the net benefit from theproposed water use system is almost doublefrom 45061.42 to 101115.30 MRs. It is alsopossible to extend the irrigation facilities to thewhole command area as compared to presentcondition using a linear programming basedoptimization model, scope of the surface wateruse in a canal commend of the India has beeninvestigated by experts and findings are nearlysimilar in the study. The results indicate thatsurface water use options are feasibly and canbe implemented.

In the present study limited cases in thevariation of crop areas in various seasons hasbeen explored for reaching to maximum benifitsto the farmers of the study area. The resultsindicate that surface irrigation water use optionsare feasibliand can be easily implemented inthe study area under planned way.REFERENCES

1. Aron, G (1969) : Optimization ofconjunctively managed surface and groundwater resources by dynamic programming.

2. Matsukawa (1992) : Conjunctive useplanning in mad river basin California Journalof Water Resource Planning and Management(ASCE 11802) (115 – 132)

3. Aron G and Scott V.H. (1971) : Dynamicprogramming for conjunctive use. Journal ofHydraulics division ASCE 97(5)705 – 721

4. P.R. Gupta, A.D. and Harboe (1991) :Multistep planning model for conjunctive useof surface and ground water resources. Journalof water resources planning and managementASCE 117(6) 662 – 678

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gÚ pñWVrV _amR>r ^mfoV _hmamï> Q>mB©åg, bmoH$gÎmm,gH$mi, bmoH$_V, nwT>mar, gmd©_V, {Xì` _amR>r, g§Ü`mZ§X,gm_Zm, Jm§dH$ar, XoeXyV BË`mXr§gmaIr d¥ÎmnÌo _moR>çm à_mUmVN>mnbr d dmMbr OmVmZm {XgVmV. `mn¡H$s H$mhtMo {deofåhUOo Ë`m§À`m EH$mMdoir AZoH$ {R>H$mUmhÿZ Amd¥Î`m {ZKVmV.Ë`m_wio Ë`m Ë`m àXoemVrb KS>m_moS>tZm Ë`mV Mm§Jbm dmd{_iVmo. Ogm g_mO ~Xbbm, g_mOmÀ`m g_ñ`m ~Xbë`mVgmM ~Xb d¥ÎmnÌm§Zrhr ñdrH$mabobm {XgVmo. maVmVrb CÀM{ejU àm_w»`mZo B§J«OrV Agë`mZo Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`màJVr_wio {d{dY ZdrZ X¡{ZH$ dmnamÀ`m dñVy gd©gm_mÝ`m§n`ªVnmohMë`m_wio B§J«Or eãX gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m ~mobr_Ü o g_m{dï>Pmbobo Amho. d¥ÎmnÌm§Zrhr Ago gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm n[aMrV eãXñdrH$mabobo {XgVmV. CXm. bmoH$_V Q>mB©åg, g§S>o ñnoeb,S>m`b H$am, \$mñQ> Ý yO, àm°nQ>u, gwna dw_oZ, _Q>m Šbmgr\$mB©S>,

ISSN: 2394 5303 074




4.002(IIJIF)


B§Q>o{aà, H$moMtJ Šbmgog, _Q>m ñnmoQ>©g², Q>oŠZmo H$Å>m, `yW H$m°Z©a,Zm°boO H$m°Z©a, ~«oZ Jo_, Ho$ Or Qy> H$m°boO, ZoQ>q~~, ZoQ> H$m¡b,bmoH$gÎmm Am`S>r`m EŠgM|O, _°aoO ã`wamo, eoAg©, gZ S>o àmB©S>Om°~, bmB©\$ _°ZoO_|Q>, _Zr _°ZoO_|Q>, Ý`yO BZ~m°Šg, å`w{PH$bemo, bmB©_ bmB©Q>, {gQ>r ñH°$Z, Šbm{gŠg, {Xì`{gQ>r {gQ>rA°ŠQ>rìhrQ>r, drH|$S>, ao{S>nPoeZ, Ý`y byH$, bmoH$_V gwna ìhmoQ>,h°bmo Zm{eH$, goŠg g_ñ`m, ~m°S>r g_mO, BË`mXr AZoH$ B§J«OreãX {d{dY _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m n¥ð>/gXam§Mo {ef©H$ åhUyZ{XgVmV. dV©_mZnÌmMo erf©H$, nwadUr erf©H$, gXa qH$dm ñV§erf©H$, ~mV_r qH$dm boImMo erf©H$, Cnerf©H$ hm _hËdmMoAgVmV Aem {R>H$mUr àm_w»`mZo m B§J«Or eãXm§Mm dmna Ho$bmOmV Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a dV©_mZnÌ {Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$òV gwÕmH$mhr B§J«Or eãX dmnabo OmVmV. CXm. àog bmB©Z, ã`wamo, S>oS>bmB©Z, brS>a noO, E~rgr (Am°[S>Q> ã`yamo Am°\$ gŠ`©wboeZ,H$m°b_, ~«m°S>{eQ>, J«m{\$Šg, \$sS> ~°H$, _mñH$/ hoS> (d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`mn{hë`m nmZmda à{gÕ hmoUmao d¥ÎmnÌmMo Zmd), _ñQ> H$m°nr(Amdí`H$ Aem gyMZm XoUmar Mm¡H$Q>, AZoH$doim {Xb[Jar,Iwbmgm, Zdo AmdmhZ m ñdénmV hr Mm¡H$Q> AgVo) Am°\$ ~rQ>(nyU©V: doJir ~mV_r), [aamB©Q> (Zì`mZo gwYméZ {b[hUo)BË`mXr.

àËòH$ d¥ÎmnÌmZo Amnë`m ñdénmbm gmOoer ^mfmñdrH$mabobr AgVo. H$moUVo eãX dmnam`Mo, Zmdm§Mm C„oIH$gm H$am`Mm, {MÝhm§Mm dmna {H$Vr H$am`Mm, `m gdmªda~mV_rMr ^mfm Adb§~yZ AgVo. _amR>r dV©_mZnÌo _amR>r^mfoMmM dmna H$arV Agbr Var Vmo dmna H$aUmè`m d¥ÎmnÌm§MrñdV:Mr e¡br AgVo. Ë`m~ahþHw$_ ^mfm dmnabr OmVo.A{YH$m{YH$ dmMH$m§Zm ~mV_r g_Omdr, åhUyZ dV©_mZnÌo_w»`V: gmonr, gwQ>gwQ>rV ^mfm Am{U N>moQ>r N>moQ>r dmŠàMZm`m§À`mda â XoVmV.3

_w{ÐV àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm dmMÊ`mgmR>r gmja AgUoAmdí`H$ Amho. _mÌ {Zajam§Zmhr g_Oob Ago OZg§àofUmMr_mÜ`_o åhUOo AmH$medmUr (Z^modmUr) Am{U XyaXe©Z.1895 gmbr _mH$m}Zr `m BQ>m{b`Z emókmZo {~ZVmar g§Xoe`§ÌUoMm emoY bmdbm Am{U _mUgmMm eãX ZÚm-Zmbo, g_wÐ,S>m|JaXè`m, amZodUo BË`mXr AS>Wio Amobm§Sy>Z hOmamo _¡b XyaEoH$Vm òUo eŠ` Pmbo. `mM H«$m§VrH$mar d¡km{ZH$ VÎdmMm dmnaZ^modmUr àgmaUmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 1921 gmbr A_o[aHo$VnrQ>g²~J© òWo OJmVrb n{hbo Z^modmUr H|$Ð ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV

Ambo. ^maVmV Z^modmUr àgmaUmbm 1926 gmbr gwédmVPmbr. "B§{S>`Z ~«m°S>H$mñQ>tJ H§$nZr' `m ImgJr AmñWmnZmZoVoìhmÀ`m {~«Q>re amÁ`H$Ë`mª~amo~a H$ama H$éZ 23 Owb¡ 1927amoOr _w§~B© H|$Ð gwé Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va maVmV AZoH$ H|$Ðo C^r am{hbr.gÚpñWVrV àËòH$ {OëømÀ`m {R>H$mUr XmoZ-VrZ E\$.E_. H|$ÐñWmnZ Pmbobr {XgVmV.

Z^modmUrÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Va EH$V¥Vr`m§eH$m`©H«$_ ho ~mobr^mfoda AmYm[aV H$m`©H«$_ AgVmV...Z^modmUrdarb mfU, l¥{VH$m, g§dmX, MMm©, _wbmIV, BË`mXrH$m`©H«$_ ho ~mobr^mfoda AmYm[aV AgVmV. _mÌ AbrH$S>À`mH$mimV E\$.E_. H|$Ðm§darb H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò B§J«Or eãXm§Mm dmnadmT>Vm§Zm {XgVmo. ao{S>Amo Om°H$s gmaIo {ZdoXH$ gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m~mobr^mfoV éT> Pmbobo B§J«Or eãX gam©gnUo Amnë`m {ZdoXZmVdmnaVmZm {XgVmV.

_w{ÐV àgma_mÜ`_o Am{U lmì` àgma_mÜ`_m§nojmhrà^mdr àgma_mÜ`_ åhUOo XyaXe©Z hmo . ho ÑH$-lmì` _mÜ`_AgyZ 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V ^maVmV ho àgma _mÜ`_gwé Pmbo. gwédmVrbm ~moQ>mda _moOÊ`m BVŠ`m dm{hÝ`mXyaXe©Zda gwé Pmë`m. AmO _mÌ eoH$S>mo dm{hÝ`m (M°Zëg)gwé Pmbobo {XgVmV. gaH$mar M°Zëg ~amo~aM AZoH$ ImgJrH§$nÝ`m§Mo M°Zëghr Ë`mV AmhoV. àojH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>rAm{U Q>r.Ama.nr. {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _mÌ àojH$m§À`m JaOoZwgmaH$m`©H«$_ XoÊ`mgmR>r hr M°Zëg à`ËZerb AgVmV. Ë`m_wioMAem ImgJr _amR>r dm{hÝ`m§da _amR>r ~amo~aM B§J«Or eãXm§Moà_mU dmT>V Agbobo {XgVo. CXm. ~«oH$sJ Ý`yO, A°S>ìhQ>m©B©O,Qy> _°S>, ~«oH$, ZoŠg B{ngmoS>, M°Zëg, _°goO, B©-Q>rìhr, ñQ>maQ>rìhr, E~rnr _mPm, Pr Q>rìhr, Q>m°n Q>oZ, S>màoŠQ>a, àmoS>çyga,hoS>bmB©Ýg, {gar`ëg AmXr.

^maVmV B.g. 1990 Z§Va OmJ{VH$sH$aU, CXmarH$aUd _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMo `wJ gwé Pmbo. V§ÌkmZmVrb H«$m§Vr_wio{d{dY joÌm§à_mUoM àgma_mÜ`_m§_Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmV ~XbPmbm. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo _mÜ`_ Agboë`m mfoVhr H$mhrà_mUmV pñWË`§Va Pmbo. g§JUH$, _mo~mB©b, B§Q>aZoQ> `m_mÜ`_m§Zr OJ Odi AmUbo. B§J«OrMm à^md dmT>V Jobm Am{UVr OJmMr kmZ^mfm Pmbr. {d{dY g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfmg_yh,~mobr^mfm `m§Mr ga{_gi hmoD$ bmJbr. g§JUH$ H«$m§Vr_wio_m{hVr, {MÌ gmR>dyZ R>odUo, Ë`mda à{H«$`m H$aUo gwb^ Pmbo.nwT>o g§JUHo$ nañnam§er OmoSy>Z Ë`m§Mo Omio (ZoQ>) V`ma Ho$bo

ISSN: 2394 5303 075




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Jobo. _m{hVrMr XodmUKodmU m ZoQ>À`m ghmæ`mZo J{V_mZ PmbrAm{U B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna An[ahm`© Pmbm.

B§Q>aZoQ> `m BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg _r{S>`mMm OÝ_ 1969 gmbrA_o[aHo$V Pmbm. A_o[aH$Z bîH$amZo "Amnm©ZoQ'> ZmdmMo ZoQ>gwajoÀ`m Ñï>rZo C o Ho$bo. Ë`mMr Mma à_wI H|$Ðo C^maÊ`mVAmbr. Vr nañnam§Zm OmoSy>Z EH$ H|$Ð Zï> Pmbo Var ~mH$sMrVrZ H|$Ðo H$m_o H$aVrb Agm Ë`m§Mm CÔoe hmoVm. nwT>o A_o[aHo$Vrb{dÚmnrR>m§Zr "Amnm©ZoQ'> g§H$ënZoMm, V§ÌkmZmMm ñdrH$ma H$éZ{dñVma Ho$bm. àma§ r åhUOo B.g. 1969 gmbr A_o[aHo$V\$ŠV 4 H|$Ðo hmoVr. Vr nwT>o dmT>V OmD$Z B.g. 1995 gmbr50 bmIm§À`m Amgnmg nmohMbr Va ^maVmV B.g. 1994gmbr B§Q>aZoQ>gmR>r {Z{dXm _mJ{dÊ`mV Amë`m. Aem àH$mao^maVmZo OdiOdi 25 df} Ceram B§Q>aZoQ> joÌmV nXmn©U Ho$bo.Ë`mMm n[aUm_ maVmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m B§Q>aZoQ>darb mfm§daPmbm. g§H$ënZm B§J«Or d AmVrb _m{hVr Ë`m Ë`m ^mfoVrbAem àH$maMm {_l ^mfm§Mm dmna B§Q>aZoQ>da hmoD$ bmJbm.

_amR>r ^mfm ~mobUmao EHy$U 12 H$moQ>r bmoH$ ^maVmghOJmV {d{dY Xoem§V H$m`©aV AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhtZr {d{dYkmZjoÌm§_Üò gImob kmZ g§nmXZ H$éZ Ë`m Ë`m joÌm§V C§M amarKoVbobr Amho. Aem _amR>r ^m{fH$ bmoH$m§Zm B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmnaX¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV An[ahm`© Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_wio g§Xoe dhZ VaA{YH$ à^mdr Pmbo AmhoM Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m Ë`m joÌmVrbkmZ{dH$mgmg _moR>m hmV^ma bmJbm Amho. ~mVå`m, _m{hVr,gm{hË`, {MÌnQ>, JmUr, d¡ÚH$, nmH$H$bm, dmñVwemó, {dkmZBË`mXr gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zmhr Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m ~m~r B§Q>aZoQ>À`m_mÜ`_mVyZ CnbãY hmoV Agë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ` _amR>r^m{fH$m§Mmhr `m _hmOmbmer gVV g§nH©$ oD$ bmJbm Amho.gdmªZmM B§J«Or mfm AdJV Zgë`m_wio, Ë`mM~amo~a Amnë`m^mfodarb ào_m_wio VgoM Vr ~hþg§»`m§Mr ^mfm Agë`m_wio_amR>rMm B§Q>aZoQ>da dmna dmT>bm Amho. g§JUH$, A±S´>m°BS>_mo~mB©b `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ B§Q>aZoQ>darb nmoQ>©b, do~gmB©Q>,_mo~mB©b A°ßbrHo$eZ `m_Üò _amR>r ^mfoMm _moR>çm à_mUmVdmna hmoV Amho. Eg.E_.Eg.À`m wJmV àma§ r _amR>r mfoVrb"_ogoO' amo_Z {bnrMm dmna H$éZ nmR>{dbm OmB©. ho {MÌ ~XbyZA{bH$S>o XodZmJarV _amR>r _ogoO nmR>{dbo OmVmV. Va ìhmQ>g²An gma»`m A°ßg_wio amo_Z Am{U _amR>r `m XmoÝhr {bß`mBboŠQ>m°{ZŠg _r{S>`mV _wŠVnUo dmnaë`m OmV AmhoV. .pdfqH$dm .jpg V§ÌkmZm_wio Va _amR>rMo `m _r{S>`mVrb à_mU{Xdg|{Xdg \$maM dmT>V Amho. Ë`m~amo~a JwJb _amR>r,`w{Zìhg©b \$m°ÝQ> `m_wiohr Ë`mV â nS>V Amho.

B§Q>aZoQ> ~am o~aM Q> o{b[ìhOZMo {d{dY M°Zëg,ao{S>Amodarb E\$.E_. ñQ>oeÝg `m§Mo àmXo{eH$ ^mfoV àgmaUH$aÊ`mMo à_mU dmT>ë`m_wio {d{dY ^mfm§Vrb H$m`©H«$_ àojH$-lmoË`m§gmR>r CnbãY Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gm§ñH¥${VH$,d¡Mm[aH$ g§H«$_U _moR>çm à_mUmda gwé Pmbo Amho. Ë`mMmn[aUm_ ^m{fH$ n[adV©Zmda nS>V AgyZ AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmbmgm_mdyZ KoUmar _amR>r ^mfm {gÕ hmoV Amho. V§ÌkmZmVrbn[adV©Zmà_mUoM {VÀ`mVhr n[adV©Z hmoV Amho.

g§JUH$ H«$m§Vr_wio "BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg _r{S>`m' {dH$grVPmbm. g§nH$m©Mr gmYZo dmT>br, g§nH$m©Mo à_mU dmT>bo. Ë`mVñd^m{fH$m§à_mUoM {^Þ ^m{fH$m§Mm g§nH©$ dmT>bm. Ë`m_wioeãXmXmZ, ñdZm§Mo AmXmZ `m à{H«$`m KS>ë`m. B§J«OrMm à^mddmT>bm. B§J«Or eãXm§Mo à_mU dmT>bo Ë`mM~amo~a OmJ{VH${dH$grV Xoem§À`m ^mfm§Vrb eãXhr Ambo. CXm. gwPwH$s,`m_mhm, g°_g§J B. Am¡Úmo{JH$ eãXmXmZ~amo~aM gm§ñH¥${VH$AmXmZ Pmbo. CXm. ìh°b|Q>mB©Z S>o. Hw$R>ë`mhr mfoMm {dMma Ho$bmVa àËòH$ ^mfoMr EH$ ñdV§Ì aMZm AgVo Ago {XgyZ òVo. `maMZoV àm_w»`mZo ñdZ (_ybÜdZr), eãXg§J«h, dmŠ`ì`dñWm(ì`mH$aU), AW©ì`dñWm ho KQ>H$ à_wI AgVmV. XmoZ qH$dmA{YH$ ^mfm§Mm g§H$a hmoV AgVmZm `m Mma KQ>H$m§da à^mdnSy>Z Ë`mV n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo.

àËòH$ ^mfm hiyhiy gwb^rH$aUmH$S>o dmQ>Mmb H$aVAgVo. "BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg _r{S> m'_wio _amR>r ^mfoV Ambobo ZdrZeãX CÀMmaÑîQ>çm gwb^ hmoV Jobo. CXm. Missed call-{_g H$m°b m~amo~aM _amR>r mfoZo B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _hmOmbmV àdoeHo$bm Vmo amo_Z {bnrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ na§Vw AmO nmoQ>©b, do~gmB©Q>,A°ßbrHo$eÝg (A°ßg) ho amo_Z {bnrV Agbo Var Ë`mVrb _m{hVrXodZmJar {bnrV AgVo. AemàH$mao _amR>r mfoZo "BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg_r{S>`m'Vhr {d{dY àH$maMo eãXmXmZ ñdrH$méZ Amnbrì`mH$aUrH$ ì`dñWm OnÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.g§X^© :-

1) gaH$ma M§Mb (AZw. {XZH$a Jm§Jb), H$hmUrdV©_mZnÌmMr, Z°eZb ~wH$ Q>ñQ> B§{S>`m n¥. 4

2) _w{ÐV _mÜ`_m§gmR>r boIZ H$m¡eëò, `.M._._wŠV{dÚmnrR>, Am. 1 br, Zm{eH$, 2002, n¥. 3,4,5

3) VÌ¡d n¥. 394) ÑH$-lmì` _mÜ`_m §gmR>r boIZ H$m ¡eëò,

`.M._._wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Am. 1 br, Zm{eH$, 2002, n¥. 4

ISSN: 2394 5303 076




4.002(IIJIF)


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1) ¯ÖÏÖ. �ãÓú³ÖÖ¸ü ÖÖ�ÖÖê üÖ¾Ö, “ ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü¿Ö»ÖÖ�úÖ ” †Ó�ú 20 ¾ÖÖ,‹×¯ÖÏ»Ö ŸÖê •ÖæÖ 1992 ¯ÖéÂšü �Îú. 26

2) ¯ÖÏÖ“ÖÖµÖÔ ³Ö�ÖŸÖ ¸üÖÓ.ŸÖã., “ ¸üÖ•ÖÂÖá ¿ÖÖÆæü ”û¡Ö¯ÖŸÖß •Öß¾ÖÖ ¾Ö×¿Ö�Ö�Ö ”, ×¸üµÖÖ ¯ÖÛ²»Ö�êú¿ÖÃÖ, �úÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ ü, 2011, ¯ÖéÂšü - 65

3) ¯ÖÏÖ.¯ÖÖ™üß»Ö †.†Ö., ¯ÖÏÖ.�ÖÖµÖ�ú¾ÖÖ›ü ¸üÖ.–ÖÖ., “ †Ö¬Öã×Ö�ú³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ”, ¸üÖ×¾Ö»Ö ¯ÖÛ²»Ö�êú¿ÖÖ ÃÖÖŸÖÖ¸üÖ, 1974, ¯ÖéÂšü - 58, 59

4) �ãú»Ö�ú�Öá ÃÖãÆüÖÃÖ, “ÖÓ ÖÖÖê ü�ú¸ü ×´Ö»Öà¤ü, “µÖÖÓÖß ‘Ö›ü¾Ö»ÖÓÃÖÆüÃ¡Ö�ú”, ¸üÖêÆüÖ ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¿ÖÖ ¯Öã�Öê, 2012, ÖéÂšü �Îú.195

ISSN: 2394 5303 078




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ISSN: 2394 5303 079




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ISSN: 2394 5303 080




4.002(IIJIF)


¾ÖÖÃŸÖ¾Öê“Öê ³ÖÖÖ šêü¾ÖæÖ ´Ö¸üÖšüß ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖß�úÖÓÖß †Ö¯Ö»Öê µÖÖê�Ö¤üÖÖ×¤ü»Öê»Öê †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖãÖ ¾Öê¤üÖÖ, ×¾Ö¦üÖêÆü ¾Ö Ö�úÖ¸ü µÖÖ•Öß¾ÖÖ´Öæ»µÖÖÓ“Öê ×¾Ö¸üÖ™ü ¤ü¿ÖÔÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. Ö¾µÖÖÖê ×¿Ö�æú »ÖÖ�Ö»Öê»ÖÖ ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö¾Ö�ÖÔ ÖÏ£Ö´Ö“Ö †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ »Öê�ÖÖÖŸÖæÖ ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖß»Ö �ÖãÓŸÖÖ�ÖãÓŸÖß“Öê ÖÏ¿Ö¯ÖÏ�Ö¸ü¯Ö�Öê ´ÖÖÓ›ãü »ÖÖ�Ö»ÖÖ. ´Ö¸üÖšüß ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ¾Öî“ÖÖ×¸ü�ú ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ×ÖÙ´ÖŸÖß“Öß¯ÖÏê ü�ÖÖ Æüß ¾ÖÖÃŸÖ¾Ö •Öß¾ÖÖÖŸÖ ³Öê›üÃÖÖ¾Ö�ÖÖ·µÖÖ ÖÏ¿ÖÖÓ¿Öß †ÖÆêü. •µÖÖ ¾ÖÖÃŸÖ¾Ö•Ö�ÖÖŸÖ †Ö¯Ö�Ö ¸üÖÆüŸÖ †ÖÆüÖêŸÖ, •Ö�ÖŸÖ †ÖÆüÖêŸÖ ŸµÖÖ“Ö ÃÖŸµÖ•Öß¾ÖÖÖ“ÖÖ†Ö³ÖÖÃÖ µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖÖê �êú»ÖÖ. †Ö¯Ö�Ö •Ö�ÖŸÖ †ÃÖ»Öê»µÖÖ •Öß¾ÖÖÖ“Öê¯ÖÏ×ŸÖØ²Ö²Ö ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖ ˆ´Ö™ü×¾Ö�µÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏµÖŸÖ µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖÖê �êú»Öê †ÖÆêü.•Öß¾ÖÖ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ�ú ¾ÖÖÃŸÖ¾ÖŸÖê“Öê ³ÖÖÖ šêü¾ÖæÖ ÃÖ•ÖÔ�ú¯Ö�Öê µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ�éúŸÖà“Öß×ÖÙ´ÖŸÖß —ÖÖ»Öê»Öß †ÖÆêü. •Öß¾ÖÖÖŸÖß»Ö †Öê�ú×¾Ö¬Ö ÃŸÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ‘Ö›ü�ÖÖ·µÖÖ‘Ö›üÖ´ÖÖê›üßŸÖãÖ ŸµÖÖ»ÖÖ •ÖÖ�Ö¾Ö»Öê»µÖÖ •Öß¾ÖÖ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ�ú ¾ÖÖÃŸÖ¾ÖŸÖê“Öê ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö�ú�ÖÖÓÖÖ Ã¯Ö¿ÖÔ �ú¸ü�ÖÖ¸êü ºþ¯Ö µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖãÖ •ÖÖ�Ö¾ÖŸÖê.

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´Ö¸üÖšüß ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ¾Öî“ÖÖ×¸ü�ú ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ Æêü ´Ö¸üÖšüß“µÖÖ ´Ö¬µÖ¾ÖŸÖáÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ¯Ö¸Óü¯Ö¸üÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ ¾Öê�Öôûß “Öæ»Ö ´ÖÖÓ›ü�ÖÖ¸êü Ø�ú¾ÖÖ †»Ö�ÖŸÖÖ¾ÖÖ¤üÖ“ÖÖ¯Öã üÃ�úÖ¸ü �ú ü�ÖÖ êü ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ÖÖÆüß. ÖÆüÖ¸üÖÂ™ÒüÖ“µÖÖ Ö¬µÖ¾ÖŸÖá ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ Ö¸Óü¯Ö¸êüÖê´Ö¸üÖšüß ¯ÖÏ¤êü¿ÖÖ“ÖÖ †×¾Ö³ÖÖ•µÖ ³ÖÖ�Ö ´Æü�ÖãÖ ´Ö¸üÖšüß ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ¾Öî“ÖÖ×¸ü�úÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖ�ú›êü ¯ÖÖ×Æü»Öê •ÖÖŸÖê. ¯Ö×¸ü�ÖÖ´Öß Æêü ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ¸üÖÂ™ÒüßµÖ ¯ÖÏ¾ÖÖÆüÖ“ÖÖ‹�ú ÖîÃÖÙ�Ö�ú ³ÖÖ�Ö“Ö †ÖÆêü.

“´Ö üÖšüß ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ” †ÃÖÖ ¿Ö²¤ü ÖÏµÖÖê�Ö ÃÖ¾ÖÔ ÖÏ£Ö´Ö ÃÖÖÓ�Ö»Öß“Öê´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ´Ö¸üÖšüß ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü¾ÖÓŸÖ ÃÖµµÖ¤ü †´ÖßÖ µÖÖÓÖß 1936 “µÖÖ ¤ü¸ü´µÖÖÖ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü»µÖÖ“Öê ×¤üÃÖãÖ µÖêŸÖê. ÃÖµµÖ¤ü †´ÖßÖ µÖÖÓÖß “´Ö¸üÖšüß ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ”µÖÖ ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖê ‹�ú ×ÖµÖŸÖ�úÖ×»Ö�ú ÃÖã¹ý �êú»Öê ÆüÖêŸÖê. ÃÖµµÖ¤ü †´ÖßÖ µÖÖÓÖß

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“†Ö•Ö“µÖÖ ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖ»Öê»µÖÖ ÖãÃ»Öß´ÖÖÓ Öî�úß 90 ™üŒµÖÖ¾ÖºþÖ•ÖÖÃŸÖ“Ö ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö Æêü ¬Ö´ÖÖÕŸÖ¸üßŸÖ ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö †ÖÆêüŸÖ. �úÖÆüß•Ö�Ö ¯ÖÏ»ÖÖê³ÖÖÖÖê¬Ö´ÖÖÕŸÖ¸ü �ú¸üŸÖê —ÖÖ»Öê. ŸÖ¸ü ²ÖÆãüÃÖÓ�µÖ “ÖÖŸÖã¾ÖÔ�µÖÖÔ»ÖÖ �Óú™üÖôãûÖ ÃÖ´ÖŸÖêÃÖÖšüß´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö —ÖÖ»Öê. ‡Ã»ÖÖ´Ö ¬Ö´ÖÔ ²ÖÖÆêü¹ýÖ †Ö»ÖÖ ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã 90 ™üŒ�êú ´ÖãÃÖ»Ö´ÖÖÖ²ÖÖÆêüºþÖ †Ö»Öê»Öê ÖÖÆüßŸÖ.” µÖÖ“ÖÖ †£ÖÔ ÆüÖ �úß, ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖß»Ö ´ÖãÃ»Öß´ÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ÆüÖ µÖê£Öß»Ö ´ÖÖŸÖß¿Öß †Ö¯Ö»Öê ÖŸÖê ÃÖÖÓ�Ö�ÖÖ¸üÖ †ÖÆêü ŸÖÖê ²ÖÆãü•ÖÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ“ÖÖ“Ö ‹�ú ‘Ö™ü�ú †ÖÆêü. Ã¾ÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖÖê¢Ö¸ü �úÖôûÖŸÖ 1970 ÃÖÖ»ÖßÆü´Öß¤ü ¤ü»Ö¾ÖÖ‡Ô µÖÖÓÖß ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖŸµÖ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�ú “Öôû¾Öôûß“Öß Ã£ÖÖ¯ÖÖÖ �êú»Öß.µÖÖ ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖŸµÖ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�ú “Öôû¾Öôûß“µÖÖ Ã£ÖÖ¯ÖÖê ÖÖ�Ö“ÖÖ Æü´Öß¤ü ¤ü»Ö¾ÖÖ‡Ô“ÖÖˆ§êü¿Ö ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏ²ÖÖê¬ÖÖ ¾Ö ¯Ö×¸ü¾ÖŸÖÔÖ �ú¸ü�Öê ÆüÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. ¾ÖŸµÖÖ¯ÖÏ Ö´ÖÖ�Öê ŸµÖÖÓÖß Ö¸üÖšüß ³ÖÖÂÖê×¾ÖÂÖµÖß †Ö�ÖÏÆüß ³Öã×´Ö�úÖ ‘ÖêŸÖ»Öß. ÖãÃ»Öß´ÖÃÖŸµÖ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�ú “Öôû¾Öôûß´Öãôêû ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ ÖÏ²ÖÖê¬ÖÖÖ“Öê ¾ÖÖ¸êü ¾ÖÖÆãü »ÖÖ�Ö»Öê.µÖÖ“Ö “Öôû¾Öôûß´Öãôêû“Ö ´ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ¯ÖÏ–ÖÖ †Ö×�Ö ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖ³ÖÖ Ö¾µÖÖ•Öß¾ÖÖ •ÖÖ×�Ö¾ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ Ã¾Öß�úÖ¸ü �ú¸üßŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.

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ISSN: 2394 5303 081




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ISSN: 2394 5303 082




4.002(IIJIF)


ÆüÖêµÖ.” ›üÖò. ×¾Ö.ÃÖ. •ÖÖê�Ö ´Æü�ÖŸÖÖŸÖ, “´ÖãÃÖ»Ö´ÖÖÖß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ‘Ö™ü�úÖŸÖ Æüß¾ÖÖ’û´ÖµÖßÖ ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÖÔŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö �Öê»Öß Ö®ÖÖÃÖ ¾ÖÂÖÔ �úÖê�ÖŸµÖÖ †¾ÖÃ£ÖêŸÖ •Ö�ÖŸÖ†ÖÆêü. ‹�úß�ú›êü ŸÖÖê ³ÖµÖ ¾µÖÖ�ãúôû †ÖÆêü. ¤ãüÃÖ¸üß�ú›êü ŸÖÖê †Ö�Îú´Ö�ú †ÖÆêü.‹�úß�ú›êü ŸµÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ÃÖŸÖŸÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖµÖÖ“Öß ÃÖã‡Ô ¸üÖê�Ö»Öß •ÖÖŸÖ †ÖÆêü. ¤ãüÃÖ¸üß�ú›êüŸµÖÖ“Öê¾Ö¸ü ŸÖãÂ™üß�ú¸ü�Ö �êú»Öê •ÖÖŸÖ †ÖÆêü. ²ÖÆãüÃÖÓ�µÖ ÖãÃÖ»Ö´ÖÖÖ ³ÖµÖ ¾µÖÖ�ãúôû†ÖÆêü. �úÖÆüß £ÖÖê›êü ´Öã»»ÖÖ´ÖÖî»Ö¾Öß †Ö×�Ö ŸÖŸÃÖ´Ö ¸üÖ•Ö�úÖ¸ü�Öß †Ö�Îú´Ö�ú†ÖÆêüŸÖ. ÖãÃÖ»Ö´ÖÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖß»Ö µÖÖ ×¾ÖÃÖÓ¾ÖÖ¤üÖ“Öê ¾ÖÃŸÖã×ÖÂšü Ö�Öê ÖÏ×ŸÖ³ÖÖÃÖÓ Ö®Ö×“Ö¡Ö�Ö ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖßµÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü. ´Ö¸üÖšüß ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü.ŸÖê ´ÖãÃÖ»Ö´ÖÖÖ »Öê�Ö�úÖÓÖß �êú»Öê †ÖÆêü. ¯Ö�Ö ŸÖê ¯Öã êüÃÖê ÖÖÆüß.”

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1980-85 ÖÓŸÖ¸ü Ö¾µÖÖ ¤ü´ÖÖ“ÖÖ Ö¸üÖšüß ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö »Öê�Ö�ú †Ö¯Ö»Öß¾µÖ£ÖÖ ´ÖÖÓ›üŸÖÖÓÖÖ †Ö�Îú´Ö�ú ¿Öî»Öß“ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Öß¯Ö�Öê ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü �ú¹ýÖ ¾ÖÖÃŸÖ¾Ö³ÖÖÖ �ú£ÖÖ �ú¸ü�µÖÖ“ÖÖ ÖÏµÖŸÖ �êú»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö †ÃÖ�µÖÖ“µÖÖ†ÛÃŸÖŸ¾ÖÖ»ÖÖ“Ö ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê»µÖÖ †Ö¾ÆüÖÖÖ“Öß ¤ü�Ö»Ö ŸÖÖê †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖãÖ‘ÖêŸÖÖÓÖÖ ×¤üÃÖŸÖÖê. µÖÖˆ»Ö™ü ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖß�ú �êú¾Öôû ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÖÏ¿ÖÖÓ“Öß“Ö´ÖÖÓ›ü�Öß �ú¸üŸÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖê Æüß ÖÖÆüß ŸÖ¸ü †£Ö»µÖÖ ‡ŸÖ¸ü ¬Ö´ÖáµÖÖÓ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸üÃÖÆü•Öß¾ÖÖÖ“Öê ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖÆüß ŸµÖÖÓÖß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖãÖ ×“Ö¡ÖßŸÖ �êú»Öê †ÖÆêü.�êú¾Öôû ØÆü¤æü ¬Ö´ÖáµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ×¾Ö¸üÖê¬ÖÖÃÖÖšüß ÖÖÆüß ŸÖ¸ü µÖÖ ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ¯ÖÏŸµÖê�ú¤ü×»ÖŸÖ, ×¯Ö›üßŸÖ, ¿ÖÖê×ÂÖŸÖÖÓÖÖ µÖÖµÖ, ÃÖã ü�ÖÖ †Ö×�Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖÖŸÖê“ÖÖ †×¬Ö�úÖ¸ü×´ÖôûÖ¾ÖÖ Æü�ÖãÖ †Ö•Ö ÖãÃ»Öß´Ö ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖß�ú †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ »Öê�Ö�Öß¾¤üÖ¸üÖ ÃÖÓ‘ÖÂÖÔ�ú¸üßŸÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.

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ISSN: 2394 5303 083




4.002(IIJIF)


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2) ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖŸÖê“Öß ‡“”ûÖ : ²Ö·µÖÖ“Ö ¯Öã¹ýÂÖÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖÖê¤ü¿ÖÖ ‹�ÖÖªÖ³ÖÏ Ö üÖ¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Öê †ÃÖŸÖê. †¿Öß ÛÃ£ÖŸÖß �êú¾Öôû Öã¹ýÂÖÖÓ“Öß“Ö †ÃÖŸÖê †ÃÖê Æü�Ö�Öê´ÖÖ¡Ö ‹�êú¸üß Ã¾Ö¹ý¯ÖÖ“Öê ¾Ö ¬ÖÖ›üÃÖÖ“Öê ÆüÖê‡Ô»Ö. ‹�úÖ“Ö Ã¡Öß´Ö¬µÖê ²Ö¸êü“Ö •ÖÖÖÓ“Öê´ÖÖ ü´ÖŸÖ ÖÖÆüß. ŸµÖÖÓÖÖ Ö¾ÖÖ¾ÖßÖ ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ Æü¾µÖÖÆü¾µÖÖ¿ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ™üŸÖÖŸÖ. µÖÖŸÖæÖ“Ö¾Öê¿µÖÖ¾Öé¢Öß»ÖÖ �ÖŸÖ¯ÖÖ�Öß ×´Öôæû »ÖÖ�Ö»Öê ¾Ö ¾Öê¿µÖÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ±úÖê±úÖ¾Ö»ÖÖ†ÖÆêü. ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖÆüß µÖÖ»ÖÖ †¯Ö¾ÖÖ¤ü ÖÖÆüßŸÖ.

3) ‘Ö™üÃ±úÖê™ü : ²Ö¸êü“Ö¤üÖ ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü ÆüÖê¾ÖæÖÆüß ¯Öã¹ýÂÖÖ»ÖÖ Ã¡Öß¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ•Ö¸ü ÃÖã�Ö ×´ÖôûŸÖ ÖÃÖê»Ö ŸÖ¸ü µÖÖŸÖæÖ ¯ÖŸÖß-¯ÖŸÖß´Ö¬µÖê ²Öê²ÖÖÖ¾Ö, �ú™ü�ú™ü,ÃÖÓ‘ÖÂÖÔ ÆüÖê‰ú »ÖÖ�ÖŸÖÖê ¾Ö ŸµÖÖ“Öê ÖµÖÔ¾ÖÃÖÖÖ ¿Öê¾Ö™üß ‘Ö™üÃ±úÖê™üÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. †¿ÖÖÛÃ£ÖŸÖßŸÖ †Ö¯Ö»Öß »Öï×�Ö�ú �Ö¸ü•Ö ¯Öã¹ýÂÖ ²ÖÖÆêü¸ü ¯ÖîÃÖÖ �Ö“ÖÔ �ú¹ýÖ ³ÖÖ�Ö¾Öæ»ÖÖ�ÖŸÖÖ. ŸÖ¸ü �ú¬Öß�ú¬Öß Ã¡Öß ¯ÖŸÖßÖê ÃÖÖê›æüÖ ×¤ü»µÖÖ´Öãôêû ×Ö¸üÖ¬ÖÖ¸ü ÆüÖêŸÖÖê.†¿ÖÖ ¤ü¿ÖêŸÖ ŸÖß ÃÖã¬¤üÖ †Ö¯Ö»Öß †ÖÙ£Ö�ú ¾Ö »Öï×�Ö�ú �Ö¸ü•Ö Öæ�ÖÔ �ú ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüßÊÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ�ú›êü †Ö�úÙÂÖ»Öß •ÖÖŸÖê.

4) ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆüÖ“Öê ¾ÖµÖ ¾ÖÖœü�Öê : ²Ö·µÖÖ“Ö †ÖÙ£Ö�ú, ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö�ú,�úÖî™ãÓü×²Ö�ú �úÖ¸ü�ÖÖ´Öãôêû Öã»ÖÖ-´Öã»Öà“Öê ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü ¾Öêôêû¾Ö¸ü ÆüÖêŸÖ ÖÖÆüßŸÖ. †¿ÖßŸÖ¹ý�Ö ´ÖÓ›üôûß †Ö¯Ö»Öß »Öï×�Ö�ú �Ö¸ü•Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü ×šü�úÖ�Öß ³ÖÖ�Ö¾Öæ »ÖÖ�ÖŸÖÖŸÖØ�ú¾ÖÖ ŸÖê ŸµÖÖ“µÖÖ ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. �úÖ´Öê“”ûÖ Æüß ‹�ú ÖîÃÖÙ�Ö�ú ²ÖÖ²Ö†ÖÆêü. ŸÖê¾ÆüÖ ŸÖß ¾ÖÖ‡Ô™ü †ÖÆêü †ÃÖê ´ÖÖ¡Ö †Ö¯Ö�ÖÖ»ÖÖ ´Æü�ÖŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖ ÖÖÆüß.

17

ISSN: 2394 5303 085




4.002(IIJIF)


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7) •ÖÖê ü •Ö²Ö¸ü¤üÃŸÖß : ²Ö êü“Ö¤üÖ Öã»ÖàÖÖ ÆüÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖß»Ö �úÖÆüß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö�Óú™ü�ú ³ÖÖ�Ö ÖÖ›üŸÖÖŸÖ. »ÖÆüÖÖ Öã»ÖàÖÖ Öôû¾ÖæÖÖê�Öê, ŸµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ²Ö»ÖÖŸ�úÖ¸ü �ú¹ýÖ ŸµÖÖÓÖÖ ³ÖÏÂ™ü �ú¸ü�Öê, Ö�Ö ×“Ö¡Öê ‘Öê‰úÖ²»Öò�ú´Öê»Ö �ú¸ü�Öê, ×•Ö¾Öê ´ÖÖ¸ü�µÖÖ“Öß ¬Ö´Ö�úß ¤êü�Öê ¾Ö�Öî êü ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü �ú¹ýÖ×ŸÖ»ÖÖ ¿Ö¸üßŸÖ ×¾Ö�ÎúµÖ �ú¸üÖ¾ÖµÖÖÃÖ ³ÖÖ�Ö ¯ÖÖ›üŸÖÖŸÖ. Öã»ÖàÖÖ ¯Öôû¾ÖæÖ Öê‰úÖ×¾Ö�ú�Öê, ×ŸÖ»ÖÖ ¾Öê¿µÖÖ ²ÖÖ×¾Ö�Öê †ÃÖê ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü †Ö¯Ö�ÖÆüß ÖêÆü´Öß“Ö¾ÖŸÖÔ ÖÖÖ¯Ö¡ÖÖŸÖæÖÆüß ¾ÖÖ“ÖŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖê. ‹�ú¤üÖ ´ÖÖ�ÖÔ “Öã�ú»ÖÖ �úß ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÆüßŸµÖÖÓÖÖ Ã¾Öß�úÖ¸üŸÖ ÖÖÆüß ¾Ö ¿Öê¾Ö™üß ÖÖ‡Ô»ÖÖ•Ö ´Æü�ÖæÖ ¾Ö ¯ÖÖê™ü ³Ö¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß†¿ÖÖ ´Öã»Öß ÆüÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ Ã¾Öß�úÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ.

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10) ×´Öôû�úŸÖß“ÖÖ ÃÖÖê ÖÖ ´ÖÖ�ÖÔ : �ú´Öß ¯Ö×¸üÁÖ´ÖÖŸÖ �Öæ Ö ¯ÖîÃÖÖ†ÃÖÖ ÆüÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ²Ö·µÖÖ“Ö Öã»ÖàÖÖ †Ö�úÙÂÖŸÖ �ú¸üŸÖÖê. ×¤ü¾ÖÃÖ³Ö¸ü Ö×¸üÁÖ´Ö�ú¹ýÖÆüß •Öê¾ÖœüÖ ¯ÖîÃÖÖ ×´ÖôûŸÖ ÖÖÆüß ŸµÖÖ¯Öê�ÖÖ ×�úŸÖßŸÖ¸üß •ÖÖÃŸÖ ¯ÖîÃÖÖ¤êüÆü×¾Ö�ÎúµÖÖŸÖæÖ ×´ÖôûŸÖÖê. ‹�ú¤üÖ »Ö••ÖÖ ²ÖÖ•Öæ»ÖÖ ÃÖÖ¸ü»Öß �úß †¿ÖÖ ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ†¿ÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ»ÖÖ Ã¾ÖŸÖ:“Ö ×“Ö�ú™æüÖ ¸üÖÆüŸÖÖŸÖ ´Æü�ÖæÖÆüß ÆüÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ“ÖÖ»ÖŸÖÖê.

11) ¾ÖÖ‡Ô™ü ÃÖÖê²ÖŸÖ : ×´Ö¡Ö´ÖÓ›üôûß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ •Öß¾ÖÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ²Ö¸üÖ“Ö¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö ™üÖ�æú ¿Ö�úŸÖÖŸÖ. ¾Ö�ÖÔ×´Ö¡Ö, ÃÖ´Ö¾ÖµÖÃ�ú �Ö™ü ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ ´ÖÆüŸ¾ÖÖ“Öê†ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ²Ö·µÖÖ“Ö �ÖÖêÂ™üß ´Öã»Öê-´Öã»Öß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ×´Ö¡ÖÖÓ�ú›æüÖ ×¿Ö�úŸÖ†ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ¿Ö¸üß¸ü×¾Ö�ÎúµÖ �ú¸ü�ÖÖ·µÖÖ ´Öã»Öß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ÃÖÆü¾ÖÖÃÖÖŸÖß»Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü´Öã»ÖàÖÖ Æüß ×²Ö‘Ö›ü¾ÖŸÖÖŸÖ, ¾ÖÖ´Ö´ÖÖ�ÖÖÔ»ÖÖ »ÖÖ¾ÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸµÖÖÓÖÖ ³ÖÖî×ŸÖ�ú—Ö�Ö´Ö�ÖÖ™ü ¤üÖ�Ö¾ÖæÖ µÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ»ÖÖ ²Öôûß ¯ÖÖ›üŸÖÖŸÖ. ²Ö¸êü“Ö¤üÖ †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ

ISSN: 2394 5303 086




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12) ³Ö�Ö �ãú™ãÓü²Öê : †Ö‡Ô-¾Ö×›ü»ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö ×¾Ö“”êû¤ü, ‘Ö™üÃ±úÖê™ü,¯Ö×¸üŸµÖÖ�Ö Ø�ú¾ÖÖ ¤üÖê‘ÖÖÓ“ÖÖÆüß ÖéŸµÖæ Ø�ú¾ÖÖ ‹�úÖ“ÖÖ ÖéŸµÖæ ‡ŸµÖÖ¤üß �úÖ¸ü�ÖÖ´Öãôêû�ãú™ãÓü²Öê ×¾Ö‘Ö™üßŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. †¿ÖÖ �ãú™ãÓü²ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ´Öã»Öê-´Öã»Öß ˆ‘Ö›üß ¯Ö›üŸÖÖŸÖ.´ÖÖŸÖé ÖÏê Ö ¾Ö ×¯ÖŸÖé”ûÖµÖÖ µÖÖ¯ÖÖÃÖæÖ ¾ÖÓ×“ÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸµÖÖÓ“Öß �ãú“ÖÓ²ÖÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê.�ãú�ÖÖ“Öê ×ÖµÖÓ¡Ö�Ö ¸üÖÆüŸÖ ÖÖÆüß. †¿ÖÖ �ãú™ãÓü²ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ´Öã»Öê-´Öã»Öß “Ö™ü�úÖ¾ÖÖ´Ö ´ÖÖ�ÖÖÔ»ÖÖ ²Öôûß ¯Ö›üŸÖÖŸÖ. �úÖÆüß ²ÖÖ»Ö�ÖãÆêü�ÖÖ¸ü †¿ÖÖ“Ö �ãú™ãÓü²ÖÖŸÖæÖ†ÃÖ»Öê»Öê †ÖœüôæûÖ †Ö»Öê †ÖÆêü.

13) ¯Öã¹ýÂÖÖÓ¾Ö¸ü ÃÖæ›ü ˆ�Ö×¾Ö�µÖÖ“Öß ³ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖ : ×�úŸµÖê�ú ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ¯Öã¹ýÂÖß †ÆÓü�úÖ üÖ»ÖÖ, †ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ¸üÖ»ÖÖ ²Öôûß Ö›üŸÖÖŸÖ. ÖŸÖß¿Öß “ÖÖÓ�Ö»Öê ¾ÖÖ�ÖæÖÆüß¯ÖŸÖß ´ÖÖ¡Ö ¯ÖÏÖ´ÖÖ×�Ö�ú¯Ö�Öê ¾ÖÖ�Ö»ÖÖ ÖÖÆüß Ø�ú¾ÖÖ ´ÖÖ¸üÆüÖ�Ö �ú¸üŸÖÖê †¿ÖÖ¡ÖÖÃÖÖ»ÖÖ �Óú™üÖôæûÖ ¾Ö Öã¹ýÂÖÖÓ¾Ö¸ü ÃÖæ›ü ²Öã¬¤üßÖê ²Ö¤ü»ÖÖ ‘Öê�µÖÖ“µÖÖ ³ÖÖ¾ÖÖêÖêÆüßÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ ÆüÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ´Öã§üÖ´ÖÆãüÖ �ú¹ý »ÖÖ�ÖŸÖÖŸÖ ¯Ö¸ÓüŸÖã µÖÖÓ“Öê ¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Ö �ú´Öß†ÖÆêü.

14) †–ÖÖÖ ¾Ö ¯ÖÏ×ÃÖ¬¤üß“Öß ‡“”ûÖ : ¿ÖÆü¸üÖ´Ö¬µÖê ³ÖÏÂ™üÖ“ÖÖ¸üß»ÖÖê�úÖÓ“ÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖæÆü †ÃÖŸÖÖê. ‡ŸÖ¸üÖÓÖÖ ±úÃÖ¾ÖæÖ †Ö¯Ö»ÖÖ Ã¾ÖÖ£ÖÔ ÃÖÖ¬Ö�Öê ÆüÖŸµÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖµÖÖµÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖ ê. †ÃÖê »ÖÖê�ú ³ÖÖêóµÖÖ³ÖÖ²Ö›ü¶Ö ´Öã»ÖàÖÖ±úÃÖ×¾ÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸµÖÖÓÖÖ ´ÖÖêšü´ÖÖêšüß †Ö×´ÖÂÖê ¤üÖ�Ö¾ÖŸÖÖŸÖ. Ã¾Ö¯ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¤ãü×ÖµÖêŸÖ‘Öê‰úÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ. †Öê�ú ¯ÖÏ»ÖÖê³ÖÖê ¤êüŸÖÖŸÖ. µÖÖ»ÖÖ ²Öôûß ¯Ö›æüÖ Öã»Öß †Ö¯Ö»ÖêÃÖ¾ÖÔÃ¾Ö �Ö´ÖÖ¾ÖæÖ ²ÖÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ×�úŸµÖê�ú ´Öã»Öß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ �ÖÖ¾ÖÖÓÆæüÖ ¿ÖÆü¸üÖ�ú›êüµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¯ÖôûÖ»µÖÖŸÖ Ø�ú¾ÖÖ ¯Öôû×¾Ö»µÖÖ �Öê»µÖÖ �úß ŸµÖÖÓÖÖ �ãú�ÖßŸÖ¸üß ±æúÃÖ»ÖÖ¾Ö»Öê»Öß †ÃÖŸÖê. ×ÃÖÖê ÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê �úÖ´Ö ¤êü‡ÔÖ, ×Æü¸üÖê‡ÔÖ ²ÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖÖê ¾Ö�Öî êü.¯ÖÏ×ÃÖ¬¤üßÃÖÖšüß †¿ÖÖ ´Öã»Öß †Ö¯Ö»Öê ÃÖ¾ÖÔÃ¾Ö ¤êüŸÖÖŸÖ ¾Ö ±úÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ÖÓŸÖ¸üŸµÖÖÓ“Öê ›üÖêôêû ‘Ö›üŸÖÖŸÖ ŸÖÖê ÖµÖÕŸÖ ¿Öß ü —ÖÖ»Öê»ÖÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖê. ÖÖ�Öß ›üÖêŒµÖÖ¾Ö¹ýÖ�Öê»Öê»Öê †ÃÖŸÖê. �ú¯ÖÖôûÖ¾Ö¸ü ÆüÖŸÖ ´ÖÖ¹ýÖ ¿Öê¾Ö™üß †¿ÖÖ ´Öã»Öß ÆüÖò™êü»ÃÖ,ÖéŸµÖ�ÖéÆêü, ¯ÖÆüÖ¸ü�ÖéÆêü, »ÖÖò•ÖêÃÖ ¾Ö�Öî ëü“ÖÖ †ÖÁÖµÖ ‘ÖêŸÖÖŸÖ ŸÖ¸ü �ãú�Öß üÖ•Ö üÖêÃÖ¯Ö�Öê¤êüÆü×¾Ö�ÎúµÖ �ú¹ý »ÖÖ�ÖŸÖÖŸÖ.

15) ×¾Ö¬Ö¾ÖÖ ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆ üÖ¾Ö¸ ü ×Ö²Ö Õ¬Ö : †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ�ú› ê ü²ÖÖ»Ö×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆüÖ“Öß ¯ÖÏ£ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß ¾Ö �úÖÆüß ¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�ÖÖŸÖ †Ö•ÖÆüß †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖŸÖ“Ö×¾Ö¬Ö¾Öê»ÖÖ ¯ÖãÖÙ¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü �ú¸üŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖ ÖÖÆüß †ÃÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¤Óü›ü�ú ÆüÖêŸÖÖ.†Ö•ÖÆüß ×¾Ö¬Ö¾Öê“ÖÖ ¯ÖãÖÙ¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü ±úÖÃÖÃÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖ †ÃÖ»Öê»ÖÖ ×¤üÃÖæÖ µÖêŸÖ ÖÖÆüß.‹êÖ ŸÖÖ¹ý�µÖÖŸÖ ¯Ö×ŸÖ ×Ö¬ÖÖ ¯ÖÖ¾Ö»ÖÖ ŸÖ¸ü ŸµÖÖ Ã¡Öß»ÖÖ ¯ÖãÖÙ¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü �ú¸üŸÖÖµÖêŸÖ ÖÖÆüß. Ö¸ÓüŸÖã �úÖ´Öê“”êûÃÖ´ÖÖê ü ÖÖêšü-´ÖÖêšêü ŠúÂÖß-´ÖãÖß ÆüÖ¸ü»Öê ŸµÖÖ ×šü�úÖ�ÖßÃÖÖ´ÖÖµÖÖ“Öê �úÖµÖ? †Ö¯Ö»Öß †ÃÖÊ ÆüÖê�ÖÖ¸üß �úÖ´Ö¾ÖÖÃÖÖÖ †¿ÖÖ ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ

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16) ÖÖÖ×ÃÖ�ú ×¾Ö�éúŸÖß : �úÖÆüß ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ ÖÖÖ×ÃÖ�ú ×¾Ö�éúŸÖß´Öãôêû†Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ »Öï×�Ö�ú ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ×ÖµÖÓ¡Ö�Ö šêü¾Öæ ¿Ö�úŸÖ ÖÖÆüßŸÖ. ´Æü�ÖæÖ ›üÖò.“ÖÖî²Öë“µÖÖ ´ÖŸÖê �ú´Öß ²Öã¬¤üß †Ö×�Ö ´ÖÖÖ×ÃÖ�ú ×¾Ö�éúŸÖß Æüß“Ö ¤üÖêÖ ¯ÖÏ Öã�Ö´ÖÖÖÃÖ¿ÖÖÃ¡ÖßµÖ �úÖ¸ü�Öê ¾Öê¿µÖÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ¯ÖŸ�ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖ ¯Öã¸êü¿Öß †ÖÆêüŸÖ.ÃÖÖ¬ÖÖ¸ü�ÖŸÖ: ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ ÊÖ ³ÖÖ¾Öã�ú †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. Öã¹ýÂÖ †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ¿Ö²¤ü•ÖÖóµÖÖŸÖŸµÖÖÓÖÖ †›ü�ú¾ÖæÖ ±úÃÖ×¾ÖŸÖÖê. ‡×»ÖµÖ™ü †Ö×�Ö ´Öê¸üß»Ö µÖÖÓÖß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö�ú ×¾Ö‘Ö™üÖ µÖÖ ÖãÃŸÖ�úÖŸÖ †ÃÖê Ã¯ÖÂ™ü �êú»Öê †ÖÆêü �úß ÃÖÖ´ÖÖµÖŸÖ:¾Öê¿µÖÖ ÊÖ �ú´Öß ÖÖÖ×ÃÖ�ú �Ö´ÖŸÖÖ †ÃÖ�ÖÖ·µÖÖ ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖÓ“µÖÖ×¾Ö×¿ÖÂ™ü Ã¾Ö³ÖÖ¾ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¾Öê¿µÖÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ¿Öß ‘Ö×ÖÂšü ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö †ÖÆêü. ÖêÆü´Öß“Ö†¯ÖÏÃÖ®Ö üÖÆü�ÖÖ·µÖÖ ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ •Öß¾ÖÖÖŸÖ ×Ö¸üÖ¿Ö —ÖÖ»Öê»µÖÖ Ã¾ÖÖ¾Ö»ÖÓ²ÖÖ �Ö´ÖŸÖê“Öß�ú´ÖŸÖ üŸÖÖ †ÃÖ�ÖÖ·µÖÖ, ÖÏê Ö ¾Ö ÃÖêÆü Ö ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê»µÖÖ, ×“Ö›ü×“Ö›üÖ Ã¾Ö³ÖÖ¾Ö,�ãú¹ý¯Ö ¯Ö×ŸÖ ‡ŸµÖÖ¤üß´Öãôêû ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖ ¾Öê¿µÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ»ÖÖ ²Öôûß ¯Ö›üŸÖÖŸÖ.

17) ¬ÖÖÙ´Ö�ú ¾Ö Ö Óü¯Ö üÖ�ÖŸÖ �úÖ¸ü�Öê : ¾Öê¿µÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ ×Ö´ÖÖÔ�Ö�ú¸ü�µÖÖ“Öê ¾Ö ŸµÖÖ»ÖÖ �ÖŸÖ¯ÖÖ�Öß ‘ÖÖ»Ö�µÖÖ“Öê �úÖ´Ö ¬ÖÖÙ´Ö�ú ×¾ÖÀ¾ÖÖÃÖÖÖêÆüß�êú»Öê †ÖÆêü. µÖÖŸÖæÖ“Ö ¤êü¾Ö¤üÖÃÖß, Öã üôûß ¾Ö�Öî êü ¾Öê¿µÖÖ“Öê ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü ²ÖÖÆêü¸ü Ö›ü»Öê.³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖ ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ�ú¹ýÖ †ÖœüôæûÖ µÖêŸÖÖê. ¤êü¾Öß»ÖÖ ´Öã»Öß ¾ÖÖÆü�ÖêµÖÖ ÖÏ�ÖÖ»ÖßŸÖæÖ Æüß ÖÏ£ÖÖ †ÛÃŸÖŸ¾ÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öß. †Ö•ÖÆüß Æü•ÖÖ¸üÖê Öã»Öß ¤êü¾Ö¤üÖÃÖßÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. †¿ÖÖ ´Öã»ÖàÖÖ ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü �ú¸üŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖ ÖÖÆüß. †×¾Ö¾ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖ ¸üÖÆæüÖ¤êü¾ÖÖ“Öß ÃÖê¾ÖÖ �ú¸ü�Öê ÆüÖ“Ö µÖÖÓ“ÖÖ •Öß¾ÖÖ�Îú´Ö †ÃÖŸÖê. ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖÂ™ÒüÖŸÖß»Ö�ú»ÖÖ¾ÖÓŸÖßÖ †ÃÖÖ“Ö ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü Æü�ÖŸÖÖ µÖê‡Ô»Ö. †¿ÖÖ ¤êü¾Ö¤üÖÃÖà“ÖÖ ¤êü¾ÖôûÖŸÖß»Ö¯Öã•ÖÖ¸üß, �ÖÖ¾Ö“ÖÖ ¯ÖÖ™üß»Ö, ÃÖÖ¾Ö�úÖ¸ü, •Ö´ÖßÖ¤üÖ¸ü ¾Ö�Öî êü »ÖÖê�úÖÓÖß †Ö¯Ö»Öß¾ÖÖÃÖÖÖ ŸÖé ŸÖßÃÖÖšüß ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü �ú¸üÖ¾ÖµÖÖÃÖ ÃÖã¹ý¾ÖÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß. ¤êü¾Ö¤üÖÃÖà“Öê Æêü“Ö�úÖµÖÔ †ÖÆêü †ÃÖêÆüß ÃÖÖÓ�Ö�µÖÖŸÖ µÖê‰ú »ÖÖ�Ö»Öê ¾Ö üÖ•Ö¸üÖêÃÖ¯Ö�Öê ¾Öê¿µÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖ“ÖÖ»ÖŸÖ †ÃÖê. †¿ÖÖ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü“Öê †Ó¬Ö×¾ÖÀ¾ÖÖÃÖ µÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ»ÖÖ “ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ¤êüŸÖÖŸÖ.

18) ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö�ú ÃÖã ü�ÖÖ : �úÖÆüß ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö�ú ¯ÖÏ£ÖÖÓ ÖãôêûÆüß µÖÖ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ»ÖÖ ÖÏÖêŸÃÖÖÆüÖ ×´ÖôûÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü. ¤üÖ. ¢Ö¸ü ÖÏ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ÖÖ‡Ô�úÖÓ“Öß

ISSN: 2394 5303 087




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ISSN: 2394 5303 090




4.002(IIJIF)


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ISSN: 2394 5303 093




4.002(IIJIF)


iÉCiÉÉ Gò.1¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉiÉÒ±É <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉä+ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ Ê´ÉiÉ®úÒiÉ Eò®úhªÉÉiÉ

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Source : www.iay.nic.iniÉCiÉÉ Gò. 1 ¨ÉvªÉä ºÉxÉ 2004-05 iÉä 2013-14 ªÉÉ

EòÉ±ÉÉ´ÉvÉÒ¨ÉvÉÒ±É É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉiÉÒ±É <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉä+ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ Ê´ÉiÉ®úÒiÉEäò±Éä±ªÉÉ PÉ®úÉÆSÉÒ ºÉÆJªÉÉ nù¶ÉÇÊ´É±ÉÒ +É½äþ. ºÉxÉ 2004-05 ¨ÉvªÉä¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉ¨ÉvªÉä <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉä+ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ 98,236 PÉ®úÉÆSÉä Ê´ÉiÉ®úhÉEò®úhªÉÉiÉ +É±Éä +É½äþ. ªÉÉ¨ÉvªÉä ´ÉÉfø/PÉ]õ ½þÉä ÉÚxÉ ºÉxÉ 2013-14¨ÉvªÉä 1,23,380 PÉ®úÉÆSÉä Ê´ÉiÉ®úhÉ Eò®úhªÉÉiÉ +É±Éä +É½äþ. +¦ªÉÉºÉEòÉ±ÉÉ´ÉvÉÒ¨ÉvªÉä PÉ®úÉÆSªÉÉ Ê´ÉiÉ®úhÉÉ¨ÉvªÉä 28.03 ªÉÉ ºÉ®úÉºÉ®úÒ ÉÞvnùÒnù®úÉxÉä´ÉÉfø ZÉÉ±ÉÒ +É½äþ.

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1. <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉä+ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ +xÉÖºÉÚÊSÉiÉ VÉÉiÉÒ-VÉ¨ÉÉiÉÒiÉºÉäSÉ <iÉ®ú VÉÉiÉÒiÉÒ±É nÖù¤ÉÇ±É EÖò]ÖÆõ¤ÉÉÆxÉÉ PÉ®äú ={É±É¤vÉ Eò°üxÉ Ênù±ÉÒVÉÉiÉÉiÉ.

2. +¦ªÉÉºÉ EòÉ±ÉÉ´ÉvÉÒ¨ÉvªÉä ¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉ¨ÉvªÉä <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉªÉÉäVÉxÉä+ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ BEÚòhÉ 11,69,981 PÉ®úÉÆSÉä Ê´ÉiÉ®úhÉ Eò®úhªÉÉiÉ +É±Éä+É½äþ.Ê¶É¡òÉ®ú¶ÉÒ

1. <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉä+ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ ¶ÉÉºÉxÉÉxÉä PÉ®äú ¤ÉÉÆvÉhªÉÉºÉÉ`öÒVÉÉMÉÉ ={É±É¤vÉ Eò°üxÉ Ênù±ÉÒ {ÉÉÊ½þVÉä.

2. <ÆÊnù®úÉ +É´ÉÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉä+ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ ¶ÉÉºÉxÉÉxÉä näù¶ÉÉiÉÒ±É ºÉ´ÉÇ¤ÉäPÉ®ú EÖò]ÖÆõ¤ÉÉÆxÉÉ ºÉ´ÉÇ ºÉÖÊ´ÉvÉÉªÉÖCiÉ ½þCEòÉSÉä {ÉCEäò PÉ® ={É±É¤vÉ Eò°üxÉtÉ´Éä.ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇ

1. ÉÊxÉ¹É EÖò¨ÉÉ®ú; (2007); OÉÉ¨ÉÒhÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ Éå {ÉÆSÉÉªÉiÉÒ®úÉVÉEòÒ ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉEòÉ (±ÉäJÉ), EÖò°üIÉäjÉ (¨ÉÉÊºÉEò), ´É¹ÉÇ 53 ´Éä, +ÆEò 10,OÉÉ¨ÉÒhÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ ¨ÉÆjÉÉ±ÉªÉ, xÉ<Ç Ênù±±ÉÒ, +MÉºiÉ 2007, {ÉÞ.Gò. 27.

2. ®úË´Épù ®úÉ>ðiÉ (2007); ®úºiÉäMÉiÉÒSÉä.¨É½þÉ®úÉ¹]ÅõÉSªÉÉ |ÉMÉiÉÒSÉä(±ÉäJÉ), ±ÉÉäEò®úÉVªÉ (¨ÉÉÊºÉEò), É¹ÉÇ 59 ´Éä, +ÆEò xÉ´É´ÉÉ, ÉÉÊ½þiÉÒ ÉVÉxÉºÉÆ{ÉEÇò ¨ÉÆjÉÉ±ÉªÉ, ¨ÉÖÆ¤É<Ç, xÉÉä ½åþ¤É®ú 2007, {ÉÞ.Gò. 26.

3. ºÉÆvÉÒ {ÉÆSÉÉªÉiÉ®úÉVÉ ºÉä ÉäSªÉÉ, ±ÉÉäEò®úÉVªÉ (¨ÉÉÊºÉEò), ´É¹ÉÇ61 ´Éä, +ÆEò ÊiÉºÉ®úÉ, ¨ÉÉÊ½þiÉÒ VÉxÉºÉÆ{ÉEÇò ¨ÉÆjÉÉ±ÉªÉ, ¨ÉÖÆ¤É<Ç, ¨Éä 2009,{ÉÞ.Gò. 37.

4. {ÉÉ]õÒ±É ¨ÉxÉÉäVÉ (2007); xÉÉMÉÊ®úEòÉÆºÉÉ`öÒ Eåòpù ´É ®úÉVªÉ¶ÉÉºÉxÉÉSªÉÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ ªÉÉäVÉxÉÉ; SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ ±ÉÉì {ÉÎ¤±É¶ÉºÉÇ, {ÉÖhÉä, {ÉÞ.Gò. 52,53.

5. www.mizorural.nic.in.6. www.iay.nic.in.

+.Gò. ´É¹ÉÇ Ê ÉiÉ®úÒiÉ Eäò±É ä±ªÉÉ PÉ®úÉÆSÉÒ ºÉÆJªÉÉ ´ÉÉfø/PÉ]õ ´ÉÞvnùÒnù®ú/

PÉ]õnù®ú 1 2004-05 98236 - - 2 2005-06 95274 -2962 -3.02 3 2006-07 78427 -16847 -17.68 4 2007-08 46287 -32140 -40.98 5 2008-09 112706 66419 143.49 6 2009-10 181162 68456 60.74 7 2010-11 151911 -29251 -16.15 8 2011-12 143770 -8141 -5.36 9 2012-13 138828 -4942 -3.44 10 2013-14 123380 -15448 -11.13

BEÚòhÉ 1169981.00 25144.00 106.48 ºÉ®úÉºÉ®úÒ 116998.10 12848.83 28.03

ISSN: 2394 5303 094




4.002(IIJIF)


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izLrqr ‘kks/kfuca/kklkBh ,sfrgkfld la’kks/kui/nrhpk voyac dj.;kr vkysyk vlwu miyC/kizkFkfed o nq ;e lanHkZlk/kukaP;k ek/;ekrwu gk‘kks/kfuca/k iq.kZRokl vkysyk vkgs-fo”k;kps EkgRo %&

Lokeh foosdkuankP;k ers] f’k{k.k Eg.ktseuq”;kP;k fBdk.kh vkf/kpsp ts iq.kZRo fo|eku vkgs]R;kps izdVhdj.k gks;- Kku ek.klkr varfuZfgrvlrs- dks.krsp Kku ckgs#u ;sr ukgh- f’k{k.k Eg.ktsvkReKku gks;- vkiY;k bPNk’kDrhpk fodkllk/kwu o frps fu;a=.k d:u vkRefodkl lk/k.;klkBhR;k bPNk’kDrhpk mi;ksx dj.ks Eg.kts f’k{k.k gks;-ek.klkrhy iq.kZRokpk fodkl dj.ks gk f’k{k.kkpkegRokpk mÌs’k vkgs] vls foosdkuan Eg.krkr- R;kP;kers] /keZ vkf.k f’k{k.k ;kr vrwV laca/k vkgs- [kjsrj /keZ gk f’k{k.kkpk xkHkk vkgs- rks ek.klkrhy nSoh‘kDrhpk vkfo”dkj vkgs vkf.k f’k{k.k Eg.kts nSoh‘kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks vkf.k rks iq.kZRokyk us.ks gks;-f’k{k.kkps /;s; ekuo ?kMfo.ks gs vkgs- laiww.kZ ek.korspkfodkl vki.kkl f’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu lk/kko;kpkvkgs-

ISSN: 2394 5303 095




4.002(IIJIF)


Lokeh foosdkuankP;k ers] ewy gs Lor%ykpf’kdfor vlrs- Lor% vusd xks”Vhaps fujh{k.k djrs-fujh{k.kkrwu vusd xks”Vh Li”V gksrkr vkf.k R;krwurs f’kdrs- Kku gk lokZapk tUefl/n gDd vkgs-eukph ,dkxzrk gs f’k{k.kkps lkj vkgs- ,dkxzrsP;klkeF;kZoj O;DrhP;k tho.kkrhy ;’k voyacwuvlrs- ,dkxzrk czEgkp;kZP;k tksjkoj izkIr gksrs-f’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu izR;sd O;DrhP;k tho.kkrpkaxys laLdkj ?kMwu ;srkr vkf.k R;krwu thoufodlhr gksrs- dsoG Kku MksD;kr dksacko;kps ulrsrj R;k KkukP;k mi;kstusrwu lektkps dY;k.klk/kko;kps vlrs- Hkkjrkrhy loZ ladVkps vkf.kleL;kaps ewG vKkukr vkgs- Eg.kwu f’k{k.k lokZukfeGkys ikfgts- f’k{k.k Eg.kts nqljs frljs dkghulwu f’k{k.k Eg.kts pkfj«; fufeZrh gks;- O;DrhP;kgn;krhy ekuorspk fodkl dj.ks gsp [kjs f’k{k.kgks;-

O;Drhpk ‘kkfjfjd fodkl lk/kus gs f’k{k.kkps/;s; vlkos- Lokeh foosdkuan Eg.krkr] r:.kkauhHkxorfxrsps iB.k dj.;kis{kk QqVckWy [ksG.ks egRokpsvkgs- R;kpizek.ks izR;sd O;Drhpk ekulhd fodklf’k{k.kkP;k }kjs lk/k.ks xjtsps vkgs- pkfj«; lao/kZu gs,d f’k{k.kkps vR;ar egRokps /;s; vlkos- pkfj«;fodflr dj.;klkBh uSfrd o vk/;kfRed f’k{k.kns.ks vko’;d vlrs- O;Drhe/;s lgkuqHkwrh] ca/kwrk]izse] ekuork bR;knh xq.kkapk fodkl >kyk ikghts]thoukP;k fofo/k xjtk f’k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu iq.kZ>kY;k ikghtsr- f’k{k.kkus ek.kwl Lokoyach Ogkok]Lor%P;k ik;koj mHkk jkgkok gh vis{kk vkgs- ek.klkykLor%ps o Lor%P;k dqVqackps ikyuiks”k.k djrk vkysikghts- lektkr ‘ksrh] dkj[kkus] m|ksx/kans fodlhr>kys ikghtsr- ;klkBh O;Drhyk fofo/k O;olk;kapsf’k{k.k feGkys ikfgts- f’k{k.kkrwu O;DrhapkO;kolkf;d fodkl lk/kus t:jhps vkgs- Lokehfoosdkuan Eg.krkr] f’k{k.kkrwu ‘ksoVh ek.kwl ?kMykikfgts- ek.kwl ?kMfors rs f’k{k.k gks;- ek.klkP;kfBdk.kh vlysyh ladqfpr oRrh tkÅu R;kykfo’kky n”Vh izkIr >kyh ikfgts- fo’oca/kwRokph

O;kid dYiuk ek.klkr tksiklyh xsyh ikfgts]fu”dke deZ dj.;kph oRrh ek.klkP;k Bk;h fuekZ.k>kyh ikfgts- ek.kql ?kMfo.kkjk /keZ f’kdfoyk ikfgts-f’k{k.kkph gh /;s;s lk/; dj.;klkBh vH;klØekr‘kkL=] osnkar] Hkk”kk o izknsf’kd Hkk”kk] laLdr] bfrgkl]Hkqxksy] vFkZ’kkL=] ekul’kkL=] ‘kkfjjhd o O;kolkf;dfo”k; f’kdfoys tkosr] vls foosdkuan Eg.krkr-foosdkuankP;k ers] f’k{k.kkps [kjs lkj Eg.kts eukph,dkxzrk gks;- ,dkxzrk fg Kkukph xq:fdYyh vkgs-la’kks/kd] fp=dkj] dykaor] ‘kkL=K] izk/;kid ;kaP;kuofufeZrhP;k xkH;kr eukph ,dkxzrk vk<Gwu ;srs-v/;kiu i/nrhr foosdkuankuh eukph ,dkxzrk]czEgp;Z] ppkZ] euu bR;knh i/nrhpk mYys[k dsykvkgs-

Lokeh foosdkuankP;k ers] f’k{k.k izfØ;sr/kekZps LFkku vuU;lk/kkj.k vkgs- /keZ Eg.kts lR;kpkjgks;- /keZ gk f’k{k.kkpk xkHkk gks;- f’k{k.kkrwu fo|kF;kZaukLo/kekZcÌy vknj ckGxko;kl f’kdokos o brj/kekZcÌy izse ckGxko;kl lkaxkos- loZ /kekZrhy,dRo f’k{kdkauh fo|kF;kZP;k /;kuh vk.kwu |kos-loZ/keZleHkkokpk xkHkk f’k{k.kkrwu fo|kF;kZauk f’kdohykikfgts- bZ’oj gh fo’okrhy loZO;kih ‘kDrh vlwuL=h gh R;kp ‘kDrhpk vkfo”dkj vkgs vls foosdkuanlkaxr vls- vesfjdsrhy izR;sd ek.kwl ;k mnkRrHkkousus L=hdMs ikgrks- frP;k’kh ‘kD; frrdh pkaxyhorZ.kwd djrks- Eg.kwup rs ,o<s laiUu] f’kf{kr],o<s Lora=] mRlkgh vk<Grkr- vkiyk ns’k brdkvour gks.;kps dkj.k gsp dh] vki.k R;k ‘kDrhP;kL=h:Ik izfrekauk ewGhp lUeku nsr ukgh- L=htkrhiq<hylkjs xaHkhj iz’u f’k{k.kp lksMow ‘kdsy ;kojfoosdkuankpk iq.kZ fo’okl gksrk- lekt o dqVqackrfL=;kauk lUeku feGkyk ikghts- f’k{k.kkrwu L=h fuHkZ;vkf.k Lokoyach cuyh ikfgts- L=h lqlaLdr >kyhEg.kts frP;k iksVh ;s.kkjs lqiw= jk”Vkªpk fodkl dj.;klleFkZ Bjrhy- fL=;kaps thou tj nq%[kn cuys rjdwVqackph vkf.k i;kZ;kus lektkph o jk”Vªkph QkjeksBh gkuh gksbZy- Lokeh foosdkuankP;k ers] lektkpho jk”Vªkph izxrh R;k lektkr] R;k jk”Vªkr fL=;kauk

ISSN: 2394 5303 096




4.002(IIJIF)


feG.kkÚ;k izfr”Bso:u] ekulUekuko:u ekstyh tkrs-Lokeh foosdkuan L=h f’k{k.kkps dêj iqjLdrsZ gksrs-f’k{k.kkph lqjokr ?kjkiklwu Ogkoh vkf.kfo’oca/kwRoki;Zar R;kpk fodkl Ogkok vls foosdkunkaukokVrs- L=h f’k{k.kkrwup ns’kkps HkforO; mToy gksbZy;koj foosdkuankapk iq.kZ fo’okl gksrk-

Lokeh foosdkuankauh yksd’kkgh f’k{k.kkpk iqjLdkjdsyk- f’k{k.kkph lokZuk leku la/kh feGkyh ikfgtsvkf.k lektkP;k loZ Lrjkae/;s f’k{k.kkpk izlkj >kykikfgts vls R;kaps er gksrs- R;kxh ek.kwlp f’k{k.k?ksÅ ‘kdrks vls Lokeh foosdkuankps er gksrs- f’k{kdkpspkfj«; ‘kq/n vlkos] f’k{kd fu%Liwg vlkok-f’k{kdkP;k eukr fo|kF;kaZcÌy vikj izse vkf.klgkuqHkwrh vlkoh] izR;sd fo|kF;kZP;k vaxHkwr xks”Vhtk.kwu ?ksÅu R;k Qqyfo.;kpk iz;Ru f’k{kdkauhdjko;kl gok- izR;sd fo|kF;kZyk iq.kZRoki;Zariksgkspfo.;kpk iz;Ru f’k{kdkauh djkok- f’k{kdkpsO;fDreRo laiUu vlkos- vkiY;k O;fDreRokusfo|kF;kZoj Nki ikMwu R;kaP;k orZukyk f’k{kdkuspakxyk vkdkj |kok- f’k{kdkaP;k ‘kq/n pkfj«;kpkijh.kke fo|kF;kZaoj gksrks o R;kaph pkfj«;s ?kMrkr];koj Lokehthapk vVG fo’okl gksrk-fu”d”kZ %&

,dks.kfolkO;k ‘krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZr ik’pkR;laLdrhP;k izHkkokeqGs Hkkjrh; lekt HkjdVr pkyykgksrk- R;k lektkyk Hkkjrh; laLdrh] v}Sr RkRoKku]v/;kReoknh fopkj ;kaph vksG[k d:.k ns.;kpsegRoiq.kZ dk;Z Lokeh foosdkaunkuh dsys rlspekuokrhy lwIr xq.kkaPkk fodkl vkRekfo”dkj gsf’k{k.kkps izeq[k /;s; vlY;kph tk.kho Hkkjrh;kaukd:u ns.;kcjkscjp L=h&f’k{k.k] lektf’k{k.k]pkfj«;fufeZrh] O;Drhpk fodkl ;klakBh f’k{k.k gspek/;e vkReks/nkjkps ek/;e lkafxrys- Hkkjrh; laLdrh]Hkkjrh; Kkuijaijk] Hkkjrh; rRoKku ;kojhy ik’pkR;laLdrhpk vk?kkr ukghlk d:u foosdkuankuh ek.kwl?kMfo.kkÚ;k f’k{k.kkph ;kstuk Hkkjrh;kiaq<s ekaMyh-Lokeh foosdkuankps f’k{k.k gs O;fDreRokP;kfofo/k iSyqapk fopkj dj.kkjs f’k{k.k vkgs- L=h f’k{k.k

tulkekU;kps f’k{k.k] /kkfeZd f’k{k.k v’kk fofo/kvaxkuk Li’kZ d:u f’k{k.kkph ;kstuk gh pkfj«;fodklkph ;kstuk Lokeh foosdkuankuh ekaMyh- R;kaP;kf’k{k.k fo”k;d fopkjkaph vktgh HkkjrHkwyk fuarkrxjt vkgs- HkkjekrsP;k g;k lqiw=kP;k fopkjkyk f=okjoanu!lanHkZ xzaFklqph%

1½ ‘ksVdj] MkW-x.ks’k vkf.k brj & Hkkjrh;f’k{k.kkpk bfrgkl] e.e;h izdk’ku] vkSjaxkckn2003-

2½ dne] ;-uk- & vk/kwfud Hkkjr & QMdsizdk’ku dksYgkiqj] 2005-

3½ iafMr] cUlh fcgkjh vkf.k brj & mn~;ksUeq[kHkkjrh; lektkrhy f’k{k.k] fiaiGkiwjs vWUM da-ifCy-] ukxiwj 2006-

4½ oS|] MkW-lqeu@dksBsdj] MkW-‘kkark &vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl] Jh lkbZukFk izdk’kuukxiwj] 2004-

5½ oatkjh] MkW-‘k’kh@nso] MkW-olqnk& Hkkjrh;lektkrhy f’k{k.k] folk cqDl ukxiwj] 2008-

6½ tk/ko] izk-Ogh-ds- & vk/kwfud Hkkjrkpkbfrgkl] fo|k izdk’ku ukxiwj] 2004-

7½ djanhdj] MkW-lqjs’k@eax:Gdj] MkW-ehuk& Hkkjrh; lektkrhy f’k{k.k] QMds izdk’kudksYgkiwj] 2010-

ISSN: 2394 5303 097




4.002(IIJIF)


Ã¾ÖµÖÓÃÖÆüÖµÖŸÖÖ ´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ �Ö™ü †Ö×�Ö´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ÃÖ�Ö´Öß�ú¸ü�Ö

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´Ö×Æü»ÖÖ ´Æü�Ö•Öê ¬ÖŸÖá Æü»Ö×¾Ö�ÖÖ¸üß †¿Öß ¿ÖŒŸÖß †ÖÆêü. ¯ÖÏÖ“ÖßÖ�úÖôûß ×ŸÖ“Öß ÛÃ£ÖŸÖß ±úŒŸÖ “Öæ»Ö †Ö×�Ö ´Öæ»Ö ‹¾Öœüß“Ö ×ÃÖ×´ÖŸÖ †ÃÖ»ÖßŸÖ¸üß �úÖ»ÖÖÓŸÖ¸üÖÖê ŸÖßÖê ˆÓ²Ö¸üšüÖ †Öê»ÖÖÓ›æü ÖµÖê, †Ö¯Ö»Öê ¯ÖÏ³ÖãŸ¾Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ×Ö´ÖÖÔ�Ö �ú¹ý ÖµÖê µÖÖÃÖÖšüß Öã¹ýÂÖ¯ÖÏ¬ÖÖÖ ÃÖÓÃ�éúŸÖß �úÖ¸ü�Öß³ÖæŸÖ šü¸üŸÖê. ×ŸÖ“µÖÖ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü, ³ÖÖ¾ÖÖÖÓÖÖ �úÖê�ÖßÆüß ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸üÖŸÖ ‘ÖêŸÖ Ö¾ÆüŸÖê. ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖ»ÖÖ Ã¾ÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖ×´Öôû�µÖÖ“µÖÖ †�ÖÖê¤ü¸ü Æü�Ö•Öê“Ö 16-17 ¾µÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖ�úÖ“ÖÖ ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü �ú¸üŸÖÖÓÖÖ†ÃÖê »Ö�ÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖê �úß, ¸üÖ•Öê-´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ•Öê µÖÖÓÖß ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖÓÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ “ÖÖÓ�Ö»ÖÖ¤ü•ÖÖÔ ¾Ö µÖÖê�µÖ ¾ÖÖ�Ö�Öæ�ú ¤êü�µÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖÏµÖŸÖ �êú»Öê»µÖÖ ‡×ŸÖÆüÖÃÖÖŸÖ Ö´Öã¤ü†ÖÆêü. 18 ¾Ö 19 ¾µÖÖ ¿ÖŸÖ�úÖŸÖ •Ö�ÖÖŸÖ ²Ö»ÖÖœü¶ †ÃÖ»Öê»Öß †´Öê×¸ü�úÖµÖÖ ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ÛÃ¡ÖµÖÖÓÖÖÃÖã¬¤üÖ Ã¾Ö †ÃŸÖßŸ¾Ö ×™ü�ú¾ÖæÖ šêü¾Ö�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß Ã¾ÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖ×´Öôû¾Ö�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß †Ö×�Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖÖŸÖê“ÖÖ µÖÖê�µÖ ¤ü•ÖÖÔ ×´Öôû×¾Ö�µÖÖÃÖÖšüßÃÖÓ‘ÖÂÖÔ �ú¸üÖ¾ÖÖ »ÖÖ�Ö»ÖÖ.

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ISSN: 2394 5303 098




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2. üÖ•Ö�úßµÖ, †ÖÙ£Ö�ú, ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö�ú, ÃÖÖÓÃ�éú×ŸÖ�ú †Ö×�Ö ÖÏ¿ÖÖÃÖÖµÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê Ã¾ÖŸÖÓ¡µÖŸÖÖ †Ö×�Ö ÃÖ´ÖÖÖŸÖÖ ¯ÖÏÃ£ÖÖ×¯ÖŸÖ �ú¸ü�Öê.

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ISSN: 2394 5303 099




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1. ¿Ö¸üß¸ü ¾Ö ´ÖÖ ŸÖÖ•ÖêŸÖ¾ÖÖÖê ¸üÖÆüŸÖê.2. “ÖêÆü¸üÖ ŸÖ•Öê»Ö¤üÖ¸ü ¾Ö ¯ÖÏÃÖ®Ö ¸üÖÆüŸÖÖê.3. ¿Ö¸üß¸ü ÃÖ›ü¯ÖÖŸÖôû ²ÖÖ×¾Ö�µÖÖÃÖ ´Ö¤üŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê.4. ¿ÖÖ¸üß×¸ü�ú ¸üÖê�ÖÖÓ ÖÖÃÖæÖ ´ÖãŒŸÖŸÖÖ ×´ÖôûŸÖê.5. ´Öë¤æüÃÖ ¿Öã¬¤ü ¾Ö ŸÖÖ•µÖÖ ¸üŒŸÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯Öã ü¾ÖšüÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖê.6. †ÓŸÖ:Ã¡ÖÖ¾Öß �ÖÏÓ£Öß“Öê �úÖµÖÔ ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸ü�µÖÖÃÖ ´Ö¤üŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê.7. ¸üŒŸÖÖ×³ÖÃÖ¸Ö ÃÖÓÃ£ÖÖ,À¾ÖÃÖÖÃÖÓÃ£ÖÖ ¾Ö ¯Ö“ÖÖ ÃÖÓÃ£ÖÖ ÃÖ“ÖêŸÖ

¾Ö ÃÖÓŸÖã»ÖßŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ.8. µÖÖê�Ö×¿Ö�Ö�ÖÖ´Öãôêû ÃÖÓ Öæ�ÖÔ ¿Ö¸üß¸üÖ¾Ö¸ü ×ÖµÖÓ¡Ö�Ö ´ÖÖ�ÖÔ ÃÖÖ¯Ö›üŸÖÖê.9. µÖÖê�Ö ÃÖÖ¬ÖÖê¾Ö¸ü ×¾ÖµÖÔ ÖŸÖÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ×ÖµÖÓ¡Ö�Ö ×´Öôû¾ÖŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖê.10. µÖÖê�Ö×¿Ö�Ö�ÖÖ´Öãôêû ÃÖ¾ÖÖÕ�ÖßÖ Ã¾ÖÖÃ£ÖÖ“ÖÖ »ÖÖ³Ö ÆüÖêŸÖÖê.†¿ÖÖ ÖÏ�úÖ¸êü µÖÖê�Ö×¿Ö�Ö�ÖÖ´Öãôêû �ãú´ÖÖ üÖ¾ÖÃ£ÖêŸÖß»Ö Öã»ÖàÖÖ ÖÏÖ´Öã�µÖÖÖê

±úÖµÖ¤êü ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ ¾Ö •Öß¾ÖÖ´ÖÖÖ ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸ü�µÖÖÃÖ ¾ÖÖ¾Ö ×´ÖôûŸÖÖê.ÃÖÖ¸üÖÓ¿Ö :

×¾ÖªÖ£µÖÖÕ“µÖÖ ¿ÖÖ¸üß×¸ü�ú, Ã¾Ö. †Ö×�Ö Ã¾Ö¯ÖÏ×ŸÖ´ÖÖ, ¿Öî�Ö×�Ö�ú,ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö�ú ‡ŸµÖÖ¤üß ÃÖ´ÖÃµÖÖ ×ÖµÖ×´ÖŸÖ µÖÖê�ÖÖ †³µÖÖÃÖÖÖê �ú¿ÖÖ �ú´Öß �ú¸üŸÖÖµÖêŸÖß»Ö ? �ãú´ÖÖ ü¾ÖÃ£ÖêŸÖß»Ö ×¾ÖªÖ£µÖÖÕ“Öß ‹�úÖ�ÖÏŸÖÖ, Ã´Ö ü�Ö¿ÖŒŸÖß ×ÖµÖ×´ÖŸÖµÖÖê�ÖÖ³µÖÖÃÖÖÖê �ú¿Öß ¾ÖÖœü×¾ÖŸÖÖ µÖê‡Ô»Ö.? ×¾ÖªÖ£µÖÖÕ Ö¬µÖê †³µÖÖÃÖ ÃÖ¾ÖµÖß�ú¿ÖÖ ×¾Ö�ú×ÃÖŸÖ �ú¸üŸÖÖ µÖêŸÖß»Ö. ?

µÖÖê�Ö ×¿Ö�Ö�Ö �ãú´ÖÖ¸ü¾ÖÃ£ÖêŸÖß»Ö Öã»ÖÖ-´Öã»ÖàÖÖ ×�úŸÖ¯ÖŸÖ ¯ÖµÖãŒŸÖ†ÖÆêü Æêü †³µÖÖÃÖÖÖê µÖÖê�ÖÖ³µÖÖÃÖÖ“Öê †Öêôû�Ö �ú¹ýÖ ¤êü�Öê, ×¾ÖªÖ£µÖÖÕÖÖµÖÖê�Ö ×¿Ö�Ö�Ö ¤êü�Öê, µÖÖê�ÖÖŸÖß»Ö ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ŸÖÓ¡Öê ¿ÖÖôûÖÓ ÖµÖÕŸÖ ¯ÖÖêÆü“Ö×¾Ö�Öê ÆüÖÃÖÓ Öæ�ÖÔ ×¾Ö“ÖÖ¸ü �ú¸üŸÖÖ µÖÖê�Ö ×¿Ö�Ö�ÖÖ“Öê ´ÖÆüŸ¾Ö †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ »Ö�ÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖê.ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ :

1. †µµÖÓ�ÖÖ¸ü ²Öß.�êú.‹ÃÖ. (2004), ¯ÖÏÖ�ÖÖµÖÖŸÖ ¤üß×¯Ö�úÖ, ´ÖÓã²Ö‡Ô: †Öê×¸ü‹™ü »ÖÖò�Ö´ÖÖ, ¯ÖÏÖ.×»Ö.

2. �ú¸ü•Ö�ÖÖÓ¾Ö�ú¸ü, ×�Ö¸üß¬Ö ü (2009), ÖÏÖ�ÖÖµÖÖ´Ö: ‹�ú ¾Öî–ÖÖ×Ö�ú¥üÂ™üß�úÖêÖ, †Öî Óü�ÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ü, †£Ö¾ÖÔ ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¿ÖÖ.

3. ¸êüôêû, ÖÖÖÖ²ÖÖ‡Ô ÃÖ¤üÖÖÓ¤ü•Öß (2007), ¯ÖÖŸÖÓ•Ö»Ö µÖÖê�Ö¤ü¿ÖÔÖ,¯Öæ�Öê: üÖ•Öê¿Ö ÖÏ�úÖ¿ÖÖ.

4. ²ÖÖ»Ö�éúÂ�Ö (2009), µÖÖê�Ö×¿Ö�ÖÖ �úÖ ¯ÖÖšüµÖ�Îú´Ö, Æü×¸ü«üÖ¸ü:×¤ü¾µÖ ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¿ÖÖ.

5. ÃÖã³Öê¤üÖ¸ü ²Öß.¯Öß.(2011), ²ÖÖ¸üÖ ŸÖê ÃÖÖêÆüÖ ¾ÖµÖÖê�Ö™üÖŸÖß»Ö×¾ÖªÖ£µÖÖÕ“µÖÖ ¾µÖŒŸÖß´ÖŸ¾Ö ×¾Ö�úÖÃÖÖÃÖÖšüß µÖÖê�Ö Ö¬¤üŸÖß“µÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖãŒŸÖŸÖê“ÖÖ×“Ö×�úŸÃÖ�ú †³µÖÖÃÖ.

ISSN: 2394 5303 0103




4.002(IIJIF)


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³eeG}ì efJeefJeOe mebmke=ÀleeR®eer nesCeejer HejmHejeb®eer peeCe nerDeeIeeleer, cet}ieeceer mJeªHee®eer Deme}er, l³eecegUs nesCeejs mebmke=ÀleerDebleie&leyeo} ns eflelekesÀ®e cet}ieeceer þjC³ee®eer µekeÌ³elee Demes}, lej ie=nerleOej}su³ee ieesäeR®eer leew}efvekeÀ ¢efäkeÀesCeeletve ef®eefkeÀlmee keÀjC³ee®eeyeewef×keÀ ceesn nesCes ¬eÀceÒeeHle þjles. ns meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ DeeIeele kesÀJeUJ³eeqkeÌleiele Òeefleef¬eÀ³esHegjles ce³ee&efole jeefn}s lejer leew}efvekeÀ meebmke=ÀeflekeÀDeY³eemee}e ÒesjkeÀ þª µekeÀleele. 1

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24µekeÌ³elee efvecee&Ce nesleele. eqðe³eebveer ef}efn}su³ee meeefnl³ee®³ee meboYee&leyees}e³e®es lej 1975 ns Deeblejjeäer³e ceefn}e Je<e&' cnCetve ³egvee³eìs[vesµevmeves Ieese f<ele kesÀu³eeveblej ðeerJeeoer ®eUJeUer DeeefCe ðeerJeeoerefJe®eejOeejs®eer DeefYeJ³ekeÌleer keÀjCeejs meeefnl³e ns DeefOekeÀ þUkeÀHeCesÒekeÀeµeele ³esT }eie}s. efJe®eejmejCeer efkebÀJee jepekeÀer³e leÊJeÒeCee}er(Heesef}efìkeÀ} Dee³eef[Dee@}e@peer) cnCetve DeeefCe meeefnl³eÒeJeen Jemeceer#ee¢äer cnCetve ðeerJeeoe}e ÒekeÀìHeCes mLeeve efceUt }eie}s.DecesefjkeÀe, ³egjesHe efJeµes<eleë ÖeÀebme DeeefCe Fbi}b[ ³esLes Ie[CeeN³ee ³eemeebmke=ÀeflekeÀ ®eUJeUeR®ee HeefjCeece Yeejleeleer} efJeefYeVe Yeeef<ekeÀmeeefnl³e#es$eeJej Pee}e vemelee lej®e veJe} þj}s Demeles. ðeerJeeoerefJe®eejOeeje, ðeer-cegkeÌleer ®eUJeUer, l³eecegUs megª Pee}s}er DeeefCe ðeerJeeoerefJe®eejmejCeer}e keWÀêmLeeveer þsJeCeejer efve³elekeÀeef}kesÀ ns lelkeÀe}erveYeeef<ekeÀ meeefnl³eefJeéeele Gceì}s}s Hee½eel³e mebmke=Àleerleer} ðeerJeeoer®eUJeUer®es He[meeo nesles. efnboer DeeefCe cejeþer meeefnl³eefJeéeeleer}eqðe³eeb®³ee Üejs efvecee&Ce Pee}su³ee meeefnl³ee®³ee leew}efvekeÀ DeY³eemee}e³ee meeceeF&keÀ meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ meboYee¥cegUs ÒesjCee efceUles®e. HeCe Jejer}GodOe=leele peneefiejoej ³eebveer cnìu³eeÒeceeCes J³eeqkeÌleiele HeeleUerJejer}Òeefleef¬eÀ³eeb®eerner osKeer} leg}veelcekeÀ meceer#ee keÀjlee ³esCes µekeÌ³e Demeles.lees®e Òe³elve ceVet Yeb[ejer DeeefCe ieewjer osµeHeeb[s ³eeb®³ee Òel³eskeÀer SkesÀkeÀekeÀLes®³ee meboYee&le keÀjeJe³ee®ee Deens.

ÒeLece ³ee oesvner keÀLeebleer} DevegYeJeefJeéee®ee leew}efvekeÀ efJe®eejÒemlegle ísokeÀele keÀjeJe³ee®ee Deens. yevo ojepeeW keÀe meeLe'®eer veeef³ekeÀecebpejer efn}e veJeN³ee®³ee ìsye}e®³ee leerve KeCeebHewkeÀer ([e@Jej) SkeÀekegÀ}gHeyebo KeCeecegUs veJeje efJeefHeve®es HetJee&³eg<³e, Jele&ceeve DeeefCe YeefJe<³emeieUs keÀUtve ®egkeÀles. vekeÀes DemeCeeN³ee ³ee veel³ee®³ee DeesP³eeletve ceeskeÀUsPeeu³eeJej leer nUtnUt meeJejles. l³eeveblej mecepetleoej efoef}Heµeer ogmejeefJeJeen keÀjles. HeCe lejerner Heefn}er ceg}iee Deefmele®³ee ne@mìs}®³eeKe®ee&®³ee Deveg<ebieeves efle}e SkeÀ JesieUer®e peeCeerJe nesles. efle®³eeGÊeje³eg<³ee®es oesve Keb[ He[u³ee®es efle®³ee }#eele ³esles. SkeÀ yebo keÀHHeeefle®³ee HetJee&³eg<³ee®ee Deens lej ogmeje keÀHHee Jele&ceeve Dee³eg<³ee®ee Deens.DeeHeCe keÀOeer®e mebHetCe&, DeKeb[ Dee³eg<³e ³eeHeg{s peiet µekeÀCeej veener nerpeeCeerJe efle}e nesles DeeefCe ner®e peeCeerJe keÀe³ecemJeªHeer ìes®ele jenCeejsSkeÀ ogëKe®e efle®³ee Heojele ìekeÀles. Helveer}e ie=efnle OejCes, efle®eeefJeéeemeIeele keÀªve efle®³ee yejesyej Deme}su³ee JewJeeefnkeÀ veel³ee®ee DeHeceevekeÀjCes, efle®³eeµeer ÒeleejCee keÀªve efle®³ee Deeqmceles®ee DeHeceeve keÀjCesns efJeefHeve®³ee neletve Ie[}s Deensle. keÀejCe ns DeHejeOe cnCepes Heg©<eÒeOeevemeceepeJ³eJemLes®³ee ðeerkeÀ[s yeIeC³ee®ee Keeme ¢äer®ee®e lees HeefjHeekeÀDeens. efle®³eeHeg{s ³ee mecem³es}e He³ee&³e veener. efle®ee ceeie& Kegbì}e Deens.

ISSN: 2394 5303 0106




4.002(IIJIF)


`Deelee kegÀþs peeµeer} ìesUbYeÆe' keÀLesleer} veeef³ekesÀ}e `De' DemescnCet³ee. ðeer®³ee Dee³eg<³eele efle®ee veJeje, ceg}iee, kegÀìgbye ³eebvee®e ÒeeLec³eDemeeJes ner DeHes#ee®eewkeÀìner Keeme Heg©<eÒeOeeve meceepeJ³eJemLesves®e efvecee&CekesÀ}er Deens. `De'®³ee Dee³eg<³eele oesve Heg©<e Deensle. efle®³ee µejerj,ceve, yeg×er®³ee leeje p³ee®³eeµeer keÀOeer pegUu³ee®e veenerle lees efle®ee veJejeOevebpe³e DeeefCe p³ee®³eeµeer efle®es ³ee meieÈ³ee HeeleÈ³eebJej veeles pegU}sDeens lees efle®ee efÒe³ekeÀj ns oesIes Heg©<e efle®³ee Dee³eg<³eele Deensle. oesIeeb®eernerefle®³eekeÀ[tve SkeÀ®e DeHes#ee Deens keÀer efleves Dee³eg<³eele DeeHeu³ee}e ÒeeOeev³eÐeeJes, veeskeÀjer, íbo Fl³eeoer meieUs keÀener l³eeveblej DemeeJes. les oesIesnerner DeHes#ee Òel³e#e J³ekeÌle keÀjle veenerle. HeCe efle®³ee efJeOeeveeJej Jeeke=ÀleerJej efo}su³ee Òeefleef¬eÀ³esletve DeÒel³e#eHeCes J³ekeÌle nesles. De'}e ³eeefJeefµeä HeefjefmLeleer®eer peer peeCeerJe keÀLes®³ee µesJeìer efvecee&Ce nesles l³eeletveefle®³eeHeg{sner lees®e ceeie& Kegbìu³ee®ee Hes®e efvecee&Ce neslees. oesvnerkeÀLeeveeef³ekeÀebHeg{er} ne Hes®e, ceeie&®e yebefomle Peeu³ee®ee DevegYeJe ³eeb®esmet®eve oesvner keÀLeeb®³ee µeer<e&keÀebletve De®etkeÀlesves Pee}s Deens.

DeeHe}s Dee³eg<³e, DeeHe}e mJe' ogYebieu³ee®eer peeCeerJe DeeefCe³ee ogbYeieC³ee}e ðeer veener lej efle}e efo}s peeCeejs og³³ecelJe keÀejCeerYetleDemeCes ns ³ee oesvner keÀLeeb®es meceeve Deeµe³emet$e cnCelee ³esF&}. DeeHe}smJelJe peHele, DeeHe}s efveCe&³e mJeleë®e Iesle DeeefCe DeeHeu³ee DeeJe[er®³eeieesäer keÀjle SkeÀelcelesves peieC³ee®ee DevegYeJe ðeer®³ee Jeeìîee}e ³esleveener. `yevo oje]pees'®eer veeef³ekeÀe cebpejer efn®³ee Dee³eg<³ee®³eeogYebieC³eemeeþer keÀejCeerYetle þj}e Deens. lees efJeefHeveves cnCepes efle®³eeHeefnu³ee veJeN³eeves kesÀ}s}e efJeéeemeIeele nes³e. `Deelee kegÀþb...'®eerveeef³ekeÀe De'efnves Oevee®eer ceer' JesieUer Deens DeeefCe ³ee®eer ceer' efkebÀJee`ceePeer ceer' JesieUer Deens Demes cnCele mJeleë®e mJeleëleer} oesve YeeieDe}ie kesÀ}s Deensle. De'®es ogYebieCes, efle®es oesvner veelesmebyebOe ns SkeÀe®eJesUer Ie[le Deensle. lej cebpejer cee$e IeìmHeÀesì, ceie HegveefJe&JeenPeeu³eeveblej keÀener keÀejCeebcegUs mJeleë®es Dee³eg<³e Kebef[le Peeu³ee®es cnCelesDeens. iebcele Deµeer keÀer ³ee oesvner eqðe³eebvee mecepetve IesCeeje, mecepetleoej,DeeOegefvekeÀ efJe®eejeb®ee ogmeje Heg©<e l³eebvee Yesìu³eeveblej lees®e l³eeb®³eeceveeleer} KegHeCeejer oenkeÀ Jesovee efvecee&Ce keÀjC³eeme efveefceÊecee$e þj}eDeens. Deµee jerleerves ognsjer Deµee DevegYeJeebvee SkeÀelce keÀjCeejermeeceeefpekeÀ HeefjefmLeleer, meceepee®eer ceeveefmekeÀlee ner®e ³ee oesvner keÀLeebceOeer}DevegYeJeeb®eer mebIeìvee meeOeles.

³ee oesvner keÀLeeveeef³ekeÀe HeoJ³egÊej efµe#eCe Iesle}su³ee Deensle.G®®eJeieea³e efkebÀJee G®®eceO³eceJeieea³e Deensle. cebpejer efµeef#ekeÀe Deenslej `De' SkeÀe DeLe&efJe<e³ekeÀ ceeefmekeÀele meene³³ekeÀ mebHeeokeÀ Deens.cee$e cebpejerves ogmeN³ee efJeJeeneveblej veeskeÀjer mees[tve efo}er Deens lej De'ves

cee$e Oeveeµeer }ive Peeu³eeJej keÀener efoJemeebveer veeskeÀjer keÀje³e}e meg©JeelekesÀ}er Deens. `De'ner keÀLes®³ee meg©JeeleerHeemetve®e efJeJeenmebmLesefJe<e³eerjesKeþeskeÀ DeHeejbHeefjkeÀ efJe®eej keÀjles Deens. cebpejer cee$e keÀLes®³eemeg©Jeeleer}e Del³eble HeejbHeefjkeÀ mecejmetve mebmeej keÀjCeejer ðeer cnCetveefomeles. keÀLesle Ieìvee peµee Ie[le peeleele l³eeb®³ee DeesIeele efle®³eepeerJeveµew}erle, ¢efäkeÀesCeele yeo} nesle peeleele cee$e ðeer}enerµejerjmegKee®eer Dees{ Demeles ner keÀenerµeer DeHeejbHeefjkeÀ Jeeìs} DeµeerDeeefoce ÒesjCes®eer DeefYeJ³ekeÌleer ³ee oesvner veeef³ekeÀebveer kesÀ}er Deens. cebpejerµejerjmegKee®eer ner Dees{ Heefnu³ee veJeN³eeefJe<e³eer meg©Jeeleer®³ee keÀeUeleJ³ekeÌle keÀjles, lej `De'ves ner Demeesµeer efÒe³ekeÀje®³ee yeeyeleerle J³ekeÌlekesÀ}er Deens. `De'®³ee Jele&veebceOetve mJe®íboleeJeeoer/jesceBefìkeÀ DeµeeÒeJe=Êeer efomeleele. cebpejer cee$e Heefn}e ®eìkeÀe yemeu³eeJej meJe& ieesäerefJe®eejHetJe&keÀ DeeefCe leìmLelesves®e keÀjleevee efomeles. cebpejer®es Dee³eg<³ekeÀener keÀeUeHegjles GodOJemle keÀjCeejs JeeoU efJeefHeveves efvecee&Ce kesÀ}sDeens, lej De' ner mJeleë®³ee F®ísves ogmeN³ee mebyebOeebkeÀ[s JeUtve DeeHeu³eeceveele, µejerjele, peerJeveele JeeoU GþJetve Iesles Deens. SkeÀe Hejerves keÀLes®³eeµesJeìer ³esCeejer ogëKeo peeCeerJe efle®³ee efveCe&³ee®ee®e HeefjHeekeÀ Deens DeeefCeles®e µeer<e&keÀeletvener metef®ele Pee}s Deens. ³ee oesvner keÀLeeveeef³ekeÀe mJeleb$eHeCesefveCe&³e Iesleevee efomeleele. ceVet Yeb[ejer ³eeb®³ee veeef³ekeÀeb®es ns DeHeejbHeefjkeÀlJeÒee0 Gcee kesÀJe}jece ³eebveer Heg{er} µeyoeble J³ekeÌle kesÀ}s Deens,

(ie) FvekeÀer keÀneefve³eeW kesÀ ðeer Hee$eeW keÀe mecyevOe ceO³eJeie& DeewjG®®e-ceO³eJeie& mes ner DeefOekeÀ nw ~ kesÀJe} ieg}eyeer GmekeÀe DeHeJeeonw~

(Ie) Fve keÀneefve³eeW kesÀ veejer Hee$e HeejbHeefjkeÀlee mes nìekeÀjkegÀí ve³ee keÀj efoKeeves kesÀ ef}³es F®ígkeÀ nesles nw ~ kegÀí Hee$e Ssmes YeernQ pees HeejbHeefjkeÀlee keÀer }erkeÀ Hej ®e}les jnvee Hemebo keÀjles nw ~De©Cee cegj}e (peerleer yeepeer keÀer HejbHejeiele efJe®eejeW mes nìkeÀj DeHeveer®eeefjef$ekeÀ efJeµes<eleeDeeW keÀes DebefkeÀle keÀj peeleer nQ ~ 2

³ee oesvner keÀLeeb®³ee keÀLeeveeef³ekeÀeb®ee ¢efäkeÀesCe keÀLeebceO³eskeWÀêJeleea Deens. cee$e ³ee oesvner keÀLeebceOeer} Heg©<eeb®eer ceveesYetefcekeÀeIe[CeeN³ee Ieìvee¬eÀcee}e l³eebveer efo}s}s ceeveefmekeÀ Òeeflemeeo ³eeb®es oµe&veIe[le®e veener. keÀejCe Deelee kegÀþb peeµeer}...' ®es keÀLeve ÒeLeceHeg©<eerDeens lej `yevo ojepeeW...' keÀLes®es keÀLeve le=leer³eHeg©<eer Deme}s lejeryengleebµeer keÀLee keÀLekeÀeves cebpejer®es®e ¢efä#es$eefve³eb$eCe (HeÀeskeÀ}e³ePesµeve)mJeerkeÀeªve cnCepes cebpejer®³ee vepejsves®e IeìveebkeÀ[s Heentve keÀLeve kesÀ}erDeens. l³eecegUs IeìveebkeÀ[s yeIeC³ee®ee ogmeje ¢efäkeÀesCe®e ³ee oesvnerkeÀLeebceO³es GHe}yOe nesle veener.

³ee oesvner keÀLeeb®³ee j®eveeyebOee®ee efJe®eej kesÀ}e lej }#eele

ISSN: 2394 5303 0107




4.002(IIJIF)


³esles keÀer ³ee oesvner keÀLeeb®eer j®evee ®e¬eÀekeÀej Deens. oesvner veeef³ekeÀeb®eeÒeJeeme p³ee ÒekeÀej®³ee IeìveebHeemetve megª neslees, efleLes®e l³ee Hejle ³esTveHeesnes®eleele. veJeN³ee®³ee ìsye}e®eer efJeYeeieCeer meeceeefpekeÀ, keÀewìgbefyekeÀDeeefCe J³eeqkeÌleiele Deµee leerve keÀHH³eeble keÀjCeejer cebpejer veJeN³ee®³eeìsye}e®³ee eflemeN³ee Jew³eeqkeÌlekeÀ KeCee®es kegÀ}tHe GIe[u³eeveblej GodOJemlenesles. peCet veJeN³ee®³ee Dee³eg<³ee®ee®e SkeÀ yebo keÀHHee efle®³eemeceesj Keg}eneslees. DeeefCe keÀLes®³ee µesJeìer Deelee cebpejer®³ee ceveele®e oesve KeCeebceO³esefJeYeeie}s}s SkeÀ De¢µ³e keÀHeeì le³eej nesles. SkeÀ efle®³ee HetJee&³eg<³ee®eekeÀHHee DeeefCe ogmeje efle®³ee Jele&ceeve Dee³eg<³ee®ee keÀHHee nes³e. lej De'ner Oevee®³ee cnCepes efle®³ee Heleer®³ee DeHes#eeb®³ee ®eewkeÀìerle ve yemeu³eevesOevee®³ee veejepeer J³ekeÌle keÀjC³ee®³ee IeìvesHeemetve Deelee kegÀþb...'ceOeer}Ieìveebvee meg©Jeele nesles. Hegvne efÒe³ekeÀje®³eener De'keÀ[tve Deme}su³eemJekeWÀêer DeHes#eeb®eer ®eewkeÀì leer®e Demeu³eeves l³ee®eener De'®³ee meboYee&leDeHes#eeYebie nesCes ³ee®e IeìvesHeeµeer keÀLee ³esTve Leebyeles. oesvner keÀLesle ³eeIeìvee p³ee keÀe}eveg¬eÀces Ie[u³ee l³ee®e Deveg¬eÀceeves l³eeb®es keÀLeslenerkeÀLeve kesÀ}s peeles. cee$e `De' ³ee veeef³ekesÀ®³ee Heefnu³ee veel³eekeÀ[tveogmeN³ee veel³eekeÀ[s JeUC³ee®³ee ÒeJeemee®ee efJe®eej kesÀ}e lej `DeeleekegÀþs...'³ee keÀLesle mejU Keb[®e Dee}e Deens. cnCepes De'ves veeskeÀjermegª kesÀu³eeveblej efle}e efÒe³ekeÀj YesìCes, leer l³ee®³ee Òesceele He[Ces ³eeIeìveebojc³eeve efkeÀleer keÀe}eJeOeer ies}e, l³ee keÀe}eJeOeerle keÀe³e Ie[}s³ee®es keÀLeve nesle veener. peCeg Heefnu³ee Yeeieele De' Oevee®eer leer' Deenslej ogmeN³ee Yeeieele `De' efÒe³ekeÀje®eer leer' efkebÀJee `efle®eer leer' Deens.efle®ee Oevee®³ee leer'µeer keÀener®e mebyebOe veener. HeCe yevo ojepeeW...'ceOeer}cebpejerves oesve veel³eebojc³eeve kesÀ}s}e ÒeJeeme meejebµeelcekeÀ Dee{eJ³ee®³eeªHeele keÀLeve kesÀ}e peelees. l³eele cebpejerle nUtnUt nesle ies}s}s yeo}lej efomeleele®e HeCe efle®³ee DeeefCe efJeefHeve®³ee efJeJeenefJe®ísoeefJe<e³eer efJeefHevevese fle®³eeµeer kesÀ}su³ee ÒeleejCese fJe<e³eer Deepetyeepet®³ee meceepee®³eeÒeefleef¬eÀ³eeb®³ee Ieìveener Dee{eJ³ee®³ee ªHeele meebefieleu³ee peeleele. neHeÀjkeÀ oesvner keÀLeeb®³ee neleeUCeerceOeer} YesoecegUs Dee}e DemeeJee.ieewjer osµeHeeb[s ³eeb®³ee keÀLes®eer neleeUCeer efmeefvekeÀ} DeeefCe keÀenerµeerjesceBefìkeÀ Deens. l³eecegUs De'®³ee Òesceele He[C³ee®³ee Ieìves}e keÀenermesjesceBefìkeÀ HeeleUerJej vesTve meeceeefpekeÀ meboYee¥Heemetve JesieUs kesÀ}s peeles.DeJekeÀeµee®ee JeeHejner Deµee®e jesceBefìkeÀ He×leerves Òemlegle keÀLesle kesÀ}epeelees. De'®³ee efÒe³ekeÀjeyejesyejer} veel³ee®³ee ÒeJeemeemeeþer jeveerKesle®eekeÌ}ye' ne SkeÀ otj®ee Hene[er Òeosµeeleer} DeJekeÀeµe efveJe[}e peelees.ÒemLeeefHele, Heefjef®ele, meceepeceev³e veel³eebHes#ee JesieUs Demes DeHeefjef®ele,DeHeejbHeefjkeÀ veeles ÒemLeeefHele keÀjC³eemeeþer otj®ee DeJekeÀeµe mees³eer®eeHe[lees. yevo ojepeeW' keÀLesleosKeer} DeJekeÀeµee®es GHe³eespeve Del³ebleJewefµeäîeHetCe& He×leerves kesÀ}s Deens. cebpejer Dee³eg<³eeleer} keÀþesj efveCe&³e

Iesles Je DebOeeN³ee Dee³eg<³eeletve yeensj He[les ³ee Ieìvesmeeþer }e yeesnerce'jsmìe@jbì®ee DebOeeje DeJekeÀeµe efveJe[}e peelees. veblej efJeÞeebleer IesTveleer Hegvne veJ³eeves Dee³eg<³e peiee³e}e Hejle ³esles lesJne DeeHeu³ee Iejeleer}DeeOeer®ee meJe& iebOe Hegmetve ìekeÀC³eemeeþer oejs efKe[keÌ³ee GIe[tve osles.veJee ÒekeÀeµe, veJes DevegYeJe mJeerkeÀejC³eemeeþer leer le³eej nesles. ¿ee efle®³eeyeo}}su³ee ¢efäkeÀesCee®³ee meboYee&le efleves Ieje®ee DeJekeÀeµe Keg}e keÀjCesDeLe&HetCe& þjeJes. yevo ojepeeW...' ³ee keÀLesle leerve KeCeebceO³es efJeYeeie}sies}s}s keÀHeeì ner Òeeflecee keÀLesleer} DevegYeJee®³ee oesve mlejebvee SkeÀelcekeÀjles lej `Deelee kegÀþb...' keÀLesleer} efÒe³ekeÀje®es Hee$e®e ³ee oesvnerDevegYeJeeb®³ee mebleg}veemeeþer efvecee&Ce Pee}s Deens. oesvner keÀLeeb®ee efJe<e³eiebYeerj Deme}e lejer neleeUCeer cee$e efYeVe µew}erÜeje Pee}er Deens. DeeleekegÀþb...'®eer neleeUCeer keÀLekeÀe®³ee efmeefvekeÀ}, eflejkeÀme, GHejesOeieYe&Deµee µew}ercegUs SkeÀe®e JesUer n}keÀerHegÀ}keÀer DeeefCe yees®ejerner Pee}erDeens. Jej Gu}sefKeu³eeÒeceeCes jesceBefìefmePece®eer [tyener l³ee}e }eYe}erDeens. Yee<eeµew}er®³ee meboYee&lener ns®e cnCelee ³esF&}. ÒeLeceHegª<eerkeÀLekeÀe®³ee efmeefvekeÀ} DeeefCe HeejbHeefjkeÀ efJeJeenJ³eJemLee, HeejbHeefjkeÀm$eer-Hegª<e veeles ³eebkeÀ[s yeIeC³ee®³ee GHejesOeieYe& ¢efäkeÀesCeecegUs efmeefvekeÀ}DeeefCe eflejkeÀme, keÀenerµeer jesceBefìkeÀ JeUCee®eer Yee<eeµew}er ns DeeleekegÀþb...' keÀLes®es Jewefµeäîe Deens. GoenjCeeLe&,

Oevebpe³eµeer }ive keÀje³e®eb ceeP³ee lemeb HeÀejmeb ceveele veJnleb.cnCepes ce}e lees DeeJe[e³e®ee, HeCe SKeeoe ceeCetme kesÀJeU DeeJe[leescnCetve l³ee®³eeµeer }ive keÀjeJeb Demeb ceeveC³eeFlekeÀe cetKe&HeCee ceeP³eelel³eener Je³eele veJnlee. HeCe Pee}b keÀe³e, keÀer vegkeÀleer®e Sced0 S0 HeojeleHee[tve Iesleu³eeves ceer efµe#eCee}e kebÀìeU}s nesles. Hejle leµee®ekebÀìeU}su³ee ceg}ebmeceesj kebÀìeUJeeCeer ye[ye[ jespe ®eejHee®e leemekeÀªve Heesì Yeje³e®eener ceg}e Glmeen veJnlee. Flej lemeb keÀenervepejsmeceesj efomele veJnleb. DeeefCe cegK³e cnCepes }ive keÀjlesme keÀecnCetve Oevebpe³eves efJe®eej}b nesleb. l³ee keÀeUer Heesì Yeje³e®eb DeeefCe JesUIee}Jee³e®eb meeOeve cnCetve }ive keÀjCeb ner ieesä HetCe&HeCes meceepeceev³enesleer. 3

`yevo oje]peeW...' keÀLes®eer neleeUCeer cee$e Del³eble ieebYeer³e&HetJe&keÀDeeefCe YeeJeefvekeÀ¢äîee leìmLe ¢efäkeÀesCeeletve keÀjC³eele Dee}er Deens.leµeer®e ³ee keÀLes®eer Yee<eener Deef}Hle, leìmLeles®ee®e DevegYeJe osles.GoenjCeeLe&,

Deewj ces]pekeÀe ³en efJeYeepeve efHeÀj Hen}s keÀer lejn ceve DeewjµejerjeW ceW neslee ngDee meejs Iej ceW HewÀ} ie³ee Lee ~ yeenjmes keÀner kegÀívener Lee - ve yeele®eerle ceW, ve J³eJenej ceW~ Hej Devepeeves Deewj Deve®eensner Yeerlej mes pewmes ceve yeBì ieS Les, efpevoieer yeì ieF& Leer~ Fme yeejne}eBefkeÀ Òemebie Deewj efmLeefle³eeB otmejer LeeR, Hej yeBìves keÀer Heer[e Jener Leer,

ISSN: 2394 5303 0108




4.002(IIJIF)


Jewmeer ner Leer~'4

YeeJeefvekeÀ¢äîee GêskeÀe®³ee Òemebiee®es keÀLevener keÀµee ÒekeÀejsmeb³eefcelejerl³ee kesÀ}s Deens ns Jejer} keÀLeveeletve efomeles.

Deµee jerleerves Heefnu³ee ísokeÀele Gu}sefKeu³eeÒeceeCes m$eerJeeoerefJe®eejOeejs®ee Giece DeeefCe l³ee®ee cejeþer Je efnboer Yeeef<ekeÀ meeefnl³eeJejPee}s}e HeefjCeece ner meceepe mecekeÀe}erve meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ Heeée&Yetceer ³eeoesvner keÀLeebvee }eYe}er Deens. ³ee Heeée&YetceerJejer} ³ee oesvner keÀLeeb®eeleew}efvekeÀ efJe®eej keÀªve l³eeleer} DevegYeJeefJeée, Deeµe³emet$es, Hee$es DeeefCel³eeb®eer ceeveefmekeÀlee, j®eveeyebOe, keÀLeveµew}er DeeefCe Yee<ee ³eeb®ee leew}efvekeÀefJe®eej keÀªve l³eeleer} meec³eYesoeb®ee DeeHeCe efJe®eej kesÀ}e. meceepee®³eem$eerkeÀ[tve Deme}su³ee DeHes#ee DeeefCe efle}e efo}s peeCeejs og³³ecelJeDeeefCe mJe' ogYebieu³ee®eer J³eÊeÀer}e nesCeejer peeCeerJe ns DevegYeJeefJeéeDeeefCe Deeµe³emet$e oesvner keÀLeebceO³es meceeve Demeu³ee®es Heeefn}s.mecekeÀe}erve meeceeefpekeÀ ®eUJeUer DeeefCe ®e®ee&efJeée ³eeb®eer meeceeF&keÀHeeée&Yetceer ³ee meec³eeceeies Demeu³ee®es cnCelee ³esles. ®e¬eÀekeÀej DeµeerkeÀLes®eer j®evee, DeHeejbHeefjkeÀ efveCe&³e IesCeejer m$eerHee$es, oesve veelesmebyebOee®esoesve mlej Je l³eeletve ³esCeejer [eKesjerme ceeie& Kegbìu³ee®eer peeCeerJe ³eebmeejK³eemebj®eveeJewefµeäîeeb®es meec³e ³ee oesve keÀLeeb®³ee yeeyeleerle efomeles. cee$e keÀLeeb®³eeneleeUCeerleer} Yeso ne }sefKekeÀeb®³ee J³eefÊeÀcelJeecegUs efvecee&Ce Pee}eDemeeJee. cee$e SkeÀe®e keÀLes®³ee DeeOeejs }sKekeÀe®³ee Jee*dce³eerve efkebÀJee}ewefkeÀkeÀ J³eefÊeÀlJeeefJe<e³eer þece efve<keÀ<e& keÀe{Ces keÀenermes Oee[mee®esþjles. Hejbleg' Deelee kegÀþb peeµeer} ìesUbYeÆe?' DeeefCe yevo oje]peeskeÀe meeLe' ³ee oesvner keÀLeebceO³es ðeerHeg©<eveeles DeeefCe efJeJeenJ³eJemLee ³eemeboYee&leer} meceeve meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ Heeée&YetceercegUs }#eCeer³e meec³e Dee{UlesDeeefCe ³ee keÀLeeb®ee leew}efvekeÀ efJe®eej oesvner keÀLeeb®³ee DeekeÀ}vee®³eemece=×lesmeeþer meene³³eYetle þjlees, Demes efveef½ele®e cnCelee ³esles.me boYe & ë

1) ®ebêµesKej peneefiejoej (mebHee0); ÒemleeJevee', leew}efvekeÀmeeefnl³eeY³eeme leÊJes DeeefCe efoµee, meewjYe ÒekeÀeµeve ie=n, keÀesuneHetj,Heefn}er DeeJe=Êeer, 1992, He=0 8.

2) Gcee kesÀJe}jece; ceVet Yeb[ejer keÀer keÀneefve³eeW ces DeeOegefvekeÀleeyeesOe, ®evê}eskeÀ ÒekeÀeµeve, keÀeveHegj, 1997, He=0 119.

3) ieewjer osµeHeeb[s; Deelee kegÀþb peeµeer} ìesUbYeÆe?', Deensns Demeb Deens, ceewpe ÒekeÀeµeve, cegbyeF&, Heefn}er DeeJe=Êeer, Dee@iemì, 1986,He=0 159.

4) ceVet Yeb[ejer; yevo ojeæpeeW keÀe meeLe', ome ÒeeefleefveefOekeÀkeÀneefve³eeB, efkeÀleeyeIej ÒekeÀeµeve, veJeer efo}Áer, 2008, He=0 80.

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ISSN: 2394 5303 0109




4.002(IIJIF)


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†¿ÖÖ ×¸üŸÖßÖê ”û¡Ö¯ÖŸÖß ×¿Ö¾ÖÖ•Öß ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖÓÖß †Ö¯Ö»µÖÖ ÃÖîµÖÖ»ÖÖµÖÖê�µÖ ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü“Öß ×¿ÖÃŸÖ »ÖÖ¾Ö»µÖÖ“Öß ×¤üÃÖŸÖê ŸÖÃÖê“Ö »ÖÂ�ú¸üß ÃÖîµÖÃ¾ÖµÖÓ³ÖÖ¾ÖÖêÖê ÖÏê×¸üŸÖ †ÃÖ»µÖÖ´Öæôêû ŸµÖÖÓÖß Ã¾ÖŸÖ:“Ö ×¿ÖÃŸÖ-×ÖµÖ´ÖÖÓ“Öê ÖÖ»ÖÖ�êú»Öê. Ã¾ÖŸÖ: ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖÓÖß ÃÖã¬¤üÖ ŸµÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÖ»ÖÖ �úºþÖ †Ö¯Ö»ÖÖ †Ö¤ü¿ÖÔÃÖîµÖÖÃÖ´ÖÖê ü ³ÖÖ �êú»ÖÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ. ×¿Ö¾Ö�úÖ»ÖßÖ ÃÖîµÖÖ“Öß ×¿ÖÃŸÖ-×ÖµÖ´Ö ÖÖ»ÖÖÃŸÖãŸÖß µÖÖê�µÖ †ÃÖæÖ ŸµÖÖ´Öæôêû“Ö ”û¡Ö¯ÖŸÖß ×¿Ö¾ÖÖ•Öß ´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ•ÖÖÓÖÖ ¾ÖêôûÖê¾Öêôûß×¾Ö•ÖµÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖê�µÖÖÃÖ ´Ö¤üŸÖ —ÖÖ»µÖÖ“Öê ×¤üÃÖŸÖê.

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²Ö�Ö¸ü), ¯Öé.18,19.3) Sen S.N. - Administrative System of the

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Shivaji, pg.50.8) ³Ö™ü ³ÖÖ.¾ÖÖ. - ×¿Ö¾ÖÖ•Öß“Öß ¸üÖ•Ö×ÖŸÖß, ¯Öé.186.9) ¯ÖÏÖ. †Öšü¾Ö»Öê ÃÖ¤ü×¿Ö¾Ö- ×¿Ö¾ÖÖ•Öß †Ö×�Ö ×¿Ö¾ÖµÖã�Ö, Öé.182.10) ¾ÖÖ�úÃÖ�ú ü ×¾Ö.ÃÖ.(ÃÖÓ ÖÖ.) - ÁÖß ×¿Ö¾Ö”û¡Ö¯ÖŸÖß“Öß 91 �ú»Ö´Öß

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�ÖÓ›ü-1, ¯Öé.368.

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:id vyadkj%&lar ukensokaP;k vusd vHkaxkrwu :idkoj

vk/kkjysys vusd mRd"V 'kCnlewg fnlwu ;srkr- ;k:idkRed 'kCnlewgkeqGs dfoRokps vFkZlkSan;Z of)axr>kys vkgs- R;kph dkgh mnkgj.ks iq<hyizek.ks&ukekerxksMh ¼718½] vgadkjkpk okjk ¼883½] lksgalqdrkP;klksMksfu;k xkBh ¼909½] fuxeofYy] czEgkuanygjh]pSrU;kpk nhi ¼912½] izseQklk ¼1526½- ;kO;fufjDrdkgh lkax :idkaph mnkgj.ksgh fnlwu ;srkr-

ISSN: 2394 5303 0114




4.002(IIJIF)


lalkj lkxj Hkjyk nqLrjA foosdh iksg.kkj fojGklarAA1AA dkekfp;k ykVk vaxh vknGrhA us.kks xsysfdrh okgwfu;kAA2AA Hkze gk Hkksaojk fQjoh lkxjkA,d ifMys ?kjk pkS-;ka'khP;kAA3AA ukokM~;k foB~ByHkofla/kq rk:A HkDrk iSyik: mrjhrksAA4AA ukekEg.ks uke Lejk JhjkekpsA Hk; dGhdkGkps ukghrqEgkAA5AA ¼v-Ø-1949½O;frjsd vyadkj%&

miekukis{kk mies;kpsp vkf/kD; nk[kfoysysvlrs] rsOgk O;frjsd vyadkj gksrks- R;kps mnkgj.kvls&

nzk{kQGk ?kM lsfork pks[kMAr;kgwfu xksM uke rq>sAA4AA ¼v-Ø-649½verkgwfu xksM uke rq>s nsokAeu ek>s ds'kok dk ck us ?ksAA1AA ¼1484½;k fBdk.kh Hkxor uke ;k mies;kps

vkf/kD; nk[kfoY;keqGs gk O;frjsd vyadkj >kykvkgs-n"VkUr vyadkj%&

mies; o mieku ;kapk /keZ fcac&izfrfcacklkj[kkvlrks rsOgk n"VkUr vyadkj gksrks- nqtZukpk LoHkkolkaxrkuk iq<hy n"VkUr fnys vkgsr&

nqtZukph cqf) oks[kVh nk:.kAvki.k e:u nqt;k ekjhAA1AAek'kh tkrk iksVh esyh R;kph {k.khAizk.;k oksdowfu d"Vh djhAA2AAnhidkph T;ksfr irax uklykAva/kkj ifMyk tukae/;sAA3AArSlk uSlfxZad LoHkko nq"VkapkAA ¼v-Ø-1893½

O;ktLrwfr vyadkj%&,[kkn~;k inkFkkZph vkikrr% fuank dsyh vlrk

R;k fuansps i;kZolku v[ksj R;k inkFkkZP;k Lrqrhrgksrs] rsOgk gk vyadkj O;ktsu Lrqfr%^ vFkkZr~ fuansP;kcgk.;kus iz'kalk v'kk vfHkizk;kus lkFkZ gksrks- ;kpsmnkgj.k ukensokP;k vusd vHkaxkarwu igk;yk feGrs-

mnkj dikG lkax'khy tukArjh R;k dk jko.kk ekfj;sysAA1AAfuR;kfuR; iwtk f'kj deGkojhA

rs.ks rq>s gjh dk; dsysAA2AAfdrh cfMokj lkaxlhy ok;kABkok ia<jhjk;k vkgslh vkEgkAA3AAd.kkZ ,slk ohj >aqtkj mnkjAR;klh Roka TktZj dsys ck.khAA4AA ¼1646½mnkjkpk jk.kk Eg.kfolh vki.kkAlkax Rok do.kk dk; fnysAA¼1647½vls dkgh vFkkZyadkjkps izdkj lar ukensokaP;k

vHkaxkrwu fnlwu ;srkr- lar ukensokaps vHkax Eg.ktsizseHkko vkf.k HkfDrHkko ;kapk ân;axe vkfo"dkjvlY;keqGs ckg~; lkSan;kZis{kk varxZr HkkolkSan;kZuspR;kaps vHkax vf/kd vyadr >kysys vkgs-lanHkZ xzUFk lwph%&

1- Lkdy larxkFkk] Hkkx&1] ¼laiknd½&izk-MkW- j- jk- xkslkoh-2- Lkar ukenso & gs- fo- bukenkj-3- ejkBhps lkfgR;'kkL=&ek-xks-ns'keq[k

ISSN: 2394 5303 0115




4.002(IIJIF)


vkn'kZ jktk %N=irh laHkkth jkts Hkkslys

‘kstwG Kkus’oj ckcqjkoih,p-Mh- la’kks/kd fo|kFkhZ]

ejkBh Hkk”kk o ok³e; foHkkx]MkW- ck-vka- ejkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn

==============***********===============vR;ar ijkØeh] dq’ky jktdkj.kh] ohj

;ks/nk jktk N=irh laHkkth Hkkslys gks;- LojkT;kpsrs nqljs N=irh gksrs- 14 es 1657 jksth iqjanjfdY;koj R;kapk tUe >kyk- 11 ekpZ 1689 jksthR;kapk var >kyk- cRrhl o”kkZps vk;qekZu R;kaukfeGkys- ;k laiw.kZ vk;q”;kr R;kaP;k izxrhpk p<rkvkys[k vkgs- Kku&foKku] jktdkj.k] iz’kklu oj.keSnkukr rs rjcst gksrs-

laHkkth jktkaP;k thoukps rhu dky[kaM iMrkr-izR;sd dky[kaMkr R;kaP;k O;fDreŸokps osxosxGsiSyw Li”V fnlrkr- 1657 rs 1660 gk R;kaP;kckY;koLFkspk dky[kaM vkgs- ;k dky[kaMkr Kku/kkjuk] f’k{k.k] lkfgR; ys[ku dkS’kY;kps n’kZu ?kMrs-;kp dky[kaMke/;s cky laHkkthus vk;q”;Hkjkps laLdkjipfoys- okpu] ys[ku] laHkk”k.k] dk;nk] rŸoKku]cgqHkk”kk] j.keSnkukr rjcst >kys- ;kp dkGkr N=irhf’kokth egkjktkauh R;kauk dêj ‘k=w vkSjaxtsckP;kvkxzk Nko.khps n’kZu ?kMfoys- ‘k=wP;k Nko.khrjktdh; Mkoisp] dwVuhrh’kg] dkV’kg ;kapkizkR;kf{kd vuqHko R;kauh vuqHkoyk- ‘k=wpk njckjcky’kaHkwlkBh izsj.kknk;h gksrk- rsFkhy jkts egkjkts]ljnkj] lSU; R;kapk dMsdksV caankscLr cky’kaHkwvuqHkfor gksrs- R;kp izek.ks N=irh f’kokth egkjktcky’kaHkwauk jktdkj.kkps /kMs izkR;kf’kdi.ks f’kdforgksrs-

27vtkursi.kh cky’kaHkwps ekrN= gj.k >kys-

N=irhlg Hkkslys ?kjk.;kauh cky’kaHkwauk ekrN=kphm.kho Hkklw fnyh ukgh- lbZckbZP;k tkxh fttkckbZiklwulks;jkckbZ i;Zar vusd jktekrk R;kaP;k vkbZ >kY;k-lokZauh cky’kaHkwauk iszek.ks ok<foys- laLdkj{ke ?kMfoys-lokZaP;k izselaLdkjkeqGsp cky’kaHkw o;kP;k 14o”kkZi;Zarp ?kMys- vR;ar deh o;kr R;kauk vkysyhtku vkf.k Hkku FkDd djk;yk yko.kkjh vkgs- ,drstLoh] ns[kuk] ;qojkt vki.kkl fnlrks- ;kp lkscrla;eh] Kkuh] ijkØeh] ‘kwj] lkglh xq.kkaps n’kZu?kMrs- R;kaP;k Hkkf”kd dkS’kY;klkscr lkfgfR;ddkS’kY;kus Kkuh okpd vktgh FkDd gksrks- cky’kaHkwpsxq.k o Kku oSHko vktP;k r:.kkalkBh];qodkalkBhizsj.kknk;h vkgs-

b-l- 1671 rs 1680 gk dky[kaM ‘kaHkwjktkaP;k;qojkt inkpk vkgs- 06 twu 1674 jksth f’kokthegkjktkapk jkT;kfHk”ksd >kyk- ;ke/;s cky’kaHkwauk;qojktinkpk lUeku feGkyk gksrk- N=irhP;kflagklu ik;jhoj clowu R;kauk rks cgweku izkIr>kyk gksrk- Ýsap izoklh vWcs dWjs ;kauh ;qojktlaHkkth jkts ;kauk izR;{k ikgwu fygw.k Bsoys vkgs-ßgk ;qojkt ygku vkgs rjh /kS;Z’khy o ckikP;kdhrhZl lktsy vlkp ‘kwjohj vkgs-Þ 1 ijdh;ek.klkaP;k lanHkkZo:u ;qojkt laHkkth jktkaP;kxq.kdkS’kY;kph vksG[k iVrs- ;qojkt laHkkth cgqHkkf”kdgksrs- R;kauk vusd Hkk”kk voxr gksR;k- /keZ dk;nk]lkfgR;] rRRoKku] ‘kkL=klg ‘kL=ke/;s rs fuiwugksrs-

loZxq.k laiUu ;qojkt b-l- 1681 rs 1689;k dky[kaMkr N=irh >kys- gk dkG R;kaP;klkBhvR;ar rGirk o la?k”kZ’khy gksrk- ;k dky[kaMke/;s laiw.kZ g;kr R;kauh j.keSnkukoj ?kkyfoyh-,dkposGh] eksxy] baxzt] iksrqZxht flÌh o ?kjHksnh;kaP;k’kh jktkauk la?k”kZ djkok ykxyk- ;kp dkGkrnq”dkG o ‘k=wapk lqdkG ;kpk leUo; N=irhlaHkkth jktkauh ?kkryk- laiw.kZ thou le”VhlkBhO;rhr dj.kkÚ;k jktkus vkiY;k vk;q”;kpk ‘ksoVLojkT;klkBh lefiZr dsyk-

ISSN: 2394 5303 0116




4.002(IIJIF)


N=irh laHkkthjkts eqGkr fon~oku] ijkØeh]‘kwj] /kkMlh gksrs- ckyi.kkiklwup R;kaph cqf/neRrkrYy[k o dq’kkxz gksrh- ys[ku] okpu] ryokj]f’kdkjhe/;s rs rjcst gksrs- o;kP;k 14 O;k o”khZR;kauh 14 Hkk”kkaps Kku voxr dsys- cq/kHkw”k.k] u[kf’k[k]ukf;dkHksn] lkrlrd ;k pkj xzaFkkaps ys[ku dsys-lYykelyr] j.kkax.k ;ke/;sgh rs fu”.kkar gksrs-ckyi.khp R;kauh 10 gtkj lSU;kP;k rqdMhpsizfrfuf/kRo dsys gksrs- b- l- 1671 e/;s iUgkG;kykmijkt/kkuh cuowu Lora= jkT; dkjHkkj lkaHkkGykgksrk- f’kojkT;fHk”ksd le;h osxosxG;k izkarkrhyvkf/kdkjh ] xOguZj ljnkj] jkts] ;kaP;k’kh rs mR—“Blaokn] lYykelyrh djhr gksrs- N=irh f’kokthegkjkt d.kkZVdkP;k eksfgesoj vlrkauk laHkkthjktsLojkT;kpk dkjHkkj iUgkG;ko:u O;ofLFkr lkaHkkGhrgksrs-

b-l- 1681 e/;s laHkkth jktkauh Lor%pkjkT;kfHk”ksd d:u ?ksryk- ;k dkG o ifjfLFkrhpkfopkj djrk LojkT;kyk tkLrhps ‘k=w fuekZ.k >kysgksrs- ßvkcklkgsckauk QDr fot;iqjdjka’kh >xMkoaykxys- ijarq vkEgkyk Vksihdj baxzt] fQjaxh] flíh]fu eksxy ;k lkj[;k cyk<îk ‘kDrha’kh >qatkoaykxr vkgs-Þ2 ,dkposGh laHkkth jktkauk pkj&pkjvk?kkM;koj y<kos ykxr gksrs- R;klkBh vUu/kkU;]‘k’kkL=] vFkZ o ln< v’okaph egkjktkauk xjtgksrh- LojkT;kpk [kftuk le`n~/k dj.;klkBhegkjktkauh vkSjaxtsckP;k cÚgk.kiwj jkt/kkuhoj NkikVkdyk- ljatenkjkauh tek dsysyh voS/k laiRrhegkjktkauh NkI;ke/kwu dkcht dsyh- cÚgk.kiwje/khyvjcLFkkuh tkrhaP;k v’okaph [kjsnh dsyh- v’ogh laiRrh vkgs- frph ywV u djrk rh [kjsnh dsyh-frpk iSlk LojkT;krwu fnyk- cÚgk.kiwjkrhy loZJhear iqÚ;kaph egkjktkauh >Mrh ?ksryh- ;kNkI;ke/kwu LojkT;kpk [kftuk egkjktkauh len~/k dsyk-ßcÚgk.kiwjoj Nkik ?kkywu toGikl 01 dksVh gksukphnkSyr LojkT;kyk izkIr >kyh gksrh-Þ3 jkT;kfHk”ksdkuarjia/kjk fnolkauh egkjktkauh Nkik Vkdyk- pkSQsj‘k=wlkscr y<rkauk ifgY;kank vUu/kkU; o ‘k’kkL=lkBk

laiUu vl.ks xjtspk gksrk- egkjktkauh izR;sdxMfdY;krhy [kftuk laiUu dsyk gksrk-

laHkkth jkts iztkfgr n{k gksrs- iztsoj rs iq=orisze djhr gksrs- iztsyk jktk o jktkayk iztk vkiyhokVk;ph- ;kp cGkoj jkts ,dkposGh pkj&pkj‘k=wapk lekpkj ?ksr gksrs- R;kp izek.ks rs ekrHkDr oL=hlUekps iqjLdrsZ gksrs- ;slwckbZyk iz’kklu dkS’kY;kps/kMs nsÅu jktdkj.kkP;k iVykaoj vk.kys- ;q/ndyk]?kksMkjisV] ryokjckth o eRlqíhiukps f’k{k.k fnys-^Jh l[kh jkKh t;rh egkjk.kh ;slwckbZ*v’kh ukeeqnzkR;kaP;k ukos cufoyh- LojkT; lkaHkkG.;kpsvkf/kdkj R;kauk fnys- ßlaHkkth jkts fL=;kauk lekuvkf/kdkj ns.;kpa /kkMl 17 O;k ‘krdkr dj.kkjsjkts vkgsr-Þ4 laHkkth jktkauh fL=;kapk lUeku dsyk-fL=;kauk izfr”Bk izkIr d:u fnyh- L=h iq:”kkizek.ksdk;Z d:u ‘kdrh ;kpk vkn’kZ jktkauh Ñrhe/kwuLojkT;k leksj Bsoyk-

LojkT;koj ‘k=waph pkSQsj vkØe.ks Ogk;ph-‘k=w ‘ksrdÚ;kapk eky laiRrh] ‘ksrh mn~/koLr djk;ps-‘k=waP;k /kkLrhus xkao ijkxank Ogk;ps- ;k m/oLrj;rsyk lkoj.;kps dke] R;kauk enr dj.;kps dkejktkauh dsys- ‘ksrdÚ;kyk vUu/kkU;] tukojkalkBhpkjk fnyk- ifMd tfeu ykxoMh[kkyh vkuyh-R;kauk Ñ”kh lkgk¸; d:u ‘ksrdjh laiUu dsyk-

N=irh laHkkth jkts lrr la?k”kZ’khy gksrs-LojkT;kr pkSQsj R;kaph ?kSMnkSM vlk;ph- mlarvkf.k foJkarhpk fnol R;kaP;k ftouke/;s uOgrk-y<k] vkØe.k] la?k”kZ] laj{k.k] HkkaM.k raVs feVfo.;klkBhjkts izR;sd fBdk.kh gtj vlk;ps- iz’kklu otursoj R;kaph tcjnLr idM gksrh- jkT; izkarfeGklkBh jkts tursyk izksRlkgu n;k;ps] jktkcÌytursP;k eukr izpaM vkLFkk gksrh-

N=irh laHkkth jktkapk la?k”kZ LojkT;klkBhgksrk- LojkT;krhy ek.klkalkBh gksrk- tkr] ikr]/keZ] izkar ;kaP;k rVfHkarh jktkauk uOgR;k- R;kauhtursyk iz;Ruokn o drZRofu”Bk f’kdfoyh- R;kdrZRokyk LojkT;krhy ek.kls ‘ksoVi;Zar tkxyh-ewBHkj LojkT;krhy lSfud ,dkposGh pkSQsj cyk<îk

ISSN: 2394 5303 0117




4.002(IIJIF)


‘k=walkscr y<rkr] rsaOgk rks ,dVîkk N=irhapk ijkØeuOgrk- lkekU; turkgh R;kr lgHkkxh gksrh-

jkts izR;sdosGh eksfgesP;k vk?kkMhoj vlk;psjktkaph ryokjckth ikgwu lSfudkauk gw:i ;k;pk-jktkalkj[kh ryokj vki.kkal pkyfork ;koh vlsizR;sd lSfudkauk okVk;ps- lSfudkauk jktkalkscr eksfgesrmrj.;kps vkd”kZ.k okVk;ps-

laHkkth egkjkt ‘k=w ikgwu j.kfurh vk[kk;ps-izR;sdosGh ryokjckth] nkaMiês] Hkkys] frjdkeBspky;ps ukgh- vk/kqfud ‘k=wlkBh jktkauh R;kaP;kp‘kL=kus izfrRR;wj fnys- R;kaP;klkscr j.kkax.kkoj la?k”kZdj.;klkBh egkjktkauh vk/kqfud ‘kL=klkBk laxzfgrdsyk- ß1662 P;k lqekjkl fMpksyh vkf.k dqMkG;sFks nk:xksG;kaps nksu dkj[kkus mHkkj.;klkBh ykx.kkjkxa/kd] lksjk] oSxjs eky d.kkZVd vkf.k eyckj ;sFkwuleqnzekxkZus vk.krkauk iksrqZfxtkauh vMFkGk d: u;sv’kh fouarh laHkkth jktkauh dsyh gksrh-Þ5 vk/kqfud‘klkL=ke/;s nk:xksGk] rksQ[kkuk] ck:n ;kpk lkBklaHkkth jktkauh dsyk- dqMkG o fMpksyhP;knk:xksG;kP;k dkj[kkU;ko:u laHkkth jktkaphiz;ksxf’kyrk o foKkuokn y{kkr ;srks- ‘k=wikgwuj.kuhrh vk[k.kkjk ^j.kuhrh /kqja/kj jktk* vlk R;kapkdsysyk xkSjo ;FkkFkZ okVrks-lkjka’k&

laHkkth jktkaps thou vktP;k ;qodkalkBhvkn’kZLFkku vkgs- rs lnSo iz;Ru’khy o la?k”kZ’khygksrs- ryokj vkf.k ys[kuhps dkS’kY; lkscr f’kd.kkjk,desokfnrh; jktk vkgs- o;kP;k vkBO;k o”khZR;kauh ja.kkx.k xktfoys- ngk gtkj lSU;kP;k rqdMhpsizfrfu/khRo dsys- o;kP;k 14 O;k o”khZ 14 Hkk”kkapsrRRoKku vkRelkn dsys- pkj xzaFkkps ys[ku dsys-14 O;k o”khZ iUgkG;kpk Lora= dkjHkkj pkyfoyk-tathjk ftdrkauk leqnz cwtowu laxzke dsyk- rjaxrkiqy o rjaxrk rksQ[kkuk r;kj dsyk- lSfudkalkBhlaj{k.k dop mHkkjys- pkeM;kps cqysVizqQ tkWdsVr;kj dsys- nk:xksG;kps dkj[kkus mHkkjys- xMfdY;kojnxMh f’kGk]^xksQuxqaMk* ;k Vkdkow iklwu fVdkow‘kL=kpk okij dsyk- R;kaP;k dkGkr rs ^tkxfrd

dhrhZpk j.kenZ ;ks/nk* Eg.kwu izfl/n gksrs-laHkkth jkts vk;q”;kP;k cRrhl o”kkZe/;s ,dgh

y<kbZ ijkHkwr u gksrk 2500 y<k;k ftad.kkjk jktk;qodkaps vkn’kZLFkku vkgs- R;kaP;k osG o dkGkpkfopkj djrk vR;ar deh dkGkr R;kauh le/nokjlk ipfoyk- tkxfrd dhrhZps f’k{k.k ?ksrys]txkP;k KkuHkk”kk vkRelkn dsY;k- foKkuoknhn”Vhdks.kkph tksikluk dsyh- j.kkax.kkoj v[kaM fot;laiknu dsyk- pk.kk{ki.kk] v[kaM lko/kkurk]fuO;Zluhu.kk] pkfj«;laiUurk gs R;kaP;k O;DrheŸokapsiSyw gksrs- loZ/keZlfg”.kwrseqGs vkBjkixM tkrhrhyekoGs R;kaP;k lkscr tek >kys- izk.ki.kkus y<ys-baxzt] iksrqZxht] gc’kh o fdRrsd eksxy ljnkjkauklGks dh iGks d:u lksMys- vkSjaxtscklkj[;k cyk<;‘k=wyk 09 o”ksZ j.kkax.kkoj >wjr Bsoys- R;kauk ckn’kkghinkph ixMh larkikus tfeuhoj vknGk;yk ykoyh]lnSo iz;Ru’khy o j.kjlaxzke dj.kkjk jktk vktP;k;qodkauk izsj.kk L=ksr vkgs-lanHkZ xzaFk

1- N=irh laHkkth egkjkt ,d fpfdRlk]MkW- t;flaxjko iokj] ,fizy 2005] les: izdk’kuMksafcoyh- i-Ø- &38-

2- vej tgkys jkts N=irh laHkkth] vkcklkgscvkpjsdj] i-Ø-&06-

3- [kjk laHkkth] izk- ukensojko tk/ko] i-Ø-&74-

4- ‘kaHkwxkSjo] laik- xaxk/kj cucjs] i-Ø- &84-5- f’koiq= laHkkth] MkW- dey xks[kys] i-Ø-

&416

ISSN: 2394 5303 0118




4.002(IIJIF)


•ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖŸÖß»Ö †Öã¤üÖ×ÖŸÖ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ

×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ µÖÖ ŸÖÓ ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö :‹�ú †³µÖÖÃÖ

( Ã¾ÖÖ. üÖ.×ŸÖ.´Ö. ×¾ÖªÖ¯Ößšü, ÖÖÓ¤êü›ü ¾Ö ›üÖò. ²ÖÖ.†ÖÓ.´Ö. ×¾ÖªÖ¯Ößšü, †Öî ÓüÓ�ÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ü†ÓŸÖ�ÖÔŸÖ µÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö :

ŸÖã»ÖÖÖŸ´Ö�ú †³µÖÖÃÖ †Ó¿ÖŸÖ: ÃÖÖ¤ü¸üß�ú¸ü�Ö - ³ÖÖ�Ö 2 üÖ)

ÁÖß. ¬ÖÖÓ•ÖµÖ ‹»Ö. ´ÖÖêŸÖê¾ÖÖ¸ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�ú ×¾ÖªÖ£ÖßÔ

¸üÖ.ŸÖæ.´Ö.ÖÖ�Ö¯Öæ ü ×¾ÖªÖ¯Ößšü, ÖÖ�Ö¯Öæ ü

›üÖò. ÃÖÖî. ¿ÖÖ»ÖßÖß ‹´Ö. ÃÖÖ�Ö¸ü�ú¸ü�ÖÏÓ£Ö¯ÖÖ»Ö,

³ÖÖ»Öê üÖ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖÖ ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖ, ÃÖÖ¾ÖÖê ü,ŸÖÖ. ÃÖÖ¾ÖÖê ü ×•Ö. ÖÖ�Ö¯Öæ üü

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ÃÖ¤ü¸üß»Ö ¿ÖÖê¬Ö×Ö²ÖÓ¬ÖÖŸÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�úÖÖê •ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖŸÖß»Ö†Öã¤üÖ×ÖŸÖ ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ µÖÖ ŸÖÓ ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü�êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ �úÖê�Ö�úÖê�ÖŸµÖÖ ‘Ö™ü�úÖ¾Ö¸ü ¯ÖÏ³ÖÖ¾Ö —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆê µÖÖ“ÖÖ¿ÖÖê¬Ö ‘ÖêŸÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ ¿ÖÖê¬Ö×Ö²ÖÓ¬ÖÖŸÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö, ¾Ö×�ÖÔ�ú ü�ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ �ú´Öß �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû ˜Öã™üß / ¤üÖêÂÖ �ú´Öß —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ �úÖ µÖÖ“ÖÖ ¿ÖÖê¬Ö‘Öê�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü.¿ÖÖê¬ÖÃÖÓ–ÖÖ : �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖ, ¾Ö×�ÖÔ�ú¸ü�Ö, ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ ‡.¯ÖÏÖÃŸÖÖ×¾Ö�ú :

×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ Æüß ‹�ú ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖŸÖß»Ö / ¾µÖ¾ÖÃ£ÖÖ¯ÖÖÖŸÖß»Ö ¤üÖêÂÖ¤æü¸ü �ú¸ü�µÖÖ“Öê ŸÖÓ Ö †ÖÆêü. ¯ÖÏÃŸÖæŸÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖÖÃÖÖšüß •ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖŸÖß»Ö†Öã¤üÖ×ÖŸÖ (�ú»ÖÖ, ¾ÖÖ×�Ö•µÖ ¾Ö ×¾Ö–ÖÖÖ) ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓ“Öß ×Ö¾Ö›ü �ú ü�µÖÖŸÖ†Ö»Öß †ÖÆêü. •ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖ»Öê»µÖÖ ‹�ãú�Ö 12 ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓÖÖ¯ÖÏ¿ÖÖ¾Ö»Öß“Öê ¾ÖÖ™ü¯Ö �ú¸ü�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öê. µÖÖ¯Öî�úß 10 ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓÖß¯ÖÏ¿ÖÖ¾Ö»ÖßÃÖ ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖÃÖÖ¤ü ×¤ü»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖÃÖÖ¤üÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Ö 83.33 ™üŒ�êú

28‹¾Öœêü †ÃÖæÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖÖ“Öß ³ÖÖî�ÖÖê»Öß�ú ¾µÖÖ¯ŸÖß �Öê Ö •ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖ¯Öæ üŸÖß“Ö†ÖÆêü. ÖÖ—Öê ÃÖ¤ü¸üß»Ö ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖ Æêü †Ö“ÖÖµÖÔ ¯Ö¤ü¾Öß ×¾ÖÂÖµÖ “Ã¾ÖÖ.¸üÖ.×ŸÖ. Ö.×¾Ö. ÖÖÓ¤êü›ü ¾Ö ›üÖò. ²ÖÖ. †ÖÓ.´Ö. ×¾Ö. †Öî ÓüÓ�ÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ü †ÓŸÖ�ÖÔŸÖ µÖê�ÖÖ•µÖÖ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö : ŸÖã»ÖÖÖŸ´Ö�ú†³µÖÖÃÖ” µÖÖ“ÖÖ ³ÖÖ�Ö 2 †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ“ÖÖ ³ÖÖ�Ö 1 µÖÖ †�ÖÖê¤ü¸ü ¯ÖÏ�úÖ×¿ÖŸÖ�ú¸ü�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ´Æü�ÖæÖ µÖÖ ×šü�úÖ�Öß Æêü ×Ö¤ü¿ÖÔÖÖÃÖ †Ö�ÖæÖ ¤êüŸÖ†ÖÆêü.×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ ´Æü�Ö•Öê �úÖµÖ ?

1. Antony - Defines it as "a strategy thatseeks to improve the quality of processes throughidentifying and removing the causes of defectsby focusing on outputs that are critical to custom-ers".1

2. ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ Æü�Ö•Öê ÖÏ×�ÎúµÖêŸÖß»Ö ¤üÖêÂÖ ¤æü¸ü �ú¹ýÖ �ÖÏÖÆü�úÖÓ“µÖÖ†¯Öê�ÖÖ ¾Ö ¾Öî×¿ÖÂ™üµÖÖÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¾ÖÃŸÖæ ÃÖê¾ÖÖ ¯Öã ü¾Ö�ÖÖ¸üß ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß ÆüÖêµÖ.2

3. ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“Öê ×“ÖÆü (6S) µÖÖ¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Öê ¤ü¿ÖÔ×¾Ö»Öê •ÖÖŸÖê.ˆ×§Â™üµÖê :-

1. �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû ŸµÖÖŸÖß»Ö“Öã�úÖ ÆüÖê�µÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Ö �ú´Öß —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü �úÖ µÖÖ“ÖÖ ¿ÖÖê¬Ö ‘Öê�Öê.

2. ¾Ö×�ÖÔ�ú ü�ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ �ú´Öß �ú ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß �úÖê�Ö�úÖê�ÖŸµÖÖˆ¯ÖÖµÖµÖÖê•ÖÖÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“µÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�ÖÖŸÖæÖ †Ö�Ö»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ ŸµÖÖ“ÖÖ¿ÖÖê¬Ö ‘Öê�Öê.

3. �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖµÖÖê•ÖÖÖ´Öãôêû �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖ“µÖÖ�Ö“ÖÖÔŸÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß †ÖÆêü �úÖ ŸÖê ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�Öê.�Öé×ÆüŸÖ�êú :-

1. �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖµÖÖê•ÖÖÖ´Öãôêû�ú´Öß —ÖÖ»Öê»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.

2. ¾Ö×�ÖÔ�ú¸ü�ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ �ú´Öß �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×ÃÖŒÃÖ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“µÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê•ÖÖÖŸÖæÖ �ú¸ü�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»µÖÖ ÖÖÆüßŸÖ.

3. •ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖŸÖß»Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �Ö“ÖÖÔŸÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»Öß †ÖÆêü.ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖß :

ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�úÖÃÖ †Ö¯Ö»Öê ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖ �úÖµÖÔ ¯Öæ�ÖÔ �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖßÃÖÓ�ú»ÖÖ �ú üÖ¾Öê »ÖÖ�ÖŸÖê ¾Ö ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖ ÃÖÖ¬ÖÖÖÓ“ÖÖ †¾Ö»ÖÓ²Ö�ú¹ýÖ ‹�ú ´ÖÖ�ÖÔ ŸÖµÖÖ¸ü �ú¸üŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖê ŸÖÖê ´ÖÖ�ÖÔ ´Æü�Ö•Öê ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖßÆüÖêµÖ. ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�úÖÖê ÃÖÓ¤ü üß»Ö ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¾Ö�ÖÔÖÖŸ´Ö�ú ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬ÖÖ Ö¬¤üŸÖß“ÖÖ†¾Ö»ÖÓ²Ö �êú»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü.

ISSN: 2394 5303 0119




4.002(IIJIF)


´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ÃÖÓ�ú»ÖÖ :´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ÃÖÓ�ú»ÖÖ �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö�úÖÖê ¯ÖÏ¿ÖÖ¾Ö»Öß ¾Ö

´Öã»ÖÖ�ÖŸÖ µÖÖ ÃÖÖ¬ÖÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �êú»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ¯ÖÏ¿ÖÖ¾Ö»Öß Æüß ¯ÖÏŸµÖ�ÖÖŸÖ�ÖÏÓ£Ö¯ÖÖ»Ö µÖÖÓÖÖ ³Öê™æüÖ ³Ö¹ýÖ ‘Öê�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öß †ÖÆêü.´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖ�Ö :

ÃÖÓ�ú»ÖßŸÖ �ú ü�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öê»µÖÖ ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß“Öê ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖ�Ö Öãœüß»Ö¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Öê�ú¸ü�µÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖ †ÖÆêü.

ÃÖÖ¸ü�Öß �Î . 1.1�ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖ “Öã�úÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ �úÖ ?

¾Ö¸üß»Ö ÃÖÖ¸ü�Öß �Îú. 1.1 ¾Ö¹ýÖ †ÃÖê ×¤üÃÖæÖ µÖêŸÖê �úß, •ÖÖ»ÖÖÖ×•Ö»ÆüµÖÖŸÖß»Ö ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖ “Öã�úÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ†ÃÖê ÃÖ¾ÖÔ ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓÖß ´Æü™ü»Öê †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ “Öã�úÖ �úÖê�Ö�úÖê�ÖŸµÖÖ†ÖÆêüŸÖ ŸµÖÖ ÃÖÖ¸ü�Öß �Îú. 1.2 ´Ö¬µÖê ¤ü¿ÖÔ×¾Ö�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.

ÃÖÖ¸ü�Öß �Î . 1.2�ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖ Six Sigma ŸÖÓ ÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�ÖÖ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß

¾Ö¸üß»Ö ÃÖÖ¸ü�Öß �Îú.1.2 ¾Ö¹ýÖ †ÃÖê »Ö�ÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖê �úß, �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖ×¾Ö³ÖÖ�ÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �ú¸ü�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»ÖÖ ¾Ö µÖÖŸÖ ¯Öãœüß»Ö¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Öê “Öã�úÖ ÆüÖêŸÖ †ÃÖ»µÖÖ“Öê †Öœüôû»Öê. µÖÖŸÖ �ÖÏÓ£Ö ´ÖÖ�Ö�Öß ×¾ÖŸÖ¸ü�ú /¯ÖÏ�úÖ¿Ö�úÖ�ú›êü �êú»µÖÖÖÓŸÖ¸ü ŸÖê ´ÖÖ�Ö�Öß¯Öê�ÖÖ �ú´Öß µÖêŸÖÖŸÖ †ÃÖê 09´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓ Ö¬µÖê †Öœüôû»Öê. ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ÖÖ�Ö�Öß �êú»Öê»µÖÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖŸÖ ±úÖ™ü»Öê»Öê�ÖÏÓ£Ö µÖê�µÖÖ“Öê ÖÏ ÖÖ�Ö ÃÖ¾ÖÔ“Ö 10 ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓ Ö¬µÖê †ÖÆêü. ŸÖ¸ü ÖÖ�Ö�Öß Ö�êú»Öê»Öê �ÖÏÓ£Ö �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖÖŸÖ †¿ÖÖ ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓ“Öß ÃÖÓ�µÖÖ 09 †ÖÆêü.µÖÖ ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¸ü“µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ µÖÖ ŸÖÓ ÖÖ“µÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�ÖÖ´Öãôêû �ú´Öß—ÖÖ»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.

ÃÖÖ¸ü�Öß �Îú. 1.3¾ÖÙ�Ö�ú¸ü�ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ �ú´Öß �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×ÃÖŒÃÖ

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¾Ö¸üß»Ö ÃÖÖ¸ü�Öß �Îú. 1.3 ¾Ö¹ýÖ †ÃÖê ×¤üÃÖæÖ µÖêŸÖê �úß, �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖµÖÖê•ÖÖ �ú¸ü�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»Öê. ¾ÖÖ“Ö�úÖÓ“µÖÖ ÖÖ�Ö�Öß¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Öê“Ö�ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ“Öß †Ö×�Ö ×ÖµÖŸÖ�úÖ×»Ö�úÖÓ“Öß �Ö¸êü¤üß —ÖÖ»µÖÖ´Öãôêû µÖÖê�µÖ �úÖ¸ü�ÖÖÓÃÖÖšüß“Ö�ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖ“ÖÖ �Ö“ÖÔ —ÖÖ»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ŸµÖÖ“Ö¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ�Öê INFLIBENET -N-LIST, DELNET µÖÖÓ“Öê ¾Ö�ÖÔ�Öß¤üÖ¸ü Æüß �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖê †ÃÖ»µÖÖ´ÖãôêûŸÖßÖ »ÖÖ�Ö ‡Ô-²ÖãŒÃÖ ¾Ö ÃÖÖšü Æü•ÖÖ¸ü ‡Ô-•ÖÖÔ»ÃÖ ˆ¯Ö»Ö²¬Ö —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêüŸÖ.ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû �ÖÏÓ£Ö�Ö¸êü¤üß“µÖÖ �Ö“ÖÖÔ´Ö¬µÖê ²Ö¸üß“Ö ²Ö“ÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß †ÖÆêü. ŸÖÃÖê“Ö�úÃÖÖêÔ×¿ÖµÖÖ “µÖÖ ´ÖÖ¬µÖ´ÖÖŸÖæÖ ×ÖµÖŸÖ�úÖ×»Ö�úÖÓ“Öß �Ö¸êü¤üß �êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû×ÖµÖŸÖ�úÖ×»Ö�úÖÓ¾Ö¸ü ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ �Ö“ÖÖÔŸÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß †ÖÆêü.�Öé×ÆüŸÖ�ú “ÖÖ“Ö�Öß :-

1. �Öé×ÆüŸÖ�ú �Îú. 1 ÃÖÖ¬µÖ —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü �úÖ¸ü�Ö ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“µÖÖ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸üÖ´Öãôêû �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖß»Ö “Öã�úÖ �ú´Öß —ÖÖ»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.

†.ÛÎú. ×¾Ö¾Ö üÞÖ ÆüÖêµÖ ¯ÖÏ ÖÖÞÖ ®ÖÖÆüß ¯ÖÏ ÖÖÞÖ ‹ÛãúÞÖ 1. •ÖÖ»Ö®ÖÖ ×•Ö»ÆüÖ 10 100 % 00.00 00.00 % 10

†.ÛÎú . ×¾Ö¾Ö üÞÖ ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖÃÖÖ¤ü % ®ÖÛúÖ ü % ‹ÛãúÞÖ 1 ÝÖÏÓ£Ö ÖÖÝÖÞÖß¯ÖêõÖÖ Ûú´Öß µÖêÞÖê 09 90.00 01 10.00 10 2 ÝÖÏÓ£Ö ±úÖ™ü»Öê»Öê µÖêÞÖê 10 10.00 00 00.00 10 3 ´ÖÖÝÖÞÖß ®Ö Ûêú»Ö ê»Öê ÝÖÏÓ£Ö µÖêÞÖê 09 90.00 01 10.00 10 4 ‡ŸÖ¸ü 00 00.00 10 100.00 10

†.ÛÎú ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖÃÖÖ¤ü ¯ÖÏ ÖÖÞÖ

% ®ÖÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏ ÖÖÞÖ

% ‹ÛãúÞÖ

1. DDC “Öß ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸üßŸÖ †Ö¾Öé¢Öß ¾ÖÖ¯Ö üÞÖê 09 90.00 01 10.00 10 2. ¾ÖÙÝÖÛú¸üÞÖÖÃÖÖšüß †Ö¾Öé¢Öß®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ÛÎú´ÖÖÓÛú ¤êüÞÖê 07 70.00 03 30.00 10 3. Ûú´ÖÔ“ÖÖ·µÖÖÓÃÖ ÃÖŸÖŸÖ †ªµÖÖ¾ÖŸÖ šêü¾ÖÞÖê 07 70.00 03 30.00 10

4. Ûú´ÖÔ“ÖÖ·µÖÖÓ®Öß Ûêú»Ö ê»µÖÖ ÛúÖ´ÖÖ“Öß ¯Öã®ÖÔŸÖ ÖÖÃÖÞÖß Ûú¸üÞÖê 08 80.00 02 20.00 10

‹ÛãúÞÖ 31 77.50 9 22.50 100 X2 = 12.10 P< 0.01

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1. ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖÝ´ÖÖ µÖÖ ŸÖÓ ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸üÖ´Öãôêû ÝÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖß®Ö ÜÖ“ÖÖÔŸÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß †ÖÆêü ÛúÖ ?

10 10 00

100 % 100% 00 ê

ISSN: 2394 5303 0120




4.002(IIJIF)


2. �Öé×ÆüŸÖ�ú �Î . 2 ÃÖÖ¬µÖ —ÖÖ»Öê ÖÖÆüß �úÖ¸ü�Ö ¾Ö×�ÖÔ�ú¸ü�ÖÖŸÖÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ �ú´Öß �ú¸ü�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“µÖÖ ´ÖÖ¬µÖ´ÖÖŸÖæÖˆ¯ÖÖµÖµÖÖê•ÖÖÖ †Ö�Ö�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ.

3. �Öé×ÆüŸÖ�ú �Îú. 3 ÃÖÖ¬µÖ —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü. �úÖ¸ü�Ö �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �Ö“ÖÖÔŸÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß †ÖÆêü.�úÖ‡Ô-¾Ö�ÖÔ (x2) “ÖÖ“Ö�Öß :-

�úÖ‡Ô-¾Ö�ÖÔ “ÖÖ“Ö�Öß (chi-square test - x2 Test) ´Ö¬µÖê¯ÖÏÖ´Öã�µÖÖÖê †¾Ö»ÖÖê×�úŸÖ Öã»µÖ (Observed value) †Ö×�Ö †¯Öê×�ÖŸÖ´Öã»µÖ (expected value) µÖÖÓ“µÖÖŸÖß»Ö ±ú¸ü�úÖ“ÖÖ †³µÖÖÃÖ �êú»ÖÖ•ÖÖŸÖÖê. µÖÖŸÖ ¯ÖÏÖ´Öã�µÖÖÖê †¾Ö»ÖÖê×�úŸÖ ´Öã»µÖ ¾Ö †¯Öê×�ÖŸÖ ´Öã»µÖ µÖÖŸÖ†ÃÖ»Öê»ÖÖ ±ú¸ü�ú ÆüÖ ´Öã»µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ “Öœü-ˆŸÖÖ¸üÖŸÖæÖ †Ö»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü ×�ú, ŸµÖÖŸÖ¯ÖÏŸµÖ�ÖÖŸÖ ±ú¸ü�ú †ÖÆêü µÖÖ“ÖÖ †³µÖÖÃÖ �êú»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖê ¾Ö †Ö»Öê»µÖÖ ±ú ü�úÖ“µÖÖ†Ö¬ÖÖ¸êü ÃÖÖÓÛ�µÖ�úßµÖ ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖ ×ÖÂ�úÂÖÔ �úÖœü»Öê •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ.×ÖÂ�úÂÖÔ :

1) �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖê ÖÖ•ÖÔÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ“Öã�úÖÓ“Öê ¯ÖÏ ÖÖ�Ö �ú´Öß —ÖÖ»Öê †ÖÆêü.

2) ¾Ö×�ÖÔ�ú¸ü�ÖÖŸÖ ÆüÖê�ÖÖ·µÖÖ “Öã�úÖ ™üÖôû�µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“µÖÖ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸üÖŸÖæÖ ¯ÖÖµÖµÖÖê•ÖÖÖ †Ö�Ö�µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»µÖÖ †ÖÆêüŸÖ. µÖÖŸÖ �ú´ÖÔ“ÖÖ·µÖÖÓÖß�êú»Öê»µÖÖ �úÖ´ÖÖ“Öß ¯ÖãÖÔŸÖ¯ÖÖÃÖ�Öß �ú¸ü�ÖÖ·µÖÖ ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖÖÓ“Öß ÃÖÓ�µÖÖ08 †ÖÆêü.

3) ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ“ÖÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ¯ÖµÖÖê�Ö �êú»µÖÖ´Öãôêû �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖßÖ�Ö“ÖÖÔŸÖ ²Ö“ÖŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öß †ÖÆêü.ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ :

1. Antony, J. (2004) Some pros and cons ofsix sigma : an academic perspective. The TQMMagazine, 16(4), 303-306.

2. ¸üÖ´Ö×ŸÖ£ÖÔê, ‹Ö.¯Öß. (2012) �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃ£ÖÖ¯ÖÖÖ“Öß†Ö¬Öã×Ö�ú ŸÖÓ Öê, ´ÖÆüÖ×¾ÖªÖ»ÖµÖßÖ �ÖÏÓ£ÖÖ»ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×ÃÖŒÃÖ ×ÃÖ�´ÖÖ ŸÖÓ ÖÖ“ÖÖ¾ÖÖ¯Ö ü : ÃÖ´ÖÃµÖÖ ¾Ö ÃÖ ÖÖ¬ÖÖÖ. »ÖÖŸÖæ ü : †¹ý�ÖÖ ÖÏ�úÖ¿ÖÖ. Öé. 230-235

3. Suresh N.(2011) Application of Six Sigmaconcept to effective academic library managementand users satisfaction, National conference onfuture academic libraries challenges and oppor-tunities 2011, Madurai Kamraj University.

4. http://www.sixsigmaspc.com/six-sigma/sixsigma.html

5. www.bamu.ac.in

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tukojkalkBh fgjok pkjk vko’;d vkgs- fgjO;kpkÚ;kr izfFkus] fLuX/k inkFkZ] 'kdZjk;qDr inkFkZ] [kfutso thoulRos Hkjiwj izek.kkoj vlrkr- ijarw okjaokj;s.kkÚ;k nq"dkGke/;s fgjok pkjk lgti.ks miyC/kgksr ukgh- Eg.kwup tukojkalkBh larwfyr iks"k.kvkgkjkph f=lw=h okij.ks Qk;n;kps Bjrs- ;k f=lw=he/;s eqj?kkl] v>ksyk] gk;MªksizksuhDl ;k ra=Kkuk}kjslarwfyr o ikSf"Vd pkjk miyC/k gksÅu vkgkjkpsO;oLFkkiu pkaxY;k in~/krhus djrk ;srs- rlsp mRiknu[kpZ deh gksÅu nqX/k mRikndrk ok<.;kl enrgksbZy-

29

ISSN: 2394 5303 0121




4.002(IIJIF)


v½ eqj?kkl &gaxkeh pkÚ;kcjkscjp cgqokf"kZd pkÚ;kaph ykxoM

dsY;kl vkf.k ikolkG;kr fdaok fgokG;kr fgjO;kpkÚ;kps tkLr mRiknu >kY;kl R;koj fof’k"V izfØ;kd:u fgjok pkjk lkBowu Bsork ;srks- R;keqGsdks.kR;kgh gaxkekr fgjok pkjk lgt miyC/k gksÅ'kdrks- vkiY;kdMs ckxk;rhps izek.k Qkjp dehvlY;kus tukojkauk ckjkgh efgus fgjok pkjk ns.ks'kD; ulrs- R;keqGs miyC/k fgjO;k pkÚ;kps'kkL=’kqn~/k i/nrhus lkBo.kwd dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-tukojkaps nq/k mRiknu u ?kVrk fu;fer feG.;klkBhR;kauk jksTkP;k vkgkjkr fgjok pkjk ns.ks vko’;dvkgs- ;klkBh eqj?kklkpk mik; vkgs-

fgjok pkjk ;ksX; osGh dkiwu rks cafnLr[kM~M;kr gok can fLFkrhr nksu efgU;ki;Zar Bsoyktkrks- ;k njE;ku lkBow.k BsoysY;k pkÚ;kr mi;qDrv’;k jklk;fud izfØ;k ?kMwu ;srkr vko’;dvl.kkjh pkjk vkacfo.;kph fØ;k ;kdkGkr iq.kZgksrs- ;ksX; izek.kkr vkacfoysY;k pkÚ;krhyiks"k.keqY;ke/;s dkghgh ?kV u gksrk pkjk Lokfn"V oponkj curks ;kykp ^eqj?kkl* vls Eg.krkr-

eqj?kklklkBh ykx.kkÚ;k pkÚ;kP;k fidke/;s'kdZjsps izek.k tkLr vl.ks vko’;d vkgs- izkeq[;kusTokjh] edk] cktjh] vksV bR;knh r.k/kkU; izdkjkreksM.kkjh fids eqj?kkl cufo.;klkBh ;ksX; vkgsr-cjlhe] ylwu?kkl] poGh] ;klkj[;k f}ny fidke/;s 'kdZjsps izek.k deh vl.kkjh fids lqn~/kk okijrk;srkr- ijarq ;k fidke/;s ;ksX; izek.kkr edk] Tokjh;klkj[kh r.koxhZ; fidkaps feJ.k felGkoh ykxrkr-R;keqGs 'kdZjsps izek.k ;ksX; jgkrs-

loZlk/kkj.ki.ks QDr ikolkG;krhy rhu&pkjefgus fgjok pkjk Hkjiwj izek.kkr miyC/k vlrks-ijarw mjysY;k vkB&uÅ efgU;kar fgjO;k pkÚ;kphderjrk Hkklrs- ;k vMp.khoj ekr dj.;klkBheqj?kkl gk mRre mik; vkgs- eqj?kkl r;kj dj.;kphin~/kr iqf<yizek.ks vkgs-

1½ dqVV~h;a=kP;k lgk¸;kus dqV~Vh d:u rh[kM;ke/;s Hkjkoh- eD;kps ihd iksVjhoj ;sÅu nk.ks

nq/kkG vlrkuk dkikos- Tokjh fdaok cktjhps ihdQqyksÚ;koj vlrkuk eqj?kkl djkok- [kM~Mk Hkjrvlrkuk

o:u lrr nkc n;kok- R;keqGs [kM~M;krgok Hkj.kkj ukgh- dkj.k gok jkfgY;kl pkjk dqt.;kphfHkrh vlrs-

2½ pkaxY;k izrhpk eqj?kkl r;kj dj.;klkBhf}ny fidkae/;s ckjhd rqdM;koj 1&1-5VDds xqGkpsik.kh rlsp ,dny fidke/;s 1VDds ;qfj;k ik.;krfelGwu Qokjkok-

3½ [kMM~k iq.kZ HkjY;kuarj [kMM~;kP;ki"BHkkxkoj 3&4 QwV map oSj.khpk fueqGrk <hxdjkok vkf.k R;koj fu:i;ksxh xor fdaok dMC;kP;kis<;kapk Fkj iljkok-

4½ R;kuarj 'ks.k o fp[ky ;kaP;k feJ.kkpkFkj nsÅu [kM~Mk >kdwu Vkdkok- Rklsp [kMM~;kojikWyhFkhu isijlqn~/kk vaFkj.;kl gjdr ukgh-

5½ eqj?kkl r;kj gks.;klkBh 55&60 fnolkapkdkyko/kh ykxrks-

6½ R;kuarj [kMM~;kP;k fdaok ikbZiP;k rksaMklFkksMsls Hkksd ikMwu R;krwu jkst FkksMk FkksMk eqj?kkldk<wu ?;kok- eqj?kkl dk<wu ?ksrY;kuarj ijr rsO;ofLFkr can djkok-

nqHkR;k tukokjkauk njjkst 10&15 fdyks eqj?kkl[kkÅ ?kkykok- eqj?kkl vkaCkV xksM pkjk vlrks- R;keqGsrks tukojs vkoMhus [kkrkr- ikolkGh gaxkekr tknkvlysY;k vksY;k oSj.khpk eqj?kkl r;kj d:u rqVhP;kdkGkr tukojkauk [kkÅ ?kkykok- vkWDVkscj&uksOgsacjefgU;kr eqj?kkl r;kj dj.;kph fØ;k lq: dsyhrj mUgkG;kph pkÚ;kph leL;k nqj gksrs- dksjMokgw'ksrh vlysY;k izns’kkr eqj?kkl gs ,d ojnkupvkgs-eqj?kklps Qk;ns &

1½ o"kZHkj tukojkauk fgjO;k pkÚ;kpk iqjoBkdjrk ;srks-

2½ eqj?kkl cuo.;klkBh tkxk vfr’k; dehykxrs-

3½ tukojkaP;k nq/kkr ok< gksrs-

ISSN: 2394 5303 0122




4.002(IIJIF)


4½ eqj?kkl lkSE; o ip.;kl gyds vlY;keqGsdqByhgh ck/kk gksr ukgh-

5½ eqj?kkl cuo.;klkBh ykx.kkjh fids yodjr;kj gksrkr o rh yodj Qqykojgh ;srkr-

6½ fgjok pkjk dkiwu tukojkauk [kkÅ ?kkyrkukR;krhy dkgh vUu?kVdkaps gks.kkjs uqdlku eqj?kklkP;kek/;ekrqu VkGrk ;sÅ ’kdrs-

7½ tukojkauk ykx.kkÚ;k [kqjkdkph cpr gksÅu[kk|koj gks.kkÚ;k [kpkZe/;s cpr gksrs-

8½ ;krhy r;kj gks.kkÚ;k fofo/k vkEykapkmi;ksx tukojkaP;k 'kjhj iks"k.klkBh gksrks- okGysY;kpkÚ;krhy vl.kkÚ;k vUu?kVdkaph derjrk Hk:ufu?krs-

9½ Ekqj?kkl cufo.;kP;k in~/krheqGs fidk[kkyhy{ks= e’kkxrhlkBh yodj miyC/k gksrs- nqckj ihd?ks.ks 'kD; gksrs-

10½ egRRokP;k vUunzO;kapk iqjoBk gksÅunw/k ok<.;kl o nq/kke/;s lkrR; fVdwu jkg.;klenr gksrs o tukojkaph Hkwd ok<rs- v’kkizdkjs eqj?kklgk tukojkauk nw/k ok<hlkBh mi;qDr Bjrks-c½ v>ksyk %&

v>ksyk gh ik.;koj rjax.kkjh ouLirh vlwu;kpk mi;ksx Hkkr 'ksrhe/;s tSfod [kr Eg.kwu dsyktkr vls- fuGs fgjos 'ksokG ;k ouLirhP;k lgk¸;kusok<rs] rlsp u= fLFkjhdj.kklkBhgh ;kpk pkaxykmi;ksx gksrks- v>ksyk ;k uspsoxhZ; ouLirhP;kvusd tkrh vlwu R;kiSdh v>ksyk fiUukVk gh tkrpkjk mRiknuklkBh izpfyr gksr vkgs- i’kw vkgkjkP;kn"Vhus 20 VD;kais{kk tkLr izfFkus vkf.k vko’;dvek;uks vWflM lajpuk fo’ks"kr% yk;flups izek.kvf/kd vlY;kus i’kqikyu] dqDdqVikyuO;kolk;hd] eRL;O;olk; dj.kkÚ;kaph v>ksykphekx.kh ok<r vkgs- rlsp v>ksyk ykxoM vYi[kfpZdo lksih vlwu brj pkjk fidkaP;k ykxoMhlkBhykx.kkÚ;k Jek’kh rqyuk dsY;kl v>ksyk mRiknufdQk;r’khj Bjrs-

i’kw vkgkjkP;k n"Vhus v>ksykph xq.koRrkiqf<yizek.ks lkaxrk ;sbZy-

v>ksyklkBh okijyh tk.kkjh tkr vkf.kokrkoj.k ;keqGs xq.koRrk ek=sr Qjd vk<Gwu ;srks-v>ksyk ykxoM djrkuk iq<hy ?kVd fopkjkr ?;kosykxrkr-

1½ fuoMysY;k tkxsP;k fBdk.kps nxM] ekrhdk<wu ,dlkj[kh likV d:u ?;koh-

2½ 3 x 1 x 0-2 fdaok 2 x 2 x 0-2ehVj vkdkjkpk ,d okQk ;kizek.ks okQs r;kjdjkosr-

3½ ok¶;ke/;s IykLVhd dkxn mnk-flyikWykbZu] ikWfyfFku] Vkjiksyhu vaFkjkok- R;kuarj15 rs 20 fdyks lqihd pkGysyh ekrh ok¶;krleikrGhr iljkoh-

4½ 2 rs 3 fdyks 'ks.k vFkok xkaMqG[kr] 25rs 30 xzWe flaxy lqij QkWLQsV ;kaps ngk fyVjik.;kr feJ.k d:u ok¶;kr vksrkos- [kfut feJ.k30 xzWe 5 fyVj ik.;krwu vksrkos- 'kD; >kY;klekrh o 'ks.k[kr VkdY;kuarj okQk ,d fnolrlkp Bsokok-

5½ R;kuarj okQk 4 bap ik.;kph ikrGhgksbZi;Zar ik.;kus Hk:u ?;kok o R;koj ,d fdyksv>ksyk dYpj lksMkos- yxsp LoPN ik.kh f’kaiMkos-

6½ izR;sd vkBoM;kl ok¶;ke/;s 30 xzWeflaxy lqij QkWLQsV o 30 xzWe [kfut feJ.k 5fyVj ik.;kr feJ.k d:u ok¶;kr Vkdkos-

7½ ok¶;krhy ik.kh 10 rs 15 fnolkauhcnykos- efgU;krwu ,dnk 5 fdyks ekrh ok¶;krwudk<wu ufou pkGysyh 5 fdyks ekrh Vkdkoh oR;kcjkscj 2&3 fdyks 'ks.k vFkok xkaMqG[kr Vkdkos-

8½ ok¶;krhy ik.kh ikrGh deh >kY;klok¶;ke/;s xjtsuqlkj v/kwu e/kwu Ikk.kh Vkdkos-

v-Ø- ?kVd izek.k ¼VDds½ 1½ izfFkus 21&24 2½ dkckZsgk;Ms ªVl ¼rarqe; inkFkZ½ 9 &12 3½ fLuX/k inkFkZ 2-5&3 4½ brj fi"Be; inkFkZ 45&47 5½ dWfY’k;e 07&1-1 6½ QkWLQjl 0-8&1-2 7½ yk;flu 0-98

ISSN: 2394 5303 0123




4.002(IIJIF)


9½ ykxoMhuarj 10&15 fnolkr v>ksykiw.kZ ok<ysyk fnlsy- lk/kkj.ki.ks 350 rs 400 xzWeizfr LDosvj ehVj izfr fnu mRiknu feGw 'kdsy-

10½ 6 efgU;krwu ,dnk iw.kZ ok¶;kph LoPNrkd:u ijr ojhy izek.ks v>ksyk ykxoM djkoh-

11½ r;kj >kysyk v>ksyk tukojkauk [kkÅ?kky.;kP;k vxksnj ik.;kus LoPN /kqowu ?;kok- rlsplqq:okrhps 10 rs 15 fnol [kk|kr felGwu tukojkaukn;kok-v>ksykps Qk;ns &

1½ i’kq[kk|kojhy [kpkZr 15&20 VDD;kauhcpr gksrs-

2½ tukojkar xq.koRrkon~/kh gksÅu jksxizfrdkjd'kDrh] ok<rs] vkjksX; lq/kkjrs vkf.k vk;q";kr ok<gksrs-

3½ v>ksykP;k okijkeqGs QWV] nw/k o otu¼300&500 xzWe½ ok< gksrs-

4½ i{kh ¼dqDdqV] cnd] bew] ykOgh½dksacM;kaP;k [kk|kr feJ.k Lo:ikr v>ksykpk okijdsY;kl ekaly dksacM;kaps out ok<rs- o vaMhns.kkÚ;k dksacM;kaP;k mRiknukr ok< gksr- rlspvaM;kaP;k i"BHkkx pdpdhr gksrks-

5½ v>ksykP;k ok¶;krwu dk<.;kr ;s.kkjsik.kh u=;qDr o [kfut;qDr vlY;kus fidkalkBh]>kMkalkBh okijrk ;srs-d½ gk;MªksiksfuDl %&

i’kq vkgkjkr [kqjkdkis{kk pkjk gk LoLr vlqu'ksrdjh lqyHk in~/krhus rks mRikfnr d: 'kdrks-i.k tfeuhph miyC/krsoj e;kZnk vkgs- vkt vkiY;kns’kkr ykxoMh;ksX; tfeuhiSdh QDr 4 rs 5VDds tfeu gh pkjk mRiknu o dqj.kklkBh okijyhtkrs- i’kq/kukph la[;k o i’kq’kkL=KkaP;k ekruqlkjfdeku 10 rs 12 VDds tehu gh pkjk ykxoMhlkBho dqjk.kklkBh miyC/k gks.ks vko’;d vkgs- ts.ksd:ui’kq/kukl lq;ksX;] iks"k.k vkgsj miyC/k gksÅ 'kdsy-ns’kkr ekuoh vkgkjklkBh vko’;d vlysyh QGs]Hkkthikyk] vUu/kkU; ;kaP;k mRiknukl izk/kkU;vlY;kus pkjk ykxoMhlkBh tkLrhr tkLr tfeumiyC/k gks.ks 'kD; ukgh- Eg.kwu tukojkaP;k iks"k.kklkBh

gk;MªksiksfuDl ra=kus fgjok pkjk mRikfnr dj.;kpki;kZ; la’kks/kdkauh 'kks/kyk vkgs- gk;MªksiksfuDlin~/krhus i’kqikyd] 'ksrdjh] Hkwehfgu i’kqikydpkjk mRiknu d: 'kdr vlY;kus rlsp rs ikjaikfjdpkÚ;kis{kk LoLr o yodj ;sr vlY;kus ;kin~/krhus pkjk mRiknu dj.ks Qk;n;kps Bjsy-

gk;MªksiksfuDl gk 'kCn ^gk;Mªks* Eg.kts ik.khvkf.k ^iksuhd* Eg.kts dk;Z ;kiklwu cuysyk vkgs-gk;MªksiksfuDl ;k ra=Kkukr fidkph fdaok >kMkphdk;hd ok< ik.;koj ekrh f’kok; vFkok uSlfxZdlw;Zizdk’kkf’kok; ok<.;kph izfØ;k gks;- gk;MªksiksfuDlin~/krhus >kMkph ykxoM gh loZizFke MkW- vysudqij ;kauh 1930 e/;s dsyh- ;k ra=Kkukpk okijvkWLVªfy;k] vesfjdk ;k ns’kkr pkjk mRiknu dsystkr vkgs- egkjk"Vªkr nsf[ky ;k ra=Kkukpk mi;ksxpkjk mRiknuklkBh dsyk tkr vkgs- Hkkjrh; Ñ"khvuwlla/kku laLFkk ¼vk;- lh- ,- vkj½ P;k xksokfoHkkxkus gh in~/kr ;’kLohiwoZd fodlhr d:uR;kpk izpkj ns’kHkj dsyk vkgs-

gk;MªksiksfuDl ra=Kku gs >kMkph fdaok /kkU;kphekrhf’kok; QDr ik.kh vkf.k iks"kd;qDr ik.;kpkokij d:u Vsªe/;s fidkph ykxoM dj.ks o mRiknu?ks.ks gks;-

;k ra=Kkukph ykxoM dj.;kLkkBh xzhu gkÅlphO;oLFkk dsY;kl tkLr mRiknu feGrs- dkj.k xzhugkÅle/;s izdk’k] ik.kh] rkieku vkf.k vknzrk;kps ;ksX; fu;kstu djrk ;srh iwohZ gk;MªksiksfuDlpkjk QDr xzzhu gkÅle/;s mRikfnr dsyk tkrvlY;keqGs pkjk Qkj egkx iMr gksrks- i.k osGw]ckacw] ykdMs] ih- Ogh- lh- ikbZiP;k lgk¸;kus gjhrxgdehr deh [kpkZr ¼5]000 rs 10]000 :-½r;kj d:u R;kr gk;MªksiksfuDl pkjk r;kj dj.;kr;sÅ 'kdrks- gs vk;- lh- ,- vkj ¼xksok foHkkx½ usliz;ksx fln~/k dsys vkgs-

gk pkjk vR;ar yqlylhr] ikSf"Vd] pkÚ;kr]izfFkus] thouLkRo] fodj] lq{e vUu?kVdkps izek.kHkjiwj vlrs- ;k pkÚ;kr mPp iks"k.krRos vkgsr-gk;Mªksiksfud pkÚ;kr eqG] ch o fgjok pkjkvlY;keqGs ;kps tukojkalkBh iks"k.keqY; loksZRre

ISSN: 2394 5303 0124




4.002(IIJIF)


vlrs- vadqjhr gksÅu 7 fnolkr r;kj >kysY;k;k pkÚ;kr fodkjkP;k fØ;seqGs izfFku] fLuX/kka’k]vko’;d vehuks vkEy] ,dq.k fi"Ve; inkFkZ]rlsp thoulRo ^c* ok< gksrs- rj 'kq"d inkFkZ]LVkpZ o vipuh; rRokps izek.k deh gksrs- rlspfodkjkeqGs pkÚ;krhy fi"Ve; inkFkZ] izfFkus vkf.kfLuX/k ?kVdkps tukojkauk yodj miyC/k gksrhyv’kk lksI;k fLFkrhe/;s :ikarjhr gksrkr- R;keqGs;kph ikpdrk ¼90 rs 95 VDds½ tkLr vlrs-r;kj >kysyk pkjk ewGkldV tukojkauk [kkÅ ?kkyrk;sr vlY;keqGs R;krhy cgqrka’k ik.kh o brjewynzO;s tukojkauk feGrkr- dks.krsgh vUunzO; ok;ktkr ukgh- rlsp ipugh pkaxys gksrs-

;k pkÚ;kr vksesxk 3 fLuX/kkEy] vko’;dveuks vkEy o laizsjdkph mYys[kuh; ok< >kysyhvlrs- rlsp ;k pkÚ;kr thoulRo bZ] chVk dWjksVhu]ck;ksVhu ;k thoulRokph ok< >kysyh vlrs- thtukojkaP;k 'kjhjkl vko’;d vlrkr- rlsp iks"k.kklgkuhdkjd vlysyh rRos o ?kVd ;kph ?kV gksrs-vksesxk 3 fLuX/kkaEy gs ekuoh vkgkjkr esanw ok<hlkBho MksG;kaP;k vkjksX;klkBh vko’;d vkgs- rjvksesxk 6 gk gn;kP;k vkjksX;klkBh xjtsps vkgs-gk;MªksiksfuDl edk pkÚ;keqGs tukojkP;k pkÚ;krhyizfFkus ¼72-46VDds½] rarwe; inkFkZ ¼59-21 VDds½]'kq"d inkFkZ ¼65-39 VDds½ ;k vUu ?kVdkph ikpdrkok<Y;kps la’kks/kdkauh fln~/k dsys vkgs-gk;MªksiksfuDl pkÚ;kps Qk;ns %&

1½ deh fnolkr ¼7&8 fnolkr½ pkjkmRiknuklkBh i;kZ; Eg.kwu iq<s ;sr vkgs- ikjaikfjdpkjk mRiknuklkBh 40&60 fnolkpk dkyko/khykxrks-

2½ gk;Mªk sik sfuDl ra=Kkukr ik.;kpkfdQk;r’khj o vrh’k; deh okij vlY;keqGsnq"dkGh ifjfLFkrhr vFkok mUgkG;kr ik.kh VapkbZP;kosGh fgjO;k pkÚ;kph miyC/krk djrk ;srs-'ksMusVe/;s 1 fdyks fgjOkk pkÚ;kP;k mRiknuklkBh2&3 fyVj ik.kh ykxrs- tsOgk dh] ikjaikfjdin~/krhr 60 rs 80 fyVj ik.kh ykxrs- rlsp Vsªe/;s ok;k tk.kkjs ik.kh ,d= d:u brj >kMkaukokijrk ;srks-

3½ gk pkjk mRiknuklkBh deh tkxk ykxrsloZlk/kkj.ki.ks 10 tukojkalkBh ykx.kkjk pkjk 400pkS- QqV tkxsr r;kj djrk ;srks-

4½ PkkÚ;kps mRiknu o"kZHkj dks.kR;kgh dkGkro _rqr djrk ;srs-

5½ ;k ra=Kkukr jklk;fud [kr rlspfdVuk’kd vkS"k/khapk okij ulY;keqGs gk pkjk iw.kZi.ksuSlfxZd tSfod lsafnz; vkgs-

6½ ikjaikfjd pkjk mRiknukP;k rqyusr [kwideh euq";CkG ¼ 1 rs 2 etwj½] rkl fdaok fnolykxr vlY;kus ykxoM [kpZ [kwi deh gksrks-

7½ jkst ykx.kkjk pkjk jkstp mRikfnr dsyktkr vlY;kus ikjaikfjd pkÚ;kizek.ks dk<.khiwohZ]dk<Y;kuarj] lkBo.kwdhr gks.kkjh ukl/kwl oiks"k.kewY;kpk Úgkl ;k pkÚ;kr gksr ukgh-

8½ gk pkjk /kwG fojghr vlY;kus tukojkauk'oklksPNoklkps fdaok Qq¶Qqlkps jksx gksr ukghr-

9½ gk pkjk 7&8 fnolkr 25&30 lseh-ok<rks ;k dkGkr R;kaph ok<.;kph {kerk vrhmPp vlrs- rlsp ;k pkÚ;kr tSohd ewY; :ikarjhrdj.;kph {kerk gh 7&8 iVhus tkLr vlrs-

10½ ;k pkÚ;kpk 3 rs 5 :Ik;s izfrfdyksbrdk [kpZ ;srks- rj ikjaikfjd pkjk mRiknu ljkljh1 rs 2-5 fyVj ok< >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- nq/kkrhyfLuX/kka’k o fLuX/kka’k fojfgr ?ku inkFkkZr ok< gksrsR;keqGs nq/kkph izr lq/kkjrs- nq/kkP;k pohl xksMi.kkok<wu nq/kkpk ika<jsi.kk ok<ysyk fnlrks- R;keqGsnq/kkl tkLr Hkko feGrks-Lkekjksi %&

nqX/kksRiknu ok<hlkBh ;ksX; O;oLFkkiuklkscrplerksy vkgkj gk [kwi egRRokpk vkgs- R;kn"Vhusp'ksrdÚ;kauh nqHkR;k tukojkaph dkGth ?ksryh ikfgts-xk;hP;k ipulaLFksojpk xq.koRrkiw.kZ o vf/kdnqX/kksRiknu voyacwu vkgs] gs y{kkr ?ksÅu pkjk]ik.kh o brj vkgkj ;kckcrps fu;kstu dj.ks ghvkrk dkGph xjt cuyh vkgs- xkbZ o Eg’khauk'kkjhfjd ok<] iztksRiknu] xHkkZph ok<] dklsrhyxzaFkhP;k ;ksX; ok<hlkBh rlsp nw/k fufeZrhlkBh izfFkus]ÅtkZ] [kfuts] thoulRos ;k loZ vUu ?kVdkaph

ISSN: 2394 5303 0125




4.002(IIJIF)


;ksX; izek.kkr xjt vlrs- pkaxY;k nqX/kksRiknuklkBhxkbZ] Eg’khauk ldl vkf.k vko’;d vUu?kVdkauh;qDr vkgkj ns.ks xjtsps vlrs-

nq/kke/;s ts vUu?kVd vlrkr rs nqq/kkGtukojkaP;k 'kjhjkrwup iqjfoys tkrkr Eg.kwupnq/kkG tukojkaP;k vkgkjkl vuU; lk/kkj.k egRRovkgs- ;klkBh ,d fyVj nq/k fufeZrhlkBh xkbZ] Eg’khaP;kvkapGkekQZr lk/kkj.kr% 400 rs 450 fyVj jDrkpsvfHklj.k gksrs- Eg.ktsp xkbZ Eg’khP;k jDrkrwupnq/kkrhy vUu?kVd r;kj dsys tkrkr- tj vki.k[kkn;kekQZr vUu?kVd iqjfoys ukghr rj tukojsLor%P;k 'kjhjkr lkBowu Bsoysyh ÅtkZ o izfFkukapklkBk nqX/kksRiknuklkBh okijrhy ifj.kkeh xkbZ] Eg’khapsotu deh gksr tkrs- R;kaP;k iztuu {kersojghfoijhr ifj.kke gksrks- 'ksoVh ;kpk ifj.kkenqX/kksRiknukoj gksrks- gs loZ VkG.;klkBh tukojkalkBhlerksy vkgkj O;oLFkkiu egRRokps vkgs-lanHkZ %&

1½ dkVksys jfoanz] vk/kqfud nq/k O;olk;] xksMok—"kh izdk’ku] iq.ks&9] 2012

2½ fude rkukthjko] nqX/k O;olk; foLrkj]vftaD;rkjk ifCyds’kUl] 2005

3½ dkdMs lfpu] rksjMey fo’okl]i'kqlao/kZu iSnkl] iks"k.k o O;oLFkkiu] xksMok —"khizdk’ku iq.ks& 9] 2011

4½ vkoMdj lq/kkdj o cnqoqys fnyhi]nqX/kksRiknukrhy iaplw=h] xk;=h vWfxzdYplZ]ifCyds’ku] tGxko]2012

5½ vWxzksoYMZ] nw/k fo’ks"kkad] 6 lIVsacj] 20146½ mn;kstd] lIVascj 20127½ xksMok] xksMok izdk’ku] uksOgsacj 20168½ xksMok] nqX/kO;olk; fo’ks"k] xksMok izdk’ku

tkusokjh 20179½ —f"ki.ku fe=] ekpZ 2017

Lakdsr LFkGs%&1) www.kisankhabaro.com2) www.agrowon.com3) www.krushirahasya.com

f'koN=irhP;k O;DrheRokphtM.k?kM.k ,d vH;kl

Ku. Bhuwaneshwari mitaram WaghayeResearcher, N.P.W.College Lakhani

Dr. D.D.KapseGuide, Samarth Mahavidyalay Lakhani

==============***********===============izLrkouk%&

^f'koN=irhP;k O;DrheRokyk*egkjk"VªkP;kpuOg s rj e/;;qxhu H kkjrkP;k bfrgklkrvuU;lk/kkj.k egRo vkgs- dkj.k 17 O;k'krdkP;klq:okrhyk nf{k.ksrhy 'kkgh jktoVh vkf.k mRRkjsrhyeksxy jktoVh ;kaP;kr lRrk Li/kkZ lq: >kyh-R;kphp ifjfurh Eg.kts egkjk'Vªkrhy vkf.k Ik;kZ;kusnf{k.ksrhy brj izkrkarhy yksdkaps thou HkjMwu fu?kwykxys- ;kosGyk Hkkjrh;kauk ns[khy xqykefxjhphlo; gksÅu clyh gksrh- vU;k; vkf.k vR;kpkj;kaP;kfo:/n vki.k vkokt mBfoyk ikfgts- v'khHkkouk dq.kkP;kgh eukr f'kYyd mjyh uOgrh-R;kaP;k {kk=oRrhyk ejxG vkysyh gksrh ,dnafjrp;k ns'kkrhy gtkjks o"kZkP;k ijaijku"V gksrhy dhdk; v'kh Hkhrh fuekZ.k >kysyh gksrh- vusd O;Drhvkiys LoRo] rRo vkf.k drZRoxekowu clys gksrs-v'kk ;k dkGks[kkr ekoGrhP;k izns'kkr ,dk rstLohrkÚ;kpk mn; >kyk- R;kus dkGks[kkr pkpiM.kkÚ;kyskdkauk izdk'kkpk ekxZ nk[kfoyk- R;kauk LokfHkekuf'kdfoyk- vU;k; vR;kpkjkfo) y<k ns.;klkBhR;kaP;k fBdk.kh vkRefo'okl fuekZ.k dsyk- R;kaukegkjk"Vª /keZ f'kdfoyk- gk rstLoh rkjk Eg.ktspN=irh f'kokth egkjkt gks;-

'kqU;krwu LojkT; fuekZ.k dj.;kps vlkekU;dk;Z f'kokth egkjktkauh dsys- iq.ks] lqis ;k tgkfxjhP;k

30

ISSN: 2394 5303 0126




4.002(IIJIF)


tksjkoj vkfny'kgk] dqrqc'kgk] eksxy ikSrqZfxt] flÌh;kapk'kh tks iznh?kZ y<k fnyk- vkiY;k vykSfdddrZZRpkus o loZxw.k laiUursus f'kokth egkjktkauhuqru l"Vh fuekZ.k dsyh- Eg.kwup txkP;k bfrgklkrvf}rh; o laLej.kh; egkiq:"kkae/;s f'kokthegkjktkapk xkSjokus mYys[k dsyk tkrks- vkiY;kdk;ZdrZRokP;k cGkoj f'kokthus ,d uos ;qx fuekZ.kdsys- Eg.kwu R;kapk ^;qxiq:"k* Eg.kwugh lUekuiwoZdvknj dsyk tkrks- f'kokth egkjktkaP;k rstLohO;fDreRRokcn~ny jkenkl Lokeh Eg.krkr]

ßfu'p;kpk egkes: A cgwr tukfl vk/kk: AAv[kaM fLFkrhpk fu/kkZ: A Jhear ;ksxh AA;'koar dhfrZoar A lkeF;Zoar ojnoar AAiq.;oar uhfroar A tk.krk jktk AAÞokLrfod ikgrk e/;;qxhu dkGkr dks.kR;kgh

jktkus f'kokth egkjktklkj[ks drZRonk[kfoys ukgh-;k ckcrhr lj tnqukFk ljdkj Eg.krkr dh ßf'kokthpkeksBsi.kk R;kus fdrh jkT; feGfoys- fdaok fdrhlaiRrh R;kus Bsoyh- ;ko:u let.kkj ukgh- rjR;kus dks.kR;k ifjfLFkrhr Lora= jkT; LFkkiu dsys;ko:u letwu ;sbZy-Þ f'kokthus jkT; LFkkiu dsys-;kis{kk R;kus vkiY;kns'kcka/kokauk vU;k;kpk izfrdkjdj.;kl f'kdfoys- R;k vuq'kaxkus f'kokthegkjktkaP;k O;DrheRRokP;k tM.k?kM.khpk fpfdRldvH;kl izLrwr 'kks/kfuca/kkr dj.;kPkk iz;Ru dsykvkgs-ckyf'kokthP;k O;DrheRokpk fodkl %&

^LojkT; laLFkkid* f'kokth egkjktkapk tUeQkYxqu o| ‘'kds 1551 Eg.ktsp fn- 19 Qsczq-1630 jksth tqUUkj toGhy f'kousjh fdYY;koj>kyk- R;kaP;k ofMykaps uko 'kgkth Hkkslys o vkbZpsuko fttkckbZ gksrs- rsFkhy f'kokbZ* nsohP;k ukoko:uR;kaps f'kokth uko Bso.;kr vkys- jktekrkfttkckbZpk izFke iq++++= laHkkth ;kpk tUe b-lu-1619 lkyh >kyk- ijarq iq<s rks vkiY;k fiR;kcjkscjEg.kts 'kgkth egkjktkcjkscj dukZVdkr fu?kwu xsyk-o dudfxjhP;k y<kbZr ekjY;k xsyk- R;keqGslaHkkthP;k eR;quarj f'kokth egkjkt gsp fttkckbZps

,deso vk'kkLFkku gksrs- b-lu 1620 rs 1636 gklksGk o"kkZpk dky[kaM 'kgkthP;k jktdh;thoukrhy vR;ar vfLFkjrspk dky[kaM gksrk- R;keqGsf'kokth o fttkckbZ ;kaP;k thoukr ewwGhp LFkS;ZuOgrs- ;kp lqekjkl 'kgkthus vkfny'kkghrhy dVdkjLFkkukauk oSrkxwu futke'kkghph pkdjh fLodkjyhgksrh- ijarw ;k dVdkjLFkkukiklwu futke'kkghlq)kekxs uOgrh-

f'kokthP;k tUekP;k o sGh 'kg kthfutke'kkghP;k orhus [kkuns'kkr eq?ky ljnkj n;kZ[kku;kaP;k'kh y<.;kr xqarys gksrs- ;kosGh vkfny'kkghQkStkauh iq.;kP;k tgkfxjhr ?kqqlqu tkGiksG o ywVkyqVdsyh gksrh- iw.ks dlcs R;kr fuLrukcwr d:u Vkdykgksrk- iyhdMs jktdkj.k cnyys o 'kgkth jktkuheksxykapk i{k mpywu /kjyk ijarq'kgkth eskxykadMstkLr fnol fVdys ukghr- T;kosGh QRRsk[kkukusfutke'kkgh eskxykaP;k ?k'kkr ?kky.;kps dkjLFkkupkyfoys gksrs- ifj.kkeh‘'kgkth jktkuh eksxyh eulclksMwu vkfny'kkghP;k lgk¸;kusuohu futke'kkghLFkkiu dsyh- o fRkP;k laj{k.kkFkZ eksxy QkStka'khla?k"kZ lq: dsyk- R;keqGs R;akuk ;k la?k"kkZr lrr,dlkj[;k /kkoiGhP;k y<k;k djkO;k ykxY;k-rlsp fttkckbZ o ckyf'kokth ;kaukgh 'k=waiklwuvkiys izk.k okpfo.;klkBh lrr /kkoiG djkohykxyh- ,dw.kp 'kgkthjktkauh b-lu 1632 rs1636 ;k dkGkr uoh futke'kkgh okpfo.;klkBhtks y<k fnyk- rsOgk R;kaP;k dqVqackps okLrO; d/khf'kousjhoj]rj d/kh isefxjhoj rj d/kh ekgqyhojgksrs-

f'kokthps ckyi.k vfr'k; /kke/kqehr xsys-'kgkth jktkauh futke'kkghP;k vLRkkuarj b-lu1636 lkyh eksxy o vkfny'kkgh ;kaP;k la;qDrQkStsiq<s 'kj.kkxrh Lohdkjyh- R;kosGh jktekrkfttkckbZ o ckyf'kokth ekgwyhP;k fdYY;koj gksrs-,dnafjrp f'kokth jktkP;k ckyi.kkph ifgyhikp&lgk o"kZss lâ;knzhrhy f'kousjh isefxjh ekgwyh;k xMkojp xsyh- 'kgkth jktkuh vkfny'kkgh eulcfLodkjyh rsOgk vkfny'kgkus R;kauk Hkhek o uhjk

ISSN: 2394 5303 0127




4.002(IIJIF)


unh ;k njE;ku vlysyh R;kaph iwokZikj tgkxhjcgky dsyh ;k tgkfxjhr iw.ks] lqis] pkd.k obankiwj vls pkj ijx.ks eksMr vlwu ;kpkjghijx.;krhy eglwy olwy dj.;kpk vf/kdkj R;kaukfeGkyk-

b-lu 1637 lkyh 'kgkth jktkuh dukZVdkrtkrs osGh jktekrk fttkckbZ o f'kokth egkjkt ;knks?kkauk iqq.;kP;k tgkfxjhrp Bsoys gksrs- 'kgkthjktkauh iq.;kP;k tgkfxjhph O;oLFkk o vkiY;kdqVqafc;kapk lkaHkkG dj.;kph tks[kehph tckcnkjhvkiys eqrkfyd Eg.kwu nknksth dksaMnso eyB.kdj;k vkiY;k fo'oklq lgdk&;kdMs lksifoyh- rsfgax.kh] csjMh] nsÅGxko ;sFkhy dqGd.;kZps dkedjhr gksrs- 'kgkth jktkauh d;kZr ekoGP;k 36xkokpk eksdklk f'kockjktkaP;k ukos o;kP;k lkrO;ko"khZp d:u fnyk o R;kauk gGwgGw dkjHkkjkpsghf'k{k.k feGkos ;kaphgh O;oLFkk d:u Bsoyh- f'kokthegkjktkaP;k O;fDreRokP;k tM.k?kM.khe/;s jktekrkfttkckbZ o nknkth dksaMnso ;k nks?kkapk eksykpk okVkvkgs- dkj.k ;k nks?kkaP;k ns[kjs[kh [kkyh oekxZn'kZuk[kkyh f'kokth ygkukpk eksBk>kyk ;knks?kkaP;kp laLdkjkph Nki f'kokth egkjktkaoj iMyh-

b-lu 1637 lkyh 'kgkth jktkaP;k iq.;kP;ktgkfxjhph voLFkk vfr'k; fcdV >kyh gksrh- b-lu 1630 rs 1636 ;k dkGkr 'kgkth jktslkj[ks y<k¸;ake/;s O;Lr vlY;kewGs R;kauk iq.;kP;kijx.;kdMs y{k ns.ks 'kD; >kys ukgh- R;kvk/khpfotkiqjdjkaP;k orhus eqjkjiarkuh iw.ks csfpjk[k d:uVkdyk- iq.;kph oLrh ikj mn~/oLr >kyh gksrh-v'kk ifjfLFkrhr 'kgkth jktkauk fotkiwjdjkadMwuiw.ks feGkyk gksrk- rlsp nq"dkG iMwu vla[;ek.kls eR;wew[kh iMyh- v'kk voLFksr iq.;kP;ktgkfxjhph O;oLFkk yko.ks lkekU; dke uOgrs-nknksth dksaMnso lkj[;k dk;Z{ke o izkekf.kddkjHkkjkyk gs vkOgkup gksrs- gs vo?kM dk;Z dj.;kphtckcnkjh jktekrk fttkckbZ o nknkth dksaMnso;kauh fLodkjyh- R;krp R;k lkr o"kkZP;k f'kockjktkaP;k O;DrheRokph tM.k?kM.k gksr gksrh-

nknksth dksaMnso gs jktekrk fttkckbZ of'kockjktkauk ?ksÅu b-lu 1637 P;k lqekjkl iq.kstgkfxjhr vkys- R;kosGh R;kaP;k fuoklkP;k iz'ufuekZ.k>kyk dkj.k eqjkj txnsoP;k Lokjhr iq.;krhyokMs mn~/oLr >kys gksrs- rsOgk nknksth dksaMnsokus iq.ks;sFks >kacjs ikVykaph tkxk ?ksowu jktekrk fttkckbZ of'kockjkts ;kaP;k fuoklklkBh ^yky egky* gkokMk uO;kus cka/kyk- ;sFksp f'kockjkTkkP;k f'k{k.kkpkJhx.ks'kk >kyk- ;sFkwup f'kockjktkP;k thoukykfof'k"V izdkjps oG.k ykxys- rRdkfyu i)rhuqlkjegkHkkjr] jkek;.k] v'kk dkgh bfrgkl iqjk.kkrhydFkk] laLdr o Qkj'kh Hkk'kkapk ifjp; ys[kuokpu]v'okjksg.k] dqLrh] nkaMiV~Vk] ryokj pkyfo.ks]/kuq';ck.k] Hkkyk Qsd] brj 'kL=s pkyfo.;kps f'k{k.kfeGkys- ,danjhrp jktekrk A fttkÅP;k rkyehrckyf'kock r;kj gksr gksrs- dkj.k fttkckbZps ekgsjgs nsofxjhP;k ;knokpk okjlk lkax.kkjs rj lkljmneiwjP;k jkt?kjk.;kpk okjlk lkax.kkjs gksrs- f'kokthyk;k nksu le)?kjk.;kaPkk jktdh; o lkaLdfrd okjlkykHkysyk gksrk- nksUgh?kjk.;kaP;k mTOky ijaijkphvkBo.k nsowu f'kokth egkjktkauk lqlaLdrdj.;kpsdk;Z fttkckbZus dsys-

ikr'kkgh jktoVhr fganw ljnkj LokFkkZlkBh dls,desdkaps oSjh gksÅu Lo/keZZ o Lojk"Vªkpk dlk ?kkrdjrkr gs 'kgkth o y[kwth ;kaP;krhy oSjkP;kvk/kkjs iVowu fnys- bLykeh jktoVhr faganw nso&nsork]lekt o fL=;k ;kaP;koj dls vR;kpkj gksrkr-nsofxjhP;k ;knokuarj fuekZ.k >kysyh eqfLye jktoVu"V d:u Lo/kekZps j{k.k dj.kk&;k fganoh LojkT;kphLFkkiuk dj.ks dls vko';d vkgs gs iVowu fnys-f'kock jktkpk fookg o;kP;k ngkO;k o'khZ QyV.kP;kukbZd fuackGdjkph eqyxh lbZckbZ fgP;k'kh fn- 16,fizy 1640 jksth iq.;kr >kys- 'kgkth jktkP;kvkns'kkuqlkj nknksth dksaMnso jktekrk fttkckbZ of'kokth jkts gh eaMGh b-lu 1640&41 P;knjE;ku 'kgkthl HksV.;klkBh cax:Gkl xsyh-cgw/kk 'kgkthjktkauh cxGwj HksVhrp iw.ks tgkfxjf'kokth egkjktkaP;k Lok/khu dsyh-rlsp dkjHkkjh

ISSN: 2394 5303 0128




4.002(IIJIF)


Eg.kwu nknksth dksaMnso dk;ep gksrs- rlsp 'kgkthjktkauh 'kkejko fuGdaB ;kaph is'kok Eg.kwu ckGd".kiar ;kaph eqtwenkj Eg.kwu] lksuksiarkph Mchj Eg.kwuo j?kqukFk cYYkkG ;kaph lc.khl Eg.kwu use.kwdd:u R;kauk f'kokth egkjktklkscr egkjk"VªkrikBfoys- b-lu- 1642 P;k lqekjkl rs loZtucax:Gko:u iq.;kl ijr vkys-

ckyf'kokthyk jkT;dkHkkjkps ifgys /kMs nknksthdkasMnso o jktekrk fttkckbZ ;kaP;kdMwu iq.kstgkfxjhe/;sp feGkys- jktk gk /keZj{kd] /keZikydo iztkfgrn{k vlko;kl gok gh xks"V f'kokthyknknksth dkasMnso o fttkckbZ ;kauh jkT;dkjHkkjkpsaizR;{k /kMs nsÅu f'kdfoyh-f'kokthjktkP;k LojkT;fufeZrhyk izkjaHk %&

f'kokth egkjktkauh cax:Ggwu iw.ks tgkfxjhrijr vkY;kuarj ifgyh gkypky dsyh rhtgkfxjhP;k if'pesl vl.kkjk ekoG izkar gLrxrdsyk- d".kkth vuar lHkkln Eg.krkr] ^^iq.;kl;srkp ckjk ekoGs dkcht dsyh ekoGs ns'kew[kcka/kwu] nLr d:u iwaM gksrs R;kl ekfjys** ckjkekoG izkrkaP;k O;oLFksph tckcnkjh vkfny'kkghlqHksnkj ;k ukR;kus nknksth dksaMnso ikgr gksrs- nknksthusekoGs izkrkarhy 'ksrd&;kauk] tursyk o dkghns'keq[kkauk vkiY;k dk;Z{kersus vkiysls dsys- iq.kstgkfxjhP;k if'pes sdMhy ckjk ekoGkaojvkfny'kkgkph lRrk vlyh rjh rh ukeek+= gksrh-dkj.k ekoG izkarkr izR;{k lRrk pkys rhR;k[kks&;karhy izcG ns'keq[kkph- vxnh izkphudkGkiklwu ns'keq[kkph ?kjk.kh ekoG izkrkar vkiyhorus lkaHkkGwu gksrh- vkiY;k izns'kkpk fuf'pr 'ksrlkjkljdkjdMs tek d:u Lor%P;k izns'kkr rs Lora=jktkizek.ks okxr gksrh-

nknksth dksaMnsokus ;k Lora= izoRrhP;k ns'keq[kkauklke&nke&naM&Hksn ;k ekxZkus 2&3 o"kkZP;kdkyko/khr oB.khoj vk.kys- fgjMl ekoGpk ns'keq[kd'.kkth ckany gk nknksthyk nkn nsr uOgrk- nknksthusR;kl oB.khoj vk.kys- f'kokth egkjktkauh ckjkekoG;kauk ?ksowu LojkT;kph cka/kuh dsys- ekoG

izkarkrhy MksaxjkG o nÚ;k [kksÚ;krhy izns'kkrLojkT;kpk ik;k ?kky.;kl vR;ar vuqdwy ifjfLFkrhvkgs- gs f'kokthus iw.kZi.ks vksG[kys gskrs- ckjkekoGP;k izkarkar la?kVudq'ky f'kokthHkksorh dkVdLokfHkekuh] d"VkGw ejkBs tew ykxys R;keqGs 'ksdMkso"kkZP;k xqykefxjhyk ewBekrh ns.;kps okjs lg~;knzhP;kifjljkr okgw ykxys- f'kokth egkjktkps o; vkrk14 o"kkZps>kys gksrs- R;kauk ckjk ekoG;krwu vusdfu"Bkoar loaxMh ykHkys R;kr ;slkth dad] ckthiklydj] ckiwth eqnxy] uÚgsdj ns'kikaMs] ukjksth]fpe.kkth] ckGkth] dkoth dksa<kGdj] ftÅ egkyk]ok?kksth rqis] lq;kZth dkdMs] rkukth ekyqljs] lq;kZthekyqljs] dkUgksth ts/ks] ckthizHkw ns'kikaMs b- vusdlgdkjh ekoGs ykHkys-

'kgkth jktkauk Hkhek o uhjk ;k un;kaP;knjE;ku vlysY;k ewG tgkfxjhr olwy miHkksx.;kpkgDd gksrk- i.k ;k eqyq[kkrhy fdYY;koj ek=vkfny'kgkps opZLo gksrs- R;kewGs lkoZHkkSe lRrkizLFkkfir dj.;klkBh QDr eqyq[k feGwu pky.kkjuOgrs rj R;k ewyw[kkrhy fdYysgh rkC;kr ?ks.ksvko';d gksrs- dkj.k R;kf'kok; LojkT;fufeZrhP;kdk;kZyk izkjaHk gks.ks 'kD; uOgrs- R;k vuq'kaxkus 14o"kkZP;k f'kockus ekpZ&,fizy 1645 e/;s jksfgM[kksjso osGsoaM[kksjs ;ke/;s gtkj ckjk'ks ekoGs teowujksfgMk fdYYkk rkC;kr ?ksryk rlsp f'kokth egkjktkauhfganoh LojkT; laLFkkiuspk eukseu dsysyk ladYiiw.kZ dj.;klkBh vkfny'kkgh fo:) eksghemHkkj.;kiwohZ f'kokth egkjkt vkiY;k loaxM;klg jksfgjs'ojkP;k nsoky;kr vkys- o jk;js'ojhfganoh LojkT;kph 'kiFk ?ksryh-

fn-7 ekpZ 1647 jksth nknksth dksaMnsokpk o/nkidkGkewGs eR;w>kyk- R;keqGs iw.ks tgkfxjhph iw.kZtckcnkjh f'kokthoj vkyh- nknksth dkasMnsokP;keR;wewGs egkjktkaPkk izkekf.kd o lpksVhpk dkjHkkjho firrqY; lkaHkkG dj.kkjk ikyd ukghlk >kyk gs[kjs vlys rjh ;kuarj f'kokth egkjktkaP;k Lora=dkjfdnhZyk lq:okr gksowu LojkT; LFkkiusl izkjaHk>kyk gsgh frrdsp [kjs! b-lu- 1647 e/;s f'kokth

ISSN: 2394 5303 0129




4.002(IIJIF)


egkjktkauh iq.;kiklwu uS_R;sl 20 eSykaoj vlysykfotkiwjdjkpk rksj.kk fdYyk ftadwu LojkT;kps rksj.kcka/kys- ;kosGh ^^ izfriPpan ys[kso of/kZ".kqfoZÜOkafnrkAA 'kkglwuks % f'koL;S"kk eqnzk Hknzk; jktrs AA v'khvkiyh uohu jkteqnzk r;kj d:u rh izpkjkr vk.kyh-f'kokthph gh eqnzk Eg.ktsp R;akP;k ^LojkT;dk;kZpkizkjaHk >kY;kph lk{k gks;- rksj.;kiklwu QDr vMhpdkslkoj iwoZsyk eq:acnsokpk Mksaxj gksrk- rks f'kockusrkC;kr ?ksryk- o rksj.;kaoj lkiMysys /kueq:acnsokP;k cka/kdkeklkBh [kpZ dsys- f'kockjktkauhew:acnsokP;k Mksaxjkps uko Bsoys ^jktxM*-

N=irh f'kojk;kuh vkiys jkT; gs LojkT;vkgs- gs yksdkaP;k eukoj fcaco.;klkBh jkt/kkuhpsfBdk.k Eg.kwu ;k fdYY;kps uko^jktxM* Bsoys-rksj.kk o jktxM ;k nksu fdYY;kaP;k fot;kewGsf'kokth egkjktkaP;k lkeF;kZr o egRokdka{ksrvf/kdp Hkj iMyh- R;kauh iw.;ktoGP;k vR;arvo?kM vlk dksaMk.kk fdYykgh ftad.;kph ;kstukvk[kyh- R;kr 'kDrhis{kk ;qDrhpk okij d:uf'kokthus iw.;kpk gokynkj ckiwth eqnxy ekQZrflagxMpk fdYysnkj flÌh vacj'kh la/kku cka/kys oR;kl nzO; nsÅu ekpZ 1647 uarj fdYyk rkC;kr?ksryk rlsp iqjanj fdYykgh f'kokth egkjktkauhv'kkp izdkjP;k ;qDrhus b-lu- 1647 P;k vkWDVkscje/;s ftadyk- f'kokth jktkP;k ;k ijkdzekewGsvkfny'kkghph >ksi mMkyh- ;k loZ xks"VhP;k ikBhekxs'kgkthjkts ;kaph izsj.kk vlkoh vlk rdZ vkfny'kgkusdk<yk- o R;kvuq'kaxkus fn- 25 tqYkS 1648 jksthftathtoG 'kgkth cslko/k vlrkuk idMys rsOgkf'kokth egkjktkauh vkfny'kgkoj eksxykaps nMi.kvk.kwu fn- 14 es 1648 jksth 'kgkthph dSnsrwulqVdk dsyh- v'kkizdkjs f'kokth egkjktkP;k LojkT;fufEkZrhyk izkjaHk >kyk-fu"d"kZ%&

lnj v/;;ukrwu [kkyhy izdkjps fu"d"kZdk<ys tkrkr %&

1- f'kokth egkjktkP;k O;DrheRokP;ktM.k?kM.khe/;s R;kaP;k okMofMykadMwu feGkysY;klaLdkjkP;k flagkpk okVk gksrk- dkj.k f'kokthyk

jkT;dkjHkkjkps /kMs R;kaph vkbZ jktekrk fttkckbZ onknksth dksaMnso ;kaP;kdMwup feGkys-

2- rkRi;Z jktekrk fttkckbZ o nknksth dkasMnso;kauh dsysY;k laLdkjkeqGs o izHkkokewGs f'kokthphok< fudksi >kyh- o R;kewGs ejkB;kauk vkRelUekuo izfr"Bk feGowu ns.ks gs /;s; R;kaP;k utjsleksjLi"V >kys-

3- f'kokth egkjktkauh egkjk"Vªkr ejkB;kapsLora= jkT; fuekZ.k d:u ,sfrgkfld dk;Z dsys-rlsp f'kokth lkj[;k ijkdzeh iq:"kkaph LerhvktghleLr ekuotkrhP;k var%dj.kkyk izsfjr dj.;kpsdk;Z djrs-

4- f'kokthP;k mn;kiwohZ lektkr [kwu] yqVkyqVdiVfurh] vjktdrk g;k fuR;kaP;k ckch gksR;k-ijarq f'kokth egkjktkauh vkiY;k vYkkSdhdO;DrheRokus loZ yksdkauk jk"Vªdk;kZlkBh izoRr dsys-lkjka'k&N=irh f'kokth egkjkt gs dkgh ,dnevpkud mn;kl vkysys uOgrs- rj fof”k"V v'kkVII;kVII;kus fodflr >kys gksrs- R;kaP;k vk;q";krhyvusd ;q)] vuqHko] izlax] ?kVuk ?kMkeksMh ;k lokZaukrkasM nsr R;krwu gs O;fDreRo fodflr >kysys gksrs-lanHkZ xzaFk lwph %&

1- iokj t;flaxjko] ^ ejkBh lRrspk mn;*fujkyh izdk'ku iw.ks- tkus-2001-

2- jksMs lkseukFk ejkB;kapk bfrgkl* fiaiGkiqjsvW.M da-ifCy'klZ ukxiwj- twu 1998-

3- 'ksaMs lks-jk-^N=irh f'kokth vkf.k f'kodkG*]baVjuW'kuy cqd gkml izk- fy- eqacbZ] 2014-

4- ns'keq[k fot;]^'kddrZs f'kojk;* [kaM 1N=irh lsok izfr"Bku] ukxiwj vkWDVks- 2010-

5- iqjanjs cyoar eksjs'oj jktk f'koN=irh*iqjanjs izdk'ku iw.ks] ,fizy 2001-

6- gsjokMdj j-fo- f'koN=irhps pfj=*] Oghulizdk'ku iw.ks] ,fizy 1986-

7- vkpk;Z /kuat; ejkBk lRrspk mn;*] JhlkbZukFk izdk'ku] ukxiwj] tkus]2007

8- ns'kikaMs iz- u- ejkB;kapk mn; o mRd"kZ*]Lusgo/kZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl iw.ks-] vkWxLV 2001-

ISSN: 2394 5303 0130




4.002(IIJIF)


«eÇeceerCe cetuÙe DeeefCe JÙeLee ÙeebveevÙeeÙe osCeejer ‘leneve’

Øee. [e@. MeefMekeâeble jeceoeme heešerueceje"er efJeYeeie,

meble jeceoeme ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, IevemeeJebieer efpe. peeuevee

==============***********===============1975 ÛÙee megceejeme «eeceerCe meeefnlÙe ÛeUJeU

met¤ Peeueer DeeefCe pÙee meeceeefpekeâ DeheefjneÙe&lesletve oefuelemeeefnlÙe ÛeUJeU GYeer jeefnueer nesleer. lÙeeÛe meeceeefpekeâheefjefmLeleerletve «eeceerCe meeefnlÙe, DeeefoJeemeer meeefnlÙe, peveJeeoermeeefnlÙe efvecee&Ce Peeues. meceleeJeeoer ceguÙeebÛÙee ØesjCesletve«eeceerCe meceepeeÛeer megKe-og:Kes JÙeòeâ Peeueer heeefnpesle Ùeensletves Deevebo ÙeeoJe, je. jb. yeesje[s, veeieveeOe keâesòeeheuues,Ûebõkegâceej veueies FlÙeeoer uesKekeâebveer Ùee ÛeUJeUeruee JewÛeeefjkeâhee"yeU efoues. mecÙeueves cesUeJes Je heefjmebJeeoeleele tveÛeUJeUerÛeer Yetefcekeâe ceeb[uÙee peeJet ueeieueer. ÙeecegUs «eeceerCeuesKekeâebvee veJes DeelceYeeve Deeues. Ùee peeefCeJesletve uesKekeâuesKeveØeJe=òe Peeues. lÙeebÛÙee Ùee meeefnlÙeeuee DeeOegefvekeâ«eeceerCe meeefnlÙe cnšuÙee peeJet ueeieues. DeeOeerheemetveÛemeceepeJeemleJeeefYecegKe DemeuesuÙee Ùee meeefnlÙeØeJeeneuee veJÙeeJewÛeeefjkeâ ceguÙeebÛeer pees[ ueeieueer. 1975 veblejÛÙee «eeceerCekeâeobyejerle ÙeeÛesÛe he[meeo cnCetve meefceße mJe®heeÛes DeeMeÙeefomeleele. 1998 ceOÙes ØekeâeefMele PeeuesuÙee ‘leneve’ÙeemeejKÙee efveJe[keâ keâeobyeNÙeeceOetve MeyoefÛeef$ele Peeuesueeog<keâeU DeeefCe lÙeeletve GoYeJeuesuÙee meeceeefpekeâ heefjefmLeleerÛeeDee{eJee Deeheòeer DeeefCe ke=âef<epeerJeve ÙeeJej ue#e keWâefõlekeâ¤ve nesjheUuesuÙee DeeefCe ceveb GÉmle PeeuesuÙee JÙeefòeâjsKeeDeeefCe SketâCeÛe JÙeJemLesle nesle peeCeeje yeoue efJeoYee&leeruemeejbiehetjÛee veJÙee efhe{erleerue oceoej uesKekeâ DeeheuÙee‘leneve’ Ùee keâeobyejerletve ns DeeMeÙeefJeÕe Meyo®heele ceeb[lees.meÅeeÛÙee efJeIešve keâeueeleerue «eeceerCe meceepeeÛÙee he[Pe[erÛesDeeMeÙeefJeÕe Meyo®heele ceeb[CÙeeÛee OÙeeme IesTve peerJeveeleerueveešŸe, keâeJÙe, efJeheefjlelee, JesOekeâlee ÙeebÛee meepe Demeuesueer

31lÙeebÛeer «eeceerCe yeesueer efveJesoveele IesTve heeCeer šbÛeeF&ÛÙeeheeßdJe&YetceerJejerue OeieOeielÙee «eeceerCe meceepeeÛes Yesokeâ efÛe$eCekeâjCeejer JeeÛekeâebvee Debleceg&Ke keâjCeejer ‘leneve’ ner keâeobyejerDeens. Skeâ mepeie meceepeYeeve IesTve DeJelejuesueer nerkeâeobyejer «eeceerCe keâeobyejerÛÙee Feflenemeele Skeâ cewueeÛeeoie[ "jles DeeefCe mJeleb$e ØesjCee cnCetve Jee*dceÙeele JeeJejleeveeefomeles. Ùee keâeobyejerÛes efMe<e&keâÛe efleÛee nslet mhe° keâjles.heeCeer šbÛeeF&ÛÙee efoJemeele efJeefJeOe heeleUerJejerue Deeheueer‘leneve’ YeeieJeCÙeeÛee ØeÙelve keâjCeejs Deveskeâ ceneYeeieefomeleele. ceguÙeefnve meceepeJÙeJemLesle Deeheueer peerJevecetuÙepeesheemeCeeNÙeebvee keâjeJee ueeieCeeje DešU mebIe<e& ÙeeletveefÛeef$ele neslees. yeouesuÙee DeepeÛÙee Kes[ŸeeÛes, {emeUleÛeeueuesuÙee ceguÙeebÛes, mewjYewj PeeuesuÙee le¤Ce efhe{erÛes,nesjheUuesuÙee ceeveJee r pee rJeveeÛe s, keâjhe tve peeCeeNÙeeYeekeâjermeejKÙee «eeceerCe meceepeJÙeJemLesÛes efÛelebve keâ¤ve ÙeekeâeobyejerÛeer efveefce&leer PeeuÙeeÛes mJele: uesKekeâebveer meebieerleuesDeens. yeouelÙee «eeceerCe meceepe peerJeveeuee DeLee&peveeÛÙeeDehegNÙee mebefocegUs ceeveefmekeâÂ°Ÿee mewjeJewje PeeuesuÙee ceeCemeebÛÙeeJÙeLee Jesoveebvee osMecegKeebveer Meyo¤he efoues Deens.

meb›eâceCekeâeU mebhetCe& heefjefmLeleerle yeoue Ie[tve DeeveleDemelees. keâeUeyejesyej pegves peeTve veJÙeeÛeer efoMee "jleDemeles. Ùee meb›eâceCeeletve Kes[sner Heâej ueebye jeefnues veener.yeoueCeeNÙee keâeUeÛee ØeJeen Kes[ŸeeÛee Ûesnje-ceesnje dyeoueJeleÛeeueuee Deens. meceepeeÛeer F&ÛÚe Demees! vemees! Ùee keâeUeÛÙeeØeJeeneyejesyej lÙeeuee yeouele peeJes ueeieles. Ùee yeouelÙeeheefjefmLeleerleue DeeefLe&keâ, meeceeefpekeâ, Yeeweflekeâ, meebmke=âeflekeâmebIe<eeËcegUs meceepepeerJeveele Deveskeâ mecemÙee efvecee&Ce nesleele.Ùee mecemÙeebvee meeceesjs peeTve meYeesJeleeueÛÙee JeeleeJejCeeÛeefÛelebve keâjCeeje uesKekeâ cnCetve meoevebo osMecegKe ‘leneve’ÛÙeeefveefceòeeveb JeeÛekeâebmeceesj Ùeslees. ‘leneve’ keâeobyejerle DeeJe<e&CekeâeUeleerue heeCeer šbÛeeF&ÛÙee keâeUeleerue Kes[er lenevesvesJÙeeke t âU nesleele. Deve skeâ mecemÙee GoYeJeleele. lÙeemecemÙeebmeesyele mebIe<e& keâjeJee ueeielees. ÙeeÛes efÛe$eCe lenevekeâeobyejerle Deeuesues Deens.

‘leneve’ceOÙes oesve efhe{ŸeebÛee mebIe<e& Deeuee Deens.Skeâe efhe{erÛes ogmeNÙee efhe{erkeâ[s nesCeejs nmleeblejCe DeeuesuesDeens. jeIeespeer MesJeeUs ne ke=âef<emebmke=âleerÛee pegvÙee ceguÙeebÛeeØeefleefveOeer Deens. lej yeyeve MesJeeUs ne lÙeeÛee le¤Ce

ISSN: 2394 5303 0131




4.002(IIJIF)


cegueiee yeouelÙee keâeUeÛeele ØeefleefveOeer Deens. hejbheje,Øeeflekesâ, peerJeveMeswueer ner cetuÙe peesheemeCeeje jeIeespeer MesJeeUsMesleele jeyeCeejer cegjuÙee, ÚefyeuÙee ner yewuepees[er DeeheuesDebie ceeveCeeje, ØeeefCepeerJeveeJej ßeæe "sJeCeeje DeeefCeyewueebyeöue lÙeebÛÙee ceveele ke=âle%elesÛeer YeeJevee "sJeCeejeDeens. ner yewueb lÙeeÛeer meebmeeefjkeâ iejpe veener lej YeeJeefvekeâiejpe Deens. Ùee Gueš yeyeveÛeer ceeveefmekeâlee Deens. ÙeemebJesovee DeeefCe YeeJevee ÙeebÛÙee heefuekeâ[s lees peeTve DeLee&peveDeeefCe JÙeJenej Ùee nslegvee ØeeOeevÙe osCeeje Deens. lÙeeletveÛelees yewuepees[erÛee Jeehej keâ¤ve ieeJeeuee heeCeer šbÛeeF&ÛÙeekeâeUele efJekeâle heeCeer hegjJe"e keâjlees. lÙeeletve lÙeeueeyejeÛe hewmee efceUlees. Ùee oesvner efheleeheg$eeÛÙee peieCÙeeÛÙeeØesjCee JesieJesieàÙee Deensle. yeyevemeceesj DeeoMe& cetuÙe veenerleÙeeletveÛe leeveleCeeJe Jee{Jetve oesIeebceOÙes mebIe<ee&uee megjJeelenesles. ‘leneve’ Ùee keâeobyejerÛee keWâõefyebot jeIeespeer MesJeeUsneÛe Deens. lÙeeÛÙeeleerue mecebpemeheCee, mejUlee, meeuemeleeØekeâš nesles. heeCeer šbÛeeF&ÛÙee mecemÙesleerue DeeheuÙee yewueebÛeernesCeejer kegâòejDees[ lÙeeuee DemJemLe keâjles. DeeheCe kegâCeyeerDeenesle keâer neceeue ? Demee ØeMve lees GheefmLele keâjlees.ÙesCeeNÙee hewMeuee lees ‘yeškeâerÛee hewmee’ cnCelees. mJele:ÛeeheeÙe cees[uesuee Demeleeveener yewueebÛeer efÛeblee keâjCeeje jeIeespeeryeNÙeeÛe Øemebieeletve mebJesoveefMeue nesleevee efomelees. SkeâDeefYepeele, megmebmke=âle, mebleØeke=âleerÛee JÙeòeâer ‘leneve’ceOÙesjeIeespeerÛÙee ®heeves DeeheuÙeeuee Yesšlees.

‘leneve’ceOetve efJeoYee&leerue veJns ceneje°^eleerue meejbiehetjns ieeJe ØeeefleefveOeerkeâ mJe®heele Ùesles. hetJe&hejbhejeiele ÛeeueleDeeuesueser mebmke=âleer, ueeskeâhejbheje, efpeJneUe, jneveerceeve yeouelÙeekeâeUele mebhele peeleevee efomeles. ÙeeJej veeiejer mebmke=âleerÛeeyegjKee Kes[ŸeeÛÙee «eeceerCe ‘yeepe’ Peeketâve šekeâle Demelees.Kes[ŸeeÛeer efveceMenjekeâ[s nesCeejer JeešÛeeue, JÙemeve, hesnjeJe,oUCeJeUCeeÛeer meeOeveb, ceveesjbpeve Ùee iees°er Kes[ŸeelemeeceevÙe PeeuÙee Deensle. ÙeeÛe JeeleeJejCeeletve GYÙee jenCeeNÙeeDeveskeâ mecemÙee, Demegjef#elelee, DeveskeâeÛÙee jespeerjesšerÛeeØeMve Ùeeletve efceUCeeje Úesšecees"es jespeieej Øeceeso veJeues,meesceveeLe nJejs, ceesnve, vebot DeeUmeer ner Ùee JeeleeJejCeeÛeerDehelÙe Deensle. ogmeNÙeeÛÙee Deevebo DeLeJee og:KeeÛee DemegjerGheYeesie IesCeejer ner meceepeefvebo efieOee[s cnCetve JeeJejleeveeefomeleele. DeMee efJeIešve keâeUeleerue Je=òeerØeJe=òeeRÛe ØeeefleefveOeerkeâ

Debieeves JeemleJeeÛeer keâeme ve mees[lee Ùee keâeobyejerletve efÛe$eCeDeeuesues Deens.

kegâštbyeJÙeJemLesleerue efhe{erpeele oeefjõŸe DeeefCe og:Kener «eecepeerJeveeleerue DešU Demeer iees° Deens. vesnsceer efvemeiee&ÛeerDeeheòeerÛeer kegâNne[ lÙeebÛÙee peerJeeJej G"uesueer Demeles.DeMee mebkeâšele iegjHeâšCeejs «eeceerCe peerJeve Yeeweflekeâ megKeekeâ[sDeeOeeMeeØeceeCes [esUs ueeJetve yemeles. Kes[Ÿeeleerue ceeCemeebveeefceUCeeNÙee leeskeâ[Ÿee ceesyeouÙeele efkebâJee GlheVeemee"er oÙee,ÙeeÛevee efkebâJee ØeeLevee Ùee ceeiee&ves peeJes ueeieles. Ùee meJe&yeeyeerves kebâšeUuesuee yeyeve heeCeer šbÛeeF&le De[keâuesuÙeeveeskeâjoejebvee DeeefCe ieeJekeâNÙeebvee DeeheuÙee yewueebÛÙee peesjeJejheeCeer efJeketâve hewmes efceUJelees. Ùee efceUCeeNÙee hewMeecegUslÙeeÛeer Jee{Ceejer Ssš DeeefCe njketâve iesueueer jecekeâewjefJeÛeej keâjCÙeeÛeer lÙeeÛeer yeouele iesuesueer efoMee, veJeNÙeeuee‘heeUeÙeues ve heesmeeÙeues’ Demes cnCetve Ieeuetvehee[tve yeesueCeejerDeeefCe cegueeÛeb keâewletkeâ keâjCeejer jecekeâewj ner JÙeefòeâjsKeeyevele peeles. Heleer-helveerle Jee{le peeCeeje leeveleveeJe,jeIeespeerÛee heoesheoer nesCeeje Deheceeve, veJeNÙeehes#ee cegueeÛesJee{le peeCeejs cenòJe, Iejele ÙesCeejs oeieoeefieves, šer. Jeer.,šshe Ùee meJe& F&ÛÚebÛeer hetle&lee ÙesCeeNÙee hewMeecegUs Peeuesueene yeoue mJeYeeJeelener yeoue keâjle peelees. yeyeveÛÙeeefKeMeele DeeuesuÙee hewMeecegUs jlveeÛes DeeefCe lÙeeÛes mebyebOeDeefOekeâ iegueeyeer nesleele. heeCÙeeÛeer Dehes#ee "sJeCeejer jlveelÙeeÛÙee ceveeÛee leeyee Iesles. efleuee heeCÙeeÛee r ‘leneve’DeeefCe lÙeeuee efleÛÙee ØesceeÛeer ‘leneve’ Demeles. yeg[lÙeeÛeeheeÙe Keesueele ÙeeØeceeCes lÙeeÛes DeefJeJeskeâer JeeieCes lÙeeueeDeefOekeâ KeesueKeesue keâeW[erle hekeâ[les. jesIeespeerÛÙee MeyoelemeebieeÙeÛes Peeues lej ‘‘yeškeâerÛee hewmee ceevemeeues FlekesâyeoueJeles’ DeYeeJe«emle DeeefCe oeefjõŸe ÙeebÛÙee peesKe[eleleeJetve megueeketâve efveIeues keâer, hewmee efškeâJeCes keâef"CeÛeDemeles. ner yeyeveÛeer ceeveJeer ØeJe=òeer Ùee keâeobyejerletve Ùesles.keâeobyejerleerue efveJesove ØemebieefÛe$eCe JeCe&ve JeeleeJejCe leheMeerue,DeeefCe yeebosmegoheCee uesKekeâeÛÙee cegjuesuÙee uesKeveMewueerÛesJewefMe°Ÿe oMe&Jelees. JeemleJelee DemeuÙeeves GhekeâLeevekeânercegKÙekeâLeevekeâele ieg bHeâuÙee peeles. Iešvee›eâceele meg bmeieleerÙesles. DeeheCe Skeâe peyeeyeoejerves DeeefCe peeCeerJehetJe&keâ uesKevekeâjerle Deenesle ner YeeJevee uesKekeâeÛeer Ùee keâeobyejerletveØekeâš nesles. JeemleJeeÛÙee otj ner peeT Mekeâle veener keâejCe

ISSN: 2394 5303 0132




4.002(IIJIF)


leer lÙeebÛÙee peieCÙeeÛeeÛe Skeâ Yeeie Deens. cnCetve lÙeebÛÙeekeâeobyejerleerue hee$e DemJemLe Demeueer lejer uesKekeâeÛee mebÙeceefšketâve Demeuesuee efomelees. jlvee DeeefCe yeyeve ÙeebÛÙeeveoerÛÙee efceueveeleerue ØeCeÙeØemebieele iegbletve ve jenlee lÙeeueenermeeceeefpekeâ DeeefCe ceeveJeer ØeJe=òeerÛeer pees[ osTve ØeCeÙeØemebieefÛeef$ele ve keâjle yemelee ceevemeb lÙeebÛÙee ØeJe=òeeRvee keâmes yeUerhe[leele ÙeeÛes efÛe$eCe keâjleele. efvemeiee&Ûes JeCe&ve keâjleevee¤hekeâ heæleerves jlvee DeeefCe yeyeve ÙeebÛÙee YeeJeYeeJeveeyeyeveÛeb DeeefLe&keâ efmLelÙeblej, jeIeespeerÛeer nleyeuelee, jecekeâewjÛebG«e ¤he, cegjuÙee ÚefyeuÙeeÛeer owefveÙe DeJemLee lÙeeletveefÛeef$ele keâjleele.

keâeÙe meebieeÙeÛes ? keâmes meebieeÙeÛes ? ÙeeÛes YeeveuesKekeâeuee DemeeJes ueeieles. les Yeeve meoevebo osMecegKeebpeJeUDee{Ules. ‘leneve’ceOeerue Iešvee, Ie[ecees[er, veešŸe, Yee<esÛeeJeehej, vescekeäÙee DeLe&hetCe& MeyojÛevee, Jeòeâer DeeefCe ØemebieGYee keâjCÙeeÛeer {ye, Yee<esletve peerJeveevegYeJe GYee keâjCÙeeÛeerheæle, cnCeer, JÙeeJenejerkeâ MeyoØeeflekeâ IesTve Ùesleele.ÙeeJe¤ve uesKekeâeÛeer Yeeef<ekeâ efveefj#eCe Meòeâer efometve Ùesles.efJeefJeOe Øemebieeletve peele peeleerefJe<eÙekeâ peeCeerJee GhekeâLeevekeâeÛeerceeb[Ceer ÙesCeeNÙee peerJeveeefJe<eÙeer otjÂ°er DeeefCe keâLeevekeâeÛeeMesJeš JeeÛekeâebJej mees[tve keâueeke=âleeruee Meeskeâebeflekeâe veyeveJelee efÛelebveeÛeer Jeeš oMe&JeCeejer Mewueer Ùeeletve uesKekeâveeceeefvejeUe nesle veener. lej lÙeeÛÙeeleerue uesKekeâeÛeer meKemeleemee#e hešJetve osles. ‘leneve’ ner keâeobyejer heeCeer mecemÙesves$eemeuesuÙee YeejleerÙe Kes[ŸeeÛeer ØeeefleefveOeerkeâ mJe¤heeleceeb[uesueer JÙeLee Deens. cnCetve ceje"er meeefnlÙeele ‘leneve’ÛÙeeefveefceòeeves meoevebo osMecegKe Skeâ «eeceerCe keâeobyejerkeâejcnCetve DeesUKeuÙee peeT ueeieues. DeeefCe ‘yeejesceeme’ ÙeekeâeobyejerÛÙee efveefceòeeves efmLejeJeues. ne lÙeebÛÙee ÙeMeeÛeeDeeuesKe efveef§eleÛe lÙeebÛÙee efJe<eÙeerÛÙee Deekeâeb#ee, Dehes#eeGbÛeeJeCeeje, Jee{JeCeeje Deens. Ùeele Mebkeâe veener.meboYe& :

«eeceerCe meeefnlÙe : efoMee DeeefCe Dehes#ee,[e@. Deevebo ÙeeoJeceje"er «eeceerCe keâeobyejer, [e@. jefJebõ "eketâjleneve, meoevebo osMecegKe

ISSN: 2394 5303 0133




4.002(IIJIF)


32mŸkjk[k.M fo/kku lHkk pquko %

2012 rFkk 2017 dkrqyukRed v/;;u]

yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk {ks= ds fo’ks"k lUnHkZ esa

fxjh’k flag]’kks/kkFkhZ] jktuhfr’kkL=]

,e-ch-jktdh; LukrdksŸkj egkfo|ky;&gY}kuhftyk- uSuhrky ¼mŸkjk[k.M½

==============***********===============izLrkouk& dgk tkrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh eqnzk

mruh gh ewY;oku gksrh gS ftruk yksx mls ekurs gSaABhd ;gh ckr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij Hkh ykxw gksrhgSA yksxksa dk fo’okl vFkok oS/krk gh og vk/kkjewY; gS ftl ij yksdrkfU=d iz.kkyh dke djrh gSAfuokZpu izfØ;k esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh jktuhfrdiz.kkyh dh oS/krk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rŸo gSA fo’oesa ,sls vusd mnkgj.k gSa tgka fuokZpu izfØ;k esayksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds vHkko ds dkj.k fuokZfprljdkjksa dks oS/krk ugha fey ldh] ftlds dkj.k muns’kksa esa xEHkhj jktuhfrd ladV iSnk gq,A ijUrqHkkjrh; yksdrU= lQyrk dk ,d ,slk mnkgj.k gS];gka o;Ld erkf/kdkj dk iz’u gks ;k fQj la?kkRedrkdk tks fo’o ds vU; yksdrU=kRed ns’kksa ls fHkUugSA Qjojh 2017 esa mŸkjk[k.M lfgr ns’k ds ikapjkT;ksa esas fo/kku lHkk pquko lEiUu gq,A bu ikapjkT;ksa ds fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa us Hkkjrh; yksdrU= dh’kfDr dks mtkxj fd;k vkSj ^tl jktk rl iztk*okyh yksdksfDr dks cnydj ^tl iztk rl jktk*dj fn;kA fu%lansg ernkrkvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ole>nkjh Hkkjrh; pqukoh izfØ;k vkSj Hkkjr esa etcwrgksrs yksdrU= dk ,d >jks[kk is’k djrk gSA

o"kZ 2017 esa mŸkjk[k.M lfgr ns’k ds ikapjkT;ksa esa lEiUu gq, fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa ds ifj.kkeksa

us vk’p;Ztud tukns’k ns’k ds lEeq[k j[kkAmŸkjk[k.M rFkk mŸkj izns’k esa Hkktik dks rhu pkSFkkbZcgqer feyk vkSj bu nksuksa jkT;ksa esa Hkktik us Lo;aljdkj cukbZA xksok rFkk ef.kiqj esa Hkktik us vU;nyksa ds lkFk xBcU/ku dj ljdkj dk usrRo fd;kAdsoy iatkc esa gh dkaxzsl cgqer gkfly djus esalQy jghA bl ckj ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esa Hkktikdh eksnh ygj us u dsoy dkaxzsl dks fuEurj Lrjij igWqpk;k cfYd ml le; jkT;ksa esa lŸkk:<+ jgsnyksa dks vc rd dh lEHkor% lcls [kjkc ijkt;dk eqag fn[kk;kA mŸkjk[k.M dh 70 lnL;h; fuokZfprfo/kku lHkk esa tgka Hkktik us rhu pkSFkkbZ ds cgqerdks ikj dj 57 lhVsa izkIr dh ogha ml le; dhlŸkk:<+ dkaxszl dks 11 lhVksa ds lkFk gh fuorZekueq[;ea=h dks nksuksa lhVksa ls ijkt; dk eqag ns[kukiM+kA izns’k dh nks lhVsa funZyh; izR;kf’k;ksa us thrhtcdh cgqtu lekt ikVhZ] lektoknh ikVhZ rFkkmŸkjk[k.M ØkfUr ny dks ’kwU; lhV dk tukns’kfeykA

’kks/k {ks= dk ifjp;& izLrqr ’kks/k {ks=mŸkjk[k.M ds tuin pEikor dk yksgk?kkV fo/kkulHkk {ks= gSA tks dqekÅW {ks= ds izfl) ekW okjkgh /kkensoh/kqjk ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA nsonkj] ckat] cqjkal]dkQy] phM+ ds o{kksa] e[keyh ?kkl vkSj Qwyksa lsvkNkafnr ;g {ks= yksxksa dk fpŸkpksj ysrk gSA izkdfrdlqUnjrk] fgeky; n’kZu ds fy, mi;qDr LFky gksusds lkFk&lkFk ;g {ks= ’kkUriw.kZ okrkoj.kh; Hkh gSftl dkj.k ;g {ks= vaxzstks dk Hkh fiz; LFkku jgk gSAekW okjkgh ds bl /kke esa izfro"kZ j{kkcU/ku ds voljij vlkM+h dkSfrd euk;k tkrk gS] ftls cXokyesys ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl esys esa gksusokys ik"k.k ;q) dks ns[kus ds fy, ns’k&fons’k dsyksx vkrs gSA bl ik"kk.k ;q) ds ckjs esa fte dkcsZVus viuh iqLrd ^^eSu bZVj vkWQ dqekÅW** esa Hkhfy[kk gSA fgeky;h lkSUn;Z dh nf"V ls ;g fo/kkulHkk {ks= mŸkjk[k.M ds lqUnjre~ Hkw&Hkkxksa esa ls ,dgSA ;gka dh tyok;q le’khrks".k rFkk okrkoj.k’kkUr ,oa izkdfrd lkSUn;Z eu dks eksg ysus okykgSA

ISSN: 2394 5303 0134




4.002(IIJIF)


mŸkjk[k.M ds vfLrRo ds lkFk gh yksgk?kkVfo/kku lHkk {ks= Hkh vfLrRo esa vk x;k FkkA ;gfo/kku lHkk {ks= vfLrRo ls gh vukjf{kr Js.kh dhjgh gSA bl fo/kku lHkk {ks= ds vUrxZr bl ckj dspqukoksa esa rhu Cykd@rglhy {ks=&ikVh] ckjkdksV]yksgk?kkV rFkk 178 ernku dsUnz FksA bl fo/kku lHkk{ks= esaa iM+us okys eq[; {ks=& yksgk?kkV] nsoh/kqjk]ikVh] [ksrh[kku] jhBk[kky] jhBklkfgc] ewykdksV]fley[ksr] iaps’oj] ckjkdksV] fHkxjkM+k] folqax]e/;xaxksy] <jkSat vkfn vkrs gSaA

’kks/k dk mn~ns’;& mŸkjk[k.M ds yksgk?kkVfo/kku lHkk {ks= ds 2012 rFkk 2017 ds fo/kkulHkk pqukoksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus dk ’kks/kmn~ns’; fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk ds ernkrkvksa dkernku O;ogkj fo/kku lHkk pquko 2012 rFkk2017 ds lUnHkZ esa v/;;u djukA

2- yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk {ks= ds pqukoh eqn~nsrFkk izR;kf’k;ksa ds pquko izpkj dk v/;;u djukA

3- pquko esa uksV cUnh dk vlj rFkk pqukohlHkkvksa dk fo’ys"k.kkRed v/;;u djukA

4- pquko ifj.kkeksa ds ckn dh nyh; fLFkfrdk rqyukRed v/;;uA

’kks/k izfof/k& yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk {ks= pquko2012 rFkk 2017 ds rqyukRed v/;;u djusgsrq f}rh;d Lrj ds laedksa dk iz;ksx izkekf.kdrF;ks a ds ladyu ds vk/kkj ij ,sfrgkfldfo’ys"k.kkRed fof/k dks viuk;k x;k gSA ftlesaiqLrdksa] i=&if=dkvksa] LFkkuh; lekpkj i=ksa rFkkfuokZpu vk;ksx ds izkIr vkdM+ksa dk fo’ys"k.k djv/;;u fd;k x;k gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk izkFkfedLrj ij yksxksa ls lkekU; ppkZ Hkh dh xbZ gSA

pquko fo’ys".k ,oa er O;ogkj& yksgk?kkVfo/kku lHkk {ks= esa o"kZ 2012 ds fo/kku lHkk pqukoksaesa dqy iathdr ernkrk 93567 Fks ftlesa iq:"k49276 rFkk efgyk 44291 FksA tcdh o"kZ2017 ds fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa esa dqy iathdrernkrk 102389 Fks ftlesa iq:"k 54047 rFkk

efgyk 48342 FksA o"kZ 2012 ds yksgk?kkV fo/kkulHkk pquko esa iathdr ernkrkvksa dh rqyuk esa o"kZ2017 ds yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk pquko esa 8822ernkrkvksa dh of) ns[kh x;hA

rkfydk&01

lzksr& Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx ls izkIr vkWdMs+rkfydk 01 ds v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd

o"kZ 2017 ds yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk pquko esa iathdrernkrkvksa dh la[;k esa of) ds lkFk gh lkFkernku izfr’kr esa Hkh of) gqbZ gSA o"kZ 2012 dhvis{kk 2017 esa 01-93 izfr’kr ernku dh of)gqbZ gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ernkrkvksa dh ernkuds izfr tkx:drk c<+h gSA

rkfydk&02

lzksr& Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx ls izkIr vkWdMsrkfydk 02 ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk {ks= esa o"kZ 2017 ds fo/kkulHkk pquko esa dqy 06 izR;kf’k;ksa us ukekadu djk;kvkSj bu 06 us gh pquko yM+kA bu 06 izR;kf’k;ksaesa ls 03 jktuhfrd nyksa ds izR;k’kh Fks tcdh 03izR;k’kh funZyh; FksA ysfdu o"kZ 2012 ds fo/kkulHkk pquko esa yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk lhV ij ek= rhugh izR;k’kh pquko yMs+ FksA vkSj ;s rhuksa gh izR;k’khjk"Vªh; jktuhfrd nyksa ds izR;k’kh FksA bl v/;;uls irk pyrk gS fd o"kZ 2012 dh vis{kk 2017esa bl fo/kku lHkk {ks= ds yksxksa esa fo/kku lHkk pqukoyM+us dh jktuhfrd psruk esa of) gqbZ gSA 2012dh vis{kk 03 vf/kd izR;kf’k;ksa us pquko yM+k tksLorU= izR;k’kh FksA

o"kZ dqy ernkrk ernku Ernku % 2017 102389 58338 56-98 2012 93567 51510 55-05

Ø-la- ikVhZ uke izR;k’kh uke 2017 izR;k’kh uke 2012 1 Hkktik iwju flag QR;kZy iwju flag QR;kZy 2 dkaxzsl [kq'kky flag egsUnz flag esgjk 3 clik izdk'k flag xksfoUn ik.Ms; 4 LorU= T;ksrh izdk'k Ve~Vk && 5 LorU= nsohyky 'kekZ && 6 LorU= jktsUnz flag &&

ISSN: 2394 5303 0135




4.002(IIJIF)


pquko izpkj ,oa izeq[k eqn~ns&Hkktik& o"kZ 2017 esa Hkh yksgk?kkV fo/kku

lHkk ls Hkktik izR;k’kh Jh iwju flag QR;kZy FksApquko izpkj dh deku Lo;a iwju flag QR;kZy uslaHkky j[kh FkhA Hkktik ds i{k esa oksV djus ds fy,iwjs pqukoh le; esa ikVh ds iwoZ Cykd izeq[k Jhy{e.k flag yexfM+;k us izR;k’kh Jh iwju flagQR;kZy ds lkFk xkao&xkao tkdj dbZ tu lHkk,a dhvkSj ?kj&?kj tkdj yksxksa ls lEedZ fd;kA oghaizfri{k esa jgrs iwju flag QR;kZy us vius fiNysfodkl dk;ksZ ds cy ij oksV ekaxs vkSj yksxksa dkslq’kklu] fctyh] ikuh] lM+d] vkSj fodkl dk iwjkHkjkslk fnyk;k ftl ij os dke;kc Hkh gq,A blpqukoh lej esa Hkktik ds ;qok dk;ZdŸkkZ iwjs fo/kkulHkk esa lfØ; utj vk;s vkSj eksnh ljdkj dhlQyrk crkus esa dke;kc gq,A Lo;a QR;kZy us Hkh?kj&?kj Hkze.k dj oksV nsus dh vihy dhA uksV cUnhdk dksbZ izHkko Hkktik ds pquko izpkj esa ugha iM+kApquko ds izpkj ds fy, vkn’kZ vkpkj lafgrk dsikyu ds fglkc ls iksLVj] csuj] fo/kku lHkk {ks= esafpids feys rFkk ekbZd yxh xkfM;ksa }kjk fo/kkulHkk {ks= esa dk;ZdŸkkZvksa }kjk izpkj djrs gq, Hkh ns[kkx;kA o"kZ 2012 esa Hkh Jh iwju flag QR;kZy Hkktikdh vksj ls izR;k’kh FksA 2012 ds pquko dh dekuHkh Lo;a Jh iwju flag QR;kZy us laHkky j[kh FkhA2012 ds pqukoksa esa mudks nks dk;Zdky ls fo/kk;djgs dkaxzsl ds Jh egsUnz flag esgjk ls lkeuk djukiM+kA yxkrkj nks dk;Zdky ls turk esa lŸkk fojks/khygj Fkk ftldk iwjk Qk;nk Hkktik ds Jh iwju flagQR;kZy dks feykA 2012 ds pquko esa Hkh iwju flagQR;kZy us ,oa dk;ZdŸkkZvksa us xkao&xkoa Hkze.k djpquko izpkj fd;k vkSj fodkl ds eqn~ns ij oksVekaxkA muds pquko izpkj esa Hkktik ds lHkh dk;ZdŸkkZefgyk] iq:"k] ;qok] o)tu jgsA

dkaxzsl& 2017 ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esadkaxzsl ds izR;k’kh [kq’kky flag Fks] ftUgksaus pqukoizpkj dh deku Lo;a vius gkFkksa esa j[kh FkhA mudspquko izpkj esa dkaxzsl ds dk;ZdŸkkZ muds lkFk yxsjgsA dk;ZdŸkkZvksa ds lkFk xkao&xkao tkdj Lo;a

[kq’kky flag us izpkj fd;kA dkaxzsl izR;k’kh Jh[kq’kky flag ftyk iapk;r pEikor ds v/;{k gksusds ukrs Lo;a rFkk dk;ZdŸkkZ pquko izpkj] tu lHkkvksaesa fuorZeku ljdkj ds eqf[k;k Jh gjh’k jkor dhmiyfC/k;kW rks fxukrs jgs ysfdu nks lky ds viusftyk iapk;r v/;{k ds dk;Zdky dh dksbZ HkhmiyfC/k turk dks crkus esa vlQy jgsA budspquko izpkj esa LFkkuh; eqn~ns] lq’kklu] ikuh] fctyh]lM+d rFkk f’k{kk tSlh vke ckrsa xk;c jghA budkeq[; izpkj foi{kh Hkktik ds fo/kk;d izR;k’kh dhvkykspuk jghA ;s Hkh ns[kk x;k dh buds }kjk pqukols iwoZ o pquko esa dkQh /ku rFkk vU; lkexzh ckaVhx;hA ftls jksdus esa iz’kklu o fuokZpu vk;ksx Hkhukdke;kc jgkA pquko izpkj esa uksV cUnh dk dksbZvlj utj ugha vk;kA iSlksa ds cy ij gh ;s dkQhoksV ykus esa lQy jgs ysfdu thr ls dqN lSdMksanwj jg x;sA o"kZ 2012 ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esadkaxzsl ikVhZ ls Jh egsUnz flag esgjk izR;k’kh FksA tksblls iwoZ Hkh blh lhV ls fo/kk;d FksA 2012 dsfo/kku lHkk pquko esa Jh egsUnz flag esgjk us pqukohdeku vius gh gkFk esa j[khA muds lkFk dkaxzsl dslHkh dk;ZdŸkkZvksa us {ks= dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSj viusi{k esa er Mkyus dk vuqjks/k fd;kA fo/kk;d jgrsdbZ dk;ksZ dks iwjk u dj ikus] turk ls laoknvis{kkdr de djus rFkk fuorZeku fo/kk;d gksus dsukrs pquko izpkj esa mudks lŸkk fojks/kh ygj dklkeuk Hkh djuk iM+k FkkA ftldk lh/kk Qk;nkHkktik ds izR;k’kh dks feyk vkSj budks Hkkjh vUrjls gkj dk eqag ns[kuk iM+kA

clik& o"kZ 2017 ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esayksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk lhV ls clik izR;k’kh Jhnsohyky ’kekZ Fks rFkk o"kZ 2012 ds fo/kku lHkkpquko esa Jh xksfoUn ik.Ms; FksA nksuksa gh ckj ds pqukoesa clik dk pquko izpkj rFkk pqukoh la?k"kZ ns[kus dksugha feykA nksuksa gh pquko rFkk nksuksa gh izR;kf’k;ksadk iwjs fo/kku lHkk {ks= esa u Lo;a ds }kjk izpkj gksik;k u gh dk;ZdŸkkZvksa ds }kjkA nksuksa ckj ds pqukods ckjs esa vf/kdka’k ernkrkvksa ls tc lkekU; ppkZdh rks mu yksxksa us ;gkW rd dgk fd ^izpkj rks nwj

ISSN: 2394 5303 0136




4.002(IIJIF)


dh ckr jgh geusa nksuksa ckj ds clik izR;k’kh dksns[kk rd ughaA* clik ds izR;kf’k;ksa }kjk vkSjdk;ZdŸkkZvksa dh bl lhV ij fo/kku lHkk pquko2017 o 2012 esa dksbZ lŸkk la?k"kZ ugha fn[kkA mlhds eqrkfcd bl fo/kku lHkk dh turk us buizR;kf’k;ksa dks tukns’k fn;kA clik ds izR;kf’k;ksadk nksuksa gh pqukoksa esa dksbZ fodkl ds eqn~ns ugha fn[ksu gh dksbZ vkSj eqn~ns] u gh tulEidZ ns[kus dksfeykA bl izdkj clik nksuksa gh ckj ds pqukoksa esafu"Øh; jghA

vU;& o"kZ 2012 ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esayksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk ls LorU= :i ls rFkk vU;fdlh Hkh ikVhZ ls dksbZ Hkh izR;k’kh pquko ugha yM+kAo"kZ 2017 ds pquko esa rhu izR;k’kh;ksa us LorU=:Ik esa pquko yM+kA bu rhuksa izR;kf’k;ksa dk pqukoizpkj iwjs fo/kku lHkk {ks= esa dgh utj ugha vk;kAfo/kku lHkk ds lkekU; turk ls ppkZ djus ij yksxksadk dguk Fkk fd bu izR;kf’k;ksa dks geus ns[kk rdugha izpkj vkSj pqukoh eqn~ns rks nwj dh ckr jghApquko ifj.kke& yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk esa o"kZ 2012ds rFkk o"kZ 2017 ds fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa esa nks ghjk"Vªh; ikVhZ;ksa ds izR;kf’k;ksa dk lŸkk ds izfr la?kZ"kns[kus dks feykA vU; izR;kf’k;ksa dk lŸkk ds fy,la?k"kZ u gh 2012 ds pquko esa] u gh 2017 dspquko eas ns[kus dks feykA fo/kku lHkk pquko 2017dh erx.kuk mŸkjk[kM lghr ikap jkT;ksa esa ,d ghfnu 11 ekpZ 2017 dks gqbZA yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkklhV ij ,d ckj fQj ls Hkktik ds Jh iwju flagQR;kZy us thr gkafly dhA fo/kku lHkk yksgk?kkV dspquko ifj.kke 2017 esa bl izdkj jgs&

rkfydk&03

lzksr& Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx ls izkIr vkWdM+s

yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk lhV ds pquko ifj.kke 2012&R kfydk&04

lzksr& Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx ls izkIr vkWdM+syksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk {kss= dk o"kZ 2012 rFkk

2017 ds fo/kku lHkk pquko dk rqyukRed v/;;u rkfydk&03 vkSj rkfydk&04 ls Kkr gksrkgS fd ernku esa 2012 dh vis{kk er izfr’kr esa01-93 dh c<+ksŸkjh gqbZ gSA nwljh vksj tgkW Hkktikds izR;k’kh 2012 ds pquko esa 59-07 izfr’kr eryk;s Fks ysfdu 2017 ds pquko esa mudk erizfr’kr de gqvk vkSj os 48-50 izfr’kr er ykusesa gh lQy gq,A Hkktik ds izR;k’kh dk tks thr dkvUrj 2012 ds pqukoksa esa Fkk mlesa Hkh Hkkjh dehns[kh x;hA tgkW mudks 2012 esa 11535 erksa lsthr feyh Fkh ogha 2017 ds pquko esa ek= 834erksa ls thr feyhA dkaxzsl ds izR;k’kh dks NksM+djvU; izR;k’kh rks o"kZ 2012 rFkk 2017 ds pqukoesa viuh tekur jkf’k rd ugha cpk ik;s FksArqyukRed v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd yksgk?kkVfo/kku lHkk ds ernkrkvksa dk Hkjkslk dkaxzsl rFkkHkktik ij gh nksuksa ckj ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esa jgkAnksuksa gh ckj fotsrk rks Hkktik ds izR;k’kh jgs ysfdumifotsrk Hkh dkaxszl ds gh izR;k’kh jgsAmŸkjk[k.M fo/kku lHkk esa nyh; fLFkfr o"kZ 2017o 2012&

rkfydk&05

lzksr& Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx ls izkIr vkWdM+s

Ø-la- izR;k’kh dk uke ikVhZ dk uke izkIr er er % 1 iwju flag QR;kZy Hkktik 27685 48-50 2 [kq'kky flag dkaxzsl 26851 47-04 3 izdk'k flag LorU= 725 1-27 4 T;ksrh izdk'k Ve~Vk LorU= 724 1-27 5 nsohyky 'kekZ clik 713 1-25 6 jktsUnz flag LorU= 379 0-66 7 uksVk && 1261 02-21

;ksx 58338 56-98

Ø-la- izR;k’kh dk uke ikVhZ uke izkIr er er % 1 iwju flag QR;kZy Hkktik 30429 59-07 2 egsUnz flag esgjk dkaxszl 18894 36-68 3 xksfoUn ik.Ms; clik 2187 04-25

;ksx 51510 55-05

Ø-la- ikVhZ uke izkIr lhVsa 2017

er % izkIr lhVsa 2012

er %

1 Hkktik 57 46-5 31 33-38 2 dkaxzsl 11 33-5 32 34-03 3 funZyh; 02 10-0 03 12-82 4 clik && 7-0 03 12-28 5 mØkan && 0-7 01 03-20 6 lik && 0-4 && 1-95 7 uksVk && 1-0 && &&

ISSN: 2394 5303 0137




4.002(IIJIF)


mŸkjk[k.M fo/kku lHkk pquko o"kZ 2017 rFkk2012 ds pquko ifj.kke rkfydk&05 ls Li"Vgksrk gS fd o"kZ 2012 essa dksbZ Hkh jktuhfrd nycgqre ds vkWdMs+ dks NwW ugha ik;k FkkA ogha 2017ds pquko esa Hkktik dks cgqre gh ugha cfYd nksfrgkbZ ls T;knk lhVksa dk tukns’k feyk vkSj Hkktikus Jh f=osUnz flag jkor ds usrRo esa ljdkj dk xBufd;kA o"kZ 2012 ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esa lclscM+h ikVhZ ds :Ik esa dkaxzsl mHkjh Fkh] ftlus funZfy;ksarFkk clik ds lkFk feydj ljdkj dk xBu fd;kFkkA ns[kk tk; rks o"kZ 2012 ds fo/kku lHkk pqukoesa Hkktik o dkaxzsl dh lhVksa o er izfr’kr esa dksbZT;knk vUrj ugha FkkA o"kZ 2012 ds pquko esa dkaxzsldks Hkktik ds eqdkcys 01 lhV vkSj ek= 0-65izfr’kr er vf/kd feys FksA ysfdu o"kZ 2017 dspquko esa Hkktik dks dkaxzsl ds eqdkcys 46 lhVsa vkSj13 izfr’kr er vf/kd feys gSaA blls ;g Li"Vgksrk gS fd mŸkjk[k.M dh turk us xBcU/ku dhljdkj dks udkjk gS vkSj fdlh ,d ny dks iw.kZcgqer nsdj ml ij Hkjkslk fd;k gSA

fu"d"kZ& yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk {ks= o"kZ 2012rFkk o"kZ 2017 ds fo/kku lHkk pquko ds v/;;u lsKkr gksrk gS fd ;gkW ds ernkrkvksa dk Hkjkslk flfVaxfo/kk;d ds izfr de gqvk gSA gkaykfd flfVaxfo/kk;d thr gkafly djus esa dke;kc gq, ysfdu2012 ds eqdkcys 2017 esa thr ds vUrj rFkker izfr’kr esa fxjkoV jgh gSA vUrr% ;g dgldrs gS fd tgkW ,d vksj izns’k esa Hkktik 2012ds eqdkcys 2017 esa izp.M lhVsa ykus esa rFkkviuk er izfr’kr c<+kus esa dke;kc jghA ogha bllhV ij la?kZ"k ns[kus dks feyk vkSj thr dk vUrjdkQh de jgkA bl lhV ds ernkrkvksa ds erO;ogkj ls Kkr gksrk gS fd bl lhV ij u gh dsUnzljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk] u gh uksV cUnh dk] u gheksnh ygj dk vkSj u gh lŸkk i{k dh foQyrk dkvlj iM+kA cfYd ,slk yxrk gS fd ;gkW ds ernkrkvksaus izR;kf’k;ksa dh dk;Z’kSyh] lkoZtfud O;ogkj rFkkLFkkuh; eqn~nksa ij ernku fd;k gSA

lUnHkZ lwph&1- ,l-ds-vks>k % mRrjk[k.M ,d lexz v/

;;u] ckSf)d izdk’ku] bykgcknA2- jkor ,oa uokuh % mRrjk[k.M b;j cqd]

foulj ifCyds’ku d-] nsgjknwuA3- ,e-,l-lbZn % Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk]

Hkkjr cqd lSUVj y[kuÅA4- MkW- ;’koUr flag dBksp % mRrjk[k.M dk

uohu bfrgklA5- MkW- jktsUnz izlkn cnksyh % mRrjk[k.M

lexz Kku dks"kA6- Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx ds vkWdM+s 2012]

2017 fol pqukoA7- ’kks/k i=& MkW- izdk’k pUnz % mRrjk[k.M

fol pquko 2017 ernku O;ogkj dk v/;;u]dqekÅW e.My ds ukudeRrk fol {ks= ds fo’ks"klUnHkZ esaA

8- ’kks/kkFkhZ }kjk yksgk?kkV fo/kku lHkk {ks= dsyksxksa ls lkekU; pqukoh ppkZA

9- if=dk,W& izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] ;kstuk] bf.M;kVw Ms vkfnA

10- {ks=h; lekpkj i=& nSfud tkxj.k] vejmtkyk] fgUnqLrkuA

ISSN: 2394 5303 0138




4.002(IIJIF)


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ISSN: 2394 5303 0139




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ISSN: 2394 5303 0140




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ISSN: 2394 5303 0141




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ISSN: 2394 5303 0142




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ISSN: 2394 5303 0143




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4.002(IIJIF)


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ÃÖÆüÖÖã³Öæ×ŸÖ ¸ü�ÖŸÖÖ Æîü…-'ÃÖÖÃÖ �ÖÖ»Öß ¤êü¾Öê, ¤êü¾Ö¸ü ÃÖ´Ö—ÖÖ »Öê ¾ÖêÃÖÃÖã Ö»Ö �ÖëÓ¤Öü ±æú»Ö…'Ö¾Ö×¾Ö¾ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖÖ �úÖ ´ÖÖ×´Ö•ÖÖ•Ö ³Öß »ÖÖê�ú �ÖßŸÖÖëÓ ´ÖëÓ Ö•Ö¸ü †ÖŸÖÖ

Æîü…-'†²Ö Ö ÃÖãÖæÑ�Öß, ´ÖïÓÖê ²ÖÆãüŸÖ ÃÖãÖ ×»ÖµÖÖ,ŸÖê üß ÖÖî�ú¸üß ´Öê üß ÃÖÖîŸÖÖ ×¯ÖµÖÖ…'ü ü‡ÃÖ ŸÖ¸üÆü »ÖÖê�ú �ÖßŸÖÖëÓ �úß ¾µÖÖ¯Ö� ŸÖÖ, ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖŸÖÖ ¾Ö�ÖÔÖÖŸÖßŸÖ

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ke=À<Cee meesyeleer kesÀ keÀLee meeefnl³e ceWb m$eerkeÀe efJeêesnelcekeÀ mJej

[e@. meefjlee ®eewyesveeueemeesHeeje (HeefM®ece), efpe. HeeueIej

==============***********===============’SkeÀ eE®eieejer keÀneR mes {tB{ ueeDees oesmleeW,

Fme oer³ee ceW lesue mes Yeebrieer ngF& yeeleer lees nw~“`og<³evle kegÀceej'

efm$e³eesb kesÀ Deefmcelee keÀe ÒeMve Deepe lekeÀ neefMeS Hej keÌ³eeW jnenw Deewj SkeÀeSkeÀ Hetjer ogefve³ee ves GvekeÀer cegkeÌleer kesÀ efueS ÒeMve keÌ³eeWGþeves ueies nw ~ ogefve³ee ceW Deepe lekeÀ neefMe³es Hej HeWÀkesÀ ie³es DeuHemebK³ekeÀGlHeeref[le efm$e³eeB SkeÀeSkeÀ DeHeves neefMe³eeke=Àle mebmeej keÀes Hen®eeveSbJe leesæ[keÀj DeHeves mJelJeeefOekeÀejebs kesÀ efueS peeie©keÀ nes ie³eer leesFmemes Je®e&mJeJeeoer J³eJemLee Ye³eûemle nes Gþe ~ SsefleneefmekeÀ Òeef¬eÀ³eeceW neefMe³eeke=Àle ogefve³ee keÀe peeie=le nesvee, ve³es ve³es cegkeÌleekeÀeceer efJeceMeexkeÀe Gþvee DeHeveer DeefmceleeDeeW kesÀ efueS mebIe<e& keÀjvee, oyes kegÀ®euesueeWiees keÀe DeHeves mJelJe kesÀ yeejs ceW, DeHeveer cegeqkeÌle kesÀ yeejs ceW Kegomees®evee efvemmebosn Je®e&mJeMeeueer Jeieebx kesÀ efueS SkeÀ veF& ®egveewleer nw ~

Deveeefo keÀeue mes ner efm$e³eeB Heg©<e keÀer Òeleeæ[vee menleer Dee³eernw, keÀceesyesMe Deepe Yeer men jner nbw efkeÀvleg yeoe&mle keÀjves keÀer Yeer SkeÀmeercee nesleer nw Deewj Heg©<e Gme meercee keÀe Deefle¬eÀceCe keÀj ®egkeÀe nw ~Dele: efm$e³eesb keÀe efJeêesn keÀjvee ueepeceer nw ~ peye - peye Heg©<e m$eer keÀesÒeleeefæ[le keÀjsiee, Jen Deewj cegKej nesieer leLee vesHeL³e mes efvekeÀuekeÀjmeeceves Dee³esieer leLee ³en yelee³esieer efkeÀ Jen Heg©<e mes keÀneR keÀce venerb nw ~efHeíues oMekeÀebs ceW efm$e³eeW ves DeHeveer GHeefmLeleer kesÀ odJeeje SkeÀ veF&¬ebÀeefvle keÀes pevce efo³ee nw meceepe kesÀ Òel³eskeÀ #es$e ceW efm$e³eeW ves DeHeveerYegefcekeÀe efveYeeveer Meg© keÀj oer nw Deewj Fme Òe®eefuele Ye´ce keÀes Yeer leesæ[efo³ee nw efkeÀ efm$e³ee@ Heg©<eeW keÀer leguevee ceW keÀcepeesj, DeÒeYeeJeer, ÒeefleYeenerve,efveef<¬eÀ³e nesleer nw ~ Gvnebsves DeHeveer efJeue#eCe ÒeefleYee MeefkeÌle SkeÀeûelee,efveÿe, mebIe<e& kesÀ odJeeje Heg©<eeW keÀer ogefve³ee keÀes ®egveewleer os oer nw ~

m$eer Deefmcelee leLee DeefOekeÀejeW keÀer meMekeÌle meceLe&keÀ meesyeleerYeer DeHeves veejer Hee$eeW kesÀ ceeO³ece mes efHele=keÀ meÊee kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ DeeJeepe

36

ISSN: 2394 5303 0145




4.002(IIJIF)


yeguebo keÀer nwb~ efce$ees SkeÀ Ssmeer m$eer nw pees DeHeves ³eewves®íeDeeW keÀesefve:mebkeÀes®e ÒekeÀì keÀjleer nw ~ Jen DeHeves osniele mecem³eeDeesb Hej efJe®eejkeÀjleer nw ~ efpemes Mee³eo Deepe lekeÀ efkeÀmeer ves ve efkeÀ³ee nes~ peyeHeefjJeej ceW GmekesÀ ceele=lJe Hej ÒeMve Gþe³ee peelee nw lees Jen KeguesMeyoeW ceW DeHeves Heefle efkeÀ ³eewve mebyeOeer keÀcepeesjer leLee veHebgmekeÀlee keÀerDeesj mebkesÀle keÀjleer nw efkeÀ ³eefo GmeceW Tpee& nw, Heew©<e nw lees Jen meew-meew keÀewjJe keÀes pevce os mekeÀleer nw Jen keÀnleer nw-“cesje JebMe ®eues leesefiejkeÀj meew keÀewjJe peve [euetB, Hej, Deccee DeHeves uee[ues yesìs keÀe Yeerlees Deeæ[ - leesæ[ pegìeDeeW efveieeæ[s Gme HelLej kesÀ yetle ceW keÀesF& njkeÀle leesnes~ OeveJebleerr kesÀ yeove Hej keÀeBìs Gie Dee³es~ efí: efí: yeng Ssmes yeesue-keÀgyeesue veneR G®®eejs peeles~“1 keÌ³ee m$eer keÀer keÀesF& keÀeces®íe veneRnesleer? keÌ³ee Jen DeHeveer F®íeDeesb keÀe ieuee IeesìkeÀj HeefjJeej kesÀ leevesmegveleer jns? GmekeÀer keÀesKe Deepe ³eefo njer venerb ngF& lees FmeceW GmekeÀeoes<e keÌ³ee nw? Henueer yeej m$eer DeHeves DevegYeJeesb kesÀ meeLe KeguekeÀjmeeceves Deeleer nw ~ Jen Heg©<e keÀer veHegbmekeÀlee keÀes mejsDeece keÀnves keÀerefnccele pegìe Hee³eer nw~ Ssmeer efm$e³eeW keÀes meceepe DekeÌmej JesM³ee, ®eefj$enerveleLee kegÀueìe pewmes DeYeê veece oskeÀj GvekesÀ J³eeqkeÌlelJe Hej ÒeMveef®evnueielee nw~ ÒeMve Gþlee nw keÀer keÌ³ee m$eer keÀer keÀesF& F®íe leLee megKe ÒeeHlekeÀjves keÀer keÀecevee veneR nesleer? keÌ³ee ³eewve - megKe Heeves keÀe DeefOekeÀejkesÀJeue Heg©<eeW kesÀ Heeme megjef#ele nQ? efce$ees-cejpeeveer GHev³eeme cesb ke=À<Ceemeesyeleer Ssmes ner efJeêesnelcekeÀ ÒeMveeW keÀes GþeF& nQ~ efce$ees keÀer meeme peyeGmes Heg$e -ÒeeefHle keÀe DeeMeerJee&o osleer nw lees keÀeceeefive mes mebleHle efce$eesveeefieve efkeÀ lejn HegbÀHeÀkeÀej Gþleer nw- "megjKeg© nes yewþes, Deccee~legcnejs Fme yesìs kesÀ ³eneB kegÀí nesiee lees efce$ees ®egnæ[er kesÀ HewjeW keÀe OeesJeveHeer DeHevee pevce megHeÀue keÀj ueWieer~"2

Deepe m$eer keÀes GmekeÀs mecemle DeefOekeÀej leYeer ÒeeHle nesies peyeJen DeHeves DeOeerkeÀejeW kesÀ Òeefle me®esle nesieer, DeefOekeÀejeW keÀer ceeBie keÀjsieerleLee meefo³eeW mes ®eueer Dee³eer KeesKeues HejcHejeDeeW kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ efJeêesnkeÀjsieer leLee Gvns leesæ[ves keÀer keÀesefMeMe keÀjsieer~ efce$ees peye DeHeves HeeflekeÀer keÀcepeesjer keÀes Kegues MeyoeW ceW keÀnleer nw efkeÀ "Fme efveieesæ[s HelLej kesÀyetle ceW Yeer keÀneR njkeÀle lees nes" GmekesÀ Fme keÀìg JeekeÌ³e keÀes megvekeÀjmeeme keÀnleer efí: efí: yeng Ssmes yeesue- keÀgyeesue veneR G®®eejles keÌ³eeW veneRG®®eej mekeÀleer? Heeræef[le m$eer me®e yeesues lees Jes kegÀyeesue JeekeÌ³e? ³en nwefHele=keÀ veweflekeÀlee~ FmeefueS efce$ees kesÀ yeesue ketÀyeesue ceW yeoue efo³es peelesnw~ efce$eess keÀe ®eefj$e meeceleJeeoer efHele=keÀ mellee kesÀ efueS yesno ®egveewleerHetCe& nw~ DemeY³e Deewj DeMueerue mee nw~ Jen FmeefueS keÌ³eeWefkeÀ Jen GmemeY³e meceepe keÀer yeefKe³ee GOesæ[leer nw peneB Jen meefo³eebs mes yeskeÀmetj nesveskeÀer mepee Yegiele jner nw~ efce$ees SkeÀ me®esle veejer keÀer ÒeleerkeÀ nw pees

Mees<eCe Deewj Dev³ee³e keÀes ®egHe®eeHe menleer veneR nw yeefukeÀ GmekesÀ efKeueeHeÀDeeJeepe Gþeleer nw, efJeêesn keÀjleer nw~ leYeer lees Jen keÀnleer nw- Ssmes nerceo& peves keÀer ngkeÌceyevo ueeQ[er ntB ve~ efceueeves keÀes jeleesb cegPemes vepej veefceuee³es ceQ GmekesÀ lenyebo kesÀ Heuuet efKe®eleer jntB~ efce$ees efkeÀmeermes [jleerveneR nw Jen efkeÀmeer yeele keÀes Petþ ³ee me®e kesÀ DeeJejCeeW mes {keÀkeÀjÒemlegled veneR keÀjleer~ yeefukeÀ pees pewmee nw Gmes Jewmes ner Oej osleer nw~ efce$eeskeÀe efJeêesn meeceeefpekeÀ Oejleeue Hej HeveHe jns oesnjs ceeHeoC[eW keÀesGpeeiej ner veneR keÀjlee yeueefkeÀ GmeceW HeefjJele&ve keÀe Òe³eeme Yeer keÀjleenw efce$ees keÀes nj Jen yeele HejsMeeve keÀjleer nw pees meceeve nesles ngS Yeer m$eerDeewj Heg©<e kesÀ efueS efYeVe -efYeVe meboYe& jKeleer nw~ efce$ees meceepe keÀerLeesLeer veweflekeÀleeJeeoer HejbHeje Hej J³ebie keÀjles ngS keÀnleer nw efkeÀ -’efpbeoöpeeve keÀe ³en keÀwmee J³eeHeej DeHeves ueæ[kesÀ yeerpe [euesb lees HegC³eDeewj ogpes [eueW lees kegÀkeÀce&~“3

mHeä nw efkeÀ efce$ees keÀer ³en mees®e meeceev³e efm$e³eeW mes nìkeÀj nw~efce$ees keÀe HeefjJeej ceO³eJeieea³e HejcHejeiele – meeceeefpekeÀ cetu³eeW keÀekeÀêoeve nw~ ceO³eJeieea³e ceeveefmekeÀlee ceW mel³e Dee[cyejeW kesÀ ceesìer HejleeWkesÀ veer®es Iegìlee jnlee nw Deewj Devle ceW Jener oHeÀve nes peelee nw uesefkeÀvepeceerve leesæ[keÀj efvekeÀueves keÀer efnccele veneR keÀjlee~ Deewj pees peceerveleesæ[keÀj yeenj efvekeÀue Yeer Deelee nw Gmes ’ketÀæ[e-ketÀjkeÀì ³ee vetjcenueve''keÀnkeÀj DeHeceeefvele efkeÀ³ee peelee nw~ FmekesÀ efJeHejerle pees Iej kesÀ ©efæ{ielecetu³eeW keÀes mJeerkeÀej keÀj ueslee nw GmekesÀ efueS æ{sjes DeeMeerJee&o yejmelesnw~ efce$ees ©efæ{iele, pe[-HejbHejeDeeW keÀe efJejesOe keÀj peerJeve keÀes DeHeveercepeea mes peervee ®eenleer nw lees GmekesÀ efueS efíveeueeW keÀer efíveeue' pewmesDeHeMeyo Òe³egkeÌle efkeÀ³es peeles nw~ leLee DeHeveer keÀcepeesjer Yeer GmekesÀTHej ner ceæ{ efo³es peeles nbw~ leLee keÀne pee mekeÀlee nw efkeÀ efce$ees keÀemeceûe efJeêesn DeHeves DeefmlelJe keÀes mLeeefHele keÀjves keÀer keÀesefMeMe nw, peesJele&ceeve Yeejleer³e veejer meceepe ceW Dee jner veF& ®eslevee keÀer Òeefleke=Àefle nw~efce$ees keÀs efJeêesn keÀes Yetefce Deewj GmekesÀ Deefvlece efveCe&³e ceW veF& ®eslevee keÀscetu³eeW keÀer me=efä ngF& nw~ 'efoueesoeefveMe' keÀer cenkeÀ Yeer SkeÀ DeeOegefvekeÀleLee DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW kesÀ Òeefle mepeie veejer nw~ Jen Yeer DeHevee DeefOekeÀejnveve nesles osKe yeewKeuee Gþleer nw leLee DeOe&meecevleer Je®emJe&Jeeoer meceepekesÀ efKeueeHeÀ DeeJeepe Gþeleer nw~ ceemetcee kesÀ efJeJeen keÀer yeele peevekeÀjcenkeÀ Del³eefOekeÀ KegMe nesleer nw efkeÀvleg peye Gmes JekeÀerue meenye ³enyeeleeles nw efkeÀ efJeJeen kesÀ yeeo ceemetcee keÀe cee³ekeÀe GmekeÀe Iej (HeÀjeMeKeevee) veneR yeefukeÀ nJesueer nesieer lees cenkeÀ kesÀ meejs meHeves ìtì peeles nw~GmekeÀer KegefMe³eeW Hej yeýeHeele nes peelee nw~ keÀesF& Yeer m$eer efkeÀleveer YeermenveMeerue nes, Jen DeHeves Gve ye®®eeW mes pegoeF& kewÀmes men mekeÀleer nwefpemes mebmeej efkeÀ mecHetCe& vescelesb' ceeveleer nes~ m$eer peefvele mJeYeeJe kesÀ

ISSN: 2394 5303 0146




4.002(IIJIF)


keÀejCe cenkeÀ Yeer Fme Mele& keÀes mJeerkeÀej veneR keÀj Heeleer~ DeHeveer neryesìer kesÀ efJeJeen keÀer lew³eeefj³eeW ces bMeeefceue ve nesves keÀe oo& J³ekeÌle keÀjlesngS cenkeÀ JekeÀerue meenye mes keÀnleer nw - ’nceejer yesìer keÀer Meeoer nwDeewj GmekesÀ pesJej keÀHeæ[s yeveles osKeves keÀer nceejer KegMeer nceeR mess íerveerpee jner nw~“4 cenkeÀ keÀer cecelee efJeêesn keÀe ©He OeejCe keÀj uesleer nw~Deye cenkeÀ kesÀ efueS DeHeveer KegefMe³eeW, DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW keÀe nveveDeme¿e nes Gþlee nw~ JekeÀerue meenye ceemetcee kesÀ megvoj YeefJe<³e keÀerogneF& osles ngS cenkeÀ keÀes yeej-yeej mecePeeves keÀe Òe³eeme keÀjles nw, ceiejcenkeÀ keÀes DeHeves cecelee kesÀ meeLe ³en Dev³ee³e mJeerkeÀej veneR~ cenkeÀÒesefcekeÀe kesÀ ©He ceW JekeÀerue meenye keÀer nj mener - ieuele yeele efMejesOee³e&keÀjleer Dee³eer, keÀYeer efkeÀmeer yeele mes FbkeÀej veneR efkeÀ³ee, keÀYeer ÒeMve veneRefkeÀ³ee~ uesefkeÀve JekeÀerue meenye Üeje ye®®eeW keÀes íerve efue³es peeves keÀermeeefpeMe cenkeÀ keÀes PekeÀPeesj osleer nw~ Òesce-efJeéeeme-pepyeele-KeeceesMeerDeewj mevlees<e keÀer Je<eeX mes Deesæ{er ngF& ®eeoj GleejkeÀj cenkeÀ SkeÀ eEpeoeÒeMve kesÀ ©He ceW JekeÀerue meenye kesÀ meeceves Keæ[er nes peeleer nw~ cenkeÀJekeÀerue meenye mes ÒeMve keÀjleer nw - ’meeefnye nceejs ye®®eeW keÀes Fmeyeojsieer mes íerve uesves keÀe Yeuee keÌ³ee nkeÀ nw DeeHekeÀes! ...... Jes ueesieceeBie kesÀ ue jns nw, efHeÀj Fmes yeej-yeej keÌ³eeW oesnje³ee pee jne nw?nceejer DeewkeÀele keÀer Deesj F&Meeje nw keÌ³ee? pecee Keeeflej jns, nceejerDeeHekeÀer efyeefì³ee Yeer osKeves - megveves ceW lees efkeÀmeer mes keÀce veneR~“5

cenkeÀ keÀe veejerlJe efJeêesn keÀj Gþlee nw~ cenkeÀ Deye Jen cenkeÀ veneRpees JekeÀerue meenye kesÀ Òesce Deewj efJeéeeme kesÀ menejW ogefve³eeB keÀes YegueeSyewþer nw~

pees DeHeves DeefmlelJe keÀer meeLe&keÀlee JekeÀerue meenye keÀer KegefMe³eeWceW leueeMeleer Leer~ yeefukeÀ Deye lees DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW keÀer ceeBie keÀjleer ngF&JekeÀerue meenye mes leke&À efJeleke&À ceW Yeer vener ®etkeÀleer nw~ cenkeÀ JekeÀeruemeenye keÀer ÒesefcekeÀe keÀe ueyeeoe Gleej keÀj Deye GvekesÀ cegJeeqkeÌkeÀue keÀeryesìer kesÀ ©He ceW DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW keÀer ceeBie keÀjleer nw~ ’nceejs pesJej leesnce lekeÀ HengB®eeFS~ Deye nce Deewj Fblepeej ve keÀjWies~ ...... nceejerDecceer kesÀ JekeÀerue jns, Deye nce DeeHekeÀer cegJeeqkeÌkeÀue keÀer yesìer nw efpemekeÀeGve Hej Hetje nkeÀ nw~“6 ³eneB cenkeÀ keÀe efJeêesnelcekeÀ mJej HetCe&le:cegKeefjle ngDee nw~ cenkeÀ ³eneB DeHeves DeefmlelJe leLee DeefOekeÀej kesÀ Òeeflemepeie nesleer veejer kesÀ ©He ceW ef®eef$ele ngF& nw~ SkeÀ peien Jen DeHeves yesìskeÀes mecePeeles ngS keÀnleer nw - ’nkeÀ ceeBievee Deiej ueæ[eF& nw lees otmejeWkeÀe nkeÀ ceejvee Yeer yesFbmeeHeÀer nw~“7 cenkeÀ efmeHe&À DeHeves DeefmlelJe leLeeDeeqmcelee kesÀ efueS meceevleer meceepe kesÀ Òeefle efJeêesn keÀjleer nw GmekeÀeue#³e efmeHe&À DeHevee DeefmlelJe keÀe³ece jKevee nQ ve efkeÀ JekeÀerue meenye(efHele=keÀ meÊee) keÀes veer®ee efoKeevee~ ogefve³ee kesÀ Fefleneme ceW peneB Yeer

keÀneR m$eer kesÀ mJeeefcelJe kesÀ DeefOekeÀejeW keÀer yeele Gþer nw lees Jen SkeÀÒeKej m$eer ®eslevee Üeje ner~ Gve efm$e³eeW ceW DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW kesÀ Òeeflepeyeo&mle ®eslevee Leer~ FmeerefueS GvneWves Jes leceece DeefOekeÀej efYe#eeJe=efÊemes ve HeekeÀj mebIe<e& keÀjkesÀ ner Deefpe&le efkeÀ³es~ FmekesÀ efueS GvnW yengleyeæ[er keÀercele ®egkeÀeveer Heæ[er~ keÌ³ee nceejs meceepe ceW Fme ÒekeÀej keÀer ®esleveenw? ³eefo veneR nw lees ueevee Heæ[siee~ leYeer ke=À<Cee meesyeleer pewmeer uesefKekeÀeDeeWkeÀe meHevee Hetje nes mekesÀiee~ GvekeÀer cesnvele leLee GvekeÀe l³eeie meeLe&keÀnes mekesÀiee~ ceneosJeer Jecee& ves Fme mebyebvOe ceW mener keÀne nw efkeÀ - ’nceW veefkeÀmeer Hej pe³e ®eeefnS ve efkeÀmeer keÀer mes Heejpe³e ve efkeÀmeer Hej ÒeYeglJe®eeefnS ve efkeÀmeer keÀer ÒeYeglee~ kesÀJeue DeHevee Jen mLeeve Jes mJelJe ®eeefnSefpevekeÀe Heg©<eeW kesÀ efvekeÀì keÀesF& GHe³eesie veneR nw, Hejvleg efpevekesÀ efyeveence meceepe keÀe GHe³eesieer Debie veneR yeve mekeWÀieer~“8 JeemleJe ceW Yeejleer³eveejer ve ÒeYeglee keÀer F®ígkeÀ nw ve ÒeYeglJe keÀer, yeefukeÀ Jen lees DeHeveeKees³ee ngDee mJelJe DeefmlelJe ®eenleer nw efpemekesÀ efyevee mecet®es meceepekeÀe efJekeÀeme ner mebYeJe veneR nw~ ³eefo DeeOeer ogefve³ee HejeOeervelee keÀerpebpeerjeW ceW pekeÀæ[er nes, GmekeÀe mJelJe lekeÀ ve nes lees keÌ³ee Jen HetCe& meY³eleLee metmbemke=Àle meceepe nesiee? Fme ÒekeÀej keÀer ®eslevee peieeves leLeeHewÀueeves kesÀ efueS ner meebceleer meceepe kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ veejer keÀe efJeêesnelcekeÀmJej cegKeefjle ngDee nw~

JeefkeÀue meenye keÀer Helveer kegÀìgcyeH³eejer Üeje GvekeÀer jKewue(cenkeÀ) kesÀ Heeme peeves kesÀ efueS ueeKe cevee keÀjves kesÀ yeeo Yeer peyeJekeÀerue meenye veneR ceeveles nw lees GmekeÀe ceve efJeêesn keÀj Gþlee nw~DeveskeÀ Òe³elveesb kesÀ yeeJepeto Heefle keÀes JeMe ceW ve keÀjves Jeeueer kegÀìgcyeDeble cesb Yewjes yeeyee kesÀ ®ekeÌkeÀj ceW Heæ[ peeleer nw~ DeHeveer nkeÀ kesÀ efueSJekeÀerue meenye mes ueæ[leer kegÀìgcye, GvnW mener jen Hej ueeves kesÀ yepee³emJe³eb keÀcepeesj Heæ[keÀj jemlee YeìkeÀ peeleer nw~ Yewjesb yeeyee kesÀ PeeBmes ceWDeekeÀj kegÀìgcye DeHevee meJe&mJe uegìe yewþleer nw~ Flevee ner veneR DeHevesFme ieuele keÀe³e& keÀes mener keÀjej osles ngS kegÀìgcye mees®eleer nw - ’keÌ³eenpe& nw, Ssmeer yesJeHeÀeF& Hej ~³en Yeer lees HeÀjeMeKeeves ceW Gæ[sue Deeles nwDeHeves keÀes~ nceejs efueS efkeÀlevee ye®elee nw~ efHeÀj neLe ueieles ner nceejsyeove Hej Gme Deewjle keÀe keÀìbkeÀ ®egYeves ueielee nw~ keÌ³ee keÀjs~ nceejercepeyetjer“9 ³eneB kegÀìgcyeH³eejer keÀe SkeÀ ÒekeÀej mes cetkeÀ ÒeeflejesOe nercegKeefjle ngDee nw~ m$eer keÀes DeHeceeve leLee DeefMueuelee kesÀ oueoue ceWOekesÀueves Jeeuee Heg©<e meceepe ner nw~ DeHeveer Deefmcelee keÀes Kelejs ceWHeæ[les osKe GmekesÀ ÒeeflejesOe ceW m$eer keÀYeer - keÀYeer Ssmes keÀoce Gþe uesleernw efpememes efHele=keÀ meÊee Yeer ÒeYeeefJele ngS efyevee venerb jnlee~ Dele:efHele=ÊeelcekeÀ meceepe Üeje Fme mecem³ee Hej iebYeerjlee mes efJe®eej efkeÀ³eepeeve ®eeefnS leLee m$eer keÀes GmekeÀe ³eLeesef®ele DeefOekeÀej oss osvee ®eeefnS~

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mece³e mejiece keÀer DeejC³ee Yeer ©æ{ HejbHejeDeeW leLee ceev³eleeDeeWkesÀ Òeefle efJeêesn keÀjleer nw~ DeejC³ee kesÀ ceeO³ece mes meesyeleer peer Gveleceece efMeef#ele DeeOegefvekeÀ veeefj³eeW keÀer DeeJeepe keÀes yeguevo keÀjves keÀerkeÀesefMeMe keÀer nw pees DeHeveer DeefmlelJe kesÀ Òeefle mepeie yeveer nw, DeHevesDe®ís- yegjs keÀe efveCe&³e mJe³eb keÀj jner nw~ Fme efJe<e³e Hej DeejC³eeDeeJeepe Gþeleer nw,

DeejC³ee mes HetJe& veejer ®esslevee keÀer pees DeeJeepe ke=À<Cee meesyeleerkesÀ ®eefj$ees ceW efoKeeF& osleer nw Jen Òee³e: ÒeefleketÀue HeefjefmLeefle³eeW kesÀ LeHesæ[smenles ngS pevcee DeeJesefMele Dee¬eÀesMe nw~ ve efkeÀ melekeÀ&lee mes GþeF&ie³eer DeeJeepe~ DeejC³ee kesÀ ©He ceW veejer keÀer DeefmlelJeiele ®eslevee keÀespewmes DeeOeejYetle DeefOekeÀejeW kesÀ ©He ceW Òemlegle efkeÀ³ee ie³ee nw~ DeeOegefvekeÀveejer keÀe DeHeves DeefOekeÀejeW kesÀ efueS efJeêesn Je ©{ HejbHejebDees keÀeefJejesOe peæ[lee keÀer efveMeeveer veneR yeefukeÀ DeefmceleeyeesOe mes THepeer JenceeBie nw, SkeÀ Ssmee efJe®eej nw pees Deye lekeÀ kegÀbefþle Lee ³ee ³eesb keÀefnSefkeÀ kegbÀefþle efkeÀ³ee ie³ee Lee Gve HejbHejeJeeefo³eeW Üeje efpevekeÀe ceevevee nwkeÀer veejer cee$e' osn nw~

ke=À<Cee meesyeleer keÀer veejer ®eefj$eesb ces Heg©<e meceepe keÀes ueskeÀjienje Dee¬eÀesMe nw~ keÌ³eeWefkeÀ GvneWves Heg©<e meceepe keÀer efIemeer, efHeìerceev³eleeDeesb Deewj ©æef{³ees keÀes DeHeves peerJeve ceW {eueves mes FvkeÀej keÀjefo³ee nw~ ³es veeefj³eeB DeHeves DeefmlelJe keÀes keÀe³ece keÀjves kesÀ efueS, DeHeveerSkeÀ Deueie Hen®eeve yeveeves kesÀ efueS keÀefìyeg× - meer efoKeeF& osleer nw~ke=À<Cee meesyeleer DeHeves GHev³eemeesb keÀer keÀLee ³ee$ee ceW veejer kesÀ Gme peerJevekeÀes ueskeÀj keÀer peneB Gmeces efmeHeÀ& SkeÀ Yeesi³ee mecePee ie³ee, Heg©<e ves GmesSkeÀ efKeueewvee mecePee Deewj Gmes DeHeveer nJeme keÀe efMekeÀej yeveekeÀj Fmemeceepe©Heer pebieue ceW DekesÀues YeìkeÀves Deewj leæ[Heves keÀes íesæ[ efo³ee`[ej mes efyeígæ[er' ces HeeMees keÀe ye®eHeve GueenveeW, leevees, ieeueer, ieueew®eJe ueebíve mes Meg© neslee nw Deewj peJeeveer keÀer onueerpe lekeÀ HengB®eles-HengB®eles Jen Heg©<e kesÀ JenMeerHeve keÀe efMekeÀej nes peeleer nw~ HeeMees Jenveejer nw pees Heg©<e meceepe kesÀ peguceeWmes ®ekeÀvee®etj nwb, Demene³e nw~ veejerpeeefle Hej efHele=keÀ meÊee keÀe ³en peguce Deewj Del³ee®eej osKekeÀj nerke=À<Cee meesyeleer efce$eeW kesÀ me=peve keÀer, Deewj Gmeces lees ¬eÀesOe, efJeêesn DeewjDee¬eÀesMe keÀer Ssmeer pJeeuee Yeæ[keÀe oer, efpememes veejer mJe³eb DeHeveer j#eekeÀj mekesÀ~ efce$ees kesÀ ceve ceW Hegjeveer ©ef{³eeW Deewj HejbHejebDees keÀes ueskeÀjSkeÀ Ssmeer keÀæ[Jeenì nw pees efkeÀ efJeêesn keÀe ©He OeejCe keÀj uesleer nw~Dev³ee³e yeoe&Mle keÀjvee GmekesÀ efHeÀlejle ceW venerb~ Heg©<e ner veneR, veeefj³eeWkesÀ Üeje efkeÀS ieS Dev³ee³e Deewj Del³ee®eej keÀe cegkeÀeyeuee keÀjves kesÀefueS Jen efkeÀmeer ®eÆeve keÀer lejn æ[ìpeeleer nw - ’Meeyeeme osJejeveer,Meeyeeme Fme ef®eÆs efmejJeeueer keÀer legceves De®íer yeele keÀer nw~ Hej Flevee

peeve ues osJejeveer, cew pees lesjs ceo& efkeÀ ceeB nesleer lees jeveer lesjs Fme efyeokesÀmes efmej Hej SkeÀ yeeue ve jnves osleer~“10

efJeêesn Je Dee¬eÀesMe keÀe Òel³e#e ©He megjpecegKeer DeBOesjs kesÀ' ceWYeer osKeves keÀes efceuelee nw~ ye®eHeve ceW m$eer kesÀ meeLe ngF& yeueelkeÀej efkeÀIeìvee ves GmekesÀ mebHetCe& peerJeve keÀes ner yeoue keÀj jKe efo³ee nw~ GmekeÀerkeÀesceue YeeJeveeS@ HegÀueeW kesÀ meceeve cemeue oer ieF& Deewj keÀesceue YeeJeveeDeeWkeÀer peien GmeceW ÒeefleMeesOe keÀer YeeJevee ves Iej keÀj efue³ee~ ’[ej mesefyeíg[er ceW Deeoceer Deewjle keÀes ®eerpe keÀer lejn Fmlesceeue efkeÀ³ee Lee~ ³enDeewjle Deeoceer keÀes SkeÀ ogmejer ¢ef<ì mes Fmlesceeue keÀjleer nw~“11

mJe³eb keÀes vejkeÀ mes efvekeÀeueves kesÀ efueS Jen DeHeves Yeerlej efkeÀ veejer keÀesKeespeleer nw Deewj GmekesÀ efueS Jen Heg©<e kesÀ peerJeve mes efKeueJeeæ[ keÀjleernw, GvnW DeHeveer Deewj DeekeÀef<e&le keÀjleer nw Deewj efHeÀj GvnW oglkeÀej Yeerosleer nw~

efouees oeefveMe keÀer ígvvee SkeÀ efJeOeJee m$eer nw efkebÀleg Jen SkeÀefMeef#ele leLee DeeOegefvekeÀ veejer nw Jen DeHeves DeefmlelJe kesÀ Òeefle HetCe&le:me®esle nw efJeOeJee nesves kesÀ keÀejCe meceepe leLee HeefjJeej Üeje Gme HejDeveskeÀ ÒekeÀej kesÀ efve³eb$eCe ueiee³es peeles nw~ efkeÀvleg Jen SkeÀ peeie©keÀm$eer nesves kesÀ keÀejCe ©æ{erJeeoer HejcHejeDeeW keÀes veneR ceeveleer FmeefueSmeHesÀo meeæ[er, meeeflJekeÀ Yeespeve Fl³eeefo JewOeJ³e kesÀ ef®evneW keÀes DeefmJekeÀejkeÀj osleer nw leLee HeefjJeej Üeje Del³eeefOekeÀ efve³eb$eCe ueieeves Hej YegJeveveecekeÀ ueæ[kesÀ mes Meeoer keÀj uesleer nw~ ³en Yeer efHele=keÀ HejcHeje kesÀ ÒeefleSkeÀ ÒekeÀej keÀe cegkeÀ ÒeeflejesOe ner nw~

veejer keÀe ³en efJeêesnelcekeÀ mJej leYeer meeLe&keÀ nesiee peye njveejer SkeÀ meeLe efceuekeÀj DeeJeepe GþeSieer leLee DeHeves DeefOekeÀej keÀesÒeeHle keÀjves kesÀ efueS keÀesefMeMe keÀjsieer~ og<³eble kegÀceej keÀnles nw -

’efmeHe&À nbieecee Keæ[e keÀjvee cesje cekeÀmej veneR ~cesjer keÀesefMeMe nw keÀer ³es yegefve³eeo efnueveer ®eeefnS~“12

peye Fme lejn kesÀ YeeJe keÀes ceve ceW jKekeÀj nj veejer keÀesefMeMekeÀjsieer, peguce Deewj Del³ee®eej kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ DeeJeepe GþeSieer leYeerke=À<Cee meesyeleer pewmeer uesefKekeÀeDeeW keÀes efJeêesnelcekeÀ mJej meeLe&keÀ nesieeleLee m$eer cegefkeÌle keÀe meHevee Hetje nesiee~ peye lekeÀ mecet®eer m$eer peeefle ceWmeceeve ceeveJeer³e DeefOekeÀejeW kesÀ Òeefle mebIe<e& veneR efíæ[lee, Jes DeHeveerDeefmcelee kesÀ cegÎs leLee veejer v³ee³e kesÀ oMe&ve kesÀ efKeueeHeÀ mebIe<e& veneRísæ[leer, leye lekeÀ GvekeÀe neefMe³eekeÀ=le mebmeej veneR ìtì mekeÀlee~ ke=À<Ceemeesyeleer DeHeveer GÊespekeÀ JeeCeer Üeje Fme neefMe³eeke=Àle mebmeej keÀes leesæ[vesefkeÀ Hetjer keÀesefMeMe keÀer nw~

1. efce$ees cejpeeveer (ke=À<Cee meesyeleer) He=. - 75 jepekeÀceueÒekeÀeMeve HesHej yewkeÌme 2007.

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4. efouees - oeefveMe (ke=À<Cee meesyeleer) He=. - 183 jepekeÀceueÒekeÀeMeve HesHej yewkeÌme 2007.

5. efouees - oeefveMe (ke=À<Cee meesyeleer) He=. - 203 jepekeÀceueÒekeÀeMeve HesHej yewkeÌme 2007.

6. efouees - oeefveMe (ke=À<Cee meesyeleer) He=. - 203-2047. efouees - oeefveMe (ke=À<Cee meesyeleer) He=. - 207 jepekeÀceue

ÒekeÀeMeve HesHej yewkeÌme 2007.8. Þe=bKeuee keÀer keÀefæ[³eeB (ceneosJeer Jecee&) DeHeveer yeele YetefcekeÀe'9. efouees - oeefveMe (ke=À<Cee meesyeleer) He=. - 135 jepekeÀceue

ÒekeÀeMeve HesHej yewkeÌme 2007.10. efce$ees cejpeeveer (ke=À<Cee meesyeleer) jepekeÀceue ÒekeÀeMeve

HesHej yewkeÌme 2007.11. DeewjeW kesÀ yeneves (jepeWê ³eeoJe) He=. - 4312. mee³es ceW OetHe (og<³eble kegÀceej)

vk/kqfud lapkj lk/ku ,oaegkfo|ky;h Nk=ksa dk

jktuhfrd laKkufo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa lhekUr tuin peksyh ds

Nk=ksa dk ,d v/;;u

MkW- txeksgu flag usxh]vfl-izks- jktuhfr foKku foHkkx]

jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky; xksi'oj]peksyh] mÙkjk[k.M

==============***********===============orZeku ;qx lwpuk rduhfd dk ;qx gSA foKku

,oa rduhfd fodkl us lapkj ek/;eksa dks brukegRoiw.kZ rFkk mUur cuk fn;k gS fd ;s lkekU;O;fDr ds fy, vkt vko';d rFkk mi;ksxh cux;s gSaA vf/kdka'kr% O;fDr lapkj ek/;eksa lsmiyC/k lwpukvksa ij fuHkZj gksus yxsa gSaA QyLo:ilapkj ek/;eksa ds }kjk O;fDr;ksa dk vU; {ks=ksa dslkFk&lkFk jktuhfr ls Hkh O;kid lEidZ gqvk gSvkSj og jktuhfr ls tqM+us yxk gSA1 lekt esaO;fDr;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujrNk=ksa ij Hkh bldk izHkko iM+k gSA QyLo:i mudkiwoZ dh vis{kk jktuhfrdj.k lqxe gqvk gS vkSj muesajktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk] vfHk#fp] lfØ;rk] tSls xq.kksadk lekos'k ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA

lwpuk ;k lwpuk izlkj.k] lEizs"k.k dks lapkjdgk tkrk gSA2 lapkj O;oLFkk ekuo dh vla[;vfHkizsr ,oa vufHkizsr lwpukvksa dks Hkstus ,oa izkIrdjus dh {kerk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa lapkj ds vHkkoesa ekuoh; thou ds vfLrRo dh dYiuk ugha dhtk ldrh gSA ekuo lkekU;r% fofHkUu lewgksa esajgrk gSA blesa ,d lewg dk vU; lewg ls vFkok,d O;fDr ds e/; fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa o laosxksa dk

37

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vknku&iznku gksrk gSaA blh vknku&iznku dks lapkjdk uke fn;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh iz.kkyh gS]ftlesa ,d O;fDr vius fopkjksa dks nwljs O;fDr ;kO;fDr;ksa rd igqapkrk gSA3 O;kid vFkZ esa lapkjlwpuk ,oa lUns'kksa dk fofue; ek= ugha gSa] vfirq;g ,d ,slh lkewfgd ,oa O;fDrxr fØ;k gS] tksvius esa fopkjksa] rF;ksa ,oa vkadM+ksa ds lapkj.k ,oavknku&iznku dks lfUufgr djrk gSA4 lapkj dkmfpr izokg xfr'khy lkekftd fodkl dh fn'kkvkSj xfr fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

lapkj ek/;eksa ds vUrxZr eqfnzr] JO; ,oaJO; n'; izdkj ds lapkj lk/ku lfEefyr gksrs gSaAeqfnzr lapkj lk/kuksa ds vUrxZr lekpkj i=@if=dk,a]iqLrdas] ipZs] iksLVj vkfn gSaA JO; lk/kuksa esa jsfM;ks]eksckby] VsyhQksu vkfn rFkk JO; n'; lk/kuksa esanwjn'kZu] flusek] bUVjusV] ;wV;wc okV~lsi] vkfnegRoiw.kZ ek/;e vkrs gSa]5 tks lwpuk izlkj]lekthdj.k] okn&fookn] fopkj&foe'kZ] f'k{kk]lkaL—frd fodkl] euksjatu ,oa ,dhdj.k6 vkfndk;ksZa ds vfrfjDr jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa] fØ;kdykikasdh tkudkjh ls lEcfU/kr dk;ksZa dks lEikfnr djrsgSaA

oLrqr% vkt lapkj lk/ku jktuhfrdj.k dk,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku cu x;k gSA Nk=ksa dks ;s lapkjlk/ku euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd vkn'kksZa oiz.kkyh dk ifjp; Hkh djkrs gSaA lkFk gh jktuhfrdifjfLFkfr;ksa ij cM+h ekfeZd o lVhd foospuk izLrqrdjrs gSaA ny ds usrk dh tkudkjh] {ks=h; izfrfuf/k]lkaln] mlds ny dh tkudkjh] nyh; dk;ZØe]jktusrkvksa ds Hkk"k.k] nSfud jSyh] tqywl] tulHkk]pqukoh lHkk] ernku dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk]izfrfuf/k;ksa ls okrkZ djuk] nyksa dh uhfr;ksa dk KkuizkIr djuk vkfn lHkh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ka lSfd.Mksaesa lapkj ek/;eksa ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ijlqxerk iwoZd igqapk;h tk jgh gSaA ,sls esa vkt Nk=ksadks jktuhfrd izf'k{k.k ,oa jktuhfrd laKku nsus esaifjokj ,oa egkfo|ky; brus izHkko'kkyh ugha] ftruslapkj ek/;e fl) gks jgs gSA

dqN n'kd igys rd pquko ds Bhd iwoZQros tkjh gksrs FksA lkSnsckth ;k jktuhfrd fgrksa dhj{kk dks ysdj Bksl fparu tSls fo"k; ij tkudkjhvke vkneh dks de ls de fey ikrh Fkh vkSjHkkjrh; ernkrkvksa dk ,d lewg mlh ykbu ijoksV Mkyrk Fkk] ysfdu vc ,slk ugha jgkA vcQrok tkjh djus okyksa dh jktuhfrd le>] ea'kkvkSj rjhds ij cgl djus okyk ;qok Nk= oxZ rS;kjgSA lekt esa ;g oxZ lapkj ra= ds lEidZ esa lclsT;knk gSA bl oxZ ds lewg dks xqejkg djuk igysdh rjg vc vklku ugha jgk gSaA blfy, jktuhfrdnyksa ds fy, izpkj djuk vkSj tulEidZ ds rjhdsHkh cnyus iM+ jgs gSaA vc os mls T;knk bLrsekydjus esa yxs gSa] ftlls Nk=ksa dh lksp cny jgh gSAtkfgj gS fd lapkj dk jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk fd;ktk jgk bLrseky vkus okys le; esa vkSj Hkh vf/kdyksdfiz; gksxkA D;ksafd blls os Nk= tqMs+ gq, gSa]ftUgsa nwljs dh tkfr] /keZ] lEiznk;] {ks= dk laKkuugha gksrk gSA ;qok Nk= ds eu esa okn ¼tkfrokn]{ks=okn] lEiznk;okn] vkfn oknksa½ ds lehdj.k ns[kusdks ugha feyrs gSaA ek= mUgsa bruh tkudkjh jgrh gSfd og Qslcqd ;k V~foV;j ;k okV~l,i ij mudsnksLrksa dh Js.kh esa gSa vkSj lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznkudj jgs gSa vFkkZr~ oknksa dh jktuhfr ls Åij mBdjlwpukvksa dk lEizs"k.k dj jgs gSaaA ftl dkj.k vktyksdrkaf=d foe'kZ] okn&fookn] la?k"kZ dh txglekt esa ugha] cfYd lapkj ra= esa ns[kus dks feyjgh gSA yksdra= dk eap lekt ugha] vkt VhohpSuy] Qslcqd] V~foV;j] okV~l,i] Qslcqd gks x,gSaA bldk izHkko Nk=ksa ij ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA Nk=ksadh jktuhfr dk eap vc /khjs&/khjs lapkj ek/;e cujgs gSaA os viuh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkjlk/kuksa ds }kjk ,d Nk= ls vU; Nk= rd igqapkus esalQy gks jgs gSaA bldk izHkko lHkh Nk=ksa ij iM+ jgkgSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh nf"V ls lwpuk ra= dkizHkko dks nks Lrjksa ij vkadk tk ldrk gSA izFke Nk=ds Lrj ij vkSj nwljk lapkj ra= ,d laLFkk ds :i

ISSN: 2394 5303 0150




4.002(IIJIF)


esaA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij lwpuk lk/ku dk izHkko rksns[kus dks feyrk gh gSA lkFk gh ;s Nk=ksa dksizeq[kr;k lwpuk fuiq.kZrk,a] #fp;ka] Nfo;ka] vfHkofÙk;ka]fØ;k,a] jpukRedrk] ltu'khy ckrksa esa Hkh izHkkfordjrs gSa vkSj muesa ifjorZu ykus esa Hkh leFkZ gksrs gSaAfdlh Hkh ,d esa ifjorZu vU; lHkh esa ifjorZuykus dh laHkkouk j[krk gSA ,d laLFkk ds :i esalapkj Nk=ksa ij gh izHkko ugha Mkyrk] vfirq jktuhfrdO;oLFkk] vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ;k f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks HkhizHkkfor djrk gSA oLrqr% lapkj ek/;e dk nksuksa:iksa esa ;qok Nk=ksa ij izHkko iM+ jgk gSA

egkfo|ky;h ;qok Nk= vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kuksadk iz;ksx fdl izdkj ls djrk gS vkSj ml ij fdrukizHkko bl rduhfd dk iM+rk gSA ;g iz;kl blizLrqr 'kks/k i= esa tkuus dk fd;k x;k gSA D;ksafdlekt dk ;g oxZ egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ jgrkgS] tks viuh ;qokoLFkk ds nkSj ls xqtjrk gSA ;gvoLFkk thou dk oalrdky gSA ÅtkZ] 'kfDr]mRlkg o meax ls Hkjiwj ;g dky cpiu vkSjo;Ld voLFkk dh laf/k osyk gSA ;qok voLFkk ekuothou dh vR;ar gh laosnu'khy voLFkk gSA ;ghdkj.k gS fd bls uSfrdrk ,oa ewY; fodkl dh nf"Vls loksZÙke le; dgk tkrk gSA bl mez esa izR;sdO;fDr ds thou esa 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa HkkoukRed:i ls foy{k.k ifjorZu gksrs gSaA bl voLFkk esaO;fDr ds ikl izkS<+ dh ifjiDork rks gksrh ugha vkSjckyiu dks Lohdkj djuk mlds fy, laHko ughagksrk gSA

bl dky esa mfpr o Js"B ekxZn'kZu feyukfdlh ds fy, Hkh lkSHkkX; dh ckr gks ldrh gSA;gh le; gS] tc thou ds Js"B cuk;k tk ldrkgS vFkok xrZ esa Hkh fxjk tk ldrk gSA ;gh cuus ofcxM+us dk le; gSA bl le; ;fn thou fuekZ.kdk lgh ekxZn'kZu fey tk, rks thou ds miou esavusdkusd miyfC/k;ksa ds iq"i f[kyrs pys tkrs gSaA;g Hkfo"; fuekZ.k dh vk/kkjf'kyk j[kus dk le;gSaA ;fn ;qok ftUnxh dh vk/kkjf'kyk lgh iM+ x;hrks og ;qok jktuhfrd {ks= ls ysdj lkekftd]

vkfFkZd] ekufld vkfn fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa lQyrk dhlhf<+;ka p<+ ldrk gS vkSj og vius fy, gh ugha]cfYd lekt o jk"Vª dk ,d mi;ksxh ?kVd lkfcrHkh gks ldrk gSA vkt tks jk"Vª dk usrRo vius gkFkksaesa fy, gq, gSa] os iwoZ esa Nk= thou ds nkSj ls xqtjpqdsa gSaA mUgksaus Hkh bl vof/k esa jktuhfrdxfrfof/k;ksa esa viuh vfHk#fp izdV dh Fkh vkSjjktuhfrd {ks= esa lgh ekxZn'kZu izkIr fd;k FkkAifj.kke Lo:i orZeku esa ;gh O;fDr jktuhfr dsKkrk gSa vkSj jktuhfrd usrRo dj jgs gSaA

euq"; thou dk ;g dky ,slk gS ftlesamRlqdrk] ftKklk] mRlkg] lkgl] ftthfo"kk viuhpje ij gksrh gSaA thou ds fdlh vU; pj.k dhvis{kk fd'kksjkoLFkk vf/kd fo'ys"k.kkRed]leh{kkRed] ewY; xzkgh ,oa vUrnZ'khZ gksrh gSA ;gHkh lR; gS fd bl pj.k esa vPNs cqjs ds nksjkgs ijfd'kksj dc&fd/kj py iM+sxk dqN Hkh Hkjkslk ughajgrk gSA FkksM+h lh vlko/kkuh ;kSou dh lkjhmiyfC/k;ksa dks pkSiV dj nsrh gSA bl le; fo'ks"k esalaxfr] ijofj'k ifjokj dh NksVh lh Hkwy iwjs thoudh cokZnh dk dkj.k cu tkrh gSA oLrqr% tks Nk=ftl izdkj ls lapkj rduhfd dk iz;ksx djrk gSmldk Hkfo"; mlh izdkj ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS vFkkZrml ij mlh izdkj ls izHkko iM+rk gSA

,d LorU= lapkj O;oLFkk jktuhfrd rF;ksaij Nk=ksa dk lgh nf"Vdks.k rS;kj djrh gSA ;gjktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ds ewY;ksa dks ,d ih<+h lsnwljh ih<+h vFkok ,d Nk= ls vU; Nk=ksa rdigqapkus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA buds }kjk jktuhfrdxfrfof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks izsf"kr fd;ktkrk gSA vr% lapkj iz.kkyh }kjk Nk=ksa dks jktuhfrdh vksj mUeq[k djus] vkdf"kZr djus vkSj mlesajktuhfrd fopkj mRiUu djus ls lEcfU/kr dk;Zfd;s tkrs gSaA lapkj lk/kuksa dk bruk egRo gksrs gq,Hkh orZeku lekt ds lHkh Nk= lapkj ds fofHkUulk/kuksa dk ,d leku mi;ksx ugha djrs gSaaA dqN Nk=JO; lk/kuksa dk vf/kd mi;ksx djrs gS] rks dqNn'; lk/kuksa dk] tcfd dqN eqfnzr lk/kuksa dk

ISSN: 2394 5303 0151




4.002(IIJIF)


vf/kd mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;s lc viuh vkfFkZdfLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS vFkkZr ftl Nk= dh tSlhvkfFkZd fLFkfr gksrh gSa] oSls gh os lapkj lk/kuksa dkiz;ksx Hkh djrs gSaA fQj Hkh fdlh u fdlh lapkj ek/;e dk iz;ksx djds os jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa lsvoxr gksus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] ftl dkj.k muesajktuhfrd psruk] tkx:drk vkSj lgHkkfxrk tSlsxq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA

ifj.kke Lo:i os egkfo|ky;h jktuhfr lsysdj LFkkuh;] jkT; Lrjh] ;gka rd fd jk"Vªh;jktuhfr esa Hkh Hkkxhnkjh djus dh lksprs gaS ;k djrsgSa ;k mlds izfr ltx gksus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSAlapkj rduhfd dk blh egRo dks ns[krs gq,egkfo|ky;h Nk=ksa ij mlds izHkko dk v/;;udjus dk izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa iz;kl fd;k x;k gSAizLrqr 'kks/k i= esa egkfo|ky;h ;qok Nk=ksa ls lapkjlk/kuksa ds iz;ksx ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNs x;s gSaA blgsrq lhekUr tuin peksyh dks v/;;u {ks= ds :iesa p;fur fd;k x;k gSAv/;;u {ks= dk ifjp;

tuin peksyh mÙkjk[k.M jkT; dk ,d lhekUrtuin gSA bldh lhek phu ns'k ls yxh gqbZ gSAvktknh ls iwoZ ;g tuin ikSM+h tuin dk ,drglhy ek= FkkA ysfdu iz'kklfud lqfo/kk ,oavUrjkZ"Vªh; lhek {ks= gksus ds dkj.k 24 Qjojh]1960 dks dsUnzh; ljdkj us bls vyx tuin dkntkZ iznku fd;kA tuin peksyh esa fgekPNkfnrÅaps&Åaps ioZr f'k[kj] mu ij lq'kksfHkr fgekfu;kavkSj bu fgekfu;ksa ls >jrs >jus] fudyrh ufn;ka]ufn;ksa ls curh ?kkfV;ka fo'o izfl) gSaA ;gka HkxokuJh cnjh ukjk;.k] #nzukFk dYis'oj] eka vulw;kvkfn 'kSo] oS".ko ,oa 'kkDr lEiznk;ksa ls lEcfU/krfo'o izfl) /kkfeZd rhFkZ LFky gSaA uUnk nsoh jkttkr tSlh /kkfeZd fo'o izfl) ;k=kvksa ds vfrfjDrQwyksa dh ?kkVh] fo'o izfl) LdsfVax {ks= vkSyh]osnuh cqX;ky vkfn i;ZVu LFky Hkh vofLFkr gSa]ftl dkj.k ;g tuin mÙkjk[k.M esa gh ugha] vfirqlEiw.kZ ns'k esa rhFkZ ;kf=;ksa ,oa i;ZVdksa ds fy, iwoZle; ls gh vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz gSA

orZeku esa tuin peksyh dqy 9 fodkl[k.Mksals feydj cuk gqvk gSA bldk dqy {ks=Qy 7626oxZ fd-eh- gS rFkk o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk dsvuqqlkj tuin dh dqy tula[;k 391114 gS]ftlesa ls 193572 iq#"k rFkk 197542 efgyk,agSaA dqy lk{kjrk 83-48 izfr'kr gS] ftuesa ls 94-18 izfr'kr iq#"k rFkk 73-20 izfr'kr efgyk,a gSaAdqy fyaxkuqikr 1021@1000 gSA mPp f'k{kk dsfy, tuin esa esa 8 jktdh; egkfo|ky; rFkk 7ekU;rk izkIr laL—r egkfo|ky; gaS] ftuesa i;kZIrek=k esa tuin rFkk tuin ds ckgj ds Nk=@Nk=k,av/;ujr~ gSaAv/;;u ds mn~ns';

1- egkfo|ky;h Nk=@Nk=kvksa }kjk lapkjlk/kuksa ds iz;ksx dk ewY;kadu djukA

2- egkfo|ky;h Nk=@Nk=kvksa }kjk jktuhfrdlaKku izkIr djus gsrq lapkj lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx dk v/;;u djukA

3- egkfo|ky;h Nk=@Nk=kvksa dk jktuhfrdlaKku izkIr djus gsrq iz;qDr lapkj lk/ku dk v/;;u djukA

4- egkfo|ky;h Nk=@Nk=kvksa ij vk/kqfudlapkj lk/kuksa ds ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed izHkkodk v/;;u djukAvuqlU/kku izfof/k

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq lkekftd vuqlU/kkudh oSKkfud i)fr dks iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA v/;;u bdkbZ ds p;u gsrq mÙkjk[k.M jkT; ds lhekUrtuin peksyh esa 15 egkfo|ky;ksa esa ls 06egkfo|ky;ksa dk ykWWVjh i)fr }kjk p;u fd;k x;krFkk izR;sd egkfo|ky; ls 25 Nk= rFkk 25Nk=kvksa dqy feykdj 50 rFkk dqy 06 egkfo|ky;ls 300 Nk=@Nk=kvksa dk ;knfPNd U;k;n'kZu¼nso fun'kZu½ rduhfd }kjk lk{kkRdkj ds fy,p;u fd;k x;kA lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph }kjk p;furNk=@Nk=kvksa dk lk{kkRdkj fy;k x;k vkSj mulsizkIr rF;ksa dks izdkf'kr djus ;ksX; cukus ds fy,izfr'kr fof/k dks iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gS] ftlls Li"Vfu"d"kksaZ dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA

ISSN: 2394 5303 0152




4.002(IIJIF)


lkj.kh la[;k&01egkfo|ky;h Nk= }kjk lapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx

iznf'kZr vkadM+ksa ls ;g fofnr gksrk gS fdvf/kdka'k mÙkjnkrk Nk= vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kuksa dkmi;ksx djrs gSaa] tcfd Nk=ksa dk de izfr'kr vFkkZr~cgqr de Nk= bu lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx ugh djrs gSaAvr% Li"V gS fd vkt Hkh Nk=ksa dk dqN Hkkxvk/kqfud lapkj rduhfd ls nwj gSA dkj.k mudhvkfFkZd fLFkfr ,oa tuin dh fodV HkkSxksfydcukoV gSA detksj vkfFkZd fLFkfr gksus ds dkj.kdqN egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;u djus okys Nk=eksckby] lekpkj i=] bVjusV vkfn lapkj lk/kuksa dkvU; Nk=ksa dh Hkkafr iz;ksx ugha dj ikrs gSaA D;ksafdtuin ds lHkh egkfo|ky; xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe ds gSavkSj xzkeh.k Hkw&Hkkx esa vf/kdka'k yksx os fuokldjrs gSa ftuds ikl viuh jkstejkZ dh vko';drkvksadh iwfrZ ds vfrfjDr fQtwy [kphZ ds fy, /ku dkvHkko jgrk gSA ftlls ;s vius ikY;ksa dks vkiusutnhd egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;u gsrq Hkstrs gSaA blizdkj dh if"BHkwfe ds Nk=ksa dks viuk izos'k 'kqYdHkh tek djuk Hkkjh iM+rk gSA ;gh ugha ;gka dhHkkSxksfyd fodVrk ds dkj.k Hkh vkt vusd yksxvk/kqfud lapkj rduhfd ls vufoK gSaA dqN {ks=vkt Hkh tuin esa ,sls gSa tgka vk/kqfud lapkjrduhfd dk vHkko cuk gqvk gSA

vkadM+ksa ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd Nk=kvksa dhvis{kk Nk= vf/kd lapkj lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSAD;ksafd Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk Nk= gh vf/kdka'kr;klkekftd] jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqMs+ jgrs gSaaANk=k,a vius iBu&ikBu ds vfrfjfDr ikfjokfjd,oa lkekftd ifjos'k ds vuqlkj viuk O;ogkjiznf'kZr djrh gSaA bl izdkj ls tks Nk= ,oa Nk=k,alapkj lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] muls ;g iwNk x;kfd vki D;k jktuhfrd laKku izkIr djus ds fy,

lapkj ek/;eksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\ ;k ugha\ bllEcU/k esa mÙkjnkrk Nk=ksa dh izfrfØ;k dk mYys[klkj.kh la[;k&02 esa fd;k x;k gSA

lkj.kh la[;k&02lapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx jktuhfrd laKku

izkfIr ds lEcU/k esa

mijksDr lkfj.kh ls Li"V gS fd vf/kdka'k Nk=,oa Nk=k,a jktuhfrd laKku izkIr djus ds fy,lapkj ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ysfdu dqNizfr'kr Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a ,sls Hkh gSa tks jktuhfrdlaKku izkIr djus ds fy, lapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx ughadjrs gSA dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd bu Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksadh jktuhfr esa vfHk#fp ugha gSA lkFk gh os jktuhfrds izfr fo'okl izdV ugha djrs gSA

lkj.kh ;g Hkh Li"V djrh gS fd Nk=kvksa dhvis{kk Nk= jktuhfrd laKku izkIr djus ds fy,vf/kd lapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bldk dkj.k;g gS fd jktuhfr ls Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk T;knkrjNk= gh tqM+s gksrs gSaA Nk=kvksa dk ;k rks ifjokj dsizfr yxko ;k fQj vius iBu&ikBu esa vfHk#fpjgrh gSA 'kks/k i= esa ;g Hkh tkuus dk iz;kl fd;kx;k gS fd vk/kqfud le; esa izpfyr lapkj lk/kuksaeas ls fdu&fdu lapkj lk/kuksa ls egkfo|ky;h Nk=jktuhfrd laKku izkIr djrs gSa\ bl lEcU/k esamÙkjnkrk Nk=ksa dh izfrfØ;k dk mYys[k lkj.khla[;k 03 esa fd;k x;k gSA

lkj.kh la[;k&03jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dk laKku izkIr djus

gsrq iz;qDr lapkj rduhfd

Ø-la- mÙkjnkrk gka ugha dqy ;ksx la[;k izfr”kr la[;k izfr”kr la[;k izfr”kr

1- Nk= 141 94-00 09 06-00 150 100-00 2- Nk=k,a 127 84-67 23 15-33 150 100-00 3- dqy ;ksx 268 89-33 32 10-67 300 100-00

Ø-la- mÙkjnkrk lapkj lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx

lapkj lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx ugha dqy ;ksx

la[;k izfr”kr la[;k izfr”kr la[;k izfr”kr 1- Nk= 131 92-91 10 07-09 141 94--00 2- Nk=k,a 110 86-61 17 13-39 127 84-67 3- dqy ;ksx 241 89-93 27 10-07 268 89-34

Ø- la-

lapkj lk/ku rF; lapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djus okys Nk= izfr”kr Nk=k izfr”kr dqy dqy izfr”kr

1- JO; lapkj ek/;e 12 23-67 26 21-82 57 23-65 2- JO; o n”; lapkj ek/;e 80 61-07 67 60-91 147 60-99 3- n”; lapkj ek/;e 29 15-27 17 18-18 37 15-35 dqy ;ksx 131 92-91 110 86-61 241 89-93

ISSN: 2394 5303 0153




4.002(IIJIF)


mDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd lexz :i lsvf/kdka'k egkfo|ky;h Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a JO; ,oan'; lapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] tcfd cgqrde Nk= n'; lapkj ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA;gh ugha Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh bl lEcU/k esa tksnf"Vdks.k ns[kus dks feyk mlesa Hkh vUrj gSaA Nk=k,aJO;] n'; JO; o n'; lapkj ek/;eksa dks mi;ksxNk=ksa dh vis{kk de djrh gSaA

izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa ;g Hkh Li"V djus dkiz;kl fd;k x;k fd egkfo|ky; esa v/;;ujr~Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kuksa ls fdl izdkjizzHkkfor gSaa\ bl lEcU/k esa mÙkjnkrkvksa dh izfrfØ;kldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed Lo:i esa lkj.khla[;k&03 esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

lkj.kh la[;k&03vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kuksa dk izHkko lapkj ek/;e

Lkkfj.kh la[;k&03 ls Li"V gS fd vf/kdka'kNk=ksa ij vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kuksa dk ldkjkRed izHkkoiM+rk gSa] tcfd 17 izfr'kr Nk= ,sls gSa ftu ij bulk/kukas dk udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA lkfj.kh ls ;gHkh Li"V gS fd Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk Nk=ksa ij vk/kqfudlapkj la/kkuksa dk vf/kd ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSAvr% fu"d"kZ :i esa ;g rF; mtkxj gksrk gSA fdvf/kdka'k egkfo|ky;h Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a vk/kqfudlapkj lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ysfdu buesa ls dqNgh Nk= jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIrdjus gsrq bu lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA jktuhfrdxfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh gsrq vf/kdka'k egkfo|ky;hNk= JO; n'; lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vktvf/kdka'k egkfo|ky;h Nk= vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kuksals izHkkfor Hkh gSaaA vk/kqfud lapkj lk/ku vf/kdka'kr%egkfo|ky;h Nk=ksa ij ldkjkRed izHkko Mkyrs gSaaAysfdu egkfo|ky;h Nk=ksa ij bu lapkj lk/kuksa dkudkjkRed izHkko Hkh iM+ jgk gSA

lapkj ek/;eksa ls ;qok Nk= bl izdkj izHkkforgaS fd og vius vkn'kZ dk ,slk fu/kkZj.k dj jgs gSa]tks fd mlds eu efLr"d dks irudkjh fn'kk esa ystk jgk gSA bl fo"ke le; esa ;qok Nk=ksa dh psruktkxj.k dh vko';drk gS] ftlls os viuk irudkjhfn'kk dh vksj ugha] cfYd fodkl dh vksj mUeq[kgks lds vkSj lkFk&gh lkFk jktuhfrd O;fDrRolaokj lds vkSj vkus okys le; esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa;ksxnku nsus esa lQy gks ldsaA ;fn vkt ;qok ih<+hdks jktuhfrd rkSj ij lgh fn'kk nsuh gS rks ;gdk;Z lqy>s gq, ;qok Nk= gh dj ldrs gSaA bl rjgdh ifj"—r eu%fLFkfr okys ;qok Nk=ksa ds fuekZ.k dsfy, izf'k{k.k f'kfoj dk lapkyu vko';d le>ktk ldrk gSA D;ksafd blls ,d rks og jktuhfrd:i ls tkxfr gksxsa] nwljs esa vkus okyh jktuhfr lsyksx ?k.kk ugha] vfirq izse djus yxsa vkSj vf/kdka'kbZekunkj] le>nkj] ;qok Nk= jktuhfr dks viukdSfj;j cukus esa lQy gksaxsA lkFk gh lkFk HkVdrhgqbZ ;qok ih<+h dks lgh fn'kk dk cks/k gks ldsxkAlUnHkZ xzUFk

1- Mh-,l- c?ksy ,oa Vh-ih- flag dpwZyh %jktuSfrd letk'kkL=] foosd izdk'ku tokgj uxj]fnYyh] 2003] i-la- 99&100

2- vkj-,u-xSjkSyk % jktuhfrd lekt'kkL=]jru izdk'ku efUnj] vkxjk 1992] i-la- 55

3- bZ'oj flag pkSgku ,oa JhukFk 'kekZ %jktuhfrd lekt'kkL=] lkfgR; Hkou ifCy'klZ ,.MfMLVªC;wVlZ] ¼izk-½ fy-] vkxjk] 2001] i-l- 53

4- vkj- ,u- xSjksyk % iwokZsDr i-la- 57&585- bZ'oj flag pkSgku ,oa JhukFk 'kekZ %

iwoksZDr] i-la- 33&346- lheu eSdczkbM % eSuh ckWblt ou oYM

dE;wfuds'ku ,.M lkslkbVh VqMs ,.M Vqekjks] ;wusLdksvkWDlQksMZ izsl] ubZ fnYyh 1982] i-la- 14

Ø- la-

mÙkjnkrk ldkjkRed udkjkRed dqy ;ksx la[;k izfr”kr la[;k izfr”kr la[;k izfr”kr

1 Nk= 131 87-33 19 12-67 150 100-00

2 Nk=k,a 118 78-67 32 20-67 150 100-00

3 dqy ;ksx 249 83-00 51 17-00 300 100-00

ISSN: 2394 5303 0154




4.002(IIJIF)


dqekj vacqt fd dfork esaledkyhu ;FkkFkZ dk fp=.k

çk- ç’kkn lanhi bZ’oj‘kks/k Nk=] fganh foHkkx]

MkW- ck-vka-e- fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn

==============***********===============dqekj vacqt ledkyhu fganh dfork ds lcls

pfpZr dfo;ksa esa ,d gSA os ekDlZokn izfr n<vkLFkk j[kus okys dfo gSA dfo ds thou vkSjlkfgR; ij ekDlZokn dk xgjk izHkko jgk gSA dqekjvacqt dk /keZfujis{kk vkSj lektoknh O;fDrRobuds lkfgfR;d fopkjksa esa mHkj vk, gSA lkfgR;dkjvius ifjos’k ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA og vius vkl&ikltks dqN ?kfVr gks jgk gS] mlh dk fp=.k djrk gSAlekt dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k viuh jpuk ds ek/;e lsdfo djrs gSA mlh izdkj dqekj vacqt us viusvkl&ikl dh ?kVukvksa dks dkO; dk fo”k; cuk;kgSA os viuh dfork ds ek/;e ls lekt dks ekuorkdk lans’k nsrs utj vkrs gSA viuh dfork esaledkyhu ;FkkFkZ faLFkfr dk fp=.k djrs gq, gjigyq ij dfo us fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSA os ,dlerkewyd lekt LFkkfir djus dh dYiuk viuhdfork ds ek/;e ls djrs gSA

dqekj vacqt dh dfork dks cnyrs gq, ifjos’kdk vkbZuk dgk¡ tk, rks dksbZ vfr’;kfDr ughagksxh] ftlus dfo dh jpuk’khyrk dks O;kid :ils izHkkfor fd;k gSA lp dgk tk, rks dfo dhdfork ifjofrZr ljksdkj dh vfHkO;fDr gS] tksle; dh lR;rk dk mn~?kkVu djus ds fy, vorfjrgqbZ gSA dfo vekuoh; okrkoj.k ls ekuoh; Hkkoukvksadh j{kk djuk pkgrs gSA vkSj lekt dks lqfopkj vkSjlnkpkj esa Hkkoghu nwfu;kWa esa ?kfVr gksusokys Øwjrk dsckjs esa dfo dgrs gSA

38ßb/kj dk thou gks x;k gS ,slkfd gj ianzg feuV cknVVksy dj <w¡<uh gksrh gS thou dh /kMduÞ1

f'k{kk] jkstxkj] O;olk;] ‘kkldh; dk;ksZ rFkkvU; lkoZtfud vk;kstuksa esa tkfr vkSj /keZ dkmYys[k djus ds ckjs esa os T;knk fpfUrr gS] D;ksafdbl rjg dh /kkfeZd igpku gh lkaiznkf;drk dksc<krh gSA dqekj vacqt oSKkfud nf”Vdks.k dk leFkZudjuk pkgrs gSa] ftlls gj rjg dh lkaiznkfldrk dk[kqyk fojks/k fd;k tk,A dfo dh ekuorkoknh n”Vhml O;oLFkk dk fojks/k djrh gS] ftlesa euq”; }kjkeuq”; dk ‘kks”k.k fd;k tkrk gSA budh dforkeuq”; dh Lora=rk] lerk vkSj U;k; ds i{k esayMus dh rkdr nsrh gSA ledkyhu lekt esa fnuksafnu c<rh Øwjrk] fgalk] m|aMrk vkSj vkrad dksysdj dfo us vusd dfork,¡ fy[kh gSA

jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaiznkf;d ncko usvke&vkneh dh ftUnxh esa ftruh eqlhcrs iSnkdh gS] muds ckjs esa dqekj vacqt us xaHkhjrkiwoZdfopkj fd, gSA tu lkekU; dks mUgksaus cgqr utnhdls ns[kk vkSj viuh dfork ds ek/;e ls mllkekU; vkneh rd igq¡pus dh dksf’k’k dh gSAbudh dfork,¡ ;FkkFkZ ds ek/;e ls lkfgR; vkSjlekt ds chp dh nwjh feVkrh gSA dfo rRdkyhu;qx dh lHkh ?kVukvksa ij viuh vfHkO;Drh izxVdjrs gSA tSls ikfjokfjd thou ds fofo/k :i jax]xzkeh.k thou] vke&vkneh dh fLFkfr] ukjh dhfLFkfr] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa dkfp=.k] lkaiznkf;drk vkSj vkradokn] Hkwea.Myhdj.kvkSj cnykrk lekt thou vkSj oS;fDrd vuqHkovkfn dbZ fLFkfr;ksa dks viuh dfork dk fo”k;dfo u cuk;k vkSj buds folaxfr;ksa ij O;aX; Hkhfd;k gSA ns’k ds xzkeh.k vkSj ‘kgjh thou dk fp=.kdjrs gq, dfo dgrs gS] vkt ds vk/kqfud ;qx dsdkj.k ,slk yxrk gS fd] cgqr tYn ge viuhlH;rk vkSj laLdfr feVk nsaxsA euq”; vius xzkeh.k{ks=ksa dks Hkqyrs tk jgk gSA ‘kgjh okrkoj.k yksxksa ijgkoh gksrk tk jgk gSA dfo ^vkRe&layki* bl

ISSN: 2394 5303 0155




4.002(IIJIF)


dfork esa vkckn exj ,d rjg ls mtMs xkWao vkSjoSHko’kkyh ysfdu nqjoLFkk ls Hkjs ‘kgjksa ds ckjs esadgrs gSA1

ßxk¡o vkckn vc Hkh exj mtMs lsuxj gq, oSHko’kkyh nqjoLFkk ls Hkjsftlesa thfor fdrus deÞ2

dqekj vacqt us vius dkO; esa xzkeh.k thouds lkFk&lkFk vke&vkneh dh nSfud leL;kvksadks Hkh fn[k;k gSA dbZ LFkkuks ij dfo us vius&vkidks vke&vkneh dh rjg fpf=r fd;k gSA vkt dslekt esa Hkh vusd nq%[k] ;kruk lgrs yksx gSAviuh dfBukbZ;ksa esa thus okys yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksadks dfo us egRRo fn;k gSA dfo us ‘kks”kueqDr oxZdk i{k ysrs gq, lkekftd lerk ij cy fn;k gSAvkt Hkh lkekftd O;oLFkk esa lHkh yksxksa dks lekuU;k; ugha fey jgk gSA dfo ‘kks”k.k eqDr lekt dhvk’kk djrs gSA lekt ds cqf/nthoh yksxksa ds dk;Zi/nfr;ksa ij Hkh fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSA vkt lektesa nks oxZ fuekZ.k gq,] bl n’; dks dfo Li”V djrsgq, vius ‘kCnksa esa dgrs gS&

ßdjksMks yksx Hkqxr jgs gS xjhch dk vfHk’kkibl ckr ij dkSu [kkrk&firk vkneh djsxk

;dhu\tks ;dhu djrs gS os dqN dgrs ughapqipki dksf’k’k djrs gS ftank jgus dhmUgsa rks dbZ ckj irk gh ugha gksrk fd vkixjhch ds ckjs esa vkf[kj lkprs D;k gSÞ3

tu lkekU; vkt viuh vfLerk dh ryk’kesa gS] dfo mu yksxksa ds lkFk gS tks dqflZ;k¡ rks cukrsgS] ijarq mu ij cSBus dk gd mUgs dHkh ugha feyrkAvf/kdkj rks flQZ O;oLFkk ds j[kokyksa dks gh feyrkgSA ns’k ds gj vkneh dk vf/kdkj mlls Nhuk tkrkjgk gSA og viuh jksVh] diMk vkSj edku tSlhizkFkfed t:jrksa dks Hkh vPNh rjg ls gkfly ughadj ldrkA mls viuh t:jrks ds fy;s vkSj viusvfLRRo cukus ds fy, ‘kklu O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ[kMk gksuk t:jh gSA dfo dqekj vacqtkth nqfuHkj dslHkh ‘kksf”krksa dks vius Hkfo”; fuekZ.k ds fy, [kMs

gksdj la?k”kZ’khy cuus dh izsj.kk nsrs gq, dgrs gS&ß[kkeks’k vis{kk,¡vDlj gksrh gS T;knk rkdrojÞ4

jktfufrd fpark dqekj vacqt dh dforkvksaes utj vkrh gSA jktuhfrd pquko flQZ ,d fn[kkokjg x;k gSA tks dh flQZ iw¡thoknh yksxksa ds gh dkevkrk gSA pquko ds fnu vkrs gh fdlku dk ukefy;k tkrk gS] etnqj dk uke ysdj vk¡lw cgk;stkrs gSA dfo dqekj vacqt us vius dkO; laxzg esjktusrkvksa dk >qBk psgjk fn[kk;k gSA muds euesaxjhcksa ds izfr >qBh vkLFkk dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k O;Drfd;k gSA vke turk ds fy, jktuhfr oksV Mkyusds bnZ&fxnZ pyrh gSA blfy, ;g loky mBukLokHkkfod gS&

ßog tkuuk pkgrk gS mldh ftanxh dk erycoksV Mkyus ds vyko vkSj dgk¡ gSAÞ5

ledkfyu lekt esa ukjh dh fLFkrh dks fn[kkrsgq,] dfo us muds vyx&vyx :iks dk fp=.kdj iq:”k ds thou esa ukjh dk egRo fn[kk;k gSAvkt Hkys gh nqfu;k esa ifjorZu vk;k gS] ysfdu L=hdh fLFkrh esa cnyko vk;k ;k ugha mls tkuus dkiz;Ru gksuk pkgh,A gekjs lafo/kku es Hkh L=h;ksa dsvf/kdkj dks ysdj dbZ vdPNsn cuk, x;s gSAysfdu lekt esa fL=;ksa dks ;g D;k feyk gS\ ukjhvkt Hkh la?k”kZjr gSA dqekj vacqt ukjh nqnZ’kk dksns[kdj fopfyr gSA dfo us L=h dh ‘kfDr] {kerkdk lEeku djrs gSA ukjh ‘kfDr ds ckjs esa os dgrsgS&

ßtks ijkftr gq, mUgsa ,d L=h Li’kZ us gh cukfn;k fotsrktks dgrs gS fd Nys x, fL=;ksa lsos Nys x, gS viuh gh dkeukvksa lsÞ6

ukjh iq:”k dh iFkn’kZd gksrh gSA og ;qxksa lslkFk jgdj iq:”k dks fotsrk cukus esa lkFkZd ;ksxnkunsrh jgh gSA blh dkj.k gj lQy O;Drh dhlQyrkvksa esa fdlh&u&fdlh ukjh dk ;ksxnku jgkgSA HkVds gq, jkgh dks lgh jkLrk fn[kkus dk dk;Zizkphu le; ls vktrd ukjh djrh jgh gSA ^,d

ISSN: 2394 5303 0156




4.002(IIJIF)


L=h ij dhft, fo’okl* dfork esa ukjh ds ckjs esdfo dgrs gS&

ßtc <g jgha gks vkLFkk,¡tc HkVd jgs gks jkLrkrks bl lalkj esa ,d L=h ij dhft, fo’oklog crk,xh lcls fNikdj j[kk x;k vuqHkovius v¡/kjs esa ls fudkydj nsxh ogh ,ddanhyÞ7

bl izdkj dfo us ukjh ds ;FkkFkZ fLFkrh dksfn[kk;k gSA budh dfork eas Hkkjrh; ukjh ds nq%[k&nnZ]xfjek] LoHkko] ifo=rk vkfn xq.kks ds lkFk&lkFkmlds vkn’kZ xq.kks ij vf/kd fopkj dj mls iq:”k lsJs”B fl/n fd;k gSA

fu”d”kZ ds :i dgk tka ldrk gS fd dqekjvacqt fd dfork esa ledkfyu ;FkkFkZ dk fp=.kgqvk gSA dfo us lekt fd gj leL;k dks viuhdfork esa fn[kk;k gSA bu leL;kvksa esa izeq[k :i lsgS] xjhch dk fp=.k] HkweaMyhdkj.k vkSj cnyrklekt ftou] lkaiznkf;drk vkSj vkradokn fdleL;k] vke&vkneh dh n;uh; fLFkrh] ukjh dhfLFkrh] rFkk jktuhfrd fLFkrh vkfn fo”k;ks dks dfodh dfork esa izeq[krk ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSAlanHkZ xzaFk

1- dqekj vacqt] Øwjrk] i-la- &602- dqekj vacqt] vfrØe.k] i-la- 1123- dqekj vacqt] vehjks js[kk] i-la- 964- dqekj vacqt] vfrØe.k] i-la- 165- dqekj vacqt] fdokM] i-la- 366- dqekj vacqt] vuafre] i-la- 947- dqekj vacqt] vuafre] i-la- 30

çkfIr vkSj euh"kk% vkRela?k"kZ

M‚- uk>hek vkj 'ks[k,l- ch- efgyk vkVªl d‚yst]

fgEeruxjA ¼xqtjkr½

==============***********===============ßegknsoh oeksa ds 'kCnksa esa& ukjh dsoy ekal

fiaM dh laKk ugha gS A vkfndky ls vkt rdfodkl iFk ij iq#"k dk lkFk nsdj mudh ;k=k dksljy cukdj] mlds vfHk'kkiksa dks >sydj vkSjvius ojnkuksa ls thou esa v{k;'khy Hkjdj ekuohus ftl O;fdrRo psruk vkSj gn; dk fodklfd;k gS mlh dk i;kZ; ukjh gS AÞ

vkt dh ukjh dks vius vfLrRo vkSjvkRe&lEeku dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, n<+çfrKkdjuh gksxh A rHkh ifjokj vkSj lekt esa mls mldklgh LFkku feysxk A blds fy, L=h dks viuhHkkoukvksa vkSj eksgdh yxke dluh gksxh A ^Lora=O;fdrRo* dh yMkbZesa mls f'kf{kr gksuk gksxk Avkt feys gq, vf/kdkjksa ds lcyhdj.k dk lokygS A tks fey pqdk gS mls l¡Hkky dj j[kusdhvko';d;rk gSA fo'ks"kr% Lo& vfLrRo ds fy,og la/k"kZjr gS A vk/kqfud ukjhdh leL;k :f<+&ewdrk]LorU=rk –cks/k] ukjh ds lRo dk cks/k] O;fdro dhigpku gS] ysfdu dkedkth ukjh ekufld rukoesajgdj nkEiR; thou ugha xqtj 'kdrh gSA viusifr mldh 'kkjhjd ifjfLFkfrdksa lets og vis{kkj[kkrh gSA mudh vk/kqfudrk Åij ls vks<+h gqbZlqfo/kkHkksxh vk/kqfudrk ugha gS A dgha&dghavk/kqfud rFkk Lora=&fopkjksa dh dher Hkh pqdkbZgSA blds dkj.k dgha&dgha nkEiR; thou ij Hkh[kjksapsa vkbZ gS A ukjh d;k pkgrh gS \ mudheuksosnuk twcu ls O;dr ugha gksrh A og pkgrh gSmlds eudh ckr fcuk dgsa] thoulkFkh lets] mlslUeku nsa] og Lora=rk ugh pkfg, fdUrq 'kjhjds

39

ISSN: 2394 5303 0157




4.002(IIJIF)


fj'rs ij ,d vkReh; le>ksrk A euksoSKkfud lw=dsvuqlkj ukjhdh dkeoklukdh lksp vyx gksrh gS A

bl vH;kl ys[kuesa fgUnh ysf[kdk enqykxxZ jfpr ^mlds fgLlsdh /kwi*&miU;kldh ukjhik= euh"kk vkSj xqtjkrh ys[kd eksgu iVsy jfpr^çkfIr* miU;kldh ukjh ik= çkfIr gS A nksuksa dkedkthefgyk,¡ gS A muds le{k ,d cM+h leL;k gS fj'rksads fuokZg dh A lekt dh mis{kk dk lkeuk djukiM+rk gS A euh"kk egkuxjesa i<h&y[kh v/;kfidkgS vkSj çkfIr xqtjkrds xk¡odh csades ukSdjh djrhL=h gS A nksauksdh leL;k ,d gh gS] nksauksa fookfgrgS ysfdu çse budh leL;k ugha gS& leL;k gSLorU=rk] tks L=h&iq#"k nksuksa ds fy, leku :ilsewY;oku gS A çse vxj O;fdr dh LorU=rk vkSjmlds oS;fdrd fodkl dks ck/kk curk gS] rks ogvLoLFk gSA bl fopkjdks xgjkbZ ds lkFk ukjh fp=.kesavkysf[kr fd;k gS A

^çkfIr* m;iU;kldh ukf;dk ;kSoukoLFkk esaHkkbZ ds fe= je.k ds lkFk çkfIrdk ifjp; gksrk gS]vkSj ckrphr ds nkSjku gqvk vkReh; Li'kZ mlsfookg rd ys tkrk gS] dhUrq je.k ds lkFk fookggksus ij çkfIr dks xjhchdk vglkl gksrk gS A blpquksrh dks >ysusdh ekukfld Loku;rk ds lkFk ogrhu cPpksadh ekrk curh gS] je.k viuh vkenkuhek¡&ck¡idks xk¡o Hkstrk gS] ?kj&,oa cPpksa ds fuokZgdh ftEesnkjh flQZ çkfIrdh gS A je.k NwVhds fnu ?kjls nwj oru esa le; ilkj djrk gS A I;kj vkSjlgkn;rk dk {k; gksrks gSA vekuq"kd vR;kpkj dkHkksx curh gS A lkekftd cU/kkuksa ls xHkjkV gksrh gSAje.k dh t:jr dk lk/ku ek= jg tkrh gkS A je.kdh eksVh peM+h v)ksafxudh laosnukls jfgr gS A

ß,d ?kjesa jguokys L=h&iq#"k dh Hkk¡fr gekjkfj'rk flQZ ,dkar iyksaesa og vius vf/kdkj dkmi;ksx djrk vkSj eSa pqi mls ,slk djus nsrh dksbZbUdkj ugha] dksbZ laosnuk ugha AÞ ¼^çkfIr*&??&26½

e`n qyk xxZ jfpr ^mlds fgLl sdh/kwi*&miU;kldh ukjh ik= euh"kkdk fookg QsdVjhds ekfyd ftrsuls gqvk gS A cEcbZ NksM ifr dslkFk csaXyksj esa ?kksalyk cukrh gS A xkM+h&ukSdj lHkh

lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k gS A exj ugha gS rks ftrsuds iklodr] tks euh"kkdh çsedh fyih dks i<+us dk AflQZ 'kkjhfjd laca/k gh eq[; gSA

ß;w rks bUlkudh u tkus fdruh t:jrsgksrh gS] ij flQZ ;gh t:jr ,slh gS ftlesa ,dvU; O;fdrHkh lfEefyr gksrh gS fcuk 'kks"k.kbldh iwfr rHkh gks tc t:jr ,d gks rks 'kjhj dkfeyu vnwHkwr vuqHko cu tkrk gSA cqf//k vksjçfrca/krk ds ?ksjksals eqdr A nsg d;k bruk rqPNgS dh de djus ds fy, mls gjne fdlh u fdlheq[kSVh dh vko';drk gS \ I;kj ds lkFk oklukugha gksrh -----Þ ¼^mlds fgLlsdh /kwi* ??& …‹½

viuk vdsykiu ck¡Vu s ds fy, ogv/;kfidk dh ukSdjh Lohdkj djrh gSA lkFk ghdgkuh ,oa ys[k Hkh fy[krh gSA nksuksagh ukf;dk,¡ifr dh vkSj ls laosnukRed gwaQ dh ryklesa vk¡;iq#"k ik=kdh vkSj vkdf"kr gksrh gSA çkfIr ftnaxh esalgdkeh e;ad vkSj euh"kk v|kid fe= e/kqdjtks'kh dh eS=h ç.k; eSa mikarfjr gksrh gS A nksuksaçR;sd {k.k dks ewY;oku cukdj thuk pkgrs gSAlektdh gsans rksM+dj ] mUgsa fdlh lkfo=h ;k lhrkds ifrozrk ugha cukuk A ukSfrdrk&vukSfrdrk dk[kk;ky nwj ijiq#"kdh lgokyes mudh laosnuk,¡bPNkbZ ugha txkgh fdarqu og muds thou dk ,dfgLlk gS A

ßeqlesa vthc lk ;kSou dk mHkkj Fkk vkSj mlmHkkjesa je.k dh bPNkbZ iwjh djus dks eSa pwlh gqbZxqByh dh rjg gw¡ A vkSj je.kus eq>s Qwad Qwad dj[kkfy;k gSA esjk vjeku ckdh ugha Fkk rqEgkjk vkxeugqvk A [kkyh gks pqdh laosnuk,¡ okil thfor gksusyxh vkSj eSa vius ;kSou dk Hkwyusokyk ifjos'kesavkdkj [kM+h gw¡ AÞ ¼^çkfIr*&??-ƒˆŠ½

ßftrsu le; dks ids Qy dh rjg nksuksa gkFkksesa Fkkerk gS vkSj fupksM& fupksM+ dj mldk bLrsekydjrk gS A bruk dks ,d pqlh xqBykds vykok dqNugh cpkr tks og euh"kk dks vi.k dj nsrk gS dhle; ds yEcs o{k dks irk&irk] Vguh&Vguh djrksM+rh gS] ltkrh gS] lokjrh gS vksj fQjHkh mldh--------

ISSN: 2394 5303 0158




4.002(IIJIF)


e/kqdjds gksB fQlyrs jgs vkSj euh"kk dksyxk thou esa igyh ckj fdlh us mls I;kj dh;k gS%mlds iksj&iksj dks] d.k&d.k dks]mlds çk.k dsjkse&jkse dks] mldh glh vkSj -----** ¼^mldsfgLlsdh /kwi* ??&ˆƒ&ƒƒå½

fcuk Mj ds cnuke gksaxs çkfIr vkSj euh"kk çsehdk feyus dh La[kuk j[krh gS A tc vkSjrksa dkLorU=rk ugha feyrh] rks mUgsa tcju vius vf/kdkjNhuuk vkrk gS A çkfIr [kqys euls e;ad dkLohdkj djrh gS] fdUrq ifr dks ugha crk ikrh Aje.k tcju çkfIrdks e;addh eksg&ek;kls eqdrdjus ds ç;kl esa gS A og lksprh gS ;g je.kdku;k :i gS ;k N~y \ vkSjr dh etcwjh gS A

ßeSa vleatl esaFkh ¼nqfo/kk½ tks vlaHko FkkAmls laHko cukuk dfBu Fkk vxj eSa pkgw¡ roHkh ;gesjs fy, tks[keh gS A laosnuk ds /kjkry ij py jghFkh AÞ ¼^çkfIr*&??-„åƒ½

euh"kk e/kqdj ds lax ,dkar yEgs fcrkus çsehds ogk¡ tkrh gS A vUresa og ftrsu ls dgrh gS dhog e/kqdj ls çse djrh gS ftrsu dk viuh xyrhdk vglkl gksrk gS A euh"kk fMoksl dh ekax djrhgS A nSfgd vkd"kZ.k gS A fdUrq euh"kk ckr Lohdkjusdks rS;kj ugh¡ A

ßesjk uwru tUe gqvk gS] ftrsu rqelsa fookfgrbu nks o"kksa esa Hkh eSaus vius dks rqEgkjs brus fudVeglwl ugh fd;k ftruk bu pkj eghuksa esa e/kqdj usfd;k eSaus thouesa igyh ckj I;kj fd;k vkSj ik;kgS AÞ

¼^mlds fgLlsdh /kwi* ??& ‡ƒ½xzkeh.k nfyr lektdh çkfIr dks vius eu

dh ckr j[kusdk dksbZ gd ugh¡ je.k e;ds Hkst nsrkgS A fdUrq vrrk% og lkekftd ijeijkdk fojks/kugh dj ikrh euh"kk ftrsu ls fMoksl ysdj e/kqdjds lkFk thou dk çkjaHk djrh gS] oSHkoh thou dhctk; NksVk vkf'k;kuk ilUn djrh gS A e/kqdjejge dh ctk; /kko nsrk gS A

ßcgqr lksp – lkpdj eS rks bl fuf"d"k ijikgqpk gq dh vkneh vkSjr ls lcdqN djs cl] I;kju djs ! tku& cw>dj fnekx [kjkc djuk gS AÞ

I;kj eeRo gS \ I;kj viuRo gS \ vf/kdkj

gS \ ;k dsoy ekax gS \ ugha dqN Hkh ugha] I;kjokluk gS \ ugha dqN Hkh ugha] I;kj cl I;kj gS A---I;kj dh ifjHkk"kk djuk cM+k dfBu gS A bldkekx cM+k ljy gS vkSj cM+k dVdkdh.k Hkh A ;gvuqHkwfr dk fo"k; gS] 'kCn dk ugha AçkfIr ifjokjvkSj cPpksads [kkfrj je.kds lkFk e;dk NksM djokil 'kgj yksVrh gSA ,d L=h dh laosnuk ;gk¡?kk;y gksrh gS A fookg ds ckn fcnkbZ ds odr ?kjNksM+us dk nq%[k Fkk fdUrq vkt vk/kkUr vfLrRo ijte pwds e;ad ls eqdr gksrs odr ^og fQj lslpeqp jksus yxh* A mldh osnuk mlds 'kCnksaesaO;dr gksrh gS A fu;kRed {k.kksaesa og viuh laosnukvksadh cyh nsrh gS A

ßbl iy rd dk v{kr I;kj eSa çek.ki= dhrjg l¡Hkky j[kuk pkgrh gw¡ A ;gh esjs thou dhlgkuqHkwfr gS AÞ ¼^çkfIr*&??-„‰ˆ½

varr% euh"kk ys[ku esa O;Lr gks tkrh gS AL=h&iq#"k& fojks/kkHkk"kh laxe \ vaxr thoudh Hksnjs[kk lHkh ç'uksads tokc vktHkh fcuk lqy>s gSa AL=h dh laosnuk ds rqyuk ç—fr ds pys jgs fu;els vf/k—r gS A ;g vKkr dfodh jpuk gS A

ukjh vkSj o{k ,d ls gksrs gS][kql gksa rks nksuksa Qqyksa ltrs gSAnksuksa gh c<+rs vkSj N~UVrs gS]budh Nkao esa fdrus yksx iyrs gS---!nsuk nsuk gh budh fu;fr gS]vkSjksa dh >ksyh Hkjuk nksuksa dh ç—fr gS !/kwi vkSj o"kksa lgus dh isM+ dh 'kfä gS]nq%[k ikdj Hkh lg ysuk ukjh gh dj ldrh

gS !ukjh vkSj esa vcw> fj'rk gS ]tks nksLrh ls feyrk tqyrk gS- !isM+ pkgrk gS dqN ikuh dqN [kkn]ukjh pkgrh gS flQZ I;kj vkSj lEeku- !

lUnHkZ lwph %1- mlds fgLlsdh /kwi] enqyk xxZ] jktdey

çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] nwljk laLdkj.k] 19912- çkfIr] eksgu ijekj] yksdfç; çdk'ku]

eqcbZ] çFke laLdkj.k] 1990

ISSN: 2394 5303 0159




4.002(IIJIF)


ijEijkxr ifjos'k esa okjk.klhdh fHkfÙk fp=dyk

izhfr'kks/k Nk=k] Mh-,-oh-ih-th- dkWyst]dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh

==============***********===============Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds mTtoy bfrgkl dh

'kq:vkr fHkfÙk fp=ksa ls gh vkjEHk gSA vkfn ekuo usloZizFke viuh vfHkO;fDr ds fy,] ftu lk/kuvFkok Qyd dks pquk og xqQvksa dh fHkfÙk;k¡ Fkh]ftu ij mlus xs: vFkok dks;ys ds }Kjk dyk dksfu:fir fd;k] Lisu] Ýkal] nf{k.k jksMsf'k;k] is:]vykLdk] ykWlsDl rFkk Hkkjr vkfn fofo/k ns'kksa esavkfne ;qx dh ,slh fp=kafdr xqQk,¡ izkIr gqbZ gS]efudiqj] fl?kuiqjj] gks'kaxkckn] jk;x<+ {ks=] iape<+h]Hkksiky] jk;lsu] Xokfy;j vkfn ds ek/;e ls lEiUugqvk gSA bu fp=ksa esa Ik;kZIr ltukRed vfHkO;fDr]ekSfyd mn~Hkkouk] vUr% lkSUn;Z cks/k jpuk dkS'kyvkSj futh oSf'k"V; miyC/k gS tks muds fuf'prxkSjo ds izek.k gSaA1

Hkkjr dh bl le) fHkfÙk fp=dyk ijEijkdk :Ik tksxhekjk] vtUrk] ck/k] cknkeh] flÙkuokly],yksjk] ,yhQs.Vk dkysZ] Hkktk o ihry[kksjk dhxqQvksa esa miyC/k gSA bu xqQkvksa esa fp=.k dk dk;ZekS;Z] 'kqax] dq"kk.k] xqIr vkfn vusd jktoa'kksa dsjkT; dky ¼200bZ- iwoZ ls 600bZ- rd½ lEiUugqvkA nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh {ks= esa buds eqdkcys fp=ugha cusA e/;;qxhu Hkkjr ls ftruk Hkh fuekZ.k gqvk]muesa Hkh mruh lokZxh.krk ,oa LokHkkfodrk ifjyf{krugha gksrh gSA fp=ksa dks fuekZ.k esa fu%lUnsg eqxyksa usdeky dh fuiw.krk gkfly dh Fkh] fdUrq Hkkjrh;fHkfÙk fp=ksa dh rqyuk esa os Hkh U;wu gSA2

40Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds lanHkZ esa uoha lnh ds

Ik'pkr~ fHkfÙkfp=ksa dk LFkku NksVs&NksVs Yk?kq fp=ksa&rkM+i=]Hkksti=] vxjcRdy] iVfp=] dk"B Qyd vkfn usxzg.k dj fy;kA 14 ns'k esa dkxt ds izpyu dsQyLo:Ik&dkxt dh iksfFk;ksa us xzg.k dj fy;kAvr% vc fHkfÙk fp=.k yxHkx iruksUeq[k gks x;kFkk&flQZ egyksa] eafnjksa rFkk gosfy;ksa dh ltkoVgsrq eqxy lezkVksa rFkk fgUnw 'kkldksa us fHkfÙk fp=ksa dhijEijk dks dk;e j[kkA buesa egkjk.kk dqEHkk dsjkT; dky ¼1443&1464bZ-½ esa fufeZr dqaHkyx<+ds fHkfÙk fp=] fp=kSM+ nqxZ esa Hkkek'kkg ds gosyh dsfp=] ukFk}kjk] tSlyesj] tks/kiqj] t;iqj rFkk mn;iqjds fdyksa esa fLFkr fHkfÙk fp= ,oa vdcj dkyhuQrsgiqj lhdkjh ds jktk izlknksa ds nhokjksa rFkk Nrksaij cuk, x;s Ik'kq i{kh] o{k rFkk euq";ksa dh vkdfr;ksaesa ,d izdkj dh xfr'khyrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] tksvU; le; ds fp= dh rqyuk essa nqyZHk gSA3 fHkfÙkfp=ksa dh vfofPN= ijEijk dk mYys[k Hkkjrh;lkfgR;d xzaFkksa esa Hkjk IkM+k gSA

_Xosn4 esa peZ ij vfXunso ds fp= dks vafdrfd, tkus dk mYys[k gSA blds vfrfjDr vU; dbZLFkkuksa ij Hkh fp=ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA5 blhizdkj fHkfÙk fp=ksa dk mYys[k jkek;.k6 egkHkkjr7

Hkkjr ds ukV;'kkL=8 dkfynkldr j?kqoa'k9 ,oa esgnwrvkfn xzaFkksa esa] g"kZpfj=10 okRl;keu ds dkelw=11

us"k/k pfj=12 gfjoa'k iqjk.k13 vfXuiqjk.k eRL;Ikqjk.k14

tSu xzaFk15 ,oa ckS) dfr;ksa16 esa feyrss gSaA bl izdkjmijksDr lk{; ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa fHkfÙk fp=ksa dhijEijk vfr izkphu gSA tks Hkkjrh; dyk esa fHkfÙkfp=dyk ijEijk dh izkphurk dks izekf.kr djrs gSAftldk fuokZg okjk.klh dh fHkfÙk fp=dyk ijEijkesa Hkh fd;k x;k gSA okjk.klh Hkkjr dh lkaLdfrdjkt/kkuh gSA vr% ;gk¡ gh dyk esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh;laLdfr dks lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okjk.klh dhdyk esa fp=ksa dk lanHkZ ;gk¡ ds uxj lsB Xokyknkllkgw dk fp= gS] rFkk nwljk mnkgj.k okjk.klh dslwcsnkj ^^ehj :Lre^^ dk ^^ehj dh gksyh^^ ukedfp= Hkh gS] tks fHkUu&fHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa fufeZr gSA lu~

ISSN: 2394 5303 0160




4.002(IIJIF)


1715 bZ- esa ukxiqj ds Hkks"kyk jktk }kjk Hkks"kyk?kkVrFkk fdukjs ij fo'kky eru ds ckgjh /kTts o vUnjdh fnokyksa ij fofHkUu izdkj ds vyadj.k o /kkfeZdfo"k;ksa la lacaf/kr fp=ksa dh fp= ijEijk dh egRoiw.kZdfM+;k¡ gSA

orZeku dk'kh jkt; dh LFkkiuk ds iwoZ okjk.klheqfLye laLdfr dk izeq[k dsUnz FkkA Qk:[kfl;j ds'kklu dky esa ;gk¡ ds LFkkuh; 'kkld dky [kk¡ Fks]ftudh Lefr ds dqN fpUg ogk¡ vo'ks"k gSA laHkor%budk egy xaxk rV ij Fkk] tks vc yky ?kkV dsuke ls izfl) gS] ij vc yky [kk¡ ds izlkn dkdksbZ vo'ks"k miyC/k ugha gSA20 budk ;g NksVk lkedcjk jkt?kkV ij Hkh gS] tks dkQh pednkj gS] ;sHkkjr esa bZjkuh vkSj e/; ,f'k;k ls yk, x, gSA 12ns'k ds vfUre o"kksZ esa fnYyh ds ckn'kkg 'kkgvkyef}rh; ds iq= tckWc[krHkh okjk.klh vk;s rFkk mudslkFk eqxy 'kSyh ds izfl) fp=dkj ykykth eqlCojHkh vk,A buds iwoZ okjk.klh esa tks fp=dyk ijEijkdk;e FkhA mlh ijEijk ds ,d fp=dkj Xoky fl[khth Hkh FksA Xoky fl[kh th dk lEidZ ykyktheqlCoj ds lkFk gqvk] QyLo:Ik fl[kh ifjokj dhfp=dyk i)fr esa eqxy 'kSyh ds dBksj fuea=.kokyh fo'ks"krk,¡ lekfgr gks xbZ rFkk nwljh vksjmldh fp=dyk esa cukjl dh ijEijkxr eLrhekStwn FkhA vkxs pdydj buds ?kjkus us mRrj eqxy'kSyh Lohdkj dj yhA ftlesa flQZ LFkkuh; Hksnbuds ?kjkus esa feyrk gSA okjk.klh dh fp=dyk dksmPprk iznku djus esa ;gk¡ ds 'kkld ehj :Lremyh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

19 ns'k 'krh esa eulk jke ds iq= egkjktcyoar flag us orZeku dk'kh jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh]os 1730 bZ- esa xn~nh ij cSBk vkSj lQyrk iwoZd1770 bZ- rd 'kklu fd;kA fp=dyk dk dksbZegRoiw.kZ frfFkØe ugha feyrk gS] egkjktk mfnrukjk;.k ds jkT; dky vusd mnkgj.k izkIr gq, gSAegkjktk bZ'oj ukjk;.k flag ds 'kklu dky esalewph iqjkru ekU;rkvksa ,oa ijEijkvksa esa u;k eksM+vk;k] ftlds mRizsjd Lo;a egkjktk gh FksA ;s fo|k

vkSj dykvksa ds vkJ;nkrk FksA bUgha ds le; esafetkZiqj ds egUr Jh t;jke fxjh Hkh bUgha ds ghVDdj ds jbZl Fks buds }kjk cuok;s x;s fHkfÙk fp=vkt Hkh buds eB esa fo|eku gS tks okjk.klh ds cusiqjkus fp=ksa tSlh gh gSA egkjktk bZ'oj ukjk;.k flagds 'kklu dky esa iwjs ns'k esa daiuh 'kSyh dh ygjQSy x;h Fkh] tks rRdkyhu ;wjksih; 'kSyh tSlh ghgSA tks ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; tu ekud ds fp=.k dkeq[; vk/kkj ij x;hA eq[; dsUnz] okjk.klh dsvykok] iVuk] ykgkSj] fnYyh] y[kuÅ] eqflZnkckn]usiky] iwuk] lrkjk] udiqj] ,oa rutkSj vkfn FksA

mi;qZDr fooj.kksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd okjk.klhesa fHkfÙk fp=ksa dh ijEijk vfr izkphu gS] ysfdu fp=ksads vLFkk;h lkexzh ls fufeZr gksus ,oa eqxyksa ds /kekZU/krk ds dkj.k ;gk¡ fHkfÙk fp=ksa dksbZ Hkh izkphurevo'ks"k miyC/k ugha gSA ijarq okjk.klh dh fHkfÙkfp=dyk ijEijk esa 19oha 'krh rd ds fp= izkIr gSA

okjk.klh dh fHkfÙk fp= ijEijk dk vafrelksiku iw.kZr;k yksd 'kSyh ij vk/kkfjr gSA Hkkjrh;yksd dyk dk fodkl yksd thou esa gh 'kq: gksrkgS] ;g gekjs mYykle; volj ls tqM+dj gekjs ?kjds vkaxu vkSj fHkfÙk;ksa ijvksa dh R;ks ijEijkxr <axls pyh vk jgh gSA buesa eq[;r% Hkwfe fp=.k dhijEijk vfr izkphu gSA ;g izR;sd ekaxfyd voljksaij ?kj ds vkaxuksa ,oa }kjksa ij cuk;h tkrh gSA bufp=ksa ds vusd izknsf'kd uke gSA tSls&jaxksyh ¼egkjk"Vª½]xqtjkr esa ikM+uk] jktLFkku esa pkSd] iwuk rFkk mRrjizns'k esa myiuk tks caxky ,oa fefFkyk esa Hkhizpfyr gSA

fHkfÙk fp= izkphu dky ls gh ekaxfyd voljksaij nhoky ;k fHkfÙk;ksa ij efgykvksa] dke djus okysrFkk fp=dkjksa }kjk cuk;s tkrs FksA blesa eq[; :Ik lspkSd iwjuk] dksgcj cukuk] xkoa ds nsork] gkFkh] ?kksM+kx.ks'k izkdfrd fp=.k] Nokj iky rFkk lkekftdn'; dk fp=.kA ;g thoUr dyk vkt Hkh okjk.klhuxjh ds xkao o 'kgjksa fof'k"V :Ik ls vkfndky lspyh vk jgh gSA ;g vkt Hkh okjk.klh uxjh dhvfoHkkT; dyk gSA /keZ Kku LFky ^okjk.klh^ dk

ISSN: 2394 5303 0161




4.002(IIJIF)


bl dyk ls vVwV lEcU/k gSA ;s fp= HkkoukRed :IkrFkk dykRed xq.kksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS] budh lknh jax;kstuk js[kkvksa dh dkseyrk Hkkoksa dh lthorkn'kZuh; gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- f}osnh] MkW- ^nqxZ okjk.klh ds fHkfÙk fp=ksaesa*] i-la- 31 1984 okjk.klhA

2- ogh i-la- 31] 1984] okjk.klh3- 'ksjokuh] ,p-ds- dYpj VsªUMl bu esfMdy

bf.M;k* i-la- 494- _Xosn] ¼1&1&45½5- _Xosn] ¼4&32&26½] ¼1&5&5½]

¼10&8&11%13½6- ckYehfd dr] ^jkek;.k* ¼5&7&9½

¼22&10&13½ ¼2&15&35½ vkfn7- egkHkkjr] lHkkioZ] v/;k;&3 rFkk 498- vkpk;Z Hkjr dr] ukV;'kkL=] ¼2&84½9- dkfynkl dr] j?kqoa'k ¼8&68½ rFkk 16

os lxZ esa v;ks/;k uxjh o.kZu izlaxA10- ck.kHkV~Vdr ^g"kZ pfjr^ 5&2411- okRL;k;u dr ^dkelw=^ 1&4&1012- Jh g"kZ dr ^uS"k/k pfjr^] 18&12&1613- gfjoa'k iqjk.k] 2&118&62%6014- eRliqjk.k % 129 vkSj 130 ok¡ v/;k;15- ukFkk/kEe dFkkvkssa] 9&9&96] 1&1&18]

1&16&66%80

Hkz"Vkpkj ;g ,d euksoSKkfudv/;;u

çk- Ogh-,u- jkeVsdslgk¸;d çk/;kid]

ekul'kkL= foHkkx] ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dyko foKku egkfon;ky;]

,suiwj] rk- jkosj] ft- tGxko

==============***********===============lkjka'k

Hkkjr es Hkz"Vkpkj ;g ,d euksoSKkfud v/;;u gS ;g v/;;u djrs le; Hkz"Vkpkj dSls gksrkgSA Hkz"Vkpkj dh ifjHkk"kk D;k gSA Hkz"Vkpkj dgk dgkgksrk gSA ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gSA Hkz"Vkpkjds fofo/k dkj.kks dks tkuus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gSAtSls dh] uSfrd eqY;ks dk v/k:iru] lkekftdçfr"Bk dk yksHk] fo/kh fo"k; dk vKku] ykypheuksoÙkh]pquko dk dkyko/kh] xfjch vkSj fuj{kjrk]vf/kdre Li/kkZ] jktuhrh O;oLFkk] Hkz"Vkpkjh O;ogkjdk leFkZu]vkSj lgdkjh;ksa dk çHkko ,sls dkj.kks dkstkuus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gS ;g lHkh çdkjdsHkz"Vkpkj ij çfrca/k dj.ks ds mik; lq>k;k x;k gSAtSls dh] yksxks es tkx:drk fuekZ.k djuk]uSfrdewY; #tkokuk] fo/kh fo"k;d lq/kkj.kk] dkyh ;knhtkghj djuk] jktdh; lk{kjrk gksuk pfg,] pqukoi)rh es cny gksuk pkfg,]okLro ifjlfLFkrh dkKku gksuk pkfg,] cPpks es JelaLdkj #tokuk pkfg,vkSj ekfgrh ds vf/kdkj ds çrh tkudkjh gksuhpkfg, ,sls mik; lq>k;s x;s gSAçLrkouk

Hkkjr es Hkz"Vkpkj lc rjQ QSyk gqok gSA [kklrkSj ij Hkkjrh; jktdkj.k vkSj Hkkjr ds uksdj'kkg;g nksuks {ks= Hkz"Vkpkj ds ckjs es vxzslj gSA tSls fd

41

ISSN: 2394 5303 0162




4.002(IIJIF)


rkykc dk laj{k.k j{k.k djusokyk ik.kh fi;sxk ;gmäh fd rjg vius gksusokys lÙkk dk nq#i;ksxturk dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dj.ks ds fy; djrs gSA,d vkarjjk"Vªh; vgoky ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dkfons'kks dk dyk /ku vxj Hkkjr es yk;k x;k rksHkkjr dks vkxs …å lky ds fy; dj fojfgr okf"kZdvankt i=d cukuk laHkko gksxk Hkkjr ds dqNvkfFkZd xSjO;ogkj fopkj es fy;k x;k rks viukHkkjr ns'k Hkz"Vkpkj ls fdruk ccZVk gSA] ,slk le>es vkrk gSA

Hkkjr es Hkz"Vkpkj dks i¸;s ugh gSA ia[k gSA,slk dgk tkrk gSAla'kks/ku dk gsrw

ƒ½ Hkz"Vkpkj D;k gSA ;g tkuuk„½ Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.kks dks [kkstuk…½ Hkz"Vkpkj dks çfrca/k djus ds fy;s

mik;;kstuk djukHkz"Vkpkj dh ifjHkk"kk% O;fäxr ykHk ds fy;s

tkucq>dj nq"—R; djuk] vf/k—r drZO; ds rjQ/;ku u nsuk] lÙkk dk nq#i;ksx djuk ;kus Hkz"Vkpkjdgk tkrk gSAHkz"Vkpkj ds fu/kkZjd ?kVd

tSu ¼„ååƒ½ bUgksus Hkz"Vkpkj O;ogkj ds fy;rhu iwokZisf{kr fu/kkZjds crk;s gSA

ƒ½ uksdj'kkg ds vf/kdkj ds uhps dh lÙkk„½ bl lÙkk dk vkfFkZd ?kVdks ds lkFk jgusokyk

laca/k…½ idMs tkus dh vkSj f'k{kk gksus dh laHkkO;rk

de gksukHkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.kuSfrd eqY;ksadk v/k%iru

lsokHkkoh oÙkh] çkekf.kdi.kk] ,sls lkekftdo uSfrd eqY;ksadk j~gkl gqok rks Hkz"Vkpkj fuekZ.k gksrkgSA lHkh O;fä voS/k ekxZ ls iSls nsrs gSA vkSj ysrs gSA,slh Hkkouk fuekZ.k gksus ds dkj.k bl es dqN xyrgSA ,slk fdlh dks yxrk ugh-blfy;s çR;sd O;fävius xSjorZu dk leFkZu djus yxrk gSA blh çdkjHkz"Vkpkj lektekU; gks tkrk gSA lektO;oLFkk dk

vfoHkkT; ?kVd curk gSAlkeftd çfr"Bk dk yksHk

vktdy ftuds ikl iSlk gSA mudks lkekftdçfr"Bk gksrh gSA ,slh /kkj.kk gksrh gSAblfy; xSj ekxZls iSlk dekuk] fofo/k lq[koLrw [kjsnh dj.kk vkSjlekt es vkxs vkxs djuk bR;knh ckrksals çksRlkgufeyrk gSA] ifj.kkeh Hkz"Vkpkj gks tkrk gSAfo/kh fo"k; dk vKku vkSj fo/kh es dqNxqejkg

Hkz"Vkpkj ds fojks/k es rØkj dgk vkSj dSlhuksan fd;k tkuk pkgh, mldh xqIrrk dSlh j[khtk;s blds fo"k; es lekt es vKku vkSj mnklhurkfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA] mles cgksr xqejkg fd;k tkrk gSAblfy;s Hkz"Vkpkjh O;fä dks f'k{kk gksrh fg gSA] ,slkukgh gSA] blh dkj.k O;fä ds eu es fo/kh fo"k;dMj iSnk ugh gksrk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<kok feyrkgSAykyph eukso`Ùkh

vk/kqfud fo'o es O;fä cgksr ykyph vkSjLokFkhZ cu xk; gSA vius ikl cMk caxyk gksukpfg,] mph fdaer dh pkj pkdh xkMh gksuh pfg,]yMds dk ,d cgksr cMk m|ksx/kank gksuk pfg,bR;knh lq[k çnku djusokys vusd lk/ku gksukpfg, bl euksoÙkhls Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<kok feyrk gSApquko dk dkyko/kh

Hkkjr es pquko ds dky es Hkz"Vkpkj cgksrmpkbZ ij tkrk gSA bl dky es cMs cMs m|ksxirhjktdh; i{k ds çpkj ds fy, cgksr lkjk iSlk nsrsgS vkSj og jktdh; i{k pqudj vk;k dh ogm|ksxirh ds Qk;ns ds fu.kZ; ysdj mUgs [kq'k fd;ktkrk gSA bl çfØ;k es lkekU; turk dk vkfFkZd'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS ernkj Hkh jktdh; usrk dsrkRiqjrs çyksHku dks cyh iM tkrs gSA vkSj Hkz"Vkpkjes lkehy gks tkrs gSAxjhch vkSj fuj{kjrk

çpaM yksdla[;k vkSj lc rjQ QSyh gq;hxfjch vkSj fuj{kjrk ;g ,d Hkz"Vkpkj ds eq[;dkj.k gSA fuj{kjrk ds dkj.k yksxksads eu es Lo

ISSN: 2394 5303 0163




4.002(IIJIF)


gDd]Lo tckcnkjh dh tk.kho fuekZ.k ugh gksrh ijxfjch ds dkj.k Lo dh fdeku xjt iqjh djusdsfy;s [kkl rkSj ij O;fä Hkz"Vkpkj ds rjQ >qdtkrk gSAvf/kdre Li/kkZ

vkt lHkh {ks= eh fuekZ.k gq;h Li/kkZ Hkz"Vkpkjdks tckcnkj gksrh gSA bles jktdkj.k] f'k{k.k]uksdjh] O;olk;] m|ksx/kans bR;knh lHkh {ks= dklekos'k gksrk gS voS/k ekxZ ls vius dks tks pfg, oksrqjar feyrk gS bl Hkko ls fj'or ysusoys ls fj'ornsusokyk r;kj jgrk gSAjktuhrh O;oLFkk

jktdh; ?kjk.ks'kkgh vkSj mlhds dkj.k Bjkfodyksxksads gkr es vk;h gq;h lÙkk blh dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkjdks iks"kd okrkoj.k fuekZ.k gksrk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj djusokysuksdj'kkg dks jktdh; ojn gLr fn;k tkrk gSAblfy; Hkz"Vkpkj dks lrr c<kok fey tkrk gSAHkz"Vkpkjh O;ogkj dk leFkZu

Hkz"Vkpkj es lgHkkx fy;s x;s O;fä çR;{kvçR;{k rjhds ls vius O;ogkj dk leFkZu djrsgq;s fn[krs gSAlgdkjh;ksadk çHkko

Hkz"Vkpkjh O;ogkj ij Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy;s iks"kdokrkoj.k dk vuqdwy ifj.kke gks tkrk gSA lgdkjhds fujh{k.k es ls muds O;kOgkjks es ls muds lkFkfd;s x;s ckrks es ls /khjs /khjs Hkz"Vkpkjh çoÙkh fodflrgks tkrh gSAHkz"Vkpkj ij çfrca/ktkx:drk

lekt ds çR;sd O;fä es Hkz"Vkpkj ds fojks/kes tkx:drk fuekZ.k dj.kk t#jh gSA blds fy;s'kSf{kd O;oLFkk es veqykxz cny gksuk t#jh gSAdsoy f'k{kk ds dkj.kgh O;fä Lo;a ds eqyHkwrvf/kdkj dh vPNs & cqjs ckrks laca/kh ;ksX; rsfu.kZ; ys.ks dh {kerk fodflr gks tkrh gSAuSfrd ewY; #tokuk

O;fä O;ogkj ds fu;eu dj.ks ds fy;s mlesuhrh ewY; #tkuk cgksr t#jh gksrk gSA blds fy;s

mudk 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk es varHkkZo gksuk t#jh gSAckylaxksiu djrs le; ,d lqtku ikyd bllaca/k ls vius fopkj —frdk foijhr ifj.kke viusikY; ij ugh gksuk pkfg,- ,sls fopkj dj.ks ds cknO;fä ds rjQ ls Hkz"Vkpkj tSls voS/k —R; ukghgksaxs-fo/kh fo"k;d lq/kkj.kk

Hkz"Vkpkj fo"k;d dMd fo/kh dh vko';drkgSA bl lanHkZ es ;g crkusdk gSA dh fo/khfulafnX/k o lqLi"V jguk pfg,- U;k; O;oLFkk esjktdh; gLr{ksi ugh gksuk pfg,- ;g mruk ghegRoiw.kZ gSAdkyh ;knh tkghj djuk

Hkz"Vkpkj fl) fd;k x;k O;fä dh dkyh;knh oÙki= es ls tkghj djuk vkSj ,sls O;fä dksljdkj dh vksj ls feyus okys lHkh lsok lqfo/kk dhrjkQ ls oafpr fd;k tkuk pfg,- de ls delkekftd çfr"Bk ds Mj ds dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkjh O;ogkjdks çfrca/k fd;k tk;sxk-jktdh; lk{kjrk

jktuhrh ;g Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy;s dkj.khHkwrjàsokyk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA blds fy;s yksxksadksjktdh; fjR;k lk{kj djuk vko';d gSA vkSj yksxkses jktuhrh laca/kh ldkjkRed –"Vhdksu fodflrdjuk mudks okLro ifjfLFkrh dh tk.kho djukblfy;s yksxksa dk jktuhrh dk vçR;{k lgHkkx c<tk;sxk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks çfrca/k gksxk-pquko i)rh es cny

jktuhrh {ks= es lcls vf/kd Hkz"Vkpkj pqukodk;Zdky es gksrk gSA bles [kkl rkSj ij ernkj dks[kq'k djus ds fy;s cgksr cMh myk<ky gksrh gSAvkSj xjhc ,oa fiMhr turk bls cyh iM tkrs gSAblfy, pquko i)rh es cnyko gksuk t#jh gSAokLro ifjfLFkrhdk Kku

Hkz"Vkpkj dk ifj.kke dsoy Hkz"Vkpkj djusokysO;fä ij gksrk gSA ,slk ugh yxrk blls iqjk dqVqacm/oLr gks ldrk gSA ,sls dqVqac ds yMdk &ykMdh;ks ds Hkfo"; va/kdkje; gks ldrs gSA bl

ISSN: 2394 5303 0164




4.002(IIJIF)


fo"k; es tutkxrh djds yksxksadks okLrooknh fopkjdj.ks ds fy;s çoÙk fd;k tkrk gSAcPpks es JelaLdkj #tkuk

cPpks es lkekthdj.k çfØ;ks ds chp muesJelaLdkj #tkuk t#jh gSA bldk vkjaHk firkvksusLo;a ls djuk pfg,- NksVs cPps vuqdj.kfç; gksrsgSA blfy;s ekrk&firkvksus Lo ds O;ogkjksesa lsmuds lkeus ,d vkn'kZ fuekZ.k djuk pfg,-ekfgrh dk vf/kdkj

ekfgrh vf/kdkj dk ifj.kkedkjd mi;ksxdjusds ckn Hkz"Vkpkj dks cgq/kk çfrca/k djusds fy;s;'k vk;k gSA ge idMs tk;saxs bl Hk; ds dkj.kO;fä vkfFkZd xSjO;ogkj dj.ks dk lkgl ukghdjsxk-

uksdj'kkgh es ikjn'kZdrk fuekZ.k gks.ks ds fy;sçkekf.kd o ldkjkRed vfHkoÙkh gksusokys O;fä dsfy;s Hkjrh djuk vko';d gSA bles ;ksX; txk dsfy;s ;ksX; O;fä dh fu;qäh dj.ks ds fy;sfofo/k euksoSKkfud ra= dk mi;ksx fd;k tk;sxkblfy;s egRoiw.kZ in ij uksdjHkjrh djrs le;O;fä ds O;fäeRo ]vfHkoÙkh] vfHk#ph vkSj ewY;,sls euksoSKkfud xq.kks dk ekiu gksuk t#jh gSAfu"d"kZ

Hkz"Vkpkj dks çfrca/k dj.ks ds fy;s çR;sdO;fä Lo;a ls fg vkjaHk djds viukses ls ykyph]LokFkhZ] gO;klh çoÙkh dk R;kx djuk t#jh gSAblds lkFk& lkFk O;fä es ls ln~lf}osd cq/nhtkx:ddjuk mues ldkjkRed eqY;s #tkuk] Hkz"Vkpkj udj.ks ds fy;s f'k{khr djuk pkfg,- çlkjek/;eks usHkh viuh Hkwfedk pksd ctkuk pkfg, blls Hkz"Vkpkjçfrcaf/kr gks ldrk gSAlanHkZ

1) Bradley] M- M-, Codispoti] M-, Sabatinelli,D- S & Lang, P- S- (2001) Emotion & Motivation-11: SeÛ differences in picture processing- Emotion,1, 300 – 319-

2) Brody, L- R- (1999)- Gender: emotion, andthe family- Cambridge] MA: Harvard universitypress-

3) Crick, N- R- &Grotpeter, J- K- (1995)-relational aggression, gender and social –psychological adjustment- child development]66-710&722

4) Gilligan,C- (1982)- In a different voice:Psycho – social theory and women's development,Cambridge, MA: Harvard university press-

5) Hargie, O-, Saunders, C-, & Dickson, O-(1995)- Social skills in interpersonal –communication- London: Routledge-

6) Joseph, D- L- & Newman, D- A- (2010)-Emotional Intelligence: An Integrative Meta –analysis and cascading model- Journal of appliedPsychology] 95 54 – 78-

ISSN: 2394 5303 0165

Printing AreaPrinting AreaPrinting AreaPrinting AreaPrinting Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal

International Research journalInternational Research journalInternational Research journalInternational Research journalInternational Research journalPrintinPrintinPrintinPrintinPrinting AAAAArearearearearea June 2017

Issue-30, Vol-01

Impact

Factor

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Sr.No.8431

42

egknsoh oekZ ds dkO; esa fcEcvkSj izrhd

lqeu]ih,p-Mh- ('kks/kFkhZ)

fgUnh foHkkx]fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;

==============***********===============

19 oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr esa ftl uohu psrukdk vkxeu gqvk mlls lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh lkekftd]vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;ks a dslkFk lkfgfR;d izo`fÙk;k¡ Hkh izHkkfor gqbZA eè;dkyesa tgk¡ lkfgR; ij HkfDr] izse ds la;ksx&fo;ksx]ØhM+kijd i{k gkoh Fks ogh vk/qfud&dky esa;FkkFkZ egRoiw.kZ gks x;kA Hkk"kk ij tgk¡ laLÑrczt&Hkk"kk gkoh jgh ogha vk/qfud&dky rdvkrs&vkrs Hkk"kk us [kM+h cksyh dk :i ys fy;kAlkfgR;dkjksa us lkfgR; esa u, fopkjksa dk vkxeufd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i lkfgR;dkjks a us Hkk"kk ij]lkfgR; ij lkekftd&ca/uks a dks udkjuk vkjaHkfd;kA lkfgR; esa O;fDrxr izse O;Dr djuk vkjaHkfd;kA MkW- ukeoj flag th fy[krs gSa&^^Nk;koknls iwoZ dfo vius O;fDrxr izse thou] O;fDrxrizse dh vfHkO;fDr [kqydj ugha dj ikrs Fks]iqjkuk dfo vius futh lEca/ dks lh/s <ax lsO;Dr djus esa vleFkZ Fkk jhfrdky ds dfo;ksa dsfy, jk/k dUgkbZ dh vksV vfuok;Z FkhA**1

Nk;kokn esa ;s lkekftd ca/u <hys iM+sANk;kokn esa gks jgs bu cnykoksa ls egknsoh oekZHkh vNwrh u jghA

egknsoh oekZ dk izos'k dkO;&{ks=k esa ,sfrgkfldØe dh n`f"V ls izlkn] iar] fujkyk dh vis{kkckn esa gqvkA egknsoh dh dof;=kh :i esa vkfoHkkZods le; rd Nk;kokn ,d izo`fr ds :i esa

izfrf"Br gks pqdk FkkA mldh dqN :f<+;k¡ cupqdh FkhA ^^bl ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ds mYys[kdk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Nk;koknh izo`fr ds fy, jkgvkSj LFkku cukus esa tks la?k"kZ izlkn] iar] fujkykdks djuk iM+k] og egknsoh dks ughaA**2 bldkvFkZ ;g ugha fd egknsoh ,d izfrf"Br dkO;&/kjk esa ek=k 'kkfey gks xbZ] cfYd mUgksaus Nk;koknds varxZr vius fy;s jkg cuk;h vkSj viusfof'k"V dfo O;fDrRo dk fodkl fd;kA egknsohoekZ dh dqN izkjafHkd dfork,¡ cztHkk"kk esa gS]fdarq ckn dh laiw.kZ jpuk,¡ [kM+h cksyh esa gqbZAegknsoh th dh [kM+h&cksyh laLÑr&fefJr gSA oge/qj dksey vkSj izokgiw.kZ gSA egknsoh oekZ dhHkk"kk ljy gS] fdarq lw{e Hkkoukvksa ds fp=k.k esaog ladsrkRed gksus ds dkj.k dgha&dgha vLi"VHkh gks xbZ gSA egknsoh th dh 'kSyh esa fujarjfodkl gksrk jgk gSA ^uhgkj* esa mudh 'kSyh izkjafHkdvoLFkk esa gSA bl izkjafHkd voLFkk dh 'kSyh esaHkko de gS] 'kCn vf/dA ^uhjtk* dh 'kSyh esaHkko vkSj Hkk"kk dh lekurk gSA ^nhif'k[kk* dhjpuk es amudh 'kSyh izkS<+ gks xbZ gS vkSj FkksM+s 'kCnksaesa cgqr dqN dgus dh {kerk vk xbZ gSAlgt lk/kj.k vuqHkwfr;ksa ds fcEc

^^Hkk"kk ds nks i{k gksrs gSa& ,d lkadsfrd(flEckWfyd) vkSj nwljk fcack/k;d (izstasVsfVo)A,d esa rks fu;r ladsr }kjk vFkZ cks/&ek=k gkstkrk gS] nwljs esa oLrq dk fcEc ;k fp=k vUr%dj.kesa mifLFkr gksrk gSA o.kZuksa esa lPps dfo f}rh;i{k dk vkyEcu djrs gSaA**3

Lok/hurk vkanksyu ds nkSjku ^^Hkkjrokfl;ksadks iw.kZ :i ls jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd Lora=krkHkys gh u izkIr gqbZ gks] ijarq ekufld Lok/hurkvo'; izkIr gqbZA ekufld Lok/hurk fopkjksa vkSjHkkoksa ds vck/ izlkj ds fy, }kj [kksy nsrh gSvkSj Nk;koknh dfo ds fy, bl ekufld Lok/hurk us ;gh dk;Z fd;kA**4 ukeoj flag fy[krs gSa]^^blls igys dfo;ks a es a ân; dk ,slk vck/vkosx ugha feyrkA f}osnh&;qx ds dfo vius

ISSN: 2394 5303 0166



Issue-30, Vol-01

Impact

Factor

4.002(IIJIF)

s r UGC Approved

Sr.No.8431

Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fo"k; esa cM+s lrdZ FksAjhfrdky ds dfo;ksa ds fy, rks tSls ân; dkdksbZ fo'ks"k egRo gh u FkkAmudh lHkh ckrsa bldnj lk¡ps esa <yh&<ykbZ fudyrh izrhr gksrh gSfd muls O;fDr oSf'k"V~; dk cks/ gh ugha gksrkAvkSj lar&dfo;ks a ds la;e dk D;k dgukA**5

Nk;koknh dfo;ks a us ^^fcEc&fo/ku dks viusdkO;&f'kYi ds la?kVu esa vR;f/d egRo fn;kAizk;% lEiw.kZ Nk;koknh dkO; esa vFkZ&xzg.k dslkFk fcEc&xzg.k Hkh gksrk gSA**6 Nk;koknh dfo;ksae s a eg kn s o h oe k Z d s fc Ec&fo/ku ij ewfrZdyk ,oa fp=kdyk dk fo'ks"kizHkko jgk gSA bUgks au s Lo;a gh Lohdkj fd;kgS&^Ô;fDrxr :i ls eq>s ewfrZdyk fo'ks"k vkdf"kZrdjrh gS] D;ksafd mlesa dykdkj ds vUrtZxr dkoSHko gh ugha] cká vkHkkl Hkh visf{kr gSA** 7

laosnu'khy dof;=kh egknsoh oekZ ds dkO;esa thou&txr ds dqN fo'ks"k i{kksa dh O;k[;kfeyrh gSA blfy, muds fcacksa dk vk;ke vf/dO;kid u gksdj lhfer gSA ^^mudh dYiuk mudsvkè;kfRed vkn'kZ dh lhek&js[kk esa c¼ gksus dsdkj.k foLr`r mM+ku ugha Hkj ikrhA iQyLo:imuds fcacksa esa izcy vkosx dk vHkko gSA ukjhlqyHk ladkspo`fr] Nk;koknh lkadsfrd 'kSyh dsdkj.k ,d jgL;e;rk O;kIr gSA**8 egknsoh oekZfy[krh gSa&

^^ân; ij vafdr dj lqdqekjrqEgkjh vogsyuk dh pksVfcNkrk gw¡ iFk esa d:.ks'kNydrh vk¡[ksa g¡lrs vksBA**9

egknsoh oekZ ds xhrks a esa foJa`[ky fcEcfeyrs gSaA ^^,sls fcEcksa esa ln`'k izHkkoksa ds lkrO;dk vHkko jgrk gSA êSa uhj Hkjh nq%[k dh cnyh*,sls xhrksa esa ls ,d gSA bl foJa`[kyrk dk ,d,d dkj.k ;g gS fd buds fcEc uUnfrd lw{erkvksads xkspj izR;{khdj.k ls vf/d mu vrÌr bPNkvksadk laewrZu izLrqr djrs gSa] ftUgsa dof;=kh ljsvkeizdV djuk ugha pkgrhA**10 egknsoh oekZ ds

dkO; esa Li'kZ&fcac] xa/&fcac ,oa jl fcac dkiz;ksx izpqj ek=kk esa feyrk gSA Li'kZ ds lanHkZ esaegknsoh oekZ dsoy pqacu dh lhek rd gh igq¡pldh gSA fiz;&feyu dh laHkkouk ek=k ls 'kjhjjksekafpr vkSj eu iqyfdr gks mBrk gSA og fy[krhgSa&

^êatfjr uoy e`nq nsg&Mkyf[ky&f[ky mBrk uo iqyd&tky**11

xa/ dh izrhfr djkus ds fy, dq'ky&dfomlds vkJ;Hkwr izfl¼&inkFkks± dh ppkZ dj nsrsgSaA dkO; dk lkekU; vFkZ gS eu% izlknu djuk]blfy, mlesa eqX/dkjh lqxa/ dk gh mYys[k feyrkgSA

^^dkeuk dh iydksa esa >wyuoy iwQyksa ds Nwdj vaxfy, erokyk lkSjHk lkFkythyh yfrdk;sa Hkj vad**12

egknsoh oekZ :i&Ja`xkj dk Hkh fcEc&fo/ku izLrqr djrh gS&

^^fLer ls dj iQhds v/j v:.kxfr ds tkod ls pj.k ykyLoIukas ds xhyh iyd vk¡tlheUr ltk yh v{kq&eky**13

egkn soh oek Z u s vius o.;Z&fo"k; dhvfHkO;fDr izÑfr ds ekè;e ls dh gSA bl izdkjbUgksaus viuh dforkvksa esa cM+s gh O;kid&:i lsizÑfr dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA ^^dHkh rks izÑfr esamUgsa ijelÙkk dk vkHkkl feyrk gS vkSj dHkh osvR;f/d Hkkokdqy gksdj mlesa vius vkarfjdHkkoksa dh ,d:irk fu:fir djus yxrh gSA viusizkÑfrd fcEcksa dks vyadkj&;kstuk }kjk ltkus esaHkh egknsoh th fo'ks"k nÙkfpÙk fn[kkbZ iM+rhgSA**14 ^lqugys vk¡py* esa jksyh fc[kjk&dj g¡lusokys izHkkr rFkk ygjksa dh fcNyu ij epyrhgqbZ Hkksyh Hkkyh fdj.kksa dks ns[kdj dfy;k¡ viusiYyo&?kw¡?kV dks mBkdj NyNykbZ gqbZ iydksa lslalkj dh ekndrk dk lgt gh vuqeku dj ysrhgSaA

ISSN: 2394 5303 0167



Issue-30, Vol-01

Impact

Factor

4.002(IIJIF)

s r UGC Approved

Sr.No.8431

^^gal nsrk tc izkr] lqugjsv¡py esa fc[kjk jksyh]ygjksa dh fcNyu ij tcepyh iM+rh fdj.ksa Hkksyh]rc dfy;k¡ pqipki mBkdj iYyo ds ?kw¡?kV

lqdqekjNydh iydksa ls dgrh gS fdruk eknd gS

lalkj**A16

izkr% dky dk ;g fp=k ftlesa dof;=kh dksjgL;e;h lÙkk dk ladsr feyrk gSA og fy[krhgSa&

^^tc diksy xqykc ij f'k'kq izkr dslw[krs u{k=k ty ds fcUnq ls]jf'e;ksa dh dud /kjk esa ugk]eqdqy g¡lrs eksfr;ksa dk v?;Z ns]LoIu'kkyk esa ;ofudk Mky tksrc n`xksa dks [kksyrk og dkSu gSA**16

^^ekuoh; lkSUn;Z gh dkO; dk ewy izsj.kklzksr gSA ;|fi vukfn&dky ls izÑfr Hkh dkO; esaeq[kj gksrh vkbZ gS] fdUrq lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dh n`f"Vls gekj s fy, izÑfr dh vk sj tkukA gekj se wy&laLdkj ekuo&txr es a gh curs g S a A**17

ekuoh;&fcacks a dks nks Jsf.k;ks a esa j[kk tkrk gSA(1) ukjh:i (2) iq#"k:iA dkO; esa iq#"k dsLFkwy :i dk fp=k.k izk;% de ik;k tkrk gSA^^mlds vkarfjd lkSUn;Z ds varxZr iq#"kkFkZ dk;ks±]nq"Vksa dk neu] nhuksa dh lgk;rk] vlgk;ksa dhj{kk vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA d"V] lfg".kqrk]lsokijk;.krk] deZBrk] drZO;fu"Bk rFkk R;kx tSls'khy lkSUn;Z ls lacaf/r xq.kksa ds dkj.k iq#"kksa dkpfj=k fo'ks"k&:i ls vkd"kZd jgk gSA**18

egknsoh oekZ us Hkh ,d LFkku ij fiz;re dsfy, fujk'k fHk{kqd ds n;uh; Lo:i dh vorkj.kkdh gS ftlesa muds ân; dh Vhl vkSj vkRek dsdqafBr d:.k ØUnu dh >yd gS&

^^fHk{kqd ls fiQj tkvksxs rc ysdj ;gviuk /uA

d#.k ke; rc le>k sx s bu i z k. k k s a dk

egaxkiuA**19

tx&thou ls lEc¼ izrhdfdlh vn`'; vkSj vykSfdd dh vfHkO;atuk

ds fy, lk/kj.k 'kCnksa ls dke ugha pyrk vkSjdfo dks izrhdksa dk vkJ; ysuk iM+rk gSA ^^dforkesa izrhd&fo/ku peRdkj fo/k;d ek=k ugha gksrkAoju~ dkO; esa eu dh lhfer 'kfDr;ksa }kjk fturF;ksa dk iw.kZ mn~?kkVu ugha gks ikrk] mUgsa lkE; dsvk/kj ij izrhd gh bfUnz;xkspj cukus dh lkeF;Zj[krs gSaA**20

izrhd l`f"V euq"; dh fpUru iz.kkyh vkSjfØ;k&O;kikj dk ,d vko';d vax gSA ^^blrjg dkO;&txr esa vuqHkwfr ds vdFkuh; va'kksadks izrhd&fo/ku ds }kjk dFkuh; vkSj izs"k.kh;cuk;k tkrk gSA vr% dfork esa lw{e lkSUn;Z ;kmldh vuqHkwfr dks O;Dr djus esa izrhdks a dkvorj.k vfuok;Z gSA**21

Nk;kokn o S;fDrd vko s' k vk S j futhlq[k&nq%[k dh vfHkO;fDr dk dkO; gSA blfy,Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us izrhd&fo/ku esa Hkh O;SfDrdizo`fÙk ls gh dke fy;kA ^^;|fi Nk;kokn izQkalds izrhdokn dh rjg dkO; esa izrhdkRed vkanksyudk vkxzgh ugha gS] fiQj Hkh izrhdoknh dkO;&/kjkdh rjg Nk;kokn us Hkh yk{kf.kd izrhdksa ds }kjkdfork dks :<+ vfHkO;atuk&'kSyh ls eqDr fd;k]mlesa LoPNUnrk dh izfr"Bk dh vkSj mls rF;kRedrkls eqDr dj lkSUn;Ziw.kZ Lo:i fn;kA**22 ;gvR;Ur LokHkkfod gS fd izrhd&i¼fr us Nk;koknhdkO;&Hkk"kk dks 'kfDr&lEiUu cukus esa viuk iwjk;ksx fn;kA

Nk;koknh&dfo;ksa esa jgL;kRed izrhdksa dk:i egknsoh oekZ ds dkO; esa vf/d fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA Nk;koknh dfo;ks a dks n`';&txr esa fdlhvKkr lÙkk dk vkHkkl feyrk Fkk] ysfdu ogdkSu gS] bldk irk mUgsa ugha FkkA muesa ek=kftKklk Fkh] mldk lek/ku ugha FkkA bl dkj.kmudh dforkvksa esa jgL;kRedrk dk lekos'k gqvkAbldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd ^^lkekftd ,oa

ISSN: 2394 5303 0168



Issue-30, Vol-01

Impact

Factor

4.002(IIJIF)

s r UGC Approved

Sr.No.8431

uSfrd e;kZnkvksa dh xq#rk ds vHkko ls dgha&dghaNk;koknh dfo;k s a u s viuh Kkr vk Sj Li"VvuqHkwfr;ks a dks Hkh jgL;kRedrk dk vkoj.k nsfn;kA**23 ;g jgL;kRedrk dk vkoj.k lqfe=kkuUnuiar dh ^ekSu fuea=k.k*] fujkyk dh ^rqe vkSj eSa*'kh"kZd dforkvksa esa vkSj ^egknsoh oekZ* dh vf/drj dforkvksa esa feyrh gSA Nk;koknh dkO; esabl izdkj ds jgL;kRed izrhdks a ds iz;ksx dsdkj.k dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, MkW- ukeoj flagfy[krs gSa&^^ml le; lekt esa tks u;h O;oLFkkvk jgh Fkh] mlds fo"k; esa dfo;ksa dk Kku /qa/yk FkkA --- muds fy, ;g ifjorZu vuqHkoxE; rksFkk] cqf¼xE; u FkkA --- blh dks dkO;kRed Hkk"kkes a mUgks aus ;ks a dgk fd og fiz;re vKkr gS]vkoj.k esa vkrk gS vkSj lius esa feyrk gSA**24

Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us izkÑfrd txr ds izrhdxzg.k fd,A izÑfr esa lkSUn;Z dh [kkst djrs gq,]izÑfr ij psruk dk vkjksi yxkrs gq, Nk;koknhdfo;ks a us cgqr ls izrhdks a dk fuekZ.k fd;kAizÑfr dks Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us u;s :i esa u;hlkSUn;Z&n`f"V ls ns[kkA ^^fgUnh&dfork esa igyhckj izÑfr míhiu ds cnys vkyEcu cu x;h]blfy, bu dfo;ksa us izÑfr&txr esa v{k; lkSUn;Zjkf'k ns[khA iQyr% izkÑfrd miknkuksa dks viuhHkkoukvk s a dh vfHkO;fDr dk mi;qDr lk/ucuk;kA**25 ;g LokHkkfod Fkk D;ksafd oS;fDrdLora=krk vkdka{kh dfo;ksa dks izÑfr&{ks=k ls mUeqDrrkfeyhA ifj.kkeLo:i iwQy] vksl] ckny] dyh]fu>Zj vkfn Lora=k dfork ds fo"k; cuus yxsA

Nk;kokn ds egRoiw.kZ pkj LrEHk ekus tkrsgSa t;'kadj izlkn] lqfe=kkuanu iar] lw;Zdkar f=kikBhfujkyk vkSj egknsoh oekZA Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esaegknsoh oekZ lcls T;knk izrhdkRed gSA budsi| lkfgR; esa izk;% vkfn ls vUr rd izrhdkRedgSA budh dforkvksa esa yksd&thou dh vfHkO;fDrHkh blh :i esa gqbZ gSA egknsoh oekZ ds le; dklkekftd&thou vkt dh rjg eqDr ugha FkkA mlle; uSfrdrk ds ca/uksa dk cksyckyk FkkA L=kh&f'k{kk

dk izpkj&izlkj T;knk ugha FkkA ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ds vUnj gh ukjh dh nqfu;k lhfer FkhA ;sHkh ,d dkj.k gks ldrk gS fd egknsoh oekZ usvius vUreZu ds m}syu dks izrhdkRed&:i esaO;Dr fd;k gSA egknsoh oekZ us vf/dka'k izrhdizÑfr ds fy, gS] ;|fi mudk iz;ksx u;s <ax lsfd;k gSA mUgsa :f<+ ls vyx dj dof;=kh usviuh O;fDrxr :fp vkSj vko';drkuqlkj uohu<ax ls iz;ksx fd;k gSA egknsoh oekZ ds izrhdksa esanhid] vkalw] re] Tokyk] iwQy] dey vkfn dkiz;ksx vR;f/d feyrk gSA dguk u gksxk fd^nhi* egknsoh ds dkO; dk ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZizrhd gSA bldk iz;ksx mudh dfork esa ckj&ckjgqvk gSA ;g izrhd mudks bruk fiz; gS fd mUgksausviuh dfork es a blds lkFk rknkRe;&lk djfy;k gSA fHkUu lanHkks± esa ;g izrhd viuh fHkUuvFkZNfo;ksa esa vkrk gSA dgha rks ;g xyus] ?kqyusvkSj tyus ds lanHkZ esa vkrk gS vkSj vkRenku dkvFkZ nsrk gSA

^^lkSjHk iSQyk foiqy /wi cu]e`nqy ekse&lk ?kqy js e`nq ru]ns izdk'k dk flU/q vifjferrsjs thou dk v.kq oxy&xy!iqyd iqyd esjs nhid ty!**26

;g nhid dof;=kh ds thou dk izrhd gSAnhid dh gh Hkk¡fr og iz.k;&osnuk esa ty jghgSA tyuk gh mldk è;s; gSA mls tyrs jgus ls ghog vius y{; dks izkIr dj ldsxkA mldh lk/uk dks Hkax ds fy, chp&chp esa lkalkfjd izk.khiraxksa dh Hkkafr vkdj ml ij U;kSNkoj gksrs jgrsgSaA ij og buds eksg esa iM+dj viuh lk/uk Hkaxugha djsxhA

egknsoh dh dfork esa ^nhid* yM+us dkHkh ladsr nsrk gS vkSj ;g la?k"kZ dk Hkh izrhd gSA^nhid* dk i zr hd egkn soh d s dkO; dkthou&O;kih vk/kj gS vkSj muds fy, nhid ,dltho izrhd gSA

^^/wfy ds ftu y?kq d.kksa esa gS u vkHkk izk.k]

ISSN: 2394 5303 0169



Issue-30, Vol-01

Impact

Factor

4.002(IIJIF)

s r UGC Approved

Sr.No.8431

rw gekjh gh rjg muls gqvk oiqekuAvkx dj nsrh ftls iy esa tykdj {kkj]gS cuh ml rwy ls orhZ ubZ lqdqekjArsy esa Hkh gS u vkHkk dk dgha vkHkkl]fey x, lc rc fn;k rwus vlhe izdk'kA**27

nhid ds vuUrj nwljk izrhd îq"i* gSAftlds ekè;e ls egknsoh dh d:.kk ;k lgkuqHkwfrdh Hkkouk izk;% O;Dr gqbZ gSA jgL;&lkf/dk gksusds dkj.k egknsoh Lo;a lkalkfjd vkd"kZ.k esa ughaiM+rh ij fiQj Hkh lalkj ds yksxks a ds izfr osiw.kZr% mnklhu Hkh ugha gS vfirq muds izfr LusgvkSj lgkuqHkwfr dh vfHkO;fDr dh gSa fo'ks"kr%lalkj ds mu yksxks a ds izfr tks fd lTturk]fouezrk] mnkjrk ,oa lfg".kqrk ds xq.kksa ls ;qDr gSaegknsoh oekZ dh dforkvksa esa îq"i* ,sls gh fouezO;fDr;ksa dk izrhd gSA og fy[krh gSa&

^^Fkk dyh ds :i esa 'kS'koesa vgks lw[ks lqeu!eqLdjkrk Fkk] f[kykrhvad esa rq>dks iou !ftl iou us vad esays I;kj Fkk rq>dks fd;k]rhoz >ksads ls lqykmlus rq>s Hkw ij fn;kdj fn;k e/q vkSj lkSjHknku lkjk ,d fnu]fdUrq jksrk dkSu gSrsjs fy, nkuh lqeuA**28

iq"i&lewg esa ls Hkh egknsoh oekZ dks ^dey*fo'ks"k fiz; gSA ^dey* Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ,oa I;kjk iq"i gSA mlesa ifo=krk] fnO;rk ,oavykSfddrk dk Hkh Hkko fo|eku gSA egknsoh usvius ,d dkO;&laxzg dk uke ûhjtk* blh dsvk/kj ij fd;k gSA

^^fiz; bu u;uksa dk v{kq uhjblesa mitk ;g uhjt flr]dksey dksey yfTtr ehfyr]lkSjHk lh ysdj e/qj ihjA

blesa u iad dk fpUg 'ks"kblesa u Bgjrk lfyy&ys'kbldks u txkrh e/qi&Hkhj**29

egknsoh oekZ dh dfork esa tgk¡ lkekU;iq"i mnkj ,oa Lusg'khy O;fDrRo dk izrhd gSogk¡ dey muds lkf/dk O;fDrRo dks izLrqrdjrk gSA x.kifrpUnz xqIr fy[krs gSA& ^^fojg&O;Fkkds vkalqvksa ls ifjiw.kZ] okluk ds iad ls mQijmBh gqbZ] lkalkfjd vkd"kZ.k tky ls eqDr jgrhgqbZ] e/q yksHkh Hkzejksa dh HkhM+ ls cph gqbZ jgL;ksUeq[klkfjdk ds O;fDrRo dk izfrfuf/Ro iw.kZr% ogiadt gh dj ikrk gS tks iad ls tUe ysdj Hkhiad&'kwU; jgrk gS] uhjt gksrk gqvk Hkh uhj lsmij mBk jgrk gS] bl izdkj dey lkf/dkegknsoh ds lewps O;fDrRo dks liQyrkiwoZdo;aftr dj ikrk gSA**30

bl izdkj egknsoh oekZ dh Hkk"kk] fcEc]izrhd] vke tu&thou ls lacaf/r gSA egknsohoekZ ds fo"k; esa tks /kj.kk,¡ cuh gqbZ gS mudsdkO; dks mlls vyx djds ns[kuk pkfg,AlanHk Z

1- flag] ukeoj % Nk;kokn] i`"B 232- Bkd qj ] [kx s Un z i zlkn % Nk;koknh

dkO;&Hkk"kk dk foospukRed vuq'khyu] i`"B 1503- 'kqDy] jkepUnz % jlehekalk] i`"B 2924- flag] ukeoj % Nk;kokn] i`"B 825- flag] ukeoj % Nk;kokn] i`"B 826- Bkd qj ] [kx s Un z i zlkn % Nk;koknh

dkO;&Hkk"kk dk foospukRed vuq'khyu] i`"B 657- oekZ] egknsoh % nhif'k[kk] i`"B 428- flag] jkf/dk % egknsoh dk dkO; % oLrq

vkSj f'kYi] i`"B 1609- tSu] fueZyk % egknsoh lkfgR; (Hkkx

1)] i`"B 3010- JhokLro] ijekuan % egknsoh] i`"B 5411- tSu] fueZyk % egknsoh lkfgR; (Hkkx

1)] i`"B 10412- tSu] fueZyk % egknsoh lkfgR; (Hkkx

ISSN: 2394 5303 0170



Issue-30, Vol-01

Impact

Factor

4.002(IIJIF)

s r UGC Approved

Sr.No.8431


1)] i`"B 25514- ;kno] pkSFkhjke % lkaLÑfrd iqutkZxj.k

vkSj Nk;koknh dkO;] i`"B 4515- tSu] fueZyk % egknsoh lkfgR; (Hkkx


1)] i`"B 11317- ;kno] pkSFkhjke % lkaLÑfrd iqutkZxj.k

vkSj Nk;kokn] i`"B 4618- ;kno] pkSFkhjke % lkaLÑfrd iqutkZxj.k

vkSj Nk;kokn] i`"B 5019- tSu] fueZyk % egknsoh lkfgR; (Hkkx

1)] i`"B 4520- ' ke k Z ] gfjek sgu % mÙ kjNk;koknh

dkO;Hkk"kk] i`"B 21421- foey] dqekj % Nk;kokn dk lkSUn;Z

'kkL=kh; vè;;u] i`"B 23222- Bkdqj] [kx s Un z i zlkn % Nk;koknh

dkO;&Hkk"kk dk foospukRed vuq'khyu i`"B 11123- Bkdqj] [kx s Un z i zlkn % Nk;koknh

dkO;&Hkk"kk dk foospukRed vuq'khyu] i`"B 11424- flag] ukeoj] Nk;kokn] i`"B 5225- Bkdqj] [kx s Un z i zlkn % Nk;koknh

dkO;&Hkk"kk dk foospukRed vuq'khyu] i`"B 11526- tSu] fueZyk % egknsoh lkfgR; (Hkkx


1)] i`"B 18728- tSu] fueZyk % egknsoh lkfgR;] (Hkkx

1)] i`"B 5929- tSu] fueZyk] egknsoh lkfgR; (Hkkx

1)] i`"B 16730- xqIr] x.kifr pUnz % egknsoh u;k

ewY;kadu] i`"B 272qqq

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×ÖÂ�úÂÖÔŸÖ: Æü´Ö �úÆü ÃÖ�úŸÖê Æêî ×�ú †–ÖêµÖ �êú �úÖ¾µÖ-µÖÖ¡ÖÖ ´ÖëˆÖ�úÖ ´ÖÖîÖ ÃÖ´Ö¯ÖÔ�Ö †ÖŸ´ÖÖ ÃÖê ¯Ö¸ü´ÖÖŸ´ÖÖ �úß †Öê ü •ÖÖÖê �úÖ ÃÖÓ�êúŸÖ Æîü…µÖÖµÖÖ¾Ö¸ü Ã¾Ö³ÖÖ¾Ö �êú †–ÖêµÖ ¯ÖÏ�éú×ŸÖ �êú ÃÖÖ×Ö¬µÖ ´Öë ¸üÆü�ú¸ü •Öß¾ÖÖ ×Ö×¬Ö�êú ‹êÃÖê �ú»Ö´Ö�úÖ¸ü Æîü ×•ÖÆüÖêÓÖê •Öß¾ÖÖ �úÖê ÃÖÓ‘ÖÂÖÔ¿Öß»ÖŸÖÖ �úÖ ÃÖÖ¸ü ³Öß�úÆü�ú¸ü ÃÖŸÖŸÖ “Ö»ÖŸÖê ¸üÆüÖê �úÖ ÃÖÓ�ú»¯Ö Æü´ÖêÓ ¤êüŸÖê Æîü… ˆÖ�úß �úÖ¾µÖ-µÖÖ¡ÖÖ Æü´ÖêÓ •Öß¾ÖÖ Öæ»µÖÖë �úß Æü¸ü ”ûÖ¯Ö ÃÖê ÃÖÖ�ÖÖŸ�úÖ¸ü �ú¸üÖŸÖß Æãü‡Ô †Ö¾Ö¸üŸÖ

†ÖŸ´ÖˆŸ�úÂÖÔ �úß ¯ÖÏê ü�ÖÖ ¤êüŸÖß Æîü… †ÓŸÖ ´Öë ´ÖãÛŒŸÖ²ÖÖê¬Ö �êú ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë �úÆüÖ•ÖÖ ÃÖ�úŸÖÖ Æîü ×�ú "‹�ú �ú¤ü´Ö ²ÖœÍüŸÖÖ ÆæÑü, ÃÖÖî ¸üÖÆêü �Öã»ÖŸÖß Æîü…"ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ :-

1) †–ÖêµÖ : ÃÖæ�´Ö ÃÖÓ¾Öê¤üÖÖ �úß †×³Ö¾µÖÛŒŸÖ, ›üÖò. ¸üÛ¿´Ö ¿Ö´ÖÖÔ(‡Ó™ü¸üÖê™ü)2) ×Æü¤üß �êú ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖ×Ö×¬Ö �ú×¾Ö, ›üÖò. ×¾ÖÖµÖ ¯ÖÏ�úÖ¿Ö ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 2793) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 1534) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 255) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 446) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 687) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 1598) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 18-199) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 4910) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æî,ü ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 6711) ×Æü¤üß �êú ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖ×Ö×¬Ö �ú×¾Ö, ›üÖò. ×¾ÖÖµÖ ÖÏ�úÖ¿Ö ×´ÖÁÖ, Öé. 27912) ×•ÖŸÖÖÖ ŸÖã ÆüÖ¸üÖ ÃÖ“Ö Æîü, ÃÖ´¯ÖÖ¤ü�ú µÖØŸÖ¦üü ×´ÖÁÖ, ¯Öé. 55

ISSN: 2394 5303 0173




4.002(IIJIF)


L=h&eu ij dyedkj ;ksxs'kdkuok dk ;ksxnku %

,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u

MkW- eksfudk feJkO;k[;krk& fgUnh]

vkj-,y-lgfj;k jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;]dkykMsjk] t;iqj] jktLFkku

==============***********===============lkj la{ksi

eq[; js[kkafdr in &L=h&eu] L=h fpUrudk v/;;u] L=h&eu ij dyedkj ;ksxs'k dkuokdk ;ksxnku

ge Lo;a dks lexzrk ds lkFk mlh rjg lsugha ns[k ikrs tSls vk¡[kksa ds djhc dksbZ pht+ vkusij og /kqa/kyh fn[kk;h nsrh gS] Li"V :Ik ls ns[kus dsfy, fuf'pr vuqikr esa nwjh dh vko';drk gksrhgSA og nwjh fe=ksa ls o iqLrdksa ls izkIr gksrh gS] ;ghdkj.k gS fd lkfgR; dh fdlh Hkh fo/kk esa pkgs ogdgkuh gh D;ksa u gks mls i<+rs le; ge gh mlesals xqtjrs gSa] vkanksfyr gksrs gq, lek/kku dh fn'kk esavkxs c<+rs gSa rFkk vius eu ds vrIr Hkkoksa dkfojspu o 'keu dj 'kkafr izkIr djrs gSa A dgkuhdkj;ksxs'k dkuok dh dgkfu;ksa esa fpf=r L=heu dksns[kus ij gesa ,slk gh vuqHko gksrk gS A budhdgkfu;ksa esa L=h ds vUreZu dh ihM+k ] lq[k&nq[k]g"kZ &fo"kkn rks gS gh] iw.kZ bdkbZ ds :Ik esa thus dhyyd o mlds vuq:Ik mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Hkh gSarFkk mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ftdz Hkh gS tks L=h dks thusds gd+ ls oafpr j[krh gSa] ogk¡ L=h ds Hkhrj fonzksggS fdUrq dzwjrk ugha] vius uSlfxZd HkkoHkwfe ijLora= [kM+k gksus dh pkg gS fdUrq fdlh dksvf/kdkjfoghu djus dk naHk ugh] ekufld }U} gS

44fdUrq fo/oal ugha] cspSuh o vk'kadk gS fdUrq fujk'kkugha] LokHkkfod xq.kksa o vkdka{kkvksa dks oj.k djusdk Hkko gS fdUrq lc dqN u"V djus dk va/kkuqdj.kugha A budh dgkfu;k¡ L=h eu ds bu fofHkUu dks.kksadks Nwrh gSa ftldk vuq'khyu bl 'kks/k i= esa fd;kx;k gS Afo"k;ijd i`"BHkwfe

óh rŸo ij vk/kkfjr gS óh euA óh euq";gS] LokHkkfod vkdka{kkvkas] LokHkkfod izÑfr ls ;qDr,d ,slk izk.kh gS tks bl /kjk ij fo/kkrk dh dYiukdks lkdkj djrh gSA og ekuo dh ltugkj gS blvk/kkj ij loZJs"B gSA og lw{e lkSaUn;Z ds lkFk LFkwylkSUn;Zo/kZd vyadj.kksa dh dkfeuh gS] vkdk'k easmM+us dh] cknyksa esa >wyk >wyus dh] gok ls ckrsadjus dh] xgjs ry dks Nwus dh] bUnz/kuq"kh lrjaxh.kh[okcksa dks cquus dh pkg j[kusokyh efYydk gS rksKku] cqf) ij vklhu Hkkoukvksa rFkk laosnukvksa ls;qDr vius vfLrRo rFkk vfLerk dh Lokfeuh gSA

izÑfr dh vuqie Ñfr] vk/kh nqfu;k dkizfrfuf/kRo djus okyh óh fQj dV?kjs esa D;ksa\ mlsnsoh ekuk rks dgha pfj=ghu crkdj dqYVk o Mk;ucrk;k x;kA bls fl) djus ds fy, o ekuoh;vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kus ds fy, iwjh rkdr yxk;hx;hA

óh ds thou dks nLrkost le>] ml ijfu;eksa o otZukvksa ds 'kCn x<+ fn;s x, rFkk lHkhus euekus <ax ls mlds vfLrRo dh t:jrksa dsvk/kkj ij O;k[;k dj vius gLrk{kj fd;sA óh dksvko';drkuqlkj rksM+k&ejksM+k x;k] ca/ku esa j[kk ijiz'u ;gha ls mRiUu gksrk gS] ru ij ca/ku gks ldrkgS ysfdu eu ij ca/ku dSls yxkvksxs] mlesa rksgokvks dh xfr ls Hkh T;knk rhozrk gksrh gSA rugkjsxk ij eu ughaA lfn;ksa ls óh eu dks cka/kus dkiz;kl fd;k x;k ij lc O;FkZ] rHkh rks gqvk fonzksg]fQj cuk ,slk okrkoj.k tgk¡ 'kq: gqvk óh fpUru]tks lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs ekSu dks vfHkO;fDr iznkudjrk gSA fQj pyh ,slh cgl tks varghu gksdjvafre ugha cu ik;hA ekuoh; lEcU/kksa esa Lora=rk

ISSN: 2394 5303 0174




4.002(IIJIF)


o lekurk ds cks/k ,oa lf"V ds fodkl dh nks bdkbZóh vkSj iq:"k ds iwjd ls ysdj izfr}U}h cuus rddh gksM+] eupkgk u ikus dh fn'kk esa fodYiksa dh[kkst vkSj vrfIr;ksa dh exr".kk dh nkSM+] ,sls 'kksj]dksykgy ds chp iuirk óh fpUru] óh foe'kZ]fQj nqfu;k¡ dh nks vkckfn;ksa dk }U}] okd~tky esaQalrs óh&iq:"k lEcU/k tks gekjs vk/kqfud gksrslaLdkjksa dh nsu gSA ,sls esa fopkjksa ds eaFku esa lsfudyrk óh dk f'kf{kr] Lora=] l{ke ,oa vkRefuHkZj:i gekjs lkeus vk;kA

fgUnh lkfgR; txr esas óh fpUru] óh foe'kZdks ysdj vusd dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh x;hA igys tgk¡iwjh rkdr mlds ru dks cka/kus esa yxk;h x;h] ogk¡vc rkdr mlds eu dks mUeqDr fopj.k djus esayxk;h tkus yxh A iwokZxzg ls xzflr gksdj tgk¡rkdr yxk;h tkrh gS pkgs og 'kkjhfjd gks ;kdye dh mlds ewy esa lnSo nwljs i{k dks nckusdh pkg jgrh gSA nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa vfrA dgrsgS fd tc vfr gksrh gS rc og t+gj cu tkrh gSA;g loZfofnr gS fd [kqyh gok esa lk¡l ysus ds fy,t+gj dHkh Lohdk;Z ugha gS] blesa ne gh ?kqVsxkA ,slkgh ne?kksVw okrkoj.k o vfrjsdrk ls ;qDr ,dvlarqfyr nf"Vdks.k ,oa fpUru ls rks óh&iq:"klEcU/k pjejk gh tk,xkA oLrqr% ,slk gksrs gq, gens[k Hkh jgs gSA

mi;qZDr fpUru euu ds vkyksd esa jktLFkkuds dgkuhdkj ;ksxs'k dkuok dh dgkfu;ksa dks j[ksa rks,d vyx o larqfyr nf"Vdks.k mudh dgkfu;ksa esans[kus dks feyrk gSA dkuok ds vc rd nks dgkuhlaxzg & ^vkSj eSa ogh dduwl g¡w* rFkk ^dksjM+h* ,oai=&if=dkvksa esa vusd dgkfu;k¡ izdkf'kr gks pqdhgaSA budh vf/kdka'k dgkfu;ksa dh óh ik= dks ns[kusij ,slk yxrk gS fd os gekjs vklikl jgus okyhthfor fL=;k¡ gSA ;gh ;FkkFkZ cks/k gh buds dgkfu;ksadh foy{k.krk gSA os viuh lw{e o iSuh nf"V ls óhds cgqvk;keh thou dh folaxfr;ksa vkSj foM+Ecukvksadks lehi ls ns[krs gq, óh eu dh ijr&nj ijrm?kkM+rs gq, viuh dgkfu;ksa dk ltu djrs gaSA

viuh laosnuk dh jks'kuh ls muds eu esa /kalus dktksf[ke mBkdj os muds thou ds v¡/ksjs cUn dksuksadks vkjikj ns[krs gSa lkFk gh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa dksle>us o ij[kus dk iz;kl djrs gaSA

dgkuhdkj dkuok ek= ;FkkFkZ ds n"Vk cudjgh dye ugha pykrs cfYd mudh laosnuk ofpUru dk Li'kZ ikdj ;s óh ik= vius thou dhxgjk;h esa mrjdj vius vfLrRo o vfLerk dhÅ¡pkb;ksa dks Nwrh gaS] vkRefu.kZ; djrh gaSA budhóh ik=ksa esa Kku dh fjDrrk o iw.kZrk gSA

lekt ds ijEijkxr <kaps ls fudydj mudhóh ik= viuh HkkoHkwfe ij Lora= [kM+h gksdj] viusvf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr ds fy, oSpkfjd la?k"kZ djrh gqbZHkh iq:"k dh izfr}U}h cudj ifjokj o lekt ds<kaps ij izgkj djrh gqbZ vius gksus dks fl) ugha djjgha cfYd dgkuhdkj us ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ viuhdgkfu;ksa esa fufeZr dh fd iq:"k Lo;a ;g eglwldjrk gS fd óh ds fcuk mldk thou csekuh gS]lf"V dh dYiuk v/kwjh gSA og Lo;a vkxs c<+djóh dks thfor izk.kh le>rk gqvk óh ds thou esavius gksus dh lkFkZdrk izekf.kr djrk gSA mudhdgkfu;ksa esa óh&iq:"k ds chp ds foHkktu dks [kRedjuk ,d cqfu;knh eqn~nk gSA

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd lEiw.kZ fp=.k esadgkuhdkj dk nf"Vdks.k vfrjsdrk ls xzLr ugha gSvkSj ;gh mudh lcls cM+h miyfC/k gS tks mUgsa vkSjkasls fof'k"V cukrh gS rFkk ysf[kdkvkas dh ml ekU;rkvksadks udkjrh gS fd óh ds Hkhrj dh ihM+k dks] mldsvk¡lqvksa dks L=h gh le> ldrh gS vkSj L=h gh'kCn ns ldrh gSA

dgkuhdkj ;ksxs'k dkuok dk ;g iFkd ut+fj;kgh izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk vk/kkj o izsj.kk cukA bl'kks/k i= dk earO; dsoy mudh dgkfu;ksa esa óhfpUru dks [kaxkyus dk miØe ugha gS] cfYd ;gfo"k; vius fu"d"kksZ dks vkt ds ifjizs{; esa j[kusdh ekax djrk gS blds vHkko esa ;g 'kks/k i= óhds gd+ esa Nn~e ok;ns gh djsxkA

óh eu] óh fpUru ,oa óh foe'kZ% Hkkjrh;

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4.002(IIJIF)


rFkk ik'pkR; nf"Vdks.k ds lanHkZ esa%&Hkkjrh; rFkk ik'pkr; fo}kuksa us óhfpUru

,oa óh foe'kZ dks O;kidrk iznku dhA nksuksa ghnf"Vdks.k dks tkus fcuk bl 'kks/k i= dk fo"k;,dkaxh gksus dk [krjk eksy ys ldrk gS] fleksu ncksmokj us fy[kk gS fd] ßlkfgR;] laLÑfr] bfrgklo ijEijk,¡ iq:"kksa us cuk;s gaS vkSj iq:"kksa ds cuk;sbl fo/kku esa fL=;ksa dks nks;e ntkZ fn;k gSAÞ1 udsoy Hkkjr esa vfirq fo'oHkj esa fL=;ksa dks iq:"kksa lsde vkadk x;kA QyLo:i viuh fLFkfr ls fonzksgdh ;g Hkkouk vkSj bl ij fpUru euu ds oSpkfjdeap dh vko';drk us bls oSf'od fopkj/kkjk cukfn;kA if'pe esa vrhr ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx esaukjhokn vkanksyu dh ,d yEch ijEijk jgh gSAif'pe esa fL=;ksa us tks dqN Hkh izkIr fd;k ogyM+dj] vkanksyu dj izkIr fd;k D;ksafd vkanksyuksals lekt esa cnyko vkrk gS] dkuwuksa ls ughaA ;ghdkj.k gS fd óh Lokra«; ,oa vf/kdkjksa dh ckr ogk¡uhps rd x;hA

Hkkjr esa fL=;ksa ds izfr vUrZfojks/kh fopkj/kkjkizpfyr jgh mls dgha nsoh; :Ik esa rks dgha iq:"kksadh mUufr ds ekxZ esa ck/kd ekudj mls ^dkfeuhdkyh ukx.kh* dgk x;kA e/;dkyhu larksa esa ;gh/kkj.kk izpfyr FkhA vk/kqfud dky esa Hkkjr esa óh]mlds gd+ ls tqM+h gq;h lkjh yM+kb;k¡ ,oa vkanksyuiq:"k lq/kkjdksa }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1918esa gh Hkkjr esa óh erkf/kdkj izLrko ikfjr gks x;kFkk] tcfd if'pe esa iq:"k oxZ óh ds vf/kdkjksa dhyM+kbZ esa lcls cM+k ck/kd FkkA ogk¡ óh f'k{kk dsfy, tks vkanksyu pyk;k mlesa ckWFlqvk ekfdu]ekxzsZV dSosfM'k] esjh vkWLVsy] dSFkfju eSdkys dk ukeizeq[k gSA mUuhloha] 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa fofy;eFkkWel o tkWu LVqvVZfey gh nks iq:"k fpUrd gq;sftUgksusa fL=;ksa dh v/khurk ,oa n;uh;rk dks ekuotkfr ds fy, ck/kd ekukA

1970 esa ogk¡ ,d vHkwriwoZd vkanksyudkjhiqLrd ßlsDlqvy ikWfyfVDlÞ vk;hA ftlesaóh&iq:"k ds nSfgd lEcU/kksa dh ppkZ esa ikWoj

fMLdkWl dh ckr dgha x;h vkSj crk;k x;k fdiq:"kksa ds fy, óh ,d isflo pht gS ftldk [kaMucgqr igys gh fleksu us ;g dgdj djk fd iq:"kds fy, óh ,d isflo pht ugha gksrhA

fgUnh esas ikWoj fMLdkWl D;k gS] bldh dksbZppkZ ugha gSA 1980 esa 'kSykjkSo ckWFke dh iqLrdBeyond the fragments vk;hA ;s ;wjksfi;uekDlZoknh gSA mUgksaus ,d u;h /kkj.kk iznku dhizk:Ik vkanksyuA ßge dSlk lektokn ykuk pkgrsgSA ml lektokn esa óh&iq:"kksa ds ge dSlslEcU/k cukuk pkgrs gaS] mldk izk:Ik vkanksyu gesadjuk pkfg;sAÞ2 fgUnh esa óh foe'kZ ,oa fpUru esagesa ,slh dksbZ ckr fn[kk;h ugha nsrhA ohj Hkkjrryokj us ßóh foe'kZ % blls n;uh; dksbZ nwljkfoe'kZ ugha gS fgUnh esaÞ ds ys[k esa fy[kk gS**] gekjs;gk¡ ukjhokn us enZokn dks vkRelkr dj j[kk gSA 3

ßenZokn vius vki esa ?kf.kr pht gSAÞ4 enZ dkseqDr le>uk vkSj enZ tSlk cuuk ukjhokn ughagSAÞ5 gekjs ;gk¡ fgUnh esas dbZ ,slh lkfgR;dkj ,oavkykspd gq;s gSa ftUgksaus óh foe'kZ esa enZokn dkiz'u mBk;k tks enksZa dh Hkkafr ¼os enZ tks yM+fd;k¡[kjhnrsa gS½ yM+ds [kjhndj mudk miHkksx dj] mUgsaykrekjdj ckgj Qasdus dh ckr dgdj vius gksusdh lkFkZdrk fl) djuh pkghA ;g mxz o [kks[kykóh foe'kZ fpUrktud gSA óh&iq:"k ds foHkktudks feVkuk gh /;s; gksuk pkfg;s u fd foHkktu dh[kkb Z dks vksj pkSM+k djukA ;g cnykofopkj/kkjkRed la?k"kZ ls vk;sxk] ;g laLÑfr dhyM+kbZ gS tks cgqr yEch pysxhAfgUnh lkfgR; esa óh eu] óh fpUru dhfLFkfr%

fgUnh lkfgR; esa óh eu] óh&iq:"kksa dsvkilh lEcU/kksa dks ysdj vusd dgkuhdkjksa us viuhdye pyk;hA fgUnh esa igyk óh dkO; ladyu^enqok.kh* ¼1905½ 'kh"kZd ls eqa'kh nsoh izlkn usizdkf'kr djok;kA efgyk ys[ku dh 'kq:vkr dforkls gq;h tks vf/kdrj jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls ;qDr FkhA óhpsruk esa i= if=dkvksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku

ISSN: 2394 5303 0176




4.002(IIJIF)


jgkA 1874 esa HkkjrsUnq ckcq }kjk izdkf'kr ^ckycksf/kuh* FkhA blds vykok ^vi.kkZ*]^vke vkneh*]^gal*] ekuq"kh*] fufeÙk] mÙkjk)Z] mn~Hkkouk] lk{kkRdkjvkfn if=dkvksa esa óh vad izdkf'kr gq;sA 1930ds vklikl efgyk jpukdkjksa dh ,d ih<+h vk;hAftlus mRlkg ds lkFk lkfgfR;d xksf"B;ksa esa lgHkkfxrk]if=dkvksa dk laiknu] efgyk vkSj jktuhfrd laxBuksals tqM+dj lfØ; jghA

fgUnh dgkuh ds izkjfEHkd nkSj esa caxefgyk¼jktsUnz ckyk ?kks"k½ dh ^nqykbZokyh* egRoiw.kZ ol'kDr dgkuh gSA ftl óh foe'kZ dh uhao geryk'k jgs gaS og blh dgkuh esas feyrh gSA

Lokra«;ksÙkj dgkuh ys[ku esa vkSj u;s ukevk;sA ftuesa nqxsZ'k uafnuh] lqfe= dqekjh flag] jtuhikf.kdj] dapuyrk lcjoky gaSA fQj óh ys[ku esaukSdjhis'kk efgyk;sa Hkh vk;h ftuesa eUuw HkaMkjh]m"kk fiz;Ecnk] Ñ".kk lkscrh] f'kokuh] eerk dkfy;k]lw;Zckyk] 'kf'kizHkk 'kkL=h] Ñ".kk vfXugks=h] nhfIr[kaMsyoky vkfn vk;hA lHkh us óh ds fofo/kigyqvksa ij ys[kuh pyk;hA vk/kqfud ysf[kdkvksa esaizHkk [ksrku] t;k tknokuh] uhyk{kh flUgk dk HkhegRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA

lkfgR; esa fo'ks"k igpku gkfly djus ds cknorZeku esa vkRedFkk ys[ku esa efgyk viuh lkgfldvfHkO;fDr iznku dj jgh gSA nqxZs'k uafnuh dh^Mkyfe;k dh vkRedFkk*] izfl) i=dkj 'khyk>qu>quokyk dh *dqN dgh] dqN vudgh*] eS=s;hiq"ik dh] ^dLrwjh dqaMy cls*] ^xqfM+;k ds HkhrjxqfM+;k* dqlqe valy dh tks dgk ugha x;k* izdkf'krgq;sA 2007 esa izHkk [ksrku dh vkRedFkk ^vU;k lsvuU;k* vkt dk óh ys[ku gS ftlesa fookfgriq:"k ds lkFk vius lEcU/kksa dks lkgl ds lkFkLohdkjksfDr gSAÞ6

vuqjk/kk csuhoky dh iqLrd ^vkt+knh esjkczkaM* vk;h ftlus óh eu dks /kjkry ls ÅijmBkdj vkleku esa mM+us dh vkt+knh nsus dh ckrdghaA vuqjk/kk Lo;a gfj;k.kk dh jksgrd dh xfy;ksals fudydj iwjh nqfu;k ?kweh vkSj fQj fy[kk vius

vuqHkoksa dks tks óh ds gd+ esa gS] esjs fy;s ?kweuklkbZV lhbax ugha gSA taxy] ufn;k¡] igkM+] bekjrsa]'kgj] E;wft;e viuh txg lc cgqr [kkl gSA

ysfdu esjk ?kweuk gS] dsoy ?kweus ds fy,],dne vkt+kn] fuf'pr] csfQØ fQjus ds fy;sAu,&u, yksxksa dks tkuus ds fy,] mudk jgu lgu]mudk [kku&iku] muds lkspus ds rjhds vkSj mudhlkekftdrk dks le>us ds fy,A u;h gok essa lk¡lysus ds fy;s vkSj og ,d ^pht+* <wa<us ds fy;s --------

og ,d pht+ gS] tks eq>s vutku 'kgj esa Hkhfnykrh gS vkt+knh dk vglklA7 ftls vuqjk/kkviuh xfy;ksa esa vius 'kgj o ns'k esa ugha ns[krhog gS csfQØ vkSj csijokg gksdj pyukA bls ogxkscj laLÑfr dgrh gSA ßeSa iwNrh gw¡] vkf[kj xkscjdYpj ij pk¡nh] lksus ds odZ p<+kus ls D;k mldhckl de gks tk,xh\ ugha] mlesa /k¡lus ds ekSds vksjT+;knk gks tk,xsaA xkscj ij feÍh Mkydj u, fopkjksavkSj ubZ thou&laLÑfr dh ikS/ks mxkus dh ckr djsa]ge vkxs c<+s] Bgjuk rks thou ds fo:) gSAÞ8 blizdkj fL=;k¡ ÝhMe fonkmV fQ;j o ohesu jkbV~lbt g~;weu jkbV~l dh ckr dj jgh gSaAóh eu ij dyedkj ;ksxs'k dkuok dk js[kkaduo fn'kk %

O;fDrRo dk ^;ks"kko"kk* dk fl)kUr bl rF;dks iq"V djrk gS fd izR;sd O;fDrRo esa óh vkSjiq:"k ,d fuf'pr vuqikr esa gksrs gS] ftlls iw.kZO;fDrRo curk gSA dgkuhdkj dkuok us viusO;fDrRo esa óh eu dks c[kwch o ;FkkFkZ :Ik lseglwl dj bl fn'kk ds lalkj dk ltu fd;k rFkkviuh dye ls ;g fl) djus dh dksf'k'k dh]ßys[ku] ys[ku gksrk gS] uj&eknk ughaA mls ckaVdjns[kus okyh nf"V iwokZxzg ls xzLr gSAÞ9

dgkuhdkj dkuok dh dgkfu;ksa esa cnyrhóh dh Nfo] tkx:drk vkSj LoPNUnrk dks ns[kdjge lgt gh fopkj dj ldrs gSa fd mUgksaus cnyrsle; vkSj lekt dh rRdkyhu fLFkfr dks mtkxjfd;k gSA

ISSN: 2394 5303 0177




4.002(IIJIF)


izFker% ;gk¡ mu dgkfu;ksa dk ftØ djsaxs tksHkkjrh; ifjos'k ls tqM+h gq;h gS ftlesa óh vkReleiZ.ko Lora=rk foltZu dj vius ijEijkxr Hkwfedk dkfuoZgu djrh gq;h vf/kdkj foghu gksdj ekSu dÙkZO;djrh jgrh gSA ^nksuksa vk/ks&v/kwjs* es jksgu] jkuh ls;gh vis{kk djrk gS ßoks gh jkuh tks dHkh jksgu dsfnyks&fnekx dh jkuh Fkh] vc mlesa [kksV ut+j vkusyxhA jkuh pkgs fdruh gh Fkdh gqbZ D;ksa u vk;hgks] ifr ds igys ?kj igq¡puk vkSj ifr dks pk; nsukmldk Qt+Z FkkA jksgu ;g Hkwy tkrk Fkk fd mldhiRuh mlls dbZ ntkZ mPprj vf/kdkjh gSAÞ10

bZ'oj rd igq¡pkus dk ekxZ izse gS] iRuh] ifrdks bZ'oj rqY; ekurh gS D;ksafd og mlls izsedjrh gS mlds izfr lefiZr gS ;g leiZ.k gh mls/kS;Z iznku djrk gSA ^lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~* dhukf;dk f'kokfydk iw.kZ ifrozrk óh gS] ek¡ us rksfonkbZ ds le; gh dg fn;k Fkk& ßcsVh] ifrijes'oj gksrk gS] ifr dh lsok djuk gh iRuh dk/keZ gksrk gS] ifr dSlk Hkh gks oks ge vkSjrksa ds fy;scl Hkxoku gksrk gS] D;ksafd gekjh ;s thou Mksj clifr ds lkFk Hkk¡ojksa ds lkFk tqM+rh gS vkSj lk¡lksa dslkFk gh VwVrh gSA cl ;gh lh[k tks ek¡ us nh Fkhf'kokfydk dks ges'kk ;kn jgrh FkhA vk¡lqvksa dsvaxkjksa ls Hkh eqLdku ds Qwy lesVus dh pkg cVksjusyxrh FkhAÞ11

blds foijhr iq:"k dks mlds vga dh lUrqf"Vgh mls /kS;Ziznku djrh gSA ^nksuksa vk/ks v/kwjsa* dhukf;dk jkuh] jksgu ls izsefookg djrh gS fdUrqfookg ds i'pkr~ izse dh Å"ek jksgu ds vga ls BaMhgksdj jk[k esa rCnhy gks tkrh gS D;ksafd jkuh dkmPp in ij vklhu gksuk mldh vkfFkZd Lora=rk on<+rk ls mlds tUetkr iq:"kofÙk rFkk lkeUroknhizÑfr ij pksV iM+rh gS ftls oks fcYdqy Hkh cnkZ'rugha dj ikrk rFkk vius vga dh rqf"V ds fy, ogvius vkReh; fj'rsa dh Å"ek dks mrkoysiu esalekIr dj nsrk gS] ßiq:"k dk vgadkj óh vkSj iq:"kds Hksn dks thfor j[krk gS] pkgs iRuh ls derj ghD;ksa u gksAÞ12

óh ds bl ekSu dk fp=.k djuk gh dgkuhdkjdk /;s; ugha jgkA bl fp=.k ds Hkhrj ls ghdgkuhdkj us iq:"k dh óh ds izfr cnyrh ekufldrkdk fp=.k dj mls ml lkeUroknh lksp ds nk;js lsckgj fudkydj ml /kjkry ij ykdj [kM+k fd;ktgk¡ iwjh dye dh 'kfDr óh ds gd+ esa pyh rFkkmls tUe ysus okyh thfor izk.kh le>k x;k] u fdlkekftd laLFkkvksa o fu;eksa ls x<+h iyh o vkdkjysrh óh ds :Ik esaA dgkuhdkj us ljy] lgtifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuokZgu dj] oSpkfjd /kjkry ijla?k"kZ ds LFkku ij fpUru dks izeq[krk nsdj uohulaLÑfr rFkk uohu HkkoHkwfe dh uhao j[kh] u;hlaLÑfr ds oSpkfjd lksp dk chtkadqj fd;kA

^lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~* dgkuh esa f'koe~ vkxsc<+dj iRuh dks mlds gksus dk vglkl djokrkgqvk dgrk gS rqe thfor izk.kh gks] rqe vkSjr gksdsoy vkSjr] tks cPps ds tUe nsuk tkurh gS] mlslw[ks esa j[kdj [kqn xhys esa lksuk tkurh gSA ifrdSlk Hkh gks mlds fy;s fcNuk tkurh gS] ;s lguktkurh gS] gd+ ekaxuk ugha tkurh gS] ;s vkSjrAnqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh dksus esas gks vkSjr] oks dsoylguk tkurh gSA D;ksa ugha le>rh gks rqe fdrqEgkjk Hkh viuk dksbZ gd+ gSA iq:"k dh xyrh ijekQh rqe ekaxrh gks] D;ksa ugha le>rh gks rqe] D;ksaugha le>rh gksA 13

dkuok dh dgkfu;ksa esa óh iq:"k nksuksa ghviuh HkkoHkwfe ij [kM+s Lora= gSa] vkfne df'k'k esaca/ks gq;s ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSA ^xqyeksgj dk ifjUnk*esa f'kokfydk Lora= fopkj j[krh gq;h f'koe~ dsthou esa mldh lPph lkFkh curh gq;h f'koe~ dsv/kwjsiu dks nwj dj iw.kZrk iznku djrh gS] rqetkurh gks] eq>s tc dqN ugha lw>rk gS rks igys eSarqels iwNrk gw¡ ;k fQj ek¡ dh rLohj lsA rqe nksuksals gh rks eq>s jkg fey ikrh gS] eSa vkt tks Hkh gw¡]ek¡ vkSj rqEgkjh cnkSyr gh rks gw¡ f'kokfydkA14

ßf'kokfydk dh ckras f'koe~ bl rjg lqu jgkFkk tSls oks dksbZ ihj&Qdhj gSA ml oD+r mlsf'kokfydk ugha lk{kkr f'kokfydk dk :i yx jgh

ISSN: 2394 5303 0178




4.002(IIJIF)


Fkh] gk¡ ogh f'ko dh f'kokfydkAÞ15

^eSa ft+Unxh gw¡* dgkuh esa ulhe] jksgu dhft+Unxh cuus dh ckr dgrh gS] ns[kks jksgu lp rks;g gS fd eSa rqEgkjh ft+Unxh gw¡A eSa rqEgkjs vk¡lqvksa dh/kkj dks thou&/kkj cukuk pkgrh gw¡A rqEgsa ft+Unxhfl[kkuk pkgrh gw¡] eSa ft+Unxh gw¡] rqEgsa thuk fl[kkukpkgrh gw¡A 16

^lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~* esa f'kokfydk vius/kS;Z ls vius ifr dh lPph v)kZfxuh cudj ekSujgdj iq:"k ds vga ij pksV u djrs gq;s Hkh f'koe~ds thou esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkdj viusfj'rks dks lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~ ds :Ik esa ifjf.krdjrh gq;h vkuan ds dSyk'k ij ys tkrh gS&ßvkt eq>s esjk f'koe~ fey x;k] ukjh leiZ.k dkuke gS] R;kx vkSj ofynku dk uke gS] ;gh lR; gS]lR; gh f'koe~ gS vkSj f'koe~ gh lqUnjre gSA17

^lqyxrh ft+Unxh* esa jksgu] izse ds fy, HkVdrh usgkds ekxZ dk jkgh u cudj mls lgh jkg fn[kkrk gqvkdgrk gS]

ßns[kks usgk] esjs vkus ls rqEgkjk nnZ nwj ugha gksldrk] ;g nnZ rqEgkjs HkVdko dk gS] eu dsHkVdko dk] ml dYiuk dk tks rqe dj jgh gksAvkSj thou dsoy dYiukvksa o Hkkoukvksa ls ughsapyrkA O;fDr tc rd thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks Lohdkjugha djrk rc rd ;g nnZ lkyrk gSA18

usgk ds lkFk bl crkZo esa og dBksj gks tkrkgS vkSj Lo;a lksprk gS] ßfdlh dks xqejkg djukvijk/k gS] lgh jkg cukrk vijk/k ughaAÞ19

^jsgkuk* esa lans'k jsgkuk dh fc[kjh ft+Unxh dkslesVus esa mldk lgk;d curk gS] ßoks lh/ks [kM+hgqbZ vkSj lans'k ds ikl vkdj cksyh] eq>s ekQ djnks] eSa vius vki ij fu;aa=.k ugha j[k ik;h FkhAvki okdbZ cgqr vPNs gaSA lp rks ;g gS fd eSa ghgol esa va/kh gks x;h FkhA vkt eq>s yx jg gS fd,d lgh jkLrk fey x;kAÞ20

dgkuhdkj dkuok vius vglklksa ds dkseyLi'kZ ls óh ds eu ij lfn;ksa ls iM+h xk¡Bksa dks/khjs&/khsjs bl rjg [kksyrs gaS fd dgha [kksyus ds

iz;klksa ls ;s xk¡Bsa dgha vkSj vf/kd t+[e u ns ik;s]^vkSjr ds Hkhrj ejh gqbZ vkSjr* es vkSjr dh ihMkdks bu 'kCnksa es O;Dr djrs gaS] ßvkSj tc Hkh fdlhus gkFk ls Nwus dh dksf'k'k dh rks bl lekt us fj'rksads uke ij bYt+ke gh yxk;s gaSA vkSjr ds Hkhrj ,dejh gqbZ vkSjr dk tks dsoy lekt ds Bsdsnkjksa dhdBiqryh cuh] Hkhrj ds LiUnu ejs gq;s ls vkSjrFkkdfFkr óh /keZ ds fuoZgu dks ydhj ihVrh lhA

eSa lksprk jgk vkf[kj vkSjr vius Hkhrj dhvkSjr dks D;ksa ekj nsrh gSA D;ksa foo'k gS thus dsfy;s ,d thrh tkxrh dn dkBh ysdj viusHkhrj ,d ejh gq;h vkSjr dks ysdj tks bejkst tSlsfdlh ,glkl dks ikyrh ej pqdh gSAÞ21

budh dgkfu;ksa dh óh ik= ;FkkFkZ dks Hkksxrhgq;h vk¡lw ugha cgkrh cfYd mueas viuh fLFkfr lsfudyus dh NViVkgV gS] jks"k gS cspSuh gS] la?k"kZ gS]vkSj fonzksg gS] fonzksg eu dh tM+rk ij izgkj djusls ysdj lkekftd vO;oLFkkvksa ds izfr gS] ^eq>sla/k"kZ djuk gS* fd ukf;dk dgrh gS] ßeSa tokc nw¡xhlekt ds mu reke Bsdsnkjksa dks tks vkSjr vkSjóhfyax dks dsoy viuh tkxhj le>rs gSa cknyiq:"k okpd gS vkSj cwan óh okpd vkSj óh dsoyVwVdj fc[kjus vkSj vfLrRo [kksus ds fy;s gh rksugha cuh gS uk] mldk Hkh viuk otwn gSA ;g cwangh rks gS tks /kjrh ds ck¡>iu dks jksdrh gS] [kqnviuk vfLrRo [kksdj] ;s vkSjr gh gS tks iq:"k dksiq:"k cukrh gSA eq>s la?k"kZ djuk gS] eq>s la?k"kZ djukgS] cl la?k"kZ djuk gSÞA22

vlqj{kk cks/k dgkuh dh ukf;dk vius gksusdh] thfor rFkk Lora= bdkbZ ds :Ik esa viuhigpku ds fy;s la?k"kZ djrh gqbZ rFkk vius LokfHkekurFkk lekt esa viuh Hkwfedk ds fy;s fookg ca/kudks Bqdjkrh gS ysfdu var esa Øe'k% og vdsyhgksrh gq;h fujk'kk] uhjlrk o Åc dh fLFkfr esa igq¡ptkrh gS ßiUnzg lky dh mez ls ysdj vc rdvius vga dks loksZijh ekuk vkSj j[kk Fkk] ogh fd;ktks mls vPNk yxkA enZtkr mlds fy;s dsoyf[kykSuk FkhA vrhr dh Lefr;k¡ vkt dsoy mnklh

ISSN: 2394 5303 0179




4.002(IIJIF)


vkSj grk'kk ns jgh FkhA oks dksek;Z ds feFkd dks ughaekurh Fkh blfy;s mlus Lo;a vkxs c<+dj de mezesa gh ml feFkd dks rksM+ fn;k FkkA vkt u tkus D;wamls yx jgk Fkk fd iq:"k dsoy ;kSu rfIr dklk/ku ek= ugha gSA vkSj mlds os lc dkxth igju/khjs&/khjs mrjrs x;sAÞ23 LorU= fopj.k djus dhpkg es og viuk lc dqN n¡ko ij yxkrh gS] fdUrqthou es vkxs c<+us ds Ik'pkr~ og laL—fr o ifjokjdh tM+ksa dh vksj ykSVus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSftldh ifj.kfr ,d cPps dks xksn ysus fd lksp esagksrh gSA

;g fofp= folaxfr gS fd tSls&tSls efgykvksadh lqj{kk ds u;s&u;s dkuwu cu jgs gSa vkSj u;s&u;siz'kklfud mik; fd;s tk jgs gSa oSls&oSls efgykvksads izfr vijk/k dk xzkQ fujUrj Åij p<+ jgk gSA24

^Mh & Qksj esa oks vkSjr* rFkk îsV ij fVdhvD+y*] dgkfu;ksa essa vk/kqfud vkSj lH; gksrs lektds Hkhrj dh ml fonzqirkvksa dk fp=.k fd;k gS] tksph[k&ph[kdj ;gh dguk pkg jgh gS fd óhdsoy nsg gh gS] dgha og QS'ku ds uke ijv)ZuXu gks jgh gS rks dgha Hkq[kejh ,oa xjhch dsdkj.k v)ZuXu jgus ij foo'kA nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esaiq:"k dh yypk;h ,oa dkeqd ut+jksa dh f'kdkjgksrh gqbZ izR;sd jkr mlds }kjk ywVh ,oa uksaph tkrhgq;h mlds va'k dks >syrh gq;h tkckyk lh foo'kgks lR;dke dks ikyrh gS] ml iq:"k ds va'k dksftldk 'kk;n mls Hkh uke ekywe ugha] xks;k fdjkr ds v¡/ksjs es dksbZ v/ke viuk ujcht bl vuketkckyk ds ru esa NksM+ Hkkx x;kA 25

Hkw[k dh Tokyk tc isV gfM~M;k¡ ,oa vD+ydks xykrh] tykrh ,oa pykrh gS rks x+jhch esavD+y ds lkFk ukjh nsg isV ij fVdh gksrh gS] tgk¡vuSfrdrk o foÑfr;k¡ gh uSfrd o dkE; gksdjeq¡g fp<+krh gq;h vV~Vgkl djrh gS mu oSpkfjd eapij ,df=r cqf)thfo;ksa dh cqf) ij tks óh fpUru]mlds vfLrRo] vfLerk ,oa lekurk dh [kks[kyhckras djus dk Nn~e Hkjrs gSaA îsV ij fVdh vD+y*dgkuh esa ukjh nsg ds lEeq[k j{kd gh Hk{kd cutkrs gaS] ßtc Hkh mudk th djrk gS] eq>s fdlh

cgkus ls mBk Fkkus ys tkrs gaS] jkrHkj uksaprs gSa vkSjlqcg nks jksVh nsdj /kDdk ekj nsrs gaS] dehus lkysAÞ26

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd dgkuhdkj ;ksxs'kdkuok us viuh laosnukRed nf"V ls óh eu dsfofo/k vk;kxksa dks Li'kZ dj viuh dgkfu;ksa dkdF; cuk;kAfu"d"kZ

ge ;gh dg ldrs gaS fd dgkuhdkj dkuokus óh dh fLFkfr vkSj blds O;ogkj esa vk;s ifjorZuls iq:"k vkSj lekt ds thou esa tks cnyko vk;kgS mls izeq[krk ls of.kZr fd;k gSA óh dh Hkkxhnkjh]óh dk dkedkth :Ik o óh eu dks lgt oljyrk ls fpf=r djrs gq;s óh iq:"k ds foHkktudks feF;k foHkktu crk;kA cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esaóh dqN vUkqŸkfjr iz'uksa ds mÙkj dh ekax djrh gS rksdgha ljy o lgt rjhds ls cnyko dh vksjmUeq[k gksrh gSA Hkko dh iw.kZrk esa [kM+h óh vHkkodks Lohdkj djrh gqbZ lekt dh lksp o fopkjksa dksifjofrZr djrh gqbZ viuk izHkko LFkkfir dj jgh gSAbudh dgkfu;k¡ ml /kkj.kk dks rksM+rh gSa fd óhrHkh Lora= gS ;k rks og viuk opZLo LFkkfirdjrh gqbZ ifjokj dks /kwy&/kwlj dj ns ;k lkekftdotZukvksa dks rksMdj] /krk crkdj vius gksus dksfl) djsA

dgkfu;kas ds vuq'khyu ds Ik'pkr~ ge ns[krsgSa fd ;ksxs'k dkuok us ,d gh le; o lekt esafHkUu &fHkUu fL=;ksa dh vyx&vyx Nfo dksviuh dgkfu;ksa esa mtkxj fd;k gS A vUr esa ;gdguk iw.kZr% lR; gksxk fd vk/kqfud fL=;ka dbZ ckjosLVukZbts'ku dks êkWMZu* gksuk eku ysrh gSa tks fdiwjh rjg Hkzeewyd gS A /;ku ls ns[kus ij irkpyrk gS fd Hkkjrh;rk ds jaxks ds chp Hkh vxk/k[kqykiu gS] Lora=rk gS] bT+t+r gS AlUnHkZ %&

1- iwue dqekjh] tulRrk ]^ L=h foe'kZ dkHkkjrh; vkbuk*] 8 ekpZ 2016

2- ohj Hkkjr ryokj] ^L=h foe'kZ % bllsn;uh; dksbZ nwljk foe'kZ ugha gS fgUnh lkfgR; esa*1 ebZ 2011

ISSN: 2394 5303 0180




4.002(IIJIF)


3- ogh]4- ogh]5- ogh6- Jherh /kekZ ;kno (Beyond the Second

Son, L=h foe'kZ½] L=h foe'kZ vkSj fgUnh L=h ys[ku]ebZ 4] 2011

7- vk'kh"k nSR;] ^tc gfj;k.kk dh Dohunqfu;k ?kweus fudyh rks D;k gqvk* yYyu VkWiU;wt] tu] 26]2016

8- vuqjk/kk csuhoky ] ^vkt+knh esjk czkaM gS*9- bafM;k VqMs dh lkfgfR;d okf"kZdh ¼1997½

esa jpukdkjksa }kjk iq:"k ys[ku ds fy;s Lohdkj fd;kx;k A

10- ;ksxs'k dkuok] vkSj eSa ogh dduwl g¡w]^nksuks vk/ks&v/kwjs*] i- 69&70

11- ogh] lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~ ] i- 8612- ogh]nksuksa vk/ks&v/kwjs i- 6913- ogh] lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~ i- 8714- ogh] xqyeksgj dk ifjUnk i- 1315- ogh] i- 1416- ogh] eSa ftUnxh gw¡ ] i- 1917- ogh] LR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~] i- 8718- ;ksxs'k dkuok] dksjM+h] lqyxrh ft+Unxh]

i- 5919- ogh] i- 6020- ;ksxs'k dkuok] vkSj eSa- ogh dduwl gw¡]

jsgkuk] i- 9621- ;ksxs'k dkuok] dksjM+h ] vkSjr ds Hkhrj

ejh gqbZ vkSjr] i- 8722- ogh] eq>s la?k"kZ djuk gS ] i- 4123- ogh] vlqj{kk cks/k] i- 8424- efgykvks ds izfr c<+rh fgalk] fot;

dqekj] dq:{ks=] tqykbZ 1993 vad &925- ;ksxs'k dkuok] dksjMh] Mh&Qksj esa oks

vkSjr ] i- 7526- ogh] isV ij fVdh vD+y] i- 2627- tulRrk ekpZ & 9] 2014

orZeku f’k{kk iz.kkyh esa ‘kSf{kdrduhdh dh Hkwfedk

MkaW0 latho dqekj ‘kqDykizoDrk ch0,M0 foHkkx]

Jh xk¡/kh egkfo|ky;] fl/kkSyh]lhrkiqj] mRrj izns’k

==============***********===============lkjka’k

vk/kqfud ekuo vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ckn lwpukØkafr ds ;qx esa izos’k dj pqdk gS] vktdy lwpukØkafr us ekuo thou ds izR;sd igyw dks vR;f/kdizHkkfor fd;k gSA bl lwpuk Økafr ls f’k{kk ds {ks= esavusd rduhfd;ksa dk mn; gqvk gS] ftlds QyLo:IkHkfo”; esa vusd pqukSfr;ksa] voljksa ,oa izfrLi/kkZvksadk ltu gqvk gS] ftuds lkFk lkeatL; LFkkfir djusds fy, ‘kSf{kd rduhdh dk v/;;u djuk vfuok;Zgks x;k gSA ‘kSf{kd rduhdh us f’k{kk ds {ks= esa u;sfoLr‘r vk;ke LFkkfir djds bls vkSj vf/kd izHkkohcuk fn;k gSA ;g vk/kqfud ;qx esa nqyZHk ojnku cudjmHkjh gS rFkk thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa gLr{ksi djrh gSAorZeku lekt esa ekuo dk O;fDrxr] lkekftd]vkfFkZd o lkaLd‘frd thou Hkh foKku o rduhdhds fodkl izHkko ls vNwrk ugha gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k ojk”Vªh; fodkl ds iFk ij vxzflr gekjs jk”Vª dkHkfo”; mlds oSKkfud o rduhdh fodkl ij ghfuHkZj djrk gSA xjhch gVkus] fiNM+siu dks nwj djus]tulk/kkj.k ds thou Lrj dks mUur cukus] jk”Vªh;lqj{kk dks lqfuf’pr djus tSls iz;klksa dks lQy cukusds fy;s f’k{kk esa rduhdh ds la[;kRed foLrkj rFkkxq.kkRed lq/kkj dh rhoz vko’;drk gSA foKku orduhdh f’k{kk ds vfu;ksftr foLrkj o xq.kkRed

45

ISSN: 2394 5303 0181




4.002(IIJIF)


ákl ds dkj.k Hkkjr rduhdh o foKku ds {ks= esafiNM+ jgk gSA rduhdh ds fodkl esa ns’k dks LokoyEchcukdj gh jk”Vª dks lEekutud <+x ls vkxs c<+k;ktk ldrk gSAizLrkouk

‘kSf{kd rduhdh f’k{k.k ,oa lh[kus dh izfØ;kds fy;s ,d lqfu;ksftr ,oa O;ofLFkr vk/kkj izLrqrdjrh gSA tkWu yhne ¼1973½ ds vuqlkj ^^’kSf{kdrduhdh f’k{k.k rFkk lh[kus esa vk/kqfud fof/k;ksa oizfof/k;ksa dk Øec) iz;ksx gksrk gSA** ‘kSf{kd rduhdhds vFkZ dks ,d Øec) iz;Ru ds :Ik esa fy;k tkldrk gS tks f’k{kk dh orZeku izfØ;k dks mUur djrhgSA tSls & f’k{kk ds mn~ns’;ksa] ikB~;Øe] fof/k] lgk;dlkexzh] ewY;kadu] funsZ’k vkfn dks mUur djukA ‘kSf{kdrduhdh ,d oSKkfud fof/k gS tks orZeku f’k{kk dsmn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr djkus esa lgk;d gSA blds }kjkf’k{k.k dks izHkkoh rFkk fofHkUu f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa] ;qfDr;ksavkfn dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk f’k{kddh fØ;kvksa dk foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldseq[; lk/ku jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] vfeØfer vuqns’ku]lw{e f’k{k.k] vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k vkfn gSA ‘kSf{kdrduhdh ds }kjk ‘kSf{kd laxBu] iz’kklu ,oa izcU/klEcU/kh leL;kvksa dk oSKkfud <ax ls gy fd;k tkldrk gSA blds fy;s f’k{k.k iz.kkyh ds vuq:Ik ghfo|ky; dk laxBu fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk oSKkfud:Ik esa ‘kSf{kd iz’kklfud izfØ;k dh :ijs[kk izLrqrdh tk ldrh gSA ‘kSf{kd rduhdh f’k{k.k ls lEcU/kh lHkh fØ;kvksa rFkk miknkuksa dk ;kaf=dj.k djuk gSAtSls&f’k{k.k izfØ;k;sa] fof/k;ksa] lgk;d lkexzh] ewY;kaduvkfn ls lEcfU/kr uohure ‘kSf{kd ;a=ksa dk iz;ksxdjuk vkfnA

f’k{kk ds {ks= esa lwpuk lEizs”k.k rduhdh dklekos’k gh ‘kSf{kd rduhdh dks vk/kkj iznku djrkgSA lwpuk lEizs”k.k rduhdh f’k{kk esa dbZ iz;ksx djrhgS &

f’k{k.k esa lwpuk&lEizs”k.k rduhdh dk iz;ksxAlalk/kuks a dh lgHkkfxrk ¼mi;ksx½ esa

lwpuk&lEizs”k.k rduhdh dk mi;ksxA

f’k{kdk s a dh O;kolkf;d izxfr es alwpuk&lEizs”k.k rduhdh dk mi;ksxA

f’k{kk dh igq¡p ,oa lwpuk lEizs”k.k rduhdhdh HkwfedkA

‘kSf{kd fodkl o vuqla/kku rFkk ekuolalk/ku ds fodkl esa lwpuk lEizs”k.k rduhdh dhHkwfedkA

vkHkklh fo’ofo|ky;ksa ds fodkl esa lwpuklEizs”k.k dh HkwfedkA nwjLFk f’k{kk dk;ZØe dh mUufr esa o lexzxq.kkRed fodkl esa vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh HkwfedkA

f’k{kk txr esa vkewy&pwy Økafrdkjh dnedh lEHkkoukvksa dks ;FkkZFk :Ik esa cnyus esa lwpuk&lEizs”k.krduhdh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSAv/;;u dk mn~ns’;

‘kSf{kd rduhdh Kku] dkS’ky ,oa vfHkofÙkiznku djus dh ,d uohu rFkk mHkjrh gqbZ] fof’k”Vvko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus okyh ,d ‘kSf{kd izfØ;kgSA bl rduhd ds ek/;e ls nwjLFk Nk=ksa dks Hkh mÙkexfr ls f’k{kk iznku dh tk ldrh gSA ‘kSf{kd rduhdhds ek/;e ls fnuksa fnu f’k{kk dh c<+rh ek¡x dks iwjkfd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk Nk=ksa dh ‘kSf{kd vko’;drkvksadks iwjk djus esa Hkh lg;ksx feyrk gSA ;g Nk=ksa dh;ksX;rkuqlkj ikB~;&lkexzh dks cks/kxE; cukus dk,d vPNk midj.k gSA tgk¡ bldk O;kid iz;ksxf’k{k.k&vf/kxe izfØ;k dks ljy] lqcks/k ,oa lqxecukus esa fd;k tkrk gS] ogha ;s Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe dksfpjLFkk;h cukrh gSA ‘kSf{kd rduhdh f’k{kk ds lHkhek/;eksa esa izeq[k Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gS] tSls &vkSipkfjd] vukSipkfjd] fujkSipkfjd lHkh esa bldkdsUnzh; egRo gSA bldk cgq/kk iz;ksx lHkh izdkj dsO;kolkf;d izf’k{k.kksa esa ,d yksdfiz; lk/ku ds :Ikesa fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ bldk egRo tulk/kkj.k dkslkekU; f’k{kk iznku djus esa vf/kd gS] ogha ;s f’k{k.k,oa vf/kxe fo/kk dks vR;Ur jkspd cukrh gaS rFkkNk=ksa dks vfHkizsj.kk iznku djrh gSaA‘kSf{kd rduhdh dh Hkwfedk % 1- ‘kSf{kd rduhdhds ek/;e ls f’k{kk iz.kkyh jk”Vªh; Lrj ij mi;ksxh%

ISSN: 2394 5303 0182




4.002(IIJIF)


‘kSf{kd rduhdh ds ek/;e ls f’k{kk vf/kdykHkdkjh ,oa izHkkoh gks ldh gSA ‘kSf{kd rduhdh dsek/;e ls f’k{kk&iz.kkyh jk”Vªh; Lrj ij mi;ksxhfl) gqbZ gSA blls f’k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k dks izHkkoiw.kZcukus esa lgk;rk feyh gSA ‘kSf{kd rduhdh f’k{kdksa dsfy, tgk¡ ojnku lkfcr gqbZ gS ogha ‘kSf{kd lk/kuksa o‘kSf{kd ek/;eksa ds :Ik esa mi;ksxh fl) gqbZ gSA¼1½ lkekU; ,oa lk/kkj.k f’k{kk iz.kkyh lHkh oxks±rd igq¡pkbZ tk ldsxhA¼2½ gekjh jk”Vªh; ljdkj dk fu%’kqYd vfuok;ZizkFkfed f’k{kk dk;ZØe dk mn~ns’; iwjk gks ldsxkA‘’kSf{kd rduhdh ds ek/;e ls f’k{kk iz.kkyhjk”Vªh; Lrj ij mi;ksxh¼3½ lEiw.kZ jk”Vª esa izkS<+ f’k{kk dk izlkj ,oa lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k gks ldsxkA¼4½ jk”Vªh; Lrj ij f’k{kk dk Lrj Å¡pk gks ldsxkA¼5½ fujUrj f’k{kk dk;ZØeksa dks lQyrkiwoZd pyk;ktk ldsxkA¼6½ f’k{kk ds laxBu rFkk iz’kklu dks oSKkfud:Ik iznku fd;k tk ldsxkA¼7½ iztkra= iz.kkyh dh lQyrk lkdkj gks ldsxhA¼8½ vk/kqfud lekt dh vko’;drkuq:Ik f’k{kkiz.kkyh esa lq/kkj lEHko gks ldsxkA

¼2½ f’k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k dks izHkkoiw.kZcukus esa lgk;d

‘kSf{kd rduhdh }kjk f’k{k.k ,oa lh[kus dh izfØ;kdks fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa izHkko’kkyh cuk;k tk ldsxkf’k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k dks izHkkoiw.kZ cukus esalgk;d

uohu f’k{k.k midj.kksa] fof/k;ksa] e’khuksa }kjkf’k{k.k dks lkFkZd ,oa O;kogkfjd cuk;k tk ldsxkA

f’k{k.k izfrekuksa }kjk f’k{k.k vf/kxe dks u;k:Ik iznku fd;k tk ldsxkA

f’k{k.k o lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks lqfuf’prljy o lqxe cuk;k tk ldsxkA¼3½ f’k{kd ds fy, mi;ksxh%

‘kSf{kd rduhdh f’k{kd ds dk;Z esa iwjd dkdk;Z dj jgh gS ftlls f’k{kd dk dk;Z ljy rFkk

lqxe gks tkrk gS] ijUrq ;g f’k{kd dk LFkku ugha ysxh¼tSlh dh vk/kqfud /kkj.kk gS½ D;ksafd ‘kSf{kd rduhdhf’k{kd dh lk/; ugha gS] vfirq ;g f’k{kd dhxq.kkRed mUufr }kjk mldh dk;Z dq’kyrk esa of)djus esa lgk;d gSA f’k{kd ds fy, mi;ksfxrk fuEuizdkj gS &¼1½ f’k{k.k esa e’khuksa ,oa uohu midj.kksa ds iz;ksx}kjk izxfrAf’k{kd ds fy, mi;ksxh¼2½ f’k{kd dk n‘f”Vdks.k oSKkfud ,oa oLrqfUk”BA¼3½ leLr f’k{k.k dk;Z rduhdh iz/kkuA¼4½ d{kk ds vUrxZr f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk esa fo’ks”k :ils ifjorZu lEHkoA¼5½ f’k{kdksa dks viuh izfrHkkvksa dks iznf’kZr djus dslqvolj izkIr gks ldsaxs ftlls og ,d mRiknd] izca/kd] funsZ’kd ,oa lykgdkj] ijke’kZnkrk ds :Ik esadk;Z dj ldsaxsA¼4½ ‘kSf{kd lk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx%

‘kSf{kd rduhdh dk izeq[k mn~ns’; ;g gS fdde le; rFkk lhfer lk/kuksa ds vUrxZr Hkhvf/kdre ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k izkIr gks ldsA bldksO;fDr;ksa rFkk e’khuksa ds lefUor dk;Z dykiksa ds}kjk lkdkj cuk;k tk ldsxkA f’k{kd ,oa izca/kdvFkok O;oLFkkid ds :i esa dk;Z djs rkfdlEcfU/kr lk/kuksa dk vf/kdre iz;ksx gks ldsA blizdkj ‘kSf{kd lk/kuksa lEcU/kh fuEufyf[kr mi;ksfxrklEHko gS¼1½ vfHkØfer v/;;u }kjk Nk=ksa esa Lor%v/;;u izofÙk dk fodklA¼2½ lw{e f’k{k.k rFkk vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k izfof/k;ksa ds iz;ksx ls f’k{k.k izHkko’kkyh ,oa lkFkZd gksldsxkA’kSf{kd lk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx¼3½ u;s f’k{k.k izfreku] f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa] midj.kksavkfn ls f’k{k.k dks lthork nh tk ldsxhA¼4½ jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] dEI;wVj] izkstsDVj vkfn dsf’k{k.k esa iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa dks ,d cM+s lewg dks f’k{kk

ISSN: 2394 5303 0183




4.002(IIJIF)


nh tk ldsxh rFkk bu lk/kuksa }kjk tu f’k{kk ds izlkjdks c<+k;k tk ldsxkA¼5½ f’k{kk esa vuqla/kku rFkk i=kpkj ikB~;Øe ,oa[kqys fo’ofo|ky;ksa ds }kjk f’k{k.k iznku djuklEHko gks ldsxkA¼6½ f’k{kk esa vuqla/kku rFkk ‘kks/k dk;Z esa lq/kkjlEHkoA¼7½ f’k{kk dks mRikndrk ,oa l‘tukRed dk;ksZ lstksM+k tk ldsxkA¼8½ f’k{kk esa ;a=hdj.k ds lkFk f’k{kk dkO;kolk;hdj.k lEHko gks ldsxkA¼5½ ‘kSf{kd rduhd dk ‘kSf{kd ek/;e ds :Ikesa mi;ksx%

ek/;e ,d ,slk lk/ku gS ftlds }kjk KkulEizsf”kr fd;k tkrk gSA ek/;e fofHkUu dk;ks± esaiz;qDr gksrk gS ijUrq tc bldk iz;ksx ‘kSf{kd izfØ;kesa fd;k tkrk gS rks bls f’k{k.k lk/ku dgrs gSaA

‘kSf{kd ek/;e mi;ksxh lk/ku gksus ds lkFkf’k{k.k rduhd esa lgk;d gS o f’k{k.k vf/kxeizfØ;k esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA izHkko’kkyh ,oami;ksxh vf/kxe ds fy, vko’;d gS fd lh[kus okysdks vFkZiw.kZ vf/kxe vuqHko iznku fd;k tk;A ‘kSf{kdlk/ku ds mi;ksx ls f’k{kd vius f’k{k.k dks jkspdcukrk gS o vius fo”k; ds izfr f’k{kkFkhZ esa :fpmRiUu djds fo”k;oLrq dk Kku djus dks izsfjr djrkgSA ‘kSf{kd lk/ku d{kk ds okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu ykrsgSa vkSj f’k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr djrs gSaA

f’k{kd izf’k{k.k dk;ZØe esa ‘kSf{kd ek/;e nksrjg ls mi;ksxh gS &¼1½ v/;kid ds :Ik esa Nk=/;kid] Nk=ksa dksvf/kxe esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gS¼1½ ikB~; oLrq ds :i esa % ¼2½ fofHkUu fo”k;ksa esafo”k;&oLrq ds Li”Vhdj.k ds fy, ‘kSf{kd mn~ns’;ksadks izkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu ‘kSf{kd lk/kuksa dk p;udjds LofuekZ.k djrk gS ,oa mi;ksx djrk gSA¼3½ izR;sd v/;kid fo”k;&oLrq dh izdfr ds vuqlkjfo”k; oLrq ds Li”Vhdj.k ds fy, vko’;d ‘kSf{kdlk/kuksa dks tkuukA

¼4½ ‘kSf{kd lk/kuksa tSls&rLohj] ekWMy] ‘;keiV~V]fp=] fQYEk fLVªi] ‘kkfCnd mnkgj.k ;k vU; n’;JO; lk/kuksa dk mn~ns’; izkfIr esa leFkZ cukus ;ksX;gksukA¼2½ f’k{k.k lk/ku ds :Ik esa¼1½ v/;kid f’k{kk dk;ZØe esa f’k{k.k lk/ku v/;kid f’k{kk ds ikB~;Øe ds v/;;u ,oa ‘kSf{kddq’kyrkvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA¼2½ ‘kSf{kd rduhd esa f’k{k.k lk/ku nks rjg lsmi;ksxh gS izFke v/;kid lS)kafrd Kku dks vf/kdLi”V <ax ls le> ldsxk rFkk vkRelkr dj ldsxkrFkk vius f’k{k.k dk vfHkUu vax cuk ldsxk] nwljkvko’;drkuq:Ik lk/kuksa dk O;kogkfjd Kku izkIrdjds mi;ksx dj ldsxkA¼3½ ek/;e dk mi;ksx d{kk fujh{k.k esa fd;k tkldrk gSA tSls&VsifjdkMZj ij Hkk”k.k ;k vU; ‘kSf{kdxfrfof/k;ksa dk fjdkWMZ dj ewY;kadu dj ldrk gSAmilagkj

‘kSf{kd rduhdh orZeku f’k{kk dh vk/kkjf’kykdgh tk ldrh gSA blds ek/;e ls f’k{kd Nk=ksa esavf/kxe ds izfr :fp o izsj.kk mRiUu dj ldrk gSA‘kSf{kd rduhdh ds fofHkUu vk;ke f’k{kk dks uohuvo/kkj.kk iznku djrs gaSa] vFkkZr~ ;s f’k{k.k dh vk/kkjLrEHk gSaA blds mi;ksx ;k f’k{k.k esa lfEeyr djusek= esa ls rduhdh dkjxkj lkfcr ugha gks ldrh]f’k{kd ds ekuoh; i{kksa dh izHkkoh f’k{k.k esa furkarvko’;drk gSA ‘kSf{kd rduhdh] f’k{kd dh Nk= dsizfr laosnukvksa o Hkkoukvksa o lEcU/kksa dh vkReh;rkdk LFkku ugha ys ldrh vkSj u gh Nk= dh fuft]‘kSf{kd o vU; leL;kvksa dks xEHkhjrk ls vkRelkrdj ldrh gSA Nk= ds euksoSKkfud i{kksa dks lkFk ysdjgh ‘kSf{kd rduhdh vius /;s; dks iw.kZ dj ldrh gSANk= ds O;fDrxr fodkl esa f’k{kd ds O;fDrRo dkegRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA f’k{kd dks f’k{k.k esa‘kSf{kd rduhdh dk mi;ksx djus dk iw.kZ dkS’ky gksukpkfg, rHkh bl uohu mikxe dks og Nk=ksa dsekufld] :fp] izsj.kk Lrj dks /;ku esa mi;ksx djldrk gS] vU;Fkk ;g rduhd ftl mn~ns’; dks /;ku

ISSN: 2394 5303 0184




4.002(IIJIF)


esa j[kdj rS;kj dh xbZ gS] ml rd igq¡puk rks nwj ek=vkSipkfjd cudj jg tk;sxhAlUnHkZ &

vxzoky] ts0lh0 ¼2005½] ‘kSf{kd rduhdh,oa izcU/k] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjkA

‘kekZ] vkj0,0 ¼2008½] f‘k{kk ds rduhdhvk/kkj] vkj0yky0 cqd fMiks] esjBA

feJk] Mh0lh0 ¼2008½] ‘kSf{kd rduhdh dslkjHkwr rRo ,oa izcU/ku] lkfgR; izdk’ku] vkxjkA

flag] d.kZ ¼2008&09½] ‘kSf{kd rduhdh,oa izcU/k] xksfoUn izdk’ku] y[kheiqj&[khjhA

ipkSjh] fxjh’k ¼2012½] ‘kSf{kd rduhdh ,oaizcU/ku] vkj0yky0 cqd fMiks] esjBA

JhokLro] egsUnzukFk ¼2012½] f’k{kk esa lwpuk,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh] vxzoky ifCyds’kUl] vkxjkA

lDlsuk] uhrk ¼2013½] f’k{kk ds uwru vk;ke]lkfgR; izdk’ku] vkxjkA

diwj]mfeZyk ¼2013½] ‘kSf{kd rduhdh] lkfgR;izdk’ku] vkxjkA

flag] d.kZ ¼2011&12½] lw{e f’k{k.k] xksfoUnizdk’ku] y[kheiqj&[khjhA

dFkwfj;k] jkenso ih0 ¼2008&2009½] lw{ev/;kiu ,oa f’k{k.k izfreku] vxzoky ifCyds’kUl]vkxjkA

‘kekZ] izHkk o ukVk.kh] izdk’k ukjk;.k ¼2006½]‘kSf{kd rduhdh vkSj d{kk&d{k izcU/ku] ek;k izdk’kuefUnj] t;iqjA

Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap Co-Editor Dr. Ravindranath Kewat

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Transcript of Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap Co-Editor Dr. Ravindranath Kewat