IntroductionEarly Byzantine ceramic chronology of Cilicia is based

on very few archaeological excavations, such as Tarsus-Gözlükule; so far, however, very few stratigraphical mate-rial are known. Lamp production and consumption inCilicia during the 6th-7th centuries A.D. enlighted throughweak evidence from Tarsus-Gözlükule, Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Anemurium, and few rescue excavations1. So farno burial site of Early Byzantine Cilicia are published;Early Byzantine necropoleis in Cilicia and their burial cus-toms are scarcely known2.

J. W. Hayes is the first person who uses the term“Cilician” in definition for the lamps from this region3. Itis known from the excavation results that great metropoleislike Antioch and Tarsus were lamp producers during theEarly Byzantine period; but details of their production iscompletely unknown. So far only at Gözlükule a LateRoman mould has been found4. Local archaeologicalmuseums in Cilicia, however, contain numerous local andimported specimens from Late Roman and EarlyByzantine periods. So far lamp distribution and use areonly tested in a limited scale in a single site, inAnemurium. From the excavation results it seems that atleast in the 5th-7th centuries Anemurium has been a water-shed where Syro-Palestinian lamps stopped and westernAnatolian lamp types began with a large quantity ofCypriot lamps5.

The main concern of this brief paper is to reconstructtypology, decoration and other characteristics of 20 EarlyByzantine lamps found in Alata (or Alata Çamlıg*ı) nearErdemli (Fig. 1), a cemetery site in eastern Rough Cilicia.Today these lamps are in the display at the ArchaeologicalMuseum of Mersin. These lamps were found in 1987 in arescue excavation, done by Hamdi Biter, the former direc-tor of the local museum at Erdemli.

Geographical SettingAccording to the excavator these lamps were found in

three or four rock-cut graves, discovered during the cons-truction of a new asphalt road or building of “KüçükEsnaflar ve Sanatkarlar Kooperatifi” in an area called“Domuz Deresi” near Alata which locates in the territoryof Erdemli township, and c. 5 km east of Erdemli towncenter (Fig. 1). Erdemli is 36 km southwest of Mersinwhere fertile land is scarce and concentrated in the narrowcoastal strip. In the western extension of Mersin, urbanrapid and unplanned expansion of high-rise building deve-lopment at ancient cemetery and pottery workshop sitesresulted in irreversible loss of numerous archaeologicalsites along the coastline of Mersin during the 80s and 90s.

The rescue archaeological excavation at Alata wasunder no controlled conditions. No report or excavationplan has been published, or nor any field data has been

Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata:A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia

(Southern Turkey)*

(pl. 90 à 93)

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*This collection has been studied by the author thanks to an authorization given by Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism (permit no.:B.16.0.AMG.0.10.00.01/ 707.1-2).

1- Williams/Taylor 1975; Williams 1977; Williams 1989; Goldman/Jones 1950, 86, and 97-98 (groups XIX-XXIII); and Waagé 1934 as well as 1941.At two further sites in Tarsus some Early Byzantine lamps were published or found : Donuktas1 (Baydur/Karakaya 2001, 71, Grup VIII, and 99-100, cat. nos. 372-383) and Cumhuriyet Meydanı (studied by L. Zorog&lu). Tarsian sites provided few examples of the Early Byzantine lamps ofthe region, whose development therefore remains uncertain.

2- A project was the sepulcral archaeology of classical Cilicia. Our aims were : 1. chronology and typology of pottery and other items from Ciliciangraves; 2. understanding the Cilician burial customs during Hellenistic and Roman periods through material culture, and its analogy to otherregions; 3. identification of the locations of unknown or less known necropoleis in Cilicia to a general look at Early Byzantine burial customs :Ivison 1996; and meaning of necropoleis in classical Cilician society : Spanu 2000.

3- Hayes 1980, 72-74. Of these later lamps were classifed as “Early Christian lamps”: 73-74.4- Goldman/Jones 1950, p. 86.5- Williams 1989

In : L. Chrzanovski (dir.), Lychnological Acts 1. Actes du 1er Congrès international d’études sur le luminaire antique (Nyon-Genève,29.IX - 4.X.2003) (Monogr. Instrumentum, 31), Montagnac 2005.

recorded. Anthropological information as well as archaeo-logical coherences are therefore not known.

In the 5th century A.D. the region around Erdemli wascalled Isauria which had its capital at Seleuceia adCalykadnus with two legions, the Secunda Isaura and theTertia Isaura. Several large gaps exist in our knowledge ofEarly Byzantine Erdemli. A site at the status of a kwvmh atthe place of today’s Erdemli was mentioned in Byzantinetexts as Kalanthia which was standing on the route of aregional Byzantine road6. It is said from the Museum ofMersin that in Erdemli several architectural fragmentswere collected, but without any archaeological context. InAlata today only a marble Corinthian-composite capital of5th-6th century A.D. is still visible in a garden of a house.In the area between Pompeiupolis, an Early Byzantinemetropolis in western end of Plain Cilicia, and Kalanthianumerous Early Byzantine sites and their remains werereported by several scholars7; especially grave sites aremany which perhaps could be associated with epidemicdiseases or plague occured in this area during the 5th and6th centuries8. Historical datas and archaeological eviden-ces about this assumption should be re-considered onceagain.

Study MaterialThe rescue excavations at Alata Çamlıg*ı resulted in the

finding of 20 terracotta lamps (Fig. 2). We do not know,however, what the exact number of finds were and whichlamp was found with which material and where. Includinglamps a terracotta spouted juglet has also been recoveredwhose archaeological context is not known either. Besidethese finds from Alata, a further glass lamp fromDumlupınar, a further Early Byzantine cemetery inMersin, will be also presented in this article, since EarlyByzantine glass lamps are very scarcely known.

Almost all of the objects were recovered intact; in fewcases damages or breaks are observed (cf. no. 10). Sincethey were produced as burial items they are not in first-class quality, and they have rather careless look. 20 lampsfeature almost same fabric characteristics, and are thereforeclassified as an homogenous group. Their fabric is hardfired, fine, light brown fabric with a moderate amount oftiny white and micaceous inclusions. Their surface colourranges from the tones of GLEY 1 to those of 2. Most ofthem are clearly unslipped, with exceptions of nos. 3, 5,

and 7; but their slip is blackish or whitish which is in somecases washed out9.

All of the lamps are mold made. While in general outli-ne all the examples are typologically similar : of almond,ovoid, and broad biconical shape with central filling holewith raised rim, surrounded by a ridge encircling discusand wick hole. The treatments of the disk, however, divi-des them into three uniform types. Type I is representedonly by one single lamp which is also extraordinary in itsdecoration. The second consists of 5 examples and thethird of 14 lamps. The reason for the classification of typeI into an independent group is because of its large figuraldecoration in its discus which made the surface of the lampmore shallow and designed.

Type I is disk-shaped and has a large discoid medallionin the middle, and the other two types are almond or leaf-shaped. Typologically type I at Alata resembles with Ozioltype 19, “1e série”, but it is very flat-topped at his upperpart. Type II has a discus ring made by one or two thick cir-cles, and having no channel to the nozzle. The distinctivetypological feature of type III is the discus ring made bytwo thick transverse concentric grooves, extending for-ward to front of nozzle on each side to form a nozzlethrough and flanking the nozzle which is basically makinga connecting channel from ovoid discus to wick hole. Thistype does not have a crown or medaillion-shaped discus astypes 1-2. Generally speaking all three types featurevaguest indication of ridge from base-ring to base, andthey all bear a small spike handle at rear.

Sizes of all three types are more or less same : length ofthe whole lamp is c. 9 cm; their width is approximately 7.5cm; height is c. 2.5 cm. Handles are c. 1.5 cm long and 1cm wide. At all of three types, wick-hole as well as fillinghole are very small (c. 1 cm).

The decoration patterns are usually degenerated and com-bined in simple shapes. Their decoration is replete with asmall variety of patterns. In Alata’ lamps nine main deco-ration models have been practised at discus, and four atshoulders. Nine discus decorations are as follows :

• a figural decoration (no. 1);

• 8 lines and 4 semi-circular arcs in a form of a crossin outline around the discus with 12 filled raisedknobs in each edge arrow and knob among the rays(no. 2);

• 12-18 thin (sometimes thick) linears radiating bet-ween the first circle and edge of filling hole (nos.3-8);

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6- Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, p. 291; and Hild 1991, p. 311. For Cilicia during the 5th and 6th centuries A.D.: Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 42-43.7- Numerous archaeological sites and former references were presented here : Laflı 2004.8- 6th century A.D. in Cilicia was characterized by epidemic diseases and natural catastrophes. In A.D. 542-543 a great pest outbreak begun in Syria

and enlarged its circle towards Cilicia which accused a great loss of population: Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 42 and 99. For the pest in neighboredEarly Byzantine Lycia: Harrison 2001.

9- The problem that was not resolved by A. Karivieri's study (Karivieri 1996) for Athenian Late Roman lamps and cannot be answered yet is not somuch when the lampmakers stopped glazing their lamps (clearly sometime in the fifth rather than in the fourth century) as when the first post-gla-zing (unglazed) lamps were produced. Such observation could not made in Cilicia yet.

• 16-18 short radiating, but lightly curving lines (nos.9-11);

• 10-13 short curved lines in form of a wind rose orpin wheel (nos. 12-14);

• 10 longer radiating lines in form of an Early ByzantineLatin cross in outline (nos. 15-17);

• discus circulation by 15 raised knobs (no. 18);

• discus circulation by 11 raised knobs and 4 raisedknobs between the nozzle and discus ring (no. 19),

and discus circulation by two raised knob rows and 4raised knobs between the nozzle and discus ring (no.20).

Beside plain shoulder as at No. 1 four shoulder decora-tion patterns are as follows :

• two chevrons, extending between the wick hole andhandle, each arc of chevron filled with 6 raisedknobs, a degenerated pattern inspired from the scrol-ling vines decoration (as chevron) with grapevinepatterns (as raised knobs) (nos. 2-4);

• short radiating or curving lines (nos. 5, 7-13, and 15-20);

• a row of raised knobs (no. 6),

and tongues (no. 14).

Most common shoulder decoration pattern is, however,short, sometimes thick or thin, radiating or curving lines. InType II all of the lamps have a common design and orna-mentation, which were made without great care. Beside dis-cus and shoulders a third area for decoration is between thediscus and wick hole (nozzle). In some lamps 4 or 5 raisedknobs were decorated here (in form of a cross in outline?).

Most of the lamps have no trace of carbon. They shouldbe in use in the performance of the burial liturgy. Most ofthe Early Byzantine terracotta oil lamps in Cilicia wereassigned as burial gifts in tombs.

No inscription with the maker’s name has been obser-ved. It is hard to estimate where these lamps were produ-ced since samples for analogy are very few, and we knowalmost nothing about the local production. So far notenough work has been done or published in Cilicia, onCyprus or in Syria to understand their provenance indetail; but Alata lamps have close parallels from thecontemporary Cypriot and Syrian products10. Although

former researches indicate extreme regionalism in theEarly Byzantine to Late Byzantine periods in Syria, it issurprising to observe that Alata lamps show a great typo-logical and decoration difference with published examplesfrom other Early Byzantine Cilician findspots, such asGözlükule, Donuktas1, Anemurium and Antioch.

Generally speaking for the Type I the orientation of thedisk design and its findspot suggest a Phoenician orEgyptian origin (cf. below). Types II and III are typologi-cally Cypro-Cilician version of a widespread Byzantinelamp type of late 5th to 6th century A.D.11. On the otherhand typology of these groups resembles with Syro-Palestinian lamps and Antiochian samples. But the point oftheir similarity is very general and our groups are reallymore degenerate ones. Their “country style” degeneratedand careless decoration associates with known Cilicianand Cypriot lamps; therefore they could be classified as“Cypro-Cilician” lamps, though in Phoenician or Syro-Palestinian style. According to Hayes the thin Cilicianfabric of Roman Imperial times approximates to that ofCypriot lamps, and production of these regions are noteasily distinguishable12. Therefore we are not able todetermine if Alata lamps were manufactured on Cyprus orin Cilicia.

The first examples of our type II have been published inCesnola Collection13. Vessberg puts this group into histypes 19 and 20, and he dates them “principally” to the 4th

and 4th centuries14. In her type 19, series 4-5, Oziol tries tofind an origin for these lamps and discuss the evolution ofthis type in Cyprus, Cilicia, Syria and Palestine15. In her1993 catalogue she has identified them as “imitation deslampes syro-palestiniennes”16. She also mentions about amould at the Pierides collection (no. 5846) found at theexcavations in Campanopetra in Northern Cyprus in 1970which is the exact parallel of her no. 115 (and our no.12)17. At the excavations of Salamis Oziol and Pouillouxpresent, in their “6e série”, some “lampes tardives” whichcan be correlated with our type III18. Oziol’s type 19 “lam-pes moulées allongées (byzantines)” in her 1997 cataloguecan be correlated by its size and unslipped surface treat-ment with our types I and especially III. At this cataloguenos. 777-788, equal to her type 19th - “série 4e” and “5e”which she defines as “syro-palestiniennes” with more or

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10- For Syrian lamps during the Late Antiquity : Dobbins 1977; Modrzewska-Marciniak 1978 and Rey-Coquais 1964; for Palestinian : Da Costa 2004;and Kennedy 1963.

11- For the general type: Vessberg 1953, p. 117, pls. III.22, IV.20; Waagé 1941, p. 67, no. 175. Related to Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, p. 49, no. 17,Fig. 4, pl. XXXII B (17) from the Kornos Cave; Cahn-Kleiber 1977, 257, 399-400, no. 379, pl. 40; and Oziol/Pouilloux 1969, no. 465, pl. X.

12- Hayes 1980, p. 72.13- Di Cesnola 1894, pl. CXL, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1043 and 1046. 14- Vessberg 1953, p. 128. Based on the evidence from Corinth (Broneer 1934, p. 119) Vessberg refers some Corinthian lamps with impressions of

coins of Theodisius II on the rim with which he assumes a date for these lamps as 5th and 6th centuries A.D.15- Oziol 1977, p. 256.16- Oziol 1993, p. 69; lamps 114-121.17- Oziol 1993, p. 70.18- Oziol/Pouilloux 1969, p. 111, pl. XIX, 464.

less same decoration patterns with ours, can also be paral-lel to our type III19.

Another possible location for the typological analogy isPalestine, and typologically our types II and III are verysimilar to K. da Costa’s type 7E120. Sussman’s “NorthernStamped type” 7E1 (relief decoration)21 is very similar toa type known in Egypt22 and Cyprus23. This type is diffi-cult to place, but similar lamps have been excavated at AbuMena and Canopus (cf. BMIII 229) and Ehnasya (cf. ROM129). In comparasion to the K. da Costa’s type 7E1 theEgyptian and Cypriot versions have relief decoration onthe shoulder, a more pointed shape and often an ornamen-tal handle. They are also decorated to be viewed with thewick hole away from the viewer, in the Palestinian fashion.Also ROM 304, bought in Adana, dated late 5th-6th A.D.,and considered Cilician by Hayes, is very similar in shapeand decoration.

Sussman’s 7A lamps, decorated with impresseddesigns, are remarkably close to 7E1 lamps. Although thedecoration and shape of the two are different, it should benoted that the 7A lamps do not fit into the NorthernStamped sequence. The Egyptian and Cypriot24 lamps alsodo not easily fit into the sequences in either of those areas.Due to the orientation of the lamps, K. da Costa suspects aPalestinian origin, the findspots in Egypt notwithstanding.There appear to be two types, 7A possibly earlier than 7E1,or 7E1 as a transitional type between the fully impressedand fully relief decorated versions.

Our sole dating criteria is typological and decorativeanalogy : Oziol dates our type I into 7th century25. For ourtype II she puts her type 19, series 4-5, in a time span of 6th

to 8th century A.D.26. In her 1993 catalogue she had nar-rowed the beginning of these types of lamp productionduring the 5th century based on the information drivenfrom the archaeological contexts at Salamis, and continueduntil the Arabian invasion in 7th century27. Hayes dated thetypology of our type III of Cypriot origin into late 6th to 7th

century A.D.28.

Typologically one can assume that all three types oflamps belong to the transition between the Late Romanand Early Byzantine lamps. The wick hole is a sign of theforthcoming Byzantine lamps. It is observable that besidea typological evolution there is also an evolution in deco-ration. It is said that 3 or 4 graves were discovered at Alata.

These three typological groups could be associated witheach of these graves, and therefore one can assume thatthese lamps can be taken evidence for two or three gene-rations and evolution of Late Roman lamps into EarlyByzantine lamps with the first appearance of the wick holeand channel. The lamps published by Williams can be afurther criteria to date our lamps : typologically a group ofthem29 seems to be later in date than our lamps in Alata(latest A.D. 629-630). This could be a used as a terminuspost quem for our lamps. Thus a tentative relative chrono-logy for Alata lamps can be well attested in the first half ofthe 6th century A.D. (500-550).

Type I (Fig. 2a)This disk-shaped type consists of only one lamp whose

characteristics are given below. 1.) 87.18.20: Whole molded lamp (tot. max. L 11.3 cm; W. 9.2

cm; H. 2.5 cm), upper part of the handle broken; missing frag-ments and fresh breaks at discus (broken by a colleague acci-dently, later repaired), disk shaped (=discoid) body; a large, cir-cular medaillion with a figure in the middle; shallow surface, notcentered small filler hole (Ø 1.0 x 1.1 cm) on the upper part ofthe large disk (Ø 6.4 cm), vaguest indication of ridge from shoul-ders to the disk; remainder of the shoulders (W. c. 1.4 cm) unde-corated, plain wick hole (Ø 1.0 cm) and reservoir, independentwick-hole without any channel to the disk, unused (?), unusualhandle in an unknown form (as a hole ?; max. L 1.9; max. W. 1.8;H. 1.5 cm), some reliefed features on the handle, plain and broadbase. Fine, unslipped; smooth, thin, hard; clay GLEY 2 7/5PB.Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 500.

Decoration : Richly decorated with an emphasized figure in themiddle (max. H 5.4 cm); a bas-relief, impressed wrongly upsidedown. A standing single figure in frontal pose, richly dressed,wearing long clothing. Not enough details preserved to describethe clothing in detail. The figure is turned towards the front andlooking ahead. The face (H 1.2 cm) is profiled to 1/3, and somefacial features are visible. The raised right hand holding up anobliterated object (orb or cornucopiae?) to the edge of the diskwhereas the left hand is not clearly visible. On the head the figu-re wears a three-notched crown (W. 1.1 cm) (something similarto a mural crown of Tyche, or oreol around the head) that perhapssignifies his/her role as a royal or religious personality. He/shewears a cloack (L 3.1 cm; max. W. 2.0 cm) whose thick horizon-tal folds are visible at the throat. The feature in the left (L 3.0 cm),second recognazible feature in the left side, could be identified ashis/her shield, or steering oar, or as a wing, represented from theprofile. End of the shield is strangely designed and folded back.

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19- Oziol 1977, nos. 771-776.20- Da Costa 2004.21- Sussman 1989.22- Bailey 1988, Q2199-2202; and Hayes 1980, 523-525.23- Oziol 1977, 826-833.24- Cypriot lamps during the Late Antiquity : Oziol 1977.25- Oziol 1993, p. 71, no. 111.26- Oziol 1977, p. 256.27- Oziol 1993, 69 and 70.28- Hayes 1980, p. 84, no. 346.29- Williams 1977, 189-190 and pl. XXXV a-c.

As a dress covering the whole body the figure has a floor-lengthchiton. From the waist it falls all the way to the ground and dra-pes over the feet. Thick vertical folds of the chiton are visible athis/her body. In the middle a belt is dividing the chiton in itsupper and lower parts. This costume is obviously an attributionfor his royal or religious personality. Opposite to whole compo-sition as an Early Byzantine iconographical element the feet arerepresented from the profile, but not frontal.

Personification and identification of this male or female figurewith an immortal or mortal figure in Late Antiquity is difficult.The disk relief could either be identified as a royal individual (aRoman emperor; Constantine II ?), or as Tyche, Artemis or Nike,but the preservation of the figure makes a specific attributionimpossible. The iconography itself is in a more traditionally LateRoman style. If it is not a canonical image of a royal personality,perhaps an incorporation of Tyche, Artemis or Nike representationto an Early Byzantine unknown royal figure. During the LateAntiquity the rich drapery, shields and orbs were common attri-butes for royal representations. If the left feature was a wing, per-haps it was the image of Nike or Michael, the archangel. It is defi-netely a simple country style image. The orientation of the diskdesign and the findspots suggest a Phoenician origin. Throughtypological comparison this lamp can be classified as “Syro-Palestinian lamp”; other examples of Syro-Palestinian lamps arepresent in the Museum of Mersin. If the figure is a Tyche imageit would be a fine example of the continuity of the cult of anAntiochian goddess in Early Byzantine period.

The iconographical program of these lamps and especiallythis figure should be analyzed in relation to its archaeological set-ting to explain the association between this lamp and the ritualoccuring at this cemetery.

Comparanda : There are exact parallels to the form of thislamp in Cyprus (Salamis) and the British Museum catalogues,where Bailey says it is from Egypt, based on some very dodgyprovenances30. So far no parallel to the motif, but it is possible tofind similar styles. There are some similarities with the Tunisianclay lamp production, figural style, but also with some composi-tions on ivory object, like pyxis and numismatic etc. Further on,some analogies could maybe be found on eulogia vessels, St.Minas ampulae. This lamp form is, however, rare in Cyprus andin Egypt. Also, the orientation, with the handle down, is, for theLate Roman/Early Byzantine, normally known in Palestine aswell - but no lamps in Palestine is observed similar to this. Giventhe distribution, Phoenicia is unknown for this period, but mostodd lamps seem to have a distribution of coastal Palestine, sou-thern coast of Turkey, and a few in Cyprus as well as in Egypt,which suggests to me they are being shipped around, andBeirut/Tyre/Sidon would be the obvious provenances. For theirprovenance Oziol suspects as “importations”, and believes Egyptas a possible location31. As Oziol points out, this type is decora-ted with Roman, but also Christian and Jewish iconography, suchas crosses, menorah, unidentified human figures, hunting scenes,various animals, gladiators, Europe and bull32.

Typological and decorative analogy : Typologically the clo-sest parallels : Oziol 1977, pl. 45, Nos. 827-832 which she callsas “lampes orientales variées”; Oziol 1993, 71, 111-113, and p.

72, Fig. 16, 111-113, and Hayes 1980, 522-525. The most cha-racteristics feature at Cypriot examples are that figures wereimpressed upside down like our examples; but the circle of themedaillion is more clear than our one. Same handle shape is obs-ervable. Also Djuric 1995, 76-79 “Egyptian type" discoid form;similar handles and figural compositions; Goldman/Jones 1950,p. 97; Dobbins 1977 (from Dibsi Faraj in northern Syria); andVolbach 1976. For the decorative analogy with the costume ofTheodosius I at “Missorium of Theodosius” from Almendralejo,Spain : Dannheimer/Dopsch 1988, objekt no.: I.1, p. 372. A fur-ther decorative analogy could be made with an unpublished ivoryplaque of a dyptich from Caricin Grad/Iustiniana Prima (?) inSerbia, where a figure with wings is shown in a relief. Someauthors are pointing to the fact that similar or same Christian ico-nographical solutions do appear on different objects, like lamps,reliquiaries, pyxis, eulogies etc.: in case of representing ofArtemis - Artemis on the Athenian lamps of the 3rd and 4th centu-ry: Perlzweig 1961, nos. 646-647, pl. 15; an emperor portrait at aLate Roman lamp from Crimea : Gilevich 1961, p. 53, Fig. 1a: alamp from a tomb in Chersonessos in Crimea with the portrait ofemperor Maximian Gercul; Tyche images on Late Roman lamps: Broneer 1934, p. 601, p. 193, Fig. 116; and Perlzweig 1961, p.98, no. 319; and from Tarsus (Roman): Goldman/Jones 1950, p.113, Fig. 456 (very similar clothing with our example).

Type II (figs. 2b-f and 7a-b)It is a group of almond shaped lamps; the sole differen-

ce to Type III is the discus ring made by one or two thickcircles, and having no channel to the nozzle. Within thisgroup two types of dicsus are present : a. Only one discuscircle (No. 2); b. Two concentric discus circles (Nos. 3-6).It is interesting to note that at Oziol’s catalogue lacks thistype.

2.) 87.18.11 (Fig. 2b): Whole molded lamp (tot. L 8.8 cm; W7.4 cm), discus ring (Ø 4.1 cm) made by a thick circle, no chan-nel to independent nozzle, discus decorated with 8 lines and 4semi-circular arcs in a form of a cross in outline around the dis-cus (filler hole Ø 0.7 cm) with 12 filled raised knobs in eachedge; shoulders (W 1.5 cm) decorated with two chevrons, exten-ding between the wick hole and handle, each arc of chevron filledwith 6 raised knobs, a degenerated pattern inspired from thescrolling vines decoration (as chevron) with grapevine patterns(as raised knobs), plain wick hole (Ø 0.8 cm) and reservoir, 5 rai-sed knobs between the nozzle and discus ring, designed in formof a cross in outline; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle atrear (L 1.3 cm; W 1.6 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broadbase. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 2 8/5PB. Inclusions, mica-ceous. C. A.D. 475-500.

3.) 87.18.12 (Fig. 2c) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L. 9.2 cm;max. W. 7.1 cm), typologically same with no. 2; discus ring (Ø3.3 cm) made by two thin concentric circles, no channel to inde-pendent nozzle, discus decorated with 16 thin linears radiatingbetween the first circle and edge of filling hole (Ø 0.8 cm); shoul-ders (W 1.6 cm) decorated with two chevrons, extending betweenthe wick hole and handle, each arc of chevron filled with 6 raised

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30- For parallels at Salamis cf. above; BM : Bailey 1988.31- Oziol 1993, p. 69: “… Chypre achète plutôt des lampes d’Asie Mineure ou d’Orient…. Les importations les plus abondantes et celles qui ont et

la plus grande influence sur les fabrications locales viennent du Levant.”; and also p. 71, no. 111.32- Oziol 1993, p. 71, no. 111.

knobs, a degenerated pattern inspired from the scrolling vinesdecoration (as chevron) with grapevine patterns (as raisedknobs), plain wick hole (Ø 1.1 cm) and reservoir, undecoratednozzle; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.5cm; W. 1.5 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base.Unslipped (or black slipped; GLEY 1 2.5/N); matt; clay GLEY 28/10PB. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 475-500.

4.) 87.18.10 (Fig. 2d) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.0 cm;max. W. 7.3 cm), typologically and with decoration similar withno. 3; discus ring Ø 3.5 cm; discus decorated with 18 thin linearsradiating between the first circle and edge of filling hole (Ø 0.8cm); no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.5 cm;W 0.8 cm) limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped(or slip is washed out); matt; clay 5YR 7/6. Inclusions, mica-ceous. C. A.D. 475-500.

5.) 87.18.19 (Fig. 2e) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 8.8 cm; W7.3 cm), typologically same with no. 3; discus ring Ø 3.8 cm; dis-cus decorated with 14 thick linears (elliptical pellets or strokes)radiating between the first circle and almost edge of filling hole(Ø 0.7 cm); shoulders (W 1.6 cm) surrounded by short but thickradiating lines; plain wick hole (Ø 1.5 cm) and reservoir, nozzleseparated from the rim; 5 raised knobs between the noz-zle anddiscus ring, designed in form of a cross in outline; no carbon,unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.3 cm; W 1.2 cm) limitsthe decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clayGLEY 2 7/5PB. Inclusions, micaceous. C. A.D. 475-500.

6.) 87.18.7 (Fig. 2f) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 8.9 cm; W.7.0 cm), typologically same with no. 3; discus ring Ø 3.4 cm,thicker than No. 5; discus decorated with 12 thick linears radia-ting between the first circle and edge of filling hole (Ø 0.8 cm);shoulders (W 1.8 cm) surrounded by a row of raised knobs; plainwick hole (Ø 0.8 cm) and reservoir, nozzle separated from therim; between the nozzle and discus ring a thick circle; no carbon,unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.8 cm; W. 1.0 cm)limits the decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped (or slip iswashed out); matt; clay 7.5YR 7/8. Inclusions, micaceous. C.A.D. 475-500.

Type III (figs. 2g-t)Although Type III is also almond shaped, their discus

ring made by two thick transverse concentric grooves,extending forward to front of nozzle on each side to forma nozzle trough and flanking the nozzle. All other typolo-gical characteristics are similar to Type II. Decoration pat-terns are, however, richer in variations than Type II. Sincein her catalogue Oziol gives an excellent typological des-cription of this type, the reader is referred to that report fortypological details.

7.) 87.18.1 (Fig. 2g) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.9 cm; W.8.1 cm), discus ring (Ø 4.0 cm) made by two thick transverseconcentric grooves, extending forward to front of nozzle on eachside to form a nozzle trough and flanking the nozzle (as if a diskwith channel to nozzle) (filling hole Ø 0.8 cm); shoulders (W 1.8cm) and discus decorated with short and thin radiating lines, plainwick hole (Ø 0.8 cm) and reservoir, discus with channel to wick-hole, undecorated U-shaped nozzle separated from the rim, car-bon, used, small spike handle at rear (L 1.7 cm; W 1.8 cm) limitsthe decoration, plain and broad base. Unslipped (or black slipped;GLEY 1 2.5/N); matt; clay 7.5YR 7/8. Inclusions, micaceous. C.A.D. 500-525.

8.) 87.18.9 (Fig. 2h) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.7 cm; W.7.8 cm, discus ring Ø 4.3 cm); same typological and decorationcharacteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders : W.1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm); biconical shape; discus decoratedwith 15 short radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?), small spikehandle at rear (L and W. 1.0 cm), plain and broad base, same pre-servation with no.1. Unslipped (or black slipped; GLEY 1 2.5/N;slip is washed out); matt; clay GLEY 2 7/5PB. Inclusions. C.A.D. 500-525.

Typological and decorative analogy : Oziol 1977, p. 260, no.777 (from Vasa ?).

9.) 87.18.13 (Fig. 2i) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.1 cm; W.7.4 cm, discus ring Ø 3.6 cm); same typological and decorationcharacteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders : W.1.9 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm), discus decorated with 16 shortradiating, but lightly curving lines; in nozzle trough a raised knobas a decoration pattern; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handleat rear (L 1.6 cm; W 1 cm), plain and broad base, poorly preser-ved. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/5GY. Inclusions. C. A.D.500-525.

10.) 87.18.2 (Fig. 2j) : Wick hole and forefront broken (tot.max. L 8.5 cm; W. 7.5 cm, discus ring Ø 3.6 cm), same typologi-cal and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.7cm; shoulders : W. 1.9 cm), discus decorated with 18 short radia-ting, but lightly curving lines; in nozzle trough a raised knob as adecoration pattern; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle atrear (L and W 1.5 cm), plain and broad base, same preservationwith No.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C.A.D. 500-525.

11.) 87.18.17 (Fig. 2k) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.0 cm;W. 7.1 cm, discus ring Ø 3.8 cm); same typological and decora-tion characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.6 cm; shoulders: W. 1.5 cm; wick hole Ø 0.6 cm), discus decorated with 16 shortradiating, but lightly curving lines (in form of wind rose or pinwheel ?); undecorated nozzle trough; carbon, used, small spikehandle at rear (L 1.0 cm; W 1.3 cm), plain and broad base.Unslipped (or black slipped; GLEY 1 2.5/N; slip is washed out);matt; clay GLEY 1 8/5GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

12.) 87.18.18 (Fig. 2l) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 10.1 cm;W. 8.1 cm, discus ring Ø 4.1 cm); same typological and decora-tion characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.7 cm; shoul-ders: W. 1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 0.7 cm), discus decorated with 10short curved lines in form of a wind rose or pin wheel (=einges-tanzte Kringel?); undecorated nozzle trough; no carbon, unused(?), small spike handle at rear (L and W. 1.5 cm), plain and broadbase. Unslipped; matt; clay 5Y 8/3. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1993, p. 71, no.115; p. 72, Fig. 16, 115; Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, p. 49;Oziol 1977, 772-777; Hayes 1980, p. 346; and Menzel 1969, p.651.

13.) 87.18.16 (Fig. 2m) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.9 cm;W. 8.2 cm, discus ring Ø 4.7 cm); same typological and decora-tion characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shouldersW. 1.9 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm), discus decorated with 11 shortcurved lines in form of a wind rose or pin wheel (=eingestanzteKringel?); nozzle trough decorated with three raised knobs; nocarbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L and W. 2.0 cm),plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 2 7/5PB.Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

Decorative analogy : Similar discus decoration:Baydur/Karakaya 2001, pl. LVIII, 305 and 311.

14.) 87.18.5 (Fig. 2n) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 10.1 cm;W. 8.3 cm), discus ring (Ø 4.4 cm), a missing fragment in wick

Ergün Laflî

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hole; same typological characteristics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø1.0 cm; shoulders W. 1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 1.0 cm), discus deco-rated with 13 short curves in form of a wind rose or pin wheel(=eingestanzte Kringel?); nozzle trough decorated with a raisedknob; shoulders (W. 1.6 cm) decorated with tongues33; no car-bon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L 1.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm),plain and broad base. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 2 7/10BG.Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

15.) 87.18.8 (Fig. 2o) : Molded lamp (tot. L. 9.1 cm; W. 7.5cm), a little part of wick hole as well as discus ring (Ø 3.7 cm) isbroken, otherwise whole, same typological and decoration cha-racteristics with 87.18.1 (shoulders W. 2.0 cm; wick hole Ø 0.8cm), discus decorated with radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?),small spike handle at rear (L 1.3 cm; W 1.5 cm), plain and broadbase, same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

16.) 87.18.3 (Fig. 2p) : Molded lamp (tot. L 9.5 cm; W. 7.6cm), discus ring (Ø 3.9 cm) is partially broken, otherwise whole,same typological and decoration characteristics with 87.18.1(filling hole Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders W. 1.6 cm; wick hole Ø 0.8 cm),discus decorated with 10 longer radiating lines (in form of a Latincross in outline ?); no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle atrear (L and W 1.5 cm), plain and broad base, same preservationwith no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C.A.D. 500-525.

Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1977, p. 262, no.788.

17.) 87.18.6 (Fig. 2q) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.2 cm; W.7.5 cm); same typological characteristics with 87.18.1 (fillinghole Ø 0.8 cm; shoulders W. 1.5 cm; wick hole Ø 0.9 cm); discusring (Ø 3.7 cm) made by only one groove, extending forward tofront of nozzle on each side to form a nozzle trough and flankingthe nozzle (as if a disk with channel to nozzle), discus decoratedwith an Early Byzantine Latin cross in outline; shoulder decora-ted with thin and long radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?),small spike handle at rear (L 1.7 cm; W. 1.5 cm), plain and broadbase; same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY1 8/10Y. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-550. Cilician local product.

Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1977, p. 261, no.786; Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, p. 49, no. 17; and cross deco-ration in outline: Hayes 1980, 73-74, no. 305.

18.) 87.18.15 (Fig. 2r) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.8 cm;W. 7.9 cm; discus ring Ø 4.1 cm); same typological characteris-tics with 87.18.1 (filling and wick holes Ø 0.9 cm; shoulders W.1.9 cm); discus circled by 15 raised knobs; shoulder decoratedwith thick radiating lines; no carbon, unused (?), small spikehandle at rear (L 1.6 cm; W. 1.8 cm), plain and broad base; samepreservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10Y.Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

19.) 87.18.4 (Fig. 2s) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.3 cm; W.8.0 cm; H 3.0 cm); same typological characteristics with 87.18.1discus ring (Ø 4.3 cm) circled by 11 raised knobs, 4 raised knobsbetween the nozzle and discus ring; shoulders (W. 1.7 cm) sur-rounded by short but thick radiating lines (filling hole Ø 0.8 cm;wick hole Ø 1.0 cm); no carbon, unused (?), small spike handleat rear (L 1.5 cm; W. 1.7 cm; H. 1.0 cm), plain and broad base;same preservation with no.1. Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 17/10GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

Typological and decorative analogy: Oziol 1977, p. 260, no.779 (from Dhiorios).

20.) 87.18.14 (Fig. 2t) : Whole molded lamp (tot. L 9.9 cm;W. 8.1 cm; discus ring Ø 4.1 cm); same typological characteris-tics with 87.18.1 (filling hole Ø 0.8 cm; shoulder W. 2.4 cm; wickhole Ø 1.2 cm), discus circled by two raised knob rows, 4 raisedknobs between the nozzle and discus ring; shoulder decoratedwith thick radiating lines; nozzle trough decorated with raisedknobs; no carbon, unused (?), small spike handle at rear (L andW. 1.3 cm), plain and broad base; same preservation with no.1.Unslipped (or white slipped?); matt; clay GLEY 1 8/10GY.Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

Terracotta Spouted Juglet (Fig. 3)Same fabric with the lamps (from the same workshop?).21.) 87.18.21: Whole terracotta spouted (L 1.6 cm) juglet (tot.

max. H 12.0 cm; W. 7.6 cm) with a handle (Th 1.0 cm); onlysome fresh breaks on its rim part, rim (Ø 2.5 cm) was probablyoutcurved; plain and broad base (Ø 4.1 cm). Cylindirical neck(max. H. 5 cm) decorated with groovings. Shoulder decoratedwith a row of impressed half-concentric circles or archs.Unslipped; matt; clay GLEY 1 8/5GY. Inclusions. C. A.D. 500-525.

Comparanda : Only published examples are known fromTarsus : Jones 1950, p. 168, Fig. A-l (especially cf. D);Anemurium : Williams 1989; and Kornos Cave on Cyprus :Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970, pl. XXI 5-8, and pl. XXXIIA 9-10.Some unpublished examples are known from Dumlupınar (cf.below) and from the environs of Mersin.

A Glass Early Byzantine Lamp from Dumlupınar(Fig. 4)

During the Early Byzantine period other lighting devi-ces became popular such as chandeliers with glasslamps34. The oil used in glass lamps floated on a pool ofwater, which acted as insulation to stop the vessel fractu-ring from thermal shock. One way of using these lampswas in a copper or bronze ring fashioned to hold a num-ber of glass lamps : a polykandelon (chandelier). This wassuspended from the ceiling, possibly by a pulley systemallowing the apparatus to be lowered for lighting.

The rescue excavation in 1987 in an Early Byzantinecemetery site in Dumlupınar, west of Mersin unearthedone such glass lamp of 6th century A.D. where similar jug-lets like no. 21 were also encovered. It is one of the veryfew glass lamp found in a grave.

22.) 87.17.5 : Bottom of base is broken; otherwise complete-ly intact. Light olive green transparent glass. Iris surface. Itcontains a corosion. Tot. max. H 11.2 cm; rim Ø 9.3 cm; max.body Ø 6.8 cm; max. stem H. 1.1 cm. Bell-like body with verythin and solid stem; rounded rim is light outcurved.

A.D. 500-550.

Comparanda : Glass lamps are known from Tarsus-Cumhuriyet Meydanı excavations in Cilicia35. Similar examples

Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia

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33- Comparable to Ennabli 1976, pl. 1, L1.34- Crowfoot/Harden 1931.

from Palatine are dated to the 7th century A.D.36. Some intactexamples are known from various places37. At the St. Nicholaschurch at Myra it has been evidenced that these chalices wereused as lamps for illumination38. Some further parallel examplesare known from Gerasa39.

ConclusionsIt is remarkable that very few of these lamps were bea-

ring Christian symbols, and only one of the lamps wasdecorated with a figure; the rest were bearing simple deco-ration. With our lamps one could also assume that at leasttwo different lamp traditions were going on in EarlyByzatine Cilicia since Alata lamps show a great differencewith the contemporary lamps from Tarsian sites orAnemurium. Also the fact that some of these lamps couldhave been imported from Cyprus or Egypt could be takenas a further evidence for inter-regional exchange in EarlyByzantine era despite the increasing regionalism in thelater 6th to 7th centuries A.D. in the eastern Mediterranean.

Typological and iconographical homogeneity of theselamps provide the assumption that a great percentage ofthese lamps were produced at one single workshop; but asdiscussed above, one cannot make sure at present whetherthis production center was located in Cilicia, on Cyprus orelsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean. An archaeometri-cal analysis will surely shed light on this matter. Theselamps are reflecting a short evolution for the typology anddecoration of Early Byzantine lamps in the easternMediterranean, and they could be classified as “countrystyle local lamps”.

As a future goal one should perhaps control the typolo-gy and other characteristics of oil lamps from other sites inCilicia, especially from the grave sites, to see the range oftypes and forms and to find out whether and how charac-teristics of these lamps differ in various sites. The rangeand variety of material would also show the role of Ciliciain Early Byzantine lamps production, consumption, icono-graphical and typological evolution.

ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES

Acara/Olcay 1997 : M. Acara/B.Y. Olcay, Bizans DönemindeAydınlatma Düzeni ve Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi’ndeKullanılan Aydınlatma Gereçleri, Adalya II (1997), 249-266

Bailey 1988 : D. M. Bailey, A Catalogue of the Lamps in theBritish Museum III: Roman Provincial Lamps, British MuseumPublications, London 1988

Baydur/Karakaya 2001 : N. Baydur/M. Karakaya, Kandiller. InN. Baydur/N. Seçkin (eds.), Tarsus Donuktas1 Kazı Raporu. TarihArkeoloji Sanat ve Kültür Mirasını Koruma Vakfı Yayınları6/Kazı ve Aras1tırma Raporları Serisi 3, Istanbul 2001, 69-100

Broneer 1934 : O. Broneer, Terracotta Lamps. Corinth. Results ofExcavations conducted by the American School of ClassicalStudies at Athens, Vol. IV, Part II, Cambridge, M.A. 1934

Cahn-Kleiber 1977: E.M. Cahn-Kleiber, Die antiken Tonlampendes Archäologischen Institut der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen1977

Catling/Dikigoropoulos 1970: H.W. Catling/A.I.Dikigoropoulos, The Kornos Cave: An Early Byzantine Site inCyprus, Levant II (1970), 43-59

Di Cesnola 1894 : L.P. Di Cesnola, A Descriptive Atlas of theCesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the MetropolitanMuseum of Art, New York. Vol. II, New York 1894

Da Costa 2004 : K. da Costa, Byzantine and Early UmayyadCeramic Lamps from Palaestina/Arabia (ca. 300-700 AD),(unpublished Ph.D., University of Sydney), Sydney 2004

Crowfoot/Harden 1931 : G.M. Crowfoot, D.B. Harden, EarlyByzantine and Later Glass Lamps, JEA XVII/ (1931), 196-208

Dannheimer/Dopsch 1988 : H. Dannheimer/H. Dopsch (eds.),Die Bajuwaren. Von Severin bis Tassilo 488-788. Katalog derGemeinsamen Landesausstellung des Freistaates Bayern und desLandes Salzburg in Rosenheim/Bayern und Mattsee/Salzburgvom 19. Mai bis 6. November 1988, Salzburg/Munich 1988

Djuric 1995 : S. Djuric, The Anawati Collection, Catalog I.Ancient Lamps from the Mediterranean, Toronto 1995

Dobbins 1977 : J. J. Dobbins, Terracotta Lamps of the RomanProvince of Syria, Vols I & II, (unpublished Ph.D., University ofMichigan), Michigan 1977

Dusenbery 1971 : E.B. Dusenbery, Ancient Glass in theCollection of Wheaton College, JGS XIII (1971), 23-36

Ennabli 1976 : A. Ennabli, Lampes chrétiennes de Tunisie(Musées du Bardo et de Carthage). Editions du Centre nationalde la recherche scientifique, Coll. Études d'antiquités africaines,Paris 1976

Gilevich 1961 : A.M. Gilevich, Mogila s dvumya podboyami. In:Soobshenia Chersonesskogo muzeya. - Vip. 2, Simferopol 1961

Goldman/Jones 1950 : H. Goldman/F. F. Jones, The Lamps. In :H. Goldman (ed.) Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus Vol 1: TheHellenistic and Roman Periods, Princeton, N.J. 1950, 84-134.

Hayes 1980 : J. W. Hayes, Ancient Lamps in the Royal OntarioMuseum 1: Greek and Roman Clay Lamps, Royal OntarioMuseum, Toronto 1980

Hild 1991 : F. Hild, Die Route der Tabula Peutingeriana (Tab.Peut.) von Iconium über Ad Fines und Tetrapyrgia nach

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35- Olcay 1998.36- Sternini 2001, Fig.11, nos. 112-114.37- Dusenbery 1971, 9-33, Fig. 35.38- Olcay 2001, 77-87; Fig. 7; and Acara/Olcay 1997, Fig. 3.39- Meyer 1987, p. 211 note 46, Fig. 8.

Pompeiopolis in Kilikien. In : J. Courtils et al. (eds.), De AnatoliaAntiqua/Eski Anadolu I, Bibliothèque de l´Insitut français d´étu-des Anatoliennes d´Istanbul XXXII, Paris 1991, 311-316

Hild/Hellenkemper 1990 : F. Hild/H. Hellenkemper, Kilikien undIsaurien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5, Denkschriften der Österrei-chischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Band 215, Vienna 1990

Ivison 1996 : E. Ivison, Burials and Urbanism in Late Antiqueand Early Byzantine Corinth. In : N. Christie/S.T. Loesby (eds.)Towns in Transition, Aldershot 1996, 99-125

Jones 1950 : F. F. Jones, The Pottery. In : H. Goldman (ed.)Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus Vol 1: The Hellenistic andRoman Periods, Princeton, N.J. 1950, 149-296

Karivieri 1996 : A. Karivieri, The Athenian Lamp Industry inLate Antiquity. Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute atAthens, Helsinki 1996

Kennedy 1961-1963 : Ch. A. Kennedy, The Development of theLamp in Palestine. Berytus. Archaeological Studies XIV (1961-1963), 67-115

Laflı 2004: E. Laflı, Preliminary Archaeological andTopographical Notes on Classical and Medieval SettlementPatterns in the Mersin Area of Cilicia (southern Turkey). In :Actes du XIVe Congrès UISPP, Université de Liège, Belgique, 2-8 septembre 2001, Section 13: Epoque romaine, sessions généra-les et posters, BAR Int. Ser. 1312, Oxford 2004, 77-90

Menzel 1969 : H. Menzel, Antike Lampen im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz. Römisch-Ger-manisches Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, Kataloge 15, Mainz 1969

Meyer 1987 : C. Meyer, Glass from the North Theater ByzantineChurch and Soundigs at Jerash, Jordan, 1982-1983. Bulletin ofthe American Schools of Oriental Research Supplement 25(1987), 211-219

Modrzewska-Marciniak 1978 : I. Modrzewska-Marciniak,Lampes d’Anab Safina (Syrie). L’étude typologique. Archeologia28 {1977 (1978)}, 134-152

Olcay 1998 : B.Y. Olcay, Tarsus Cumhuriyet Alanı Kazısı CamBuluntuları. Adalya III (1998), 169-178

Olcay 2001: B.Y. Olcay, Lighting Methods in the ByzantinePeriod and Findings of Glass Lamps in Anatolia. JGS 43 (2001),77-87

Oziol 1977 : Th.-J. Oziol, Salamine de Chypre, VII: Les Lampesdu Musée de Chypre. Université Lyon II – Maison de l’Orient

Méditerranéen ancien. Institut F. Courby (CRA-URA 15) Paris1977

Oziol 1993 : Th.-J. Oziol, Les lampes au Musée de la FondationPiérides, Larnaca 1993

Oziol/Pouilloux 1969 : Th.-J. Oziol/J. Pouilloux, Salamine deChypre I: Les fouilles sous le direction de J. Poullioux et G.Roux. Lampes (octobre 1964-mai 1967). Université de Lyon,Faculté des Lettres - Institut F. Courby, ERA 60, Paris 1969

Perlzweig 1961 : J. Perlzweig, Lamps of the Roman Period. Firstto Seventh Century after Christ. The Athenian Agora. Results ofExcavations conducted by the American School of ClassicalStudies at Athens, Vol. VII, Princeton, N.J. 1961

Spanu 2000 : M. Spanu, Burial in Asia Minor during the ImperialPeriod, with Particular Reference to Cilicia and Cappadocia. In:J. Pearce et al. (eds.), Burial, Society and Context in the RomanWorld, Oxford 2000, 169-177

Sternini 2001 : M. Sternini, Reperti in vetro de un deposito tar-doantico sul colle Palatino, JGS 43 (2001), 21-75

Rey-Coquais 1964 : J.-P. Rey-Coquais, Lampes antiques de Syrieet du Liban. Mélanges de L'Univérsite Saint Joseph 39/2 (1964),147-165.

Vessberg 1953 : O. Vessberg, Hellenistic and Roman Lamps inCyprus, Opuscula Atheniensia I (1953), 115-129

Volbach 1976 : W.F. Volbach, Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantikeund des frühen Mittelalters, Mainz 1976 (3rd edition)

Waagé 1934 : F. O. Waagé, Lamps, Pottery, Metal and GlassWare. In: G.W. Elderlin (ed.), Antioch-on-the-Oronthes. Theexcavations of 1932, Princeton N.J. 1934, 58-75

Waagé 1941 : F. O. Waagé, Lamps. In : R. Stillwell (ed.),Antioch-on-the-Orontes III: The Excavations of 1937-1939,Princeton, N. J. 1941, 55-82

Williams/Taylor 1975 : H. Williams/P. Taylor, A Byzantine LampHoard from Anamur (Cilicia), Anatolian Studies XXV (1975),77-84

Williams 1977 : C. Williams, A Byzantine Well-Deposit fromAnemurium (Rough Cilicia), Anatolian Studies XXVII (1977),175-190

Williams 1989 : C. Williams, Anemurium : The Roman andEarly Byzantine Pottery. Subsidia Mediaevalia, Toronto 1989

Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia

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— pl. 90 —

Ergün Lafl�Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey)

Fig. 1- Alata and its environs (map: E. Laflı, 2002; scale: 1/8 400 000).

Fig. 2, a-t- 20 Early Byzantine terracotta oil lamps from Alata (photo: E. Laflı, 2002; scale: 1/1).

Fig. 2, a-h. Scale 1/2.

a

b

ef

g

h

c d

— pl. 91 —

Fig. 2, i - t. Scale 1/2.

Ergün Lafl�Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey)

i

m n o p

q r s t

j k l

— pl. 92 —

Fig. 3. An Early Byzantine spouted juglet from Alata (photo: E..Laflı, 2002).

Fig. 4- An Early Byzantine glass lamp from Dumlupınar(photo: E. Laflı, 2002; scale: 1/1).

Fig. 5 a.-i. Decoration patterns at discus (scale: 1/2).

Ergün Lafl�Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey)

a

b c d e

fg h i

— pl. 93 —

Fig. 6a.-d. Decoration patterns at shoulder (scale 1/1).

Ergün Lafl�Early Byzantine Lamps from Alata : A Cemetery Site in Rough Cilicia (Southern Turkey)

a

b

c

d