AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

OF THE KITÄB AID-JIM OF ABU °AMR AL-SHAYBI I

INCORPORATING

A COI'! LITER SURVEY OF THE ARABIC ROOTS APPEARING

IN THIS DICTION? RY

DY

13D AI, -QADIR ABD AI-JALiL F{DD AZ-1'. ARIM

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO T1 i -! ACUITY OF ? 'ARTS

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GI, t° SGJ ýý IN FUZFIIL r :, ̀ '

OF THE REQUIRkfiIENTS FOR THE DEGREE

OF DOCTOR OF PHI i1OSOPiHY

MAY, 1a! 8

Department of Arabic and Islamic studies, The University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ.

-I-

e' TF JNY NATION IN THE IIHOLE

%ORI, D COULD BE PROUD OF AIr'Y

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC, THE ARABS

COTJL, ') UNDOUBTEDLY BE PROUD OF

THEIR LANGUAGE 'ý

aä -J whiz ..

Kitdb : lanäaib al-Turk

- II *-

DEDICATION

To n! y wife, without whose assistance and

onccuragement this work would not

have been possible.

- III -

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I should like to pay tribute to the Government

of the Republic of Iraq and the Ministry of Higher

Education and Scientific Research for offering me a

scholarship to undertake this study.

I should also like to express my sincere thanks

to my supervisor, Dr. John Mattock, head of the

Department of Arabic and Islamic studies at Glasgow

University, whose scholary guidance and valuable

suggestions have been of immeasurable assistance to me.

I also wish to thank Dr. W. Sharp of the compu;, 'ng

service at Glasgow University who helped me during

the preparation of the various programs of the Arabic

roots in the Kitab al-jim.

I would like also to thank the Director of the

Escorial library in Spain for providing a complete

Microfilm of the Manuscript of the Yitab al-jiri. Tc

the staff of the University library in Glasgow who

were always most helpful, particularly in obtaining

books from other libraries, and to all my colleagues

at Basra University I express my appreciation.

I gratefully acknowledge the assistance given by

Mr. J. NNI. Y. Simpson , head of the Department of linguistics

at Glasgow University, in connection with the -

distribution of the Arabic phonemes on a physiological

basis.

Finally, I should like to acknowledge here the

patience and support of my wife who not only helped

- IV -

me to prepare the bibliography of this dissertation,

but also encouraged me when my spirits were flagging,

along with my children Ghazwan and Mirfet .-

-v-

ABSTRACT

The Kitä. b al-jim is an important document

in the history of Arabic lexicography. It constitutes

the earliest conspectus of the dialects of more

than eighty-five Arab tribes, and it is one of

the first endeavours to record and classify Arabic

in the early period of the second century A. H.

I have undertaken an analytical study of this

unique work, incorporating a computer survey of the

Arabic roots that appear in it

The present dissertation consists of a genera.

introduction and two parts, as follows:

Part one

Chapter one: Abü C kmr ls life.

Chapter two : Ab7j CAmr's works.

Chapter three: The question of the dating and title

of the Kits lb al -. j im. It is not certain whether it

is to be corsidered as the first or the second

Arabic dictionary. Its title is also something of

a mysto y.

Chapter four: The sources of the }: itäb and

their relative importance.

Chapter five: Some observations on the methodology of

the Kitäb al-Zirp including, Form , Syntactical ; tatters

Morphology, Analogy, Substitution; Sy-nonyms, Homonyms ,

- vz -

Contradictory Meanings, and Method of Interpretation.

Part two

This 'part is a computer survey of the Arabic

roots in the Kitäb al-jim . This has been. undertaken

both in order to facilitate the examination of

these roots from a morphological point of view and

in order to disentangle the eccentricities of the

arrangement of the work. The triliteral, quadriliteral,

and quinqueliteral roots are rearranged in a series

of tables and histograms in order to present the

material contained in the KitRb al-jim in the most

informative manner for linguistic Scholars desirous

of making use of it

Appended to the dissertation is an edition of

an unpublished section of the Kitäb al-tanbihGt cal:

aghälit al-rüwat by 'Ali Ibn Hamza al-Basri , which

deals* with the Naw. dir Abi cAmr al-Shaybäni. This

work provides evidence to support the argument that

Kitäb al-jirh and the Kitäb al-nawädir are separate

works by Abä cAmr al-Shaybäni

********

- vii -

NOTES AND ABBREVIATIONS

1- The Grammatical terms used in this dissertation

are taken from 11 The Monitor by P. Cachia.

2- The locations of the tribes on Chart one are

derived from 11 riucjam aabä'il al-cArs: b al-oadima

wall-haditha " by cUmar Ridgy Kahhä. la.

ABBREVIATIONS

A. D. = Anno Domini A. H. = Anno Hegirae . A. J. = Arabic Journal

b= Ibn ., son . B. M. = British Museum Manuscript

cf. = confer , compare . D. M. = Där al-kutub al-misriyya Yanuscript

Ed. = Edition "

EI. = Encyclopaedia of Islam

fol. = folio Ibid. = Ibidem

i. e. = idest

J. R. A. S. = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Ms., Mss. = Manuscript, Manuscripts

N. B. = Nota bene.

N. D. = No date.

No. = Number.

p, pp. = Page, Pages

viz. = Videlicet . vol., vols. = Volume, Volumes

***************

-VIII-

SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION

I have adopted the system of transliteration

of Arabic letters used in EI. (1) with slight

modifications, as follows:

CONSONANTS TRANSLITERATION

ý. . .................................... b

th

.................................... h

.................................... kh

....................:............... d

dh

"". ". r"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" S

a ..... ""..................... sh

-

Val """"""w""". """""""""""""""""""""""" s

"

........ ........................ d

.! ý ......... "...... "..... ".... "...... ". z

....................................

.................................... Eh v

f ....................................

c9 .................................... q

-IX-

CONSONANTS TRANSLITERATION

OJ k ................................

J ................................ I ....... ... ........ ..... ..... {... m

cv . ... ............................ n

-ý h

... "...... ".....................

' . .... . .... ................. ..... w

0000.... 000000.000000.. 0000000 y

VOWELS :

A: Short; a...,... i.......

B: Long ü

DIPHTHONGS:

aw 31 , ay ýi

(l)- cf. EI. , New ed. vol. I, XII r, London & Leiden, 1960

-X-

List of Tables PAGE

Table 1 .............................................. 96

The frequency of the letters in the triliteral roots.

Table 2 .............................................. 104

The distribution of the triliteral roots according

to their first and second letters... **00000*00**00*000 Table 3 ...........................................

105

The distribution of the triliteral roots according

to their first and third letters..... ... 00000000000000 Table 4.............................................. 106

The distribution of the triliteral roots according

to their second and third letters .....................

Table 5.............................................. 107

Total number of roots with either first and second

radical, or second and third radical, the same

(Derived from tables 2 and 4)........ ............... Table 6... ........... .................. ß.............

i08

The triliteral roots whose first letter is hamza......

Table 7 .............................................. 109

The triliteral roots whose first letter is bä'........

Table 8 .............................................. 110

The triliteral roots-whose first letter is tä'........

Table 9 .............................................. 111

The triliteral roots whose first letter is thä'....... Table 10...................... '.

......................

112

The triliteral roots whose first letter is ilim........

- XI - PAGE

Table 11 .......................................... 113

The triliteral roots whose first letter is ha'.....

Table 12.. ......................................... 114

The triliteral roots whose first letter is kha'....

Table 13 .......................................... 115

The triliteral roots whose first letter is däl.....

Table 14 .......................................... 115

The triiiteral roots whose first letter is dhäl....

Table 15 .......................................... 117

The triliteral roots whose first letter is rät.....

Table 16 .......................................... 118

The tri. literal roots whose first wetter is zä'....,

Table I'1 .......................................... 119

The triliteral roots whose first letter is sin.....

Table 18 .......................................... 120

The vriliteral roots whose first letter is shin....

Table 19 ........................................... 121

The triliteral roots whose first letter is sad.....

Table 20 .......................................... 122

The triliteral roots whose first letter is dad.....

Table 21 .......................................... 123

The triliteral roots whose first letter is tä'.....

Table 22................:. " ........................ 124

The triliteral roots whose first letter is zä'...,. .

Table 23 .......................................... 125

The triliteral roots whose first letter is cave....

Table 24 .......................................... 126

The triliteral roots whose first letter is ghavn...

-XII-

PAGE

Table 25 ......................................... 127

The triliteral roots whose first letter is fä....

Table 26 ......................................... 128

The triliteral roots whose first letter is qäf.... Tab le21......................................... 12 9

The triliteral roots whose first letter is Of....

Tab 1e28......................................... 13 0

The triliteral roots whose first letter is Am....

Table 29 ........................ ................ 131

The triliteral roots whose first D-t ter is mini....

Table 30 ......................................... 132

The triliteral roots whose first letter is nun....

Table 31 ......................................... 133

The triliteral roots whose first letter is ha'....

Table 32 ......................................... 134

The triliteral roots whose first letter is wäw....

Table 33 ......................................... 135

The triliteral roots whose first letter is vä. '....

Table 34 ......................................... 136

The triliteräl roots whose second letter is hamza..

Table 35 .......................................... 137

The triliteral roots whose second _etter is bä'....

Table 36 .......................................... 138

The triliteral roots whose second letter is tä....

Table 37 .......................................... 139

The triliteral roots whose second letter is thäD...

Table 38 .......................................... 140

The triliteral roots whose second letter is , iim....

- XIII -

PAGE

Table 39 ............................. :.......... 141

The triliteral roots whose second letter is hä'.. z--

Table 40........................................ 142

The triliteral roots whose second letter is khä'.

Table 41 ........................................ 143

The triliteral roots whose second letter is däl..

Table 42 ........................................ 144

The triliteral roots whose second letter is dhäl.

Table 43 ........................................ 145

" The triliteral roots whose second letter is r_ä'..

Table '44 ........................................ 146

The triliteral roots whose second letter is zä'..

Table '45 ........................................ 147

The triliteral roots whose sPcor'd letter is sin..

Table 46 ........................................ 148

The triliteral roots whose second wetter is shin.

Table 47 ........................................ 149

The triliteral roots whose second letter is sad..

Table 48 ........................................ 150

The triliteral roots whose second letter is did..

Table d9 ................ "........................ 151

The triliteral roots whose second letter is tä'..

Table 50 ......................................... 152

The triliteral roots whose second letter is zw'..

Table 51 ........................................ 153

The triliteral roots whose second letter is cayn.

Table 52 ........................................ 154

The triliteral roots whose second letter is ham

- XIV - PAGE

Table 53 ........................... ........... 155

The triliteral roots whose second letter is fä'..

Table 54* ........................................ 156

The triliteral. roots whose second letter is qf..

Table 55... .................................. 157

The triliteral roots whose second letter is käf..

Table 56 ........................................ 158

The triliteral roots whose second letter is läm..

Table 57 ........................................ 159

The triliteral roots whose seco et letter is mimn..

Table 58 ........................................ 160

The triliteral roots whose second letter is nün..

Table 59 .......................:................ 161

The triliteral roots whose second letter is hä'..

Table 60 ....................... x................ 162

The triliteral roots whose second letter is wäw..

Table 61 ........................................ 163

The triliteral roots whose second letter is väß..

Table 62 ........................................ 164

The triliteral roots whose third letter is hamza.

Table 63 ......................... ............... 165

The triliteral roots whose third letter is bä'...

Table 64.......................................... 166

The triliteral roots whose third letter is tä'...

Table 65 ........................................ 167

The triliteral roots whose third letter is thä'..

Table 66 ........................................ 168

The triliteral roots whose third letter is fm...

-xv- PAGE

Table 67 ........................................... 169

The triliteral roots whose third letter is hä'...... -s---

Table 68 ........................................... 170

The triliteral roots whose third letter is khä'.....

Table 69 ...........................................

171

The triliteral roots whose third letter is dgl......

Table 70 ........................................... 172

The triliteral roots whose third letter is dhal.....

Table 71 ............................................ 173

The triliteral roots whose third letter is rä' .....

Table 72 ............................... °............ 174

The triliteral roots whose third letter is zäß......

Table 73 ........................................... 175

The triliteral roots whose third letter is sin......

Table 74 ........................................... 176

The triliteral roots whose third letter is shin..... Table 75

........................ 0-00.0.0.. 0.00......

1177

The triliteral roots whose third letter is sad...... Tabl e76...........................................

178

The triliteral roots whose third letter is dad...... .

Table 77. ..... ................................... 00

179

The triliteral roots whose third letter is täß...... .

Tab le 78 ................... 9.......................

160

The triliteral roots whose third letter is zät......

Table 79 ........................................... 181

The triliteral roots whose third letter is Cayn.....

Table 80 ........................................... 182

The triliteral roots whose third letter is , hý ayn....

- xv' - PAGE

Table 81 ......................................... 183

The triliteral roots whose third letter is fä'.....

Table 82 .......................................... 184

The triliteral roots whose third letter is qHf.....

Table 83 .......................................... 185

The triliteral roots whose third letter is käf.....

Table 84 ........................................... 186

The triliteral roots whose third letter is läm.....

Table 85 ........... 0000.9 187

The triliteral roots whose third letter is mim.....

Table 86 .......................................... 188

The triliterai. roots whose third letter is nun.....

Table 87 .......................................... 18G

The triliteral roots whose third letter is ha'.....

Table 88 ......................................:... 190

The triliteral roots whose third letter is yä'..... Table 89

......... .................................

1 CO 1

The triliteral roots whose third letter is alif....

Table 90 ..................................::...... 199

The frequency- of the letters in the quadriliteral

Table 91 ......................................... 205

The quadriliteral roots which have two similar

biliterals ......................................... -

Table 92 .......................................... 206

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots according

to their first and second letters ..................

Table 93 .......................................... 207

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots according

to their first and third letters ....................

- XVII - PAGE

Table 94. .... ` ..................................... 208

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots according

to their first and fourth letters ..................... Table 95, ............................................ 209 The distribution of the quadriliteral roots according

to their second and third letters .....................

Table 96 ............................................. 210

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots according

to their second and fourth le"tta: -s ....................

Table 97 ............................................. 211

The distribution of the quadrilitcral roots according

to their third and fourth letters.... *O**00**Ov*OO***0

Table 98 ............................................. 221

The frequency of the letters in the quinqueliteral roots

Table 99 ............................................. 228

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots according

to their first and second lette: cs.....................

Table 100 .......................:.................... 229

The distribution of the quirnqueliteral roots according

to their first and third let+. erý ...........:..........

Table 101... .......................................... 230

The distribution of the auinqueliteral roots according

to their first and fourth letters ....................

Table -102 ............................................ 231

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots according

to their first and fifth letters ...................... Table 103 ............................................ 232

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots according

to their second and third letters .....................

- XVIII - PAGE

Table 104 .............................,............ 233

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots according

to their second and fourth letters ......................

Table 105 .............................................. 234

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots according

to their second and fifth letters ....................... Table 106 .............................................. 235

The distribution of the quinquelitcral roots according

to their third and fourth letters .......................

Table 107 .............................................. 236

The distribution of the quingizelii-cral roots according

to their third and fifth letters ........................

Table 108 .............................................. 237

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots according

to their fourth and fifth letters ......................

*#***************#*

-XIX-

List of Charts PAGE

Chart one .................................... 55

Tribes whose dialects are mentioned

in the Kitäb al-jim ...................

Chart two .................. .................. 78

The distribution of the Arabic phonemes

cn a physiological basis ...............

-xx-

List of Histograms PAGE

Histogram 1 ................................. 50

The Poetry in the Kitab al-jim ......

Histogram .2.................................

51

The main sources of the Xi-tab al-jim.

Histogram 3 ................................. 52

The Transmitters frcm whom some of

the philological material in the Kitäb

al-jim was derived .....................

Histogram 4. ................................. 53

The Arabic dialects in the Kitäb al-jim

Histogram 5 ................................. 54

The Poets whose poetry is quoted as

evidence in the Kiý: ät al-jim ........

Histogram 6 .................................. 56

Syntactic categories of _.

the ancient

Arabic proverbs in the Kitäb al-jim..

Histogram 7 ................................. 82

The distribution of the roots in the

Kitäb al-jim ...........................:

Histogram 8 ................................. 97

The distribution of the weak letters

in the Kith al-ji ..................

Histogram 9 ................................. 98

The distribution of the sound and

weak letters in the Kitäb al-jin.. Histogram 10........

..... a...................

99

The distribution of the voiced and voiceless

letters in the }7-itib al--jim ..............

- XXI -

PAGE

Histogram 11 ............................ 100

The frequency of the letters of

the triliteral roots in position one

Histogram 12 ........................... 101

The frequency of the letters of

the triliteral roots in position two

HLstcgram 13 ............................ 102

The frequency of the letters of

the triliteral roots in position three

Hi. stoo-am 14 ............................. 103

The frequency of the letters of

the triliteral roots in all three positions

HU s l: o gram 15 ............................. 2 00

The frequency of the letters of

the quadriliteral roots in position one

Histogram 16 ............................. 201

The frequency of the letters of

the quadriliteral roots in position two

Histogram 17 ............................. 202

The frequency of the letters of

the quadriliteral roots in position three

Histogram 18 ............................. 203

The frequency of the letters of

the quadriliteral roots in position four

Histogram -10 ............................. 204

The frequency of the letters of

the quadriliteral roots in all four positions

- XXII - PAGE

Histogram 20 ....................................... 222

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots in position one.

Histogram 21 ....................................... 223

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots in position two.

Histogram 22 ....................................... 224

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots' in position three.

Histogram 23 ........................................ 225

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots in position four.

Histogram 24 ....................................... 226

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral. roots in position five.

Histogram 25 ....................................... 227

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots in all five positions.

****a! **#*ii )E*****

-XX II I-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Dedication ..................................... II

Acknowledgements............,,,. *.,,,,,,,,,,,,, III

Abstract ........ ............................... V

Notes and abbreviations ...................... VII

Scheme of transliteration.................... VIII

List of tables.... ........................... X

List of charts ............................... XIX

List of Isistograms ........................... XX

Introdu tion... ""..... "" ...................... "

1

Notes to the introduction................... 7

PART OTTE :

The Kitäb al-jam .............................. 8

Chapter ore ................................... 9

Biographical 9

Notes to chapter one ..............,,,,,,,,,, 17

Chapter two .............................,,..... 23

Bibliographical 23

Notes to chapter two,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30*

Chapter three... 0 ....... 0 ....... 00 ........... 0 34

The Dating and " Title of the Kitäb al-jim, 34

Notes to chapter three ...................... 40

Chapter four.... oo. o ..... o ....... o ..... o ... o.. 41

The main sources of the Kitä. b al-jim,,... 41

1- Poetry... ................................... 41

-XXIV-

PAGE

2- Dialects as recorded by Abü cAmr himself

or as reported to him .................... 43

3- Ancient Arab proverbs ....................... 45

4- The Holy Qur'an ............................ 48

Notes to chapter four.. '........ ` ............... 49

Chapter five.... ................:... °............ 57

Some observations on the methodology of the

Kitäb aT 57

I- The form and content of the Kitäb al-jim. 57

II-Syntax ....... ............................. 63

1- Inflection.. ....................... 63

2- The Instruments ac1rt and gat=.. 64

3- The Nomen adjectivum............ 64

4- Min used to indicate divisions

into parts ........................ 65

5- The Exceptive instrument häshä. 65

6-Synthetic compound proper name.. 65

7- The verb of appropinquation

awshaka .......................... 66

8-- Mudh and Mundhu ................. 66

III- Morphology .............................. 68

1- Plural ............................ 68

2- Ishtiqiiq ......................... 68

3- Orthography ...................... 69

- xxv -

PAGE

1- Vowel points ......................... 69

2- Metrical analogy ....................... 69

3- Specifying the location of the, letters

of a word ............................ 69

IV- Analogy ...................................... 70

V- Substitution .................................. 71

VI- Synonyms ..................................... 72

VII- Homonyms.................................... 74

VIII- Contradictory Meanings....... ............. 74

IX- Method of Interpretation................... 75

Notes to chapter five......................... 77

, PART TWO:

A Computer survey of the Arabic roots in the Ki täb al -j

im

.............................. 80

1- Triliteral roots...: ..................... 83

2- Quadriliteral roots ...................... 192

3- Quinqueliteral roots ..................... 212

Notes to part two... ........................... 238

Appendix

The Kitäb al--tanbihät cal, mä fI naw dir Abi

cAmr al-Shay1RnT min aghälit. Edition and notes.. 239

Introduction... ................................ """240

I- The contents of the Kitäb al-tanbihät. 240

II-The Manuscripts and the principles of

the present edition.. .................. 242

III- Biographical study of the author.... 245

Notes to the introduction.... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0.0.000.00_0246 The t ex t..

0.. 0.... 0.............. 0.... 00.... 0....... 0.02

47

- XXVz -

PAGE

Conventional sign used in the edition....... 264

Notes to the text ............................. 264

General Bibliography ............................ 272

1

INTRODUCTION

There were a number of reasons for the growth

of philological studies under the early Abbasids

There was , first and foremost, the necessity for

all Muslims to understand as exactly as possible

the Qur' n, the Har dith , and other writings bearing

upon the religion that had begun as exclusively

Arabic-speaking but was now becoming increasingly

polyglot; there was the enlarged technical vocabulary

of the foreign sciences and of imperial administration

to be . ssimilated and controlled, as Greek, Persian

and Indian works were translated and the state became

more outward looking; there was the Arabs' simultaneously

increasing awareness of their own poetic heritage and

increasing estrangement from the Arabian desert and

urban. background against which this heritage had been

created; there were doubtless other reasons, but these

are the ones that appear to have been the most

important.

Among those who were outstanding in the field

of these new studies and who may be said to have

been instrumental in establishing them was the Küfan

transmitter and philologist Abü CAmr al-Shaybäni ,

who was one of the first to attempt to record and

classify elements of both the literary language and

the tribal dialects, and in fact compiled one of

the first two Arabic lexicons. All of his works are

lost with the exception of this one, viz., the Kitab al-; i! m.

2

The sole codex of this , work is preserved in the

library of the Escorial, No. 572 . (1) It was formerly

in the, ownership of the grammarian cAbd al-L h

Ibn Yüsuf Ibn Hishäm al-Ansäri ( d. circa 761 A. H. ). It

was inherited from him by his son Muhammad, who died .

about 799 A. N. It was thereafter transferred to the

possession of cAll Ibn Muhammad al-Qäbüni al-Hanafi ,

who died circa 844 A. H. It was later owned by Khatib

Däryä , Muhammad Ibn Ahmad.

In reading the Hs., I have noticed, in flaehribi

handwriting, on fols. 92 and 202 , the name of a

certain Nuiiam-uv-, d Ibn CAbd al-Rahmin Ibn Ahmad Ibn

al-CAsi, who died in 532 A. H. This implies that .

it was in his possession before it was conveyed to

Egypt and passed into- the possession of the

aforementioned persons.

The Ms. is assigned by H. Derertbourg to the end

of the sixth or beginning of the seventh century

A. H. (2) It lacks a full preface; only an abbreviated

preface by unknown copyist exist. -. He states that he

derived his copy of the Kitäb al-jm from two other

codices in the possession of Abi: ' : -, acid al-Sulkari

who died in 275 *A. SH. , and Ab-, -a ý usä al-:: amid

, who

died in 305 A. H. It is also apparent from this preface

that al-Sukkari's copy was made ; rom Abü cAmr's copy.

The source of Abü 1,7sä al-HEmid's copy , however, is V.

not clear from the evidence available.

The copyist collated al-Sukkarl's and al-1: 1 raid's P.: ss. do 0

in order to obtain an authorative text of his own.

3

When he discovered words missing in one copy he

supplied them from the other. He designated the

two copies DD d and Sin respectively, using these

letters as an abbreviation for the names al-Hamid

and al-Sukkari. The absence of organization that is

noticeable in the Hitäb al-jim , as well as the

abbreviation of some parts of it, particularly bäb

al-ta! , bab al- Tä', and bab al-yä' , suggests that

the work that we have may be not the final version

but an earlier draft.

The jyork, in its present form, is in fact a

compendium of the numerous dialects of the different

Arab tribes, including their poetry and proverbs. In

this respect, it provides an important insight into

the early period of. the Abbasid e1jocla and represents

a rare document in the history of Arabic lexicography.

Many scholars, among them the French. Orientalist Charles

Yuentz and the Iraqi cAdil Zayddn , have tried to

make an edition of the Kitäb al-; im but, for one

reason or another , they have given up. (3)

The honour of being the first to compile such

a work is disputed, as between -A cAmr and his

contemporary al-YYjalil Ibn Ahead (d. 175 A. H. ), who compiled

the Kitab al-cayn . These two were emulated by a

number of distinguished successors:

1- KitEb al-jamhara, by Ibn Durayd. (d. 231 A. H. ).

2- Kitäb al-bäric , by Abe cAli al-Qä11. (d. 356 A. H. ).

3- Kitäb al-afcäl , by Ibn al-Qütiyya. (d. 367 A. H. )

4

4- Kitäb tahdhib al-lugha , by al-Azhari . (d. 370 A. H. ).

5- Kitäb al-muhit , by al-Sahib Ibn cAbbäd. (d. 385 A. H. ).

6- Kitäb al-magäyls, by Ibn Färis. (d. 395 A. H. ).

7-. Kitäb al-sihäh , by al-Jawhari . (d. 400 A. H. ).

8- Kitäb al-nu hkam , by Ibn Sida. (d. 458 A. H. ).

9- Kitäb ass al-baläfiha , by al-Zamakhshari. (d. 538 A. H. )(4)

The Ms. of Abü cAmr's lexicon bears the title

Kitäb al-jiim fi al-lugha . However, certain bibliographers

such as c1-Marzubän1I , al-Qifti , and Ibn Khallikän ,

mention that the Kitäb al-jim was also called the

Kitäb al-hur-f or the Kitäb al-lugha-it. (5) Such being

the case ,I would like in this introduction to

clarify these two titles by examining the possibilities:

. Atü cAmr did, in fact , write another book

entitled Kztäb al-hurüf (6), and t may be that the

bibliographers, knowing this, were led astray by reference

to hhurüf at the beginning of part eight of the Iris.

of the present work: ' L'C:. 1

"E JI'. -L J `I c_3 v L'J I ... l: S ä jV1 ° Asa C- j, " It

It I found this addition in al-11 mid's copy, at the

beginning of bäb al-f. D. .I wrote it dmrn until it

connected with the beginning of bäb al-fät in al-Sukkari's

copy, and I found that five or six letters had

been repeated. "

It seems probable, however, that the copyist intended

hurüf here in the sense of alfäz.

On the other hand, the bibliographers may mean

5

by Kitäb al-hur f

the Kitäb al-jim

many different A:

derived from the

which meant that

according to its

the book of di

was colpiled from

rab tribes. (7) This

, Hades 1 th : tr ýj am'

each tribe could

own dialect. (8)

alects because

the dialects of

sense may be

jr- c) Ir jI JY it

read the Qur'än

****# *##***-X **#

The first part of this thesis' comprises a

biographical and bibliographical study of Abü cAmr

al-Shaybäni and an investigation and classification

of the nature and contents of the Kitäb al-lim.

The second, and perhaps more important part, comprises

a computer survey of the roots contained in the work.

This survey has been undertaken for two reasons, one

internal to the study of the werk itself, and one

of wider application.

As far as the first reason is concerned, the

Kitäb al-jim is a most haphazardly arranged work. It

must have been extraordinarily difficult to consult as

a dictionary. Not only are words, in no particular

order within each division by initial letter, but

sometimes they appear in the wrong division entirely,

and sometimes they are repeated in another division

or divisions. On occasion, it is not altogether clear,

when a line of verse is quoted, which word is the

object of interest. For anyone interested in further

study of this work it will be of the greatest

6

convenience to be able to see at a glance which

roots are referred to in it. Eventually, of course,

a complete index must be made, with references and,

as' far, as possible, definitions; this however can

most usefully be done in conjunction with an edition,

which is planned.

The second, and principal. , reason for undertaking

this survey is concerned with the general field of

Arabic, and Semitic, linguistics y and particularly

. phonology. It is intended as a contribution to a

general preparation for an investigation of the

patterning of root morphemes in Arabic in particular

and Semitic languages in general. (9) Obviously, many

other works of a similar type will have to be

treated in this -way before such an investigation

can probably be made, but it seemed appropriate to

make a start with one of the earliest dictionaries,

if not the earliest, to be compiled in Arabic, the

more so as it was a comparatively unknown and unstudied.

work.

7

NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION

(1)- cf. Cat. H. Derenbourg, 395-396

(2)- cf. Ibid.

(3)- cf. "Asäs al-balägha" in A. J. vol. 133,25

Fusül fi figh al-lugha, 239 T

Introduction to al-Sih5,1/76

W- cf. al-Tv1uc jamät al-carabiyýý a, 21-35

(5)- cf. NT71r al-gabas, 277

Inbäh al-ruwät, l/226

%; afayät al-acyän, l /202

(6)- cf. al-Taknila, 1/8

al-Mu'talif wa'l-mukhtalif, 171

(7)- cf. Histogram 4

(8)- cf. Fir al-lahajät al-cArahli-ya. 53-59

(g)- cf. "The patterning of root mor heroes in Semitic" in

Word, vol. 6,1950,162-181,

** ***** ** ** *

8

PART ONE

THE KITÄB AL-JIM

9

CHAPTER ONE

BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY

He was Abü cAmr, Ishäq bin Mirär (1) al-Shaybä. ni,

'bi-kasr al-mim wa-rä'ayn muhmalatayn mukhaffafatayn. (2)

We find him referred to by two possible lagabs, Abü

cAmr al-Ahmar * (3) or Abü cAmr al-Ahwas. (4)

I will call him Abü cAmr al-Ahmar because of the .

evidence of many distinguished linguists. (5)

He was a native of ramädat al-Küfa. He was a

client ( ma; ":: ä) of the tribe of Shaybän. ' He lived

under the protection of this tribe, 'for the purpose

of acquiring a correct, knowledge of the Arabic language,

and it was either for this reason that he was

surnamed al-Shaybäni (6), as , for example, Yahyä Ibn

al-Mub . rak üi-Yazidi was ascribed to Yazid b. P. ansür

when he taught his son, (7) or -since he was the

instructor of those sons of the Caliph Härün al-Rashid

who were under the care of YazTd b. Nazyad al-Shaybäni

and was thus ascribed to him. (8)

al-Jähiz indicated that he was called al-Shaybäni

because he worked solely with the people of Banü

Shaybän , but he- was not one of them. (9)

Yäqüt al-Hamawi said I read in Abü Ishäq

al-1ujayrimi's 4mäli that Yüsuf al-Lýsbahäni said: Abü

cAmr was from al-Dahägin. it (10)

Hä jji Khalifa believed that Fme was from Kirm3n. (11 ) " ya1 i- eil^ He»-. 4&3\

Krenkow, probably following said :" He 40

10

was descended from Persian country gentry " . (12) 64- fr1#1

al-Suynti reported that his mother was, fr*ww Nab t. (13)

Although was born in Küfa**, he made many

journeys to Baghdad, a city which he adopted as

his home in later life, and in which he propagated

cilm al-lisän . (14)

He studied under the most distinguished Masters

of the Basran school and spent` along time among the

nomad Arabs collecting poetry and linguistic data.

He had meetings with al-1: ufaddal al-Dabbi, the 00 0

greatest Küfan narrator. He studiod most of the Arab

Diwans under him, emulating hir-^ in giving great

importance to classical poetry. (15) lie added the knowledge

previously acquired from the Bedouins to that gained

from his instructor.

Abü al-cAbbäs, Ahmad Ibn Yahyä al-Shaybäni, called Thaclab,

acknowledges the extensiveness of his knowledge when

he says :" When Abü cAmr entered the desert he had

two containers ( aste ) of ink . He did not return

until he had used them up completely in writing

down his observations from al-acräb. t' (16)

Unfortunately for the researcher, all that is

known of Abü cAmr. is his. work as a philologist

and transmitter in the city of Küfa, and a little

about his education. Nothing is known about his youth,

or how he came to commence his life of study.

All the references which we have about Abü cAmr

praise him highly and testify to his vast learning

1.1

as a narrator in Baghdad, in the spheres of language

and poetry, and as one of the greatest imams in

Ha= dith and . 1exicography. (17)

We find Abn cAmr's name mentioned in more than

84 Arabic sources when they quote his literary

transmission or linguistic commentaries.

Abn cAli, Ismaeil Ibn al-Qasim al-Q911 , quotes at

different places in his book al-AmEli many of the

views of Abi cAmr al-Shaybäni beside those of al-Asmaci,

Abü cUbüyda, Ibn al-Acräbi, al-Farrä' and al-Kisä'i, his

contemporaries and rivals, when explaining the meaning

of words and sometimes in relation to the ascription

of poetry. (1i8)

Abü al-Faraj al-Isfahäni quotes more than once in his

book al-Aph . ri (19) these statements:

-" I copied this from a book which is a copy of

Abü * cAmr's book. "

-" I transcribed this from the copy of cAmr Ibn Abi

cAmr al-Shaybäni who originally took it from his

father ."

-" I found thEse akhbär more clear for having . been dkeý

written by Abu cAmr, and I include ht here. "

-" I copied akhbär of Hajiz from the narration of

Abn CAmr in a book in the handwriting of al-Mirhabi

al-Kawkabi it.

In addition, he depends on many of the linguistic

explanation of Abü CAmr.

As well as these, we come across the name of Abü cAmr

12

-frequently in Isläh al-mantiq and Kanz al-huffäz

by AbU Yüsuf Ibn al-Sikkit . He depends on him

in quoting many linguistic elucidations which are

obscure to him. We often find Ibn al-Sikkit keen

to discuss linguistic matters with him. (20) In these

situations, "Abü cAmr always adduces Qur'änic texts,

Hadith and classical Arabic poetry to demoetrate

his views.

Also we find AbU cAmr's name mentioned in many

different chapters of Kitä. b al-ibdäl and Kitäb al-adhäd

by AbU al-Tayyib al-Lughawi. He relies on him frequently

and introduces some of his opinions, with material

from his linguistic commentaries. (21)

As well as the authors previously mentioned,

we notice that many others rely heavily on AbU `l: mr

in compiling their literary material: Thaclab, in his

book Atajälis Thaclab , Ahrad Ibn _. Faris in his book

Mucjam mag yis al-lurha , AbU Tähir al-Tamimi in his .

book al-Musalsal fi gharib lughat al-cArab, AbU Nansür

al-Thacälibi in his book Thimär al-qulüb fi al-mudaf

wall-mansüb, in which he includes proverbial material

from Abü etmr's narrations , al-Zajjäji in his book

al-Amäli, al-Tibrizi in his book Sharh al-casä'id al-cashr

concerning literary transmission , and al-Saghäni in

the second part of his book al-cubäb, under the

heading "The names of the sources on which I relied,

and which contained different dialects" quoting

extensively from two books of AbU cAmr, I: itäb al-Hurüf_

13

and Kitäb al-jIm . (22)

We observe that. AbU Mansur al-Azhari in his

book Tahdhib al-lugha places AbU cAmr in the second

category of learned men, from whom his work is derived.

He mentions them saying:

" The members of this category were reliable in their

narration and were men of great learning. "(23)

A number of eminent men derived a portion of

their knowledge from AbU cAmr. Among them were four

venerable distinguished scholars, the Imäm Ahmad Ibn

Hanbal, Abü cUbayd al-Qäsim Ibn Salläm, AbU Yüsuf YaCgüb .

Ibn al-Sikkit, and Niftawayh . (24)

Abu cAmr was not celebrated as a philologist,

but also as a reliable transmitter of Hadith and

is quoted as an authority in the Aiusnad of Img. m

Ahmad Ibn H1arbal who wrote many H: a dith based on

AbU cAmr's narrations. His ( i. e. Ahmad Ibn Hanbal's) son

Abd al-Läh says: " My father often attended Majälis

of AbU cAmr al-Shaybänl and wrote down his am alz. "(25)

As well as this, there were also a number of

other well-known men who relied on AbU cAmr for their

transmission. These included AbU '1-Hasan cAll Ibn

Abd al-Läh al-Tüsi , Abu Sacid al-Masan Ibn al-Husayn

al-Sukkari, AbU Nasr. Ahmad Ibn Hätim al-Bähili, -and

AbU '1-Hasan CAli Ibn Häzim al-Lihyanl. (26)

Abü CAmr can be seen to use as his sources ,

among others, AbU CAmr Ibn al-cAlä' al-M zini , Abu

'1-Aswad al-Du'all, Rukayn al-Shämi., Abü Muslim al-QFdI,

14

and Zayd Ibn Arqam Ibn Zayd al-Ansäri . (27)

AbU cAmr had many sons and grandsons, all

of whom were transmitters of his books. The most

outstanding of these was CAmr. (28) al-Zubaydi placed

cAmr in the third category of } fan linguists. (29)

For many years, even before the death of his father,

he gave oral accounts of his father's works. (30)

Ibn al-i'adim also tells us that °Amr was taught

by his father and wrote a number of books about

language, among which were, _Yitäb al-khayl, f"itäb gharlb

al-musannaf , Kitäb al-lughät, kitäb al-nawädir, and

Kitäb gharib al-hadith . (31)

However, this is probably not the case. The inseparability

of cAmr and his father in transmission for many years

caused much ambiguity and obscurity for those who

asked cAmr about his father's views on numerous

literary matters. We believe that- a large number of

books attributed to cAmr by Ibn al-Nadim (32) are ,

in fact, the work of his father; evidence for this

can be found in some of al-Isfahäni's statements. (33)

Another famous kinsman of AbU cAmr was" his

grandson Muhammad. When AbU Zakariyyä al-Tibrizi wrote

on akhbär, he relied on Muhammad as a source in

his own right concerning the pre-Islamic poet °Abid

Ibn al-Abras in his book Sharh al-mucallaq t. (34)

In compiling his works, AbU cAmr must have

drawn on many sources, since we are told by Ibn

al-Sikkit : Tt AbU CAmr was taking notes in his own

15

handwriting right up until his death. Sometimes

when I was a boy studying under him copying

his works, he would borrow my book from me. 11 (35)

Abü cAmr was active, until his old age, in many

spheres of learning. He wrote on language, poetry,

akhbä. r, and Hadith with great scholarship and clear

understanding. The Küfan and Basran grammarians had .

confidence in him as their authority. We regularly

find his name mentioned, especially when poems,

akhbär, and aphorisms are cited which were not

known to them. (36)

HIS DEATH

Aba cAmr al-Shaybäni lived to a very old age.

He devoted all his life to the Arabic language

and rabic poetry, writing with his own hand up

until his death.

Opinions vary as to the exact year of his

death. The years 205,206,210,213,216, are all suggested.

Ibn al-Kadim says: 11 Abu CAmr al-S-haybäni died in

the year 206 A. H. "(37)

Ibn Kämil relates that: " Ishäq Ibn Nirär died at

Baghdad in 213/828, on the same day as Abü al-CAtähiya

and Ibrähim al-r: adim " al-NMisilli the singer. " (38 )

However, Yäqüt al-Hamawi contradicts him, saying:

'r Abü cAmr al-Shaybäni died during the time of

the Caliph al-E, a'mün in 265 A. H. or 206 A. H. "(39)

Ibn al-Anbäri narrates that: " We are told that

16

Abü °Amr al-ShaybHni died in the year 210 A. H.

Con Palm sunday ( al-Shaänin). (40)

al-Jähiz and al-Qifti mention that he dien in the

year 216 A. H. ". (41)

Other historians mention Abn cAmris age.

Yägnt al-'ramawi says: " Abü cAmr al-Shaybäni died

when he was 110 years. " (42)

Ibn al-Sikkit says: " Abü cAmr al-Shaybäni lived

118 years. " (43)

Ibn al--cImäd al-Hanball agrees with al-cAsgaläni

when he rc., zntions that: " Abn cAmr al-Shaybänif died

aged 120 ycars. "(44)

al-Khatib al-Baghdädi agrees with Abä al-cAbbäs YahyE

and A.,.: ad Ibn cUthmän al-Dhahabi when they say that:

" Abü ý'Amr al-Shaybäni was 90 years old when he

died. "(45)

al-Qiftl mentions that: " Abü CAmr_ died at the age

of 102 years. "(46)

We may probably accept 206/821 as- being the

correct date of Abü CAmres death. If we believe

Ibn al-Sikkit, his disciple, who survived him by 80

years, he was born in 88/703; he would thus have

been 118 years old when he died.

17

NOTES TO CHAPTER

ONE

(1)- cf. Marätib al-na t91

Tabagä, t al-nahwiyyin w'l-lughawiyyin, 211

al-Fihrist (Tehran ed. ), 74-75

Irshäd al-arib, 2/233

Inbäh al-ruwat, 1/221 & 228

Wafayät al-acyän, 1/202

Bughvat al-wucat, 1/439

al-Bulgha, 38

al-1'ujim al-zähira, 2/191

Maratib al-na 141

Tagrib al-tahdhib, 1/61

Mir'ät al-jinan, 2/48

al-Macär f, 270

Rawdät 'al-jinan, 100

al-Azhari is mistaken in his reference to Iirär in

the introduction to his book Tahdhib al-lugha, 1/13.

instead of writing i. irär , he writes Muräd

al-Qifti in his book Inbäh al-ruwät , 1/225-226 points .

out this mistake. He said: " al-Azhari is mistaken

in writing rluräd. This version appears in his own

handwriting in his preface. I have never seen this

written anywhere else. " He adds that: " Yäqüt al-Rtzmi,

a client ( mawlä) of CAskar al-Hamawi, told me: He saw

a copy of al-Azhari's book in the author's handwriting

belonging to Banü al-Samcäni ; in it was the name

of Ishagts father, I'uräd. He wrote a copy of this

18

book and brought it with him from Khurg, sEn. "

In fact, there is another reference to Ishäq's

father as Muräd. It is to be found in the bibliography

of Häjji Khalifa, 7/850. He says: " Abü cAmr al-Ahinar

Ibn Muräd al-Shaybäni ."

Safiyy al-Din Ahmad Ibn Äbd al-L h al-Khazraji

is alone in his use of the letter mim in I'Rirär

mafttüh . According to this the name of IshEq's father

is r1, arär. cf. Khuläsat tadhhib al-Kam-al, 384

P: Rt al-damma In Täj al-4arüs (Kuwait ed. P"rluräd't

on the letter min.

(2)-cf. lrshdd al--arib, 2/233

(3)-cf. Ta}hdhib al-lugha, 1/13

(*)-al-Ahämir were four people, two oT whom were

well-known: Abü cAmr al-Shaybäni Mid Khalaf. The

others were: cAli Ibn al-Hasan al-Küfi, and Ibbän

Ibn CUthmän al-Lu'lu'i.

(4)-cf. Irshäd al-arib, 2/233

(5)-cf. Tahdhib al-lugha, 1/13

Bughyat al-tirucät, 1 /4 39

Inbäh al-ruwät, 1/228

Kashf al-zunün, 7/850

(6)-cf, al-Pihrist', 75

Ilizän al-ictidEl, 4/557

(7)-cf. Burhvat al-wucät, l/439

(8)-cf. Irshäd al-arib, 2/233

(9)-cf. Inbäh al-ruwät, 1/226

(10)-cf. Irshä. d al-arib, 2/233

19

al-dahagin is a Persian word. It means: The head

men of the villages ( singular: dihaän).

(11)- cf. Kashf al-zunün, 5/72

(12)--cf. EI. vol. IV, 271

( )- al-Küfa was the leading Iraqi city in jurisprudonce.

Its views were- the prinQipal basis of law in

allthe Islamic countries of the Abbasid Empire.

It was, also the' first centre of the science

of the Qur. 'än. cf. al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Narährcit, 23

(13)- cf. al-I1uzhir, 2/370

Inbäh al-ruwat, 1/226

al-Qif ti tells us on the authority of al-Lnsäri

( )why Abü CAmr recited this verse to al-Acsh

'M oI , IOap

aI

'a.,

............... ....... O..

with al-kasra under the letter rä' in the

word muhazriqu . Ike replied: " This word is

from 17 bit and Ishäq's -mother was } Nabi t,

so he knows better than us the reason why.

cf. also, al-Igtidäb, 239 & 425

(. )-The complete verse can be found in Lisän_

al _cArah, hazraqa and Diwan al-Acshý., 147

(14)-cf. Mizän al-ictidäl, 4/557

(15)-cf. Nuzhat al=alibbF. ', 62.

('ý)- Dastij is a Persian word, meaning a vessel

that can be lifted in the hand. cf. Persian

English dictionary, 1892

Yäqüt al-Haryi cites Thaclab? s praise of Abü

cAmr ý_bü

cAmr had inýorý_ation and samäc saying: 11 'ý ý'

20

ten times that of Abü cUbayda. t' Yägnt remonstrated,

saying: 11 Thaclab was too extravagont when he _prefeiZed

Abü CAmr. I, do not believe that God created a man

more knowledgeable and more profound in narration

contemporary with Abü cUbayda. t' cf. Irshäd al-arib, 2/236

Moreover, we have the report of Yüsuf Ibn Habib

al-Hahwi who, on one of his visits to Abü cAmr,

asked him about his knowledge. He tells us: 1' When

I entered Abü cAmrts room 1 found a bookcase (aimatr)

full of different books. I c. sked him to tell me

if these represented all hic knowledge. He smiled

and replied; ' By grace of Go"., my knowledge is more

extensive than this. ' " cf. Tärikh Baghdäd, 6/331

(16)-cf. Tärikh Baghdäd, 6/331

(17)-cf. Shadharät al-dhahab, 2j23.31

al-Nuzhir, 2/411

(18)-cf. al-Amäli, 1/10,35,93,115 & 2/275

(19)-cf. al-Ahäni, 3/272; 10/33,35; 12/340; 13/211; 4/301

(20)-cf. Isläh al-mantic, 3o2-

Kanz al-huffaz, 68

(21)-cf. al-Ibdä1,2/48,233,243

al-Addäd, 1/22,23,150 ; 2/546

(22)-cf. Majälis Thäclab, 1/137,. 193,469,479,485

Mucjam maaävis al-lugha, 1/30,47-48,128-129

al-Nusalsal fi gharib lughat al-cArab, 47,313

Thimär al-aulUb, 249,349,352,358,372

al-Amäli, 135-

Täj al-cards, The introduction.

21

al-Takmila, 1/8

Sharh al-ga$ä. tid al-cashr, 101,113,182,183,216

(23)-cf. Tahdhib al-luha, 1/11

(24)-cf. rizän al-ictidäl, 4/557

al-Dhakabi adds another two men who receive

some of their knowledge from Abü cAmr. These

are Salama Ibn csim and Ahmad al-Dawragi.

Krenkow is mistaken when he says: "... among his

most prominent pupils were the Küfi grammarians

Thaclab...... 11 cf. Ei. 271 Thaclab was six years old

when Abü CAmr died. cf. Na, -jälis Thaclab, 1 /9

(25)cf. al- lh-izt, 75

Tärikh Baghdä, d, 6/330

(26)-cf. MarEtib al-na 992993,96 (27)-cf. Tahdhi1- al-tahdhib, 12/182-184

al-Muzhir, 2/411

Siyar s. cläm al-nubaläf, 3/11i

(28)-cf. Inbäh al--z^. uwät, 1 /224

al-Pihris t, 75

(29)-cf. Tabao9t al-nahwiyyin, 224

(30)-cf. Inbäh al-ruwEt, 1 /224

(31)-cf. al-Fihri_st, 75

(32)-cf. Ibid.

(33)-cf. al-Aghäni, 3/272 ; 10/33,35; 12/340; 13/211; 4/301

(34)-cf. Sharh al-Nuca]aagät, 323

(35)-cf. InbEh al-ruwät, 1/228

al-Jähiz indicated that he saw Abü CAmr in his

assembly recording some poems from the mouths

22

of his, associates to- include them in bäb al-taha uzg

wa'1-tadhä. knr. cf. al-Bayä. n watl-tabyin, 4/24.

(36)-cf. al-Ikhtiyäräyn, 29,418,616

Adab al-kätib, 148,407 ; Thimär al-gulnb, 352,358,381.

Pas. l al-magä1,81(Beirüt 1971)"

(37)-cf. al-Pihrist, 75

(38)-cf. Irshäd al-arib, 2/234

a1-Aidäya wall-nihSya, 9/267

Sarh al-cüvun, 459

Shadharät al-dhahab, 2/31

(39)-cf. Irshwd al-arib, 2/234

a7. -Aghani, 4/110

(40)-cf. inbäh al-ruwät, 1/224

(41)-cf. Ibid., 1/226

(42)-cf. Irsh. d al-arib, 2/234

(43)-cf. t, affiyF-t al-acvä. n, 1 /201

Rastidät al- j inän, 100 -s-

(44)-cf. Shadarät al-dhahab, 2/23

(45)-cf. Mizän al-ictidäl, 4/557

(46)-cf. Inbgh al-ruwät, 1 /226

' *******#****

23

CHAPTER TWO

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL STUDY

" Abü cAmr al-ShaybE. ni ", Ibn Khallikan says , "read- the Diwäns of the ancient poets under the

direction of- al-riufaddal al-Dabbi, but the principal

objects of his studies were the anecdotes, rare

expressions, and extempore utterances of the nomadic

Arabs. " (1 )

Early in his life Abü cAmr" compiled his large

collection of the poetry of the Arabic tribes. This

collection, which has not been preserved to us , contained the poems of some eighty tribes and was

extensively used by later editors of ancient Arabic

poetry. "(2)

His son, CAmr , says of him that he collected and

classified the poems of these eighty Arab tribes , publishing each Diwan individually. A special copy

which he made of these wao deposited in the Mosque

of Küfa . Thus, he wrote the whole of eighty volumes

in his own hand. (3)

al-Azhari pointed out that the major part of

Abü cAmr's works was concerned with al-nawädir , hifz

= al-gharlb and al-rajaz. (4)

Abü cAmr al-Shaybäni " al-Khatib al-Baghdädi

says, " wrote down the poetry of Nudar, Rabica , and .

al-Yanan. "(5) He added: " The last work of Abü cAmr

was on the poet Ibn Harma. 11(6)

24

Among his works were AshcEr. Bani Jucda (7),. Ashcär

Bani Muhärib , and Ashcär Taghlib. (8)

Ibn al-Nadim mentions the names of fifteen

poets whose poetry Abn cAmr collected:

1-al-Hutay'a.

2-Labid Ibn Rabica al-c. miri.

3-Tamim Ibn Abi P"Iugbil.

4-Durayd Ibn al-Simma al-Jushmi.

5-cAmr Ibn 1acdi Karib.

6-al-Acshä al--Kabir.

7-Humayd Ib:, Thawwrr al-Riyähi.

8-Humayd al-Arqat.

9-Ab7i al-Aswad al-Du' ali.

10-al-CAjjäj al-Räjiz.

11-Ru'ba Ibn al-°AjjF-j

12-Jarlr Ibn CAtiyya al-Khatafä.

13-Abü al-Najm al-cIjli.

14-I4utammim Ibn Nuwayra.

I 5-Imru'd1 -- Qays . (9)

Ibn al-Nadim points out that according to

Muhammad Ibn Shaybän Ibn Abi al-Tlajm and AbR

al-Azhar b. Bint Abi al-pta jm, Abü. c, 1mr al-Shaybäni

narrated the poetry, of Abn. al-Najm al-cIjli and

Abu Sacid al-Sukkari made it a Diwan. (10)

" The chief work of Abu- cAmr was probably

his large collection of the poeto of the various

tribes.... The poetical collections of ancient Arabic

poetry which have come down to us all bear witness

25

that the succeeding generation made ample use of

his works. "(11)

The biographers have drawn up lists of Abü

cAmr's works, all of which have been lost, with

the exception of the Kitäb These lists ,

which do not differ much from one another, demonstrate

that his works dealt with any subjects: language ,

poetry, dialects, akhbär and Had:. th.

As has been previously stated, the lists of

Abü cAmr's works given by Häjji Khalifa, Ibn al-Nadim,

al-Süyüti, YEqüt al-Yamawi, al-Qifti, Abü al-Tayyib

. al-I, ughawi, Ibn Khallikän, al-Sagte ni , and Krenkow are

incomplete.

We believe that any attempt to reconstruct

an inventory of 'Abü cAmr's bocks is bound to be

incomplete for these two reasons-.

1- A complete list of his works- is not available

to us.

2- Discrepancies in the titles of his books make it

difficult, if not impossible, for one to know

exactly, the real title.. For instance, Häjji Khalifa

mentions Kitäb al-nahl wa'1-casal among Abü cAmr's

books, while alrQifti and Ismäc1l al-Baghdädi

mention Kitäb al-nahla, and Ibn al-I-"adim and Ibn

Khallikän refer to a book entitled al-ITakhla. (12)

In this example one cannot with certainly decide

whether al-fahl wa' 1=casal, al-I'ahla , and al-fakhla

are three different books or one single volume. The

26

problem now is, if they are the same book what

is its real title ?

A- Häjji Khalifa attributes nine books to

Abü cAmr:

1- FitEb Khalq al-insän.

2- Kitäb. al-nawädir.

3- Kitäb al-ibil.

4- K itäb al-hiyal. (13)

5- Kitäb al-mahl wa+l-casal.

6- Kitäb al-khayl.

7- Kitäb ashoär al-gabäfil.

8- Kitäb +gharIb al-musannaf.

9- Kitäb al-j im fir al-lugha. (14. )

" B- Ibn al-Nadim gives the following list:

1- Kitbb gharib al-hadith.

2- Kitäb al-nawädir. It was known as Kitäb harf al-j! m. (15 ) 40

3- Yitäb al-nakhla.

4- Kitäb al-nawädir al-kabir.

5- I. itäb al-"ibil.

6- KitHb kha. l. j al-insän.

'T- Yitä. b sha. rh kitä. b al-fasih. (16 )

8- Kitäb al-hurüf. (17. )

C--Yäqüt al-Hamäwi although citing Ibn al-Nadim,

gives us a different list:

1-Kitä. b al-khatm. (18 )

2- Yitäb ashcär al-gabä'il.

3- Eitab al-nawädir.

4- Kitäb al-khayl.

27

5- Kitäb gharib al-musannaf.

6- Kitäb al-1ughät.

7- Kitäb gharib al-hadith.

8- Kitäb al-nawä. dir al-kabir. (19)

D- al-Qifti quotes eight titles: .

1- KitHb al-khayl.

2- Kitäb a1-nawädir al-kabir.

3- Kitüb zharib al-hadith.

4- Kith al-r. ahla.

5- Kita: al--5 bil.

6- Kitäb harib al-musannaf.

7- Kitäh l: r, alo -al-insän.

8- Kitab «1-hur5f fl" al-lugha. He

called it Kitäb al-, jim. (29)

says that Abü CAmr

E- al-Suyüti gives this list :

1-Kittb al- im.

2- Yitäb a1-nawä. dir.

3- Kitäb al-khayl.

4- Kitäb gharib al-musannaf.

5- Kitäb gharib 'al-hadith.

6- Kitäb al-nawädir al-kabir.

7- Kitäb ashcär al-aabä'il.

8- Kitäb khala al-insän. (21. )

F- Ibn Khallikän gives a list of seven -books: 1- Kitäb al-khavl.

2- Kitäb al-lughät. He says

known as Kitäb al-jim and

3- Kitäb al-nawädir al-kabir.

that this book also was

Kitäb al-hurüf.

28

4- Kitab gharib al-hadith.

5- Kitab al-nakhla.

6- Kitab al-ibil.

7- Kitab khalq'al-insän. (22)

G- Abü al-Tayyib- al-Lughawi mentions two books:

1- Kitäb al-jim.

2- Kitab al-nawädir. (23)

H- al-Säghä. ni in the introduction to his

Kitäb al-takmila wa'l-dhayl wall-sila also mentions

two books:

1- 'Kitäb al-Jim.

2- Kitäb al-hurüf. (24)

I- Abü al-cAlä ' al-MacKrri mentions the following

work:

Kitäb al-siyar. (25)

J- Krenkov: mentions two further works:

1-Kitäb al-kuttäb.

2-Kitäb al-fa. dLT. (26 )

We notice that disagreement concerning the title,

subject-matter, number and authenticity of Abü CAmrts

books is general. In fact, this sort of thing is a

familiar phenomenon, not peculiar to Abü cAmr alone,

but also true for other literary figures.

We suggest the following alphabetical list as

the most complete and authoritative that it is at

present possible to compile:

1-Kitäb al-ibil.

2-Kitäb ash är al-aabä+il.

29

3- Kitäb al-jim.

4- Kitäb al-hurüf.

5- Kitäb khalg al-insän.

6- Kitab al-khayl.

7- Kit3b gharib al-hadith.

8- Kitä. b gharib al-musannaf.

9- Kitäb al-rakhla.

10-Kitäb äl--nawädir.

***************

30

NOTES TO CHAPTER TWO

(1)- cf. llafavät al-acyän, 1 /202

(2)- cf. "al-Shaibäni"} in EI., vol. IV, 271

(3)- cf. Kashf al-zunnn, 1/321

al-Fihrist, 75

Inbäh al-ruwät, 1/221

Wafay9t al-acyän, 1 /202

Nizän al-ictidäl, 4/557

(4)- cf. Tahdhib al-lugha, 1/13

(5)- cf. Tärikh Baghdä. d, 6/331

Irshäd al-arib, 2/236

(6)- cf. Ibn Harma, Ibrähim Ibn cA+. l3 Ibn Ismä. cil al-Qirshi,

was a Hijäzi poet, and lived in al-Y-adina .

al-Asmac1 said: " He was the last of the

authoritative poetsy because he praised the

Kings of Bann I'Tarwän and lived until the

succession of al-Mansür. He died in the year

250A. H. Moreover, he ras the last poet whom

the linguists and grarmiarians quoted as a

definitive authority.

(7)-cf. al-Aghän!, (Buläq'ed. ), 19/82,83

(8)-cf. KAzärat al-adab, 1/10

(9)-cf. al-Fihrist, (Flügel ed. ), 157-158 & (Cairo ed. ), 229-231

In addition to these fifteen collections, another

two have come down to us. It is noticed that

neither the ancient scholars nor the modern

have signalised them when they quoted Abu cAmr's

works. These are as follows:

31

1- Diwän Saläma Ibn Jandal. Ed. by F. Qabäwa

(Aleppol 968).

2- Diwan AbI Dahbal al-Jumahi. Ed, by A. cAbd al-$Ahsin,

( Iraq 1972).

(10)-cf. al-Fihrist, (Tehran Ed. ) 179

(11)-cf. 1' The Kitäb al-jim of Abü cAmr ash-Shaibänl""

in JRA. S, 1925,702

(12)- cf, Kashf al-zunün, 5/163

In'1 ah al-ruwät, 1 /227

Hadiyyat al-cärifin, 1/197

_l-Pihrist, 75

WalayHt al- v1/202 (13)- : erhaps the name Kitäb al-hiyal is a

mi. reading of Kitä"b al-khayl. of. E_itäb

al-hiyal by al-Shaybä, ni , Abü Muhammad

Ibn al-Hasan, Ed. by Joseph Schacht

( Leipzig 1930)

(14)- cf. Kashf al-zunün, 1/321 ; 3/173 ; 4/332-333;

5/30 ; 72 , 78 , 163; 6/388 ; 7/851

Häjjl Khalifa mentions that Kitäb al-rharib

al-musannaf was summarised t,,, - `"T 1uhaMmad Ibn

cAli al-Llkhmi al-Lughawl Known as Ibn al-Rids

who died. in 616 A. H. He called it Kitäb

hilyat al-adib. When Häjji Khallfa cites. Kitäb

al-jim fi al-luwha he is suspicious of it.

He says: " It may be by Abu cAmr al-Shaybänl

al-KirmEni who died 'in 206A. H. or by Abü cpmr

32

Shimr Ibn Hamdawayh al-Harawi. "

First of all, let us decide who, in fact , Shimr

Ibn Hamdawayh al-Harawi is " sý. ý.. 6Go,. r

" Shimr Ibn Hamdawayh al-Harawi was a in

language in the second century of Hijra. He left

for Iraq in his youth. He studied under the direction

of the Basran grammarian Ibn al. -Acräbi . We are told

that he had a book on lanuaae starting with the

letter jim, but unfortunately this book was lost at

sea on his journey to FFrs. He died in the year

255 A. H. " cf. Tärikh al-adab al2Arabl, 2/201-202

The situation may. be summarised thus:

1- According to the above infcrmation, Kitäb al-jim by

Abü cAmr Shimr was lost at sea when he was

travelling to Fgrs.

2- Häjji Khalifa- also comes to an erroneous conclusion

when he says that" ... Abli cAmr al-Shaybäni included

in Kitäb al-jim notes on the Qur'än and Hadith.

According to al-Azharl in Tahdhib al-lugha, 1/25, the

Kitäb al-jim of Shimr is an account of the Qur'än

and Hadith

3- The Kitäb al-jim by Abü cAmr is " preserved in

a unique copy in the library of the Escorial

and being one of the earliest books in the

Arabic language deserves special study. " EI., IV, 271

(15)- 1To other available source implies that Kitäb

al-nawädir is known as Kitäb harf al--jlm: they

are mentioned separately

33

(16)-Kitab al-fasih by Abü

It is impossible that

should 'give an accoun

Thaclab was six years

cf. Majälis Thaclab, 1 /9

(17)-cf. al-Fihrist, 75

(18)- Kitäb al-khatm could

al-o

Abü

t of

old

be a

Abbäs Thaclab.

cAmr al-Shaybäni

Kitäb al-fasih because

when Abü CAmr died.

misreading of Kitäb al-jim.

(19)-cf. Irshad al-arib, 2/235

(2 0)-cf, . Ir_bäh al-ruvrät, 1 /227

(21)-cf. ßufv, ; rat al-orucät, 1 /439 L. -

(22)-cf. Ile fay .t al-acyän, 1 /201-202

(23)-cf. t"Nar¬tib al-nahwiyyin, 91

(24)-cf. al--Takmila, 1/8

(25)- This appears to be a mistaken reference to

kit3b al-siyar al-kabir by Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan.

al-ShayN, nl, ed. by Saläh al-Din a -? ur, aj jid, 1957

cf. 1; isälat al-3ahil wa' l-shähij . 364

(26)- cf. EI. , vol. IV, 271

The poems of Tufail al-i h. anaw , 82 s

ýEý( ýý3EaFýýE-3(-ýE-"}FýEýE-

34

CHAPTER THREE

THE DATING AND TITLE OF THE KITÄB

AL-JIM

It has been generaly accepted that the Kitäb

al-cavn of al-Khalil Ibn Ah-mad al-Far5hirdir- was the

first dictionary of Arabic to be compiled. (1) We

need not consider here Ibn Jinni's suggestion that,

in fact , neither al-Khalil Ibn A'Iupad nor any of

his disciples were responsible for this work, (2) since

this does not seriously affect the matter of its

dating, except perhaps to place it somewhat later

than has been thought.

The precedence of Kitäb al-cayn over Kitäb al-jim

was questioned by cAttär: 11 1i'ho is the compiler of

the first dictionary in Arabic? I: ý it al-Khalil Ibn

Ahmad al-Farähidi or Abü CAmr al-Shaybäni ? Both of

them seem to have lived at the same period, but

Abu CAmr al-Shaybäni lived to a very advanced age.

His fame in language is said to have been very

widespread. Moreover, Abü C) r has the sobriquet sähib

3wän al-lugha wa'l-adab". (3) Nevetheless, cAttär did not

declare his own opinion about them. He reached no

deJL'inite conclusion when he said that: " The dictionaries

of both al-Khalil and Abu cAmr were compiled at the

same epoch. "(4)

In modern times the subject has been raised by

Krenkow and Haywood. Krenkow decided in favour of

35

Kitäb al-cairn . (5) Haywood, possibly following cAttär,

remained undecided. (6)

There is little enough evidence, but there is at

any rate a strong possibility that Kitäb al-jim " was

compiled before Kitäb al-care . There are three considerations:

1- Kitäb al-jim is organised, if that is the correct

word, in an extraordinarily haphazard way. Although it

is nominally arranged" in alphabetical order with

respect to the initial letter of the root, in fact ,

roots often appear in totally inappropriate posi`ior: c,

and. even when they appear under their own initi. al

letter, they are in no particular order within that

section. Kitäb al-cayn, on the other hand, apart

from following al-Khalil's own idiosyncratic älphabetieai.

order, is internally well-organised, and it is

arguable that if Abü cAmr had seen, or known of

Kitäb al-Capp, he would have _appliedf some of

al-Khalii's principles of organisation to his own

work

2- If it is true that al-Khalil left Kitäb al-cayn

incomplete, and that it was finished by his disciple

al-Layth Ibn al-T%. uzaffar (7), It cannot have appeared

before 175A. H. ", at which time Abü cAmr was, if

not actually 87, as implied by the claims made

for his extreme longevity, certainly well-advanced

in age. It is likely that he had already compiled

Kitäb al-jim by this time, although it might perhaps

be suggested that its confusion is the result of

36

its having been compiled in AbU cAmr's dotage.

3- AbU cAmr's reputed reluctance to publish or to

show his. work to others (8) make it difficult,

if not impossible, to date it. Even after his

death, it remained for a long time in considerable

obscurity, since scholars were under a misapprehension

concerning its nature. Again, as a result of its

confused arrangement, it was thought to be Kith

al-nawädir (9) rather than a dictionary. In addition,

the preponderance of Basra over Küfa as a linguistic .

centre uiay have procured wider publicity for Eitab

al-car: J. than for Kitäb al-jim.

Whatever the truth may be, however, about the

relative precedence of the Kitäb al-cairn and Kitäb al-jim,.

they unquestionably represent the two earliest dictionaries

of Arabic to be compiled. It is of no great importance

which was the first.

The actual title of the Yitäb al-jim is

also something of a mystery. Kitab al-cavn is so-called

because cayn is the first letter in al Khalil! s

arrangement of the alphabet. Jim , however, is not the

first letter in AbU CAmr's alphabet, since he uses

the conventional arrangement", alif, bät, tä'..... vD, with

hä' and wäw reversed. (10) Some bibliographers failed to

realise this fact.

Häjjl Khalifa said: " The reason why AbU cAmr

named his dictionary al-jim was because he started

with the letter mim . 11 (11)

37

However, Abü al-Tayyib al-Lughawi is reported to have

said: " I have seen a copy of the Kitäb al-jim and

discovered that it does not start with the 'letter

dim. Only God can know why. " (12)

Täj al-Din Ahmad Ibn Naktüm is reported to have

said: " Some of our group were asked why the Kitäb

al-jim by AbU cAmr Ishäq Ibn Tirär al-Shaybäni bore

this title. In replying, it was said: " It bears the

title al-jim because harf al-dim is the first in his

book in the same way as Kitäb al-cajyn is so-called

because harf a. l-cayn is the first; letter of its author's

alphabet. " (13)

Ibn Iakt; im says: " We accepted this answer as the

correct one because up to this point we knew very

little about al-jim, but when we saw a copy of the

Yitäb al-j! , unexpectedly it did not start with the

letter . 21m but with the letter a1if. i' (14)

Haywood's suggestions need hardly be given serious

attention. In one passage he says:

r"....... Qifti tells us that Abü CAmr. did not explain

the meaning of the title: Certainly not in the Escorial

Manuscript. " (15) He then proceeds to put forward several

of his own views: "... Perhaps this was added later. perhaps

it was just an attempt by the author, or his. pupils,

or later Küfan scholars to show that if the Basrans

had their cairn the K fans had their ixim .... perhaps

the work was called or known as Kitdb alif, bä', tä',

(The A, B, C, Book), and was abbreviated. Perhaps it was

38

named after the first volume of the book. " (16)

Abü °Amr himself seems never to have offered

an explanation of his title; at any rate, there is

no record of his having done so. It may be that it

was self-evident to his disciples and contemporaries,

and that it only subsequently became obscure. Ibn al-Qitäc

al-MIsri al-Sigilli and al-Qifti claimed to know the

answer but refused, for some inscrutable reason, to

reveal it. (17)

Provided that there is no esoteric reason for

the naive, which now can never be discovered, there

seem to bs three principal possibilities:

1- Jim Silk brocade '", according to al-Zabidi who

said that �I learnt this from some philologists

who spoke on the authority of Abü cAmr al-Shaybäni,

the compiler of the Kitäb al-, Ii'(18) , 2- Jim = either " body" or " soul"("19), again according to

al-Zabidi. It is therefore posoible that Abu cAmr

used al-Jim as an analogy; what soul or body is

to human life, his dictionary is to the Arabic

language, i. e. It is a focal point for it.

3- Jim strong camel" (20), according to al-Khalil

Ibn Ahmad. Since, the camel was an essential part

of life in the desert, it is possible that Abü

CAmr equated the importance of the camel in the

desert with the importance of his dictionary in

relation to the Arabic language.

Any of these three senses would be plausible

39

for Jim as the title of a dictionary. However, in

view of the rather odd secrecy maintained concerning - it, the possibility remains that something else, which

we have no means of knowing, lies behind this title.

#*#**#**********

40

NOTES' TO CHAPTER THREE

(1)- cf. cilm al-lugha al-cArabiyya, 99.

al-Macäjim al-cArabiyya, 19.

Pusül fl figh al-lugha, 236

Nadrasat al-Basra al-nahwiyya, 452

(2)- cf. al-TTucjam al-CArabi, 1/280

(3)- cf. ugaddimat al-Sihäh, 71-76

(4 )- cf. Ibid.

(5)- cf. The beginnings of Arabic lexicography, 255-261

(6)- cf. Arabic lexicography, 92,95

(7)- cf. Tahdhib al-lugha, 1/28

(8)- cf. Ir$häd al-arib, 2/235

(9)- cf. al-Fihrist, 75

(10)- Abü cAmr was the initiator of this system of

arrangement. cf. Arabic 1 exicograDhy, 93 , "1! sHs a1-baläghz*-', ,

in A. J. co1.133,25, and cllm al-lugha, 104

(11)-cf. Y_ashf a1-zun7an, 5/72

(12)-cf. Ibid.

(13)-cf. al-T: uzhir, 1 /91

(14)-cf. Ibid.

Bughyat a1-vrucät, 1 /439

(15)-cf. Arabic lexicograDhy, 95

(16)-cf. Ibid.

(17)-cf. Inbä. h a1-ruw t, 1 /225

(18)-cf. Täj a1-carUs, 8/236

al-Oärnüs al-muhit, 4/92

(19)-cf. Ibid.

(20)-cf. al-Hur7if, 30

41

CHAPTER FOUR

THE MAIN SOURCES OF THE KITXB AL-J1M

In the present chapter, I shall discuss. the

sources used by Abü cAmr al-Shaybäni, examining the

importance of each kind in relation to the Kitä. b

al- im . They are as 'follows:

1- POETRY

Abü cAmr was no exception to other grammarians

in using poetry to a great extent as a source for

the meaning and use of words. It has been pointed

out by al-Qifti that the- Kitäb al-jim comprised the

unfamiliar words of the language ( aliishi and al-r.; 1, arTh).

(1) It has often been stated that these elements (i. e.

al-hüshi and a' barib) are to be found in Ra' -Footry,

(2) but although Abü CAmr does quote a certain amount

of this, in fact he relies more heavily on poetry

in other metres. The distribution of the poetry cited

in the Kitüb al-- jYm can be seen in histogram onc.

Abü cýrmr uses poetry in various ways:

1- Sometimes he quotes it without any hint as to

the reason why. For example, fourteen Ra'az lines

are quoted without comment in bHb al-hä' , and

four non-Ra'az verses in bäb al-ba' . All of these

are unattributed.

The most plausible explanation for this is that he

had words or expressions in his mind to which the

quoted poetry gras relevant, but he did not mention

42

these, thinking at the time that the poetry was

self-explanatory.

2- Sometimes he quotes the poetry first and then

extracts the word which he considers to require

explanation. An example can be seen in the poem

of Ibn Mugbil in bäb al-bat . 3- Most of the time, however, he sets down the word

or expression, gives his theory as to its interpretation

and then quotes relevant verses of poetry in support

of his theory. This he does, for example, with

" the words abasa, athara, bazala, and razafa.

4- At other times he quotes a number of poems in

support of his exegesis, for example, on the word

fakhara , he quotes three poems attributed to Suhbän

Ibn SafwEn al-Mudliji , and on the word jawala four

unattributed Rajaz lines. These are only two examples-

many others can be found -throughout the dictionary.

Abü cAmr sometimes quotes at considerable length

to support his theories on the meanings of the

words he is defining. This practice seems to lead

to his being distracted from time to time from

his real lexicographical purpose. He appears more

concerned to display his wide erudition than to

conduct profound" researches into the nature of his

lexical material. This results in his dictionary's

presenting a somewhat inconsequential appearance.

5- The final practice which can be seen in this

dictionary is the quoting of separate individual

: 43

verses- all taken from one poet such as Imru'l Qays,

Aws, Labid, Zuhayr, and Tufayl al-Ghanawi, each verse

being evidence for a different word. This kind of entry

is frequently inserted, apparently at random, so that

the words defined in it do not necessarily appear in

any sort of alphabetical order, either with respect

to each other or with respect to other entries.

What Abýz cAmr seems to have done is from time

to time to take the Diwän of a particular poet, extract

words that interested him and cite their ocurrences in

this Diwn.

The Majority of grammarians, philologists, and

lexicographers quotes as evidence poetry from Pre-Islamic

and Mukhadr=. -nIn poetry. Early Islamic and post- Classical

were al; no used, but with some reservations. Abü cALMr ,

however, quotcsý freely from all four periods. This can

be seen from histogram five which shows that Abk cl'anr

quotes extensively from 294 poets; those whom I have

been able to identify are distributed throughout all

four periods, and- some I have been unable to assign

to a period.

It will be seen that the most frequently quoted

poet is labil Ibn Rabica al-cXmiri, who is mentioned

124 times or 14.35 . There are , on the other hand,

162 poets who are mentioned only once, or 0.11% .

2- DIALECTS AS R COFDED

DABU CAMP, HIMSELF OR AS PEPOTED TO TTII"

Abü CJunr paid great attention to the language of

4.4

the Bedouins in compiling his work. He regarded the

desert as a most valuable source for uncontaminated

Arabic vocabulary and grammar. He was reputedly the

best-known investigator of the desert dialects among

his contemporaries. (3)

Tayyi; 1tkwac , Asad, cUd1 . a. I: a: cb, and Shaýbän

were among the Bedouin tribes on whom Abü cAmr

particularly relied in collecting the material for

his dictionary, in particular, for alb hi and al-gharib.

In addition to these tribes, Abi: cAmr noted down

dialectal usages of many others can be seen in

histogram four.

More than 84 tribal. dial: c ;: s are represented in

this dictionary. From histogram : 'o-ir we find that the

dialect of Tayyi' is the one ma. -; )t Frequently referred

to . It is mentioned 105 -i;: mos, or 8.45,; of all dialectal

references. By contrast, there are 19 tribal dialects

that are mentioned only once, or 0.080,, S # I believe that this dictionary contains more

information concerning mediaeval tribal dialects than

any other source that we have. Abü cr-r's failure

to mention certain peculiarities in a number of dialects

may perhaps be attributed to his dissatisfaction with

the purity of language that these represented.

These peculiarities include:

1- al-kashkasha and al-kaskasa.

2- al-cancara.

3- al-fahfaha.

45

4- al-cIcala.

5- al-istintä'

6- al-watm.

7- al-waken.

8- al-wahm.

9- al-ttimtinnil nivya.

10-al-lakhlakhäniyya. (4)

Ths 1242 dialectal examples that AbU cAmr cites

are derived from fort? -two different authorities other

than his- ow collection.

From histogram three, we can see that Abi Ziyäd

is the authority most frequently referred to. He is

mentioned 36 times, or 1090 . By contrast, there are

17 authorities who are mentioned only once, or 0.27%.

Most of these transmitters are practically unknown and

their identification is made more dif. icult by his

referring to most of them either by their kunya or

Ism alone.

3- ANCIENT APJ B PROVERBS

Abü cAmr al-Shayb3ni considervd proverbs to be

the prose form in which most confidence could be

placed as evidence for authoritative usage.

He studied these proverbs under his instructor , al-I, ufaddal al-Dabbi, the author of Kitäb al-amthRl,

which provided the material gor the course. He also

collected proverbs while travelling among the Arab tribes.

al-T^aydäni mentions in the introduction to his

Kitäb malmac al-amth6l that among those who compiled

46

books on al-amthäl are two scholars named Abü cAmr. (5)

Sellheim believes that one of these two scholars is

definitly Abü cAmr Ibn al-CAlHt while the other is

Abü CAmr al-ShaybEni . (6)

It may be of interest to examine the proverbs

which are used by al-Shaybsni Tn` his Kitäb al-11m

in terms of form and subject matter.

Histogram two shows that proverbs come third

of all sources in frequency of citation, or 0.84% .

Histogram six classifies these proverbs according

to their syntactical categories.

Those proverbs which are in the form of verbal

sentences can be divided into the following sub-divisions:

1- Proverbs using the mädi.

2- Proverbs using the mudäri'

3- Proverbs using the imperative.

Proverbs using the mädi occur most frequently. There

are 16 occurrences, or 64%O of the total of proverbs

in the form of verbal sentences.

Proverbs using the mudäric occur 5 times, or 20% of

the total or proverbs in the form of verbal ' sentences.

Proverbs using the imperative occur 4 times, or 16; %

of the total of proverbs in the form of verbal

sentences.

Proverbs which are in the form of nominal

sentences can be divided into the following sub-divisions:

1- Sentences incorporating afcalu min.

2- Sentences incorporating inchoative and predicate.

47

3- Sentences incorporating lä that denies' absolutely.

4- Sentences incorporating an aplastic verb. LL

5- Sentences incorporating a partic . assimilated to

the verb.

6- Sentences incorporating a preposition.

The last four forms occur once., or 4.765/c of

the total of proverbs in the form of nominal sentences.

The second form occurs 6 times, or 28.57°% of

the total of proverbs in the forru of nominal sentences.

The majority, 11, or 52.389 of proverbs in the

form of a nominal sentences incorporate the afcalu mir.

construction. Two formulas of "tflis type are used in

which the comparisons are as follows-.

1- Proverbs in which the comparz-c; on is that of a single

word with a proper name, for example:

Lazier than Bagil.......... ý. ý ýý,, 3.5ý

IýpI/I.

More bankrupt than Naci. sa ........... . asL" . Lý

2- Proverbs in which the comparison is with a compound

expressions, for example:

Viler than a man who continues to eat when he ;i

-a

is full .................... . .. ý.::. ! ý, L ý.;, vIVI More bankrupt than a 'bride's laver

Some of the proverbs in this dictionary are

grouped together in bäb al-ca-n , apparently cited as

evidence for no particular words. We may perhaps again

suppose that these represented the unexpended portion of

Abü cAmr's collection, which rar was reluctant to omit.

48

4- THE HOLY QTJR' AN

The Holy Qur'an is the fourth source for this

dictionary. The extremely limited extent of Abü cAmr's

reliance on it can be seen from histogram two where

it comes fourth in frequency of citation, or 0.03% . The -principal reason for Abü cAmrºs neglect of

the, Qur'. n as a ,. source is probably its comparatively

simple- and. unequivocal language. Poetry and proverbs,

on the othe-: hard, reflected the various tribal usages

and peciilia iy; ies and also provided more examples of

al-hüsh an' al-phsrib which he was particularly

interests in, since this dictionary º; as intended to a

be tthecaarv! st of these things. It was only natural

that poetry dialects, and proverbs should rank above

the Qu-'Rn in the sources cited.

******. x. ********. ** -

49

NOTES TO CHAPTER FOUR

(I)- cf. Inbäh al-ruirdt, 1 /226 .

(2)- cf. al-Rajaz, 134-142 . (3)- cf. ? nb: ,h al-ruwät, 1 /224

M- cf. al-T-: uzhir, 1 /221-226

(5)--cf. i'lajrrac al-amthäl, 1/4 . (6)- cf. al-Amth .1 al-cArabiyya al-aadima, 110

*******************x -x- : **

50

1 HISTOGRAM "

THE POETRY IN THE KITAB AL-JIM

A- Complete attributed verses. (non-Rajaz)

1600 B- Complete verses without attribution. 37.19°S (non-Ra jaz )

C- lines (Raiaz) without attribution. 1500 D- Attributea inec (Raiaz),

E-- Hemistichs without attribution. 1400 (non-Rajaz)

F- Attributed hemistichs.

1300 (non-Rajaz)

1200 27.64% 1100

1000 - 21.79%

900

800

700

600

500 "

400

6.66gß 300

4.65S% 200

100 2.035`

0 ABCD I', 1'

51

Alder. 2

IE KITÄB

POETRY DIALECTS AS ANCIENT ARAB THE HOLY OUROAN RECORDED BY ABU PROVERBS CAMR HIMSELF OR AS REPORTED TO

HIM

52

-ý -4 " N) h. ) {D CA) W GJ a

GJ a

(D 10 a' CO -" .; hý- -q ® co 0)

ABU ZIYXD

ABU AL-KHARW 8.33%

DUKAYN 7.77 jp

ABU AL_SAMIH 7.77% %

ABU AL. MUSALL110 6.3C go MA RUF 5.8

ABU AL. GHAMIR 5.55% ABU AL-rARP. AH 5.2 7o

ABU AL_MUSTAW D 5.27%

ABtj HIZAM 5.27% ABU AL_KHALIL 551]

ABU AL_MAWSUL 4.16%

GHASSAN 4-16%

NASIR 3.88%

ABU AL_SAFFAH 2.77% 1 ABU KHALI D 1,66%

ABU MUTARRIQ 1.11%

41UHAMMAD B.

ABO JnBIR 0.83 ABIS QATAR A 0.83

ABU AL-DU RAYS 0.5ý

ABUKHALIFA 0.55

ABU AL _MUSHRIF 0'5

ABU SUFYAN 05

ABU MIHRIZ 0.27

IBNRU'BA 0.27

ABIJ AL-MUTHALL. 0.27

ABUAHMAD 0.27

JÄRIYA AL. JURMt 0.27

ABÜ AL_DALHAk "27

AL-AHNAF 0.27 AHWAS .

27

ABU DH I'8 0.27

ABO SHIJAý . 27

A8U AL_OAHMÄ ' O-22

ABU DINAR _ 0.27

ABU AL-MUAMM L 0.27

ABU'UTHMAN "27

10%

1 ýi q x

-

r

x m

O r O

1 ýo" >

n ý f

vý -ý t

i

1

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1

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x

0m in

O c m

to

O

r m

RA*1 ALJiBIL 0.27

ABG BARZA H0.27

IBN HUBAR O. 2 7

53 108 :

HISTOGRAM 4

96- i

92- THE ARABIC DIALECTS IN THE KITA! AL_)jM

88- a 84-

R

72-

a 64-

M N N 60- r

NN 01 01

56- -

52- N

ä 48-

-

44- ao h . 3 h o h N N

40- M M ý. j b

M 10 M

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28- v 24 N O

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hh NN th t t ýD tG tD tD IG t0 tC c0 tC 111 NNN ý N N NN N NýO N ýO ýO ON tD N m

Op N - .- ýý r r rý. ý r - r r - ' r ' 000 O 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 4 1 L

Qý

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000 0 0 0 u Y q Yý M JM C7 M cý 00

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Ju

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ABU ASMV AL. NASRI ABU ASIDA AL. NA AMT NLfMÄN 8" AL. ACP J,

, QABBI JANDAL B. YAZI D

QAMRA AQROM

B. ALA8.1

QAMAA JXBIR B. QIIN 54 AL, KHIRNAQ MAFAJQ - HISTOGRAM' HALID B. NADLA JBN MAQRUM

HXLjD B"CALGAMA MUDRIJ KMIDASH B. ZUHAYR AL MA QAj l KHA T FA AL4 1MMAHT MANjUR S. S; 1 YM HABT B B. KHALID UDAIK AL. SI Q4RI

THE POETS WHOSE ºOETRY OADMLAM ASHIRA B. MALIK IS QUOTED AS EVIDENCE IN BN AL. KAIjLABA USHBA

R S. AL. KXTIB MAQQZS T130- MRA U BA KITÄB AL_JTM

MAYRA MASC 8. QACNAB ABO KINTNA . ULA1ý{ -ABU A61R ABG QU"SAQIq - ,

URAU S. CANNAS O

BNIiTIYYA AYS B. 'AL. KHA IM DHU AL. KHIRAG 120 r$YYA AYS8"MASCJD MUSLIM tAc1 T B. ZARARA dD AL. LAH B. SULAYM AL. FIND AL. ZIMMAN! AL H WAYCRA r

RIDÄO 'AL_FACICASI TMIý B. AL. TUFAYI L8tý FASWA :: M1 WIYYA AL�JURMI 110- RÄ

MUQARRIS B. RAs CT ýABBýS 8D A .

MUGHALLIS R WAVSHID SHID C1 _ AWF S. AL"AHWAS $AWAN By UMAYYA URAYD S. AL. IMMA C

181 A ABU SAFIýS IBN SABAL D UM'YY B"AsT'R ..

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AL_OATT_L AL CAQAWT -IBN QABBA _ MASRDH O FARÄLA 8I 11 1ND BDAL. RAHMÄN&, aMAYM TARIF B. #JAMAMA AL. MWAACBAR 100-

ý. 34 AYF AL-QAWXFI AL. HARDIXN AL. ULAYMI MARDAS A811 AL-MUTALAMMIS AL_fAOCAfj TAO AL. DUBAYRI L B. WAHIB 18N RIIMAYLA AL U YYAB

ASOD ATIYYA AL-DUBAYRI §VNS; J R. SAFW%N A! MARAAD 4AQOUH B AL. TJIYVIB AL. N11' B. WAJTH jA AL, AFWAH AL. AWDI IBN HAJ'IRA IBN ATH AS MALlK - IYA AL S B. SAHM SAFýM YAZID B. AI. HAKA ABDAL. H B. NAJJAJ JUMCA, Al-DUBAYRIYYA $X IDA 8. JU AVVA AL. HXRITH AL. AZDI -ABU KNALID JAHM AL. F4ICAS"I

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_0- MMAL. KUMAYT YAZJDAl. H1RMl -IBN INÄNA

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SALAMA NA

B. S.

)AANUDAL Y JA IL B. MA

60- SUCLAYMÄN 8, CUpBA ABU AL. SUFAYYT HADIYYA B'NT CUTAVBA SA TO 8" I AYYASH MU AYR B. AL. ASHI M AL-ASADI L

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_ IBN AL. NAMAM

KH911Al &ZUFUR AL. IA 1N AL- AL B AL-SULAYK B, AL-SULAKA NÄJITA AL-JURMI D AB J lR AL. HARITH B. NAHT1( O AL-C WWÄM B. NADLA B. MAZIN MUTAMMIM IBN AL_DI SA AB J AL. AIUCALLA " fAKAM BN ANNA IBN HARMA

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SALT AL-NÄDIRA JUN4YDR IND BINT OARRA_

40- U) a KA1INAZ MITAM By

MAYA N AL. FAQHASI ABU LAYLA

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MASLAMA- IMýý nTN B. OAHAFA NAN#ALA ALQAYN7 DHJ QD Co

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AL-TA 1 ATS -AL-WAL 10 IgN HAIFYASO

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wki2 m( q, = 1( wt< It k 1< Zgqq or Z. omiq ca tm r1

of or q r, t 2. ( i(0mti. It y> Nkita0KX. -+ It qk C3 90

1ý ° "j tZIzb b< Zq1iw< [+ r It q wkt i[ 11 wiii II twgtat la 0W1I to Cl I[ ý[ t. lt < IN It `.

" o i< i? u u< >r 19

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i< t-z .7Jr2SI It .1t .ýJ .ý t 1< t[ m1

ýt o[ <n -C x i" t 1.. tm i< t3<ZX. w ut ttZ. tZ 31 Nit¢ u< "t aag3 t<<

-' --S __

-: - --

'-,. -. --

VERBAL

SENTENCES

NOMINAL

SENTENCES

Mein;

C

ß7 s r y OeuDßlr1

z

m z n y li4IFc'RATIVE

AFCALU MºN

INCHOATIVE AND

O PREDI('ATE LA THAT DENIES:

z ABSOLUTELY 4.76

APLASTIC VERB

4.76

PARTICLE TED 4.76

TO THE VERB L

PREPOSITION ! 4-76

IIA 10

0 01

152.38% 28.57%

56 110

lß' 1

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ti

V DI NN

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rm Z" Lý

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57

CHAPTER FIVE

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE METHODOLOGY OF

THE BITÄB AL-JIM

I- The form and content of the Kitäb al-jim:

The contents of this dictionary range from

observations on Syntax , Morphology, Analogy, Substitution,

Synonyms, Homonyms, Contradictory meanings, and

'Method of interpretation to observations on human

nature recorded in the early second century A. H.

These observations are important since it is from

them that sie have insight into the early state

of the linguistic sciences before their codification

a little later.

In this section the form and content of try

dictionary will be examined.

The ? s. is divided into ten vols. These ten

vols. run throagh the alphabet from alif, to Via1

as follows:

The first volume deals with bäb al-alif, bäb al-ba',

b9b al-ta' , bäb al-tha',

and bäb al-jim.

The second volume '-deals with bäb al-hä'

The third volume deals with bäb al-khä', bäb al-dal,

and bib al-dhäl.

The fourth volume deals with bäb al-ra'.

The fifth volume deals with bäb al-zä', bab al-sin,

and bäb al-shin.

58

The sixth volume deals with bäb al-sad , bäb al-dad,

bäb al-tä' , bä, b al-zä. ' ,

and the beginning of

bab al-cayn.

The seventh volume deals with the rest of bäb al-cayTn

and bab al-ghayn.

The eighth volume deals with bäb al-fa' and bäb al-aaf

( which is repeated).

The ninth volume deals with bab al-kaf and bqb al-lam.

The tenth volume deals with bäb al-mim, bäb al-nn-a ,

bäb al-wäw , bä. b al-hü'

and bäb al-, yä'.

( Notice that in the last volume bä. b al-waw is piaccd

before bäb al-hä'. )

There iT no evidence as to whether this ^ivicion

was made by Ac; i cAmr or by a latter editor or

copyist . It seers likely that in compiling the material

for his dictionary, Abü Cr Anrelied heavily on his

o em previous works.

In spite of the fact that, he generally

followed the order of the alphabet in distributing

his entries according to their first radical, he

did not thereafter pay any attention to this

alphabetical order: that is to say the entries

are not classified within each bab according to

their subsequent radicals. For instance, roots whose

first radical is hamza are found not only in

59

bäb al-alif but throughout the dictionary. Thus,

anyone who wishes to know about a particular

root must read the whole of the appropriate

bäb and if he does not find it there he must

then read the whole of the rest of the dictionary.

The following other observations can also

be made:

1- In addition to Abü cAmr's presumed reliance.

on his own earlier treatises in compiling the

material for his dictionary, he was probably

also . ýiuenced by consideration of what he

had omitted in previous treatises, and introduced

this material as it occurred to him. For example;

in bäb a! -hä' he talks about rain and grapes,

discussing the names of these anö descriptions

cf them for many lines without any direct

bearing on bäb al-ha' . Similar digressions can

be found on the subjects of date-palms, camels

and human nature. In my opi:, J on it is these

intrusive elements and the apparent lack of

organization ( that they produce) which caused

the dictionary to receive less attention from

scholars of the time than it deserved.

2- In bäb al-sin Abü CAmr concentrates irrelevantly

on faults in rhyme, such as al-isnad and al-ißä'.

Elsewhere, he discusses types of rhymes; for

example; he notes that Arab poets sometimes vary

the rhyme of an ode. He quotes as evidence for

60

this four verses by the poet Bujayr al-CAmiri

which contain two rhymes: al-nun and al-mim.

3- Sometimes he mentions information about the

genealogy of tribes without any relation to

the bäb he is compiling. For example; in

bib al-nnn he mentions branches of the tribes

al-Subar of Ghassän. .

4- Not content with introducin, a general discussion

of units of measurement into b 9b al-nun under

al-najw , where he says that al-najw is approximately

one mile, al-sihäb is apprcx: imately two miles,

and al-ghayth is approximately one farsakh, he is

also inconsistent in his i1Efinitions for al-naiw

when he says that it is approximately two to

three miles.

5- Much of the time he talks about human nature,

adjectives that describe it and diseases that are

connected with it. I have found about 340 such

adjectives and about 60 different kinds of

diseases mentioned in this dictionary. in comparing

this material with that mentioned concerning

human nature by Thäbit Ibn AbI Thäbit of the

fourth century A. H., who derived a portion of

the material of his Y_itzb khala al-insän from

Abu cAmr al-Shaybäni, I have found a noticeable

similarity between the two. This suggests that

we may possibly be able to form some idea of

the contents of the work of Abu cAmr about

61

human nature from the relevant passages from

the dictionary.

6- In various places Abi cAmr talks about trees

and plants and words used to describe them. I

have found about 80 references of this sort

in the dictionary.

7- Elsewhere Abn CAmr talks about animals, words

used to describe them and diseases related to

them. He records about 530 different words of

this kind, including words used of camels, cows

and horses. About 30 kinds of animal diseases

are mentioned. It is not unlikely that Abü cAmr

derived much of this material, too, from his

own earlier works.

8- Sometimes anecdotes and short stories which were

common among the Bedouins are introduced. For

example, a long anecdote about a human being

and a Lizard, and one about Abü Hayyäsh al-Asadi

and Acmä' Ibn Y. härija al-Fazsr]? L which tells about

a pit dug by the Banü cUmayra.

9- Sometimes he compares different dialects, as in

bäb al-wäw, for instance, where, for wajaca, yajacu

the Hijäz dialect has wa ica, yujacu, that of

Bans Tamim wajica `ajacu and that of Qays

wa ica, yaiicu . In bäb al-jim he compares al-rabbi's

awälio and al-Oushayri's juwalig.

10- Sometimes he criticises the opinions of the

transmitters whose dialectal material he uses

62

in his dictionary. If he is doubtful about the

meaning of a reported word he adds "I doubt it"

as in bäb al-tä' in the elucidations of the word

al-tu'bal. In bäb al-jim when he mentions the

exegesis of the word jashama by one of these

transmitters, he adds "I doubt this explanation;

possibly this cAräbi is wrong in his understanding

of this word". [here he knows the correct explanation

he mentions both it and the false one. This can he

seen in bzb al-hä'

These are only some general observations on

the content and form of. the dictionary. Further

comments will be made in the following pages in

which I discuss Syntactical points, Morphology ,

Analogies, substitution, synonyms, homonyms, eontradictory

meanings and Method of -interpretation.

63

II- Syntax

Syntactical matters are specifically mentioned

by Abn CAmr but only at an elementary level. Since

the primary purpose of his work is to compile a

dictionary of lexical items and rare expressions

there is little scope for going into matters of

Syntax in any significant detail. However, he does

not omit them entirely, mentioning the main points

in the process of explaining his entries.

The following are forms of syntax which I founc±

in this dictionary:

1- Inflection:

Abu 'Amr believes that inflection is fundamerttai

to understanding Syntax since it distinguishes

between the functions of written words and also to

some extent between those of spoken words.

The fact that Abü CAmr introduced the following

example of inflection perhaps constitutes a reply

to those ancient and modern scholars who deny that

inflection haj any other purpose than to speed up

the process of I speech and to get rid of the

juxtaposition of the quiescents. (1)

In b9b al-sin the following example is quoted: v"

In my opinion this is the most important single

case of all. This is because without inflection

we cannot here differentiate between an exclamation

and an interrogation. In other words this proposition

64

can be used either as an exclamation by reading

the word as the afcala form of the root sh-d-d

or as an interrogation by reading it as the

afCalu form.

2- The instruments oat and oatt:

In bäb al-aäf the following examples are quoted:

2-

In the first example Abü cAmr declares that the

letter t91 of the instrument oat must be in a

contracted apocopate form to imply only the meaning

of the declinable word hasb. The hypothetical expansion

is:

In the second example Abi cAmr corroborates that

satt must be uncontracted and nominiative. This is

to say that patt in this example is a declinable

adverb of time particularized in" the negation. (2)

3- The nomen adjectivum:

In bäb al-auf the following example is quoted: e &I ^V

"(ý,; I )1 .LL

Here Abü CAmr states that the nomen adjectivum

must be in the accusative case. 1, ormally, of course

the nomen adjectivum should. be in concordance with

the nomen substantivum. That is to say al-zar f

should be in the nominative case rather than the

accusative. However, in this instance, Abü cAmr defends

the use of the accusative on the following hypothesis:

where there are many persons named Zayd to whom

65

different adjectives are applied. The hypothetical

proposition-': )JI -, . 131 cr91- replaces the nominative

determinate.

4- Twin used to indicate division into Darts:

This genitive partical is adopted in this

dictionary for only one of the five cases mentioned

by the grammarians, which is to indicate division

into parts. It is quoted more than 250 times, each

time in the same sense as that of the following

example :'J LýJ I c: -' JJ l

5- The exceptive instrument hä. shä.

In bäb al-hä' mention is made by Abü cAmr

of this instrument. He corroborates that the general

term must be in the accusative: U6 LUI 1.: --J

Many grammarians, such as al-Akhfash, al-Jurml,

al-Näzini and al-Mubarrid are reported to have said

that häshä is either a verb or a genitive particle. (3)

However, Ibn ca(. lil and Ibn Hishäm mention that Abü

cAmr al-Shays ni treates h= shä as a transitive

verb existing only in the past tense, which takes

on the meaning of i11ä. Moreover, it puts the

noun next to it into the accusative case. This is

shown by the above example.

6- Synthetic compound proper name:

This is the only type of proper name which

can be found in this dictionary. It is examplified

as follows:

It seems that Abü cAmr divides this type into two

66

parts. The first is a prefixed predicate to the

postfixed bakk. However, the general syntactical

rule regards this type of proper name as a diptote: `iýý'ice, ý ",: r '"ý f. i. 1 . ý.. i

a J-% a- ........................ . l. l. w i

�! 14J ... ý.. I; c L1ý.; e . ice

7- The verb of appropinquation awshaka:

In the final Pols. of the Ms. Abü cAmr quotes

certain examples of one of the eleven verbs

collectively known as " The verb of appropinquation"e

This verb is awshaka , and the examples are as

follows:

2- 1.

In the first example Abi cAmr quotes a ease

as a reply to those scholars of the Basran school

of philological studies, such as al-Asmaci and cthers,

who denied that awshaka could be used in the past

tense, but only in the present tense. In supporting

his point of view he defines the predicate of

awshaka as a verbal proposition connected with an.

In the second example Abü cAmr uses awshaka

in the present tense, combining it with an

8- ?: udh and '-iundhu

In bäb al-wäw Abu- 0Amr gives example of two

distinct constructions used with these instruments: ýrf

L1 iý: ý.; . i:. ý ,

ýº kr i. ý ýr . i. a:. 1,1.

67

I U. " 1A

2- -ý-iI J-. j Ij LJ I, -U

,i I9 r,. --j , LýJ l '-i ý:. I, lo

In the first group of examples he follows

rnudh and mundhu with the nominative case. In these

examples mudh and mundhu arc syntactically either

a predicate placed in front, or inchoative to the

predicate mentioned immediately after.

In the second group he ý_i .? tes mundhu into

an indeclinable preposition which puts its following

noun into the genitive.

*********#-)E X"*. of *a; -

68

III - 1'orpholory

Questions of Morphology appear in the Kitäb

al- im in the following ways:

1- Plural:

The plurals of words appear:

A- In specific references, for example:

" ý... ý,.,., ß.., 1:.,., J I-ý.... s ý. I... a. 1 I a. > I

B- Passing references occasioned by mention of

the singular, for example:

" -sa 1

.0 �1I, .JI

9J ',. A ly, 0;; >s r . ýi

0 .0,

äl saý, J

2- Ishtigäq:

The lshti_gäq of words is given by Abü cAmr

in the following ways:

A- By explaining the meaning of the word and

then ci iing the past , present tense and Vie

masdar of the appropriate verb, for example: 4..

Imo.. V ..: i

;, 0. r bý+ýJ I Yý i I

B- By e-cplai. ning the meaning of the past tense

of tine verb and then the present tense, gor

example: ..

" Jý" l_ i; y. ýi Iý: w . x> I. iý.;., _'cJ Iý. iý. YIj, ll I) s ýt. , _>

I �i 10 9ý mo`

.: ,j 10 - C- By explaining the present tense and the masdar

of the verb- first, mentioning immediately

after this the past tense, the present tense

and the masdar , for example:

" `...; ý ý, I 1-:. > JY I ä; A IjLI, 4; zI

D- By mentioning the Ishtiq q of the verb first,

then giving the explanation required, for example:

" ýýY I ice., IIJIL, ý. ý: `.. ý, yJ, J I ;,.. ý;

69

E- By mentioning the past and present tense of

the passive voice of the verb, followed by

the explanation, for example:

3- Orthography:

In spite of the fact that Kitäb al-jim

has come down to us in a very haphazardly

organized way, I have noticed that Abü cAnr pays

special attention to the orthography of the entrieo.

It seems to me that he gives particular care to

this because of ambiguities that might arise.

I have found him referring to the orthography

of his entries in the following ways:

A- Vowel points:

If necessary Abu CAmr uses vowel points. This

can be seen throughout the whole dictionary. ( It is,

of course, possible that the vowel points were

added by a copyist, but it is likely that he

was at leas following some indication given by

Abü CAmr).

B- Metrical analogy:

When Abü cAmr feels. that a word requires

more specific vocalisation he quotes its metrical ,.. .. ý s .0,,..

analogy, for example: JiJ, Lcý;; , LL ; :; ý

C- Specifying the location of the letters of a word:

Where necessary Abi CAmr specifies which letters

have to follow which. This he does in order to

70

make it easier for his successors to see if

letters have been misplaced. In addition to this

specification he sometimes points out which vowel

points have to be used in particular words. This

can be seen in the following ways:

1- This word must be read with alif magsüra.

2- This word must be read with alif mamdiida.

3- In this word al-hamza must be read before ai-wä .

4- In this word al-hamza must be read before al-d 1.

5- In this word al-bä' and al-dhäl must take kasr. ý.,

however, al-ß: hä' must be without vowel.

: IV- Analogy

Analogy is the fourth method adopted by Abä

cAmr in presenting evidence in support of his

dictionary entries. The Küfan school differed for

centuries from the rival Basran school in the

way in w'ý, ich it interpreted syntactical and

philological matters, and not least in its attitude

towards analogy.

The i: üfan rule with regard to this was not

to limit its scope. (4) In other words, any relevant

evidence, as long. as it was of Arab origin, was

acceptable. The Basran school, however, subjected

all evidence to close consideration and selected

only that which could be authenticated. (5)

The wide scope of analogy in this dictionary

can be seen in histograms 2,3,4, and 5, and in

71

particular, the number of poets whom Abn cAmr

quotes as evidence. It seems to me that at

times quotations from these poets are without

regard to the value of the poetry or the status

of the poet. Moreover, much unknown poetry is

quoted. The following are a few examples of his

use of lesser-known poetry:

1- This poem was cited by a woman of the Banü

cAnr Ibr Y. iläb.

2- al-: 'azäriyya said.......

3- al-Thagafiyya said............

4- This poem was cited by certain followers of

the Banü Asad.

5- A poet of Banz t'udlij said.......

6- I quoted this poem of one of Lhe Banü Rabica

of the Bans Habsha Ibn Kacb.

V- Substitution:

Substitution (Ibdäl) is defin d as the use

of a word expressing the same meaning as another

word but differing in one letter only.

In the Fitäb al-jim many examples of

substitution appear in different sections. It appears,

however, that Abü cAmr, while listing many of these

words, did not refer to them as examples of

substitution, perhaps because he considered them

genuine synonyms.

Ibn Färis is reported to have said that the Arabs

72

sometimes replaced the letters of part of a word

by other letters. (6)

A few instances from the Fitäb al-jim may serve

to illustrate this: (7)

I LtJ G 1- L-S lJ I LL. J G lc 1,.,., IcII . ýS I L"ý: t

2- Lsa il, ýJ UIJ;. LJ I

3- P, Y

VI- Synonyms :

Nany philologists of the Ummayed period were

particularly interested in compiling books of words

having more or less the same meanings as another

words. (8) They considered that the availability of

such synonyms (al-mutarädaf) increased the richness

of the Arabic language. Opposed to this group was

another group of scholars who argued that they

served merely to blur the distinctions of meaning

of current words. (9)

Abu cAmr seems to have been a representative

of the first group. He refers to about 210 synonyms

in his dictionary. He employs two methods of

quoting synonyms. These are as follows:

1- He mentions the synonym without giving any

explanation, where the meaning is perhaps

self-explanatory, as in the following example

which appears in bib al-nnzn :

73

In this example he gives no explanation

of the meaning, but it is apparent that the

sense is that the camel uses all its speed

while in motion.

2- Ne mentions the synonym and gives an explanation

of its meaning, for example: ý' ." stS j., 01 It ,.. I.,

" 1:...,, 'Ijý.. s. J I ýý,. 1 Iý `l*JQ 1Iý;,, _; ý., x. 11

In examing these synonyms I would like here

to record the following observations:

1- In my opinion, some of these words are not

actually synonyms, but are in fact , either

adjectives describing in a supplementary fashion

the original word or Metaphors. It is not

difficult to understand how this situation

arises. The dictionary refers to eighty-five

separate dialects, which are mentioned 1242

times in all. It is obvious that each tribe

may have its own idiosyncratice way of referring

to a certain states of affairs. Thus, when

Abü cAmr collects and records these dialects,

it is possible that the different expressions

may mingle with each other in his mind

emerging as _

synonyms..

2- It is quite possible that some of these

synonyms are derived from one original word,

the other meanings developing as a result

of misconstructions or mispronnuciations at

that time when dots were added to the script,

74

The following is a possible example of this:

" r,., r.. l ')1.;: I ý+

It is apparent that the original word in

this example is ashlä' which is the plural of

the word shilw , meaning " the remainder of the thing".

This meaning fits with the rest of the sentence

in the example given above. As far as aslä' is

concerned, the fact that no meaning for this root

that is coimatible with the sense of this sentence

is found elsewhere strongly suggests that it represents

an alternai ve, or mistaken, pronunciation of ashlä. ' .

VII- Honor vris

1,3 with synonyms, two group of scholars existed

holding opposite views concerning homonyms ( al-mushtarak

al-lafci) (10) Abü cAmr again seems to have belonged

to the first group, who considered that the availability

of such homonyms increased the richness of the

Arabic language.

In my survey of the dicticraryy, I have found

approximately 180 homonyms recorded by Abü CAmr.

Once again, it seems likely that many of

these homonyms were originally used metaphorically

by different tribes, and that in recording them

as homonyms in his dictionary, Abi cAmr did not

inquire very closely into the origins of the words.

VIII- Contradictory Meanings:

Abü cAmr also recorded twenty contradictory

meanings. Examples of these are as follows:

75

awn: vigorous; feeble.

rats: to get fat; to be emaciated. camata: to be an idiot; to be clever.

tariba: to be glad ; to be sad . z- laaoa: to write; to erase.

There were, however, scholars who denied that

a word could have two contradictory meanings. (11)

IX- Method of Interpretation:

In the explaining the meanings of words several

different methods are adopted in this dictionary.

These are as follows:

1- Explaining the utterance by giving a single word

as an alternative, for example:

al-badi' : al-dayyiq.

At times, Abi cAmr is inclined to give as an

alternative a term with a very broad meaning,

for example: al-azmal: alsawt , al-azza: al-sawt. (12)

2- Explaining the utterance in one or two sentences,

for example: in the words al-atüm and al-atän.

Abi CAinr sometimes incorporates the word in

a sentence i. o convey its meaning through usage ,

subsequently explaining the word itself, for example:

This method is particularly useful especialy

where an explanation of a word is not by itself

sufficient to convey its meaning. Often , the use

of the word in its context can clear up any

doubt in the reader's mind. However, at other

76

times, the use of a particular sentence causes

its own problems since Abü CAmr is compelled

to explain in turn his explanatory phrase, for

. (ý"`'"`ý example:

In this explanation the second sentence

clearly demonstrates the meaning, of asif . The

first sentence is superflous and might well be

omitted to some advantage.

3- Explanation by negation:

This method is used by Itü cAmr to particularize

the meanings of words, for example:

" a,

4- Explanation by assimilatior:

This method is uced where no particular single

word exists which can convey the exact meaning ,

for example:

" iIß. 11 J., J1

" . 3,1 J. j,,;.: J I

These assimilated explanations are not completely

comprehensive but as -near as possible to the

precise meanings of the words.

**#************

77

NOTES TO CHAPTER FIVE

(1)- cf. Fusül fT floh al-lugha, 328

Min asrär al-lurha, 225

(2)- cf. Mughni al-labib, l/175

(3)- cf. Ibid., 1/122

(4)- cf. 1`. adrasat al-Y ifa, 377

al-Madäris al- 159

(5)- cf. Madrasat al-Basra, 146

(6)- cf. Min asrar al-lugha, 54

(7)- I think that the most likely explanation for

the occurrence of substitution is the close

relationship of the phonemes which can be seen

in the four examples quoted, between the voiced

dental. stop phoneme dä1 and the voiceless dental

stop phoneme tä. ' , the voiced alveolar fric: t*ve

phoneme zä' and the voiceless alveolar fricative

phoneme a d, the voiceless velar fricative

phoneme khä' and the voiced velar fricative

phoneme -hei , and the voiceless pharyngeal

fricative phoneme h al and the voiceless glottal

fricative phoneme hä' .( cf. the following chart)

It seems to me that each tribe would adopt

the articulation of a word to suit its own

dialect. It is also possible that misconstruction

played a part in the evolution of a substitution.

(8)- cf. al-Alfäz al-mutarEdifa, by Abü al-Hasan al-Rummäni. of 1 Äri ne1ýe1 ý. rn

c"T (9)- of Abü Hill al- Askari in his

book al-Furüo al-luchawiyya.

CHART 2

The distribution of the Arabic phonemes on

a physiological basis

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

78

b° ä &b

ý° ,ý P Ae

4ý v ýý pe P :° Q° J6 J' Qr

sees M/vd 2T/vd

as T/vl

, oQs B/vd

TD /vd K/vl Q/v */v1

ý

F/vi ^ -/vd S/Vi SP/v

H/ BGH/v H/vl H/vi !

vc S vl

e L/vd

a.

J/vd j r

Qto if/vd Y/vd C/vd

Q

x 0

U

U. O

w

(*)- This chart is taken, with many modifications, fr; v:

1- VI. F.. T. Gairdner , The phonetics of Arabic; 15

2- Gorden E. Peterson and June E. Shoup, A physiological

Theory of Phonetics, Journal of Speech and Hearing

Research, 9: 1.45,1966.

3- The principles of the International phonetic

Association ; (1977) , 10

In the presentation of this chart the following

symbols are used:

vd. : Refers to the voiced phonemes.

vl. : Refers to the voiceless phonemes.

79

(10)- Of those scholars who denied the use of

homonyms was Ibn Durustawayh. cf. al-Miuzhir, 1/384

(11)- of. al-,. 'u'hassas, 13/259

(12)- These two words are both explained by the

word sawt " sound ", which is non-specific

Many distinct ideas can be conveyed by this

single definition. The following diagram

illustrates a few of the e possibilities:

al-azza & ai-azmal

81- wwrt

Inanimate Animate

Artificial

d

Ila

Rain Water

Human Bird Animal

1 Male Rennale r"ale F2 a I_e

liý Yöuth Adult

Marine hared Amphibious

When one of these possibilities is combined with the

word sawt the exact meaning which is intended to be

convey is clear.

80

PART TWO

A COMPUTER SURVEY OF THE ARABIC

ROOTS

IN THE KITAB AI, -JTh

81

TAE ROOTS OF THE DICTIOI'ARY *

The Vs. of th1s dictionary , which is in

287 fols., contains 3599 roots (1), of three

types(2):

1- The triliterals represent the majority of

the roots and have a frequency of use of

2913 times or 80.939. '

2- The quadriliterals have a Frequency of use

of 647 times or 17.97,, v 0 3- The quinqueliterals have a frequency of use

of 39 times

or 1.08°' .

******* )**4: *

82

HISTOGRAM ý' The di: tributi. on of the roots in tho

ritzb a1-jam

80.93% 2850 2700 2 550 2400 2250 2100 1950 1800 1650 150 1350 120 1050 900

75 17.97% rnn 4 450 30

150 , 1.08 % TRILITERAL ROOTS QUADRILITERAL ROOTS QU, NQUELITERAL ROOTS

83

1- Triliteral roots:

The triliteral roots take up the bulk of this

survey, from table 1-89. Tables 6-89 concern only

triliteral roots since they can be arranged in

tables using one table for each letter of the

alphabet in the position of first, second or third

radical, and placing the other two radicals in the

horizontal and vertical columns respectively. A similar

method cannot, however, be adopt-ad for quadriliteral

and quinqueliteral roots.

Table 1

This table shows the frequency and percentage

of the letters in the triliteral roots in their

three positions, for example: the frequency of the

letter hamza in position one is 111 times or 3.81%

In position two it is 61 times or 2.09% , and in

position three 73 times or 2.50; x. The last two columns

of this table show the totals of frequency and

percentage in all three positions, for instance, the

total of frequency of the letter rä' in all three

positions is 701 tines or 8.02 % of the total of

all letters in all positions.

HistoEram 8

This Histogram represents the distribution of

the bleak letters in the Kitäb al-jim. It appears

that w9w has the highest frequency of all: 372 times

or 47.14% .

HistoErau 9

This Histogram classifies the frequency of the

84

Bound and Wcak letters. It appears that the

Sound letters have the higher frequency: 10733

times or 93.15%. The Weak letters have the lower

frequency: 789 times or 6.855, ̀

Histogram 10

This Histogram classifies the Voiced and

Voiceless letters in the Kitäb al-jim. It appears

that the Voiced letters have the higher frequen.: ies

in all three positions. They occur 6886 times or

59.765 . The Voiceless letters have the lower

frequencies in all three positions. They occur 4636

times or 40.24

Histograms 11-13

These Histograms classify the frequency of each, t

each of the three positions which appeared JL

table one, starting with the letter of highest

frequency in each position and ending with the

letter of lowest frequency.

From F'istogran 11 it appears that the 'Aeater

r5' has the highest frequency in positron one: 200

times or 7.00', and the letter zz ' has the lowest

frequency of all: 14 times or 0.4C%

From : _istogram 12, it appears that the letter

rä' also has the highest frequency in position two:

239 times or 8.201, and once again the letter

zä' has the lowest frequency: 21 times or 0.72'

Iron EistoLran 13 it appears that the 1ET1er

rä' also has the highest frequency in position

85

three : 258 tires or 8.85`, ", and the letter z5' IF-

has again the lowest frequency: 10. times or

0.651 . Fistcrram 14

This h: i sto: -ram classifies the frequency of

the letters in all three pcsitions. It appears

that the letter rä' has the highest frequency :

701 tires or 8.02; , and the letter zä' has the

lowest frequency : 54 times or 0.61.

Accordirp to the results of table one and

these Eisto ra*: s, which represents 80.935' of the

total number of roots fit the dictionary, I made

the following observations: (1)

1- Ibn Durayd is reported to have said that:

A- The most frequently occuring letters are

the following:

w, *ä', and hamza".

B- The most rarely occurinr le Lters " because

of their heaviness on the tongue in

ascending order of frequency, are:

zßä', dhäl, tha', shir_, oaf, 'i: ha', cavn, r_un , läm, rä' , bä'. and ^:! m .

In examing this . claim with regard to the

results of the Computer survey of the Kitäb

al-fim , use has again been made of a dia. r~ram:

86

DIVISION A DIVISION B

w9w ßrä' and zä' , dhä1, thä' , shin,

hamza. k2: ä', cayn, nin, 1äm,

Ibn D"irayd' s rte', bä' , and mim.

clý: im

rä' , 2än, miM, däl , rte' , {', ýräw,

c bä' nun an-9 ý: afshin, si^, iim ,,

Computer , harza, zä, `ä', khä',

and fä sad, naa1 if, ta' , results

., hý- a yr, tE' , thä' , däd, dhä1, ancý. zä' .

The conclusions reached for Yitäb a; _-; in are as

follcws :

a- The cor. ºputer indicates that h,; letter rä' has

the highest frequency of all in all three positions,

and here appears in division A whereas Ibn Durayd

places it in division D.

b- The computer indicates that the letters wäw, hanza,

and vä' here appear in division B whereas Ihn

Durayd places them in division A

c- The computer indicates that the letters läm, rim,

bä', nür., and cavn here appear in division A whereas

Ibn Durayd places them in division B.

87

2- Ibn t: anzür claims in his introduction to

Lisän al-cArab that:

A- The most frequently occurirg letters are

the following:

hamza, 1 n, rin, hS', wäw, vä', and nin

B- The next most frequently occuring letters are

the following:

rä', cavn, fä', tä', bä', käf, däl, sin, oäf, hä', and jim.

C- The least frequently occuring letters are

the following:

T, _havn , tom! , zä' , thä' , khä. ' ,d

äd , shin, sad , and d hal

Tn examing these three observations, use

has been made once again of a diagram:

Division A

Division

B Division

C

hamza, lm rä' , cave, zä' ghavr_, t= ',

Ibn ? "'anzi is mTL, hä' , fL, tä' , bä' , zä', thä' , khä t;

claim wäw, vF', kRf, däl, sIn dzd, shin, s5d,

and nun, a`, ha', and and dh21

rä', lä^:, cäl, r: ät, ezf t, ý', '_:? ^z', säc,

Computer mim, bä', wäw, sin, iim hä', ali_, tä',

results Cay,

nün, käf, shin, rha7n, r, thD

and fä' . harza, and d5d, dhg1, and

za' " zä'

88

The conclusions reached for Kitäb al- im are as

follows:

a- The computer results indicate that the letter rS'

has the highest frequency of all in all three

positions, and here appears in division A whereas

Ibn lanzür places it in division B.

b- The computer results indicate that the letters

hamza and wäw here appear in division B whereas

Ibn Iianzür places them in division A

c- The computer results indicate that the letter fd'

here appears in division A whereas Ibn ranzür

places it in division B

d- The computer results indicate that the letters hF-'

and vä' here appear in division C whereas ibn

Manzür places them in division A

3- The letter rä' occurs most frequently in the

dictionary in all three positions.

4- The letter "rä' has the lowest frequency in the

dictionary in all three positions

5- The freouer? y of the letter vä' is very low in

position one, but, it jumps to a much higher

frequency In position two.

6- The letter alif does not occur in the first two

positions but it has a high frequency in position

three.

7- If we take the average of frequency for each letter

in each position and for each letter in all three

89

positions, by means of the following calculations:

A)- Total frequency in each position 2913

Approximately 29 29

100 tines ( average ).

B)- Total frequency in all

29

Approxinatelyr 301 ti,

From the first following observations: pn%Ii tin-. nr. o"

three positions 8739

29

Ties ( avc, 'a ge )

cad. cula : ton we can make the

1- Seventeen letters have above average frequency.

2- Eleven letters have below average frequency.

3- Only the letter alif 1, s no frequency.

Position two:

1- Twelve letters have above a, e-"age frequency.

2- rifteen letters have below average frequency.

3- The only letter which has the exact average frequency

is hä'

4- Only the letter alit has no frequency.

Positior three

1- Twelve letters have above average frequency.

2- Sixteen letters have below average frequency.

;- Only the letter waw has no frequency.

From the second calculation we can make the following observations: 1- Thirteen letters have above average frequency.

2- Sixteen letters have below average frequency.

90

{8)- 'athematically the possible combinations of

triliteral roots is 28 x 28 x 28 = 21952 . The

combinations that occur here are only 2913 ,

or 13.26% of the possible ones.

(9)- If we take the average percentage of frequency

of a letter in all three positions, which is

3.45% , it appears that:

1- Thirteen letters have above average frequency,

rä : having the highest, 8.02% . 2- sixteen letters have below average frequency,

s' having the lowest , 0.61%

Table 2

This table represents the distribution of

the tril. iteral roots according to their first and

second letters, for example: at Ore intersection

point of the letter rä' in the vertical column

and the letter bä' in the horizontal column, the

figure 1U appears . This means that there are 14

teiliteral roots starting with the biliteral rab

If we want to know which these 14 roots are we

oust consult table 15 which will be examined later.

Pour roots have the same letter in position

one and two

1- Two roots have tä' . These roots appear in table E.

2- One root has dgl. This root appears in table 13 . 3- One root has of This root appear S in table 26 .

91 Table 3

This table represents the distribution of

the triliteral roots according to their first

and third letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter d91 in the vertical column

and the letter sin in the horizontal column the

figure 9 appears. This means that there are 9

triliteral roots starting with the letter däl and

terminating with the letter sTn . If we want to

know which these 9 roots are we must consult

table 13 .

Twenty- one roots have the sarge letter in

positions one and three. Throost frequently

occurring combinations are four, which can be

seen in table 17 . The )east frequently occurring

combinations are seven, wich can be seen in

tables 6,9,13,16,18,27, and 33

Table 4

This table represents the distribution of

the trili. teral roots according to their second

and third letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter bä' in the vertical column

and the letter rä' in the horizontal column the

figure 17 appears. This means that there are 17

triliteral roots terminating with the biliteral bar

If we want to know which these 17 roots are we

must consult table 35 .

There are 252 triliteral roots that have the

same letter in positions two and three. the ros'.

92

frequently occurring of these is 1äm which has

a frequency of 21 (5). The least frequently occurring

are hý ayn, rä', and vä', which appear only once.

The only three letters which never appear in the

form of a double letter(i. e. second and third) are:

hanza, wäw, and alif .

Table 5

This table is, in fact ,a combination of

tables 2 and 4. If we take the biliteral bar

as an example we find that it occurs 26 times

in the triliteral roots. If know look at table

2, we find that this, biliteral occurs 9 times

initially, and if we look at table 4, we find

that it occurs 17 times finally. If we now want

to know exactly which roots contain this biliteral

we must consult tables 7 and 35 , which will be

examined later

The ''iliteral rab has the highest frequency

of all, while 45 biliterals share the lowest

frequency, which is once.

Tables 6-33

Thcsc tables represent the triliteral roots

whose first letter is one of the 28 letters that

can appear in this position. -

These tables all incorporate the same idea. I will

therefore examine table 6 as a representative of

the group.

93

This table presents all the triliteral roots

whose first letter is hamza . In this table there

are 841 squares, some of which contain crosses . Each one of these crosses represents one triliteral

root. The root represented by each cross may be

identified thus:

A-- We now that this table contains only the

trjliteral roots whose first letter is hamza.

B- The letters set out in the vertical column

represent the second letter of the root.

C- The letters set out in the horizontal column

rerresent the third letter cf the root.

For exanple, at the intersection point of the letter

rz' in the vertical column and the letter bä' in

the horizontal column there is a cross . This means

that there is a triliteral root beEinning with the

letter hamsa and ending with the letter bä' . This

root is therefore araba.

Tables 3s-61

These tables represent the triliteral roots

whose second letter is one of the 28 letters

that can appear in this position . These tables work on the same principle and I will

therefore examine table 34 as an example.

Table 34 presents all the triliteral roots

whose second letter is hamza. The letters set out

in the vertical column represent the first letter

of the root . The letters set out in the horizontal

94

column represent the third letter of the root.

For example, at the intersection point of the letter

rä' in the vertical column and the letter bä' in

the horizontal column there is a cross. This means

that there is a triliteral root beginning with the

letter rä' and ending with the letter bR' . This

root is therefore ra'aba.

Tables 62-89

'Ihesr tables represent the triliteral roots

whose third letter is one of the 28 letters that

can appear in this position. The exception here is

the letter wäw, which , in accordance with the practice

of the Li--En al-cArab al-muhit , is replaced by alit.

IW lä therefore examine table 62 as a typical

example of this group.

At the intersection point of the letter rä' in the

vertical column and the letter bä' in the horizontal

column there is a cross. This means that there is

a triliteral root beginning with the letter rä' and

ending with the letter hanza. This root is therefore

raba'a

From the results of these tables we can make

the following observations:

1- There is no-combination recorded between:

A- The dental stops phonemes: tä', dEl, and tr'

ý- The interdental fricatives phonemes: thä', dhäl, ar_c:

C- The velar fricatives phonemes: khä' and harn

D- The phar! -ngeal fricative phoneme hhD and the

pharynreal anproximant ca-yrn.

95

E- The alveolar fricatives phonemes: zä', sin , and

säd

2-, -The Arabic lexicographers mention that if, for

instance, the biliteral gart is found at the

beginning of a triliteral root it conveys some

sense of " cutting off ". This biliteral can be

found in the dictionary on nine occasions. The

roots which have this biliteral appear in table

26. They are as follows:

oataba , aatara, aatata, aataca, catafa, acattala, gatz a,

oaý na, and oaý The letters bä', rä', tom', cayn, fý',

1äm, mim, nurn, and alif , which appears as the

third letters in these roots, are not mere

arbitrary additions, but serve to differen&iate

nuances of the sense " cutting off ". This is

only one example of this strange circumstance ,

which was examined fully by Ibn Färis in his

h. u i mal .

TABLE 196

The frequency of the letters in the triliteral

roots

FREQUENCY LETTER IN PERCENT

RECKIENCY 1q PERCENT

REOUENCY

3 'N PERCENT TOTAL PERCENT n , -)

Kama 111 3.81 61 2.09 73 2.50 245 2.80

Dom 10.5 3.53 176 6.04 169 6.43 468 5.35 Ta' 1.40 83 2.84 64 2.19 188 2.15

Thu' :7 1.61 ' 55 1.88 53 1.81 155 1.77 JIM

1122 4,18 110 3.77 98 3.36 330 3.77

ý: ä' º" ýý t;, 83 91 3.12 102 3.50 392 4.48

Kh '1 lo, ! 3.77 45 1.54 41 1.40 196 2.24

Dill 144 1 4.60 120 4.11 145 4.97 399 4.56 Dha-l 34 1 1.16 56 1.92 2~ 0.85 115 1.31

Rte' 2C"4 7.00 239 8.20 258 8.85 701 1 8.02

za' :. ' 19 t3 74 2.54 57 !. 95 224 2.56 . .

Sin 1': 1 4.49 94 3.22 115 3.94 3-10 3.89

Sh; r. 1. C. 3.9'8 92 3.15 63 " 2.16 271 3.10

'15 2.57 59 2.02 61 2.09 195 2.23

'. 6 1 . 57 52 1.78 48 jl. 64 146 1 . 6' 1

1.715

r 92 ý' b 2. JU 77

14 _[ o. A8 21 Z"=' ß 0.72 19 1 0.6 5Q 0.6 1I

C Ayr 1? 7 6.07 101 3 . 46 14-5 . ý. BC 418 A7ý Grayn 90 Cs' 55 1. E8 12 1.0- 177 C -

Fä' i 11; ! ', C1 1'^ .. 73 15 S , 32 409 t. 62

Qif j ßc3 t 5.25 i ;2 . 5O 116 x"05 -'3 `.

2. --C

295

HIM I12 .0"-. Ce 1- 5.59 22Gi 7. & 520 1 5.9

.' `' 127 40=- 16? 5.73 ' 57 "<=

4 3.3A! 3- 1.16 192 2.

Wätr 123 /. 22 1

, . ý: 2 j 0 0. C-0

Yä 15 Cß. 51 ýý . L. ý2 ý'' 2.64' i 215

Alif 2 '"I 0.00 1:, ̀ TOTAL1 2c', 1-3 2913 29131 1 8739''

97

HISTOGRAM 8 The distribution of the weak letters

in the Kitäb al-jim

4C

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

V

. Yl Yf f: l ALTE

98

HISTOGRAM 9

The distribution of the sound and weak

letters

in the KAR al_in

12C

10C

8C

60

40

20

sound letters weak letters

99

HISTOGRAM The distribution of the voiced and

voiceless letters in the KitCRb

al- in

7000-L59.76% 6500- 6000- 5500- 5000-1 4500--I 4000-J 3500 3000- 2500- 2000- 1500- 1000- 500-

40.24%

10

voiced letters voiceless letters

100

HISTOGRAM 11

2 1

1 1 1 y 1 1

Tho frequency of the letters of the triliteral

roots in position one

0

nnxzw., o x= 3 I2 0

ii nciQan iý on §ý ný Ic 31

ý ýz ýO tö ýY ýsn ýý (ý ý3 iý

ci 'tt

YY ým !Nd ýc

" ýý. (ý Iq 4 Ic 12-ý'

101

s z 11 O

Iä I- "< 1; 1ý Iý ýi

li nQä 1Q

1z n iä - IQ i

Il Ii t3ý.

ýi IÖ '2 AIL 2O10

Vc 2 ýc

(N N S" 17 NX N" 0 lý. ti

G C. Y N.

HISTOGRAM 12

240 225 210 105 160 165 150 135 120 105 00 75 60 45 30 15

The frequency of the letters of the trilitoral

roots in position two

0 "N CO C) I ti

M

tt M MN N

ti

, IMN Mc?

M N (nT

MM

N C)

Nö

ONN Co a) N(D G%CoCo

tt

N ti 0

102

ec

e. E_ Ea ý- c0c., cnEE0,.. 0 is ti n im o eel 0e tý 0 'OTC 1 ý-4 d( 12 1ý Cl Ox

Fh 2"

+ ý? ý Y ý1ýº. Y ýi-. ^ IH- N 1Z-

ýp Y tZ c)

Ö 'h

HISTOGRAM 13

30

250

200

150

100

50

The frequency of the letters of the

triliteral rooto in position

three

co co

(6 6 M ti to CO

M O O) O

co

O OO

co to

O

LN M clC) N cr) Cy O NNNN

C)

CD ' TTw Y'

103

Nnn

too ýE j tc ýn w is w w. CIE tmýx"

ämn 12 Im Q= ä2I It t3 r pi M

a , -a i C3 2 M. 0 Z. 0> to '1 Yy2 N> Yy2 F- is º- ti O" ON

HISTOGRAM 14

The frequency of the letters of the

triliteral roots in all three

positions

750- C6

6oo-1 IN to

tO C, N

CO

450 ° NO IýýO ti

cl t'7 M

300- f Mppp r4 -NM NNNN ýtn Np

NOp NNNN« r-

rM 150

104 TABLE 2

The distribution of the triliteral roots according

to their first and second letters

SECOND LETTER

W E-1 H W i-4

Hs'"i

WG 4* ?5g7; 6,13I5 8'5i7'5! 5. ý : '0`g 10; 159'8 3., 11 7_

w ºC'4'ý-11 5; 3 012! 4131 '6131 !j : 3.1 8'11 2i ; 7111 151'4-4156'2411 "14,11 (1 15'5'5'2; 1 ,1 12; 14 2.111 ! 615 Q

11 8.4 2- 61 !7 ii6r15'4! 8I7 8t5 ý t41 1011 12 716! 5; 12; 2':

-270.8ý5: : 3,1110111`2 96,2 3,: 4, i 17 19,88 61ii06, i 2114; 11315! 11 7414 : 31

_ '71C-18i9,! 61 111 17! 9J41

V*a, ý4' '4 4; 5; 914 613152i6i7'3 , 3: 1 11c; 2 15 6.121 13! 7iR! 41

p i4 i2 £3: 8,106 6ý5_3'8! 5'11i13'8ý i6,; ; 6i11ý1 2132 6; 81 15

tI'TL217W 3 11 1 ý3

13 6'2: 7'10'4,3 f 5: 54; 3 9.2: 3i3: '1 '14, i6i8 9,6f ;1ý 2- i1I2I21.112'

105 TABLIP, 3

i'

e

o

WN

H sý, c1

N `ßp0

E-f

wGP. ýt

FAQ

The distribution of the triliteral roots according

to their first and third letters

THIRD LETTER

i1 Cý nos

V 14

1. , ý6 3, '3 2116, '35? 5ý7 4,10 9,18 2 S:

2. X5,43 515 i1 61 11; 1412! 23 1 5.1 8 319 4; 6 1. ) i5. 141 112! 211 111 1iL 41 112,! 1 315 22 12 1.5,2 1 2! 39! J! i2 ! i18'4! 4,1 ;, 4'

61 `5 =''3 ; 6,! 811 i! 15 i J9'3'14! 7=7,2, 191 J11; 8,! 1 7; 4,11216.: 69'2' 6 218', 6 9! 75 7151 129,; 9,157412! 1! 1219!

1Q3 i41 ! 122110; 4.; 1 14;! 9s 9,6 11x, 13; 4 .10 5i3il161515; 411 92i6l 1_ 2 5! 816; 13.212; 1; 1'318 1 ! 6' 6 12 If 11 2 1! 4., 1141 ; 3; 8; 141 14! 5110'3; 122! ! 5.7,7 14,! $31, '-iß 14619 9! 5, ̀ 1220124,1 5 13 3L8'111l51 13 I 101 1 '`i; 1 64 ; 3181'12.6}_! 4i9, 'b! ! 6! 8; 4, '10.11 J11 4! +61 6? 271,3: 4; 916 1 1,12,

9.13. '2,1 12; ! 41 71 4.5' 5 mo!

8! 5! 417 8; 6121 ! 2; S 16 2s 8.1 69I, i ; 2i : 5, J31315! 11 417141 !i-,

314! i113 (2 311'21 21_4! 14 `i 4! 214.11 2'1 11 7' 2: !: ä 4131 1515113 3 11 iiT? 1 j3J I13

14; 2-4; 91 1211 116'710415.3_! 2: ' i i1OiO'7i17,16113 2i 1' 14 14x1 14 110! 5.2; +2! 16 51 19! 6'9;

4121 X10 11 1612; 10; 1212 4'3! 1 i1 ý. --: 3 28 3; 6.111 3121 14'E'

^2104121 7i2; 10,1 4; 6 364! 3 211 9", 2.1 ! 12158111 3

, 5-125: 11 , 10; 1.91212: 217 b2 1' 13.9 21! 4! 7! 6 4: 7; 44; 6111 3.11.6 ; 1i2i7; 2164; 4;

/r 2! i3'4'6,6'3! 9l3, lO! 7,4 4ý36! jEºi2.7'411' :75!

:d 51452.895'6212588,66; 3 '2114,213'6, ý3! ±=.

, 4ý3ý1 F4i1 6,1 3T 2; 1'3 12 5j5'2' 2! '0 13 63ß611 i, 1 421

i4; i i7ý4 Ör4.!

3'ii! 11; 6,12i ;yl 2.121 12 2

106 TABLE 4

O P

L

ßa7

oý

ý+ 2'ýJ H gýý

H 5ii a

ý`ý ýc

P

CWl) Gp -

F Pý

The distribution of the trilateral roots

according to their second and

third letters

THIRD LETTER

O ýýr Sýý'ý ýL"

ýý O\'nt. G ea Jý J+ý\'t'\prýý'\"ý'ý. ýýy_C, "' \ý `ý `. Z r ýýZýý ;L..

17 11 3 14 6 313! 2 , 1111 ,v 3 1_ 6 62.1

0118! 415 5,7i3.8 2 11T211'511131711 815 54 313 , 13i 3i6 I 216 71 31312 2_ 9111 111 f6 1 1 44 _ 11 i, 7152; '15

13+2j f7 11 9' j2 31 2 11 , 1

7! 8! 21 -1 _ j--- 2 81 1 1; 4! 42 1 1 3! 5 21 Lj5 8 ' , 44! 14; 107; 2L

17121 '4 8! 5! 7 2 3'1 15 3 2 ! 12; 1 6, 4111 81717; i ! 'tip 1'1 I4 12f 6 2 1 13 ,1 3-1 _ 6,1'5 i

5 1

518 411 11111

; 16, 17

10 19

8 2 1 7,21 21-

4, 41

21 1 14 2 16

11 18121 1

6 11715613'7+2, 42 8 6 10 1016 19 9. ( 6'2, 3 0'9 2 j. 510i2 3 61! 3' 3! 91 9) 5,11 5! 51 15 18! 4 11 1 ; E' 4 51 i: 21 4ý1 3i 8 4,! 1 3 1 4,11 171612,8 9 5.

1 51 112 51 5! 12

1 1 2 4

10, 8

21 911 1 . 11

19 61315113 314.! 17'4. ' 51

1 -1 6'4; "= 5ý 5115111 6! 2 -+

11 3! 2 4 11 8 1 3 "t, 41311 41 F31 ! 12 11 71 ! 13.

2' 1

, 4 31 16

1 1

, , 6! 1 i 7{7! 31 4 ý 2, 1 1

1 1

8i1 ! 514' i 1 81 5 2,

2 41 311 ! 4. i2i

'

.1 1

.. 2

4,1 7l4. I2'11i718' -+-

! 812 4,1 7! 11 22: 11 11,; 11 151 15. i8! 61 15: 1 5. ßd1 3 5,! 6' 3 5(331314; 11 71 768 113,1.. 0 11

ý3 It 81!. 2'; 10'2; 2,1 4,1115.! 1 6,1 ! 5! 81 1T5 2 _ 16,4_'1 2( 6 9'3T7; 1 ! 111 ! 116.1 :23 9ý6 + 2'61

7 i 31 123 61101017{ 7. 3; 1218 ; 5; 211.3'4,; 1111617i2t; 13! 4!; 3i 11 ii4ý 14 ýý 3, i JIG 'ýIý7 ti17 h4T3110! 5'. 5! 31511. j8' 2; 16 123! 8! '1' ! 6.15, ' 7'

v 6i9; 5 3,4! 4: 3; 5ý2; 2; 4! 3]2 1 ! 1! 1110; 118! 4 4; 15' i812! 219'4! M8 '9ti2,21 33ý; T4; 4 3I7; 13' ; ý1.

t'P, p 6. y3 4, J'Sý9.2; 13'5; `168; 9'; 8 7; 5i7i2.1,1 4; 1112 6.16,12; 11; 6_8_'1©1 153'5i4`6i1110 IT, 1'4,5 7 6j413i2ý106 288! 5.11 1: 2

F !!! ifj, I, i, j!! IiI!

TABLE 5

Total number of roots with either first and

second radical, or second and third

radical, the same( Derived from

tables 2 and 4

107

TABLE 6

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

HAT-IZA

THIRD LETTER

H

N

Z 0 0 W Ef)

108

TABLE 7

The triliteral roots whose firmt letter is

BA'

THIRD LETTER

a w Ei H

N

0 U W U)

109

110 TABLE

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

TA'

THIRD LETTER ýfLýýd

i! lcýýý w ýf2\

. ýdS i' ýý6-

ýG ýd ýd Qýýº ýd \6 7 ýd ýd ýd ýýJ

0 t f `r' i I , _

r -,

r.

' ! T"�, 1t' I ýi-

I_ ý ýt

! ý: i '! I z L{

1 I + +: j '. _ß_1r

f NN P.

= I , 1,

3: 1 !I CI ;

, I ICI

iaýi 1, i

! :;! ýýP r , jI vi i

I snýl wii L-

'I '!

i_:

j

!I

( ý"ý 'r

___%.. _: __ý j I ! tf

re4

W H H N

Z 0 0

711 TABLE 9

The triliteral roots whose firnt letter is

H! I

THIRD LETTER

r4 W H E-4

N

P 0 U

izl U)

rfý x ^' I I t -

j YIý:

V

, ýi ! ,

1-F

ýIr'ý- I- I 'ý

I Ix r

y

ýý 1

! 5t I

I

1! i x

1 ý, + srl !ý

I-

. ! X, ! %iI ix: II

1, - ýxi I ßt

. 1 .., riý

, v'i sfr. ,I _ I ( Iii _ _

I

I tx- I, , il - 'MI

TABLE 10

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

J71i

THIRD LETTER

W H H W

Z 0 U W U)

112

TABLE 11

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

HA

THIRD LETTER

W H H W N

Z 0 U W tJ)

113

TABLE 12

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

h"HA'

THIRD LETTER

W H H

Z 0 U W

114

115 TABLE .

13

The triliteral roots whose fir-zt letter is

DAL

THIRD LETTER

0 H H W 0

R

0 C) N Cl)

Irl ! !1 !

T' -1 I. I.

" { (tim !( I«`ý IC I sail .4 s

ý- t IM

ý! I IN iwwý { t. 11, ý

.! r !ý M ý'Iý`ýI If ,

f 1ý-ý ý, 1ý=+i " ý 1ý bý mot ý

' ice'! ' i>\I I iA

, 4r ý+S; ýi't, �ýýý'i "ý v'º: vz. ýs+ý E'ýý i 1 .. ýaý ýl ,s tý l _ , __

ý: ýý 1! , ýei Ii i .ý !I º ý r_ , ý. ý, ý_I I ;ý ý« __ _ _ -I '

116 TABLE 14

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

DHAL

THIRD LETTER dfw

ýý 1 ý º f ý _ 7 '

O 4 ! 1 ý I

ýI-ýJ ý-

t

" 1 I

ý

S``3

10 Ii t

ýP a , I! t I ,

p' ý- r ý

O a i r'ä ! i` I

is I Iý I ý

f ýw '1

-'

t v , ý ý ý º i .1ý! ii i ' `ýP I ' ý j ýw I t

ýiýP ýý

w _ I ý i I

` I, I I i t

0 H H N

Q

0 U W Ef)

N;

TABLE 15

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

RÄ'

THIRD LETTER

w H H N

Q

0 U W U)

117

TABLE 16

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

ZÄ'

THIRD LETTER

c W H H N

Z Q V W

118

TABLE 17

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

STN

a w H H N

Z 0 U W C, )

THIRD LETTER

119

TABLE 18

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

SHIN

THIRD VETTER

C4 CA H

Q

0 U W

120

TABLE 19

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

SAD r-

THIRD LETTER

a w H H

IN

0 U W U)

121

122 TABLE 20

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

DAD

THIRD LETTER

r4 W H H

N

0-

0 U W

TABLE 21

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

TÄ'

THIRD LETTER

W H C-4 N

Z 0 Ef)

123

124 TABLE 22

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

ZÄ'

a W H H

Z 0 0 W rn

THIRD LETTER

j

7

a

i

i

.i

I

i s

i

J

TABLE 23

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

'AYN

THIRD LETTER

C4 FA H H W N

R

0 U W U)

125

TABLE 24

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

GHAYN

THIRD LETTER

r

H H N

0 0 W to

126

TABLE 25

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

FÄ'

THIRD LETTER

W H H N

Z 0 U W v)

127

TABLE 26

The triliteral roots : chose first letter is

OAF

THIRD LETTER

W4 W H H

N

Q

0 U

N

128

TABLE 27

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

KAP

THIRD LETTER

cyl W E-4 H W a

Q

0 U W Ct)

129

TABLE 28

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

LAM

THIRD LETTER

0 H H W 0

Q

0 U

130

131 TABLE 29

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

MIM

THIRD LETTER

Q oar s, ý. -, ýy ýýý, o ýoý cr ,ný ýM ý oýý ýr ý ý+\ý ýoý, ý . cs ýý ýý. - -\ ", ý. _

ems: FT NO

! ºý ij_jý! ihr -+-- , ý9'Mj 1.. a, « rý ýjsil

fý I1"

. *' y' Lw.: I

G_-ý`^0ý I(

L-iI tt. _ýEät _:

!

z' 141%,

14

Iý.. stl cl t! jIf -

4L

1--

! 'I ItAI

ý7 J_'ý (IiI

It I

ýtiý1 ( ý_ i;

i- ýfIb ýyY__= ýºý [s i+:

I `ýI

,! 'i I J_ ýý+ý_-' f_f

I` sXý

ýr`i {ra j-

_i I ýdýi

" Si+ tý1 I_ I_

Y __}

iW! t+! 1 £J tiý

fli W H E-1 W N

e

O U W

ý, j jýýs M) !!

f

I

(

t?

ems: '__ý

I__' r

II_ I I I ýdij )ý

ýI rl

_tS1.1 _ý. °ý! -ý' fj

I-( 1' I' ä

{, "RT cs

y

IY

D

ILx !:, ý.

tv (

f"i IF Oý

_ý_ýý Iý_ýýj

Aý

d

ýý .

ý ____

'ý-

__'_%__''

JI

iL O L !(,. ýTýr+, 4 jýý. art

I

It±f, ýf

º '__

;. i

I

Tý

l4 wg Ii ý< . ýi

1 ýýr? ý r ; i^+! `I

TABLE 30

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

NUN

THIRD LETTER

W H H W N

Z 0 w C/j

132

TABLE 31

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

HA'

THIRD LETTER

W H H W a

R

0 U W

ý'2

133

1)'r TABLE 32

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

VIÄW

THIRD LETTER

C4 w H H N

R ,,

1 Psi

cwt

Y

0 U

tf)

y ! iý `. * ýýý

=41 !

fv'il Iv

L

ý 'Now

Ei fIL'-. 4lýL

"- _

(' !

ý_-!

- Ie

+-: i b S` ý- -! cam

135 TABLE 33

The triliteral roots whose first letter is

YÄ'

THIRD LETTER ýi,

L'ý%\7, ý ýý'äVý ýyjýý2ý,

ýý1ýý

\7 mod.

C4 W

H W N

O U W Cl)

1ý. I j lýI

T -

i! I ( ý- -,

J t

/ýý I_i Q, r{ I I{ F

( 1

{

1

II

+i$ ýI--T

I! I -ý-I

{ I1

-,. r 11-7

TABLE 34

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

FAIfiZA

THIRD LETTER

a w H H W N

E1

fi

W

136

TABLE 35

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

BÄ'

THIRD LETTER

M w E-4 H W a

H to N

W

137

TABLE 36

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

TÄ'

THIRD LETTER

a Pi H H W

H 0 pi

W

138

139 TABLE 37

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

THE'

THIRD LETTER

a W H H

H U)

W

Cl\ ý ýä ýä ýýýL ýýiý

ýd G ý, ý 2 ý, ý`" ._\, 3 Q\Ty 7ä ý pct , ý:. ýd dý \7 "ý

ýä 1ýý`

T4 k7r\v\ V- ra

I D I j-. ý

v (

L LI I_

a ' !+ j- ; ýýi +

4--1

oýT _ t plo lo

1 Ix ! ,

IV I I

_ !

4 - ý1 1

TABLE 38

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

.7 TI"i

THIRD LETTER

r H H W is

H co

140

TABLE 39

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

HA' 7-

THIRD LETTER

m W H H W

H 0

H W

14-1

TABLE 40

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

KRA

THIRD LETTER

Ei H W

a

H Ef)

hi W

142

TABLE 41

The tri]iteral roots whose second letter is

DAL

THIRD LETTER

a w H H

N

H En Pi

W

143

TABLE 42

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

DF, XL

THIRD LETTER

a w H W 1-i

H CA c i-1 W

144

145 TABLE 43

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

RX r

THIRD LETTER

W H H W a

H N

H W

i1 6 "_. t ý_ t"< 4.4 ti t'Ný, t; f" ß'. º`I'ý iw 6`i ;c a--}1 -4--ýý_ -

ßw7, tf ', eý4' 1ý! _il ýýY, ý1 rA 01%

ý.; 5ý !

`ýIýt! ! ; lal jý. flýA'wa ß, v, 1 Isa "s. #I ON

---- - - "

e A NI ! t# 'Etý, es

: - r-ý- ý.. l. s1Y®!!. aº f, ßw. 9. +ý,, ", fý ý. L, :; "ý.

E, ý

li3i O_t 4ý '

~gl 1 "I >. i

Ll

11l! -ýI \, ý. f aw Ee4 'r ec ý'r

fl ýt_'ý-s" iý. i ý, ý-{T -ý

., Rý'ý 1 i.

l ;'_!

ýý-c co! ý l. ß

f. ý ý*{ I ýý ýä-ý ý¬il

_1 f`fl

Ifil Iw`1Vi

ý'ýI

rI . ý. ý }Iýý ýI) Iw'

s

"i 1E ý) 14

Iýýt ýß ý

!

_' ýC h

4"i'"'"'I tI

Iýý lög' I

tie.. 4. i ýý

1"\niýily' tý f `5 "! Aý

a1 v"N

c ! tzý `_i-_L

äý$I Fla! fI$ ýc

ýý` ýýI ýºI*. ýI II "e. ý ý9t ý aý i` a, f' il4 rý 6"t

f il

mil ti i'y 1d: 1 t : LI

Lý" I . ="i . B- a. T4ý "e"tl

_ IY.!

::, i Iý s< (I .a %* Ea ko' ýý "ýt ; ssl ON t"ýý

_+. If II'\ !

rý lam'!! 6` Irfi Wl rte i Iý y Ißt

i

TABLE 44

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

ZÄ'

THIRD LETTER

H H

H to

H

146

147 TABLE 45

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

S71

THIRD LETTER

1,14 A H H W H

H

WA H W

%ý4p

v

Mt

77 R, +

1 Pý f IE41 C`äýf"`1ýIP

ý tEýäý - -

I

ý

ý !( ( I I , ý I

1 : AP;

_ - / ' ý

_I t

Iý ý

4

f1jý; I Zý III +

i 'lot !I*

ý` s ii i i"ý il'

_I if'ºL_výäýa I cl _i

1 I `' 1 ýyý_. 11

1- !

I; 1

II I rý ý-

_! I IJ

TABLE 46 148

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

SHIN

THIRD LETTER

W H H

H

H U,

H

TABLE 47 149

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

SAD Zýý

THIRD LETTER ýýY

) \Ne ý 7ýý2I-r

W H H W a

H to

,Ii

t ý

(ý( -

a

t-T

1: !I-I

I äß, t ! I

. a: Iý I ýý , i

i! Iý-i I

T

ýýºý ! r ýý Iý

,L Ism -I : ýý rý)

!! I_ uI I _

ýc iwl ,:

YI

I ý t '6

Ii'i' ý! :) º1 I

'w äl

ý"-. ý i ýz ,.

I!

Iý f Fi

. ̀. ýiý

, - ,..

L L

JiI (iII+ ___1_

I -

+_

1 1 '

150 TABLE 48

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

DAD

THIRD LETTER

H

A H H W

H

a H W

151 TABLE 49

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

TA'

THIRD LETTER

a w H H W

a

H Cl)

oo `er ooa> >ýodo ctGcQ7

n wdýw g Is. V4 CI \4\

7

°{I t% ji! ( t'

r

Zhu

ý '-ý-

_" (iI 1ý I

ý7 I . _( _!

mo: +i

Iff* I(I -ý- I Q. I_ 1!

i! - ýP ýy

:t

% !_ <ý 1XI ! sib

ýýF I! I!

ý, z ý

14 #

º'! '

;I s H ! ( fi .

L 1

6`n i! J-ikl

- , ý

1ý ice. ii

ý"I _ i -_j ^ ýý! I

I ! L I ý^

Q

-r- - I I ý

I 1-ý --ý--

- --

ý I 1ý I i_

.II ýi

ý º

ý L

I ``ý !

Ci i4iiýý

I ,Ii 'ý 6 i ! I

+ ý

QN1 _III

ýý _ 1°w. ßs

I I i! (e

TABLE 50 152

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

ZA'

THIRD LETTER

Pli W H H

H N C4 H F4

TABLE 51

The triliteral roots whose secona letter is

c yyN

THIRD LETTER

I H H W Fý

H V)

153

154 TART. " 52

The tr litermal roots whose second letter is

GHAYN

THIRD LETTER

OIL

2j

pEi N1 `'-rT0

F-i WL>

ýMJ

nn, f ý\ OO% C+6 (+ y\ % ýd ýýýý4 ýý \ ýý \ý6 ýý ý- Z7 \ý yk

"e- ý= -'ý ýOp. d tý '\ ýý, t{ý'ý O^ý ý'\t"ý'\) ^r ̀ ,, v- ^. i ý`ý ýT 'l. "; - ß. r 'Z \ýi\©ýý ý' ý u

ý \

ý \

' - T! ýi I _

I

Tt It`

1ý'ý 4 Y' IIt,

#L

t

} +

j rý I Iii 1 +t

1

155 TALS; 53

she trili;; egal roots whose second letter is

FÄ'

THIRD LETTER

a cý H H W a

FZ4

ix-. 'I I! ý= ý!

! Its` 0�sl Ef' ! r{! T' ^ f4 ºl 1; *. ý

I I II Iý i

r výý v

I f jý-----_'I ý _ ý leýl

Iý ýi

M ýs ý} 1r` \r ý"j" 46 0 -i

r H7I 4ýt I Iii + i! _e'

I vi

-ý yýl

j ýg

156 TA, 61; '1

54

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

_QAF

THIRD LETTER

H H W

H U)

F-1 W

ýL 4

iýIýIj I-

Fi

ýi _ý +' -ý--, ý'ýý

TABLE 55

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

KAP

THIRD LETTER

C4 W H H W N

H to P4 H W

157

P

158 TABLE 56

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

1

THIRD LETTER

r4

E-1 E-f pli

H M

H

,ý\7.: - 1- - 4Vý X

%

! BSI ' :" ei. ti ý! f

'" '1 ' 4i f` ý' i" a r. i ý =i

77 T

Iý.. 1*

lall l, 1 4.: .F aý i %4 .ti . 4-_ý_r i ie >l

t'I!. 'i ýýý - 4'Qtin, 4ýGý ßi+. 9"

I, I' 1%i9 o 44I I_ Eý i! 4s, Ia 'c i; I ý

ý: - ý

ý ýj I i" I aTI

+ - ! j

`! 0l. ýr JI t4t #I I (e'ý. h1 I eA^.: Ir

-- - - --- ý ý ` , ý ý

, ýý ý ýýßl

. «ý - -ýýý - ý Ids " "ýi,

ý{ ý"[ýi

+{i ý..

ýl J_.

_wýl i ý'i EV4a!

_ .I

_I! I't'.

4v iý le"ý.

ý-

Cn0 .

- �`

^e _

j.. ý 4'"at 4 ýy .

t'ýl _'S-ý

11+ý %1- ý_ýI i. ". II i_

ip 'e

_

q4

TABLE 57

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

M rM

THIRD LETTER

159

-! -!! !_I I_' i1Ii L__. I "1 I* 0! Iyý"w-s Y!

ý 1 c-''ý

I _s

aYY4jI- _1-__f__. i

II! j, äý't I! I' F-ý 4i11II _-

I

IC'$' It

t'_-I II 14'Sb " S.

- -, fýZI 1 I4 j

--- -----r ---' --- ---- ýý, -ý -- iLIJ+I

44 ºA ''-- !, -_ "i ic'y' i'

__i__ IE'_ 1

_ýý i _`9ýý-__! ýi"st ýir`t'. ýI

iýIiý i I^ ý,

,. r _

JLLH Iý, s

1

--H-- --$-- Iý

v' ý 1r FT

id ý; i ---'-1

ýý-ý

ýI+

1-ý ýý

I

160 TABLE 58

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

I; UN

THIRD LETTER

. ý- L AL

\ . -%,, \ ; y0 - "s

J

12\i )tý^ ýoI `T- -" e" sfii"t rýý

V 4w ý �9 ! A1 It =" i ý. ý \ýºý t-!! ý!

ý tA. 'ýý_`p

IIiIý

I !ýi

a W H H

E-4 N

W

QQr0

ýc NPD

FPS

ýýýý tý'1p,

7

Pý%

I -f4pS.

E= w il I-t-" -

' -ý L

If.. f"? r

I1frIEI jýq

11- I-= 6i ! -

+ ý I I _I

I w, ýE. q `, ýy' 4�ý

-iT w fr -1 w

ý, X11 1 13 (t ` 4.. q ýý,

i ' tý" v7-I-i R

F ,! IN i

wý;, ý_ I l ý

-y -

It im tj. ;.

ý -

I Iýý _,

! N41 -1

y ýr-r "ý ý- -"- }ir-ý.

-. rar ; "_.

161 TABLE 59

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

F! I

THIRD LETTER 4

tPýD

, SNP i

7 ,r

Oj

E-i H

Hw

n (+ c' 0o0NC, y\. ,. Cý ý: "y t2 Cý n . ý. dim 1 %- \'"

tr. ' t-- \ "Iýý:,

; }- !! I_

TABLE 60 162

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

F1Ä%I

THIRD LETTER

a w H H W a

E-t

GL; H W

TAAI"E 61 163

The triliteral roots whose second letter is

YÄ'

THIRD LETT E'R

P4 W H H

H Ea

164 TABLE 62

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

HA iZA

SECOND LETTER

ý'oýýt\<,. oo, >'ýc+cý2 ý000ýý2 yon-ý-ýsý2o7 0

ßr-

i

W

H 5t='%

H

w cr ýF

Fý

,ý ýý ý4

I: A

` { S

f/`i I

A'

t _i

ý J

ý--I - {, I (_e_v-i ( i ( Get ý. tt k .I ý`I - I :, ß'4't.

I

-ý

ý

--{I -- rl-i�tl d`'ý. I

I

Iýý` `ý' I

i_ 1ýý"ýý' M ý'ý ký"º!

-r -ýý --_

Iýýi 4z°k

I

ý_ -ý ý

_I

r T

5r I-- ivy ýi I_ IE711 ý'

I

165 TABI 63

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

BÄ'

SECOND LETTER

I

ý' rrr .c c+ ný > Ns rrZ2o Cý rr2 \ý r v- . ý- ? ý, r1

4if Iw? ' ý. i 4+º ý" ýý: 'a tom' ý! -+s'

a, s, t r, ` r. Nb ýI @

"_f i`j 77'

rxl

P7EI

_1 -ý,

iI {

____1--' -'I !

14-! ý-I

'-'1-.

_I-- 1" ýl, ý

_

ýP a'; ' '' !ýa1ý. 5, Aa "Ai I''aý e, s4; !MI ir91 t t. q ."i

ý-q C4

H NI-L "'a _�ýI

(-r q cy týý'c : 'ate ý'a' et al_I

G ---r-

1 la+a 1. i~ ý, w. ýi AI' i 4-ýý "aý týre: s

ý'ý\ ýSors ýý ; M'ýfri ý. _: 'ºaý! 3+ a"A'!. A'ý1ý4

10

". -I-ýý%(

A r�i tl t vi ^i' -tt

ä_G ý1 _\

41 1P

, ý' - --, ý4ý --r- '; -1ý-?

"! -ýIý'ýý ýý ý(

X91 If

11

166 TABLE 64

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

TÄ'

SECOND LETTER

C4 w H H W N

H

a H W

C's C., > ýýs ýº n22Of., C, C-1 d ýä 7äý 6 ýd ýý ýi ý7 "d ýd ýýcý. r4, Q fi .Z \ Gý a\ýt+ ps ýý ýiý' pr � ý ? ýi - " 6 vý c3 ` Z i ;0

r, Y ý p ý Z \ , . - - ý y ,` yý v\ ýý

_ - C 1s 'gei keg !, 1i wýy 1

, lPt' "; 'ý ý I . s. ts l I ! } Res

ZA ýI tsý Pte' ý`i

( ý!

- --I

POI , .! _ , y vý º cs. -_ý. _

ý O I j! I -I

I j ý It !! '

ýI_ s_

I

ý

I R! I

--ý -I

y IL i

ýýp' P7 !ýI

ýI ý a"eý ý

I I R-7 I

-

ý

MI all ýf

i 4+ ! I f %, f e I±

Aý. ý4

I` I I i If

TABLE 65 167

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

THA'

SECOND LETTER

all W E-4 H W

F4

H Cl)

H W

168 I A37, J 66

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

JII'i

SECOND LETTER

C4 W H H W a

H Co

H W

It's -lb

T I I I - 71 i

-T T i 1 1 _r ýý" ý1i 41

, 4'S 'r f. ý(

I I ts. i "Sýý "' ý R, 4

t '` I' "a ii-ý+t ( fit' 4 ß.

-eä !9,

H I -I

--ý---

ýI I"4

i4 v

wd I!

ý! grý H'a

l_ ý,

_ -4 ,I fr! r' tiý l =_Ký

Iý

-- .I, ýý-,., r--

"-Ta. ä 't, ß *A I. ibt, Iý " ; ýý,

1

" ! I

!

Tý'

Ti

TTýF 61

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

HA I

SECOIID LETTER

a W H H

ºH

H

H W

169

TABLE 68

`iahe triliteral roots whose third letter is

hHA f

SECOND LETTER

a w H H

w

H

H W

170

T L7: _' 69

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

DAL

SECOND LETTER

C4 W EI H

a H F4

171

TABLE 70

, he triliteral roots whose third letter is

DIAL

SECOND LETTER

H H

H U)

H W

172

i

7

TABLE 71

'he triliteral roots whose third letter is

RA '

SECOND LETTER

P4 11 H H W a

H co a H

173

TABLE 72

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

zT, t

SECOND LETTER

a w H H W N

H U) N

W

174

175 TABLE 73

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

SIN

SECOND LETTER

ce. A E-4 H W F;

H to a H W

176 TABLE 74

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

SHIN

P4 W H H W a

H

H W

2 7. iý JG ýYý v ýLt 7-2 Pi i

v

I 11 11 : II II I I E E

1 E E E E

- r_, " ýý ": ý - - ý o-w Is" I : aý

{

ii L {r__

iý

Iii

ei 1

jI "; _

I. j

Iýiý

-

I

- " III'

I{

----ý--I `

--

1

-. _i

I

_ý

bw

L

E

ß

I

_

l91

- r

{ i .O

I _i {{

III'IE -+'^ýTf

!

1

IWF {I±;

IHI __ II TTTI7-r -y- -r - -I VT

7 -7

17 .1-. 1 -z:

SECOND LETTER

TABLE 75177

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

SAD 17-

SECOIID LETTER

ra ný n>>OO2OO C+ Cý ý ý' fý v- v- "< <, Ln Tý ýn ýL

mai- --r-ý--

h,

,, .1 Ißt 1 ýýP/ !i I-

-I ý`ý ýº ý_I r_ I. _ý '`

ýý fý4; ý I '311 1

L

' ýi'II

GSA -H ý1i --- -- ---I --. ---. - -

1 del 4 i_ I_ Fý I1lI. Vill

oIiI. .j jý r:

ýP }r t ý) ý`$ j ""I ie wl

'ýA 1 _i

1cýr7 ---a- i--F--gti al ýÖ^: I

e! 77,

. ý< . rte -rr` ý, _ rfi'^ýý, -"- s_, = r ý`Yý

W H H

H ci) a H W

tºii l ý l lý ll i iý

, r-

Ell

I -- 1 i! II

t -

6I i b`ýl I rý ýr

"" F T

II+" ý_ ý-ý t c=if Icv. ý-ý-l -

ýI t- a. °

ýý. ý

TABLE 76 178

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

DAD z--

SECOND LETTER

x H H W a

H

P4 F-1 W

TABLE 77

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

TA'

SECOND LETTER

a N E4 H W

a

H

c H

179

TABLE 78.180

The triliteral roots whose thiLrd letter is

ZÄ'

Zz

a FA H H W

H to r4 H W

f

LL ! I i 1 !! iI ýwi

!III ! ! I 1 II ý

7 -1

1 r--

Ii

f Mý

!I

! .-- I -- - 4 L, - I - - F I - - ---r

+ýrý.. y-ý.

+?, 7'7

,r-i ; fir f

--, i

ý i7 ýý-ý. ý

-ý ýI Ttý

ýý-Y: ý-r-r'i-r-f. ýr. ---r-ý--r-f-

SECOND LETTER

TABLE 79

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

cAYld

, ate ýP (j

0

W Sa

H

N CO

ä 1, P'ß

NPD

F Pi

/.

-G

ý_

181

SECOND LETTER

cl c+ rý °y 0 -Z A. , A.

ý"ý ( I CI ýII Eý

--'ýe' ýC. t' ý. Jý I^`; '"ß1 ýýý ý( Iýý

I ý^'ýc l ýC ý ýi

I

41

A -S \t`" t ý+ýI V 1ýý ý!. y ldtl 1 l ýi t 4 Cqýý"g ý ! -- ". ý ^

fýý- iF _Z ^r/L w ýi

"ý y ýý

4' . -; j __

t _ _

iý iH

I `` i' ''Z 6-. ý

-r "a. sý I I! -R i

._ _--i I i ýi lt

-A) IF

- ^I

s " i ý4..

i iýý II if!

''iý `. `. i C-: i . 'yi

! ý

L-L ý_IS-

1. ' I"_I h

--, I V t""_. ß_69. I -t .( t+\. I ý_ 1 i_ý I C'" s5 ý- ý_I

_ _. _

I Vt "O 4ýt _ý _I

f E. \ v. , ý, -. ýt 6, ý-ý

' }-

ýt ýý_frý 1ýº! ýllt. 4' 9iß

`G 4-'ß i_ý, ýi! is. "} '_ý I iýjiý -}{

ýf-'i _ ý', _

VA. eA

eist ýI ýý I61

_ýI f e, .. I TI,

sl I

sý

Iw+i ýýEf

Iii

ý j4ý! fý^ºI i

f_ý _ý

ý`~ iL

i 1

+ I II

:Ii 1

: ;i t

TABLE 80

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

HAYN

SECOND LETTER

CA EN

H

H W

182

TABLE 81

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

FT, '

SECOND LETTER ;'0

c+ý ý Cý ý' et , ýes a

r

tý

ý {E Sý ýr"'h _ "_ý 4' ,ý

ýI FCC . G+ýi

ýý rý _

JI?

wi7(ß/; -'

WA, Ii Eý ä, i6r1

_ ,

. ýý_ _ ý, _ _ tý ý ýEr ýýý 1'

_. 1 t1

183

I

. 7. 7

. IL

ýxAl ýt >i4, äi j_

ýtsäl ; 5ý., ý

7-1 :ic

I, aa

,- LII

LIj_ý __ Ivan ýIý1

v

-H I

t

184 TABLE 82

H H W F1

H Co

H

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

ÄT

SECOND IETTER

ý I w f"0 t_! 1 1 f° y`Ci b t

(( iI_ _L

i ICI

fz _iI i

F_ t v.. 1- .. r1 sI_

. -f-;. ý! ý" o L ýk... l! ^ý! ý ý, I

ý

- s_ f V+t .( Iý--'s

J-_- Fu,

1_ tý+k Ilia

l

ý . ý- - r, f. ý 4. a4« ýh; "a'! 1 ,

- I ý - ( rý r r"f

. ^I

fý ! -ý L___1_. _.

Gý ý`"_, ý -.

i

--

ý " II ý; I``ýI

_ 4 @.

_ 1_ !

-I

IE^+

`6 eý_-I I Fý 1 'k"'i , ý"w '-__..

ý ý ý 1-ALA { 11

ýý 1 ýý4? Iýý 1

ýý. el! °1 ( It cf

ER1 Th

( y ý ýýý -f IIa !

ckýlý I--

` ý - 1``i

I ýý

ny l ýC"ýº _I

ý ib"il (iI ii_ ri %I '_1_ý

I_

I I 1( iý I ýýý fib

TABZP 83

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

KAP

SECOND LETTER

C4 W H H

H

LY H W

185

186 TABLE 84

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

IAN

SEC0.1D LETTER

r

H H

c 'I IN \ Pý C, 1R

lap. ýaý i IC

tý'=A

% 411

;. . -4 "ý' I 141-' "

ýh so- t' ', ltn.

-ý

ttP I ww t y, !, f jtiiR sº'

A

\7ý: ý-ýý\ýýY

1

--j

v-1 I $-i-.

-

cý9

H

H

ýý" ý'ý _ ýý J'. ̀ý:

Iý 1- ýa-ýl II

f--'.

om ýý (

t ! - -- ý ý-L L..

e I; ý -- J L..

- i-- _ ý- i LL

`. -ä ' ý I 6 ýý f V ý--

ýý fý

Li !!

it_tT -: ý

11: li_A

I-

ýýii ýý' .4+; ýýý

ýýý ýýý`ý iii

f �F

187 TABLE 85

The triliteral roots whose t i. rd letter is

SECOND LETTER

a w H H W

H U) a H W

csýý"AAs4

- r- - _lj_ T__ - --- __ - __ I-I- _J --

"1 11

kvkFi

x! ä i

--1

.. I

188 TABLE 86

The triliteýal roots whose third letter is

SECOND LETTER

F'' ý' c-

1tiE 1ý --a

JI! _ '_ 7- 0,

. ý, _ si ýý-: ZAG

I YýI I

L1, Y'ß', 9 i4

JL - -- - [

fit-'� ýR 0!

Pfl '- - h rý ýº, I-j ifýsi i

1-7

ýsl Iii i. c1

ýýýII! ri r-

j

189 TABLE 87

a `LI

H H W N

H U) P4 H W

1 F'j

IF

The triliteral roots wüose third letter is

SECOND LETTER

I ý-!

I. 1

190 TABLE 88

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

YA'

SECOND LETTER

a P-1 E-4 H

H

a H W G Fei

/ý. j

FP/

CýF. <

w%

v

`%

I D

1AI 1-7

( i1 IL- ! I (Y 4'ý iii

'4ýr

r ,ß

i ý! -7 - -- - - --1 1 --

191 TABLE 89

The triliteral roots whose third letter is

ALIF

SECOND LETTER

AO ý ONýý N,

W H H

H co r Fi F=t

Oýº; 4 , Zt -ý-

-- s. A(.

rZ 1-

ti. ýºll +, ýe c-a ' -1 tT tý ýý ý ;(

,Ii. t,. 4 l t. "` fraL .

p'`'tý j-t ý. a 4{ ý'ý

= cam

v ^ tI-ý - i"« I°ý I_t-_ "ýI

, i ar ýý t

ýI ß) k. qr II

-t- »--ý -- I

I. ( IM; laa tr, I '_

`T-ý c If -l

,, ( jý' fIi

! arg *

.. C'. ý^ I. ýý, Ic 'ý: I-I

!

_" (

^rrSý

_ cif` -'-=----' cý, ýy'C ,. r, t[

s _ IVgt

O6 ( ILýF rr ®( I

-{ ý-ý

I ---

I t1, ý_-ý

ý 1S' 1f. I_It.:, ae }j1

*.! _

1. .I

-, _ _ý'. -"I _I _-

^` . _ý R ;'1C"^ i -I- I. '' A

ý' t. ý. t w. >fý, _. rqýt..

cri

"+

iý `51t _r_ . _-_iw i

ý`LIR _

I ý - n

. ýI--- f

ýSr . wr

ttr. `_

.,.. t y°i1 I(c'ý I! ý

! ir'`ý tat

II `-a t q" Iieý ý

.' -_ _ _ _ _ "ý ^ _ -_- __

l e * A , C: .

ý 1 1112 tom; 3 `ý *( 9, s!

+ R_ ( lit, "i

-- !ij; f Iýý I II ( l I

192

2- Quadriliteral roots

The quadriliteral roots occur 647 times or 17.97/

Table 90

This table represents the frequency and percentage

of the letters in the quadriliteral roots in their

four positions, for example: the frequency of the

letter r77' in position one is 15 times or 2.32% ,

in position two it is 121 times or 18.70% , in

position C ree it is 46 times or 7.11% , and in

position four 71 times or 10.97% . The last two

columns of this table show the total of frequency

and percentage in all four positions, for example :

the toi-al of frequency of the let to'" hamza in all

four po. ý _t Long is 45 times or 1.731, '' of the total

of all lettsr. s in all positions.

Histograms 15- 18

These t'. i stograms classify the frequency in each

of the four positions which appeared in table 90,

starting with the letter of highest frequency in each

posi ti vn and ending with the letter of lowest frequency.

From Pistogram 15 it appears that the letter ca7n

has the highest frequency in position one: 97 times

or 99% , and the letters dhäl, zä' , and wäw have the

lowest frequency of all: 2 or 0.31;

From Histogram 16 it appears that the letter rä'

has the highest frequency in position two: 121 times

or 18.70; " , and the letter z5' has the lowest frequency:

2 or 0.31!

From Histogram 17 it appears that the letter b'

has the highest frequency in position three: 52 times

193

or 8.04% , and the letter vom' has the lowest

frequency: 2 or 0.31%

From Histogram 18 it appears that the letter

lam has the highest frequency in position four: 89

times or 13.76$' , and the letter waw again has the

lowest frequency: 1 or 0.159

Histogram 19

This Histogram shows the frequency of the

letters in all four positicns. It appears that the

letter rä' has the highest frequency: 253 times or

9.77Y , and the letter zä' has the lowest frequency

11 times or 0.42'

In contrast to the results of the triliteral

roots we can rake the following observations: s

1- The letter ca`nn has a r: ieh higher frequency in

position one in the trili oral roots than in the

quadriliteral roots.

2- The letter rä. ' has the highest frequency in both

trillferal and quadriliteral roots in position twn.

3- The letter bä' has a much higher frequency in

position three in the triliteral r. oc, s than in

the quadriliteral

4- The letters dhäl, zä. ' , and wäi": have a much hi_ F her"

frequency in position one in the triliteral rcots

than in the quadriliteral roots.

5- The letter vä, ' has the lowest frequency in position

three in the quadriliteral roots but a higher

frequency in the same position in the triliteral roo t: _

194

Table 91

This table shows the quadriliteral roots which

have two similar biliterals. The vertical column

represents the first and third letters , while the

horizor-tal column represents the second and fourth

letters, for example: there are four crosses against

the letter sin in the vertical column. These

crosses ^orrelate to the letters hamza, bä', rä', and

nv in T: ýe horizontal colu-n_. They mean that there

are four auadriiiteral roots whose first and third T

letters arc sLn and whose second and fourth letters

are ei_thea ha:, za, ^ä' , rät , or ^. un . These roots are:

sa'sa, :; 'bsaha, sa rsara, and sansan:.

Table 92

This table represents the distribution of the

quads i1 ter--l roots according to tree ir first and

secor e le ., fers, for example: at the intersection point

ei the letter zä' in the vert). c il column and the

letter harima in the horizontal coltmn, the figure

2 ap . pears. This means that there are 2 quadri litc"ral

roots wich have the bilitera? za' init _a11. "".

Table 93

`! ris table represents the distribution of the

quadrilitera7. roots according to their first and

third letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter käß' in the vertical column

and the letter bä' in the horizontal column , the

figure 4 appears. This means that there are 4

195

roots whose first letter is käf and whose third

letter is bs' . Table 94

This table represents the distribution of the

quadriliteral roots according to their first and

fourth letters, for example: at the intersection poi_n_t

of the letter sin in the ver ý: icai column and the

letter cairn in the horizolital column, the figure 3

appears. This nears that them: are 3 quadriliteral

roots whose first letter -i-- s>>, and whose fourth

letter is cayr_

Table 95

This table represents '(; hc 'listribution of the

ouadriliteral roots accordirp to their second and thi. -r

letters, for exar: nle : at t,,. e intersection point of

the letter n7n in the verlies., column and the letter

fä. ' in the horizontal tý, c fit-ure 9 ar)pears

This rears that there arc 9 quadrilitera -I roots whose

second letter is nun and whose third letter is fD

Table 96

This table represents the distribution of the

quacriliteral roots according to their second and

fourth letters, for example: at the intersection Doir_t

of the letter rä' in the vertical colann and the

letter reim in the horizontal col-u?, the figure 21

appears. This means that there are 21 quadr_iliteral

roots whcse second letter is rä' and whose fourth

letter is mir.!.

196 Table 97

This table represents the distribution of the

quadriliteral roots according to their third and

fourth letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter käf in the vertical column

and the letter lzm in the horizontal column ,

the figure 5 appears. This mcar s that there are

5 quadriliter_al roots whose third letter is ? -uf

and whose fourth letter is lam.

From the results of these tables we can

make the following ohs erve tions :

1- The most frequently occur.: ir_g biliteral in the

first and second position.. i; oar which is

recorded as occurring 2' tines.

2- The most frequently

second and third po. >--tio rs is r which is

recorded as occurring 12 i.; _ries. 3- There are four biliterals 3hic: h have the highest

frequency in the third and fourth positions

occurring 9 times; these are : mas, ram, bal, ar_d ham.

4- The de 'ective letter aii-L dose not occur in any

position.

5- If we take the average of frequency for each

letter in each position and for each letter in

all four positions, by means of the following

calculations:

Total frequency in each position 647 A- --

29 29

197

Approximately 22 times ( average )

B- Total frequency in all four positions

29 2588

_ Approximately 89 times ( average) 29

From the first calculation we can make the

following observations:

Position on_e :

A- pine letters have above average frequency.

B- ? rinteen letters have below average frequency.

C- Only the letter alif has no frequency.

Position two:

A- Seven letters have above average frequercyy.

B- T enty-cne letters have below average fre ; rer cc.

C- Only the letter al-if has no frequency.

Position three:

A- 'Fourteen letters have above average frequf. -ncy.

P- -'ou teen letters have below average frequer. -; .

C- Only -ehe letter alif has no frequency.

Position four:

A- Ten let; crs have above average frequency.

B- Eighteen letters have below average frecuercv.

C- Only the letter alif has no frequency.

From the second calculation we can make

the following observations:

A- Thirteen letters have above average frequency.

B- Fourteen letters have below average frequency.

198

C- The only letter which has the exact average

frequency is hä' .

D- Only the letter alif has no frequency.

6)- The voiced letters (6) have the highest frequency

in all four positions. They occur 1626 times or

C2.82G' . The voiceless letters have the lowest

frequency in all four positions. They occur 962

tines or 37.175' .

7)- If we take the average percentage of frequency,

of a letter in all four positions, which is

3.45;.: , it appears that:

A- The rtec:: letters have above average .f equcncy,

rä' }iaývirg the 'hit hest, 9.77, '

? 3- Fifteen letters have below average frequcnc'y,

zä' hZ+-, in the lowest, 0.42, --

ea-11--, - 8- iatheýnati the possible combinations of

roots is 28x28x28x28 = 61461,36 . The combina. tiors cn-. '.

occur he ,e are only 647, or 0.10;: of t) c . osý i 1c

ones.

**a( ****** k** ****#*

TABLE 90

Tho frequency of the letters in the

roots

199 quadriliteral

2 > 2

cy) U U Q

I

U J Z2 ZZ jZ

2 U

20 ( Ö

ti d r i4

+1'. i`; ', ice I,, "'; '' 111 1.7ý iC 1.5 '. 04 45 1" 3

`t iC. , ýýc, ý ýý .. "rýt: c:. ý c>"r,; i ^0, 7.73 157 6.06

1 "09 10 1.55 31 1.19 I

ý, i 5 ý. ý

' r. 95 ä i

"'"" v

"t x "24, i fV

. 'r ,.;;? "ý" ýi? 11ý,

!-; ,fýi/ -0 ,t". r 122

'7c 6-5 I� f,

on 16 ; i

. 26

' 121 ý i 1 ̀ I ' ß; r 7,11 171 10.1 ' 2 ! . .

-t 1 19 i 2.

A1 C'

-

I ," c. ý% ý .ý"f( -ý'+

I 6 t". ýý 1 rý 1

`} oi

" _ __ ý

,ý ; -: c1 .i, ý' 12 1f '2 1.62 , ý .

1"7 i

' ,"I> 12.01 r; 0, "7, 1 1,191 i^

t 1, ßr' 7 1'.; 20 Rt 3. C n pý

o- 7i

2 0.1 I c. 11

C1 1 5 ý ý

7

yr 1' 'ý , C. 1

r/- Ih " "r 1f ý-

i

ý

ýý If4i - e

-. C4 ýý s" ; c; 2 9/- 7 107 t1

f . -r r

1 t""2° 13 2.01 7r)

._I 7A f 'fir

='"0ti , 1"''ý

f "3j'4

5j' 0.77 23 i"" 55 6 95 3.2

' 7 <7 "ýi

1. ! "01 172 1 1. ,1 " 7.26 59 22 1 8.53

iýM 0.77 t 7, L2 -. 6.. o fý X 12.41 176 6.90;!; 1n 4 0.6 2 59 . 12 27 4.17 1 1 14 4. ý": -; i Vi'a' 1> 2.01 31 f "79 :9 06,03 6 0.93 5.43,1

i; =mow 2 0.? 1 ( `ý 1.39 5j 0.77 1 0.1

l7. t 3! 0.46 6 0.93 2 0 51 2 0.31 13

nIif o o 0 0 C 0 0 0 0I ý_OT/: L l )47 j 647 X5 8

200 HISTOGRAM 15

The frequency of the letters of the

quadriliteral roots in position

100

9

8

.7

6

5

4

3

z

1

0

C) e, n" p

HISTOGRAM 16

The frequency of the letters of the

quadriliteral roots in position

two

4

-4 C 0% '

201

ýi vq-"fi-"ý'Rs ICý 'd 41 [I

cd -

c1 " 'r5 i

,1? t- ICS,

1W Ind 1, Mr 4 Ica Ki Ica IM idles 's-, ý sus Im %4. IC C

tics Ich IC IM $ IeI cj IT, a º-a Z C) w a: A P4 x" ca 0W A" o' hA0H (n" c) El" E-4 ;rnN"

202

Histogram 17

6

51

41

31

2t

1t

ºcc t tc3 tnlt". -tt. tcTitc3 4t"ritcý+ In, tc3tcj tcýt"ý ti. ý '(Ti%dýc3 10 614 Pý P:: L4 c3' x F1 U3" : a; N4 E-, m cn tta": ý; A E-+ H (') P"3 Ný ý+

The frequency of the letters of the

203

HISTOGRAM 18

v

Tha frequency of the letters of the

ýcJ sýscs1ýc3 i""ýyiscs4, Nci

«i t>rW cn; vº-ýR OZ

ci Nw V"-" "" ¢i 'Cy °1mt (lj CýIcd Icl 1; j IcOct10 1lß 14

N P4 44, E-+"; N4 cn" H E-+ IM

rO ci i! [$ a-r 1cd .ý 1cd, 9 ACh P1'tci7"1cti Ica

CO y+

204

HISTOGRAM 19

The frequency of the letters of the

quadriliteral roots in 411 four

positions

N N

26 24

22 20 18 16 14 -i2 10 8 6 4 2

t~ R

icSý ý ßc7 c-fc3 tcJ10to I--Ii"r-1ic3 IdICd tc3 c Iwls: vl ItIcd. 9 f-1 U: OF Fý px: W v3 º--j Nxx H" cl1"tI) UH A"H A. `rý týt"

205 TABLE 91

The quadriliteral roots which have two similar

biliterals

P4 W H H W N

p

H x H

e z H

c H

CO, n

'ý, P' 1ý, 9! ýtl I Itýf ýlA '' . I 143f <s ýrD '

11il _ I I I II _

ý ýý Lj -

it yl iE %41 Ian, ºI _, ýý

11CA ! 1.... % I_ it y 1

1 frf f C'f{_, I ýViii@Y

61 C"j`dt

ý! ! 6a t ! I i _ ! -__ I

i- it'll

,

ý iAa3

ý

ýý4 ý -ý ý kýº ý

ijl -iýý I_ i< 4 ý a 1!

ý_ ý _ I ý

9 --! iý V I"-2 I 1 Lni ,

--I I!

-- = II

« !4(I 1

Ný 0, ti ý'ý .

l ip 1 I º! Eýi i I CI 1 ; wraºa

11ý I f ý_ý

SECOND AND FOURTH LETTERS

TABLE 92 206

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots

according to their first and second letters

SECOND LETTER

H W F1

H N P4 w

12 J - 1 2 6 1 !' 1 1 3 3

2 11 1I ( ;y ! 1

2 4 _( 31

2 1j

;1 12 j2

113 2,7 4 12

_

1! 7 º2''

2

3 1 B 6

2 21 57

1 2 1

1 ! 2; I

i 14 16

' 13

1 17 1 111 2I

_ 31 11 3 1 2 7

3 1512 1 101 _J - 1

2,3 19,22 -! -. 514! !

1 1 I

1

41 3! 6 12

21

4(22

1 13' '2

ý 1

2 3 6

_ {11

- --

ý - 5 ýýj 4

3(2-

1112' ý-'

- -, -- -

! ý

r i121 . ; -ýi 1

Wi ý

1 1 r-

4 -i

112 li

T -f--ý -

,, !2

1 t

! 4! jr (_ Ii , l

1 1 1 ~r

1 ,!

! - 1 7.5 3 51 1 113j 21 ;75 2'4 1 ! 51 4 3 21 512 ý _ i º !I 25 t1 1 _ _

'( -

iI ! 1i 31 13

-

1 3 j12 4; 221

1ý 121 24! 22_"2! 2; 61

! I 4

1 5 6'

141

5 514! 11 4, -i I

)1' 1ý 11 111 I1( 1

1 ý

14' ii 1

1

2 1

ýý 1 3 54

1 2 41

11 ! -

! ý

2 2' i 1 2 1II !

1 I

2 1'

' '

! !! 1 2 1 1

i 1 (I i ! , 11 ý ý

II I (ýx Zýý , 2ý4ý1

TABLE 93

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots

according to their first and third letters

THIRD LETTER

rrl- [=; H H W

H 0 a H W

207

TABLE 94

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots

according to their first and fourth letters

FOURTH LETTER

208

y? : ýä nQ ýä ýä 7yn ýQ maß, ýL ýL 2 Cý ýY

Q ý, wý

W H E-ý Fa

H

H W

1 2 2, T. . 77 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 z 1

11 2 _ 1! 1i 1 1 'ý ,

! 5. iZ

2; 5ý 11 iýTý 3 z 1

4 5

12 1 4 12

11 131

1 2 3

'1 -i --i- 6 112 13 618

ßi1 !a! i 3 1

ý 1 I 1 21 i 1' '! ! 3+3 1-3 1 6 1 12 12 q 35 q

3' 3 13; 2i Lf i 1 3 S` ` --' 1 2-1 1! 111 121

ýý ;? 1 '

1 3 z

I _i

2I1 w

I i212 , 2;

_; . iº 7 ý2 ' r_ý

_ _ 31

,1 211i3'i, 161 5 I ff 6 61 z 1 6ý

z' i '9" 3 iz 3 11 9 7- ! ýý ý I --i G. ý- - -1 ý----ý----L-- ý - ý- . 1

9"1.4, i ýI 1 , -1 - I ý ý

!1, /11.11 6 4 y 1 I .

2- 5; ýýý -, i X:

i7i iý 1 I 11 f r-rt ý

TABLE 95

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots

according to their second and third letters

THIRD LETTER

C4 W Iý

Et W N

a O V W U)

209

210 TABLE 96

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots

according to their second and fourth letters

FOURTH LETTER

P; W ti

W

e H 0

1 Iý; ß_ 2 ! 7 7 _i_t

z z{ I 12 , 1

! iI I

r + 116! 1 ! I 9 i7 1 1.2,1 21

'2

- 913 12 13. !4!

!3 9 13

I, if 412 ý2 1 91 ýI q

i 13 "zßjý , cl ?5 ; -ý

-! 1ý 1 51 ! I I . -T

ý `

1 `

11 61 9,12, 11

1 51

2-1 21 -'7111 I -ý i7,2; - ý - iI, Iz 0! 1 12, 61L

- ý

ý '1 J

i_ ýll .i 1{ 1 21

2, -- -

!2 4, 9. ýýI

0 1

-'

0

2

ý, i3 1-3

11 3 I

l _ý - ý

61

1 ,3I -

ý ý SS 15 ýýi2I!? !; { 2 ! 2I ;.!

TABLE 97 211

The distribution of the quadriliteral roots

according to their third and fourth letters

FOURTH LETTER

PC fr

H

212 3- Quinglieliteral roots

The quinqueliteral roots occur only 39 times

or 1.08% . Table 98

This table represents the frequency and percentage

of the letters in the quinqueliteral roots in

their five positions, for example: the frequency of

the letter zä' in position one: 1 or 2.56%% , in

position two it is 3 times or 7.69% , in position

three, it is 1 or 2.56; , in position four it i; - 2 -ýr

5.135: , and in position five it is zero. The last

two columns rif this table show the total of irequerc-'

and percentage in all five positions , for exaTnL1_

the total of frequency of the letter bat in all

five positions is 16 times or 8.209" of the total

of all letters in all positions.

histograms 20-2.

These ili stograms classify the frequency in.

each of the five positions which appeared in tai-ye

98 with the letter of highest frequency

in each p^s? _±ion and ending with the letter of

lowest freowF-ncy.

From "istogram 20 it appears that the letter

cayyrý has the highest frequency in position one: 11

times or 28.211.1:, , and the letters khä' , cä1_, z`' , shin,

käf, and hat have the lowest frequency of all., 1 or

2.56' . From Histogram 21 it appears that the letters

rä' and nün have the highest frenuency in position

213

two :7 times or 17.959' , and the letters thä'

jim, ähäl, s1n, s9d, oäf, kzf, and hä' have the lowest

frequency: 1 or 2.56p

From Histogram 22 it appears that the letter

nün has the highest frequency in position three:

16 times or 41.035 , and the letters Vim,

zä', fa', reim, and wäw have the lowest frequency :1

or 2.56; '

From EistoFram 23 it appears that the

letter bF' has the highest frequency in position

four: 7 times or 17.955. , and the letters thy. ' , s<., 1

dZe, ca--r, yý and n7ýn have the lowest frequency .1 .

or 2.5F ,

From : =istor-ram 24 it appears that . the

letter. i: has the highest frequency in nos i. i. ci

five :9 times or 23.0"Y , and the letters : ham ', c1 11 z

säd, and tn' have the lowest frequency :1 or ?. 5ý;..

Fistorram 25

This histogram shots the frequency of the

letters in all five positions. It appears that t}ýe

letter rl: n has the highest frequency : 24 tiimes or

12.30; , a. -d the letters, dh . l, dßä, and wew have the

lowest frequency rea. c- loýyt _ ý. ency 1 or 0.51

In contrast to the results of the triIiteral

and quadriliteral roots, we can make the following

observations:

1- The letter ca; fn has the highest frequency in

position one in the quadriliteral roots, but in

214

positions three, four, and five it has a lower

frequency, and in position two it has zero frequency.

2- The letter cayn has the highest frequency in

position one in both quadriliteral and quinqueliteral

roots.

3-The letter rä' has the highest frequency in po ii: io: z

two in the triliteral, quadriliteral, and quinqueliteral

roots.

4-The letter bH' has the highest frequency in po5i; ioý,

four in the quinqueiiteral roots and in position

t'-, ree in the quadriliteral roots.

5-The letter 19*r; has the highest frequency in roL, i ti. )n

four in the quadriliteral. roots and in position

five in the quinquelitera]_ roots.

Table 99

This taº: le represents the distribution of te

quirqueliteral. roots according to their first anal

second letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter hä' in the vertical column

and the letter bä' in the horizontal column , the

figure 2 appears. This means that there are

quinqueliteral roots which have the biliteral hab

initially.

Table 100

This table represents the distribution of

the quinqueliteral roots according to their first

and third letters, for example: at the iritersec. ; ion

point of the letter Of in the vertical colurnr!

Gis

and the letter däl in the horizontal column, the

figure 1 appears. This means that there is 1

quinqueliteral root whose first letter is a. f

and whose third letter is dal

Table 101

This table represents the distribution of

the quincueliteral roots according to their first

and fou-rch letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter käf in the vertical column

and the letter bam' in the horizontal column, the

firurý? 1 appears. This means that there is 1 root

whose first letter is käf and whose fourth letter

is hý"'

Table 102

This table represents the distribution of

the quincue:! iteral roots according to their first

and fifth letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter :i 1m in the 7ertical column

and the letter 01 in the horizontal column , the

figure 1 appears. This means that there is 1 root

whose first letter is j iM and whose ose fifth letter

is Al. .

Table 103

This table represents the

the quinqueliteral roots accordin

and third letters, for example:

point of the letter sad in the

distribution of

g to their second

at the intersection

vertical column

216

and the letter bä' in the horizontal column,

the figure 1 appears. This means that there is

1 root which has the biliteral sab

Table 104

this table represents the distribution of

the quinqueliteral roots accerd. nr, to their second

and fourth letters, for exaLiplc: at the intersection

point of the letter zä' in the vertical column

and the letter bä' in the horizontal column, the

figure 2 appears. This nears that there are 2 roots

whose second letter is zä' PrJ whose fourth letter

is rä. ' .

Table 1 , 05

This table represents the distribution of

the quinqueliteral roots a^c: rding to their second

and fifth letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter fF' lip th¬ vertical column

and the letter -jim in the horizontal column, the

fij; ure 2 appears. This leans that there are 2 roots

whose second letter is and whose fifth letter

is lrr .

Table 106

This table represents the distribution of the

quinqueliteral roots according to their third and

fourth letters, for example: at the intersection

point of the letter nün in the vertical column

and the letter tä' in the horizontal colunn, the

figure 2 appears. This means that there are 2 roots

whose third letter is nun and whose fourth letter

is Al .

217

Table 107

This table represents the distribution of the

quinqueliteral roots according to their third and

fifth letters, for example: at the intersection point

of the letter ca-rr: in the vertical column and

the letter lam in the ho_ris, ontq. 1 column, the figure

3 appears. This means that ,: sere are 3 roots whose

third letter is cave and : chose fifth letter is lä: ß

Table 108

This table represents the distribution of the

quinqueliteral roots according to their fourth and

filth letters, for exa: iple: at the intersection poin-c

of the letter bä. ' in the vertical column and the

letter rz' in the horizontal. column, the figure 1

appears. This means that there is 1 root which has

the bi] iteral bar final) yr .

rrom the results o these tables we can make

the following observations:

1- The most frequently oc^urrinF biliterals in positiur

r ýr one and two are c u. and aan

2- The most frequently occurring biliterals in position! -,

two and three are ban fan and lan.

3- The most frequently occurring biliterals in positions

three and four are nad and nao

4- The most frequently occurring biliteral in positions

four and five is bal . 5- The most frequently occurring biliteral in the

quiroueliteral roots are bal nad, arU rag .

218

6- 1: o doublirg of the sane letter is recorded in

the following positions:

A- Positions one and two

B- Positions two and three.

C- Positions three and foi, r.

D- Positions four and fire .

7- Some letters are not found in the following

positions:

A- Position one:

ham tat^dhF1La sä±taa', {rý'"7ý,

"

1_-n, rný_T::, n in, 1wand aii

B- Position tyro:

^_, Týý, Yaý, kh ±a' 7, acayn, harn, har ýý.

w wä' and alif

C- Position three:

ham7a, tý_', th . dh9l, sir, s, h nnd 6Han, ýw'. i 'ý-

käf, 1ý n, and alif

P- position four:

han7a, ' , kra', dý_al, s1*', shIn, t? ', ', j*ý)ý , ra', h ',

, va , Vä', and alif.

re- Position five :

haM'a, ta' , tra' , khan , cris.! , Zag, Clad 9 za I. ri^ä. yr,, 'a I, c ate'

and alif "

8- If we take the average of frequency for each

letter in each position and for each letter in

all five positions by means of the followinf;

calcula'ti ons :

219

Total frequency in each position 39

Approximately 29 29

1( average )

2) Total frequencV in all five positions 195

29 29

Approximately 7 tines (average).

Prom the first calculation we can make the

folloxiin_g observations:

Position ore:

A- Six lettý.,: "s have above averar-e frequency.

º3- Six letters have the exact average freouencyr.

C- Seventeen letters have zero frequency.

Position t; ro :

A- Seven letters have above average frequerýc;;,

B- Fight letters have the exact avera; =e frcc;:. c_: cv.

C- Fourteen letters have zero frequency.

Position three:

A- Seven letters have above average frequency.

B- Seveii letters have the exact average frequency.

C- Fifteen letters have zero frequency.

Position four:

A- line letters have above average frequency.

B- Six letters have the exact average frenuercv.

C- -ourteen letters have zero frequency.

Position five:

A- Eight letters have above average frequency.

B- Four letters have the exact avera, -e frecuei: cýv.

C- Seventeen letter have zero fregDe cy.

220

Prom the second calculation we can make the

following observations:

A- Eleven letters have above average frequency.

B- T'leven letters have below average frequency.

C- Two letters have the exact average frequency.

L- '±ive letters have zero frequency.

9- Th¬ voiced letters have the highest frequency in

all- five positions. They occur 136 times or 69.74-c,, %

The : aiceless letters have the lowest firequpncy

in all live positions. They occur 59 times or

O. ?5 JC

10-Ii we take the average percentage of frequency

oa leite, in all five positions, which is

t it appears that:

A- '" hdirteen letters have above average frequency,

rir- }having the highest, 12. '3C,

letters have below a7erage frequency,

d'--l, r_4c, and waw, having the lowest, 0.51v_

***-if-*x-*******-* »*

221 TABLE Q8

The frequency of the letters in the quinqueliteral

roots

QGl-,

t

f F4ýOý Gca<

ý GJ PGýýt Pý' EFG, 10

ýý Gýat Ör QGý'a ýi.

v t 5ý Q ý

S 5ý ýP Q

.s Ff ý ý Q

ýý Q ý' ýcý

r P

Qý ý ý Q

QG 1 4G ý ^y ý o

BX' 0 0 10. ßi 17.95 3 7.69 16 8.20

X' 0 0 0 0 0 C' 2 5.13 0 0 2 11.02

'I'H7' 0 1 2. r)6 0 C) 1 2.55 0 0 0 2 1.02

J711 2 13 1 2, 1 2.56 , 56 ' 17.9 2 5,13 9 4.61

Hk' 5 12.8 0 C 1 2.56 C 0 1 2.5E 7 3 ý_P

Yý7 .::

' 1 2,5+= 0 0 1 2.. 56 00 0 0 2 1. {

DXL 1 2.56 0 0 2 5.13 :, 2 3 7.69 (11 + ̀ . r, ""

? ̀! '%'J 1 0 0 1 2,56 0 0 00 0 0 1 CSR

RÄ' 0 0 7 17.11) 2 7.69 5 12.82 17

2Ä' 1 2.5j, = 3 7.69 1 2.6 21 5.13 -

0 " 3

t Sl1? 2 5.1 _lz

1 2,13 6 :J C) 07 5 12 ,2 8

1

c n, ýJ 0 c- c 0 1 2. '36 2 2 +..

S7, D 0 0 1 2.56 0I C1 2.56 1( 2.56 3 1

DTD o 0 0 0 0 0 1 2: 56 C 0 1 0, ;

-, Tit c e o c 3 7, E o 0 2,56 4 ;, r CAYF 11 c2ß" " 21 0 0 5 i s^ 5 12.82 22 1 1..

T' 't 10.2 C 0I f ý

Qy= c ý, ý"C. 1 ;, cl 0 0 r -ýC, 26 0 G

F: A ' 1 2.: 1 2. ` 0 0 i 2. ` 0 1

c c 12. ` 1 '

I"Th 0 C 2! 5.13 1 2. `ßc tt 1"". -'. 7 . E9 1C 5,1?

0 0 2, "- 12, '

w ;'

1, ý ., 0 0 CJ 0 1 26

. >,. r: 1 0 1 1 1

ý.. L - LILL T 7,171

Histogram 20

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueiitsral roots

in position one

N co

11 " .0 bl%

222

Cayn qäf hä' fä' jis sin khä' dal zä' shin käf hä'

Histogram 21

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots in

position two

i

A

I

49

1

C

223

rä' nun lam bä' zä' fä' mim thä' jim dhäl sin sädgäf kZif hiFi

Histogram 22

The frequency of the

quinqueliteral

position

(")

letters of the

roots in

three

224

nün cayn t5' bä' dal rä' hä' j lm hä' khä' zä. ' fä' mim w-w

225

Hintogram 23

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots in

position four

.ý

v

bä' dä1 qäf mini jim rä' 13n tä' zä' thä'säd dädcayn käf nn

226

Histogram 24

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots

in

position five

1ä. m ra' sin cayn bä' dä1 mim j im hä' shin säd t.

227

Histogram 25

The frequency of the letters of the

quinqueliteral roots in

all five positions

i 10

IL 0 C) U. C)

1ý <

'< Is i< I< ý< 1- iý I- i. ý< is ý< t< 1< ý< ýý x=xx Ie ý YUa-. co OOi7hk x" N 1.. x c)" Y I- ýYNqa. I

228 TABLE 99

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their first and second letters

a EA H 14 N

H Cl)

H W

SECOND LETTER

TABLE 100 229

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their first and third letters

THIRD LETTER

H H P4 a

H 0, tY H W

TABLE 101 230

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their first and fourth letters

FOURTH LETTER

V4 W H H

H

H

TABLE 102 231

The distribution of the quz. nqueliteral roots

according to their first and fifth letters

FIFTH LETTER

rlý W H H

H

232 TABLE 103

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their second and third letters

THIRD LETTER

a W H H

a

Z 0 U W

233 TABLE 104

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their second and fourth letters

FOURTH LETTER

a

H

"e O U W

ý-ýýý5o '±-

i \I

t1ý

`I

11t

y

ý-ý----ý

12

;2 __ ( i2! cIII

G pct \ýd ý>

i'

- -ý H--

: --

I Li

. . ý__L ;;

Fl-

j li ý

I1 1 ig Il

i1Iill

2 Ill ii

I

234 TABLE 105

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their second and fifth letters

FIFTH LETTER

(a "r ý` yý 0p to tJý \sý Jý' Qý tom' Vr\C! ` 7L ýý vZS ?> >/ b

MZ, 31 1

0P I-

i I_I 1l ýcsº i-

'ýP fý 1I i- ! , --

ýý; 1' 2.; 121_ 2 LI _ 1211

2Rý Ii1 II I_i iýI ILL

CKiý ; LIIIIITIiIII'IIIIIIIIIIIII J

Jý

1F FF iI

*k qtý_ ! _! 1-I

_ý± -IIII-III

.; ý, I I ý, ýil 7 ý! II Lill '1 1

_12

YHA..... f-. ý. ý" .r.. y_, ýyý. ýýi.. r`-f -rf 'TTT ý-.. --yý ,

H H

Z 0 U W U)

i 3 1 1

ýI I 1

ý ýý 1 f I

12

ý! i

!2

i iý

. j 1 11 f iý ý 1i I ! I r

!; 2

ýý Iý1I fi

1 f 1

I I .i

I,. iI ,

2

1

I I i

235 TABLE 106

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their third and fourth letters

FOURTH LETTER

a H N

H

Fr

11)

-,: 3

Q'ý%

1_ 2212; 1. 1 41 11 - ý1 II 1 i I t. I I 1;

;, -. ýýr. -r"-. -t -` ---'-rte fs-ýfý-ýý-ý ýýriýý'=%y,

-;. yLýL L1 -rl-ý-. --t. ý. -rayºw<rr-ý--ýýý -s+-+_ ý..

"-ýr`ýL=+-ý--ý-ý-j-ý. -ýrýf'LC .-

236 TABLE 107

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their third and fifth letters

FIFTH LETTER

W H H W

H

x H

237 TABLE 108

The distribution of the quinqueliteral roots

according to their fourth End fifth letters

eN-

ZPý

PS

NPD

ýr ýý i H

H%

Iý C,

W T"% Pyý

ý ý7

V.

t. -

'44

G Fi

FIFTH LETTER

CIA Z' ýý -)Ný

12 I ._

! l 1 I ý( ý ý. 1 illl llý I I III!

_ý! -I I i i 1 I-T 1

1 2 -

I! -I

ýi 1 Iý I I 1

2 iº 1 2

I ýýý .

ýý I 1(

ýý

- I

" '

F T

I E -ý--ý *ý - ------ ' -` y- -Y - '. T

ZZ2 7t '-

238

ITOTES TO PART TWO

()- The extraction of the roots presented some

problems since some of the words were out

of use and unfamiliar. I_ucr. help was obtained

from L: ý_san al-c!. rab al-'whit in its most

recent edition. The authenticity of all roots

was checked with the help of this dictionary,

particul it attention being paid to the defective

roots.

(1 )- "'he a1)ätract terms root is defined as:

'File u) tinate constituent common to all

corra to words. " cf. rictionary of linpuistics, 187

l of 1inruistic terminolor7,, 237

(2)- cf. 1: istorram 7 (3 )-

ci. c-c.!: - 2

(4 )- cf. -carüs, introduction, 1 /7

(5)- cf. tables 56 ar_d 84

(6)- cf. chart 2

***********

239

APPELDIF

KITý'_^ Ai-"_'t"' 1ýT CAT j'}1 ý':: r'ý' T AB CAT. - AZ-SPAY7? Ä?

r: I: ' A''- 'r LTm

BY r_ 1iTTp ý"ýiý

1`ýL- BAJTý ALT 1I

LA

EDITED ID AI'I'OTATED

BY

ABD AL-QADIR ABB AL-.? ýLIL ABTS AL-KARITi

240

IiTRODUCTIOI'

Iý- TITrý CO? T^t E'. I-TS O' TFE Y_ITAB ÄL-TAP: TPIT

The Yitäb al-tarrlrhät ( Book of critical

observations) is a philological work written in the

fourth century A. E. by a well-known representative

of the Basra school.

Bibliographical sources have not furnished us

with much information concerning this work; There i:

no mention of It in al--ihrist by Ibn al-l'adim,

"ihrist Ibi' }: hayr al-Ishbili, Vd. t al-acyan by

Ibn Yhallikän, or Fhizänat al-adab by al-Baghdadi

Räjji Ehallfa makes a brief mention of it:

".......... and there was a critical notice of the

Eitäb isläh al-rantio by Abü Yucaym, cr"_li Ibn Ea: r. z. a

al-Easri.. " (1;

Brockelmann in 17is biographical work signalises this

book, with sr-re details concerning its contents and

! anuscripts.

In fact, Y_itit al-tarb! hzt consists of eight sections,

as follows:

1- The ! 'air dir of Abü Ziyäd al-Kiläbi.

2- The : 'awädir of bü cA, -: r al-Shaybäni.

3- The F: itZb al-r_abiRt, by Ährnad Ibn u'äd al-Dinawari.

4- The 'r: i tob al-k9mil, by Abü al-CAbbds al-I: ubarrid.

5- The i"itäb i' ti,? r fesýn 2' "; calF-m, by Thaclab.

6- The ': itch al-: har! b al-mucarnar, by Abü ctTha` d ihn Sallam

7- The 'ri- is14h al-mantic, by Ibn al-Sikkit.

8- The !'' `a b al-mac s-cr i%a' l-nemdurd, by Ibn !, -; all-a, -,.

241

The ains of the Fitäb al-tanbihät as stated

by the author himself in his preface to the whole

work can be grouped under two different headings:

7'irst: Personal:

Pe is keen to show his own personal

eminence in philological matters, his mental

activity, his competence in poetry of different

periods, his specialised knowledge of the

works of the scholars who were in one way

or another the most outstanding of the time.

Son: 7, iterary :

Pe attempts to record and classify the

r Zstakes made by his immediate predecessors

for the benefit of succeeding generations ."

T'a't o-- the whole collection, covering five

works, ". -iz.: yitý_b al-kFimil, by al-,: ubarrid , Yitä. b ikht5, )-är

fas3Y, al-3: al?: r,, by Thaclab, kitub al-Rharib al-musannaf ,

by Abi. el-bayd Ibn Salläm , Kit .b islä L al-rnantio , by

Ibn cl--Sikkit , and I. itäb al-maasür `va'1-mamdüd, by

Ibn \"'a] l.. d , has already been.. edited by al-I°aynar_i

as a part of his work entitled; "ai_I'arýqüs wall-mamdüd

wall-tanbThFt " (3) The remaining three works are still

unedited.

The following pages contain an edition of one

of the three remaining works which is entitled: Iii -Hb

al-tanab'Lhät calG m fi naw dir Abi CAmr al-Shavb . ni

min arhaiit. This edition is intended to be a

supplement to the main: dissertation. It should also be

242

of some value in its own right since the Kitäb

al-rawädir , by Abü cAir al-Shayb('-: 7Lni has been lost.

Further, this loss has contributed to the ambiguity

curounding the titäb al-jim : Ibn al-1adim goes so

far as to say that Kitäb al-jir: and Yitäb al-nawädir

are the same work of Abü CAmr al-ShaybEni. (4)

The basis for this belief is the illogical order of

the Ki b al-jir as it has come down to us, coinciding

with a similar condition in the I"it. b al-naw9dir. (5)

it is important to the rain dissertation that

this h? lie , originated bfr this eminent bibliographer,

be pro : ; ci wrom. ; -hat follows isa presentation of

the eviderce to support the argument that

I. itäb a]- im and Yit-b al-nawFdi-,. cannot possibly be

the samc- worl..

II ý- THE r. t : -tTSC"'IPTS AT THE FU. J CIPLE S OT

ED I C; `ý'I

There are two 1: ss. of the n itab al-tanb hat

cal: arh^11t al-ruwgt, which I refer to as "D. M. "

u-""r.

D. ""!. is the Codex of Dr al-kutub al-r_: i sriyya

which bears the 1: 0.502 in the section lugha. It

has been well maintained and is therefore in readable

condition. In size, it is 19X28 cm., with 19 lines

each 8 cm. long per page. It consists of 116 fol.

A microfilm of it is preserved in The Arabic

Cr r, institute of f lanuscripts of 3ärni at al-duýý'a1 a1-c1

243

as lo. 69 in the division lugha. (6)

The I.: anuscript is written in a cursive Ruaca

with 10-11 words per line. There is no evidence

of the identity of the copyist because the end of

the I's. has been damaged; The Fs. is also undated.

The writing is small and the º: ords are placed rather

close together, but the text is legible. The verses

that occasionally occur in the Lcxt are somtimes

written as , rose

The text is generaly de: -oi-i of punctuation and

vowel-points. Occasionally leiters of words or words

themselves are left out. These are supplied in the

edition.

B. I. I. is the 2? s. or which my present edition

is based. This is preserveC, in the library of the

British -useum and bears t': e ä'o. 341. It was described

by Charles I'_ieu in the " Süpplemeiit to the Catalogue

of the Arabic ?.: aruscripts in the British i"'useum 11 in

the following manner:

" 841 or 3C61. -fol. 115; 91 in. by 6'; 23 lines, 41 in. lon,;

written in cursive 1. eskhi.; dated 3 Jun3dr II A. } . 1295

(A. D. 1E78) . (7)

This ? 's. differs very little from !: s. D. T'.. The

main reason for depending on B. I-'.. in this edition

is its superiority in legibility over r. ý'_.

1: otes on the text are placed separately at

the end of the text. The notes below the text are

est-icte tc --ariart reaa i r_ s. I have identified the

244

majority of the verses quoted, and given references

to the relevant sources. Where a verse is incomplete

in the text, I have supplied the missing word or

words from these sources. I have omitted the general

introduction to the whole work, since it has already

been published by al-I: ayrani. (8)

The Colophon of I-Is. B. r'. runs as follows;

The book was completed with the help of God in

the third month of JumEdä the second, in the year

1295 A. H. , by its copyist and collator, `Abd al-cAzlz

Ismacil al-Ansäri al-Rhazra ji al-"Tah tä' i. This copy is

based on a copy which is pvescrved in the Khedive's

library in Egypt in the Darb al-J2m5miz Palace. This

is the final version of what has been found in this

dis. because it is very old, a number of words cannot

be made out, for its pages are mutilated. In these

cases I have left blank spaces and indicated this, in

the hope that God would provide us with another copy

different from this, enabling us to fill in the blanks".

iý.:: l"J tvJ lý yý.. '. JI v11.. º.: a1J t

L:;,..: i JLI La `11 JA3

ro 14-ýJ I

*#*"3( **********: '. X *x*#***

245

(III)- BIOG 7P : ICAL STUDY OF THE AUTHOR

Yaqut al-Panawi in Irshäd al-arib gives only .

a very brief account of al-Pasri's life. (9) The

short account that appears iit I: ashf al-zunün, Eurhyat

al-wucät , and "ihristIbn Kha, sr al-Ishbili is unfortunately

almost exactly the same. (10)

Ibn fl ayr al-Ishbili gives his name as cAli

Ibn T'amza al-^: rT (11 ), whereas the other three of

these autherities dive it as cAli Ibr. I'a : za al-Basri. s

He is also referred to by two 3eparate Kunyas : Abü

al-cäsim (12) and Abü I: ucayrn. (1 )

Fe was a scholar of the Basran school. He

compiled many works dealing with various subjects, -T

among which is the Yitäb al-taýibý?, ät alä a!; hý. ltt al-rte.

It is stated that al-7asrä was a raw of T"

al ; ": utsnabbt . The lexicographer lbn J, inn!, on al-',: -, asri Ts

authority, tia. -smitted anecdotes about al-�utanabbi and

a portion of his poetry. (i. )

al-Ishbili tells us that al-Basri entertained

al-I: utanabb' in his home when the latter arrived in

Bag; hcäd fror! Egypt and treated him with great civility,

spending More than one thousand dinars on his entertainment.

However, this was repaid by the fact that al -l: utanabbi

read him his Diwan up to the end of al-Ydfüriyyät. (15)

al-13asri died in Ramadgn, 375/9n5 in Sicily.

246

? TOTES TO THE IrT'ZODUCTIO1

(1 )- c . Vas}`' ý1-7s-Yýir; 1 /? 2F

(2 )- c' .' ýý D al-acaý al-C, ra}: i; 2,1 °A

(3)- cf. a1-"ar_' wa' 1-ýa-ýth ; 61-354

(4)- ýitý7 5

(5)- c`. al-1a a4zt a2-CAraUiry'a 'i al-tur_äth; 120

(6)- ci'. "ihr. i st a1-nah itutat al-rmu: awi. rara; 1/347-348

(7)- cf. Surnlerent to the Catalomze o-' the Arabic : -: anuscripts

in the -'ýriti sh -useur-; 572'-, =73

(9)- cf. -irshF^ a)-arib; 5/202-203

(10)-c`'. Yash: a1-: nin7r; 1/1,28

PuFhyat a1-Wuc7t; 337

pjhri c, t 7i`. 1 rh,. --'; 400.

(11)-cf. ]rid.

(12)c! '. "_'ärilýr al-ad ab al-cA-abi; 2/1`=f

(13)-cf . "' as-'al-7. u r; 1/3t2ß

Furl-vat ý ý" ._ ý' ý -k, ]CZt"3? .

(14)-cf. 7r: a: ', 7c a. 1-arib; t2/202-203

(15)-cr h ayr; 4o4

**4 i***# ýt **N **ýE ****X ***

24 7

0" &1 .

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r (5) . 40 1 1 .0

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d`ý L. o La

, 41

(6)

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.ý ýý 1 ý..;. a. + : jsa ý, _: tý. 'a ;J1JJl. ýýs

r,;..: )1 beI , x.. J ' r.,.

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L_ ý: J 1

a .r .SSa: ý... vii

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: ý.. wýý

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248

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L L_J I' (e1: LR.. j I t3 .� cS

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tl_-

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ýw19 71

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rI JU,

(if) .. (15)

a, ýý "_ý. ,, ;Lý':; ' Lý,...; J I ý; `. ý L _b yýJ L

: JL

249

:» -I j1

(18) Lo 4- L; 1

va.. L

(20) (19) "J I . iJ 16" J1. ß

. 'ý;? 1:. ß: t , s+ "" LL ___"

`l, L_ ý' I Syr-. ý; .Jý. ýý i_y. 1 ý (22) (21)

"r j -. 1. ý: j lýý " ., ELI ý

s

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(23)

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ä.. I

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(25)

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u : 41

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250 MýIý

f

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j 0-

r'---'- r--'

J<ý . ý- ý=yJ ý, .9

1sl.: ` jJ º-' (27)

uJ1 ; -'J UrI,: 1i Ja

M. 0

L

(28) " Jý -"ý, r-ý: "1J ý--r Ij

JW .1 2,

(29) W.,

" ß-_. 1ö J r- 1j JJ !, "Ju:. ý 1: Lt j-'- 1) C) t t. -.... -^- V 1p- 1: ci iý J_w

zj1 J! c e1 11 11

pit-=ý 1 eý ;. z. ý. ll

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vý _" _' ý- }' r! 16 ; -...

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- 1. _ý, J 1 .. s !-ýv "-ra 1

(30)

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: i,.. =r_I

_i: ' Y Lýý 6eiý, I L4J $I'ä . ý" I> (i r l-ý.., ctU

25 1

"i _p-Li. Jtom; y, Lim

li " r--ft-j, JJ :JIt.. Ä J»

JL;

r

ý -i Iß. 1 I t_. ..: ýJ

L_ý---" Jr- a1,. ". 1lj

(31) .

(32) , (gyp L-e.:..

-Jt Li-:, j t, LJ t

"0Li, -

Li. J I I___..; . 1,: '

L4., -i. äJit .:

J L

:» r" JL

j -it ttý, :) ý>---u I t-ý- -, I *. OJIVI

ý.. x , a, tc i"I` J1; ý, ýý___ý_Lý `'J .. 1ý ýý,.

JI

(33) ,,

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J ýýý

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C7-

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252 (35)

. ý- -x ý- iL_ 3

ý JI 'L Ji :! > 4 ý.. ýL"_. uIJ4 Lý. oLý--+yI ý-f-.

- tý. ý vj-`ý`

:- ýJ'

yIJ I` L <' yJ 1. J d r^ a. L--ý IJ ýý G ý'ýr

wý �`

L a,, ."

Výý" lT I L--jI

i

u . -.

s.. L+: ý

I ._ a_w"ý -ý, ý.

LG ý4ý. ý-- I ý+sý1 ýJ I9. ß 4

1 (36)

r- pe .., r

J_SI Lý, _ ý. ) I ýt V. +o º1IL. _.. ý Iý. 4ý I t=. _.: ýss

37

(38)'

rr, ýs--s.., ý

L4j

i ýýi jug

(39)" ... I

Y-1 -.; 1. ý. L-j 1

4. )

01 -___1s " "-- -ice .: 1 ". r31 L`'rJ. lý1ý -.

1, eftj, . __e

A: 1: s. D, Fol. 38; (d 'ý. ý,. J: ).

253

(40) -. y-

ý,. _. ý L"1ý: +»J . ý. Gý l ý-. --: vom-- ' v- L ý--r ýý

Lzt.

}ice `i I

6 -i---' ICJ I r-'j

a I iß. 1+ l.

t! 3. (v I) LA

j.,: w .:

I "J" I} Ji'J--' -L--? '

L-- ; Lý:

'_, ý.: J L-_, ý. J I c. ý! r. lj "`..: . ý. ý, '_" Lai.

.., 1ý-^ (ý I) LJ. ý,.,, .

1 L_:

u--r1 I v`` }--: I

ý; ̀ L'J J I1 _ AJ L 6

(42)

" C: --t-, j

254

(43) ý; Ji ýº º, r, 'syý a ý.

"" a

v ý'ý

' '< re ally ý.. _. ýs

.B,: -r,..

(44) ,"

B: Ibid. -% --ý "

C: Ibid.

2 ý5

, 55 - (45)

. - ýy . L. J º ,

gis .ý tom.. I j.. l lý 'I L-> ýs L `,.,

lÄ... ýJ 14__. L" lý,

-:

j I

ý: I S^ 1I .Lý . aýý ý. Li_... i . rr. _sý 6 Jr_. J is ý. J töJ. w . ý. is __... "sJ ºi

i_+

(46) " ». s >. t sy,,. c ýý. 1 t. J. 1:..

__..; J t.

ýJ L. J e5J. ) !v_.,. 'i -ý Ivt r1,

ýcl

" . 1j i 0: J1

ýý1 Lýý l--: L_.: j

(47) "

(48)

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ý: I .:

I> ate.: J- 4-Ij -,. 4c

J l_, j

ýI.. LJ I jLi"ý. ý.! 1. eý .. '- ý. 1 I _ý

:J

(50)

. Sý

". .o=C 0&

256

ý1 ý- ; -s ' 1-ý-ý s1 ý---ý 1-' 1' ý'ý Is ý' Jý Is " ýn---ý J-1 i1r

(52)

ý__ -.., r `" . ý.. ... ter .s ;Sj. ý.

ý) läý.: lý ý. _,

Jý. -J l sue-,

-ý; 1 ,. s JIý.

.J1. -: -_- jYIj lJ " 'sly .J1 >J . r`

d-- -_.. tS I, L cý "

St . i. J I"V,, u o ý' 1J` l__ 1ý. *

a. 1 I "; .ý>1r ,ý_ Hi " l____:. vý, L4, J

Iä ýtý

x-te c*Ji : ->t'.. ýi

%;

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i. fl + '-,,

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I

257 _______ IG ______ 1I. I

(53) L:

"(r. ý) lL--% A9

L-J 1

lýi L L-J

ju

j

jL

r4J (54)

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jt >,. -;. -t IJ 1As. Uýt : itilýI j Lhi tL- .e0

ib Ipil e0

J- w

.. ».. I L J,

; u-i ij & .2 Uz ,ý1 .'-

A: Vs . P. ; ro1. A2 ( ý-.; )

258 13

. )r l 111 Jy :; Q. yý

(55) 4

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L

(56)

"t

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M

259 41

42 2 __ `, ý4ý. -"iI rý_ý

:, ý fir_- : Ij "; . __: . I.

ij J . ý.. _r I jý 16 l_, ý. J II:. I. L__. _.; ý'

(57)

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00

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.L.. I L)

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(59) l_ .t :Jd -J 1 4, LrL-e;

L: j

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eJ-. _. c

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(61)

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---'j » r" 1Jt

Lis 5 ;

_'ý,,, r'. ýj' .e.; r5

.

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11 54 41�

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. x., jý {: ý1 IL......... .... ...... .

261 J L_. I, LL,

-' -� II ___ I___ II-

(62) _r -

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.i ý-_J 1: i---i ý1

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-

' °Jý--'' ýý tv

ý ý___r. ý. J ýj, ý3'°} ,

fit---°

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J `

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4.

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_ý: 1 Iyi

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263

(65) L< 19

J--ýj Ij

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lpa; ol

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

264

ronventioral Si. rn used ir the edition:

Brackets () indicate additions by the editor.

1OTES ON THE TEXT

(1)- cf. Part one, chp. I of the pre3c-rt thesis. '' I, A. VtjJ 'i .

(2)- The Arabic lexicons give: `~ tr^M-' =- I>--o "-o

(3)- The hemistich is attributed by Ibn Manor in Lisän al- c Arab

jadala to certain Bedouins. ibn Bari attributes it to

al-Yukhabbal al-Saedi. The complete verse runs as

follows: ... ý, ý.,

' 1ý. a;

> ý; J _ _ýr-= " c. i--ý

IVj ý---d'

The complete verse can a:!. sc. be found in Täj al-cc. r. äs,

iadala which reads tahizz instead of yakhirr. It is

also attributed to al-TAlukhabbal al-Sac di".

The hemistich can be found it Majälis Thaclab, 2/483,

where the reading is : a, hirer in place of yakhirr,

without attribution. It is also mentioned in Mu°Dam

magäyis al-lurha, 1/434, with the reading vagizz instear

of yakhirr, also without any attribution.

The complete verse can be found in a1_ Sim, 4/1655, 10

without any attribution.

(4)- According to a1- ih h, 4/1653, iuc jar, º mac r. is al-luLrha,

1/434, Tahdhib al-lurha, 10/650, , -'a,; älis Thaclab, 2/483

Y. itäb al-nakhl, 66 , '"äj al-carüs, 'a dala, and Lisän al-c rab,

jadala, there is no reason to criticise Abü CAmr here.

(5)- The evidence of al-Jawhari in al-SihFh , 6/2399, al-Zabidl-

in THj 41-carüs, sadaya, Ibn ; 'anzür in Lin al-CArab,

sad a+ a, Ibn Tiakki in Tathoir al-listen, 341. al-Yayruzab: dz 6

265 in al-9ärzüs al-muhit, 4/381 , al-Lughawi in Kitäb al-ibdäl,

2/203,309,349 , and al-Azhari in Tahdhib al-lugha, 11/162

suggests that al-Basri was not right in his reply-

to Abü cArºr "

(6)-The whole verse can be found in Ti äal-carüs, data

al-Sihö. h, 6/2334, and'Lisän al-cArab , dajä in which the

seconc hemistich is given as follows:

.............................. (7)- Qacnab Ihn Tamra Ibn 11mm Sähib al-Ghatafäni was a poet

of the Umayyad period. cf. alb al-5hucarä', 310.

Ibn al-Shajari informs us that this verse is taken

fron bis ode on his relatives' animosity towards him,

cf.? 'ukiýtär t Tbn al-Shajari; 23 , Kitäb man nusiba ilä Un, mihi, 0.

(8)-The complete verse can be found in Täj al-crüs and

Lisýzn al-CArab, da j ., ascribed to e. l-Tirinn h Ibn Hakim

al -Tä'T , and in Diwan al-Tirimrcth . 109 , where the

first hemistich is given as follows:

(9)- He is one of the sons of cimr Ibn al-Här. ith Ibn

Tamim Ibn Sacd Ibn Hudhayl , an poet of the Ummayyad

period. It is said that he praised Banü TTarwän. cf.

al-Ac'hani, (Buläq ed. ), 20/115, and Diwan al-Hudhalivvin, 172

(10)-In both Iss. the word bihi is wrongly placed at the

end of the first hernistich. The second hemistich of

the verse can be found in Diw. n al-Hudhaliyyin, 183,

reading 19t i an instead of läsioan . cf. cf. also Lisan

al- rab and Täj al-carüs, dajä

(11)-cf. BF. b al-dal of the Ms. of the Kit9b al-jim.

(12)-cf. Sharh dI wan Kacb, 98 , and ib al-dal of the Ys.

of the fitäb al-jin.

266

(13)- The whole verse can be found in al-Amä1T, 1/235

without attribution . Abü cAli al-Qäli quotes it

on the authority of al-Ghälibi from Ibn haysän

from al-I"iubarrid reading amr instead of shay':

. .... .... ..... .. a..: ( c__Ji 1II its

The complete verse can also be found in Tisän al- cArab without any attribution, with the first

hemistich as follows: f

Ibn isanzür also indicates that Ibn Bari says that

this verse is quoted by Ao al-Qasim al-Zajjäji

in his 1'itäb al-=Fwithout attribution.

(14)- cf. I. isar al- c Arab, and mä;; al- c arils, khardafa and

al-Sihäh, 4/1347,1583

(15)- of. T fj al-carUs, matana

(16)- cf, hisän al-cArab, daraDa

(17)- of. al-Qämüs al-rnuhlt, 4/269 , and al-Jamhara; 3/216

(18)- The complete verse can be found in Lisän al-cAºyat:

and Tj al-carUs, fakana , without attribution , reading dar fihi instead of sähe ibin.

= (19)-cf. al-P'uhl; am ýýra , 5/109 , al-O rnüs al-'-_uhi + ,, ,1 /60

, al-Ja, ý_ýarr. . 44 1/233, and Lisän al-cArab and Täj al-ýrüs, khariba.

It would seem that there is no reason to criticisf

Abü cAnr for using the word khErib as a

synon2r. n for liss -ý-s-r

(20)- 'r'e is Yazid ibn cbba, rd'a1-1zh al-I'ildbi. Fe came to

La:; hdäd ir the time of the Caliph al-, ahdi. c f.

al-1'_cräb a1-ruwat, 248-250.

2 67

(21`- He is P -, 7i al-cr_h'ýas Anr.! ad ibn Ya)-ya al-Sraybäni.

He is the host outstaräing scholar in the fourth

century A. 1-.

(22)- Fe is cAbd al-läh Ibn Ru'ba Ibn Labid , one of

the best known rajaz - poet of the Umayyad period.

cf. '^he preface to the Diwan al-cAjjäd.

(23)- cf. T'iwär, a1-cj jaj, 336 Ode 26.

(24)- He is Ahnad Ibn Hätim al-Bähili. He is thought

to have been the nephew of al-Asmac1 . He received

part of his education from Abü cAmr al-Shayb nl

lie died in Bafhdäd in 231 A. P. cf. Narä. tib al-rahwiyyin

82-83.

(25)- The words missing from this verse in the ý-: ss. have

beer suplied from Diwan Ph'i al--Rini-na; 109 . (26)- The second and third lines are given in Lisän al-

e cArab and Täj al-arüs, khariba , without attribution.

(27)- The first hemistich is given . i:: Lisän al-CArab

sara a, without attribution , reading ni'gluhg in

place of nicälunä

(28)- The first and second lines can be found, without

attribution , in Lisän al-cArab , nadala , readir_

_harir and al-na. -dulän instead of gharim and

al-na'duiEn.

(29)- cf. al-Jar. hara, 3/3e9,4.13 and al-Sihlh , 5/1828 . From

the evidence of these lexicons , there is no Yeasor,

to criticise tbü CAmr on this point

(30)- The whole verse is quoted on the authority of

Thaclab in Lisen al-CArab and Taj a1. -carüs , r?. -al,

without attribution. The first hemistich is ; 'fiver GE

268

follows:

0.0.. 0.0000..... 0000.00.. 000 J.. _..: j 1 J--ý6- '. r... _, 1i. (31)- The complete verse can be found in lisän aI-

CArab and '^äj al-grüs , safaha , without attribution.

(321)- The literal meaning of al-suffFha is: 1' very hard

stone ". It is used here metaphorically of the

strerg th of the she-camel.

(33)- ^, ie whole verse can be found in Lisän al-c'. rab

and 2 al-cards ,r awilra

(314)- Surat a. l -JJ. zab, 26

(3 )- /'ßbä 1 äsu- YacoUb Ibn al-Si k«it

without attribution.

is ct philoloi-ist o

the ,; ß. {'2n school in the t'ourth century A. K. Ee is

one of Abü cAnr discipl es.

(36)- complete verse can be found in Tahdhib al-

lu s, 12/266 and I: isF. n al-CArab, saýas , attributed

to D urayd Ibn al-Sirna. .

savasa (37)- The line is quoted in 719i. "

without attribution, readin_ý : ,, uolaeu bilwuddi

(38)- The complete verse can be found in "'äff al-cares,

and I, isFn a?. -cArab, nayara , ascribed to cAdi Ibn

7, avo, with tr_e first henistich as follows:

c.. also, ''acc. al-shicrý , 212 Sirr , al-f asC. -a, 21 E, and CT""

fitz', al- in ,9.

(39)- cf., -iaEn al-cL,, jäj 5

(40)- The complete verse is quoted in Täj al- rüs and

Lisan al-c4rab, sa aa=a , attributed by Ibn Bari to

cAd I; ani al-: 7ashäs. cf. L iwän Suhaim °Abd

33,1o. 91 .

269

(41)- The second and third lines are attributed in

Lisän al-cArab and Tä. j al-crizs, kharnafa , to r. iyäd

al ; V; i lgati , reading al-rukha-ý-vä. t instead of rukhaLryat. .

(42)- cf. Diwär. ryuhavr Ibn Abi Sulma, 177 , reading rharzaia

instead of _haý ytaala.

(43)- cf. al- ufassal fT al-nahw, 154 , '"ughni al-labic', 2/342

Shari-. Ibn c& ci1,1 /120 , al-' ai af'i., 35,36,109 , "_ul: htasar

al-na-viEf3,31 , ar"c a1-Yitab, 2/301 where al-kha as

and al-rukhtarac are given in the forms al-kha cac r.

and al-mu)-htaraan. It seems to me that the read irgs

in the I: ss. are probably incorrect, since these

two lines are quoted as example of " addition of

nün to a fettered rhyme" al-Tanwin al-ghzli ai-1ad? h7

yalhag al-aatiräfTi al-muaay Tada.

(44)- The complete verse can be found in Lisän a] Arab

and Tj al-carüs, nasasa , quoted on the avty. or5 t; 1

of the grammarian Furr .c, readin adarra bi 'PE

instead of wa'khrajahä . Another reading -found in

I. isän a1-Arab coincides with that in the tex;,.

(45)- A portion of the first hemistich is quoted in

? isän al-c rab, casasa, but with a different

continuation, and attributed to . ". bü Juha-7. i al-'huhu.

(46)- Cn the evidence of I_isän al-CArab, nasasa and

Tahdhib al-lug-? -a, 12/308, on this point, al-? a: ri

appears to be misinformed.

(47)- cT. al-'-'uzhir, 2/357

(48)- The complete verse can be found in Täj a . l-caý"üs

and Lisän al-c; rab, sha jaca , reading Ehadibtiä instead of

270

halaltu . It can also be found in LisFn al-cArab s

khada-ia, reading nazaltu instead of halaltu

(49)- cf. Tliw n al-cl_j ja, , 425-426, ode 35.

('-"0)- cf. TAsän al-CArab, k1--. adama.

(51)- A welj4: nown genealogist, who compiled many books

ai, ong which is Yitab

(52)- cf. Liszn al-cArab and ''Ei al-`'arcs , r, adasha without

attribution.

(53)- The second line can be ftnind in liSan

al-CArab,

ta r+ , reading j 'at irstead of sarat. It is

attributed_ to _°. u'ba Ibna !. -

(54)- cf. The naaä'id of Jarir and cl-_'arazdaa, II, 794, verses

"arils , dahmaja , readi. n 33-34, ode 75 ; and TFj a---- .

C, r an tra

C-1- an lahä instead of h

_TZ 'n lahum

(55)- cf. alh, 1 /536 and al-carils, masada , reading

anyFb instead of ins; -; n,,

(56)- cf.. Iisän al-c4rab, nasada , tiui;, hout attribution, reading

nuo sa' ins instead of rnuo sha' ir_n .

(57)- cf. I_isRn al-cnrab , r_a &ra , without attribution.

(58)- The second hemistich can be found in I. iswn al- Ara. L.

a} aza , without attribution.

(59)- cf. Lisa:: al-cArab, raga, without attribution , rcadi_i;

Xlhaliii i2, ctead of ciaai

(60)- cf. al-carüs, raia; 4, a.

(61)- cf. I: isän al-cArab , ra aha , without attribution.

(62)- cf. Titi: 3r: al-c lj iäi, 41 , reading bil. -ralv i instead

of falkullu.

271

(63)- The reading; ird. 'uhä is certainly wrong. It

is possible that we should read indä'ahä , but

most probably the reading of the full verse

quoted by al-Pasri below should be adopted

here also. "

(64)- The t, 'o lines can be found in Lisä. n al-cArab,

sawara , without attribution. The second reading

udhna h instead of mugdhih

(65)- STrat Al cimrän, 161 . ( )- cf. I,? s5r al-cArab, khayara , attributed to Sabra

]bn cAmr al-Asadi . It is said to be a lament

for CAr-r Ibn : ascüd and Ehälid Ibn 1adla who

ha! ' been put to death by a"t -i: uman. c

**************

272

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