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8

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 109]

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9

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10

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15

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16

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19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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20

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21

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

24

2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute 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xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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5

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6

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7

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9

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10

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11

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14

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15

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7ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ccedilthornbullthornAumloumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger xyoumligraveŒeacutendash mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlšyenzETH

8ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc oumleuml thornrsaquoiacute tradeoumligraveicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc xoumligravesectordmordmpoundigraverdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenyenz thornrsaquooumligraveiacute bullthornyicircucirc lsaquothorniexclyicircucirc lsaquothornyenlaquo xyoumligraveŒeacute ~Ÿš daggerthorniacutey icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash euml˜G ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn egraveIgraveyŸ=iexclicircucirc šyŸ xyiexcly˜yETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy thornrsaquooumligraveiacuteicircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger oumlšyenzETH

9ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumleuml icircoumligraveCcedilthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ icircCcedilthorneacuteocirceacuteˆyen šŸAringyrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumly xyiexclˆy daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc daggerthornyoumligravelt ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc xcurrensbquoDaggerAuml ltiexcllteacuteocirceacutesup2Igraveyrdquooumligrave˜icircucirc šeuml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexcleacutendash daggerthornv mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornthornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ~daggerthornyyenz oumlcurreneacute daggerthornyltthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH

10ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn ~daggerthorn ltiexcloumligrave˜icircbullthorny bullthornyicircucirc xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyˆyŸ currenyicirctradeyš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircndash euml˜G bullthorny oumlcurren oumlcentyoumligraveššETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyš icircyrdquo oumlšyenzETH ~yenz ˜centthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteicircpoundigraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn currenyicircucircrdquoicircucirc ŸytradeAumloumligraveŸ thorn ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ rsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacute eumlyoumligravebullthorn bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc

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1eacuteocirceacuteˆETH thornrsaquoyiacuteAringoumligravedaggerthornAumlicircucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquominus

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icircy bullthornyicircucircbullthornŸAuml permiloumligravethornndash oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthorniacutedaggerthornyenz bullbdquothornyicircucirc timesampbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthorn agraveicircagrave ~daggerthornyenzccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullbdquothornyicircucirc oumltimesybullthornyoumligrave˜icircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircš šyETH

~Ÿšdaggerthornthorn icircccedilthornsectnot currenŸoumligraveeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyšG daggerthornyyenšicircucirc thornrsaquošƒdaggerthorniacuteoumligravešicircucirc currenŸeumlucirc ~daggerthornyenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn šyšy sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ permilthornoumligraveeumlucirc oumlœthornoumligraveiexclšETH daggerthorniacuteoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 116] sup2IgraveoumligravebullthornAumldaggerthorn daggerthorniacuteoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc daggerthorniacutešaeacutersaquošƒdaggerthorniacuteoumligravešoumligravedaggerthorn šŸAringyrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornv ~eacuteocirceacuteG ltyš oumleumlndash

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

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public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

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6

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8

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 109]

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9

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10

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15

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16

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19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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20

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21

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

24

2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute 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ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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7

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8

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 109]

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9

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10

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1ETH bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornyenz šyeumlucircdaggerthornyicircucirc šyŸ iacuteydaggerthornoumligraveiexclG sup2IgraveiacuteŸ Œeacuteyrsquothornuumly xšAuml ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn šyeumlucircoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc šyŸ oumlšyenzETH thorn 2ETH eacutesup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucircthorn rsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xyicircycurreneacuteocirceacuteš˜icircucirc šyŸ iacuteydaggerthornoumligraveiexclG mbullthorneumlucircthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xicirccentAumlndash sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucircthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn š˜ ˜thorn xyiexcly˜yeacuteocircocircocirceacute sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquo icircucircthorn š˜thorn icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthornmdash mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc š˜thorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoETH

3ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumldaggerthornucirc š˜icircucirc tradeyoumligraveicircucirc szligiiexclccedil)thornŸoumligravebullthorn szligficircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc ˆicircAring sup2Igravedaggerthornycent daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn OumloumlšŒeacuteiexclndash daggerthornhs bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn OumloumligravešŒeacuteiexcl eumlDaggerš ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ š˜icircucirc rsquothornzrsaquoigraveicircucirc oumligravešiumldaggerthorny oumlicircoumligraveeumlucirc yenyoumligravethorn eumlyFŒeacuteiexclETH

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15

5ETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo tradeoumligraveicircucirc daggerbdquothornydaggerthornšalsaquothornrsquothornuuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligrave˜icircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ oumlˆoumligraveŒeacuteETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn daggerbdquothornydaggerthornš ˜thorn ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn oumlpermilypoundigravebullthornccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz rsquothornzthornrsaquoyenyicircucirc ˜oumligravebullthornmdash bullthornbullthorneumlucircthornoumligravebullthorn rsquothornzthornrsaquoyenyicircucirc ˜oumligravebullthornyenz daggerthornv icircelaquoicircucirc ŒeacuteoumligraveiexclETH 6ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn hszligigravešAuml ˜oumligravebullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn icircytradey šy ˜oumligraveiexclG bullthornyoumligravedaggerthorn rsquothornyŠyeumlucirc rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn ouml˜eumlucircš ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucircndash daggerthornvndash mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumligrave˜yAacuteordmoumldaggerthorn rsquothornyŠyeumlucirc rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclETH

7ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ccedilthornbullthornAumloumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger xyoumligraveŒeacutendash mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlšyenzETH

8ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc oumleuml thornrsaquoiacute tradeoumligraveicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc xoumligravesectordmordmpoundigraverdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenyenz thornrsaquooumligraveiacute bullthornyicircucirc lsaquothorniexclyicircucirc lsaquothornyenlaquo xyoumligraveŒeacute ~Ÿš daggerthorniacutey icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash euml˜G ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn egraveIgraveyŸ=iexclicircucirc šyŸ xyiexcly˜yETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy thornrsaquooumligraveiacuteicircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger oumlšyenzETH

9ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumleuml icircoumligraveCcedilthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ icircCcedilthorneacuteocirceacuteˆyen šŸAringyrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumly xyiexclˆy daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc daggerthornyoumligravelt ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc xcurrensbquoDaggerAuml ltiexcllteacuteocirceacutesup2Igraveyrdquooumligrave˜icircucirc šeuml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexcleacutendash daggerthornv mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornthornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ~daggerthornyyenz oumlcurreneacute daggerthornyltthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH

10ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn ~daggerthorn ltiexcloumligrave˜icircbullthorny bullthornyicircucirc xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyˆyŸ currenyicirctradeyš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircndash euml˜G bullthorny oumlcurren oumlcentyoumligraveššETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyš icircyrdquo oumlšyenzETH ~yenz ˜centthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteicircpoundigraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn currenyicircucircrdquoicircucirc ŸytradeAumloumligraveŸ thorn ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ rsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacute eumlyoumligravebullthorn bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc

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1eacuteocirceacuteˆETH thornrsaquoyiacuteAringoumligravedaggerthornAumlicircucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquominus

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thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc eacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute 5thornETH xiacuteAringyecircndash thornthornmbullthorneumlucirceacute eacutersaquoylsquo G thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc eacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ xoumligravešdaggerthorn daggerthornŸndash ~icircsbquo

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~Ÿšdaggerthornthorn icircccedilthornsectnot currenŸoumligraveeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyšG daggerthornyyenšicircucirc thornrsaquošƒdaggerthorniacuteoumligravešicircucirc currenŸeumlucirc ~daggerthornyenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn šyšy sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ permilthornoumligraveeumlucirc oumlœthornoumligraveiexclšETH daggerthorniacuteoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc

szligiquestbull G daggerthornOgravešy cent_laquondash centCcedilthornyndash icirc_ndash icirceumlucirccurrenndash tradeŸAringeacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligEumlicircndash currenŸylteacuteocirceacuteeumlˆ yenzbullthornAumly˜ šyšy sup2Igraveccedilthornyicirccentiexclthorn oumlyenbullthorn=iexcl Sfactors

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ogravethornrsaquošƒdaggerthornthorniacutešoacuteeacuteocirceacuteyenz icirciexcly eumlyeumlucircETH sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ oumllsaquothornyoumlDagger thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyicircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthorny yenoumligraveiexclyenz oumldaggerthornicirciexcl šbullthornš thorn~daggerthorn rsaquoylsquothorneacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ dividebullthornicircucirc yeneumlucircETH currenicircoumligravelsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc

16

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4ETH oumleuml ltšoumligravecurrenicircucirc oumlcurreniumlumloumligraveeumlAringAumlicircucirc sup2IgravecurrenoumlD ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn sup2Igravecentsbquocurreny daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn oumlcentyoumligravešminus

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~daggerthorny ~daggerthorny

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17

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19

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20

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21

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6 H95

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7 P210

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

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2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

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14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml 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xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

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25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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8

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9

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10

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11

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13

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14

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15

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16

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18

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19

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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20

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21

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

24

2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn 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~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn 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ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

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eacute ocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacute

6

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7

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8

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rsquothornoumligraveicirc oumlˆigraveiexcl oumligrave˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirc icircCcedilthorneacuteocirceacuteicircyrsquothornuumlcurrenyen oumlcurrenDaggeryšdaggerthornyicircucirc ŸigravetradeAumldaggerthornyicircucirc ltŸicircucirc currenŸhszligigrave ˆyŒETH yenEacute˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn oumliexclyoumligravedaggerthorn šyŸ ˜iexcl ograveoumligrave˜yAacuteordmeacuteocirceacuteGeumlucircyicircucircoacuteETH

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 109]

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9

currenumlicircucirc currenumlicircucirc ˆyŒeacute ouml˜oumligraveDagger icircoumligraveŸyyenbullthornETH ~daggerthorn ~daggerthornthorny currenumlicircucirc ˆyŒeacute ouml˜oumligraveDagger eumlDaggeršyenz oumlcurren icircoumligraveiexclndash ograveograveGyenauml daggerthorn currenumlicircucircaeligoacuteoacutendash ograveograve˜yicircucircampucircrdquo currenumlicircucircaeligoacuteoacutendash yenzbullthornAumly˜ndash

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oumlicircyšoumligravedaggerthorn ˜trade Daggeryyenzoumligraveeumlucirc xyicircyicircucirc ltoumligraveiexclicircucirc oumlccedilthornbullthornicircucirc lsaquothornoumligraveiexcl oumlˆoumligraveŒETHoacuteoacute ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc icircicircucirc icircVthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircigraveiexcl bullthornyicircucirc currenumlicircucirc icircrsquothornzoumligravedaggerthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucirc tradeoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH

10

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1ETH bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornyenz šyeumlucircdaggerthornyicircucirc šyŸ iacuteydaggerthornoumligraveiexclG sup2IgraveiacuteŸ Œeacuteyrsquothornuumly xšAuml ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn šyeumlucircoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc šyŸ oumlšyenzETH thorn 2ETH eacutesup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucircthorn rsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xyicircycurreneacuteocirceacuteš˜icircucirc šyŸ iacuteydaggerthornoumligraveiexclG mbullthorneumlucircthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xicirccentAumlndash sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucircthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn š˜ ˜thorn xyiexcly˜yeacuteocircocircocirceacute sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquo icircucircthorn š˜thorn icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthornmdash mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc š˜thorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoETH

3ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumldaggerthornucirc š˜icircucirc tradeyoumligraveicircucirc szligiiexclccedil)thornŸoumligravebullthorn szligficircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc ˆicircAring sup2Igravedaggerthornycent daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn OumloumlšŒeacuteiexclndash daggerthornhs bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn OumloumligravešŒeacuteiexcl eumlDaggerš ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ š˜icircucirc rsquothornzrsaquoigraveicircucirc oumligravešiumldaggerthorny oumlicircoumligraveeumlucirc yenyoumligravethorn eumlyFŒeacuteiexclETH

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15

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7ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ccedilthornbullthornAumloumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger xyoumligraveŒeacutendash mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlšyenzETH

8ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc oumleuml thornrsaquoiacute tradeoumligraveicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc xoumligravesectordmordmpoundigraverdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenyenz thornrsaquooumligraveiacute bullthornyicircucirc lsaquothorniexclyicircucirc lsaquothornyenlaquo xyoumligraveŒeacute ~Ÿš daggerthorniacutey icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash euml˜G ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn egraveIgraveyŸ=iexclicircucirc šyŸ xyiexcly˜yETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy thornrsaquooumligraveiacuteicircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger oumlšyenzETH

9ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumleuml icircoumligraveCcedilthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ icircCcedilthorneacuteocirceacuteˆyen šŸAringyrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumly xyiexclˆy daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc daggerthornyoumligravelt ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc xcurrensbquoDaggerAuml ltiexcllteacuteocirceacutesup2Igraveyrdquooumligrave˜icircucirc šeuml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexcleacutendash daggerthornv mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornthornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ~daggerthornyyenz oumlcurreneacute daggerthornyltthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH

10ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn ~daggerthorn ltiexcloumligrave˜icircbullthorny bullthornyicircucirc xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyˆyŸ currenyicirctradeyš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircndash euml˜G bullthorny oumlcurren oumlcentyoumligraveššETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyš icircyrdquo oumlšyenzETH ~yenz ˜centthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteicircpoundigraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn currenyicircucircrdquoicircucirc ŸytradeAumloumligraveŸ thorn ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ rsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacute eumlyoumligravebullthorn bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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4 B821

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

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2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn 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~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml 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xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

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public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

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7

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8

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9

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10

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11

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14

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15

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10ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn ~daggerthorn ltiexcloumligrave˜icircbullthorny bullthornyicircucirc xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyˆyŸ currenyicirctradeyš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircndash euml˜G bullthorny oumlcurren oumlcentyoumligraveššETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyš icircyrdquo oumlšyenzETH ~yenz ˜centthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteicircpoundigraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn currenyicircucircrdquoicircucirc ŸytradeAumloumligraveŸ thorn ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ rsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacute eumlyoumligravebullthorn bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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22

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23

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24

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Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

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Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

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9

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10

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11

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15

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17

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thornrsaquoicircucircicircbullAringthorndaggerthornyoumligraveiexclicircucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyen yenGeumlucircyicircucirc daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquondash ~yenz divideicirccentUumlTAumlthornicircucirc currenfrac12thornyicircšy xyoumligraveŒeacute icircyenƒcurrenŸyoumligravelticircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn xycurrenyicircucircETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash 7ndash

18

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divideicirccentUumlTAumlthornicircucirc mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn rsquothornzthornrsaquoszligibullthorn [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 118] ~icircsbquo sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn xšthornrsaquoszligibullthornG

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šƒoumligravecentpoundigravebullthorn bullthornyiexcldaggerthorny sup2Igraverdquoeumlucircš daggerthornicircucircucircyicircucirc ˜yicirc xyŸ daggerthornicircucircŒeacute šyETH

sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorneacuteminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn daggerthorn š AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc icirc˜AumlŸyš thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthornminus 1ETH A9201 yenEacute˜currenŸ)oumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzqicircETH 2ETH A920101 icircoumligravecentpoundigrave oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy yenEacuteoumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzqicircETH 3ETH B82 ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucircETH 4ETH P210 szligordmyŸeacuteocirceacuteszligfETH 5ETH P252 oumligraveicircyoumligravešicircucircyETH 6ETH P2521 ˜yenz oumlicircyšETH

Daggerthorn thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthorn eumly icircbullAringthornŸyš thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn icirc˜AumlŸyš rsquothornzthornrsaquoy˜yš=iexclicircucirc daggerthornyŒeacuteydaggerthornyŒeacuteminuseacute 1ETH B821 daggerthornŸyicircucirceacuteocirceacutešyicircucircicircucirc currenyenbullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircicircyyenETH 2ETH T11 šyeacuteocirceacuteoumligrave˜Daggery icircAuml_laquoicircucirc oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyuumlETH 3ETH T111 oumligravedaggerthornicirciexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger icircy icircrdquoAringšy Oumloumligraveš oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyETH

19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

daggerthorn š AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc icirc˜AumlŸyš thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthornminus 1ETH A9201 yenEacute˜currenŸ)oumligraveyenicirc rsquothornzqicircETH 2ETH A920101 icircoumligravecentpoundigrave oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy yenEacuteoumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzqicircETH 3ETH B82 ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucircETH 4ETH P210 szligordmyŸeacuteocirceacuteszligfETH 5ETH P252 oumligraveicircyoumligravešicircucircyETH 6ETH P2521 ˜yenz oumlicircyšETH

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

7ETH T11 šyeacuteocirceacuteoumligrave˜Daggery icircAuml_laquoicircucirc oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornyuumlETH 8ETH T111 oumligravedaggerthornicirciexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger icircy icircrdquoAringšy Oumloumligraveš oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyETH

Daggerthorn thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthorn eumly icircbullAringthornŸyš thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn icirc˜AumlŸyš rsquothornzthornrsaquoy˜yš=iexclicircucirc daggerthornyŒeacuteydaggerthornyŒeacuteminuseacute 1 B821 daggerthornŸyicircucirceacuteocirceacutešyicircucircicircucirc currenyenbullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircicircyyenETH 2ETH H90 xiexclBthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyyenyoumligraveeumlAuml centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircrdquoETH 3ETH H95 daggerthornBthornigraveš ouml˜oumligraveDagger lsaquothornšoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircyETH

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Dagger thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthorn eumly icircbullAringthornŸyš thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn icirc˜AumlŸyš rsquothornzthornrsaquoy˜yš=iexclicircucirc daggerthornyŒeacuteydaggerthornyŒeacuteminuseacute 1ETH B821 daggerthornŸyicircucirceacuteocirceacutešyicircucircicircucirc currenyenbullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircicircyyen 2ETH H90 xiexclBthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyyenyoumligraveeumlAuml centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircrdquoETH 3ETH H95 daggerthornBthornigraveš ouml˜oumligraveDagger lsaquothornšoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircyETH

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20

ltKthornycurren yenoumligravebullthornyenz thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH A9201 ~icircsbquo A920101 oumlŸythornœthorn ˜thornicircucirc euml thornrsaquoecirc centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircoumlrdquoicircucirc euml_laquo yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icirciexclndash

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daggerthornicircucircy ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xyicircyicircucircndash daggerthornyyenšthorn oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ~daggerthornthorn ograveicircoumligravecentpoundoacuteigrave yenEacuteoumligrave˜icircucirc daggerthornyyenšthornndash oumlcurrenoumligraveyenbullthorn A920101

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oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

Room

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

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University Press

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11

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15

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16

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19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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20

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21

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

24

2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute 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ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

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public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

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10

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15

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16

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19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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20

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21

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

24

2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn 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xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

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26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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11

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14

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15

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8ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc oumleuml thornrsaquoiacute tradeoumligraveicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc xoumligravesectordmordmpoundigraverdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenyenz thornrsaquooumligraveiacute bullthornyicircucirc lsaquothorniexclyicircucirc lsaquothornyenlaquo xyoumligraveŒeacute ~Ÿš daggerthorniacutey icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash euml˜G ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn egraveIgraveyŸ=iexclicircucirc šyŸ xyiexcly˜yETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy thornrsaquooumligraveiacuteicircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger oumlšyenzETH

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10ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn ~daggerthorn ltiexcloumligrave˜icircbullthorny bullthornyicircucirc xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyˆyŸ currenyicirctradeyš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircndash euml˜G bullthorny oumlcurren oumlcentyoumligraveššETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyš icircyrdquo oumlšyenzETH ~yenz ˜centthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteicircpoundigraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn currenyicircucircrdquoicircucirc ŸytradeAumloumligraveŸ thorn ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ rsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacute eumlyoumligravebullthorn bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

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26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

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Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

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Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

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13

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14

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3ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumldaggerthornucirc š˜icircucirc tradeyoumligraveicircucirc szligiiexclccedil)thornŸoumligravebullthorn szligficircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc ˆicircAring sup2Igravedaggerthornycent daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn OumloumlšŒeacuteiexclndash daggerthornhs bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn OumloumligravešŒeacuteiexcl eumlDaggerš ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ š˜icircucirc rsquothornzrsaquoigraveicircucirc oumligravešiumldaggerthorny oumlicircoumligraveeumlucirc yenyoumligravethorn eumlyFŒeacuteiexclETH

4ETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc oumlcurreniumlumleumlAring sup2IgravecurrenoumligraveD icircCcedilthornoumligrave˜icircucirc oumlcurreniumlumloumligraveeumlAringicircucirc sup2IgravecurrenD xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH

15

5ETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo tradeoumligraveicircucirc daggerbdquothornydaggerthornšalsaquothornrsquothornuuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligrave˜icircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ oumlˆoumligraveŒeacuteETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn daggerbdquothornydaggerthornš ˜thorn ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn oumlpermilypoundigravebullthornccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz rsquothornzthornrsaquoyenyicircucirc ˜oumligravebullthornmdash bullthornbullthorneumlucircthornoumligravebullthorn rsquothornzthornrsaquoyenyicircucirc ˜oumligravebullthornyenz daggerthornv icircelaquoicircucirc ŒeacuteoumligraveiexclETH 6ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn hszligigravešAuml ˜oumligravebullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn icircytradey šy ˜oumligraveiexclG bullthornyoumligravedaggerthorn rsquothornyŠyeumlucirc rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn ouml˜eumlucircš ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucircndash daggerthornvndash mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumligrave˜yAacuteordmoumldaggerthorn rsquothornyŠyeumlucirc rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclETH

7ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ccedilthornbullthornAumloumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger xyoumligraveŒeacutendash mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlšyenzETH

8ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc oumleuml thornrsaquoiacute tradeoumligraveicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc xoumligravesectordmordmpoundigraverdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenyenz thornrsaquooumligraveiacute bullthornyicircucirc lsaquothorniexclyicircucirc lsaquothornyenlaquo xyoumligraveŒeacute ~Ÿš daggerthorniacutey icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash euml˜G ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn egraveIgraveyŸ=iexclicircucirc šyŸ xyiexcly˜yETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy thornrsaquooumligraveiacuteicircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger oumlšyenzETH

9ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumleuml icircoumligraveCcedilthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ icircCcedilthorneacuteocirceacuteˆyen šŸAringyrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumly xyiexclˆy daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc daggerthornyoumligravelt ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc xcurrensbquoDaggerAuml ltiexcllteacuteocirceacutesup2Igraveyrdquooumligrave˜icircucirc šeuml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexcleacutendash daggerthornv mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornthornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ~daggerthornyyenz oumlcurreneacute daggerthornyltthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH

10ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn ~daggerthorn ltiexcloumligrave˜icircbullthorny bullthornyicircucirc xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyˆyŸ currenyicirctradeyš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircndash euml˜G bullthorny oumlcurren oumlcentyoumligraveššETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyš icircyrdquo oumlšyenzETH ~yenz ˜centthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteicircpoundigraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn currenyicircucircrdquoicircucirc ŸytradeAumloumligraveŸ thorn ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ rsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacute eumlyoumligravebullthorn bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc

thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml ~daggerthorn šltoumligraveicircucirc ouml˜Daggery eumlyeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo bullthorniexclšyicircucirc daggerthornyltthornthorn currenyenlt yeneumlucircETH

1eacuteocirceacuteˆETH thornrsaquoyiacuteAringoumligravedaggerthornAumlicircucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquominus

ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ ouml˜Daggery eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute oumleumlndash oumligraveŸythorn 10eacuteocirceacutethorn sup2Igravetradeyš thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteoumligraveCcedilthornigravee icircy xŸoumligraveiexclicircucircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml thornsup2IgraveiacuteŸeacute eacutethornrsaquoylsquothorn G thornmbullthorneumlucirc

eacutersaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute 9thornmdash ~icircsbquo thornsup2IgraveiacuteŸeacute eacutersaquoylsquothorn G thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirceacute eacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute eacute sup2Igraveyeumlucirc 7thornmdash ~icircsbquo mbullthorneumlucirceacute eacutersaquoylsquo G

thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc eacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute 5thornETH xiacuteAringyecircndash thornthornmbullthorneumlucirceacute eacutersaquoylsquo G thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc eacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ xoumligravešdaggerthorn daggerthornŸndash ~icircsbquo

sup2IgraveiacuteŸeacute eacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn ~yenz ˜thorn thornrsaquothornyoumligravelsquothornicircucircyenz sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ xoumligravešdaggerthorn oumlicirccentETH xyŸicircucircy ltyšndash oumleumleacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy thornrsaquošƒdaggerthorniacuteoumligravešyenz thorndaggerthornŒeacute oumlccedilthorn˜

icircy bullthornyicircucircbullthornŸAuml permiloumligravethornndash oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthorniacutedaggerthornyenz bullbdquothornyicircucirc timesampbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthorn agraveicircagrave ~daggerthornyenzccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullbdquothornyicircucirc oumltimesybullthornyoumligrave˜icircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircš šyETH

~Ÿšdaggerthornthorn icircccedilthornsectnot currenŸoumligraveeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyšG daggerthornyyenšicircucirc thornrsaquošƒdaggerthorniacuteoumligravešicircucirc currenŸeumlucirc ~daggerthornyenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn šyšy sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ permilthornoumligraveeumlucirc oumlœthornoumligraveiexclšETH daggerthorniacuteoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc

szligiquestbull G daggerthornOgravešy cent_laquondash centCcedilthornyndash icirc_ndash icirceumlucirccurrenndash tradeŸAringeacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligEumlicircndash currenŸylteacuteocirceacuteeumlˆ yenzbullthornAumly˜ šyšy sup2Igraveccedilthornyicirccentiexclthorn oumlyenbullthorn=iexcl Sfactors

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 116] sup2IgraveoumligravebullthornAumldaggerthorn daggerthorniacuteoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc daggerthorniacutešaeacutersaquošƒdaggerthorniacuteoumligravešoumligravedaggerthorn šŸAringyrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornv ~eacuteocirceacuteG ltyš oumleumlndash

oumlŒeacuteythorneacuteocirceacuteDaggerythorn sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthornoumligrave˜icircucirc ltšAuml oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornyyenšicircucirc šbullthornš ograveccedilthornycurrenyAringšoacute icircy thornrsaquoylsquothorneacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜eacute dividebullthornicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash oumlcurren=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn icircrsquothornuuml oumlltyicircucirc

ogravethornrsaquošƒdaggerthornthorniacutešoacuteeacuteocirceacuteyenz icirciexcly eumlyeumlucircETH sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ oumllsaquothornyoumlDagger thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyicircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthorny yenoumligraveiexclyenz oumldaggerthornicirciexcl šbullthornš thorn~daggerthorn rsaquoylsquothorneacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ dividebullthornicircucirc yeneumlucircETH currenicircoumligravelsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc

16

=icircucircampcthornrsaquo)rdquoAring thornrsaquoylsquothorneacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ permiloumligravethorn daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthorniacuteoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc oumlccedilthorniumlbullthorneacuteocirceacute˜)icircucircc G currenŸeumlucirc oumlccedilthornoumligrave˜ETH bullthornyyenzthorn rsaquoylsquothorn bullthornšthornicircucirc thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumloumligravedaggerthorn

eumliacuteyiacuteAring xštradeyicircš daggerthornicircucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc oumldaggerthornicirciexclŸye currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT daggerthorniacutedaggerthornoumligrave icircucirc lticircšthornrsaquoOicircucirc oumlsup2IgraveCcedilthornoumligravebullthornETH

currenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1minus bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml

thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteoumligraveCcedilthorneepermilthornšy

thornsup2IgraveiacuteŸeacute eacutethornrsaquoylsquothornthorn thornmbullthorneumlucirceacute eacutethornrsaquoylsquothorn thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirceacute eacutethornrsaquoylsquothorn

1ETH šyeumlucircoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc šyŸminus oumligraveltyoumligraveicircucircŠ X

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2ETH ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xyicircycurreneacuteocirceacuteš˜minus icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn X

˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo

3ETH ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumleumleacuteocirceacuteszligiyoumligraveš ˜bdquoyrsquothornuumloumligraveeumlucirc ˆicircAring daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc oumligravecentyoumligraveš oumligravecurreneacuteocirceacuteszligiyoumligravešicircucirc lsaquothornicircucirceminus

szligiiexclccedil)thornŸ szligiiexclccedil)thornŸ š˜

4ETH oumleuml ltšoumligravecurrenicircucirc oumlcurreniumlumloumligraveeumlAringAumlicircucirc sup2IgravecurrenoumlD ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn sup2Igravecentsbquocurreny daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn oumlcentyoumligravešminus

X

icircCcedilthornthorn icircCcedilthorn

5ETH Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo tradeoumligraveicircucirc ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc daggerbdquothornydaggerthornš rsquothornzthornrsaquoyenyicircucirc ouml˜Geumlucircyaicircelaquoicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexcl ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligrave˜icircucirc thornrsaquoIacuteOcircoumligravebullthorn eumlyGeumlucircyminus

X

radic radic

6ETH oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn hszligigravešAuml ouml˜Geumlucircyicircucirc currenŸeumlucirc ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn rsquothornyŠyeumlucirc rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn šyeacuteocirceacuteoumligrave˜Geumlucircyucircminus

radic X

radic

7ETH ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ccedilthornbullthornAumlicircigraveˆAringminus

radic X

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8ETH ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn xoumligravesectordmpoundigraveoumligraverdquoicircucirc lsaquothornyenlaquo oumleuml egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteminus

xyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornegraveIgravendash oumlšydaggerthornythornegraveIgrave

X

xycurrenyegraveIgrave

9ETH icircCcedilthornicircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc tradeyicircucircdaggerthorneacuteocirceacuteicircCcedilthornthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumly ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc xyiexclˆy daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexclminus xcurrensbquoDaggerAuml G šyšy ltiexcllt sup2Igraveyrdquoicircucirc timesoumligraveŸETH

~daggerthorny ~daggerthorny

10ETH xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyšicircyrdquominus

radic X X

currenyicircucircrdquothornoumligravebullthorn ograveradicoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAring ograveyenbdquoAumlyoacutemdash ograveXoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAring ogravešyoacuteETH

sup2IgraveiacuteoumligraveŸ sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacutey tradeicircucircy eumlydaggerthornETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn xšAuml ˜yenz thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc bullthorniexclšyeumlucirc oumleuml oumleuml ccedilthornsectnot divideicirccentUumlTAuml=iexcl

xyoumligraveŒeacute oumlcurren=iexcl icirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc thorn~yenz rsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravedaggerthorn xoumligravešdaggerthorn oumlicirccent šyˆicircucircdaggerthorn thornicircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircndash euml˜G xšAuml thornrsaquoylsquothorn ˜thorn sup2IgraveiacuteŸ

thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc xoumligravešdaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligraveicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute mbullthorneumlucircthorn sup2Igraveyeumlucirc bullthornicircucirccent icircŒeacuteicircucirc thorn~icircsbquo bullthornbullthorneumlucircthorn thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucircG oumlicirccent icircŒeacuteicircucirc thornrsaquooumligraveicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacuteeacute currensbquoˆyenbullthornETH

ogravešyˆicircucircdaggerthornoacute icirciexcloumligravebullthorn xyŸ thorn bullthorniexclšyŸ)iexcldaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucirccentiexclbullthorn icircbdquoytradešndash oumligravetimesrdquoeacuteocirceacutecurrenŸyoumligravelticircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDaggerndash divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyšicircyrdquo yenzbullthornAumly˜icircucirc

rsquothornzthornrsaquoszligibullthornthorn oumlicircyVthornyFŒeacuteETH thornrsaquoicircucirccentiexclbullthorn icircbdquoytradešicircucirc [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 117] ~daggerthornthorn iexclCcedilthornrdquo šOslashthorneumlucircyenz daggerthornyyenšicircucirc

17

daggerthorncentiexclicircoumligrave˜icircucirc šyŸyBthornšETH xyŸyoumligrave˜icircucirc xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornAuml thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml oumldaggerthornicirciexcl sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornyenz ŸDaggerAuml lsaquothornicircucirce ograveoumligrave˜yAacuteordmoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc

thornrsaquoycentythornrsaquoycent xhsegravebullthorn bullthornyicircucirc szligordmyŸicircucircG šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸDaggerAuml lsaquothornicircucircoumligraveeicircucirc šyŸ iacuteydaggerthornoumligraveiexclGndash bullthornyicircucirc szligordmyŸicircucirc šyŸ

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19

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20

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21

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6 H95

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7 P210

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

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2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

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14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

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University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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eacute ocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacute

13

icircsbquocent centbullthornymiddoticircucirc ŸyVthornyŸyVthorn thornrsaquoeumlAringhsegrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenŸyoumligravelticircucirc xiacuteAringdivideigravešbullthorndaggerthorn daggerthornyltdaggerthornŸAring sup2Igraveyeumlucirc currenyicircAringdaggerthornccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograveltŸoacuteeacuteocirceacutelsaquothornypoundigrave

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oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornyenz daggerthornŒeacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy Ÿyšpoundigrave curren_laquoeacuteocirceacutelsaquothornyoumlpoundigraveicircucirc xšcentiexclš Oumlicircucircamp daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc SicircyiexclAringsbquo 1963minus 302ETH ltŸeacuteocirceacutelsaquothornyoumligravepoundigraveicircucircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircthornrsaquo)icircucircdaggerthorn

icirc_ yencurrenyoumligraveicirc Œeacuteiexcl oumligraveŒeacuteyoumligravethornyocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumly š˜oumligravebullthorn ŸyŒeacuteeacuteocirceacutetradeicircucircyndash ~icircsbquo ltDiexcl oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn lticircšeacuteocirceacutetradeyicircucircoumligraverdquoicircucirc xšAumlyšAuml rsquothornzthornrsaquodaggerthornicircucircrdquo currensbquoegraveIgraveyenETH

bullthornoumligraveicircndash centdaggerthornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircyicircucircy Daggericirc thornrsaquoyicircucirc˜centAring Œeacuteiexcl šy Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 47ETH

ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eacuteccedilthornypoundigravey oumlccedilthornythorneacuteocirceacutedivideigravelsaquothornšdaggerthorn STibeto-ChineseSino-Tibetan ccedilthornypoundigravey thornrsaquoicircucircicircyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xtradeš oumlccedilthornythorneacuteocirceacuteicircEcircaacutethorn

(Tibeto-Burmese rsquothornzthornrsaquoeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircicircyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ograveoumligraveicircyoumligraversquothornuumlyoacute oumlˆyUcircthornicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo SegraveIgraveeumlucircyicircucirccurrenš 1967minus 41mdash œEcircthorniexcl 2003minus

73ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ccedilthornypoundigravey ŒeacuteyrsquothornuumlyG bullthornyoumligrave˜icircucirc xoumligravešoumligravedaggerthornyenz icircbullAringthornŸyoumligraveš yenzsbquoicircucircltndash xcurrenŸeumlucircyndash yenuml G icircysbquoiexcly ccedilthornypoundigraveyeumlucirc ˜CcedilthornETH 1892

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14

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15

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17

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thornrsaquoicircucircicircbullAringthorndaggerthornyoumligraveiexclicircucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyen yenGeumlucircyicircucirc daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquondash ~yenz divideicirccentUumlTAumlthornicircucirc currenfrac12thornyicircšy xyoumligraveŒeacute icircyenƒcurrenŸyoumligravelticircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn xycurrenyicircucircETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash 7ndash

18

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divideicirccentUumlTAumlthornicircucirc mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn rsquothornzthornrsaquoszligibullthorn [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 118] ~icircsbquo sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn xšthornrsaquoszligibullthornG

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šƒoumligravecentpoundigravebullthorn bullthornyiexcldaggerthorny sup2Igraverdquoeumlucircš daggerthornicircucircucircyicircucirc ˜yicirc xyŸ daggerthornicircucircŒeacute šyETH

sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorneacuteminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn daggerthorn š AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc icirc˜AumlŸyš thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthornminus 1ETH A9201 yenEacute˜currenŸ)oumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzqicircETH 2ETH A920101 icircoumligravecentpoundigrave oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy yenEacuteoumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzqicircETH 3ETH B82 ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucircETH 4ETH P210 szligordmyŸeacuteocirceacuteszligfETH 5ETH P252 oumligraveicircyoumligravešicircucircyETH 6ETH P2521 ˜yenz oumlicircyšETH

Daggerthorn thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthorn eumly icircbullAringthornŸyš thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn icirc˜AumlŸyš rsquothornzthornrsaquoy˜yš=iexclicircucirc daggerthornyŒeacuteydaggerthornyŒeacuteminuseacute 1ETH B821 daggerthornŸyicircucirceacuteocirceacutešyicircucircicircucirc currenyenbullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircicircyyenETH 2ETH T11 šyeacuteocirceacuteoumligrave˜Daggery icircAuml_laquoicircucirc oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyuumlETH 3ETH T111 oumligravedaggerthornicirciexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger icircy icircrdquoAringšy Oumloumligraveš oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyETH

19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

daggerthorn š AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc icirc˜AumlŸyš thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthornminus 1ETH A9201 yenEacute˜currenŸ)oumligraveyenicirc rsquothornzqicircETH 2ETH A920101 icircoumligravecentpoundigrave oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy yenEacuteoumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzqicircETH 3ETH B82 ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucircETH 4ETH P210 szligordmyŸeacuteocirceacuteszligfETH 5ETH P252 oumligraveicircyoumligravešicircucircyETH 6ETH P2521 ˜yenz oumlicircyšETH

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

7ETH T11 šyeacuteocirceacuteoumligrave˜Daggery icircAuml_laquoicircucirc oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornyuumlETH 8ETH T111 oumligravedaggerthornicirciexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger icircy icircrdquoAringšy Oumloumligraveš oumlsup2IgraveoumligraveŸ thornrsaquorsquothornuumlyETH

Daggerthorn thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthorn eumly icircbullAringthornŸyš thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn icirc˜AumlŸyš rsquothornzthornrsaquoy˜yš=iexclicircucirc daggerthornyŒeacuteydaggerthornyŒeacuteminuseacute 1 B821 daggerthornŸyicircucirceacuteocirceacutešyicircucircicircucirc currenyenbullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircicircyyenETH 2ETH H90 xiexclBthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyyenyoumligraveeumlAuml centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircrdquoETH 3ETH H95 daggerthornBthornigraveš ouml˜oumligraveDagger lsaquothornšoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircyETH

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Dagger thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthorn eumly icircbullAringthornŸyš thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn icirc˜AumlŸyš rsquothornzthornrsaquoy˜yš=iexclicircucirc daggerthornyŒeacuteydaggerthornyŒeacuteminuseacute 1ETH B821 daggerthornŸyicircucirceacuteocirceacutešyicircucircicircucirc currenyenbullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircicircyyen 2ETH H90 xiexclBthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyyenyoumligraveeumlAuml centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircrdquoETH 3ETH H95 daggerthornBthornigraveš ouml˜oumligraveDagger lsaquothornšoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircyETH

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20

ltKthornycurren yenoumligravebullthornyenz thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH A9201 ~icircsbquo A920101 oumlŸythornœthorn ˜thornicircucirc euml thornrsaquoecirc centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircoumlrdquoicircucirc euml_laquo yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icirciexclndash

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daggerthornicircucircy ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xyicircyicircucircndash daggerthornyyenšthorn oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ~daggerthornthorn ograveicircoumligravecentpoundoacuteigrave yenEacuteoumligrave˜icircucirc daggerthornyyenšthornndash oumlcurrenoumligraveyenbullthorn A920101

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oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

Room

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

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15

5ETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircucircthornrsaquo tradeoumligraveicircucirc daggerbdquothornydaggerthornšalsaquothornrsquothornuuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligrave˜icircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ oumlˆoumligraveŒeacuteETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn daggerbdquothornydaggerthornš ˜thorn ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn oumlpermilypoundigravebullthornccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz rsquothornzthornrsaquoyenyicircucirc ˜oumligravebullthornmdash bullthornbullthorneumlucircthornoumligravebullthorn rsquothornzthornrsaquoyenyicircucirc ˜oumligravebullthornyenz daggerthornv icircelaquoicircucirc ŒeacuteoumligraveiexclETH 6ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn hszligigravešAuml ˜oumligravebullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmoumligravedaggerthorn icircytradey šy ˜oumligraveiexclG bullthornyoumligravedaggerthorn rsquothornyŠyeumlucirc rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn ouml˜eumlucircš ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucircndash daggerthornvndash mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumligrave˜yAacuteordmoumldaggerthorn rsquothornyŠyeumlucirc rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclETH

7ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc ccedilthornbullthornAumloumligrave˜icircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger xyoumligraveŒeacutendash mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumlšyenzETH

8ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc oumleuml thornrsaquoiacute tradeoumligraveicircucirc ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc xoumligravesectordmordmpoundigraverdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenyenz thornrsaquooumligraveiacute bullthornyicircucirc lsaquothorniexclyicircucirc lsaquothornyenlaquo xyoumligraveŒeacute ~Ÿš daggerthorniacutey icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash euml˜G ˜thorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn egraveIgraveyŸ=iexclicircucirc šyŸ xyiexcly˜yETH mbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy thornrsaquooumligraveiacuteicircucirc rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger oumlšyenzETH

9ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn oumleuml icircoumligraveCcedilthorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸ icircCcedilthorneacuteocirceacuteˆyen šŸAringyrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircucircŒeacuteiexclndash oumlcurrenthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumly xyiexclˆy daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc daggerthornyoumligravelt ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc xcurrensbquoDaggerAuml ltiexcllteacuteocirceacutesup2Igraveyrdquooumligrave˜icircucirc šeuml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteiexcleacutendash daggerthornv mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornthornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšicircucirc ~daggerthornyyenz oumlcurreneacute daggerthornyltthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH

10ETH sup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ouml˜yAacuteordmicircucirc szligordmyŸoumligravedaggerthorn ~daggerthorn ltiexcloumligrave˜icircbullthorny bullthornyicircucirc xycurrensectnot icircthornrsaquo˜ currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyˆyŸ currenyicirctradeyš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircndash euml˜G bullthorny oumlcurren oumlcentyoumligraveššETH mbullthorneumlucirc G bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~icircucircdaggerthornŸ oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy xyˆyŸ divide˜icirceacuteocirceacutecurrenyicirctradeyš icircyrdquo oumlšyenzETH ~yenz ˜centthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAumleacuteocirceacuteicircpoundigraveeumlucircoumligravedaggerthorn currenyicircucircrdquoicircucirc ŸytradeAumloumligraveŸ thorn ogravecurrenyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacute1oacuteeacuteocirceacute~ rsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentš daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacute eumlyoumligravebullthorn bullthornšthorn thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc

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1eacuteocirceacuteˆETH thornrsaquoyiacuteAringoumligravedaggerthornAumlicircucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquominus

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icircy bullthornyicircucircbullthornŸAuml permiloumligravethornndash oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthorniacutedaggerthornyenz bullbdquothornyicircucirc timesampbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthorn agraveicircagrave ~daggerthornyenzccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullbdquothornyicircucirc oumltimesybullthornyoumligrave˜icircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzlsquothornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircš šyETH

~Ÿšdaggerthornthorn icircccedilthornsectnot currenŸoumligraveeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyšG daggerthornyyenšicircucirc thornrsaquošƒdaggerthorniacuteoumligravešicircucirc currenŸeumlucirc ~daggerthornyenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn šyšy sup2Igraveoumligraveccedilthorn˜ permilthornoumligraveeumlucirc oumlœthornoumligraveiexclšETH daggerthorniacuteoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc

szligiquestbull G daggerthornOgravešy cent_laquondash centCcedilthornyndash icirc_ndash icirceumlucirccurrenndash tradeŸAringeacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligEumlicircndash currenŸylteacuteocirceacuteeumlˆ yenzbullthornAumly˜ šyšy sup2Igraveccedilthornyicirccentiexclthorn oumlyenbullthorn=iexcl Sfactors

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16

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szligiiexclccedil)thornŸ szligiiexclccedil)thornŸ š˜

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17

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

------------- 2010 Tribal Myths on the Origin of the World a Picture of North-East India Sandhan Vol X

No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

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15

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16

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17

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18

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19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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20

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24

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ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

Room

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

------------- 2010 Tribal Myths on the Origin of the World a Picture of North-East India Sandhan Vol X

No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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18

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19

mbullthorneumlucirc rsaquoylsquothornminus centšy_laquodaggerthornbullthorn thornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumlŸythornœthorn

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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Dagger thornŸcurrenšeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸythornœthorn eumly icircbullAringthornŸyš thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn icirc˜AumlŸyš rsquothornzthornrsaquoy˜yš=iexclicircucirc daggerthornyŒeacuteydaggerthornyŒeacuteminuseacute 1ETH B821 daggerthornŸyicircucirceacuteocirceacutešyicircucircicircucirc currenyenbullthorn ŸecirccurrenAumlšoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircicircyyen 2ETH H90 xiexclBthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyyenyoumligraveeumlAuml centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircrdquoETH 3ETH H95 daggerthornBthornigraveš ouml˜oumligraveDagger lsaquothornšoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircyETH

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20

ltKthornycurren yenoumligravebullthornyenz thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH A9201 ~icircsbquo A920101 oumlŸythornœthorn ˜thornicircucirc euml thornrsaquoecirc centšy_laquodaggerthornicircucircoumlrdquoicircucirc euml_laquo yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icirciexclndash

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daggerthornicircucircy ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xyicircyicircucircndash daggerthornyyenšthorn oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ~daggerthornthorn ograveicircoumligravecentpoundoacuteigrave yenEacuteoumligrave˜icircucirc daggerthornyyenšthornndash oumlcurrenoumligraveyenbullthorn A920101

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Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

Room

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

------------- 2010 Tribal Myths on the Origin of the World a Picture of North-East India Sandhan Vol X

No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

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20

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21

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6 H95

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7 P210

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22

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23

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

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2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

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14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly 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ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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19

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[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 119]

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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24

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ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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23

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24

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Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

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32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

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Banarsidass

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Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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24

2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc 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oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

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Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

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1ETH ograveOrigin Mythoacute ~icircsbquo ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacute eacuteocircocircocirceacute ˜thorn centoumligravemiddoticircucircucircyenz icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey xoumligravešdaggerthorncurrenŸeumlucirc ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute daggerthornicircucircy yeneumlucircETH daggerthornvndash ograveorigineacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xiacuteAringˆbullthorn thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash oumleumlŸš icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograversquothornzqicircoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc currenoumligraveD thornrsaquoyiacuteAringdaggerthornAuml icircucircoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacute ogravecurrenUumlToacuteeacuteocircoacuteicircucircETH ograveorigin centmiddotthornicircucirc xiacuteAring Oumltrade ogravecurrenUumlToacute icircy ogravecreationoacute šeumlucircmdash centmiddotthorn ogravecreationoacuteeacuteocirceacutecurrenyen šyšy tradeicircucircoumligravešicircucirc rsquothornzqicirc sup2Igraveelaquoeumlucircyoumligravedaggerthorn icirctradebullthorn daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn currenŸiacuteAring SMandal 2009 9 2010 161-163ETH ogravecurrenUumlTeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute centmiddotthorn ograveCreation Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringETH bullthornyyenzndash ograveOrigin Mythoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey š˜AringUumlTccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ograversquothornzqicirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircyrdquooacute yenGeumlucircyyenz daggerthornyŸAumlETH

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2ETH ~eacuteocirceacutecurrenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn thornxyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy xyoumligraveŒeacute ograveyenEacute˜thornicircucirc ccedil)thornbullthorny_acutedaggerthorn yenzbullthornyenycurrenoacute xsbquooumligravecentETH 3ETH bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xicircucircoumligraverdquoAumlicircucirc šyŸœthorniexcloumligravedaggerthornyenz ouml˜Geumlucircy xyoumligraveŒeacute SoUumlTicircAumlminus Œeacuteicirceacuteocirceacute1ETH 4ETH ouml˜Geumlucircyšcurrensbquo icircucircŠŸiacuteoacuteicircucirc icircyenzoumleumlucircicircucirc S1960 yenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš xšcurrenigraveicircucircrdquo daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo thornyenoumligraveicirc ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacuteETH daggerthornvndash oumlcurrenyenz egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸ ˆoumligraveeumlucircndash ~icircsbquo xšAumlyšAuml xoumligravešdaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucircyenz šyoumligraveŸicircucirc sup2Igraveyoumligravehsegraveigrave ogravegreoacute SxiacuteAringminus šyyenzndash yenšndash cent)šAuml [Marak PR 2010]thorn centmiddotysbquocent ouml˜oumligraveDagger G bullthornyicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo Oumloumligraveš xyŸ šOslashthornbullthorn oumleumlndash rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquothorn ograveegraveIgraveoacute yenoumligraveicircETH egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml Daggerbdquooumligravelt thornrsaquoyyenzš currensbquoUgraveOtildeUumlT oumlltiexcly currenAacutersaquodaggerAringthornbullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ograveyenAumlyuthornicircdaggerthornoacuteeacuteocirceacute~ndash icircy GoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethornETH oumligraveltiexclyicircucirc oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

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14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

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Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

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public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

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No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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24

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daggerthornŸcentšyicircucircoumligravedaggerthorn ~thorncurrenyen xyicircucircG daggerthornŒeacute icircAumlythornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc bullthorniacuteAuml oumllsaquothornoumligraveeumlucirc yenzeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveŸiexcl thornrsaquoylsquothornoumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteiexclyŸ 2012eacuteocirceacuteicircucircthorn šoumligraveccedilthornAacuteordmoumligraveicircucircETH daggerthornvndash bullthornyicircucirc oumligravedaggerthornyoumligravešy rsquothornz_icircucirc thornrsaquoyyenzšETH xicirccentAuml egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc šdaggeraumlthornŸyoacuteicircucirc Sˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyš daggerthornyoumligraveŒeacute thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy oumleumloumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyicircucircbullthornmdash daggerthornv currenŸeumlucircyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc bullthorny currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircy yenoumligraveeumlucirc GoumligravelsquothornšETH bullthornoumligraveicircndash thorn szligiyšeumlucirc ~daggerthorn Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc Sominus thorndaggerthorny ograve6oacute Ÿoumligravebullthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucircG oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo 7 icircy 8 icircˆAring daggerthornŸETH thorn 5ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ~yenz centmiddotthornicircucirc Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyšminus Rongdik xiacuteAring ogravelsaquothornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc Ÿecircthornrsaquoyeoacute SMarak PR 2010ETH 6ETH ~bdquooumligrave˜icircucirc ~daggerthornltš yenoumligraveiexclš icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn ouml˜yAacuteordm daggerthornyyenšicircucirc bullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc daggerthorniacuteigravedaggerthorn ~icircsbquo icircicircyyencurren)oumligravee ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenaumloacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute Syenzsbquoicircucirclt icircyšyš ograveTuraoacuteETH ograveTuoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ogravethornoacute xyicircucirc ograveiacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿtimesoumligraverdquo dividebullthornicircucirc ~daggerthornthorny centmiddot centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc icircycurrenumly times ˜šcurrensbquo currenysbquoŸy Sicirceumlucirccurren 62ETH sup2Igraveicircoumligravebrvbarthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornbullthorn thornrsaquoicircucircyrdquothornicircucirc xšAumlbullthornŸ daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icirccent˜ thornrsaquoicircucirclsaquothorneumlucirc thornbullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc xicircAumlicircyenbullthorn xyoumligraveˆ ouml˜Geumlucircy yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˜šcurrensbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc Ÿoumligravebullthornndash yenEacute˜thornicircucirc oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircŸyrdquo ~daggerthorn icircpermilyETH xyicircyicircucircndash times ˜oumligravešcent oumlŸyŸigraveš eacuteocircocircocirceacute eumlš ~daggerthornyenzcurrenoumligraveD egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc ccedilthornŸthornrsaquoe ~icircsbquo ograveyenzŸyš currensbquoŸŠoacute thornrsaquoIacuteOcircicircucirc icircycurrenumly Sicirceumlucirccurren thornrsaquoMthorneacuteyoumligravecenticircucirc xyoumligravecent thornrsaquoyoumligravecenteacuteocircocircocirceacute bullbdquothornyicircucirc xyumlyigravelt thornxšeumlyeumlucirc rsaquoicircucircŸyrdquothorn xytrade icircpermilyETH mbullthorneumlucirc Ÿbullthornthornicircucirc currenŸiacuteAringš oumlthornrsaquooumligraveeumlucircŒeacute times œEcircthornyordfcurren oumligraveŸyŸoumligravešicircucirc oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn eumlš yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyŸthornoumligravedaggerthorn šyšy daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo ccedilthornyoumligraveiexclyccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ltyoumligraveššETH œEcircthornyordfcurren 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute centyenoumligraveicircucircicircucirc xAumlyrsquothorncentšyiexcl oumlrsquothornthornrsaquothorn daggerthornŸcentšyicircucirc Œeacuteoumligraveiexclš ~icircsbquo 2010 currenyoumligraveiexcl oumlŸpermilyiexcligraveeumlucircucirc icircucircyoumligraveltAumlicircucirc ograveœthorncentyicircucircltoacute icircccedilthornyoumligraveˆicircucirc rsquothornoumligraveicircucircQicircucircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xicirccurrenicircucirc egraveIgraveyenrdquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 7ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminuseacute Mandal 2009 (pp 91-92) 8ETH THORNthorniacute thornŸcurrenoumligravešicircucirc oumlŸythornœthorn yenzšoumligraversquothorneacute S1955eacuteocirceacute58ocirceacute~ yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml šiacuteccedilthorn_laquo ~icircsbquo ccedilthornicircpoundigraveAumloumligravebullthorn šiacuteicirckthorn yenGeumlucircyicircucirc oumleumlyˆAuml oumlŸythornœthorn=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn xyŸ ogravethornŸcurrenšeumlucirc oumligraveŸythornœthornoacute icircoumligraveiexcl rsquothornzoumligraveIacuteOcircDagger daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH 9ETH ograveContent Analysisoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc xšAuml oumldaggerthornyšG icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yenzbullthornŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute daggerthorneacuteocirceacutešy ltyšy šy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ogravexyoumligravetradeeumlucirc icircoumligraveUgraveOtildepoundigraverdquooacute centmiddoticircbrvbarthornthornoumligravedaggerthorn thornicircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 124]

10ETH xtradedaggerthornysbquocent ccedilthornyicircucircbullthorneumlucirc currensbquoegraveIgraveyyenoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz icircucircŠŸiacuteG bullbdquothornyicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn daggerthornyyenš=iexclicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml szligrsaquoUumlTbullthornyenz xoumligravešdaggerthorn šltszligordm ŸhsegraveicircAumlndash icircAumlyDaggery G lsaquothornedaggerthornOgrave currensbquooumligraveeumlyltš G icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircoumligraveŒeacutešETH 11ETH thornrsaquoylsquothorndaggerthorn oumleumlšthorn oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz ~yenz icircfrac14yhsegraveicircucirc centdaggerthornyicircucirc šy yenš oumleumlndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸoacutendash ogravembullthorneumlucircoacute G ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucircoacute ~yenz icircoumligravecentpoundigraverdquo thornrsaquo˜=iexcl thornrsaquoylsquothorn=iexclicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircszligrsaquooumligraveicircucircicircucirc currenyoumligravethornrsaquooumligraveCcedilthorn sup2Igraveylsaquothornšbullthornyicircucirc elaquoŸ oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacuteETH icircydaggerthornAumlthornicircucirc oumlˆyrsquothornuumlyoumligravebullthornyenz oumleumlŸš icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacutendash thornrsaquo˜=iexcl lsquothorndaggerthorn oumlbullthornŸšthornyyenz xiacuteAringyecircndash currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligraveFŒeacutendash thornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc daggerthornyiexclyšelaquoŸoumligravedaggerthorn šeumlucircETH xiacuteAringyecircndash ogravesup2IgraveiacuteŸ thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyŸoumligravebullthornyenz bullthornšthornicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml sup2IgraveylsaquothornšbullthornŸndash xiacuteicircy ogravebullthornbullthorneumlucirc thornrsaquoylsquothornoacute Ÿyoumligraveš oumlcentpoundigravebullthornŸ icircy xytradešdaggerthornbullthornŸ thornrsaquoylsquothorn šeumlucircETH 12ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Rongmuthu 1960 (pp 4-7)

13ETH ~yenz daggerthorniacutedaggerthorn currenAacutersaquoAringoumligravedaggerthorn bullbdquothornyicircucirc egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc šyŸthornicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucirc xyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy bullthorniacuteAuml icircucircŠŸiacuteicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexclšthornoumligravebullthorn oumlšyenzETH xyŸ oumlltiexclyicircucirc šyŸthorn eacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumlcurrenyenz currenŸeumlucirc eumly Œeacuteiexcl eacuteocircocircocirceacute euml_laquo daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ˜oumligraveeumlucircŒeacuteETH 1960 currenyoumligraveiexcl currenŸegraveIgrave ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyrsquothornuuml ~daggerthornthornyyenz oumlltiexcly ŒeacuteiexclETH

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravewater-wightoacuteETH ogravemermanoacute centmiddotthorn currenyicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn ~daggerthornicircyicircucircyenz xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH 17ETH icircoumligraversquothornuumlyeacuteocirceacuteoumligravebullthornyeumlucircyoumligraveiexcl xydaggerthornyoumligraveicircucircicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc centOumloumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquooumligravelsquothorn oumligraveicircbdquooumligravetrade icircyenš daggerthornicircucircy centOuml icircyenš daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy currenšybullthornš icircucircbullthornETH ~oumligravebullthorn yenybullthorn ˜oumligravethorny Daggeryiexcl iacuteyoumligravedaggerthorn xšAuml daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAumlETH xicirccentAumlndash currenŸeumlucirc currenŸeumlucirc eumlDaggerš daggerthornylt daggerthornicircucircyicircucirc ltšAuml ˜eacuteocirceacuteyenybullthorn Daggerthornyiexcl icircucircyDaggeryicircucirc ˜icircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc yeneumlucirc šyndash daggerthornythornrsaquooumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc thorndaggerthornoumligraveicircucircyeumlucirc icircbdquoytradey centOumloumligravedaggerthorn currenyŸoumligravešicircucirc ˜oumligravedaggerthornG icircucircyDaggery yeneumlucircETH 18ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy eumlicircdaggerthorn thornrsaquoicircucircamppoundigrave daggerthornyoumligravelteacuteocirceacutexdaggerthornyoumligravelt thorn currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn icircyrsquothornuumlicircucirc icircyyenzoumligraveicircucircyenz iacuteyoumligravedaggerthornmdash oumlœthornoumligraveicircucirc currenoumligravebrvbarthornAuml yenoumligraveiexclETH thorn 19ETH Ÿ)iexcleacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute ogravedeterminedoacuteETH bullthornyicircucirc xyCcedilthornicircucircdaggerthorn icircysbquoiexcly daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

Room

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

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Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

------------- 2010 Tribal Myths on the Origin of the World a Picture of North-East India Sandhan Vol X

No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

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Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

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eacute ocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacute

25

14ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc currenŸˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoylsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn š˜thornicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešy šyŸ Œeacuteiexcl šyndash ~icircsbquo 2012 currenyoumligraveiexcl currensbquoˆyenbullthorn thornrsaquoyigravelsquothornthornoumligravebullthorn ograve˜youmligraveicircucircsbquooacute š˜icircucirc šyŸ xyoumligraveŒeacuteETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircyeacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ccedil)thornoumligraveˆyoumligraveiexcl icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn G ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquo ˜thorn š˜icircucircyenz xhszligigravec xyoumligraveŒETH icircucircŠrsquothorndaggerthorn š˜ yenzŸyšegraveIgrave egraveIgraveyoumligraveŸicircucirc thornŸtradeAuml ˜oumligraveeumlucirc icircoumligraveeumlucirc oumlˆoumligraveŒeacutendash xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˜youmligraveicircucircsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc sup2Igraveicircyyen egraveIgraveyŸ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn daggerthornŒeacute ˜)oumligraveicircucircETH 15ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy oumlŸoumligraveeumlucircicircucircy currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoyšeumlucirc ltiexcl currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthornyETH ~DaggeršG oumleumlcurrenicirc icircyrsquothornuumloumligravebullthorn currenicircucircdaggerthornyicircucirc ltiexcleacuteocirceacutethornšiexcl eumlyeumlucircš icircy daggerthornoumligraveeumlucircy SlsaquothornŸdaggerthorn oumlšyenzndash sup2Igraveoumligraveeumlucircyltšeumlucirc ltiexcl bullthornyicircucircy ltiexcleacuteocirceacutešiexcl iacuteydaggerthorny sup2Igravebullthornoumligraveicirccenticircucirc icircyrsquothornuuml oumliacuteoumldaggerthornthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircndashucirc š˜ oumliacuteoumligravedaggerthornG currensbquoegraveIgraveyen daggerthornoumligraveicircucircETH currenytradeyicircucircrdquobullthorn ltiexcleacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc daggerthornyltthorn bullthornyicircucircy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc currenybrvbarthornAumleacuteocirceacutexyyenyigraveicircucirc dividebullthornicircucirccurrenyen xšAumlyšAuml ˆyendaggerthornoumligraveŸAringicircucirc oumlcentoumligravepoundigrave icircoumligravedaggerthornoumligraveiexcl š˜oumligravebullthorn icircycurrenšeacuteocirceacuteŸyltyndash daggerthornythornrsaquorsquothornuuml daggerthornylsaquothorny G szlignotyš daggerthornigraveicircucircoumligravebullthorn ˆoumligraveeumlucircETH sup2IgraveybullthornAumlyendaggerthorn ˆyeneacuteocirceacutedaggerthornoumligraveŸAring oumlicirccenticircucircccedilthornyˆ egraveIgraveyŸrdquo rsaquoicircucircamppoundigraveyenz sup2Igraveyeumlucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ xsbquocent oumlšeumlucirc šyETH 16ETH yenzsbquoicircucirclteacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoyoumligravelsquothorn centmiddotthorn xyoumligraveŒeacute 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daggerthornicircucircoumligraveiexclndash icircydaggerthornAumlthorny ~oumligraveCcedilthornoumligravee bullthornoumligravebullthornythorny xiacuteAringeacuteocirceacuteŸcurrenrdquobullthorny icircyenš daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorny šyndash eumly ograveŸicircucirceumlucircyoacute centmiddotthornoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyGeumlucircy eumlyoumligraveFŒeacute icircoumligraveiexcl xyŸyicircucirc ŸbullthornETH 20ETH thornrsaquoylsquothornthornicircucirc currensbquodaggerthorniexcldaggerthorn icircucircŠŸiacute ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute eacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn ograveyenzŸyšˆicircucircoacute oumliexclDaggeryicircucirc Ÿbullthornyenz ~yenz egraveIgraveyŸ icircy thornrsaquoIacuteOcirc=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggerthornˆicircucircoacute ~icircsbquo ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornˆicircucircoacute iexcloumligraveDaggeroumligraveŒeacutešETH daggerthornv oumleuml euml_laquooumligravebullthorn xyŸ ograveyenzŸyšegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacutendash oumlcurrenyenz ~daggerthornyenz euml_laquooumligravebullthorn ogravexyicircucircampeumlucircydaggeraumlthornegraveIgraveoacute G ograveoumligravešydaggerthornyaumlthornegraveIgraveoacute iexcloumligraveDaggerŒeacuteETH 21ETH ograveiacuteicircucircyoacute icircy ogravebullthornicircucircyoacute thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc šyoumligraveŸicircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquoeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveccedilthorn˜ETH 22ETH rsaquoylsquothornthorn icircbullAringthornŸyš sup2Igraveyicircbrvbarthornoumligravedaggerthornicircucirc yenzsbquoicircucirclt egraveIgraveoumligravesithorn (Mandal 2009 91-92) currensbquodaggerthorniexclbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 23ETH 1987 currenyoumligraveiexcl icircypermilŸyicircucircy Ÿœthornszligordmiexcleacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucircthorn GoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurren oumlltiexclyicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn)_laquo ŒeacuteiexclETH daggerthornvndash 1992 currenyoumligraveiexclicircucirc 18eacuteocirceacuteyenz ltš ograveGoumligraveeumlucircTHORNthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclcurrenoacuteauml oumlltiexclyoumligravedaggerthorn mDagger[thornbullthorn daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ogravecurrenyrsquothornziacute ˆyoumligraveicircucircy yeniexclaumlcurrenoacute oumlltiexclyicircucirc currenUumlT yenGeumlucircyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucirc icircypermilŸyicircucircy oumlcurrenyenz oumlltiexclyicircucirc curren˜icircucirceacuteocirceacutecentyenicircucirc yencurrenyoumligraveicirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo yeneumlucircthorn SGoumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpsouthgarohillsgovin Rtv dt 10012012

24ETH ~yenz ogravepermiloumligraveicircucirc oumlicircrsquothornuumlyoumligravešyoacuteeacuteocirceacuteicircucirc xiacuteAring daggerthornv xeacuteocirceacuteltšltybullthorn centagraveoumligraveicircucirc Ÿyšoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ogravefrac14Ÿoumligraverdquoicircucirc ltšAumlyenz frac14Ÿrdquooacute icircy ogravethornrsaquoyeumlucirclsaquothornyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircyoacute šeumlucircETH lticircdaggerthornyicircucirc xD yencurrenyoumligraveicirc icircšlt šyšy ltšpoundigrave currensbquoegraveIgraveoumligraveyenicircucirc rsquothornzoumligravejcentAuml šoumligraveeumlucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo Ÿyšigravepoundigrave icircoumligravešicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml ogravepermiloumligraveicircucircoacute oumlicircrsquothornuumlyeumlucircETH [oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 125]

25ETH oumlicircucircyŸyš yenicircucircoumligraveœthorn egraveIgraveyŸthornicircucirc icircyšyš ograveRompagreoacuteETH daggerthornv ogravePoacute eacuteocirceacute~icircucirc ˆyoumligraveicircucircy rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircigraverdquo icircysbquoiexclyicircucirc ograveœthornoacutendash ~icircsbquo ograveeoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc rsquothornzFlsaquothornyicircucircrdquo ograveoacuteETH 26ETH icircyŠyiexclicircucircy ˆyoumligraveicircucircy thornrsaquoyyenyoumligraversquothornuumlicircucirc ~yenz ˜Ccedilthornrdquoicircyyenš š˜thornoumligravedaggerthorn ogravešbullthornyyenzoacute šyoumligraveŸ rsquothornyoumligravedaggerthornETH 27ETH ~thorn rsquothornzthornrsaquooumligraveicircucircy_laquo Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzoumligravethorn rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn ogravexycurrenydaggerthornegraveIgraveoacuteeacuteocirceacuteG yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH 28ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus Tourism-B5-Destination_Meghalaya dt 050712

29ETH oUumlTicircAumlminus ograveograversquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ethornrsaquoO eacuteocirc yenzsbquoicircucircltoacuteoacuteminus Allen BC 1906

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

Room

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

University Press

Grierson G A 1967 [rpt (org 1927)] The Linguistic Survey of India VolI (part-I) Delhi Motilal

Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

------------- 2010 Tribal Myths on the Origin of the World a Picture of North-East India Sandhan Vol X

No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

eacute ocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacuteeacuteocirceacute

26

30ETH ograveltybullthornoacute ~icircsbquo ograveicircrdquoAringltybullthornoacute yenzbullthornAumly˜ centoumligravemiddoticircucirc xšAumlbullthornicircucirc G ~daggerthornytradedaggerthorn icircAumlOšy iacuteydaggerthornyeumlucirc ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ogravedivideigravelticircltybullthornoacute daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒETH ograveltybullthornoacute centoumligravemiddoticircucirc icircagraveeacuteocirceacuteicircAumlOšy currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn xyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy icircyagraveiexclAumlETH daggerthornv ograveracismoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircagraveiexcl sup2Igravelsaquothorniexclbullthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringdivideigraveicircpoundigraveŸAumloacuteeacuteeacuteocircocircocirceacute ~icircsbquo bullthorny eumliacuteyiacuteAringccedilthornyoumligraveicircyenz daggerthornyicircucircrdquo ograveraceoacuteeacute eacuteicircccedilthornyltoumligravešicircucirc Ÿ)iexcl ccedilthorn_ ˆyeicircrdquoAringeacuteocircocircocirceacute oumldaggerthornrsquothornz oumldaggerthornrsquothornz ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn thornrsaquoŒeacuteuml daggerthornicircucircoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircšETH xiacutelsaquothornndash ograveraceoacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAringthorn icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc šy ~yenz daggerthornyicircucircoumligraverdquo oumleumlndash ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteeacuteltybulloacutethorn icirciexcloumligravebullthorn ograveicircrdquoAringeacuteocirceacuteyen oacute Scaste Hindu icircy ograversquothornzFlsaquothorneacuteicircrdquoAring ltybullthorn=iexcloacute SUpper casteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn oumlicircyVthornyoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucircETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthornndash ˆyeicircrdquoAring oumleumloumligraveyenbullthorn dividelticircdaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute xiacuteAringyAringecircndash eacuteoumldaggerthornyoumligravešy currenyŸyltdaggerthorneacuteocirceacutecurrenysbquoszligntildebullthorndaggerthorn icircAumlythornrsaquoyicircucirc šeumlucirceacuteocircocircocirceacute ograverace oacuteeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc icircysbquoiexcly thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey bullthornyyenz eumliacuteyeumliacuteccedilthornyoumligraveicirc ogravedividelticirceacuteltybullthornoacute yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yeneumlucircETH 31ETH Goumligraveeumlucircicirccurrenyyenzthornminus httpenwikipediaorgwikiGaro_Hills dt 17012012

32ETH ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ograveŸylsaquothornsbquooacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravemotherhoodoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 65ndash oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute SyeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 207mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 145ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ogravesub-clanoacute ScurrenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140mdash Ÿyicircucircydaggerthorn 2010minus 140 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH xšAuml˜oumligravedaggerthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy centmiddot ogravelsaquothornyŒeacuteoacute icircy ogravedaggerthornyŒeacuteoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumligravedaggerthorn yenzsbquoicircucircltoumligravebullthorn oumldaggerthornyiacuteyG ograveclanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64mdash currenysbquoŸy 2012minus 140eacuteocirceacute41mdash yeniexclicircEcircampdaggerthorn 2010minus 67ndash xyicircyicircucirc oumldaggerthornyiacuteyGicircy ograve larger clanoacute Soumligravesup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc 1909minus 64 icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH ~yenz currenŸhszligigrave thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey=iexcloumligravedaggerthorn oumlCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyicircucirc xyoumligraveiexclyeumlucirc thornrsaquoeumlAringyoumligraveiexclylsaquothornšy daggerthornoumligraveicircucirc ograveclanoacuteeacuteocirceacuteoumldaggerthorn Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacute~icircucirc eumliacuteyiacuteAring yenzsbquoicircucirclt thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey icircoumligraveiexcl Ÿoumligraveš yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash icircysbquoiexclyeumlucirc bullthornyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigravey yencurrenyoumligraveicirc ograveoumligraveˆyeoacute centmiddotthornoumligravedaggerthorn icircAumlicircyenyicircucirc daggerthornicircucircŒeacuteETH lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒeacuteocirceacuteoacuteicircucirc oumldaggerthornyoumligravešyicircucircdaggerthornŸ eumliacuteyeumliacute yenzsbquoicircucirclt oumlšyenzmdash ogravemoietyoacute icircy ogravephratryoacute oumldaggerthornyoumligravešythornyyenz sup2IgraveoumligraveeumlyltAuml šeumlucircETH œthornoumligraveiexclndash ˆyoumligraveicircucircy ltšltybullthornicircucirc currenŸylteacuteocirceacutecurrensbquoszligntildebullthorn icircpoundigraveoumligraveeumlucirc oumlsup2Otildeoumligraveœthorneumlucircyicircucirc S1909ndash currenysbquoŸy S2003 sup2IgraveŸoumligraveDaggericircucirc icircucirclsaquothornšyeacutethornrsaquoe=iexclicircucirc currenoumligraveD oumligraveCcedilthorneeacuteocirceacutexccedilthornKthornbullthornyoumligravedaggerthornthorn Seumliacuteyndash ~daggerthornyenz lsaquothornyŒeacute icircy daggerthornyŒicircucirc xhsegraveccedilAringthorn_laquo ˜yenz šyicircucirc thornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc ŸoumligravetradeAuml icircicircyyen yenoumligravebullthorn thornrsaquoyoumligraveicircucirc daggerthornvndash ~daggerthornyenz Ÿylsaquothornsbquoeacuteocirceacuteccedilthorn_laquo šyicircucirceacuteocirceacutethornrsaquoicircucircampoumligravepoundigraveicircucirc icircicircyyen ˆyoumligraveicircucircy divideicirctradebullthorny thornrsaquoyeumlucirc šyeacute Ÿiexcloumligraveeumlucirc ograveoumlˆyeeacuteocirceacuteoumligraveˆyUcircthornoacute thornrsaquoicircucircccedilthornypoundigraveythorn dividebullthornicircucirc daggerthornoumligraveicircucircŒeacuteETH 33ETH sup2IgravecurrenDbullthorn icirciexclndash 2009eacuteocirceacute~ sup2Igravedaggerthornycentbullthorn xyŸyicircucirc egraveIgravesi The Cultural Mappinghellipeacuteocirceacute~ xšicirctradeyšbullthornyicirccentbullthorn ˆyoumligraveicircucircy egraveIgraveyŸrdquo sup2Igravecentycurrenš currenAacutersaquooumligravedaggerAringthorn ~daggerthornthorn ccedilthorniexcl bullthorniacuteAuml thornrsaquoicircucircoumligraveicirccentbullthorn yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteminus egraveIgraveyŸeacuteocirceacutesup2Igravetradeyšoumligravedaggerthorn ograveˆbdquoyGeacuteocirceacuteicircoumligraversquothornuumlyoacuteeacute icirciexcly yenoumligraveeumlucircoumligraveŒeacuteETH 34ETH icircAumlbullthornelaquoŸ icircpoundigraveeumlucircdaggerthorn ~yenz bullthorniacuteAumlthorn xyŸyicircucirc oumlCcedilthornedaggerthornŸAringltybullthorn xccedilthornKthornbullthornyETH

rsquothornzIacuteOcircDaggerbullthorn curren)ecurrenŸ)yen Allen BC 1906 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills the Garo Hills and the Lushai Hills Assam District

Gazetteers Vol 10 Part II Garo)

Burling Robins 2003 Where did the Garos Come From ndash In Readings In History And Culture of

The Garos (Essays in Honour of Milton S Sangma) Ed Mignonette Momin New Delhi

Regency Publications 2003 Pp 57-67

Carey W 1993 [2nd Rpt] The Garo Jungle Book [Orginally published 1919] Tura Tura book

Room

[oumliexclydaggerthorntimesampbullthornminus yšeumlucircyicircucirc 2013mdash rsaquominus 126]

Eliot John 1979 (rpt [Org 1792) Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills made during a

public deputation in the years 1788 and 1789 Asiatic Researches III (1792) New Delhi Cosmo

Publications pp 17- 37

Frawley W J (Ed) 2003 International Encyclopaedia of Linguistics Vol 4 (2nd Ed) Oxford Oxford

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Banarsidass

27

Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

------------- 2010 Tribal Myths on the Origin of the World a Picture of North-East India Sandhan Vol X

No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

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Holbrook L M 2010 Kurongdik Achikku into English Dictionary

Mandal P 2009 Cultural Mapping of North-East India Kolkata The Asiatic Society

------------- 2010 Tribal Myths on the Origin of the World a Picture of North-East India Sandhan Vol X

No 1 January-June 2010 pp 161-190

Marak P R 2010 Gar-English Dictionary Tura D J Publication

Playfair Major A 1909 The Garos London David Nutt

Rongmuthu D S 1960 The Folktales of the Garo Gauhati University of Gauhati

Sangma M 2012 [rpt (org 1981)] History and Culture of the Garos New Delhi Books Today

Thompson S 1955-58 Motif Index of Folk Literature Revised Edition 6 Vols Bloomington Indiana

University Press

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