DNA/Skin - Lisa Franklin

DNA/SkinGenetic analysis

JANE DOEID:00001

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‘‘The appearance of your skin is the result of your

genetics, lifestyle and nutritional choices‘‘

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Dear Mrs

Welcome to your first step towards self-discovery. The better you know yourself, the easier you can influence your skin condition, body weight and overall fitness and health. As our genes determine the response of our metabolism and muscles, your personal DNA analysis will allow you to optimise skincare regimens, eating habits and exercise routines in order to reach your goals much more easily. We believe that with carefully prepared, personalised recommendations, our experts will justify the trust that you have invested in us.

The analysis of your genes is performed according to the highest quality standards. Firstly, we work on the basis of relevant scientific literature to select those genes whose influence has been proven, and for which there is enough reliable evidence and quality scientific research. We perform the analysis in a laboratory, which operates according to the ISO`s quality standards, where we analyse your DNA using an extremely reliable and most advanced technology. In addition, our experts create skincare, nutritional and lifestyle recommendations especially for your genetic makeup.

Your personal DNA analysis will allow you to make appropriate healthier lifestyle choices. You yourself are the key to success of your DNA analysis, and we, therefore, advise you to follow the recommendations, and practise them responsibly.

We would like you to know that your personal DNA analysis does not contain any pathological diagnoses, and we recommend that you consult your personal doctor, in case of any large changes to your eating habits.

We wish you every success.

The DNA Team at Lisa Franklin

We invite you now to enjoy the journey towards your self-discovery.

Jane Doe

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THE ABC OF SKIN AND SKIN GENETICS ..............................................................6

INSTRUCTIONS FOR READING YOUR DNA ANALYSIS .....................................10

YOUR SKIN’S APPEARANCE ................................................................................12

RESULTS OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................14

SKIN ELASTICITY AND FIRMNESS .................................................................................................................... 16

SKIN HYDRATION .............................................................................................................................................. 18

CELLULITE ........................................................................................................................................................... 20

STRETCH MARKS ............................................................................................................................................... 22

VARICOSE VEINS ................................................................................................................................................ 24

YOUR SKIN’S AGEING ..........................................................................................26

RESULTS OVERVIEW ............................................................................................28

GLYCATION PROTECTION ................................................................................................................................. 30

INFLAMMATION SENSITIVITY ............................................................................................................................ 32

SKIN ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY .......................................................................................................................... 34

BIOLOGICAL AGEING ......................................................................................................................................... 36

Content

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FEED YOUR SKIN .................................................................................................38

RESULTS OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................40

VITAMIN B2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 44

VITAMIN B6 ......................................................................................................................................................... 46

VITAMIN B9 ......................................................................................................................................................... 48

VITAMIN B12 ....................................................................................................................................................... 50

VITAMIN C ........................................................................................................................................................... 52

VITAMIN D ........................................................................................................................................................... 54

VITAMIN E ........................................................................................................................................................... 56

OMEGA-3 METABOLISM .................................................................................................................................... 58

SELENIUM ........................................................................................................................................................... 60

SCIENTIFIC SOURCES ..........................................................................................62

GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................66

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The ABC of skin and skin geneticsSKINDid you know that our skin is our largest organ? It is the most external one, being in direct contact with the environment. Our skin acts as a barrier protecting our body and keeping its structures intact. It also works as a system for communication with the outside. Our skin tells us a lot about ourselves and represents an important aesthetic element of our body.

SKIN STRUCTUREStructurally, the skin consists of three primary layers: the external one is the epidermis, the middle one is the dermis and the subcutaneous one is the fat layer. Each of them has unique structural and physiological functions:

Epidermis: the outer barrier

The epidermis is the upper layer. It is relatively thin and it is in directly contact with the external environment, being exposed to factors like UV irradiation, pathogens and toxic substances. Its primary function is to protect. The greatest part of the cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes. They originates from cells in the deepest layer of the epidermis called the basal layer. New keratinocytes slowly migrate up toward the surface of the epidermis. Once the keratinocytes reach the skin surface, they are gradually shed and are replaced by newer cells pushed up from below.

Dermis: the inner support

The dermis is located below the epidermis. It is a thick layer of fibrous and elastic tissue (made mostly of collagen, with a small but important component of elastin) that gives the skin its flexibility and strength. The dermis contains nerve endings, sweat glands and oil glands, hair follicles and blood vessels.

Fat layerBelow the dermis lies a layer of fat that helps insulate the body from heat and cold, providing protective padding and serves as an energy storage area.

EPIDERMIS

DERMIS

FAT LAYER

Skin layers

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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SKIN APPEARANCEHealthy skin is able to respond to challenges that would otherwise affect its structure and function. Skin that functions properly has a healthy appearance. Negative factors that affect the biological functions of the skin often compromises its youthfulness resulting in a less attractive skin.

Ageing is a natural physiological process and our skin ages with us, exactly like the rest of our body. With time, ageing causes visible signs and it is natural for the skin to lose some of its youthful appearance. The skin loses its natural moisture and starts to degenerate. Production of collagen, which is an important structure of the skin, is reduced. As a result, the supporting tissue is weakened, and our skin loses its tone and firmness. Our skin can become wrinkled, thin and dry.

Various factors influence ageing of our skin. Among them, UV radiation and sub-optimal daily intake of important nutrients play an important role. Still, while there are people who seem to age faster, others age more slowly, even if they do nothing less or more than others. All these differences can be explained by our genes!

GENETIC INFLUENCES ON SKIN APPEARANCEGenes are areas of the DNA chain which carry instructions for the synthesis of proteins. Every gene carries a specific combination of nucleotides marked with the letters A, T, C and G, where an individual combination determines a specific protein. Sometimes a mutation (or an error) occurs and the nucleotide sequence is not adequate. This is what we call genetic mutation. The result is the incorrect functioning of the protein which affects the structures and functions of our body.

Although 99 percent of our genetic makeup is completely identical, there are approximately ten million genetic variations (SNPs) among individuals! These variations are responsible for many of the normal differences between people, such as eye or skin colour, blood type, eating habits and skin characteristics. By identifying your unique gene variations, you can know exactly what works for you in terms of skin care, lifestyle and nutritional choices.

For example, the mutation of a gene responsible for producing collagen may cause us to have an unusually large or small quantity of this substance affecting greater or less development of wrinkles. This condition consequently results in an increased need for certain nutrients that promote collagen synthesis which brings back a healthy balance and makes the skin firm and wrinkle-free.

When doing a DNA test, we analyse several sites (loci) of your DNA where mutations can occur. The type of mutation at this locus of DNA is called the genotype. If there is a possibility of substitution at a specific locus of DNA from C to T, then we have 3 possible genotypes: CC, CT or TT. This happens because we inherit the DNA from our mother as well as from our father. In that way, we have every gene present in two copies. Possible mutation can occur in both copies of the gene, in only one copy, or not occur at all.

C C

C CC C

A A

A AT T

T T

G G

G GG GSNPC

G A

T

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ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON SKIN APPEARANCESkin appearance can change through time. However, it can also change due to exposure to different environmental factors. UV radiation, air pollution, smoking, lack of nutrients and suffering stressful situations can largely accelerate the ageing process of your skin.

SUN EXPOSURE AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTExposure of our skin to UV rays is essential for the synthesis of vitamin D, while excessive exposure to UV rays without adequate protection damages skin cells and extracellular components of our skin. Excessive exposure to UV rays therefore greatly contributes to the ageing of our skin.

LACK OF NUTRIENTS

When our daily requirements for vitamins, minerals and other important nutrients are not met, this can sooner or later affect our skin appearance – dry or oily skin, formation of skin wrinkles and others.

STRESS

Chronic stress results in increased production of reactive oxygen species, which damage DNA and contribute to skin ageing.

LACK OF SLEEP

Levels of cortisol (stress hormone) naturally decrease during sleep. If we do not get enough sleep, cortisol levels stay high and contribute to the breakdown of collagen and elastin, which causes loss of skin firmness and elasticity.

AIR POLLUTION

Tiny particles, especially nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the polluted air of urban areas caused mostly by car traffic can cause oxidative stress and skin inflammation. Dust in the air can also clog pores and increase bacteria on the face.

SMOKING

Nicotine reduces blood vessel diameter, which can at some stage prevent blood from reaching the vessels of the skin. It also depletes levels of valuable antioxidant vitamins like vitamin A, increasing damage to the elastic fibres and causing premature wrinkling and a yellowish skin tone. In fact, cigarette smoke can damage skin as much as any other pollutant.

• UVA rays (320–400 nm) can damage our DNA. Its spectrum is strong enough to pass through the top layers of skin and damage the deeper layers known as the dermis. It is predominantly UVA rays that cause premature ageing of the skin and its negative effects become apparent only years later.

• UVB rays (290–320 nm). Unlike UVA rays, UVB rays are not strong enough to penetrate deeper in the skin. Therefore, UVB rays cause mostly damage on the superficial layers. We recognise such damage in the form of sunburn and browning of the skin.

UVA

z Z z

UVB

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PERSONALISED SKIN CAREThere are both, internal and environmental factors that affect changes to the structure of the skin and its appearance. While there are some elements of the skin ageing process that cannot be prevented, there are many possibilities to positively influence skin changes and ageing.

Knowing your genetic predispositions and being aware about your lifestyle choices can help you to treat your skin in the best way. Moreover, by taking some preventive measures, you can slow the ageing effect and keep your youthful appearance.

Your DNA/Skin analysis focuses on the consequences of genetic mutations that affect your skin characteristics and nutritional needs. Its goal is to recognise your most important features and help you to take advantages of them by choosing the diet and skin care that are ideal for you.

Your DNA/Skin analysis is not part of alternative medicine and it is not a form of treatment. It is not an approach which involves modifying the DNA and it does not determine an optimal skin treatment based on blood type or any other phenotypical characteristics of a person.

Your DNA/Skin analysis focuses on

the consequences of genetic mutations that affect your

skin characteristics and nutritional needs.

Its goal is to recognise your most important features and

help you to take advantages of them by choosing the diet

and skin care that are ideal for you.

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For a better understanding of your DNA analysis, we would like you to read the following instructions.

SECTIONS AND ANALYSES

Your DNA analysis thematically captures the key elements of your skin health.

Every section starts with a summary of results where you will find your personal analysis result analysis, and the results of the analysed gene:

Your personal DNA/Skin report also includes analyses which give you a detailed insight into the genetic factors that influence your skin. An individual analysis contains an explanation of the scientific research and the analysed genes with the mutations within these genes. Every analysis also contains a genetic result and personalised recommendations for appropriate skin care, nutritional and lifestyle choices. As part of the individual analysis, you will also find additional points of interest and useful information.

Instructions for reading your DNA analysis

SECTION 01: YOUR SKIN’S APPEARANCE

SECTION 02: YOUR SKIN’S AGEING

SECTION 03: FEED YOUR SKIN

SKIN HYDRATION

ANALYSED GENE ROLE OF THE GENE YOUR GENOTYPE

AQP3A protein which acts as a glycerol transporter in the skin and plays an important role in regulating stratum corneum and epidermal glycerol content. It is involved in skin hydration, wound healing, and tumorigenesis.

AA

DECREASED HYDRATION ABILITYYOUR RESULT:

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RESULTS OF YOUR ANALYSIS

For a better understanding, your results are presented in a colour-coded scheme, where each colour has a specific meaning:

Dark green: Your result is the most optimal; the condition simply needs to be maintained.

Light green: Your result is not completely optimal; the condition can be improved.

Yellow: Your result is average. If you follow the recommendations, you can do plenty to improve your condition.

Orange: Your result is not favourable. For an optimal condition, we recommend action.

Red: Your result is the least favourable; pay close attention to these analyses.

Grey: Your result is neutral – it defines neither a positive nor a negative status.

THE ANALYSED GENES

A list of analysed genes is added at the beginning of the chapter and also to each analysis. Each analysed gene has a determined genotype. A genotype or the combination of genotypes within an analysis determines your result.

YOUR PERSONALISED RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on your genetic makeup, we have prepared recommendations which reveal your daily needs in terms of healthy skin appearance and guide you into skincare, nutrition and lifestyle choices suitable for you. We advise you to act on them, as they consider the needs of your body which are determined by your genes, and which, therefore, have a significant influence on your health, appearance and general well-being.

LEGAL LIABILITY

Your skin DNA analysis is predominantly of an educational nature. Its purpose is not to give medical advice for determining diagnoses, treatment, alleviation or prevention of illnesses. Therefore, if you have any serious medical (skin) problems, we do not recommend any radical changes prior to consulting your physician, dermatologist or other certified healthcare provider. Under no condition should you change your medications or any other medical care without the permission of your doctor.

DNA/Skin | YOUR SKIN’S APPEARANCE

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By getting to know your genetic predisposition, you can create a personal skincare routine, nutritional and lifestyle choices that are perfect for you.

Your skin’s appearance


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Keeping a long-lasting youthful look, with firm and wrinkle-free skin, is a dream pursued by many of us. If you want to reduce the signs of ageing and to keep the health of your skin, it’s important to understand your skin’s characteristics and which factors contribute to its appearance. By getting to know your genetic predisposition, you can create a personal skincare routine, and nutritional and lifestyle choices that are perfect for you.

In the first chapter of your DNA/Skin, you will have the opportunity to get precious insights about how your genetic makeup influences your skin’s hydration, its elasticity and firmness and other unfavourable conditions like cellulite, varicose veins and stretch marks.

Discover how your genes influence your:

SKIN ELASTICITY & FIRMNESS

SKIN HYDRATION

CELLULITE

STRETCH MARKS

VARICOSE VEINS

1

2

3

4

5


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Results overview

SKIN ELASTICITY & FIRMNESS


MMP1A protein which acts as a glycerol transporter in the skin and plays an important role in regulating stratum corneum and epidermal glycerol content. It is involved in skin hydration, wound healing, and tumorigenesis.

MMP3 This gene encodes an enzyme which degrades fibronectin, laminin, collagens III, IV, IX, and X, and cartilage proteoglycans.

IL6Gene that plays a major role in cell proliferation, and collagen synthesis. This gene encodes for elastin, a major component of elastic fibres, which provides reversible extensibility to connective tissue.

ELN Mutations in the ELN gene affects its expression which results in lower amounts of elastin in our body.

DELDEL

AVERAGE TENDENCY FOR COLLAGEN DEGRADATION

YOUR RESULT:

CG

INSINS

CT

SKIN HYDRATION


AQP3A protein which acts as a glycerol transporter in the skin and plays an important role in regulating stratum corneum and epidermal glycerol content. It is involved in skin hydration, wound healing, and tumorigenesis.

AVERAGE HYDRATION ABILITY

YOUR RESULT:

AG


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CELLULITE

STRETCH MARKS

VARICOSE VEINS


ACE_2This gene encodes for an enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and catabolism of bradykinin. Circulating angiotensin II is a major regulator of fasting adipose blood flow and can therefore influence our susceptibility to cellulite development.

HIF1AThis gene encodes the alpha subunit of HIF-1, which is a transcription factor. Activation of HIF1A impairs healthy adipose endocrine function and may in this way affect the formation of cellulite.


HMCN1 HMCN1 plays an important role in the organisation of hemidesmosomes in the epidermis.

ELNThis gene encodes for elastin, a major component of elastic fibres, which provides reversible extensibility to connective tissue. Mutations in the ELN gene affects its expression which results in lower amounts of elastin in our body.


MTHFR The MTHFR gene makes an enzyme that controls the levels of homocysteine, a chemical involved in blood clotting.

AVERAGE RISK FOR CELLULITE

INCREASED RISK

INCREASED RISK

YOUR RESULT:

YOUR RESULT:

YOUR RESULT:

DELDEL

CC

CG

CT

TT


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Skin elasticityand firmnessABOUTElasticity is the skin’s ability to stretch and revert to its original shape without developing wrinkles and other imperfections. This ability depends on collagen, the protein responsible for the strength and firmness of connective tissues. Collagen is continually produced throughout life. When we are younger, the production of collagen predominates, whereas as we age the breakdown of collagen increases, contributing to loss of skin elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles.

GENETICSSome people are prone to break down collagen faster than others. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the enzymes that break down the collagen from the skin. The controlled removal of old collagen keeps the youthful appearance of our skin. If mutation within the MMP1 or MMP3 gene is present, collagen breakdown will predominate and cause loss of elasticity and firmness.

YOUR RESULT: YOUR GENOTYPE

The genetic analysis shows that you have an average risk of premature loss of skin elasticity.

Analysed gene: Your genotype:

MMP1

MMP3

IL6

ELN

AVERAGE TENDENCY FOR COLLAGEN DEGRADATION

DELDEL

INSINS

CG

CT


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YOUR RECOMMENDATIONS

• If you have already noticed your first wrinkles, you can take supplements that boost collagen production or inhibit the MMP-1 enzyme. One of the options is hops extract which has shown good results in slowing down skin ageing.

• Add foods that are rich in vitamin C to your diet plan and search for creams rich in vitamin C to improve your skin. Vitamin C can reduce MMP activity and therefore collagen breakdown.

• Include soy products in your diet as they contain genistein which helps in collagen production. • Eat fruits that have a red peel, like blueberries and red grapes. They are rich in resveratrol, which stimulates collagen production. You

can also opt for skincare products rich in resveratrol to apply it topically. • Try to use skincare products that contain polyphenols, carotenoids or flavonoids which may help you to keep your skin’s firmness. • Try to avoid chlorinated water or use carbon-based chlorine removal filters. Chlorine increases the level of the enzyme MMP which is

involved in collagen degradation and consequently connected with the loss of skin elasticity.

TOPICAL INGREDIENTSCOENZYME Q10 Protect the dermis from degradation.

L-ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C) Promotes collagen production.

RESVERATROL Stimulates cell proliferation and collagen synthesis.

PEPTIDES Stimulate the body to produce new collagen.

HYALURONIC ACID Helps to repair damaged connective tissues while increasing the production of collagen.

SOY PROTEINS Stimulate collagen and elastin synthesis.

SUPPLEMENTSVITAMIN C + E Help decrease MMP activity.

N-ACETYL CYSTEINE Amino acid was shown to reduce MMP damage.

ALPHA LIPOIC ACID Raises collagen protective mechanisms.

HOW DO COLLAGEN FIBRES AFFECT SKIN STRUCTURE?

HERITABILITY FOR WRINKLING

55 %GENETICS

45 %

Collagen represents up to 75% of the skin’s dry weight and it is the most abundant protein in the body.

Overexposure to UV rays, smoking,

constant stress, inflammation

and unhealthy diet are the main

lifestyle factors that cause collagen

breakdown and affect skin elasticity.

ENVIRONMENTAL/LIFESTYLE FACTORS

COLLAGEN BALANCE

COLLAGEN IMBALANCE

In youthful skin, the production and degradation of collagen are in balance.

Genetic abnormalities and lifestyle factors can lead to an increased rate of collagen breakdown. MMPs contribute to the breakdown of collagen while inhibiting new collagen formation. The result is loss of firmness and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and the skin getting saggy and hollow under the eyes.


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Skin hydrationABOUTHydration helps our skin to maintain its elasticity and function as a protective barrier. That mostly depends on the skin’s outer layer called the stratum corneum, which protects underlying tissue from dehydration and infection. While optimally hydrated skin contains up to 15 percent of water, dehydrated skin contains less than 10 percent of it.

GENETICSAmong others, transport of water into skin cells is precisely regulated through aquaporin-3 (AQP3). Aquaporin-3 is an important protein, encoded by the AQP3 gene, that forms pores in the membranes of skin cells through which water and a small amount of solutes (such as glycerol) can be effectively transported. Deficiency of AQP3 reduces water transport and glycerol permeability into skin cells, which consequently decrease skin hydration.


The genetic analysis shows that you are a carrier of one favourable and one unfavourable copy of the AQP3 gene, which indicates an average (natural) hydration ability of your skin.


AQP3

AVERAGE HYDRATION ABILITY

AG


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• Include foods that are rich in lipoic acid in your diet. Dry skin and damage caused by sun exposure can be reduced by lipoic acid which is a good humectant. Tomatoes, poultry, calf’s liver, beef steak and green leafy vegetables are all good sources.

• Try to apply coconut oil on your skin and use it as a moisturiser. Coconut oil also contains antioxidants and it is antifungal. • Choose skin products that include squalene oil which is an effective moisturiser. • Use topical products that include Desert Rose Extract or Resurrection Plant Extract as it has been shown to improve skin elasticity and

skin hydration by restoring the barrier function and maintaining its capacity to retain water. • Apply moisturisers immediately after showering as they will keep in the moisture and provide oils and nutrients to the skin. • Apply a hydrating lotion first, followed by a moisturiser in order to keep the water in the skin through the day. A hydrating lotion adds

water to the skin and a moisturiser creates a barrier on the surface preventing the water from evaporating. • Try to avoid lotions or creams that include perfumes. • Check the table for several moisturising ingredients that could help you further when looking for the right moisturiser to hydrate your

skin.

TOPICAL INGREDIENTS WHERE YOU FIND IT?

EMOLLIENTSA substance that attract moisture and help keep the skin moist by reducing water loss.

Shea butter, Marula oil, Baobab oil, Capric Triglycerides

HUMECTANTSA substance that absorbs or helps another substance retain moisture, as glycerol.

Resurrection plant extract, Hyaluronic acid, Desert Rose extract, Squalane, Alpha hydroxy acids

OCCLUSIVEA substance that form a film on the skin, trapping natural moisture inside.

Baobab oil, Squalane, Seabuckthorn oil, Tamanu oil, Jojoba oil

CERAMIDES

Are a family of waxy lipid molecules. Ceramides are naturally found in high concentrations within the cell membrane.

Broccoli Seed oil, Kalahari Watermelon oil, Rosehip oil

DEHYDRATED SKIN

increased irritation and redness, increased risk of infection, uneven texture, itchy patches, dark under eye circles, fine lines and wrinkles, increased oil production

HYDRATED SKIN

reduced irritation, firm and supple skin, improved elasticity, less oily skin, soft and clear skin

Dehydrated skin is both dry and oily at the same time. Quite the paradox, isn’t it? This occurs because the skin is lacking in water and, as a result, tries to compensate it by producing more oil in an attempt to keep itself hydrated.

Do you enjoy taking long hot showers? As pleasant as that can be, the heat from hot water, combined with soap, strips away skin`s natural, oily protective barrier. That can lead to a feeling of dryness and itchiness. The longer and hotter the shower is, the more moisture you can lose.


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CelluliteABOUT CELLULITECellulite is a term for the typical accumulation of subcutaneous fat that results in a dimpled, lumpy appearance of the skin and is often called “orange peel skin”. Usually, cellulite appears in the area of the thighs, hips and buttocks. Although cellulite does not affect your health, modern beauty trends prefer smooth skin.

GENETICSStudies have identified the genes ACE and HIF1A as major genetic contributors in cellulite development. Scientists have proven that carriers of the mutation within the gene HIF1A have a 50 percent lower risk of cellulite development (before the age of 30) compared to individuals without this mutation.


The genetic analysis shows that your risk of developing cellulite is considered as average.


ACE_2

HIF1A

AVERAGE RISK FOR CELLULITE

DELDEL

CC


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• Exercise regularly! Physical activity will increase your blood flow and thus enhance the ability of your body to release fat deposits and use them as an energy source. With regular exercise, you will also strengthen your muscles, which will reduce cellulite appearance if you already have some.

• Eat a healthy and diverse diet which will help your body to boost nutrient levels. If a diet is poor in nutrients and high in calories, it can support the build-up of fat. Avoid yo-yo diets which are one of the worst lifestyle factors when it comes to fat accumulation.

• Choose skin care products that include retinol which can increase the production of collagen, thicken skin and make cellulite less visi-ble. Regular use of such products can improve the appearance of cellulite in the long term.

• Use topical products that include caffeine, which has a temporary tightening effect and helps reduce your cells’ fat content. • You can also search for creams that include the plant horsetail, which removes toxins and fights water retention and is, therefore,

effective in cellulite removal. • Be aware that the treatment offered by beauty salons (like massages or laser treatment) will not get rid of the cellulite but only reduce

it. Unfortunately, the effect is short-term and maintenance treatment should be performed monthly to keep that appearance.

On average, cellulite is present in 90% of women and 10% of men and is more common in Caucasians compared to Asians.

10%

90%

MEN

WOMEN

TOPICAL INGREDIENTSRETINOL Increasing blood flow and thickening the dermis.

HORSETAIL EXTRACT This plant works mainly as a powerful anti-inflammatory when used in topical applications like lotions and creams.

CAFFEINE Increase circulation, promote lipolysis of fat cells and reduces water retention.

EUGLENA GRACILIS EXTRACTS When combined with caffeine, these substances have been shown to help the body shed fat cells.

FORSKOLIN Decrease body fat

HYALURONIC ACID Stimulates collagen production

SUPPLEMENTS

VITAMIN C It is crucial to collagen synthesis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties.

VITAMIN A Increasing blood flow and thickening the dermis.

RESVERATROL Antioxidant; protects fat cells from inflammation

EPA & DHA OMEGA-3 FISH OIL Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects

WHY IS CELLULITE PRESENT MOSTLY IN WOMEN?In women, collagen is arranged in vertical rows, while in men the fibres are more closely bound in a lattice pattern. This straight up and down distribution of collagen fibres is the major reason why females get cellulite and men don’t. Fat more easily passes up against a woman`s vertically arranged collagen fibres and forms cellulite skin.

The development of cellulite also depends on many other factors including hormonal changes, gender, ethnicity, age, excessive weight, poor diet, lack of physical activity, dehydration and our genetics.

Even movie stars have cellulite! It is true that most of us perhaps prefer to have smooth skin, but if you have some cellulite you are definitely not alone and, most importantly, it does not affect your health.


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Stretch marksABOUT STRETCH MARKSStretch marks typically appear as bands of parallel lines on our skin when collagen and elastin fibres tear. The lines are usually purple or bright pink and have a different texture to normal skin. They most commonly appear in the area of the stomach, breasts, thighs, buttocks and upper arms.

There are no treatments to make stretch marks disappear overnight; they only help them to fade over the time. Prevention is the best way to go and a better option than treatment. A balanced diet, controlled weight gain, exercise, healthy habits and lifestyle are some common preventive measures that you can easily undertake for scar-free beautiful skin.

RISK FACTORS FOR STRETCH MARKS.EXCESSIVE SKIN DISTENSION

RAPID WEIGHT GAIN OR BODYBUILDING (especially in combination with steroids)

PREGNANCY

RAPID GROWTH

MEDICATIONS


Your genetic analysis shows that you have a high tendency for developing stretch marks.


HMCN1

ELN

INCREASED RISK FOR STRETCH MARKS

CT

CG


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• Pay close attention to lifestyle factors which may help you to decrease the overall risk and prevent the appearance of stretch marks. • Add foods that are rich in vitamin C to your diet plan as it is an important nutrient in collagen formation. Collagen keeps your skin elas-

tic and strong, reduces the appearance of wrinkles and may also prevent the formation of stretch marks. • Maintain a healthy and constant weight, since rapid weight gain is one of the major causes of the formation of stretch marks. If you

want to lose some weight, avoid restrictive weight-loss diets as rapid weight loss may also cause the appearance of stretch marks. • Alternate warm and cold water when taking a shower to invigorate the muscles and stimulate the blood circulation. • Use moisturising lotions daily as they are the most commonly used cosmetics to improve skin elasticity and appearance. Search for

moisturisers with added aloe vera, olive oil or wheat germ oil. • Add some vitamin E oil to your favourite lotion or cream and use it to prevent stretch marks. Vitamin E stimulates our body to make

new skin cells that can minimise stretch marks. • Use creams that contain retinoid if you get stretch marks. Those creams may help fade stretch marks. Be careful to follow the instruc-

tions for the use of certain creams, since applying too much of it can cause your skin to become red, irritated or scaly.

WHITE STRETCH MARKS

RED STRETCH MARKS

Old damaged tissue and it is very difficult to cure them. Creams and wraps are not useful enough in treating white stretch marks.

Freshly damaged tissue. Red stretch marks can be treated quickly and effectively. The red colour shows that the area is still vascularised and our body can still repair the damaged tissue. They may disappear completely or become less visible when the cause of skin stretching goes away.

TOPICAL INGREDIENTS

RETINOIC ACID Improves early stretch marks.

THUJA OCCIDENTALIS Reduce the appearance of stretch marks.

GLYCOLIC ACID Reduce the appearance of stretch marks.

HYALURONIC ACID Help boost collagen production and reduce the appearance of stretch marks.

SHEA BUTTER Soften and decrease stretch marks.

COCOA BUTTER Soften and decrease stretch marks.

NATURAL OILS Lavender oil, rose oil, olive oil, myrrh oil, chamomile oil

50% OF WOMEN HAVE STRETCH MARKS 20% OF MEN HAVE STRETCH MARKS


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Varicose veinsABOUTVeins are the type of (blood) vessels that are responsible for returning blood which is poor in oxygen back to our heart. They are equipped with special valves, which prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction. Varicose veins occur due to the damage of valves. If this happens, the blood begins to pool in the veins, causing increased blood pressure inside veins and, consequently varicose veins can occur. They can be recognised as enlarged and twisted veins, which usually appear on the lower legs. In the early stages of varicose vein formation, they are only considered a cosmetic issue (with few or no symptoms). The signs of further development are usually pain, itching and swelling. If untreated, varicose veins can progress to venous reflux and/or venous leg ulcer.

GENETICSThe main known genetic factors associated with an increased risk of developing varicose veins is a polymorphism in the MTHFR gene. Studies have shown an over-representation of the TT genotype among patients with varicose veins. This polymorphism reduces the activity of MTHFR and is associated with increased homocysteine level and decreased blood B9 vitamin level.


Your genetic makeup determines an increased risk for varicose veins. Approximately 9 percent of people have such genetic makeup.


MTHFR

INCREASED RISK FOR VARICOSE VEINS

TT


25


• Include foods that are rich in bioflavonoids in your diet since they reduce swelling in varicose veins and strengthen the cartilage within their walls. Kidney beans, mangoes, cherries, grapes and papaya are all good sources.

• Drinking enough water will help your blood volume to remain constant. This is important to prevent any disruptions to circulation. • Place physical activity in your everyday routine. Walking for at least 30 minutes per day enhances the contraction of the muscles and

keeps the pumps in the calf muscle working. The result is an improvement of blood circulation in your legs. • Avoid prolonged periods of sitting or standing because it prevents the blood from circulating in the leg veins and increases blood pres-

sure. If you feel tension in your legs, try to wear compression socks or stockings at least while you sleep; they are useful to keep your vein valves in the right position and help the veins to properly function.

• Consider applying grape seed oil on your skin to reduce the symptoms associated with varicose veins and chronic venous insufficien-cies such as pain and swelling. You can also gain the benefits simply by chewing the grape pips.

• Use a topical product based on horse chestnut if varicose veins are already present. They can reduce the symptoms caused by poor blood circulation.

• Apply topical products rich in Vitamin K to varicose veins, because it can help strengthen the capillaries. You can also include vitamin K in your diet. Green leaves such as spinach, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and parsley are good sources of vitamin K.

TOPICAL INGREDIENTS

VITAMIN K Helps strengthen capillaries.

HORSE CHESTNUT EXTRACT Provides short-term relief for spider or varicose veins.

GRAPE SEED OIL Exerts a beneficial influence on blood vessels and helps to increase the blood circulation.

CENTELLA ASIATICA Enh ances connective tissue integrity, elevates antioxidant levels in wound healing and improves capillary permeability.

SUPPLEMENTSROSEMARY Helps to increase blood circulation.

Obesity, low level of physical activity, standing or sitting for long periods of time are the main environmental factors that could speed up the occurrence of varicose veins.

Women are more susceptible to varicose veins and overall risks for varicose veins progress with age.

30%

70%of adult populationhave healthy veins

of adult populationdevelop varicose veins

VARICOSE VEIN

Damaged valves; blood begins to pool in veins; variciose veins accurs.

HEALTHY VEIN

Healthy valves; blood flowing in the right direction.

Haemorrhoids are sometimes referred to as varicose veins of the anus and rectum. Why do they get that name? Because they occur for the same reason as varicose veins, but in different areas of the body.

50%GENETICS

50%ENVIRONMENTAL/LIFESTYLE FACTORS

DNA/Skin | YOUR SKIN’S AGEING

26

Our skin is an important barrier between us and the environment.

Your skin’s ageing


27

Our skin is an important barrier between us and the environment. As such, its characteristics play a crucial role in resistance to external stressors. Harmful substances enter our body every day through food, water and air and we desperately need mechanisms to remove them from our systems. This process includes specific enzymes that detoxify our body and antioxidants that neutralise the free radicals. The formation of free radicals is caused by radiation, cigarette smoke, various pollutants and countless other substances which our body can successfully detoxify with the help of appropriate enzymes.

Our body has many enzymes responsible for getting rid of harmful substances. However, a mutation can occur in the genetic makeup of the enzymes, which is then expressed as ineffective detoxification of the potentially harmful and toxic substances. In case of an ineffective enzyme function or the lack of a certain enzyme, we become more exposed to the toxins from the environment and our body has to adapt accordingly. In the long run, if our body cannot neutralise these substances, the result is skin ageing and tissue damage.


GLYCATION PROTECTION

INFLAMMATION SENSITIVITY

SKIN ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY

BIOLOGICAL AGEING

1

2

3

4


28

Results overviewGLYCATION PROTECTION


GLO1_1 GLO1 gene encodes an enzyme which is responsible for the protection of our cells against AGEs (advanced glycation end products).

GLO1_2 GLO1 gene encodes an enzyme which is responsible for the protection of our cells against AGEs (advanced glycation end products).

CC

LESS EFFICIENT PROTECTION

YOUR RESULT:

AA

INFLAMMATION SENSITIVITY


IL6Interleukine-6 pro-inflammatory molecule (IL6) stimulates the immune response to training and is involved in the inflammatory repair process. It plays a role in glucose and lipid metabolism.

IL6R_2IL6R gene encodes a subunit of the interleukin 6 (IL6) receptor complex. Interleukin 6 is a potent pleiotropic cytokine that regulates cell growth and differentiation and plays an important role in the immune response and inflammation.

TNF Pro-inflammatory molecule. Elevated levels of TNF are associated with in an increase in the systemic immune response and inflammatory processes.

CRPC-Reactive Protein is involved in several host defense related functions. Consequently, the level of this protein in plasma increases greatly during acute phase response to infection or other inflammatory stimuli. It is stimulated by the IL-6 and is often used as a marker for inflammation in blood tests.

LOWER RISK

YOUR RESULT:

CG

AC

GG

CT


29

SKIN ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY

BIOLOGICAL AGEING


CAT Catalase transforms reactive oxygen species into water and oxygen, and, therefore, reduces the toxic influence of hydrogen peroxide.

GPX1 Glutathione peroxidase functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in humans.

SOD2This gene is associated with the synthesis of superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant which protects the cell from ionising radiation, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines.

NQO1The enzyme which functions as a quinone reductase in connection to the conjugation of hydroquinones. It is involved in numerous detoxification pathways and biosynthetic processes.


TERC Catalase transforms reactive oxygen species into water and oxygen, and, therefore, reduces the toxic influence of hydrogen peroxide.

AVERAGE EFFICIENCY

RAPID AGEING

YOUR RESULT:

YOUR RESULT:

AG

CC

GG

TT

CC


30

GlycationprotectionABOUTGlycation is a natural process in which the sugar in our bloodstream attaches to proteins, forming harmful new molecules called “advanced glycation end products” (AGEs) and represents one of the main threats to our skin.

Glycation occurs when our blood sugar is elevated, making this excess bind to the skin’s collagen and elastin fibres. Glycated skin fibres are less elastic than normal fibre and have a reduced ability to self-repair, leading to dry skin, skin laxity and the formation of wrinkles.

GENETICSOur cells are protected against AGEs by the glyoxalase 1 enzyme, which converts AGEs into less toxic molecules. A mutation in the GLO1 gene, which encodes for the glyoxalase 1 enzyme can cause the enzyme to be less effective. Proper nutrition is, therefore, the key to healthy skin for such individuals.


The analysis of your DNA has revealed that your GLO1 gene encodes for a less active glyoxalase 1 enzyme which indicates less efficient protection against skin glycation.


GLO1_1

GLO1_2

LESS EFFICIENT GLYCATION PROTECTION

CC

AA


31


• Include pomegranates, grape seeds, green pepper and green tea in your diet as they are all rich in polyphenols and have been proved to inhibit glycation. You can also search for topical products that include their extracts and include it in your daily skincare routine.

• Use spices and herbs such as ginger, cinnamon, cloves, rosemary, nutmeg, turmeric and ginseng when preparing your meals as they are known to inhibit glycation due to their high phenols content.

• Limit your intake of products that are high in sugar and fructose corn syrup. When buying food, read the labels and check the sugar content. The rate of AGE formation occurs up to 10 times faster in the presence of fructose compared with glucose.

• Search for foods that are rich in vitamins A and E. They can help you to replenish collagen levels and, in this way, slow the ageing pro-cess.

• Use topical products that include rosemary leaf oil which are rich in vitamins A and E. Those with hyaluronic acid and collagen-strength-ening vitamin C also help to maintain skin’s structural and functional integrity.

• Look the table and choose between several topical ingredients and supplements that can help to increase your protection against glycation.

TOPICAL INGREDIENTS

PEPTIDES Activates collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid helping to reduce wrinkles.

L-CARNITINE Reduces the level of hardened collagen fibres that lead to wrinkling.

GREEN TEA EXTRACT Helps to protect against glycation end products.

HYALURONIC ACID Holds 1000x its weight in water and can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

UREA Decreases the effects of glycation.

ROSEMARY LEAF OIL Increases the circulation and works as anti-inflammatory.

SUPPLEMENTS

CARNOSINE Inhibits sugar molecules from binding to proteins.

ALPHA LIPOIC ACID (ALA) Reduces oxidative stress and formation of AGEs.

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA) Inhibits that sugar molecules to bind to proteins.

VITAMIN B1 Helps to activate enzymes that reduce the formation of AGEs.

BLUEBERRY EXTRACT Helps to protect the skin against AGEs.

POMEGRANATE Reduces the accumulation of AGEs.

GLYCATION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF SKIN AGEING The cross-links formed between sugar and protein molecules emit a fluorescence. If you take a fluorescent image of young people, their skin will come out very dark, but with getting older the AGEs will accumulate and the brightness will increase.

HEALTHY SKIN

healthy collagen fibres

GLYCATED SKIN

cross-linked collagen fibres due to glycation


32

InflammationsensitivityABOUTSkin inflammation occurs when skin cells are exposed to any kind of foreign and potentially harmful agent. The foreign agent causes a hyperactive response and our body starts to produce inflammatory mediators called cytokines. The inflammatory response is a vital part of our immune system which enables our skin to protect and heal itself.

However, we need to distinguish short-term acute inflammation (a normal process in our body that happens after an injury) from long-term chronic inflammation (that can lead to skin damage and premature ageing).

GENETICSThe most studied genes related to inflammation are the IL6, TNF, CRP and IL6R genes – all of them encode for the inflammatory molecules and are strongly involved in the regulation of skin inflammation.


Your genetic makeup determines lower sensitivity to inflammation. It’s less likely that people with your genetic result will suffer from chronic inflammation of the skin.


IL6

IL6R_2

TNF

CRP

LOWER RISK FOR SKIN INFLAMMATION

CG

AC

GG

CT


33


• Include sufficient amounts of antioxidants and other anti-inflammatory nutrients in your diet to maintain your favourable condition. Dark green vegetables, broccoli, garlic, kiwi fruit, blueberries, walnuts or salmon should be your choices.

• Eat food rich in flavonoids which has an anti-inflammatory effect. Green tea, citrus fruits, berries, red wine and apples are good exam-ples.

• You should be consuming about 25 grams of fibre daily as a diet rich in fibre has anti-inflammatory effects. Nuts, peas, beans and lentils are good sources.

• Increase the intake of foods rich in vitamin C and E. If taken together they reduce inflammation more effectively. • Avoid or limit all the foods that can cause inflammation. Avoid refined carbohydrates, sugar-sweetened beverages, processed meat

(sausages, hot dogs) and margarine. • Perform deep breathing exercises regularly and engage in activities that you enjoy the most. Increased stress has a negative effect on

the immune system and can lead to chronic inflammation.

TOPICAL INGREDIENTS

PEPTIDES Activates collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid helping to reduce wrinkles.

L-CARNITINE Reduces the level of hardened collagen fibres that lead to wrinkling.

GREEN TEA EXTRACT Helps to protect against glycation end products.

HYALURONIC ACID Holds 1000x its weight in water and can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

UREA Decreases the effects of glycation.

ROSEMARY LEAF OIL Increases the circulation and works as anti-inflammatory.

SUPPLEMENTS

CARNOSINE Inhibits sugar molecules from binding to proteins.

ALPHA LIPOIC ACID (ALA) Reduces oxidative stress and formation of AGEs.

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA) Inhibits that sugar molecules to bind to proteins.

VITAMIN B1 Helps to activate enzymes that reduce the formation of AGEs.

BLUEBERRY EXTRACT Helps to protect the skin against AGEs.

POMEGRANATE Reduces the accumulation of AGEs.

STIMULI THAT INDUCEINFLAMMATION

UV RAYS

POOR NUTRITIONAL CHOICES

AIR POLLUTION

EXCESSIVE STRESS

BACTERIA &TOXINS

LACK OF SLEEP

z Z z

EXTERNAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

Changes in skin texture (such as swelling) and changes in skin colour (such as redness). Skin disorders like sunlight reactions, dermatitis, eczema, rosacea, and psoriasis.

Inflammation is a helpful response in the short term, however, in the long term, it can lead to skin damage and premature ageing.


34

Skin antioxidant capacityABOUTAn antioxidant is any substance that delays, prevents or removes damage caused by oxidative stress. Oxidation reactions produce free radicals that can start multiple chain reactions that can eventually cause damage to the cell. Proper antioxidant protection is, therefore, important for our health as our skin is continually exposed to environmental pollutants and other agents – all of them capable of inducing harmful free radicals in our cells. Free radicals can be naturally produced during some metabolic processes and can also be induced by different environmental pollutants, too extensive UV exposure, poor nutrition, alcohol consumption and smoking.

To neutralise the harmful effects of free radicals, our body possesses appropriate defence mechanisms. Due to their action of inhibiting free radicals, antioxidants are crucial in the prevention of ageing and disease.

GENETICSNQO1, SOD2, CAT and GPX1 are key enzymes responsible for antioxidant protection. Genetic variations in all the genes encoding these enzymes have been associated with an increased risk of oxidative stress or a reduction in antioxidant response, which increases the ageing of the skin.


Your genetic result shows that the antioxidant protection of your skin is of average efficiency.


CAT

GPX1

SOD2

NQO1

AVERAGE EFFICIENCY OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION

AG

CC

TT

CC


35


• Include acerola fruit in your diet because it is the fruit that provides the highest amount of vitamin C. 100 grams of fresh acerola pro-vides about 1,365 milligrams of vitamin C, which is 5 times more than orange. You can also opt for other sources of vitamin C like red pepper, cabbage, rose hip and citruses like oranges, grapefruit and lemons.

• Build your diet around foods that are rich in a powerful antioxidant called lycopene. Good examples are tomato, watermelon, papaya, pink grapefruit and carrots. Choosing topical products that include lycopene is also a great option.

• Focus on substances like vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, resveratrol, green tea and coffee berry polyphenols: they all have shown efficiency as antioxidants and free radical scavengers for skin protection. You can also opt for skin care products that include the anti-oxidants listed above.

• Choose skin products that include verbascoside, rosemary oil or curcumin which are all effective as the antioxidants.

CAUSES OF PREMATURE SKIN AGEING - EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT CAUSE OXIDATIVE STRESS

Efficient antioxidant protection helps us to reduce the formation of wrinkles and to preserve healthy and youthful looking skin. If antioxidant protection is weakened, collagen (important for structural support to the skin) degrades, which can further cause progressive damage of cellular structures and premature skin ageing.

UV LIGHT AIR POLLUTION

SMOKEOZONE

Did you know that when we store fresh fruits their level of vitamin C drops? Their amount of vitamin C drops by 50% when they are kept in cold conditions; when stored under normal temperature during the springtime, their level of vitamin C can drop to 2/3 of the post-harvest rate. Thus, it is always best to consume raw fruits and vegetables to ensure that we are taking full advantage of this antioxidant.

TOPICAL INGREDIENTS

RESVERATROL Decreases oxidative stress and facilitates wound healing.

VERBASCOSIDE Decreases expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines on the skin.

ROSMARINIC OIL Protects skin against UV radiation.

L-ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C) Helps to protect against oxidative stress and to avoid accelerating the ageing.

L-TOCOPHEROL (VITAMIN E) Neutralizes free radicals and fills (?) lipids.

LYCOPENE Reduces skin sensitivity to UV radiation and stimulates cells that produce collagen and elastin.

GRAPE SEED EXTRACT Has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

CURCUMIN Accelerates wound healing, protects against sun damage, prevents acne and has anti-ageing effect.

COENZYME Q10 Decreases oxidative stress, rejuvenates skin by stimulating skin cell activity.

GREEN TEA EXTRACT Protects skin against UV radiation, boosts oxygen flow to the skin, reduces skin roughness.

SUPPLEMENTS

VITAMIN A, C AND E Decreases oxidative stress.

ALPHA LIPOIC ACID (ALA) Decreases oxidative stress.


36

BiologicalageingABOUTAgeing is a natural and irreversible process due to an accumulation of cellular damage over time. There are two types of ageing: chronological and biological. In a chronological sense, we are as old as our years of age. While biological ageing is the one of our body, it is about determining whether our body looks according to its age. We cannot avoid ageing, but we can slow down the process.

The molecular cause for ageing is in the length of an structure called telomeres. They are the endings of our chromosomes consisting of a repetitive DNA sequence (TTAGGG). Telomeres have an important role in the maintenance and protection of skin cell function. In the course of our lives telomeres become shorter, which causes cellular ageing and affects the texture and colour of our skin.

GENETICSThe rate of the shortening of telomeres depends on numerous environmental factors, as well as on the variant of the TERC gene. It has turned out that a mutation in the DNA sequence can occur. This manifests in shorter telomeres and, on average, 3–4 years higher biological age of an individual with a mutated copy of the gene.


You have two unfavourable copies of the TERC gene present. Such a genetic makeup is linked to rapid biological ageing and it is present in approximately 7 percent of all people in the Caucasian population.


TERC

RAPID BIOLOGICAL AGEING

GG


37


• Opt for high-antioxidant foods which protect your cells from inflammation and ageing. Great sources are pumpkins, nuts, berries, kidney beans, mackerel, sardines and squid.

• Include foods that are rich in vitamin D in your diet, since this vitamin is included in the process of DNA repair and the maintenance of telomere length. We recommend eating plenty of fish. The best sources are sea bass, mullet, brook trout and tuna.

• Include spices such as ginger, garlic and onion in your daily menu as they reduce inflammation. • Think about taking food supplements that contain medicinal mushrooms and Echinacea extracts because they have numerous positive

effects on our body and well-being. • Avoid excessive sunbathing, especially between 12h and 15h in the summer time. Too much exposure to the sun slows down the our

skin’s ability to regenerate. • Avoid stressful situations because physiological tension increases stress hormones, inflammation and oxidative stress and speeds up

the ageing process. • Search for royal jelly as it works brilliantly as an anti-ageing supplement and also has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. You can

eat it raw as a soft gel capsule or add it to honey as a spread. Be aware that in rare cases, if you are allergic to bee venom, royal jelly can cause an allergic reaction, resulting in inflammation.

Did you know that on average women live longer than men?

Women have this advantage because of the hormone estradiol, which is a physiological antioxidant and acts as natural protection. In men, testosterone does not have this protective function, making them more susceptible to harmful elements from the environment.

TELOMERES AND SKIN AGEING

Short telomeres have been connected to premature cellular ageing:

CELLS DIVIDE TELOMERS SHORTEN

DNA/Skin | FEED YOUR SKIN

38

A good skincare routine keeps our skin healthy.That also includes nourishing it from the inside out.

Feed your skin


39

A good skincare routine keeps our skin healthy. That also includes nourishing it from the inside out. An appropriate diet rich in vitamins and minerals can help us to maintain the skin’s structure and its function as a barrier and, therefore, maintain a healthy and youthful appearance.

Our daily requirements of vitamins and minerals are determined by numerous factors including our genetic makeup which can affect our ability to digest, absorb and use specific micronutrients. Genetics determine which and how much of specific vitamins and minerals we have to consume in order to maintain their healthy levels.

Although we can get almost all the vitamins and minerals with regular food, this can be slightly more difficult if we are prone to a lack of them. Based on genetic tests, we can tailor our diet or use supplements when necessary to boost vitamin and mineral levels and, at the same time, optimise our skin’s health and appearance.

In this chapter, we will tell you what levels of vitamins and minerals are determined by your genes and how they can affect your skin.


VITAMIN B2

VITAMIN B6

VITAMIN B9

VITAMIN B12

VITAMIN C

1

2

3

4

5

VITAMIN D

VITAMIN E

OMEGA-3 METABOLISM

SELENIUM

6

7

8

9


40

Results overviewVITAMIN B2


MTHFR The protein encoded by this gene plays a role in processing amino acids and may be sensitive to riboflavin status. TT

INCREASED NEED FOR VITAMIN B2

YOUR RESULT:

VITAMIN B6


ALPLThe enzyme which functions in an alkaline environment and is crucial for growth and development of bones and teeth, as it is involved in the process of mineralisation, which is the process of accumulation of calcium and phosphorus. It also influences the level of vitamin B6.

CC

LOW LEVEL OF VITAMIN B6

YOUR RESULT:

VITAMIN B9


MTHFR Reduces 5,10-methylene-tetra-hydro-folate into methyl-tetra-hydro-folate and is, therefore, important for absorption of vitamin B9. TT


YOUR RESULT:


41

VITAMIN B12


FUT2 The fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) enzyme is encoded by the fucosyltransferase 2 gene and is involved in Vitamin B12 absorbtion and transport between cels.

AVERAGE LEVEL OF VITAMIN B12

YOUR RESULT:

AG

VITAMIN C


SLC23A1One of the two transporters, responsible for the absorption/distribution of dietary vitamin C in our body, involving epithelial surfaces. A variant of this gene causes reduced absorption of vitamin C and is associated with lower plasma vitamin C concentrations.

TT

LOW LEVEL OF VITAMIN C

YOUR RESULT:

VITAMIN D


CG Binding and transport of vitamin D and its metabolites through the body, and influencing the vitamin D level.

DHCR77-dehydrocholesterol transforms vitamin D3, which is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, into cholesterol, and in this way eliminates the substrate from the synthetic pathway.

CYP2R1 Transforms vitamin D into an active form, so that it can bind with the receptor for vitamin D.

AA

HIGH LEVEL OF VITAMIN D

YOUR RESULT:

GT

AG


42

VITAMIN E


APOA5Apolipoprotein A5 has an important role in the regulation of the level of chylomicrons and triglycerides in the plasma. Because vitamin E is fat-soluble, APOA5 through lipid concentration in the blood affects the vitamin E level.

AVERAGE LEVEL OF VITAMIN E

YOUR RESULT:

CC

OMEGA-3 METABOLISM


FADS2 An enzyme encoded by this gene is involved in conversion of ALA (α-linolenic acid) omega-3 fatty acid to EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). CC

EFFECTIVE METABOLISM OF OMEGA-3

YOUR RESULT:

SELENIUM


SEPP-1_1 Functions as an antioxidant. It is responsible for selenium transport, mostly to the brain and the testicles.

SEPP-1_2 Functions as an antioxidant. It is responsible for selenium transport, mostly to the brain and the testicles.

AG

HIGHER LEVEL OF SELENIUM

YOUR RESULT:

GG


43


44

Vitamin B2ABOUTVitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin. It acts as an antioxidant, preventing the damage caused by free radicals and contributing to the growth of tissues. Vitamin B2 supports skin health by decreasing the levels of inflammation. It has been shown that high levels of B2 can help in managing skin conditions such as acne, dermatitis, eczema and rosacea.

GENETICSVitamin B2 is required for the functioning of MTHFR, an enzyme which neutralises potentially harmful molecules called homocysteine. When homocysteine is present in high concentrations, it promotes free-radical oxidation, accelerating the skin ageing process. The unfavourable T variant of the MTHFR gene causes the enzyme to be more temperature-sensitive and thus less active. Due to this, T-variant carriers are more likely to have increased levels of homocysteine People who carry two unfavourable copies of the MTHFR gene need more vitamin B2 as this increases the activity of the MTHFR enzyme.


You are a carrier of two unfavourable copies of the MTHFR gene which indicates higher requirements for vitamin B2 intake. Approximately 9 percent of people in the population have such a genetic makeup as you have.


MTHFR

INCREASED NEED FOR VITAMIN B2

TT


45


• Consume on average 1.4 mg of vitamin B2 per day. • Eat milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, asparagus, legumes, mushrooms, almonds, beef liver and yeast which are all good sources of

vitamin B2. If you add green leafy vegetables and milk products to your daily meals, you will be able to get the rest of it. • Include oily fish in your diet, for example, mackerel, eel and herring which are all rich sources of vitamin B2. • Moderate your alcohol consumption (not more than 1 glass of wine per day) since alcohol increases the risk of vitamin B2 deficiency

due to its decreased absorption. • Take vitamin B2 supplements as a B-complex. Along with the other B vitamins, it will help you to maintain collagen levels, prevent hair

loss and strengthen the hair follicles. • Choose topical products that include vitamin B2 as they can assist in the treatment of wounds, sunburn, rosacea, acne, eczema, derma-

titis, skin dryness and hyperpigmentation.

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN B2• Prevents dermatitis, eczema, skin ulcers and hair loss • Improves mucus secretion, preventing acne breakouts• Decreases the time required for healing of wounds and cracked lips• Maintains collagen levels• Reduces skin inflammation, slowing down the signs of premature ageing• Prevents headaches• Prevents and treats anaemia• Helps to convert carbohydrates to sugar, increasing energy levels

DEFICIENCY• Broken capillaries on the face • Mouth ulcers• Cracked lips• Dry skin• Facial rashes• Sore red tongue• Fluid in mucous membranes• Weakness and fatigue• Itching in the eyes• Split nails

YEAST BEEF LIVER3.4 mg100g 20 mg100g

MAPLE SYRUP GOAT CHSEESE1.8 mg100g 1.2 mg100g

MOZZARELLA CHEESE ALMONDS1.1 mg100g 1.0 mg100g

SESAME BUTTER EGG YOLK0.5 mg100g 0.5 mg100g

Due to its yellow-orange colour, riboflavin is largely used in the food industry as a natural colouring agent, labelled in Europe as E101, and it can be found in products like margarine, cheese, cereals and sauces.


46

Vitamin B6ABOUTVitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, has numerous functions which are extremely important for our health and it is needed for more than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism. It is also required by the body for the development of red blood cells and cell production, which assists with the growth and repair of the skin cells. It has also been used successfully to treat acne flare-ups during the premenstrual period in women.

GENETICSSome people are genetically prone to having a lower level of vitamin B6 in their body. The ALPL gene encodes the major enzyme involved in the clearance of vitamin B6. People with two unfavourable copies of ALPL gene were associated with 40 percent lower levels of vitamin B6. As a result, they have a higher requirement for vitamin B6.


You are a carrier of two unfavourable copies of the ALPL gene, which determines a 40 percent lower level of vitamin B6. Approximately 25 percent of people have such a genetic makeup.


ALPL


CC


47


• Consume on average 2000 mcg of vitamin B6 per day to reach the optimal level. • Eat sardines, avocado, dried figs and apricots, watermelons, walnuts, pistachios and garlic. All these foods are a good source of vitamin

B6 and can help you treat a number of skin problems, including eczema, dandruff, hair loss and dry skin. • Eat foods that are rich in magnesium, as this ingredient improves the absorption of vitamin B6. Good sources of magnesium are pump-

kin seeds, peanuts, walnuts and hazelnuts. • Use B-complex preparations (vitamin B6 is the main component), which you can use on days when you do not fulfil your daily vitamin

B6 requirements with regular food. • Use B-complex topical products, as vitamin B6 by itself has poor light stability and, therefore, is prone to cause skin irritation. Single

compound vitamin B6 sprays can be used for treating seborrhoeic dermatitis and eczema.

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN B6• Affects synthesis of RNA and DNA • Supports cellular regeneration (repair and growth of the skin)• Helps control immune responses• Affects fat metabolism• Assists in red blood cell formation• Helps maintain blood glucose levels• Helps treat eczema, dandruff, acne, hair loss, dry skin, melanoma and psoriasis

DEFICIENCY• Seborrhoeic dermatitis and other inflammatory changes• Flaking skin on the lips• Skin ulcers in the corners of the mouth• Disruption in the functioning of the nervous system• Anaemia• It can lead to vitamin B3 deficiency

EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE AMOUNT• Skin lesions • Dermatitis• Photosensitivity

> 100 mg/day

In 1936, when vitamin B6 was discovered, its name was a synonym for “anti-dermatitis factor”, since skin inflammation (dermatitis) increased when foods with B6 were eliminated from the diet. Vitamin B6 is still used for treating different types of skin infections.

YEAST BRAN RICE4.0 mg100g 4.1 mg100g

CHIA SEEDS PISTACHIOS1.7 mg100g 1.7 mg100g

SUNFLOWER SEEDS TURKEY LIVER1.4 mg100g 1.5 mg100g

GARLIC TUNA FISH1.2 mg100g 0.9 mg100g


48

Vitamin B9ABOUTVitamin B9, also known as folate or folic acid, is essential for cell production and tissue growth, ensuring optimal cell turnover for healthy skin. Vitamin B9 also helps to detox the body, in turn, reducing the occurrence of breakouts and acne. Both dietary and genetic factors can influence vitamin B9 levels in the body.

GENETICSOne of the best-known and most important enzymes, which ensure an appropriate vitamin B9 level, is MTHFR. A mutation can occur within the gene that determines this enzyme. The MTHFR enzyme is sensitive to temperature and thus less active in people who are carriers of an unfavourable variant of the gene, resulting in lower vitamin B9 level. It has been discovered that every unfavourable copy of the MTHFR gene markedly reduces the level of vitamin B9. If you are a carrier of one of the unfavourable copies of the gene, it is highly recommended that you adjust your diet to achieve optimal health. In addition, these variants have also been associated with varicose veins.


You are a carrier of two unfavourable copies of the MTHFR gene and your enzyme activity is, consequently, reduced by approximately 70 percent, which determines a low vitamin B9 level. Approximately 8 percent of people have such a genetic makeup. With an appropriate diet, you can significantly contribute to the improvement of your vitamin B9 level.


MTHFR


TT


49


• Prepare meals which will enable you to consume 500 mcg of vitamin B9 per day. If you are taking an folic acid food supplement, you must consume twice as much of it because your genetic makeup means the efficiency of vitamin B9 from such preparations is two times lower.

• Eat vegetables, especially broccoli, spinach, lamb's lettuce, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and carrots and fruits like strawberries, raspber-ries, watermelons, papaya and bananas.

• Include other great sources of vitamin B9 like nuts, peanuts and hazelnuts, sesame seeds and meat as chicken and turkey livers. • Use as much fresh and raw vegetables as possible as high-heat cooking like boiling and microwaving can deplete the vitamin B9 con-

tent. • Use topical applications rich in folic acid, the most stable and most bioavailable form of vitamin B9, together with creatine. They can

help to improve skin firmness by affecting collagen metabolism, preventing damage of cells exposed to UV radiation and proto-ageing. The recommended use level is 0.03–0.2%.

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN B9• An essential component of enzymes • Red blood cell maturation• DNA and RNA synthesis • Cell production and tissue growth• Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease• Improves the firmness of the skin• Increase hair growth

DEFICIENCY• Increased risk of skin damage (psoriasis, venous thrombosis and dermal ageing)• Increased level of homocysteine; associated with skin ageing caused by collagen,

fibrillin and elastin degradation• A reduction in the number of blood cells• Premature hair greying and hair loss

BEANS (COOKED) LENTILS (COOKED)4.1 mg100g 4.0 mg100g

SPINACH ASPARAGUS (COOKED)1.7 mg100g 1.7 mg100g

LETTUCE (CORN/ROMANIE) AVOCADO1.4 mg100g 1.5 mg100g

BROCCOLI (COOKED) MANGO1.2 mg100g 0.9 mg100g

Vitamin B9 is called also folic acid. The name is a derivative of the Latin word folium, meaning leaf. No wonder, since vitamin B9 is mostly found in leafy vegetables. The consumption of leafy vegetables is highly advisable because our body cannot produce folic acid.


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Vitamin B12ABOUTVitamin B9, also known as folate or folic acid, is essential for cell production and tissue growth, ensuring optimal cell turnover for healthy skin. Vitamin B9 also helps to detox the body, in turn, reducing the occurrence of breakouts and acne. Both dietary and genetic factors can influence vitamin B9 levels in the body.

GENETICSA genetic variant in the FUT2 gene has been associated with low levels of vitamin B12 in the blood. The research that we rely on has proven that every unfavourable copy of the FUT2 gene reduces the level of vitamin B12 level by 10 percent. Consequently, people with the least favourable genetic makeup have a 20 percent lower level of vitamin B12.

Studies have found that an increase in vitamin B12 may help to ease many of the symptoms associated with dermatitis.


You have one favourable and one unfavourable copy of the FUT2 gene. Approximately 49 percent of people have such a makeup and it determines that you have 10 percent less vitamin B12 compared to people with two favourable copies and 10 percent more compared to people with two unfavourable copies of the FUT2 gene.


FUT2

AVERAGE LEVEL OF VITAMIN B12

AG


51


• Slightly increase the intake of vitamin B12 with an appropriate diet. Consume 4.5 mcg of vitamin B12 per day as sufficient intake of vitamin B12 can benefit skin health by reducing redness, dryness and inflammation.

• Eat various kinds of fish, clams, lamb, milk and dairy products as plant foods do not contain vitamin B12. • If you are a vegetarian, we recommend taking vitamin B12 food supplements, because vegetarian food does not contain vitamin B12 to

the extent required. • Make your diet more diverse and eat seaweed, which is also a good source of vitamin B12 and is also appropriate for the vegetarians. • Include foods that are rich in vitamin B12 in your diet to keep your nails healthy. Vitamin B12 will help the body to absorb the essential

mineral iron, which is necessary for strong nails.

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN B12• Ensures red blood cell maturation• Ensures proper functioning of the nervous system• Increases cognitive abilities• Helps in DNA synthesis• Regulates the production of pigment• Reduces redness, dryness and inflammation• Helps to repair damaged skin

DEFICIENCY• Yellow skin• Vitiligo• Pernicious anaemia• Vision loss• Fatigue

OCTOPUS OYSTERS36 μg100g 29 μg100g

HERRING FISH MUSSELS19 μg100g 19 μg100g

TUNA FISH BEEF LIVER11 μg100g 71 μg100g

SEAWEED (DRIED) PORK BACON28 μg100g 4.2 μg100g

Did you know that elderly people have lower levels of vitamin B12? And this is supposed to be one of the reasons why our memory fades with increasing age. It is also very likely that vitamin B12 deficiency plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.


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Vitamin CABOUTVitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. Our body is not able to synthesise it which means sufficient intake of vitamin C is very important for our health. Vitamin C is important for our skin as it has antioxidant properties and can, therefore, neutralise free radicals and prevent inflammation, skin damage and helps to rejuvenate skin. It is also essential in collagen production and it has been proven that high levels of vitamin C lead to faster wound healing.

GENETICSThe SLC23A1 gene was identified to be associated with circulating concentrations of vitamin C in the general population, which indicates that people who have the mutation should increase their intake of vitamin C.


Analysis has shown that you have two unfavourable copies of the analysed gene present, which determines a genetic tendency for a low C vitamin level.


SLC23A1

LOW LEVEL OF VITAMIN C

TT


53


• Consume around 250 mg of vitamin C with food per day. • Eat more vegetables, such as kale, red peppers, broccoli and fruits, namely limes, papayas, kiwis, strawberries, grapefruit and gooseber-

ries or choose other foods rich in vitamin C. • Try to increase the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables instead of supplements of vitamin C due to their higher absorption rate. Use

topical application of vitamin C to improve the signs of photoageing, including wrinkles and sagging skin. Maximal absorption can be achieved with a 20% vitamin C solution. It will be even more effective if you combine it with vitamin E.

• Use topically applied vitamin C which is highly effective as a rejuvenation therapy inducing significant collagen synthesis. Also, try combi-nation products with vitamin E and hyaluronic acid which work synergistically and are therefore more effective.

• Use cream rich in vitamin C before your sunscreen application to help boost the UV protection and the effectiveness of sunscreen.

English sailors were called limeys because they sucked on limes to prevent scurvy. Scurvy is commonly associated with sailors in the 16th to 18th century who navigated long voyages without sufficient vitamin C. Its symptoms are general weakness, anaemia, gum disease and skin haemorrhages.

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN C• Ensures red blood cell maturation• Ensures proper functioning of the nervous system• Increases cognitive abilities• Helps in DNA synthesis• Regulates the production of pigment• Reduces redness, dryness and inflammation• Helps to repair damaged skin

DEFICIENCY• Scurvy• Defects in development of connective tissue • Abnormal thickening of the outer layer of the skin• Dry and rough skin• Dry, splitting, coiled hair• Hair and teeth loss• Bleeding gum and gum disease• Keratosis pilaris• Easy bruising, poor wound-healing and infections

GUAVA KIWI FRUIT228 mg100g 93 mg100g

PAPAYA STRAWBERRIES61 mg100g 59 mg100g

ORANGES PINEAPPLE53 mg100g 48 mg100g

KALE BROCCOLI120 mg100g 89 mg100g


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Vitamin DABOUTVitamin D was primarily acknowledged for its importance in bone formation. There’s increasing available evidence that it is important for proper functioning of nearly every tissue in our body including the brain, heart, muscles, immune system and skin. Vitamin D is produced in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet light B (UVB rays). On the other hand, sun overexposure accelerates skin ageing.

GENETICSThe level of vitamin D depends on our diet and the exposure to sun, as well as on our genetic makeup. According to a 2010 study, three genes slightly vary between people and influence vitamin D levels. The mutation in the GC gene has the greatest influence. In that study, people with two unfavourable copies of the gene had a 20 percent lower vitamin D level. Besides the GC gene, the genes DHCR7 and CYP2R1 have an equally important influence on vitamin D level. With this analysis, we can effectively predict the level of vitamin D in your genes.


You are a carrier of a favourable DNA sequence, which determines a high vitamin D level.


GC

DHCR7

CYP2R1

HIGH LEVEL OF VITAMIN D

AA

GT

AG


55


• To achieve and maintain a healthy level of vitamin D, consume 20 mcg of vitamin D with food per day. • Include milk and dairy products in your diet (for example, yoghurt and cottage cheese), if you do not have lactose intolerance issues.

Enough Vitamin D can be found in these products. • Enjoy more sunbathing. Exposure to sunlight also significantly influences the vitamin D level. However, you should not overdo it, short

walks will be completely sufficient.

Mushrooms are the only plant food found in nature that can synthesise vitamin D. This is due to the presence of a vitamin D precursor, ergosterol, which plays a similar role to cholesterol in humans.

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN D | SKIN• Prevents infections• Photoprotective action• Rejuvenates the skin• Repairs skin damage and induces cell growth• Heals wounds• Increases skin elasticity and immunity • Stimulates collagen production, improves brightness and decreases dark spots• Reduces acne• Reduces psoriasis symptoms• Helps to treat eczema and rosacea

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN D | HAIR• Induces hair growth

DEFICIENCY• Thin skin that is more fragile and sagging

FISH OIL MAITAKE MUSHROOM250 μg100g 28 μg100g

CATFISH MACKEREL FISH13 μg100g 12 μg100g

SALMON FISH FORTIFIED TOFU8 μg100g 5.7 μg100g

EGGS MILK2.3 μg100g 1.2 μg100g


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Vitamin EABOUTVitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is the most abundant fat-soluble antioxidant found in the skin. Whether applied on the skin or ingested through the diet, it exhibits a significant antioxidant effect and offers protection against UV radiation.

GENETICSScientific research has proven that a favourable mutation can occur in the APOA5 gene increasing the vitamin E level. People with such a genetic makeup have already a higher vitamin E level and they need a lower daily intake of vitamin E for an optimal state. People with a common variant of the APOA5 gene should include foods with more vitamin E in their menus in order to ensure an optimal state.


Your genetic makeup determines an average vitamin E level, but, in comparison to people with one or two favourable copies of the APOA5 gene, your vitamin E level is lower.


AP0A5

AVERAGE LEVEL OF VITAMIN E

CC


57


• Consume 14 mg of vitamin E daily. This is a slightly higher intake than usual, which will enable an optimal vitamin E level in your body. • Include more foods that are rich in vitamin E in your diet which will help you nourish your skin, prevent skin rashes and protect it from

the sun’s damaging UV rays. Almonds, peanuts, meats, dairy products, leafy greens and olive oil are all good sources. Less than a tea-spoon of wheat sprouts will fulfil your daily vitamin E requirement.

• Include vitamin C in your diet as it helps vitamin E to regenerate your body and to effectively increase the photoprotection of your skin. Good examples are berries, bell peppers and tomato.

• Choose fresh vegetables, nuts, seeds and quality oils as some of the vitamin E is lost with baking and roasting. • Store foods in a dark place, because vitamin E is sensitive to light. • Use creams and serums with high concentrations of vitamin E. However, products that also combine vitamin E, C, A and vitamin B3 are

more effective.

Vitamin E is not one nutrient but the collective name for a set of 8 fat-soluble molecules with antioxidant properties. However, alpha-tocopherol is the only form that is recognised as meeting human requirements.

BENEFITS OF VITAMIN E• Works as an anti-inflammatory• Prevents UV-induced free radical damage and has a photoprotective action• Stimulates the production of collagen• Fades scars• Reduces wrinkles• Eases stretch marks• Makes hair grow faster and prevents splitting• Strengthens the nails• Softens the skin • Treats dermatitis• Helps with hyperpigmentation

Topical application of vitamin E oil on the skin before the exposure of UV radiation significantly reduces fluid accumulation under the skin, redness, inflammation and sunburn.

WHEATGERM OIL SUNFLOWER OIL250 μg100g 28 μg100g

ALMONDS PINE NUTS13 μg100g 12 μg100g

BRAZIL NUTS APRICOTS (DRIED)8 μg100g 5.7 μg100g

AVOCADO SPINACH2.3 μg100g 1.2 μg100g


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Omega-3metabolismABOUTOmega-3 are polyunsaturated fatty acids important for heart health, for anti-inflammatory response and to slow down the ageing process. Omega-3 derivative is called ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), that is an essential fatty acid that must be acquired from dietary sources. In the body, ALA is further converted to EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).

Adequate consumption of ALA is usually not problematic, since ALA is found in many plant seeds and their oils. On the other hand, adequate consumption of EPA and DHA (other two types of omega-3) is trickier as they are mostly present in seafoods (fatty fish, algae). To compensate this, our body has the ability to convert ALA into EPA and DHA.

GENETICSGenetically susceptible people cannot rely on the conversion of ALA into EPA and DHA due to the poor activity of the FADS1 enzyme, which is responsible for it. A specific mutation in the FADS1 gene affects enzyme activity, which results in a poor efficiency of the conversion. Individuals carrying the unfavourable variant of the FADS1 gene are, therefore, at greater risk of EPA and DHA deficiency.


The analysis of your DNA shows that you are a carrier of two favourable copies of the FADS1 gene, which determines the effective metabolism of omega-3 fatty acids. About 45 percent of the population worldwide has such genotype.


FADS2

EFFECTIVE METABOLISM OF OMEGA-3

CC


59


• Choose diverse foods, including various sources of all types of omega-3 fatty acids. These can include walnuts, hazelnuts, avocados, hemp seeds and flaxseeds, which are rich in ALA omega-3 fatty acids.

• Include fish in your menu: mackerel, salmon or tuna are the best sources regarding EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids content. • Eating fatty fish once or twice a week and occasionally replacing sunflower oil with rapeseed oil will be enough to reach the sufficient

intake. • If you want to deliver essential fatty acids to the skin and systemic circulation, both topical application and oral supplementation are

effective.

In a study looking at blood levels of omega-3s and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, those with the highest levels of omega-3s had the lowest levels of CRP.

BENEFITS OF OMEGA-3• Reduces inflammation• Protects against UV-induced skin damage • Reinforces regeneration of healthy skin cells• Keeps skin hydrated• Supports the wound healing process• Calms signs of external stressors, including redness and sensitivity• Makes strong and healthy hair• Protects skin from scaly dermatitis, eczema type reactions, acne and spots• Protects form skin dryness• Protects from premature signs of ageing• Used to treat atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and acne

DEFICIENCY• Dermatitis, acne, scaling, dry skin and psoriasis

Topical application of EPA increases collagen and elastin in aged human skin. This shows that EPA has a potential as an anti-skin-ageing agent.

Daily application of essential fatty acids to skin gives it a 52% better chance of resisting a loss of elasticity with a 76% greater chance of your skin being well hydrated.

FLAXSEED OIL WALNUNT OIL52 g100g 10 g100g

CANOLA OIL TOFU9.3 g100g 0.6 g100g

SABLE FISH SALMON2.1 g100g 1.7 g100g

OYSTERS TROUT1.4 g100g 1.0 g100g

ALA|(α-linolenic acid):

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) andDHA (docosahexaenoic acid):

3 TYPES OF OMEGA-3:


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SeleniumABOUTSelenium is a very important mineral that acts as an antioxidant. It forms an uncommon amino acid called selenocysteine needed for the functioning of more over twenty enzymes. Selenium is an essential nutrient for slowing the signs of ageing. It neutralises free radicals and other skin-damaging substances and may also encourage tissue elasticity, reducing the possibility of wrinkles and other skin ageing conditions.

GENETICSIt has been discovered that two polymorphisms are present in the SEPP-1 gene, which is responsible for selenium transport, influencing its level in our body. Scientists have additionally discovered that the level of selenium is also determined by our body mass index (BMI). An unfavourable combination of genetic makeup and BMI can influence a lower selenium level by up to 24 mcg. In this case, an appropriate dietary adaptation is recommended.


The genetic analysis shows that you are a carrier of the variant of the SEPP-1 gene determining a higher selenium level in your body, which is favourable.


SEPP-1_1

SEPP-1_2

HIGHER LEVEL OF SELENIUM

AG

GG


61


• Consume more than 60 mcg of selenium daily as your BMI is below 30 and your genetic makeup is favourable. • Consume twice as much selenium per day if your BMI increases above 30 as selenium needs are determined by your BMI. • Eat diverse foods from the group of cereals, mushrooms, fish (tuna, cod) and meat (chicken breast, beef, lamb), where selenium is most

present. In general, selenium is present in many foods. By having a diverse diet, you will fulfil your daily requirements.

Brazil nuts are high in selenium, even if they are grown in soil that is not rich in that element. A single nut provides enough selenium to meet the daily requirement for a human adult.

BENEFITS OF SELENIUM• Anti-inflammatory effect• Boosts glutathione production which decreases acne• Inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines• Protects cells from damage caused by oxidation and free radicals• Protects skin from UV irradiation-induced oxidative stress• Increases elasticity of skin • Heals burn injuries• Treats and prevents dandruff• Boosts immunity • Increases effectiveness of vitamin E

DEFICIENCY• Lack of energy• Unhealthy skin• Weakened immune system

BRAZIL NUTS OYSTERS (COOKED)1917 mg100g 154 mg100g

TUNA FISH (CANNED) OCTOPUS80 mg100g 90 mg100g

TURKEY LIVER CHIA SEEDS82.5 mg100g 100 mg100g

SUNFLOWER SEEDS BEEF OR LAMB STEAK78 mg100g 33 mg100g

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Scientific sources

SKIN ELASTICITY AND FIRMNESS• Le Clerc et al. (2013). A Genome-Wide Association Study in Caucasian Women Points Out a Putative Role of the STXBP5L

Gene in Facial Photoaging. J Invest Dermatol. 133(4):929-935• Naval et al. (2014). Genetic polymorphisms and skin aging: the identification of population genotypic groups holds potential

for personalized treatments. Clin Cosmet Ivestig Dermatol. 7:207-214• Vierkötter et al. (2015). MMP-1 and -3 Promoter Variants Are Indicative of a Common Susceptibility for Skin and Lung Aging:

Results from a Cohort of Elderly Woman (SALIA). J Invest Dermatol. 135(5): 1268-1274

SKIN HYDRATION• Naval et al. (2014). Genetic polymorphisms and skin aging: the identification of population genotypic groups holds potential

for personalized treatments. Clin Cosmet Ivestig Dermatol. 7:207-214

CELLULITE• Emanuele et al. (2010). A multilocus candidate approach identifies ACE and HIF1A as susceptibility genes for cellulite. JEADV

24: 930-935

STRETCH MARKS• Tung et al. (2013). Genome-wide association analysis implicates elastic microfibrils in the development of nonsyndromic

striae distensae. J Invest Dermatol. 133(11):2628-2631

VARICOSE VEINS• Laurikka et al. (2002). Risk Indicators for Varicose Veins in Forty- to Sixty-year-olds in the Tampere Varicose Vein Study.

World Journal of Surgery. 26: 648-65• Seidel et al. (2017). Associations between symptoms and varicose veins and great saphenous vein reflux seen on Doppler

ultrasonography. Journal Vascular Brasiliero. 16(1): 4-10• Shadrina et al. (2016). Polymorphisms in the MTHFR and MTR genes and the risk of varicose veins in ethnical Russians.

Biomarkers. 21(7): 619-624

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GLYCATION PROTECTION• Gkogkolou and Böhm (2012). Advanced glycation end products: Key players in skin aging? Dermato-Endocrinol 4(3): 259-

270• Leslie et al. (2003). Level of an advanced glycated end product is genetically determined: a study of normal twins. Diabetes

52(9): 2441-2444 • Peculis et al. (2013). Identification of glyoxalase 1 polymorphisms associated with enzyme activity. Gene 515(1): 140-143

INFLAMMATION SENSITIVITY• Jianf et al. (2010). Interleukin-6 receptor gene polymorphism modulates interleukin-6 levels and the metabolic syndrome:

GBCS-CVD. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18(10): 1969-1974• Kardys et al. (2006). C-reactive protein gene haplotypes and risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart

J 27(11): 1331-1337• Mori and Beilin. (2004). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 6(6): 461-467• Pai et al. (2008). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Gene Polymorphisms, CRP Levels, and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease in

Two Nested Case-Control Studies. PLoS One 3(1): e1395• Scheller et al. (2011). The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochim Biophys Acta 1813(5):

878-888• Simopoulos. (2002). Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 21(6): 495-505• Vargas et al. (2013). Influence of the 48867A>C (Asp358Ala) IL6R polymorphism on response to a lifestyle modification

intervention in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Genet Mol Res 2(3): 3983-3991• Walston et al. (2010). Inflammation and stress-related candidate genes, plasma interleukin-6 levels, and longevity in older

adults. Exp Gerontol 44(5): 350–355• Wypasek et al. (2015). Association of the C-Reactive Protein Gene (CRP) rs1205 C>T Polymorphism with Aortic Valve

Calcification in Patients with Aortic Stenosis. Int J Mol Sci 16(10): 23745–23759

SKIN ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY• Fischer et al. (2011). Association between genetic variants in the Coenzyme Q10 metabolism and Coenzyme Q10 status in

humans. BMC Res Notes. 4: 245• Naval et al. (2014). Genetic polymorphisms and skin aging: the identification of population genotypic groups holds potential

for personalized treatments. Clin Cosmet Ivestig Dermatol. 7:207-214

BIOLOGICAL AGEING• Codd et al. (2010). Common variants near TERC are associated with mean telomere length. Nat Genet 42(3): 197-199• Mangino et al. (2012). Genome-wide meta-analysis points to CTC1 and ZNF676 as genes regulating telomere homeostasis

in humans. Hum Mol Genet 21(24): 5385-5394• Soerensen et al. (2012). Genetic variation in TERT and TERC and human leukocyte telomere length and longevity: a cross-

sectional and longitudinal analysis. Aging Cell 11(2): 223-227• Shen et al. (2011). Common variants near TERC are associated with leukocyte telomere length in the Chinese Han population.

Eur J Hum Genet 19(6): 721-723

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B VITAMINS

• Crider et al. (2011). MTHFR 677C->T genotype is associated with folate and homocysteine concentrations in a large, population-based, double-blind trial of folic acid supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 93(6):1365-72.

• de Bree et al. (2003). Effect of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C-->T mutation on the relations among folate intake and plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations in a general population sample. Am J Clin Nutr 77(3): 687-693

• Guinotte et al. (2003). Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C T Variant Modulates Folate Status Response to Controlled Folate Intakes in Young Women. J Nutr. 133 :1272-1280.

• Hustad et al. (2007). The Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677CrT Polymorphism as a Modulator of a B Vitamin Network with Major Effects on Homocysteine Metabolism. Am J Hum Genet. 80:846–855

• McNulty et al. (2006). Riboflavin Lowers Homocysteine in Individuals Homozygous for the MTHFR 677C→T Polymorphism. Circulation. 113: 74-80

• Namazi et al. (2011). Homocysteine may accelerate skin aging: A new chapter in the biology of skin senescence? Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 65(6): 74-80

• Powers (2003). Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 77(6): 1352-1360• Qin et al. (2012). Effect of folic acid intervention on the change of serum folate level in hypertensive Chinese adults: do

methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase gene polymorphisms affect therapeutic responses? Pharmacogenet Genomics. 22(6):421-428

• Reilly et al. (2014). MTHFR 677TT genotype and disease risk: is there a modulating role for B-vitamins? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 73(1): 47-56

• Solis et al. (2008) Folate Intake at RDA Levels Is Inadequate for Mexican American Men with the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677TT Genotype. J Nutr. 138 :67-72

• Tanaka et al. (2009). Genome-wide association study of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine blood concentrations. Am J Hum Genet 84(4): 477-482

• Thuesen et al. (2010). Lifestyle and genetic determinants of folate and vitamin B12 levels in a general adult population. Br J Nutr 103(8): 1195-1204

• Ulvik et al. (2007). Functional inference of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C > T and 1298A > C polymorphisms from a large-scale epidemiological study. Hum Genet. 121(1): 57-64

• Wang et al. (2015). Predicting Hyperhomocysteinemia by Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism in Chinese Patients With Hypertension. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 21(7):661-666

• Yazdanpanah et al. (2008). Low dietary riboflavin but not folate predicts increased fracture risk in postmenopausal women homozygous for the MTHFR 677 T allele. J Bone Miner Res 23(1):86-94

VITAMIN C

• Timpson et al. (2010). Genetic variation at the SLC23A1 locus is associated with circulating concentrations of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C): evidence from 5 independent studies with >15,000 participants. Am J Clin Nutr. 92(2):375-382

VITAMIN D

• Cheung et al. (2013). Genetic variant in vitamin D binding protein is associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin

FEED YOUR SKIN

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D insufficiency in southern Chinese. J Hum Genet 58(11): 749-751• Heimbeck et al. (2013). Low vitamin D serum level is inversely associated with eczema in children and adolescents in

Germany. Allergy. 68(7):906-910• Robien et al. (2013). Genetic and environmental predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among middle-

aged and elderly Chinese in Singapore. Br J Nutr 109(3): 493-502• Wang et al. (2010). Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet

376(9736): 180-188• Zhang et al. (2012). The GC, CYP2R1 and DHCR7 genes are associated with vitamin D levels in northeastern Han Chinese

children. Swiss Med Wkly 142: w13636

VITAMIN E

• Ferrucci et al. (2009). Common variation in the beta-carotene 15,15’-monooxygenase 1 gene affects circulating levels of carotenoids: a genome-wide association study. Am J Hum Genet. 84(2): 123-133

• Major et.al. (2011). Genome-wide association study identifies common variants associated with circulating vitamin E levels. Hum Mol Genet 20(19): 3876-3883

• Major et al. (2012). Genome-wide association study identifies three common variants associated with serologic response to vitamin E supplementation in men. J Nutr 142(5): 866-871

OMEGA-3 METABOLISM

• Ferguson J et al. (2010). NOS3 gene polymorphisms are associated with risk markers of cardiovascular disease, and interact with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 211:539-544.

• Harsløf et al. (2013). FADS genotype and diet are important determinants of DHA status: a cross-sectional study in Danish infants. Am J Clin Nutr 97(6): 1403-10

• Lemaitre et al. (2011). Genetic loci associated with plasma phospholipid n-3 fatty acids: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from the CHARGE Consortium. PLoS Genet 7(7): e1002193

SELENIUM

• Méplan et al. (2007). Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein markers to selenium supplementation in a gender-specific manner (the SELGEN study). FASEB J 21(12): 3063-3074

• Xia et al. (2010). Optimization of selenoprotein P and other plasma selenium biomarkers for the assessment of the selenium nutritional requirement: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study of selenomethionine supplementation in selenium-deficient Chinese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 92(3): 525-531

• Xiong et al. (2010). Association study between polymorphisms in selenoprotein genes and susceptibility to Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18(6): 817-824

• Evans et al. (2013). Genome-wide association study identifies loci affecting blood copper, selenium and zinc. Hum Mol Genet. 22(19): 3998-3400

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Glossary• CELLULITE: skin dimpling due to an alteration of the skin & fat tissue.

• COLLAGEN: a fibrous protein that is the basis for the structure of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage and all other connective tissue.

• DERMATITIS: a skin infection due to exposure to sunlight (UV) rays; contact with bacteria causes skin itchiness, redness, swelling of the skin. After bacterial infection affected by the skin, bacteria tend to produce chemicals which create inflammation in the skin.

• DERMIS: This lower layer of the skin contains collagen and elastic fibres that give strength to the skin. This layer is also where the vasculature and nerves live.

• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded nucleic acid composed of many nucleotides. The nucleotides in DNA are each composed of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine), a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. The sequence of bases in DNA encodes the genetic information required to synthesise proteins.

• ECZEMA (Atopic dermatitis): several types of skin conditions that are characterised by redness and irritation. It is long lasting

• Elastin: a flexible structural protein similar to collagen; elastin is found in the dermal layer of skin and other parts of the body.

• EPIDERMIS: This tough layer of cells is the outermost layer of skin. It gets its toughness from a protein called keratin.

• FREE RADICALS: very reactive atoms or molecules typically possessing a single unpaired electron. They are unstable chemical substances which harm the cell. Free radicals are naturally formed in the body when we convert food into energy. Air pollution, sunlight, and smoking also expose you to free radicals.

• GLYCATION: chemical bonding of sugar leading to impaired protein function & skin ageing.

• HYPERPIGMENTATION: darkening of the skin and discoloration, usually due to higher than normal levels of melanin.

• INFLAMMATION: a response to injury or infection, characterised by redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Physiologically, the inflammatory response involves a complex series of events, leading to the migration of white blood cells to the inflamed area.

• KERATOSIS PILARIS: is a common, harmless skin condition that causes dry, rough patches and tiny bumps, usually on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks or buttocks. Keratosis pilaris is often considered a variant of normal skin. It can’t be cured or prevented.

• OXIDATION: process resulting in harmful free radicals that damage our skin.

• PHOTOAGEING: skin-ageing inducing effect of sun exposure.

• PSORIASIS: a chronic skin condition often resulting in a red, scaly rash located over the surfaces of the elbows, knees, scalp, and around or in the ears, navel, genitals, or buttocks. Approximately 10–15% of patients with psoriasis develop joint inflammation (psoriatic arthritis). Psoriasis is thought to be an autoimmune condition.

• ROSACEA: skin condition that causes redness and visible blood vessels, especially on the face.

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• SCURVY: a condition where your body is not able to adequately replace collagen. This leads to symptoms like red dots on your skin, pain in your muscles and joints, and swelling and bleeding of your gums.

• SEBACEOUS GLANDs: are found beneath the skin and serve as the base of a hair follicle. They can become clogged with oil and dirt and cause acne.

• STRETCH MARKS: pale lines due to tearing of the dermis layer of skin.

• VARICOSE VEINS: enlarged & twisted veins due to faulty leaflet valves & the pooling of blood.

• VITILIGO: a pigmentation disorder which causes white patches to develop on your skin. Studies show that a combination of sun exposure and oral supplementation with vitamin B9 and B12 can be helpful in treating vitiligo.

• WRINKLES: creases, folds & ridges that appear as people age.

DNA/Skin - Lisa Franklin

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