I

SWllllT

con,'OJ'l<d cam. (erroaeoWIQ- repol1ec) u the ~). lo& in the ConJ Sea ~t.

Ditppc and a.,,..,. Air p"'"' The Dieppe raid on Augu8t 19 !'llllulted in tbe bcavieet

engagement of Allied and Axil air loroee aine<1 the peak or the Batlle or Britain in Sep1etnber, 19i0. The Germans, who ba'-e been reluctani '° acoept baule in the frequent BrilWi dayliaht ...-eep11 O\'V Franco and the Low Count~, &pp&r­enlly could nol rial< the chance of invasion which a land atta-0.k in rorce iJnpliee. In the resulting action they loet boovily in air c88ualti-perhapll &a many aa 170 planee loot and 140 <i&mag<!d, ii both combat and accidental 1,_ are taken into acoou:nt.

Further incwsions on Genna.n air power, •' the sea.le aec. by t.he Dieppe raid, would weaken German 11..,,.line plane strength appreciably, according IO .our current analysis ol the Ocnnan air pooition (eeeA)lpendlx I). Tho total oombat strength or tho Lu/lt/:Q/e already' wu de<1lining by at lcaat 20 to 120 planee each month-the estimated ave~ rate at whicb Oemwi I-exceeded production in the three monlhe, May IO July. For the lint time, apparently, the Oennan Air Force is feeling the strain of i11 fu-ftung oommitmenll, and would hardly weloome many repetitiona of the Dieppe alfair.

llt®liont °"I/co Ccmti....u to IM Diepp< Raid The Dieppe raid WU pven an extraordinary amount or

allention in t.he Axil I>'- and radio. The ~neral picture p,_,IAld wu that an ill-planned in'-.aion attempt had been unclorlakrn, but had been repubed with heavy 1- by Ocnnany'a "line of iron". Axil and oollaboratiool.a• propa­ganda showed oonfulion in their olmultanooue auerUOllll (I) that Stalin had pven Churchill a 12-day ultimatum !or the

6

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Sr.can launching of a teeood front, and (2) that 0cnnan IC>roa had defeated an invaaioo buod on months or planning. There waa no oingte propeganda "lino", but An. propogandista widely •mphaoizcd the point that Naai forces repelled tho attack without having to call on rescrveoi. ln tho general tide or jubilation oome o~era noted au undercurrent of relicl.

Firsl. ~rte from France iDclieate that a ~table perceniap or the populatioo applauded the action, although regrctUng that ii wu not the long-hoped-lor ooUlblislunentof a 11000nd rront. The British brDGdcasta, announcing that it was only a oomnu.ndo rnid and th•t Frcnclun()Jl were there­fore not to jeopardise their occurity by hoolilo action against the •ncmy, appear to have made a la.'Orable tmpreeoion in all quarlerl. Tho collaborationist Vichy IJllormatioo Mini8tzy, bowe, . .,, bu follo..-.d the Oerman line and enclce,'Ored IO oonvinoo the French that a British invMion attempt bas been d•rcated.

Allo<k B:p<cWJ. in EWPI Rommel ii expected to launch his long-delayed oft'ensi,·e

in the next few days. Axil ro._ ha•e been mnrorml and n'glOuped, and the 19\h Ligbi Oh.Won (which bu hem pan of the tpearhead of previous atlacb) bas been ahirted IO lhe aouthem end of the line our the Qattarn deproaoion, acoord­ing to preu reporta. Tho inore!IBOd nativity ol motor trans­port and aerial reoonnaiaance in the BOulhero eector indicates prcparationa ror an attack. The Brilish have enpged in baruaing actions.

Rommel is now believed to ha,·e approximately 70,000 oomba\ troope al his dilpmal, although BOme l'ltimala or his total rorce1 run higher. Afore than half or lhooo aro.0•~· Preci8e luiowledge or Axil annored reinforcement.I ,. lacking, but C!llemy tank strength ii placed by BOrne oboorvere at

7

..

I about 400. Paratroope, frequenlly reported in Creu, have alao ap~ in F.gypt. To dale they ha\'e beeJi UIOd exclu&\'ely u infantry.

Extemive Allied attacks on enemy port.I, shipping, lighW., motor tranoport, and •upply dwn?i have aerio\Ully compli­cated Rom~'• problem, and may have forced him to delay his &tlaclt until lhe p.-nt- Ho....,ver, OOMiderable wnnage baa heel> reaching North Alrie& d"'pit.e Allied plane a.nd subm&rino Me&Ulta, and in general it is M8UDled th&t Rommel has been abln to ..,cumulaw sufficient aupplil!ll to auatain active oporatiooa. He is probably now making aome uae or lhe railroad. The p,_,ro on his l!llpply lines may urge him no• to delay his &t1"ck any further.

The British have alao rooeived &dded 1treng1h. Allied rorc:es bavn a c..lear superiority in air power which tho enemy ha.snot u yet attempted to o'"""°mc. Whether Rommel is given large mruoreementa in &ircraft &t this critieal juncture may i:-ibly olfer aome guide to tho quantity of German air rcoervee available at this time.

In Cairo Churchill hlld luncb with Premier Nahoa and a brief interview with the King. The latter perried Churchill'• dlorUI lO get down to braa tacb whh -.ks versing on levity, and did not favorably imp"'"' hil guest..

Angll>-Frtndi T~ in Svria There bu beeJi IU> ·..,la.ulion ol the acute situation th&t

cmne to a bead with De Caulle's arrival in the N- Eaa1. (A sketch of the beckg:round of Fn.noo-BritWl rel&liooa in this area appeAra in Appendix IV.)

De Oa1dle hu m&de it clear th&t the Fighting French e&n cooperate with the United Kingdom in the Levant only if the British there rel rain from political interference in looal alfairs. They muat l'Olp<CI French "ri&hta" u defined in the eeveral ~ta to which, De Oaulle _,II, the French bave

8

8t(lUI' laithfully adhered. Be discounlAI the Briliah explanation that their p.-nt political acti•ilieo are n-.y on ground& of roilit&ry 9CCUrity, and impli"' that the British .;.,, ii to dJeplace the Freooh in the area. While lamenting the elfcct of thho oontroverey on the whole Arab world, De Oau!Je ho pn!pued to uae loree apinlt tho British if a aolulion ;,, not werked out.

Although inmtinc on the maintenance or Ftanoe'• poeition in the mandate, De Gaulle etatco that the Fighting French have declared the independence or tbe Levant 1tatA!8 IJO lar u ii compatible with war conditions. Elections will come 0 u eoon as the aituation pt.nnit&." De Oaull6 is now at work trying to impro•-e ~ch relaliona with local leaden.

Meanwhile the British sbow no aign of al wring tbeir policy. For instance, Ocneral $pcat11 this week 1ummoned tho Syrian Co-nment to a lonoal meeting. While r«<>gnbioc that France enjoya the political iniliati•-e in the Le•·ant, Churchill e&nDOL agree that British """"' are meddling beyond tbeir p_,.y inilit&ry concerns. &8idee her buai­n<WI and arniy inlAJl'()l!t.s in tho area, Britain U. committed, alone with lhe ~ch. in the dccl&ration or fr-tom for the Levant made by Catroux in lllU. The Briti!h go"ern­mtnL oonsiden the De Caullilt.1' atatua in the Levan• to be dilfercnt lrom that of previoua regimes, but hopes that tho cooperation of the Fighting French may be obtained.

lo a more general way De Oaulle bu emphasiaed th&t the Plcblinc French mutt maintain France'a richlAI intact all over lhe world, or they wou.ld have no reaaon to jualily their being. To have French help in the war and in tho coming peace, the Fighting French must be trcatoo AB an Independent ally. Any other action or 1tatus, he inaist.s, merely lends color to lhe propepnda of Vichy &nd the Axi&. Tho Fighting French in London are alao disappointed with the failUn! of the Unlted Sta..,. to ex!Md to them "politieal" u well u "mlli­t.ary" recognition.

9

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L<m2l'1 Po<ition 4t v ichv

Now evidence that the Germans may be pl&nning to kocp Laval in power, at le8'1t for the time being, appeared in a D. N. B. article from Berlin that was carried in aU tho Pariii I>*' except DorioL'• Ori du Peupu (and ev•n lh•t hu ceaeed ii.s ati.aoka on Laval}. The article praiseo Laval as tho first Frtnclunan who adheres without reserve to tho "Jlfontoiro poUcy" of ooU.boratioa, and who reoogni.l(>I that t'ranoc'o first objective muat be an accord wilb o.rn1any inoidc the New Order. Laval and Plt&in ha\'& created a "climate of oonfidtMe" and a llflV intUDAI order, it states, despite difficulties which Oennany fully appreciates and it eocklavor­ing co bdp \ 'ichy ove<come.

On the olber band, n•1e1" visicoro in Vichy retumin& co North Afnea have expressed the belief that Lftval'1 p.....,nt tenure of office may not last beyond October.

A tllW!h between Lftval -.id Ouentrd, the Secretary Central to the Chit! of the Government, is reported from Vichy. The oonfl.ict;,, ouppoeed to havearuen from a c.Wh of personalitioo nnd from Oucrard'8 willingneas lo agree to luU military ooUab­oration with the Axis if the French wn111hipo at Alexandria wero sunk. Lovo.I, according to this report, WM unwilling to lldo1it such nu oxlreme policy. He is thorelore trying to have Oucrard transferred, probably to a minial.llrilll pott; but the latter'• clooc re!Ations wilh lbe NA.la are allogod to make tha tra.Wer a delicate matter.

E-~ ConditWni U. Prance A ttport from Vithy, deocribin& eoonomio ocndili0111 in

Fnui-. in the early IUlDllleJ' states that, while <rope on the whole were txpeeLecl to be quite good, the 1aclc of lertlliler, farm implemento, lubrieanto, chemicals, cattle fodder, and agricultural labor it cauain& oonsiderable concern. Domeolic

10

$r.(Jllft

oommerco is gmitly hampered by lack of merehandise, ad· minislrative resulntiOll8 And delays, Md tbe lack of transport fMilitiea. Tho wino trade hAs apparently all but ceased. Trade wilh lbo North Afrionn oolonJC8 hAs been octive, es­pecially with Morocco, but Franco is unable to supply tho nooded industrii>I producU. in return. International oom­merco hao oonsisted llhll08t e.•clusively or expo re.. to Oennany, while oommerco with auch foreign oountriC8 as SwitJerlAnd, Spain, Hungary, and Finland hao oonst.anUy dimini!hed.

To eue the economic oiluation in the Empire, Vichy baa requested that trade bet"'9ell the Anlilles and ~!orooeo be allowed 10 .-ime, under conditions limilar I<> t1- exioting prior co tbe entry of the Uruted States into I.be war.

Nnn Prom Frmdi Ntwlli A/M

ln tbe suist ol 11udent1, G<lrmana are reported to be &:'ling to North Africa for the purpose of working on the nou•oo. Meanwhile the Oerman P""" ocntinues ii.I "«itAlion about Morococ.

Morole in French Morocco;,, reported to be very low, a fact attributed to Axis suoor.MCIJ in lho cnst and lo the general feeling lh•t Vichy i. disintegrating a.nd is not supporting the French in Morococ. Any move to replace lAval by Doriot or X>Nt would give an lmpet .. to the oeporation o! the French Prei<lctorate from Vichy, one infonn-.it belic~oo. Meanwhile Vichy bu forbidden lbe dcpartme or United Nationa citi.sen1 from Morocco, reprd1eoo of age or ... ; but ~ - indication1 that Vichy baa not yet reached • 6na1 decision on lbia question.

Evidence of firmn• appoartd in a report that alter .lbe ._.,,convoy battle in the Medilemlll<OUI, a French A<lmi_ral demanded the ...i.... o( Briu.b prioonen on boord an Italian ...UU. within French tenitnrial nlBL He ""'' French police aboard t.he ...i.a. and removed the prieooen. The

11

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ltali&ll Admiral replied by issuing orders lhat Frenehmon who on~ in auch activities in the future would be fired upon.

Optimul~ Not• Fr<m Spain

A wcll-plaoed American observer roola lhat Spain ia without aggreMive intention$ in North Afrioa. Spain la 1trengthcn­lng htnclf in lhe Canarieafor defensive purix-, our obeen'er believ<e, &lld iii delennined f<> stay there even tr It mean. diverting atrengt.b from North Africa.

Another report, howe,.er, suggesta that Spanlah Nttraint l'fptd.in& Moro«0 may be due 10 Germany'a withdrawal ol bet oupport of Span;.,b annexationat demand& At tho aome time the Germans are reported lo be inereuing their premure on tho Spanish to speed up the construction of their eoaatal dere._ in norlh'll'elt Spain.

Th0Caudillo'1ollicebaaordered theSpaniah pt-lo publish tlnited States communiqu6s, and this la now being done by even the Nasl-<>wned ln/OMllOCWnn.

Friction between lho Fa!ange and tho Monarchiets ftafcd up when prominent Falangiata toMe<I grenad<e Into &n M-11e1nbly At Bilbao. Several poople wero killed and Injured. Tho attack ia bclieved to have boen dlroeted at Varala, the War Miniet.cr, who is a RoyaLiJtt, alU1ough not actlvely in­volved In any r<etoralioo cft'orts.

India: The NN Paium of Cw ~

In India, the third week or revolutionary outb..U hat been cooaiderably calmer than ila pred-ra. Yet "-ri­cao oblervm concur in •taliog \hat tru. apparent lull ii only the calm before tho llOnn. Under cover or the eumot hoolipnimn, eo.,._ leaden have methodi..Uy p.._.i.d with &heir orpnilatlon of the real eampaicn of civil ~

12

s­obedionco. Devadaa Oaodhi, son or the Mahatma, iii noporied IO have declared that the BriU.b have only a few daya in which to "oon10 to their ec11*"; after that, he warns, the movement. v.-rill havo achicvod such momentum that even the elder Gandhi will not be able to l!IOp it.

In general, reports 8Uggclt that the outbreaks or di&­obedience have already b<gun to abow more signs or oorr&­lation l1Dd direetlon. Although the cities have been calmer than in provious wee"9, tbc countryside bas been a good deal more lgitated, and di10rdtr haa 1pread to tho native state or Mywore. At l- two llrilr.<e are now perceptibly alleeting lndia'a war production-one •• tho Bindll!Wl aircraft plant at Bang;alore, and one at the Tau iron and ateel wor"9 at Jamshedpur. lo the latter plant, where 4,200 out or •Po proximately 4,SOO llkilled workeni ha\'e walked out, the atrikere aay they will not return IO work until India haa a national government. Unconfinned reporui from Calcutta otate that walkouu have forced the Stool Corporation or ~ to ehut down; thill plant and Tata produce 90 per­cent of Indta'e steel. Officlal ipo.kesmen maintain, hOYt'Ovor, that India's war effort baa not yet been seriously curtailed, and that 1pccial mcthoda or lrlllJ!port are keeping up the diiotribution of coal, dt<1pito tho current diioorglllizatlon or the railroad syal<!ln. To this diioorgani.sation heavy rains l1Dd floods in northwest India have added, and in certain areas rood iii becoming inoreMingly 80AJ'Oe.

~•/t1r CDllOli<W>n; IAI M°""" Slulbli~ Allhoucl> tho Vleeroy hat relueocl to consider a letter eent

lo him from prilon by Gandhi, lho mooi di...,... political poupo are now apparently putting Preelllre on the Qo,...,,. ment to temper rep..-Oo with conciliation. Even ouch oomervativo ...,....pore aa tho 'l'imu or India are .,_tin& .,..., sort or settlement. Fulul Huq, Premier or Bengal,

13

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~

Jw l!Cllt a telepm to t.be Viceroy (to be pa-s on to Preli· dent Roo<!evelt, Churehill, Stalin, and Chiang .Kal-<lhek), ttatlng that the freedom and peace of the world demand a oompromi.., in India. Sir C. P. Ramuwamy Aiyer, Inform .... lion Member of tho Vioeroy'a Exooutive Council, and gener­ally conceded to be one of ita ableot memben, lw reeigned from that body. His 06t.ensible roaoon wu tho pl'Mlure of hie dutioa aa prime minister of the state of Travanooro. An oblerver on the apot llllggOSIB, bowe>-et, that bis resignation U. actually e.p,_ive of hia disapproval of the Oovernment'a e~t policy, particularly aa regaida lhc p.-.

Dopes of compromise hinge to a ""8t extent on the i\loaltm Leegue and ita leader, Jinnah, to whom &jagopalaclwiar lw already add..-! a po•.-erful appeal. In a recent eon· vmation, bowe,.er, Jinnah baa di!played a fun~nt&I di. lruat of the Congrms and a stubbom inaistenoe on his pet idea of Poki114n (the creation of a eeparata Moaleni Stata). Siinilarly the Working Committee of the Moalem Leeguc haa p.-1 a reeolution stating that the League would be willing to cnw into any provisional govemmcnt of India- provided tho British pledge thcmsclvea to hold a plebiscite on the PakUum issue and to abide by tbe reeulta of that plebiscite. Acoording to one American obaerver, the League, far from moderating ita st.and, has now spoken out for Paki•Co• more boldly than it did last winier, oinoe the Crippe propoeals have proved that the British are willing to go a long way toward complying with its extreme demands.

Meantime available evidence ~ that the llloolem t.t.gue is far leas representative a petty than tho casual Amtri.can ne•"lj)llpor reeder might imagine. A report from Kew Delhi llateo that its financial beclcing oo.- chlcfty from the Indian prinooa (BiJ>du and .Ma.lem), tho Brillah llnancial community (eepecially in Oalcutta), and the W. Moelem landownera-all groups that arc intoreat.ed in avcrti11g a

8-.r

radical settlement ol India'• problems by playing tho League againat the Congrt8. Tl10 l1181. group especially is apparently in oonsidcrablc d""'d of the 0ollJ!f088' BOCialistic dootri~eo! on land tenure. Moroovrr, a recent "'*llution ol tho conrerehco of M061em divineo!, tho Jnmint.-111-Ulema, supporting tho general poolt ion of tho Congl\'88 rather than that of tho League, would ouggcot U1at this latter body doea not repr...,nt the views of M061cm theological orthodoxy.

CArmglring Cila/Utlga Rumon 11\flunt« in Sinkianf Shtng Shih-1.t'ai, tho Qo,_,.., of SinkiAng, is b<ing ptr­

suaded by Chungking te bring his lazge)y autooomous and Rmsian-inftueoeed province under the authority of the Kuomintang and of tho Central Chin- Qo,.emment, ..,. cording to a higlaly plaeed observer in Chungking. Sheng hAs aireAdy shown hiineelf aw-J>le to tho propo5ition that all traMport mattm within his pro\'inee should be super. vised by Chungking Government p<rsonnel.

Forthcoming exchnngee of Ru8Sian gasoline for ChinC80 etrawgfo mll!<lrinle, which our observer reporta will take placil •horUy in •1>itc of the fact thAt no lormnl agreement between China and Ru881A h"" 118 yet been concluded, will make control of Sinkiang communications attraetive to Chung· Icing. Moreover, Sinkiang produces some 25,000 gollOD$ of gsaoline monthly, and production can probably be stepped up. The whole dovelo1>ment, ac«>nling to our olieerver, is an effort to take advantage of the U. S. 8. R.'a P"*nt weakn""' to pin control of tho oil and communieatloll$ of Sinkiang

Ho..- far Sheng Sbih-i.'ai will go in tho qy ol oooptratlon with Cbungking it not yet d..,. Sinkiang has long been pnclically autonomow with ttgard to China, and it lw been tied to RUBaia eoonomieally e,..,,. since the completion of the Turk~b railro.d in 1930. Sheng himself ach;eved

15

' $1lCMET

power in 1933 largely t.hrough Russian aid, and be bu oon­etantly drawn oo Russian aooistance in mooey, rnat.erW.., and tcehnical &IJ8iatance, to 001U10lidate hill position. Rwi-1ian troopo have oc<:Woo&lly intervened t.o aid Sheng 41R&inst upril!lnp or tbe Tungan.s (Cbineee Mohammedans) or of the local Turkl majority, aod Rusaian prriaona are round today in various towna of the province.

Several fact.ors, however, may impcl Sheng t.o lean toward Chuniking. Chinete Central Governmerit troops are now 1tationcd io North Kansu, where they make a direct contri· bution IO Chunl!kin«'• influence on Sinkiang. Moreover Shene appeon to be having troublee with Communist groupo within his province. Theee CommunilLB, unlike U.- io KaNU or Shen8i, have direet RUS!iao support, aro nry powerful, and operate in the open, MCOrding t.o our obecrvtr. Shti1g may ,..ell be utilising Chungking to rid himlelr of these eompetit.ora, while at the lame time he eounLB on RU8PAo proximity to rpare him from too great subeervienoe t.o Chung. king. 1'hat important negotialiona may pow be underway i1 indicated by an unverified report that Chlaog .Kai-ehek hM boon in conference with Sheng at Lan chow.

Chineu Clai"' in Kiafl4n and CMkill"ll Cbungking hM claimed the recaptUTe of many or the townJ

along the Elangchow-Nanchang railway, inoluding Kuang· Ieng, I-yang, Heng-Ieng, Kuei-<:bi aod Shang-jao. Cbunglcing bu alto announeed the recapture or W•nchow, important port in eoul.heMt Cbe!riang. and the oeiJure of Lin-cb'uan (F\Hhou), the Ja- i..ee in Kianpi •hicb A1Mri<&11 army ftyera bombed aome weeb ago. ,,_ variOU1 Chin- .Wms eeem IO indicate a fairly p?ncral Jape,,_ withdra...J !Ulward to'll'llld the Cbekiana -board, and weotward towerd :\anchang. Cbunglcing claima also that

16

I

t

Sl!Xmr

Chin- troops aro P.-in« toward Cb'U-h$en, railroad and airport city or centl'1'1 Chtklang-11o bw the JapaneoM> were not expected to reU11qui1h. I I the Chin- •bould now rceapturo Ch'U·hsien, ii "'ould be ltrong evidence that \ho JapanOllO aro willing to wrilo off IIU\I\Y ol the gains which they m3de in Chckiang thia spring and summer.

TM E/tui,.. Japa11.,e A1'11JI The advance or Chiang Kai..i.u'• a.rmies in ca11 central

China lpinst •'<Akcned Ja.,.,._ forces poeee an cn.igma: where the atrons Japan- unitB pre•<iou.ly in that -- ha•-e diaappeared-nortbward for a poosible attack on Siberia or aoutb'll'llld against lndia or Auslrali&. Some Ja­newopapera ha•-e appt'llied franlcly for the former 001111•!, uzging tho abandonment or any plane against India and ooo· oentratioo oo SiberiA in order to exploit Russia's proaent embarr.....,,ent. Deepatch .. from Tokyo have everi inti­mated a military ecroement with Hltl<r to•invade SiberiA M J!OOn &1 General von Boclt reaches a "1>1'¢ied-bu1 undil­cloeed-locality in l'lua8ia proper. Another resson for delay may be that Japan hopes to wait until eome lime in September when the bulk or tho Japan- fush catch in Siberian waters will be oomplctod.

A report from a •'CU-placed oboerver tells ol a Japan..., troop eoncentratlon in Kalgan al the ed&e or the central Mongolian plateau. To •ubetantiate this reporl, word bu arrived that a Japan- division mo<'ed northwards a fort­night or eo ago to Kalgan from Taiyuan, in central Shan8i province. The obeorver underatandl that tho eoneentnlion, by th,..tcning RUllian dominated northern Mongolia, aims to gi\"e more foroe to a forthcoming Japan- au.empt &I mediating a oon1promlle peace bet,.._ Stalin and Hitltt.

The Japan- War Office bu announced the appointment ol two •- generale to command the headquarters of the

17

8£CJBEr

Central Md Northern Defense Areaa in Japan proper, which changes may indical<> an endeavor to strengthen home defense against anticipal<>d Ru88ian or American air raids.

Japanu• Dej1JMfoe Outpoll 1'n IM Almllia114

There C, "" yet little indication that the Japanese will be a ble to use their foothold at Kioka !or an advance along t be Aleutian chain. They are now employing only fighter sea­planes a t that point, indicating the absence ol carriers and the 1.ack "" yet ol a field !or land·b83ed planea. The hard rock (overlaid by llttlo or no soil) makes the construct.ion or an airfield a difficult l38k. Aerial reconnsissance, however, has disclosed a new camp on the western side or Kiska Bay, whence a road has boon completed to what is probably the best site !or an airfield, although even this is none too good. American air raids, carried on under tho handicap of almost continuous fogl!, while seemingly fairly effective against shipping in the harbor, probably only l<>mpomrily obstrucl<>d the preparation of the field and the industrious consolidation of land defenses. Since our reasonably auccesaful air and surlaoo raids or the early part of this month, the Japanese have camouflaged their camps and gun cmplaoomen\8 in preparation for Septemoor, the clearest month of the year. Their anti-airer..Ct fire ;_,effective.

11 t hey succeed in oomplating their airfield, it wiU be just ss dillicult !or them tc operate againat our Aleutian bAllC6 as it C, !or our planes tc operare against their b88CS. Until tho Japanese finisb their airfield at Kiska, they can use only seaplanes, wboeo range is not long enough !or tbem to reach our bases. Despite these olfenaive difficulties, KW<& is already an effective de!cnsive outpoot.

18

Brazil'• DtclmoJion of War

Overooming the initial heeitation or the Army high com· mand, wbich urged tbe government tc limit i\8 retaliation against Axis &in.king of Braailian &hipping to economic reprisals, Prcaident Vargaa on August 22 finally issued the decree which declared Bruil at war with Germany and Italy. This marks the cu.lmination or a !()-month period or increa&­ingly positive pro-Unil<>d Nations orientation on the part or the Vargaa government, including closer military and economic cooperation with the United States, the elimination of prominent Fll8cists from the Government, and the begin­ninp of a rapprochement between Vargaa and long bar­sssed Brasilian pro-democratic elements.

The declarat ion or war is expected to accelerate these rendencies. The defoll.l)eS p! the...11ortl~east bulge, invasion gateway to the entire continent, will oo strengthened. French Guiana, Vichy's base adjoining the all-important bauxite mines of Surinam, will be placed under incre83ed surveillance. Full mobiliaation and early strengthening or the Brazilian army will also offer grester protection against a sudden uprising by the German colonist& in Rio GrMde do Sul and Santa Catarina (see Appendix II, "Axis Colonies in South Br&1il"). Outright confiscation or Axis shipping and banking houses represents the first effective economic meas­ures taken againat Axis interests. Further progress in deal­ing with tho clandestine fifth column can also be expected, as well aa an eventual truco and perh•Jl'I a working agreement between V&.rgas and his polit ical enemies ol recognized anti­Axia convictions, such aa the h:nprieoned Communist leader, Luis Carloe Preorea.

For L6tin America as a whole, Br&1il'8 entry into the war will serve as a powerful anti-Alda stimulant. Reports rrom Chile indicate a growing antirA.xi.s foeling in government circles which may hasten the recent trend to"vd a break in

19

SmtET

relatlono with the Am. The moet eerioua repercueoiona of the Bra.ilian d«l&ration ol war - lil<ely to occur in lhe Rio de la Plata ,...;on. Ttoaion is apt tO inc""'8e in Argmtina, where wideopread pOpular anti-Axil feeling exert. oonatant pr<l88\Jre againat the pro-Alcis c .. tUJo government. C..tUlo, however, ,.;u probably not make any important ooncemiona to this pnmure. There are the fun.her pomibiliti.,. ol a Naai·inspired '1incident'' on the Argenti.ae-Bruilian border, or or d.isturballce8 among the colonico or people or German dce<ent in South Brull. ln Uruguay, the Covemmen• doubllcsa feais that a declaration ol war might involve the country jn Argcntine-Bnuilian difficulties.

Several Latin American countrfoa including Argtnti11a, Chile, Uruguay, Peru and Bolivia, have already declaNCI Bra.ii to have the statua ol a non-belligerent, and the othtr countries arc expected to follow this lead promptly.

Significant aUc> is tho widespread entbwiiaom ol the Bra· lilian people lor the war, an entbl)8ia.,m which lar ex-i.t that ol &llJ. other belligeient Latin American country. Vier lent anti-Axil domo,,.tralionis are report«! from moct Bra. zili&n cities, nom .Manaua to Porto Alegre. Large 11<:ale d<1truclion of German and Italian property took place 'l'ith the tacit approval of the go'-ernmenl. In Porto ~. for example, the police ,...,., instructed to prevent flro and robbery, but not to intorvene othorwise in the protection ol property belongin& to Axis nationala or to Naaiopbile <Jmnan. Bruilians.

Portuguuo Eiprtuion1 of SvmPG1h11 for Brazil Tho 8}"1Dpathy or the Portugu- people for Bra.ii "" ex~ in a flood of friendly toi<grams rrom all part1 of PortugAI and all <I""""" or people. ~I the B,raailian doolara· tio11 or war has complicated the balance lhat Salaaar hao beon maintaining- bt.lancc ol MUtralily to•vd the belligerenll

20

S!'JORET combined with oloee ""80Ciation with Spain and Bruil. s.Luar wei&M carcfully his relatioM with the Axis.

A mixture of cultural, economic, and nrategjc conaidtra· tiona thel'Cfore probably ehaped Portugal'• official statement. This communiqu~ reaffirmed Portugal's 1\rict neutrnlity, but d~ that it wu ne'-er intended t0 allect histOrie bonds, and •-ound up by exp"""'°11 brotherly eeteem and moral eolidari1y with :SrAIU "in tbc dofonMl of lh•t which it con-1iden. ita honor and ill right". No amplification bu been given ol the meaning of this oommuniqu6; it bas been vari­olUly interpreled, but with general -.m<"nl that Portugal in~da to continue• c•utioWI policy.

The Portuguese p~, alter po.uaing to receive ill cue, bas atreoaecl the frien&hip between Brull and Portupl. Ooe p&per, A Vor, BtAted in an editorial that "crimes committed against Braail havo found an echo in Portuguceo public opinion u though they we'!' actl! of violence committed againn Portupl."

Virit of Clu"k'1 Pruidonl IO tJws UniWJ S'4tU The impending viait to the U11ited Stai.. of rr..ident Rioe

or Chile indicates to eert&in qualified obetrven that a diplo. matic break between that eountry and the Axis hao become more lil<ely, and that it may prooede the prceidential visit, 11ebedul<ld tentatively 'ror October. During his recent trip to Santiaco, Chile'~ WaohingU>n Ami...dor aP1*'9 to have oorrocled the lmpmoion tmODg certain Chilean gov· errunent loadens that the public in the United Sta!el! hu ap­proved Chile'• neutral position. Amb1101dor Michels was able IDOICWhal tO allay Chilff,n .--ntmtnt O'W wartime ahortagol of paoline and other ......,.;u.., and perhapo t0 rceauro his government concerning our ability to usisl Chile in defending ii.di apinol poooible attack. There are lndicatio111 that Preolcltnt Rioo may preltr to lime a blf!&k in relatiool oo that ii oomea btfore his vilit.

21

Sf,()RET

TJ14 N<V> Cubo11 Cobintl '£he oew Cuban cabioe\, which waa appointed on Augu>I

16 after nn ncute governmental crisis, (TIM! War Thia IV«k, Augu4t 18-20, p. 22) includes members from nciU1cr of the opposition pnrlies and lrom only three of tho eoven par\iea which form tbe government coalition. One or the oppooitioo pnrtiea, the mildly liber&I Parlido Rt:VO/udtmario C1'ball0, lod by Orau &n Martin, precipitated the cri!U by rduoing to endo""' Pr®dent &tisla's appeal for n.otional unity and for the .....,..,.;on of politics during the ...,.. They W<ewise declined t.o acoept any cabinet pOEilioo. The olhor oppooi­llon party, lhe comervati,.., A. B. C., however, agreed t.o aupport the pr®denl.

Within the government Coal~ Sociolillla Dtmocnllico, the chief oblltacle to the fonnatioo or an all-party .... tabinet ..,me from tbeDtm6c:rato party, the atroopot element in the coalition. They refused t.o participate in any cabinet which included a rep'-'ll&tive or the U11i6't RnooludOllari4 Comun.-1o, the Cuban Communist party, oven though tho lnttcr pnrty reaffirmed its complete support of Batlm'• war progrnm. B.Y nn arrangement d011igned to exoludo tho Co1n1nuni.U., tho D<m6oraJa party yielded tho 110tt of 11rimo minlilter to a Liberal, Ram6n Zaydfn, former proeidont or the Cuban Chamber or Deputies. One of their members, how­ever, Joe6 Augustin Martinea, who had been rninlilter without portfolio, roocived tho post of Jlfinisw of State. Other cabinet chang• were insignilieaot, aft"oetingonly the Depar1r menu or Health, Public WorkB, and Agicultu..,.

Including memben of the Libtro1, Dtm6cnilo, IJld NOl:Wn­o1"'4 parti• and 6ve ~ wilboul party affiliation, the new tabinet has only• slightly broader party rep..entalion lhan lhe old. While all the -1illon paniel have qreed lo 1upport it, moet of them, particularly lhe U•1.S.. n-lu­ciourio Comunislo, consider it inadequate for the wv Medi of Cuba and believe it will be abort-lived.

22

APP£NDIX I

TWI DllP PE R.UD AND GERMAN .Ull STRENGTH

T"8 Unl\ed N..UO..' t..sd ol Aupet. It ..ai.. Glll"maa faf1M iii Ditpp. ,.,.}led IA Lbl llluvi.t tt11-....-nt ot Allied Mid A.di air t~ .,._ U. put al U. S.tle ot Srlu.ta to Ito~ IMO. Pdor \0 U. raid., I.bl 0..u Ak '°"' had ~'17 .,._ ....... ,..._ ... 901111bM. wit.bi B.. A. F. 1sbt.tn .. ......... . .. rt.w. n. ...... n.14, with Is. t p.,,J-i cl~ Md ~UUlidl t.o.t.. ... --ol lgbw ~ f0ftl9d ... 0--- A# hnilittsfMbMSS.. Ata...._ "90 A.P. ~CMllaldel•a-* ..... uh. ......... \.l..M9 ... f'1f -~ perW. ...... .............. 0.. .... ,.,... ........... . _ ..... Pdfi**lbJ * £....- °' ..... .......... .., __ ~ ...... c..-t ...

,,_ A.Ir Mlal.U)' "'°" f., U.. [Kfppe nldl cW.. ta: ~ pa... ... , dowo,lt~~··wi1t0deme117Gmp1aw1e.a. ~

........ UM ba!f fll lbe ''pf'Ob&blt dMlro19d0

' ud IO pe.rcut Of &lie ~ plaDea ma, bt .oun\,fd M ...W~l1 d.M.ro,..S. I! U-. pemeaiap. beld ~ t" Lb»-. a t.ol.U ol IN 0.,...,,,...... ,..,. tbot OU\ ol lhe. &i.r. The mn.a!al111 111 P""*..,.. l......t u ~acid_, bt ~ \0 t.out (II 11.ctloo for•• • .,.,.,. ol lwo mootlw wbl:t. t.tw1 u.tMterso reptJIL

Alr Mlnltittt rtporw do not u, a Ni. lndllde •Uta.aw. ol plalMlt .S.tro7od or d&m&pd on Lil• lt'041Jld u a ,.vlt. or -1,.lln1 or bombl~ att.ac:U. Nor do W.y au.empt. l.o •llma~ tl>f"'7 OPt,.tJOn.~ MOld1:.11i:. which i.ne1'lt.ablt oewr lo A.fl

einpee.intol ot (Ji. dwww ot o...,,._ 17l11n1 POIU'OllOI ot lb9 U, E:l Ano1 AJr F'otol anat.~ a O.tma11 fl1lri"'1 a!rdrome •~ Abbt'f'W.. a.lid whllt DO claltm ,. .• ,. made~ pi.o.. lloduwobi,c rtpa.lr 111 haripn nrti dol.)b'-'- dilwoJ'td er dt.m.apd, and l)'fnt aoddeo .. probably ...,.. lM,..,.:I. .. a n.tl&. or ...... '° ruanya. Wld1 &.be hlCll\lllllo• ol a ._.aU\'f .U0W- fOlt ..,_. .. &bt ..-lld Md .. ..... ".,,..,.. ...... h .. , bt ...... .- lhal the tHq.,. nJd ...W\ed .. Uie 90&.al Jo.., 110 0.... ...... ud ......... ltO .....

"-"""' .... "'i...... ......... ...,.,. 1.- Ill u......,. Dltppl M"9a... ,, llllQ ..... u. .......

-~,...., ............. C.,.,.. ...... fotlbe"'"-......... -• ,u. llllat.lf7 ,.,_.. fl --., -.. la U. M~uo A,.. •W. ....._.. Gwmaa bom1-n ... ... ...., CaPad ........... , pea-~ bJ ..... R.. A. ' · ........... ai.....a. ,,.... ud ... Low Coalrtrilil. ~· the ·--,

23

- i;:.~~ - '1::r' --------------1 _,,... f!~::: ::::::::: :: :: :::: :: :: : :: : : : ::: 89 "' .. . ..

121 IT ... ... J 11ly •••• ..................... ··-··· " .. .. 70

Av•,.,. .. --· ---·-----··· ...... .. .. 76 IU

T'M~l...-t.uoeollheG. A.. t. &o_...LM R. A. r . 1 • ......,_ EbrOJM •a~ u•\D ,__.to do eo b7 &hit DWppe ...w • ....., '- upWMd bf lll• tM\ u.at u. o..rua pGllaJia • u ~ ... t.eo... ..... w .~ a.-~r..,_,

n.t o.w air,_.,...,. ..... .,. .. ~ \t \M...,. .......... , ·~GI tM 1L A. P ..... bf U. &acs ~ 0 . A. P '- ol ......._ ..... .. an ~ ~ - • mWmva ..... .i-t ........ ,.,..._... la Ma.t aod ...,. • ..._ ot Ollspot 111 Jue aad J-.q. o.r...a produeUoa ol «mbM. ~ ........ to -- .,,.., .......

t.bMlt 1,2IO p&.u. per moailL 1'oc.l ~ •lfMI\, IMkMllOI tn!AIJIC t.n­Mwl LraftlPO" ~ • fll ooane m UC1eM o1 om lpn ti.t probabl7 below' t..OOO ~,... llWllll.L ot ibt 1,'50 o.-ti.l tJPll PfVdu-' CllOll\.bl/, 2IOO-IOO.,. rtqull'td -.eb moat.la f« "*LA ooer11'ooe1 ~al MW' Ol'tn. Tbt rem.1.n.Lnc ~11040..,.. aY&liable MCh mo11'Lb for alloe.Uoo \0 tbw.u. ol .,.,. °' Mi bulld 1,1p,...-y ...

""- 10\JidMI ..... R. A. 1. 'Mlit R. A. V. •...-~ Lwfl-./• tn wenem &ltopt, lo the Mtdlw,......

Ooth1dln1 Maha. 81dly, Llby-,. Ec:Jpt, elo,}, and la llOt1hetfl ~·orw•t· AJr Mln.lltr)' tf90r1.I ot .._kl u.. w...,.... '°"Ult moo\bt al MAJ, JUM and July .,.,.. .. folJQ-:

I$=::::.::::::::::::::::::==~=:::: ,,...,.,.,._ -----····--· ................ .

-=-~ ... m ... ...

.. " 110 ..

... ... ... ... "'° ... ... ..

.r...... ............ ,,.., 0.... a.Ir la.. oo UM r......,.,. l'fooint ut q1MU1tit.at1...a1 _. impoN.ut lhM

OMUAIU. lnJllc!Led by LIM R. A. r . tl'GlonW16Mly, tM oaly ttttoniw.Jon fUl&lliMo ln1 trom thlt U...Wir toc•llUI ol o.rm..o Mid R.....S.O ~ cl tbtk ow• lOlllll .ad clal1111 G( OMu.all• !JI~ oo lbe 1oem7:

- = r;:_:::::::::::::::::: ::;:: :: ::: :: :: "' &.. • UI ... 1,Wl , .. ..... Ill ,, ... ... 1, 148 IOI ..... A~ ........................... , .. ~ ... ... i.m

............ ., o.rw ...... ..., b9 IMm. to be ................... -tn\ll --- fl .._ ,,a-. GI ......... U..l o.r-n. air ..,..,_ua -~ M .,. .. ~b)'U.. ......... 0......t• 1 ., ................ . ..

flbB ......s..,. ........ .. ,....,... "' • .__ill .... ,,. fl ........... - -_.._, C.~\17 blil._ Lbe ,.,. tc- ut R-r- ac!mi111111ae el LWr ...

.._. Thi. ....... 7 - SoU.111 ... roqp """"'··· ......,.. (If Qlnu.o ... ..au. for lWO ,.....,..: ( I) Lbe R ..... .,. nalanlly ~ '° ...... ~ ron 10 UM ..... , Nd ...., Lhlnlo,.. M ~ to admh -... oo idg.W • l i..t Ulaa Ulotit k.oowa to ... .,. bite lalHaMd Oii U.. o.rmu.; ~) If Rl*ia• ,_ b.aff t.eo M hleb .. idaliiU~, c.m.n klleet mug bt equlJ7 !Arte .. Dot Germany hM D01' °"" .,_,. 111perlorh1 of 0-. &1r Mong U.. £a.1oma Proot..

"*" (/fr-MP 1'""' U tbt OOlliMl'•MI•• .-uopllo11 II -..de tb&' ""- llu.lu ~ 91 Uitlr

a.a .._ ma.1 be 1-Ut11 .. • .....-ure OI W>&al Genun ..wllll• oa Ute FMMm Yrolil. foelUdtn.a i..... o• lbl pouad Mid tboM •u.:ll'ered ta llQD-eomhM MJO:ldta~ • .W.11m ...U...M I« tou.I o.r..a 1- ol DOIDbac.-l)'PI ,&...... ln tbela._. ol ..., .., 'DI _,..,... wiUI. ..u.Med ~ a....a.blil fot eoabal M ro0a-:

.... .......................... . , ............................... . ,.., ............................ . A ......................... .

... ... ... ..., ... ... Ill 11'1 -... 640 I, 01'0

,

T'Wt •kr1*'• ~ ao .now.ooe for U.. faot l.bal • bllt t.bl wJ.t ol epwa.­

tlom llM b9ee ,...., a ........... ol duupd ...._,,~ .. ti.. plt•I of

udoll for u ,.,.._,... periOd of two mooU..

Oo tbo bull or '"- lotteoln' • ·ti.maw, wb.leh uiwle"t.at.o n tbtr lh&n txtCPnte

reooeot Otnuo bMI. o. A. ' · atnQJtb dedioed •• ., plaots OD .. ~ •Vt,.,.

elldt -.i• dtsrlDt .....,., J--. Md Jul7. n. l)Mppit raid W'l\lt. tw fun.blir ._

olllO.,.._,wUl ...... .._.., __ .,o.n...ot_,. __ If th• A\lf\llt. levee of wu~ on ot.btf COUAll eqQ&k lha:l for lhe UltM pNvlo111

'"°°'"" .. ,_.....,.., the P"I*' ed.itM&e "' Otnu.. am.-11 ....... ~ lhM

q'lllllMJOll n111 .............. o1.,...__."' ..... doe.,,. ............. • 1D0nUa tve:o for • ihort. period wotdd appNdablJ w.kea. I&.

APP£NDllC IJ

ADS COLOSIES IN SOUTH B&AZIL

I.a Soulh BtuU (u:l io a a...t entat IA oefgbborl•I pa.rt.I ol ArpaU. Pd

Vluq,..)'), t...ll.a Aiaertc- hu ho1 mo.~ 10\portatll toneeatn.tl(ln.t cl peocii. ot

Alk .... I.. T'Wr toa. .. tbt WV apltM the Ada. DOW joiMd b7 BrNQ, bN

,. s. be cl&rlM. la .....,.&. &bl -..u flNM!l - "'7 .,...,, ..... to

B.tt.dl"t _,.,,' MOOldiq '° • ,.,n ol tti. t..tlD Atllitf'kao 8eetJoo ct &ht oeo. ol 8-trattcto & rvlOGL Tbe people ol Gorman d~nti m labt be t.rouba.ome,

ae+tt tel , ud II MeQJ'ed ol widdl ~ LU m.enaot mf&br. wumo

~pco;a8-N'thbtt U. Jal*l*I arw '1lit l..U.. wCD probiall47 "'7 an,J llpiec.i.t role la

J)Oel(ble dluu:rbt.o-. Tbe Japatl(lllll alt tompuallvtlt r.- In rnunber ln 8ou\ll

Bruil •*' &l'f IOlUod larply ta nortbtm Patt.a,, lw.t Lb.o bordu ol s.o PMlit &..~ ?ht l\AU&a eoi1o11•.,. ,.., aod W.liild &Del t.1-t hM oe,.. bM.o

_,. , .... ol .. ., .... ~, t.t ..... Cmha aod: Jw.14u ---- <­~11ng map).

The O.rm111 eoaon.i., While "*'II-nume.r01,11 t.Dd mort th1ckl.t pol)ulated, llk•,,._

art J>C10117 IOica&ed for •alwd acUoa. ~ \bttr dkttOxn.-.. tbc naturt ol

... '"' .. -- \Irina, ... - ~ ol • ....., o1 ... Oen-·= .. &M

1...-~ fl ii u.u:uiy ttlal a molt ~ ..--d I• .a.{q Md boldmi tlA7

lM'p t.Uent « oot1ll11uous t.err1\Gf'7. &bet Oerman eokcilW inl1"t. .u°""" tD

111.i.t&lftln,a \.bfmlol~ fOI' a lime In lbl wlditly •PM~ diatritti wben t-ht1.,..

---00... but -VOid U.. art:M WOldd tbft ... .W. .. port.o\ IOVC9

.,, ,... •..m.111 ....... 1-tl-.u...,. _\Wf« .... . ... on. Md

eocoe • .... critical ....._\ Mid dJ•cri ~\W 1DMA1W or ft.ahl.lq u:IY fl'OID unJM U.. aucltl OOllld be 1uppl5ed FrOM OffrM-•• tb.7 eould ...,...., Nlllt* I for M.:J ltn,u. nt ti.a. The eblief dao.p:r of 1uch a rtvolt would bt t.bal It ml,ht _ ... ___ ~_ ---

S 0 U T H BRAZIL AHO

NEIGHBORING R E G I ONS

• •

·~ ... , . . ......... h, -·

..

'

c ' ' ~

• ~

' • ......

~

• .. " "

U IUI --·-----= --·-.. _,,_......,,_ ----------.......... ... --••J• __ .... __ ._,.. ... ..., __ ... -· ... --·· -· .. ---... --

... -.. .... _,. _. ...... ...

.

•

"' ........ ., ... - °""""' Mon. the~ of U.p,_\ wvt. Eu~ lllOlllal ~~al OenDaa .._,i ID 8olltli Brull .,,.. lo)'.t t.o lbt ~1 whldi allrcod WoN 1914,

bvt...,. b1 ao....,. ~1 pro-NMI. TIM ploooori• oommu.n:IO.. 001111i.ted ot • 1)411MU' dtmoor-.1 or 1cn&IJ t•P11M1t1, IMllO~ whom aw11 ot BJUw'• ldtiM wollkl oot. ..,..,. fouDd favor. 811* 1t1•, bow1•1r, •NW, aar-lve 1rou:p of ~UI hM CIOM W ltruU pl"Mbh.11!11 r.oe w-,.riorliy .M worW oon,qu.t, Toda)' IU07 ot \bt okkt ptOple .,.. btwlldeed aod WLb&ppy ~ ha.,. ID­a..d not.b1.7). MM)' oUllna. ·~not ln -.ympe.lb)' w1th U.. Nu.I-....., du not d&N \o ~ ""- .i..ncs.tlM 41f1PW1oiaaUon which bM bee:! lmpc.ed. VII U»ta. Tbe Pf"il"'CN ol U-. peo'*9 oStn '1llt ~ ....._ .. All eueDmt. !DY., for their .... , ... Mid 1IO ..... . -...."41! followiq hM bmc l'llCRIS'-' ,_ ..-.. U. )'OUllW .....

,_.....,AN 0....-'-n. t~ ..w.--. ......._ ot \M ,,_.~ .. a....,

rwi-. am,.,....~ ~,~..pie: ..... _ - - ·-Blt.AZ:IL:

Rs. G.....S. do lill. ••• ••• ......... 11,000 -. ... . .. &ai. O.tariaa ••••• ··- 1, 112..000 .......

1~= .. ...... .... , ........... ........ . ...... .. ...

A.R.OKNTLNA ~---··············· 161. Sii 11,000 ~ ... 0 Connl49 •••••••••••••••• m•• I~=

22,000 10 PARAGUAY •••••.••• ······· 000 "000 ...

Tbele llgvf9 fot W'boat polldoal \UdUI (l't• & .omwhal di.cort.ed lmPf191oa of the lllNngtb or Ad tM111tt1\a. Aou1&1l1 th OenlWMI ..od lul!Me 099\rpy only llllall puta ot the wuJ .,...,, bu\ tb11 U11ually oomtihne la LbeM 1)1.11.t a '°"" bt,h prciportbl or the poputatloo. For • omple, ln the .on.e •tt'ttcht~ aloa1 tbl ool1btrn tdd• ol lhl 1 .. w V.U.1 trom DOfih GI Porto AJepw "° 8atii.a Marl&. tbit ~ c<impre.. to ~ 70 ptf'C*lt ot I.ht populatioa. In the rural ~ aroud 81\l.IMoau U1• proportlo4 II 11 blcb M 7~ pmeoi., alclloqh 111 the eft.7 GI Bl\l.JMUU I• II OlllJ M '*""'- llll U. .,._ lodjeM«l ea the ---.. paa1iais .up ,. i..vtof a a.man lldlollf'ltJ, tht propotftoo .an. bet._. lO ud JO p9r911111.&. n. ....... " ""pofW&lioo .. .... ...- .,.... .. ~ domlaaaU., Ill Pot\.,_.._, wkli a •priaUlq GI\~ ~ .... ........ ...._ n. ~ .t RM Orude .. M .,. IOod tp-. aad ..,.. ~ .. ....... ~ .. - .... ~.,..... .... ~ .. ~*'...,,

,...,. 0....- ,,_ ........... .. 'T Md ...... . .. Glll'llill fD tMl a...d& 0. .............. 0...... ........................ •.O.,..,..... .............. Oa&utM ... , ......... ,.. ...... \Wr_,. ...... ............ ., ........................ ,,., .... A,m...,._ ...Wru ..... UatwN ...... ......._ hl....,...WWk~~ of ....... ....... ta...W .....,__, (TM ........ ,.·- ,._ .oWd bt tqullf ....... ,, d .... .,,........ .... . ...... ,

r

Trm1C111 oftd Co••u1111loa.lioN U'll,f~/Of' .VW Aor~

n. u.turt of tho l.erraln Lhroua.bout 8outb Bru:ll ud nelfbborlti1 l'OJlon• pl&Oelf dtl!IOQhJol In tho way or an orpnl»od rtToh, I.Mp areu remain .,.,o ~Y • wl)dierii.., Motl> ol Rio -Ot1.Ddo do Sul eou\b of &.be Unagua7 V.U.y, utlep\ lbe Jae1d Valley, M Ol*I cn-IAnd u.ed for U'fflelt.ock, wi th onl.7..-ldd1 •i-. lered rMKb tu!adqu.t.M:n. Tbe ~ pan. ol Pa.ranJ aod ol &.nta C.it.rtn.& are 1UD !orated, with oo pemaGent •tUc!rt.. Ia Artent.ina, Co1'1'1to* t. .i. claSoll:r tlUl.Ob oounlr)', while •p&l'lldy .e.tUed Mlalo~ lt mortly \Uldc!Med fO!"llll.

Tlw.outMna at.'" ot Bl'NQ are poorly wppllod wflb rt.I~ ud ..U.weatbor hlgbwaJa. The raltroMt. are narro• pure. 1111~ l~k IJDM will! •toop ~ a.nd m.a.nr 1barp curroa. Fu.rtbem:io~. • tbe map lndlcatc., the m&tn oortb~t.h rail ll.ne doe1 nol p.,.. 1hro111h tbe eld~ &l'OAI of •l\leir:itnt. An a.tJ.weatbf:r b!ch· ..... , i. btlilg built fl'Qm S&o Paulo to Poew Alecre. 11.ha.tbMc oompJetect t.b.ro;lgb CUrltlb6, JotovlJlip, and Bl'lul'.lt:D.W iO F1ortani6polt.. Bu~ lo lhe .t.te ot Rio C:ra.ude do Sul .ectloa.. ot lb.a roui.e are puu.blc: ool1 lo city ••liter. The~ to the w.~rn put.II cl Rio Grande do Sul and ol Sa.at.a Catarlu are oD17 rMll7 ~c for ordln&ry mQ\or vtblcl-. Tbo Pan.-U Plaie.11 ~bot 'be Unt&VAJ Vall•r £.capped whh a lava tonaa&;Son, •blob wet.tben lo LO "wrn ro.ta" (p~ .oil) virtually Lmpt.Mlable Wbeo ""- 81.n.06 rafn.fllll la falrl7 hcav7 lbere '21e )'u.r lOllnd, ordlnar7 motor ttatlle oo umurfactd l"OMh I• olRn lntenup\Od for a da.r lo a wook at• time.

To organtlO llld carry OD MIY OOlltldtrMlle tl)OVf_Q'.le:n\I of mWt.M1 m.W.r:kl OVtf eltbtt ~ ro.- or lbe railroW or Sou!Jt Brull would be a dltlk:ult uoduu.ldo.lo and ooe wh.lcib could 11tan:idy p- \uuiotlced.

• .. AV'.ENOIX ru

WOMEN AS A LABOR RESERVE IN GERMANY

Delpite Uie optlmtulo forteN~ of Nul olllola.11 and Gorman CIOOCIOmle joumall., thcire hu 11<ttuaJl1 beeo UtUe ltltteue ID I.lie ra~ Of plnlul oocus-&Jotl of Germaa women tloc. 1039, lk«ln!iq: to• 1ludy prepared b7 the r.coaomkil DlvWcm of ~ Ol'net or 8ln1.teglo &orviao1. To ..o .,_, .x~l have 0tmiaa Wot:Oeti IOr"od 11 .. bitJtute labor for ~ lnducioed lot.o tM army. Tbe ~' tn~ of womm 1alaf1;1Uy employed, u revet.led b7 .ta.lla.lm publhMd. lo Qc1n&n7 al.net ~. O\Utnak Of Wat, is due malol7 LO lb• ano ... Uoa of n.ew '4srrit.orl91 arid &Q lht lnftuJ: Of fore1gn wom.n.

B1llle 111111merof INQ lbe rtlMn'&Of f~ &abor la Clem:wu' appean t.o Un boea vJrtually n:b.Mitwld. Aceordlq: to lbt Oermao cenlUI ot May l nll, :.0 perc«1\ ot .U Otttn.t.a women fl'Qm l4 to &a wtre lhoa ptolully occupied-# oompwed. wllb 2.5 pe"'8tn ot A.merfCIUI women (loOOOf'd.IQC to lbe eenw• of lf.40), F1trtMnnoro, aa uoeP4.10DtJlt &atp pa.rt of Uie ._i aat.louJ iooome ot '21• German people dtptadld upon tbt l&bof o( \be bo....._wtv• of the a.Mb, whom the ofllclal C4mU9 do- no~ oounl M plottalb' employ.cl,

28

'1'11• SC..Uffool Br..W-Fl'OID the llllDDW' of I 919 1.0 the hcclan.ln1 ol J 04.2. tbe a umber al teal&le ...,.

aod -1&1')' OMtlON covoNd by i..bor Ollet ttaloiiHICI increued from abouL S.I m.llU0111 t.o a.bout 0,4 mWlooa. Th&. lmp,..lvt loe:l"Mee of I.I millfou al W'Omtft

worte" bM ltftll'loll7 t.:o .coept.ed Lil tM Unhed St.aw. u pn>ol ol the 111oe.. of lb.I NCrull.ln1 procn.m wblcb We O.ma.n eov11nun.ea:l hu caniod oul IHMkr the PreMIH or Wat req1.1lteme1ua. The fo'.114wm.s t.ablee revoat. bowe'f'U, tba1. '21e elftetlve °"' l.nmt.1e l.n Lti. D.Ulllbar cl pin.fully oocup&td Otnna.n wom.ea .,.., aetu.U,,. about. 600,000, W' whJcb 60,000 wu due co the 11&tu,.J Inc,.. to popu­la.tloo. lmport.atioa aad anneu.tfoa Wl:f9 JttpOMiblo for Uie rtl'-

TuU. / .~~1 ( l.P.SI orto): <hl"1wllv Ocn,<td wo.,. 1

A~ Wap and &1ary P.&mtn ••••••••••

"· '-"····················· C. PamllY H.Zpert •••• • •••• •••••••••• D. Otl\dall ••••••• ••••• •••••• • . •• •• ••

8, 2llO,OOO 1. 000. 000 6·m:=

Total.... . . . . ................. U , DIO, 000 16, 600, 000

+"°"'ooo ·= iro:ooo

+.so,ooo 780, 000

~.!f:"- ,.,_,_,.... ... .wy__........,_... ..-.poas-• .....,_ .. IAMI

1G.We 11.--e-.. , ; w~ w.,.. oitd s.r.rw &nwn Wotnea Wap&nd&lary e..ur., Mar 1939 ••• ••. ••••••••••••• •• 8,250.000

AddfUcnui: (I) l.ty Nablral Pocxllatioa Orowtll ..................... . (2) By lnWirD.t Recraltme1:11... ................... ....... .

...ooo ..... 000 ---

Tos.a.t. o.m... • Cll'.l)tO ••• ••••• • • • •••• --. •• !. ...... (8) 81 lmportaUon •••• •••••••••• ••••••••• • ~·······•·•

000,000 aoo, 000

Total, INDaniaot' Geimuy ••••••••••••••• ••••••• 9, leG.000 (4) ..87 Allll4SlolioD ... •·•••••••••• •• ·· •••· · · · · ··· · ····· 400.000

Wome:n w..,. Mid e.J.aty Eam .. , JatHl"'7 104_2 ••••••• • •••••••••• 9, MO, 000 l.octeurt, .w.,. 1919-Jamta.rt 104.2 •• ••••••••• • , ••••••• •••• - I, 800, 000

Yet. e..-.a lbo aumerleU tureue ot' eoo,ooo do. llOL l'tPNlllll a oorrapoadlnc lnClnMI hi \be German tabor force. Part of tbe blc:teMe ta ...,. aad ..i.,,. e&ram .,.. at tb• ~'* of 04ber cateplriee of pJ.ntu.Ur OCCQpkd women, u lhown lo Tabje J, Tbl Ml Jml tl'Om l~ other cial.eJOrt. .miounwd '° 120,00(l l't.nally, \M ~OD ..... .ad ..W,. ~Include Pl'!1-·t.llM WOtk-t l"I, aocf lbtn ill n"Sdilnoe to IRla-t t.ba&. 1bt Otilm1* ol U.. eccu&Q7 bu ln.....s at a ..i.u,..ay bt,p. me th&a tbe aumber ol fW).t.lmt ...orten. OtlclaJ .wlltlct rt\'WJ that Lbe averqe ,,..,_.klDI ...- for women dtopped durhl1 ibe period I ..... JH2 rrom 44.2 boun to ff..6 bow9---ud &.blti I• llp4'9ot tM fact. tb&l 1art911uabm Of fWl·tlmt nm.a"""''"..,.. wortfl:l& IOo ... ltovn ID 19'2 ~In Ital.

29

St,(lR&T

1'\, 1-.ftMl IM...,: Hrttt' ""'

TM 1.taM 00«i1*1oo ra.wi tw a.nun "°"*' bu 1.btnton not IM~ 1ublV.1uWL1 llAct Ui• ous.break ol wv. The NMO.a '°' \lllf ~. ti. b1 lbe , .. \hA~ CJwmu bou.ewh·• ..,.. alrMd7 oarrylnc ao Ut.rtm0L1 '*'"1 wort kMltl ID 100-. )o.d • hLeh bu beooml 00~ hlA•I• \lndlr WM' ooodluo ... Ahhoa&b '*i .. wl•• an noti ciov.oi.d u plofulb oeeupitd, • ""1 ...,._pan of Ult "-' loeonM ti Ult OwmN peopi. b.u Mpendtd upoo \be Md\10\lf l&bor uid -.ptrtor do..uo aw. of &belt •Oll!lm.

Tbe bJttodgcUoa °'...,~OD ooaawnpdoe brM NNktd ID an a"iomatJt ~ ol a lit.tp .MDCIUU1 of wwlt LO the o.r.aa -......i... W'bawYW' ,......._., ol W. t::dMd ~ t.bemW'M ~7 ~Ill UM ktt.dlte -.U, by llle~ ol..,.... ~..,,,"' Lbt ... ~ dooe br u.. ~ ... ...,,.. ... Ult........,--,.. Led: ol ...... a.ek "'doUilnc. lad: d

hall. ... "''°"' ... ,.. .... Pfol'l ti.. made 11*11'1 rota .... - tJw ,.net ........ ,., ,, ,. o.n.-, '-d ~ ...................... u. wlQ..

.,....& ., .._ rro. ~ dll.-,.... ......... ~ • u. ~ .... _......._.....,...~ ...... fl W'Oflw&. a, u..-.ot IHI, ... ~ .. .._.. .. LbtO....-,. .... won.II ........ .._..._ ... ......,,.

APPENOtX J\'

BACll:OIOUND SKETCH or ANGLO-PHNCH HUTIONS IN TUB Nlill BAST

(Thie fo.llowlo.& KIMl.7 bM beeii written by Ml Amuklll atnborl'.1 OD Fr11100-8rk.lab m..loaa lo lht 1.eYarU)

Tbt '""*'' ~ crWt lo 8trl1, predpllat.ed b1 8ri~ don. '° •"'1 Uttoucb plM» fOt Mot.ioat Lo U. r..n, hi&hUlhW Lbe dttp-etaMd ..cl e:bJob.Jo .. ~ ... ot Brtu.h Md FNllliOlt d'I'..,,. ill t.hiil .trM41H M't6.

Tiit ref.Mloili. bin._ U. Spew. 1o1-..,. aod Lbt 0. O.wllin Mi\hOri­.. .._ IOfdl..t. .,. .. Ublt \0 1mpoo,.. ......... LI» Btlllllola ~' ~ ........ ol ... poUIJuil adhitiel of o...l 8pNn; Md~ .... lbe •• ,..... ol U. ...._ .. Mtli Wo die lnil Wodd Wu-, It ii Im~ &bat U. M\WI. .al .,,,,.,,, .... ,._, polltr, ........ Dita...,............... .. ........ __ .. _ ~ .. , ..............

...... W- la lM Sw Ew,. -u.u.r del. ............ ---...................... _ ..... __ ... .. ,.,..,. "ftt .. 111 ... MM!it • U. ti&1-~ Im ti..e ........ tor..,.,,..,. lo Ult_....

t.lfdit...,..,... . ..... ,. ... .,...,,. 1nlllli1l -. Brl&Mok politr, ...........

00

u.r.tor., .,... d~ br U. ,.., lllat ~ ...,._ cn.lcht be cbrld bJ -w:drieedtr CIO"' l.nt.t•' Oft i.o&allDI btt tro111 llldl&. 8bl llM 9CKl&b1 WI P"PM'9 U.. way tor U. ertatkla Md IUJatanMot ot a Dri\Wl-ooalt'Ollod i..nc1 tOUi. lo

India, &lid tbue 11'11 led '° 11.Mld Cu.vd fOf iba1 yw.n 01ter lbe tcrrl'°rW IDWS• rit1 ol tbt Tu:rtW. Er:upC,.., 8bt thtf'Ofort tan.red lot 111ao.r 1mn tM meolioll ol tho lrl:&lue q.io, or 1&11111, Lb&~ •ht prtlmed to -.a, br any ehllt to Ute Ntu EM-. bt.lu• ot poww.

""'~" w ... w w ... "l'betnt Wortdlt'ar,wtUl I .. -~ idee•oo•beNcuud Mlddi.r...t,

p._ced Brf&Wt saptltJ wl'-' Ot.l.r om~ •tdJq w:t.dwk tor a bu•u .,..._ uat.IJ 0.. t..bt,.. ~ b)' 1'1tbr. TbU WM U. ert·h"+-t cl a-.. eoofedtnt.ioe "' Arab ......... ..,. l.rom * oAd OUom.e ~ ud ,..... 1n1dtt Bri .... , .........

Br.tall ................ ,~-... a.ad ...... ,. ....... .. ........ f.UtMrtel\Wr ........ Pl'P'*~"-'-"' ,,... ...... ..... ..,..,._..,., 1 ,,.,.,~•1M'6111tom~.ay.

,.._ ......... ..,...,.. .. ~ u. Drtu.ai ...... la u. ..... ., &M .,.. w.w 'K• • ~t a.e. _........,., ...... __... se ...,_ Mid ;..Mlw A.llcto-"-- ,......_ '"- ...._ dm ••ML n. aou.w. ~&. .... ... Of lite ......... ~ ~ .... 8ritW. U>d F1-d. allfl&ry ,__ ..

~ ~ ........ and .... sw-4 b7 u. ..... J)lu Cl~ wh•. w ...... ,.. .. Nhmd '° panid' ,.,._..,~kl llll 'l'WkWI ..-.u... ~ -~ ., Fttoct. MiUtority ~l Lbe .... Wl&&enaotM d.Mel troc. u.lill .... u.

,,...w.,~

fallowilll \l.llMlW-.OLor)' A'*-JMIJ to t0lve lbe Neu P.utem q11411tloo &i tbt PW POMt ColU'el'tnot. Att,SO.Fn!oob Ni1-\loat ooedt1ued to dewrtonu•.,. PNiw.h l ,_Jll O\M4o4ld. th• Arab 0o'l'tma .. n~ •t vp by Brftilllb amui In Syria, ~d "-nt.11 dJploruoy Mp&lat41d • ...,.,.w "'°' tnatr wtth TUrk•r. n. 0~1\lrldtl1 war, l&rply lnltUlcfb)t M h Allai.r-,_dl tLNgle bob.lad t.bit ....,, t11ct.d 111 1922 wllb lbt ov..Wml&11 dctl•l cl \bt Oretb. A.n °'*" bl"Mk buween 8ttS&ln &DIS '""'* ....... lr ..,.......,1, •vtnid . , tbilll lilM.

n,. GOlllPM'UI ve rLMiiWaaUoe ot ,,.., power polit1ot bl t.i. N., 'PAM. IClllh'lt11 lbt Tr.Ly ol i.....n..,.. La I t2I u4 I.hi .. ,,...ioo b7 rm.. ol 1.M S,.n..n l"h'Oll 111 ll'n~ ill a bfW llJMlti.tdrlOI ~~ .. ~~ ret.. dci.illU......,.MtdJ............,

n,,,,....~

<>..-.. .. ~~ ............ 1*: ......... .,.,,. ........... .... i.,pq .......... w...-~,... ......... Srna • Brt~ ~ . ............ .........,. ••'•p=l.tb .... ..,_.,,.,.... ....... ~ ,..... .... ••u..t... ,_...._ Anb Ud .. .....,.... ~ P""W, .-, U. ,,_.~to Brit' t ;; wJ MM pw....., ..... 'h-. ................... "-'"'- iDbtrm.U,.lif I,. _,. t. .... lln..a. ud ,,_... .. "* Near ran.a ~ ...._

I

Fl'll#IOt ~ Mt lyriM ~.i.tLloiM M • ......,i df~l d ber N_. F.-w. !!OOGOmi....ht.i:rN 111--. ..Mt ol '* t111llWJ toft""'"'1tloli \0 lbit OClllUM6 "1e1.or7. Thi. .un~ r.i.torMd "' lM r,...i. "'-• b7 \he ..,.. u.1'1a, ltM t.11 -.lai..IMd. ~ 1111..,,.lutnl ~ ol ...,,_ d ~ tldllll~Uona, bJ •lloo..ift '-ob IO.,.,.....W I• lllt -r111 1-. 'nl1 tu11 vlp or Df1lWI OW01lt.ioll .,..t...U1 "'blldtd wlU. Yll JIMMlt ol u...

ntoqfM>l,ll \.ht pM\ lWl!ll\.1 JHl'll Jl'rU1ot'1 foat ol •&nda.\Or)' po'll'lr la.,,.... bu no\ been• llAll'Pf Ollt. P'Nllth opl• i.>11 hM i.. tiMil.ntd '° looll an:tavotably 011 lilt wllok ld@a d a hWMlaW tot tlyrt., -.1111 l.n ll • "-"1 b...rn.i, _.l\.b fttt -P1.-liil1 ptl"i)qrM, \'arlo•i. tna.ntlllJ nt••P'..- ti..,. altfiboui.d llWIJ or ,,.,...., S7rlM1 trouble. "° AJtllo-Amf'*" l,..i..1411• Cl" bnpQ11b1c u uawOf'r· •llll lJ'IW• upoo • l*lPlt •tt.. ......i1111 "° Ult PMina lWlif. ,...111..,..tJk or IO'ftnllinl __.,... undiet IOttd.IUou o t ~ lnWn!allolla.J l'llalloN. n.... fttli• b4Yt .OO.ldfnd \lit ptlulplf oil llM ..... dlk I tbaclrlt And lbit bwlil ol Ollol ti &M .,.. ... " dlllMllltl. 1".IWlf Ms ..... ~ IA the Mll•laiil'lrallo. ot tM IA•Mlltt& .. .

~n..,A~•

'n..Blu:• 0o.,.,._...,.,..,_ .. llM10tffMaM87""'• ~ Ntf­al"9f a \li,_.1• S*ioc1 WM wldM7 ~ la p,.... u U.. NMllt el rn..b ,....... to ant .. , ....... ot lilt ....... •'"""""' ...... b)' .... .......,."' :<....,_. _.... • ._. ,,._.. ltlu.t ~ ~ h·ed'rpptd llOm '1re .u.tt bJ BdM 1awcr ...... Mid,.,,...",

,.,... ... ,....., ...... -·~~~ ~TUrbt" ........... •• r~ 1'niM:r,....... .,.. • .. ""' ._ •• ~ .._ ........,. ............ ,. ............. ti,...,_,., .............. ,.,. l.rdu MlllA ............ " .... ~ ........... u. ...-.. FNMll ~ ................ ..... .................. ..... .......,.,. .. .... ........ ...., .. ~ .. 'lrwNtl• ..,_. ......... ., TwU, Ill .............. .-.L. ........

w.. .... ..,._....,.,,...,.....,.~ ...... --g., ............. ,._27 ........ ., ........... ,.,.,o1 ... ........ rlftlrf ...... u. .................. ,...,..,.,.... ..... ~-~ ..,_ ....... _,, ...... ..,...,. ......................... ... ... s n a.·....,.... ... ._ 1w • ......,.. .... ., • .,,.., .... u..-... I t ................................ ~ .. ..._ _...... ,, ___ .. __ _ ,......~_,..,,...,,.. ......................... ~ ......... ,,... ....... c.--..

··----·

\

•

Ollce ot Slnle&ic Senlceo

THE WAR THIS WEEK

Althouah the ~raala are clO&ing thtir pi.noert about the i.nne.r deJeJllC!I or St.aliugrMI, the reduction or that city may 1Ull invoh·e • oooUy liop. lo both the Oro1nyi t.nd Black Sea ,....,,. the 0- drives ha'·• elo..-.d. and a 6n&I

dceioion in Ibo Ca- (if Lha1 ii Ibo Nuis' inl<OI) 1Ull lies some weeks in t.hc future.

Ro1nmel'a long &Wflit.ed blow baa fallen i.n the 110uthcm teci.or or the Egypt.ian front, but. it iJ not. yet clear wholber dlis it a lerious lh.ruA for the Delta or • dri\·e for limited

objttciVftl The Oe.rmans continue to prt:SI Lava.I for coneemlon.t in

Africa and ~1ctropolitan .f'rance. LAval ii pliant, bu\. the

t..finister of ~farine, AdmirAl Auph.an, is reported t.o have

,...;,U!d Naai demand> bolh for a Fra.ooo-Oennan dclrnoe agrttmenl 00 AJri<a t.nd lor the 1>1ittoder or Fr.nth ......

chant ""'llAP· lo~ l<Oliona in Spain appMr lo be

mourltinc. In the J.'ar Ea.st. t he JApaneee &rc6Xoculing ~i ... o with·

draw.it in China and hive oullen!d rurtl1cr rev.- In the

SolomoN t.nd at lillne Bay In New OW-. lndood .-01

Allied su- in tho soulh-1 PaciSc ha.-e ooiably

1trengthcoed our pGlition tbett. Some obeen-en1111M11while interpret th.,. Japa.- wi1hdra"ala r.nd tho euddon reeip· tioo ol Foreign Miniltcr Togo aa poinlin« to an .... 1y Alla<k

on SibeN, but ti-lo-are atill dtlinitcly in the reolm

ol speculation. The imponant UJban oen1er1 in India .,.. bellnninl lo

re.tum to a more normal life, bu1a18\t.lemeot is not. yet. in

1

Szau:r

ai&hl and a general civil diaobedienae camp&ign remaiJll a dislinet P<Obabili1y.

TM s• of &.liogrod The Oerman4 have now reached the inner dofolUIC6 ol Slalingrad. On the north, aouth, and "ul they are appro•­imal.ely 15 miles distan1 lrom the city. EJ<cept lor the river to the ea.1, the defenders are in a s1atc of •iege, harassed by continual day and nigb1 air au.acks. North ol Kletskaya, ho"·over, they have succoecled in recroasing 1he Don behind the Oerman lines. Al re1 lhereisnosign that Stalingrad i,,.bout to rail. Tho accomp'1llying map indicaU!s that in the Pl'St three w«lai the Clemwa' progress bu been notably alower than in the earlier phMes or their olTensivc. Five weeks ago the in­vaders had already occupied ttlOll of the Don bend. Three ..-eeu ago lheit mechanised oolumn.s had come up againot stubborn Soviet resistance in the Kletrikaya area and bad penetn1~ oe>ulh ol the river beyond Kolelnikovo. A week ago they hod reaehed the Don alon,g it.3 whole counMl a'iid had established a new bridgehead north ol Stalingrad. Now, wilh their pincerw cl--1 on the city, tho Nazis may be lacing a COfltly siege.

AMpa and NovorouiW.; tM Tram-Ca~ Whh the fall ol the amall port of Anapa, the slow German advanes on the Black Sea litton1l may be within three-miles ol Novo.-il$k. The liege ol this latter cl1y baa probably already begun. A gtftter menace to the Soviet politioo on the Black Sea COMI, however, appears in lhe rtport that crack German mountain unita have taken tho Klukbor P90b on the Sukbumi military highway. Such a move mighl repreeent an effort lo outllank the Soviet dtfenders ol lbe Black Sea porta by st.riking al Sukhwni aouth ol the moun·

2

•

---__ .... .. -~,. ___ ..... - ..... .....,. ., lll lt l lt~ .... loo .... ---.....-,. ........... ' ---_..,_

,

- .... •to.__ L fM

- ---- --, •

-

'

,. .i-...

' p

S Ii A

. l - ....... ... M.A.

••

s­lain&. On the olhu hand, the·~ of the - mill>t be a puttly dd"""'"' <llon to prol«t the .,..lhml 11.u>k of the G<nnan divioioos driving-• tonid Gromyi from a -"ble RUMia.n surpri9e incunion.

Around Groanyi the Soviet def..,_ have op.in olo"'fld I.be O•rman advance, which ii apparently nearing Oudenn ... And .,. .. beyond Oroanyi th• Russianl! will bo favored by lho low foolbills belwetn Guderm .. 6Jld the Calplan. T he fllll of Gudennes, however, would cul oil tho rail and pipe line C10nnectiooa ol 1.he Groan.Yi &rea.

Ootpite I.be I.brat lO lhe poMM °''tt Ille -lem ea • ....,. mountains, ii is still likely I.bat I.be nail> ballle for I.be -rr. .. ea- will occur In lhe ..n around ~hkhacl>·IWa or O.rbent, perhapo nol until ae•·tral ,.-..J<• from now. And by Liia< time the puoet of the Caucasu! wlll bo fi lling wilh snow. Aeoordlng to • source .. tensibly with Oerman 11af! oonneetion1, the N &ais Are already cliuatiafied with their progreoe in Rulllia, and f .. I lllal the Tr...C.uw"' cannot be taken lhia ytat. Th<lr p! U. now IO Olpture Sl&lingrad and io .-Ii the Caspian, and lhett6/w io cul off oo for 11 _.Ole the ._.,,.. of the Tram-Cau.....,. from I.be - of RUlilia. A!r.dy Genn&n oolumm from Dilta ha'" probably ~ I.be c..pian from the Kuma Ri•tt IO tho lll<Mlth of the \'olga. Tbi1 advan .. ac""'5 lightly d•londed terriwry nuy rep,_,01 almply an effort IO prolecl the north flank of the Nui drive in the Oro1n.yi area.

TIN Black Sea l'lttt With I.be ix-n• ""'°ate to the whole ... , C.UCMUI ahott,

au.ntion baa once opin eontced on lhe a..-.. Black S.. Flee!.. U the C.UCUUI ii entittly loot, lhia - ~ face t11;·0 altemat.iviee: internment in a Turkiah pon. or cutt.ling. lo 1918 lhe Russian asilort of !he Block Sea Fleet pr<lerred IO

8

-

blow up their lhipo rather thaa to h&lld them over to lhe O..rrnana. In the opinion ol a Soviet obeerver, the Flcel'• tradition is now M> alrongly roo~ that it would never aurrender, even in the most hopelees situation, but would again act exactly u it did in 19 18.

Acoording to the aame obeerver, the fleet inoludea tho old battle.hip PorirMJw.iJJ Kommuna (launched, 1911), I.he cruilel'I KramJli Kat!A:az (1916), KratnJli Krym (1916), and C.\monaia Ukraina (1915), theaircral• carrier Sl4li~ (1937-22 plan4!1), and numerous dtstroyel'9, submarin4ll, 1'tJr]X!do boat:a, and amaller eralt, - or them buil• in the lasl five yeus. It.I Commander-in-chief i5 Admiral Philip S. OkU. bl'lki, •ho ,_ from a atolcer through the rant.. to the eom· mand ol the Black Sea Fleet in 1938. WeU known u ooe of lhe bullderw ol the So\-iet Pacific Fleet, he supervieod per­aon&lly the delemo of Sevuwpol (accord10g to !he Rmaian prw) aod wu the last commanding officer to leave I.he !ortre.. An active member of the Communiet Party, he ii in bich official favor, and is considered one or 1ho "airong men" of the r<gime.

Thf R"'li<'" Cenld and U.. NOrlll lJi tho Rahcv l!CCtor, General Zhukov's monlh--0ld count.er·

olTCDlive, while forced baek around Modyn, has taken Zubt.tov and """'bed the defemeo of Rahev. But it hal f&iled to crack the main German delentivo 1yatem and may already have lpent ita force. In the opinion or eome Ameriean military obeerver1, Zhukov'e 1- in men and maUritl have been out of all proportion to the ground he hal pined. Ameriean jo~penni1ted for the finl time thia year to vilit the &lhting linee on the eentral lroo•­have, however, ...,. little evidence of th- heavy OlllUAllieL

lMt nek..,.d'• air attack on Hebinki, whkh ecored clirocl hltt oo a br&11ch l~ph offiee, a large military warebowe,

'

and a loeomoUve repair lhop, waa, io the opinion or a ...u. planed Am<rican obaetver in Finland, the most eu..,..ful bombinc in this war or in tbe Winter War which preceded it. Other reporll from UclJtlnkl au"""t that the Germant have aent several of their mounl&in divisiona from North Finland lo the Caucasus, and have replaced them with three newly­formed mounl&in clivieiona or older men. A pollible further eign of a manpower lhortage on the £Astern Front ii the r<>­port that the Nuis a.re oow training Finnish volunleol'I !or aervice •ith the WU.""""111-or perhapo u replacemen1'1 for the JOL'J<"' battalions of Fiona now apparanUy fighting with the~ on the eouthem Ruaoian front.

In the much.Wmbed •port ol Murmansk, Scl\iet. morale is evidently atill compantively high. A~ to a Rwt­lian aailor jw.t arrived in this country, the people ol Mur­mansk have becolll<! IO uaed lo air raim thM the work in the port doe. not lllop duriD« bombardments. All young men beiog in tho army, it is the old men and women who unload the shipo. $pc<ial brigac!C8 remove ruins and clean up the 111....,13 artcr air mids. With meat and fish practicAlly non­oxiswnt, tho Average mClll coll!illls of a plate of aoup and a piece of brelld. Although greatly depreooed by the RWllian reve"""' in tho Cauo.Mua, the people of Murmanak ha.ii every Allied convoy with Joy and 111111 fool that they may ovcnluaUy "in the \\-V, our obecrver conclude..

&mmtl'• Offt:Mi .. in F.VVPI 0.. the night of August 30 Manha! &mme1 a~ .oo

the eouthem Metor ol the F.cYJ>tian Iron!.. While Britiah - r.i.-. .....,,.. that bit immed•ate objective ,,..Y be certain rtratecic d•rt ridgee, military oi.n-ers here do not exclude the polllibility that thia ,,..y be a major o!enoive.

In thia atl&Ck, .mich 11 led by bit two Gemwi armored cliviliona, Romm.I le uaiq lhe bulk ol hit vetAlran Gemwi

5

SIOllrr

ci-n fightcNJ, and baa in immediate ._rve an ltali&n oorpo. Supporting mowr transport is oonoentrated in the Mulhern eecwr. The 0el'1DAn armored columns apparontly advanced through tho llritisb mine6eld8, but there is u ~t no indic"" l ion that they have penetrated main Britil!h 1>00tiona or 0\'01001no any major British force&.

It i1 M yet loo early to judge the ohal'llcter of the action . II Rommel were to break through, he might either trtrakc directly at Alexandria and establish thero a ne~· baae for wppliOI; or he might S•,.ing aouth of the rocky trough that IUllt "'8t~-ard from the ~ttara depreooion and 1trilte directly at Cairo ...,_ 11Dooth and open deo<rt.

!NdiM i1t Enm1y Air Am.ily

In the air the enemy bas been relatively inacuve prior LO thla attack, apparently reflecting a desire to eonouv. tithtr pb.oOI or paoline or both. .\!eanwhile Allied air forct'O have eontinuod lhcir heavy attacks on enemy porto, &hipping, and oupply linOI. Tbeoe raida, togctber with submarine action have taken an incl'CMing toll of ene111y ahipping and may hav~ been the eawie of Rommel's twice delaying his oft'enelve. II is asa~mod that despite aert.ain shortagee, Rommel must have ~u~c1e?t aupplies to auatain active operationa; and there arc tndt~hona that a strategic reserve is being built up in the Mod1tcrranean area for possible use in either Egypt or North· west Africa ..

Bombing attaclta on :Malta and air activity in the whole Medi~ theater bave la~ been &harp\)' reduood. The ehipo or the oonvoy tbat arrivod at .\falta in mld·AllCU'JL ~re unloMied wilhout interfereaoe from Am planeo. '!be failwe of the enemy to attack IUQ'Nla tbat Allis 1tn~ "'-1 have f•lt tbat tbe e.penditure of p1an .. ,... not jualllled even for en important a targel. .\feanwhil• .\f&lta'• rein­fore.cl fichteNJ took the olreDSive and nicled the alnlromeo ol

6

SllORl:r

Sicily, deet:royinc at least I 0 .U.,raft, in addition LO lhoee damaged.

Ntar EM!mt Qukt

Egypt proper rcmaina quiet. Prime Minister Nahu on the elxth annivel'Mry of Egyptian Independence Day ,,:.de an outspoken addrooa in which he profe880d Egypt'• loyalty to the Britiah and looked forward to the triumph or the democracrieo. Scrioua dillcrcnct'O am reported, however, between the Egyptian Chief of Stall', who is suppol'U)d by King Farouk, and the Minister of War, who has the backing of the Prime .\finistcr. The Chief of S1aft"1 loyalty to tho Government is queotioned by the War ~linister, and one oboen.-er believOI that the mtuation might reach a point where the British would be forced io inten'ele with the King in aupport of the Governnl$ll.

Little new infol'lDAtion is available eoncerning lbe Anglo­.French dispute in the Levant. Do Gaulle and Cuey have failed to arrange a mooting, and Do Gaulle has declined

, Churchill'• requeot that he hurry back to London to di.scu.ss the aituation, etating lhnt oonditioM did not yet allow him to depart from SyrLJI. Ilom1nel'a attack in Egypt puts Do Gaulle in an unfortun•l<l po8ltion: to precipitate a conflict in the Levant now would undoubtodly provoke a serious reaction in the Anglo-American attitude toward the Do Caulliat eauae.

In Turkey an improvement in relation.1 with Russia baa been reported. The new Turldab Amburador....,. apparently most oordi&lly rectivod in the Soviet. On the other band at 1- one Turkish paper bu tnated with oonoern an article by l'Tofl'llllOf ~ o( Columbia ltating that the Alli-. must not again ~t tbe mw or dmyiog Rll!llia an outlet. through the Oardantlleo. Repercussions al this entirely u:nollic:W article even appeared in Turkish Government cin:I.,., one obaervor believeo.

7

Smin

TJi. 0...-"' and DoJ:ar The defeneeo or Fnmch West Africa and the transfer to the

Na1is or merchant tonnage controUod by Vichy were c!Ucueeed by Laval and high German repretentetivee at Nevers on Auguat 27, according to a well-placed infonnant. Admiral Auphan, MJniater of Marine, and other officials accompanied Laval.

'The Oermana oought Vichy'• agreement IO a militazy obl!lervtt or control cormnisaion at. Dakar, in return for pt:...,. mitting the Fnmcb further to strengthen the defenses there. Our informant also believes that the Germans offered to 11range • general Fran~an agreement for Mie defonlC of French North and West Africa. Although Laval is "'" ported to have approved thia propoeal, Admiral Aupb&n, objectil13 that such a pact would invite

0

Anglo-American at.Wk, apparently thttatenod to tteign. Laval WM obligttl to pu\ aaide for the time bein& lhe prosx-1 defensi,-e pact, bu\ io belie\-ed by our informant to have COlllll!Jlt.ed to the oen<ling to Dakar or 90llle kind of German obeen·er or com­mission.

The Cm110.n1 are reported to have oought to send a Stuka squadron to Oaklr at an earlier dato, but BoiMon, the Cov· ernor General, while "'illing to have tho planee, threat<?n!'d to ,..ign ii German pilot& carne with them. lloia8on ia undWllOOd now once &pin to have proft'ered his resignation, preoumably in connection with Laval'• new negotiatioDAO. Pit&in, 00..-evtr, bat ordered him to oon\inue at Dakar. ~feao•iille General Barreau, the Commanding Officer in Dakar, and a man ooMidered very friendly toward America, ia expeet.ed to go on indefinite leeve, to be replaced by • naval offiecr or unknown l)'mpathl ...

The German controlled P"'"' bu been giving inareuinc attention to the Allied "meuae." io Northwest Africa. Lately it has aee\laed the Unit.ed Su.tee or planning to teiae

8 "

the Atlantic ialanda and thtn Dohr ., convenient buee for tho tranlfcr of troopo from Brasil ac ..... Africa io .f«ypt.

At Nevm the Germana apparently &1ao demanded •total or 200,000 tone of merohant shipping. Our eouroe 1Ugceetl · that Laval will coneent to tum over the 70,000 tone of ehiJ>­ping now ini..mod in French port& wbiah belo!lgJI to oountri"' a\ war with Germany; but Laval may try to avoid turning o'-er the belanee in Fm>cb lbippil13, lor a time at least. Ad.mini Auphan, our infomw>t mt .. , strongly op.-! the 1Umnder of French tonnage.

Collalx>rotion Mtaturea at H.,,.. In •upport of coUabomtion al home, Laval is said to have

sent tho Germans .. telegrt.m or congratulations following the Dieppe alf&ir, and "'have ligned the Manihal'• name Al weU u hia own (it is noi definitely known whethe: thio ,..., with or without Pitain'• 000..-ent). While Laval migh\ weU con· 1ider this an easy way Of cr&tif ying the Axis at DO CCII, evidence of further material collaboration appeani in the report that Freneb po .. ·der ractorica at Bergerac, ToulOUMI, and Angou16me (the 6rst two in Unoccupied Franco) will produce nltr•to ccllulose for tho Germans aft<?r October I. Ono informant believee that German orders now amount to 80 to 90 percent of indW!triaJ production in Fraoce.

Laval is apparenUy pl&nninc partially to meet German dflmandl lor l&bor by lhe depo"'tioo, lint. of Jews, and then of other foreign groupo. 0..pil.6 1uoog pla.e from the Vatican and the Unit<>d SteteS, La\'lll bu ap.,..renUy not relent.ed in bis reponed pl&n to expel 10,000 or mom foreip Jews who have Bod to France illepily linoe 1936. More than 8,000 have &!ready been eent to Oennany, acoordin& to one oou,..,., From Ocoupied Franec oome re~ru or. con· centrstion eampo in which aeveral thou.and Jewioh children have beell l&ol&t.ed and their identiAcatioD ""pera deettoYod·

II

S!Oll':f

In whal may be an elrort to lhow wt he ii -..nii.i.. atuchecl lo ttpUbli<an inotiiuliont, La,-.J bu aulhoriled tbe .,..lion or "&dvioory'' dtpor1me111al -ncilo. At the AJDe time, ho-..-w. he l>M ...-.pi away the lNt ,.~ or P&rli.unenl&r)' oonuol in a dee .... abollohlng the Senate and the Chamber of OcpuU... Tbcee bodioo had long betn P"'hibltOO from ...-mbling &xcep~ by llJ}lliC.hd convocation, but they hsd apparemly betn meeting lnlonnaJly, '° the annoyance of Vichy. Advioes !uggctl th&ti Laval may now tt10rpniui the purely ocm1ultali10--e r\ ational Count.ii a.s a .op lo Republican otnlimeit.

I~ TCftf'ioft 11t Spa.in

. Cum.ii ...WOn bo•~-.eo the lfonon:hilu and the Falan&" 1! great.er tlurn At twy previous time, according t.o n. rel.b.ble and well pl•c:«I o""'"rv•r, and the nouiblllty of on exp108ion can not be ignort'<l. Tho immediate;"""" l!i tho bomb cpi!ode reported IMt week, in wbiro promlntnt membtrs or the Falange wcre alltgedly implicated. $ov...U rooignations of high govcmmeal ollicialt are expected, among them that of the l\"ar Mlllilltt, v.,., a man of Royalut aympetlllea. Tbe ;,._-bu bem agitating aboui 1.he need of loyalty in the Pariy at thil time, and politioal unreot ii ge>eral, aooording lo diplomatic toUJOOI. A number or prominent Royall!it lcado111 have oome in Madrid. Franoo'o preatige ond nloral .elAnding are re.Ported t.o have auft'cn.od severely from. hil 1!'11uro lo oondemn the Bilbao outrage, and his rei.t1orui wllh the Anny may beoomc further atrained i i the death penalty ii not imix-t on the nlr•n6'ra Some.,,.,. .. indicallllc nm..an.,, lo Cennt.n dmwid! bne _,. lrom ~adrid. Sp.nilb authorilioo.,. -ried 1o ha,.., relUllOd ""'"""" vlou lo - 60 GennaN who wwlcl ha•-e been appoiat«l 1o auxiliary eervios of the Oennan Embury. A iSui requen for the nmoval of the Captain OeoeraJ ol

ilO

a.... Baroe1ona bu al*> been doclined, .... rdh>c lo diplomatlo eou.- iS or waa I.he Corman _,,;., millioD 111...rul in attempting ic &<> o--.,, the hoods of the Spanilb negotialillc oommitiee. Th8e ii no indicat.:ioo, however, that the lautt made much be&dny in iio tnldlng wilh tbe Nui&.

Japo.11Ue fVt'lhdrau.'Gll Japaneoe ea.rnpl\lgrui in the Far EMt were cwcr&Uy elw­

a.terued by •·ithdrawals during the pell week. Aa the Cbine5e advanoee ln Chekiang cont.inutd, it •v evident that. tbe Japon<M wtte undortaking a wholeeole evacualioo of the areu which they had only .....,,t)y oonquerecl In the IOUlh• eutA!:rn Sotomon1, alter a. ha.rd &kinnilh 11oith Allied air ~w, Japeneoe naval lo,....._pperently tither unwilling or UD$ble to p,_ 1he A&ht decisively-•;lhdrew. Al Milne Bay in New Ouinoa, whtro A Japanese laodh11 party nm into an Allied trap, they again withdlew.

Only in the Cilbon., where they already pa in .-ion of Makin ltland, did the Ja- ma~ard. Hm, appemitly op!na• no oppolitioo, lhey ~ lbeit cocltrol IO<llh,,.,.twatd LO include l>awu &11d 0-.. hla.odA. In the AleuU&lll loO the Ja- ...... 11, ...... been in~y active, J)OMi~y indicating plans for further oft'enah-e tDOVM, but u yet the1e have not been mad@. Japaneee planea have been eighttd around Atka lsla.nd, whlth Ur. 60 miJee or more eaatward from Adak l"1and. Adak Ii.ell wu previoualy tho ...i.mmoot t.rea in which the Japan- dilplayed any marJced inieroo1. Signa of increaeed act1"1iy al Kilb are not wanting, and may even indicate the arrival of ...w • ...,....,.._

Pig/th.,.,. UN Mllldll Mdo>lmOn P,.., Amela lrom ti.. ocniinuing air dllel, ¥1.inc on the Middle

Mel•nei•n front ii now tt!ltrided t.o she naaed area uound

11

s-Kokoda in Now Guinea, 60 m.ileo aoroes the Owen St&nley R&np from Port Monoby. Ground uni&e cluhed abarply btJe this week, ud Jap&neoe P'-Ul'O baa inc'""8eli Ra.n­foroe:nent.. oontinue w arrive in tho S&lamaU& """'·

While an overland drive to Port Moresby ia still not an impoeeibility, the aecurity or this be.se bu been greatly atrengtheotd by OW" oew position at Milne Bay. This otratcgie inlet at the aouthea.stern tip of New Guinea domi­nat.oe the Chioa Stmit, virtwilly the only channel throu&h the barrier roel1 and ill!Ands .,..hicb extend -twatd from the N"" Guinea mainlaod to Rossel bland, -rtllllOSt or the LouisiAde Group. With Milne Bay and the BOuthe&st.ern Solomooa in our .,.,_;on, a •ueecasful Japaneoc advance on Port More.by by- ia unlikely. On the oontrazy, the Japa· .._ position in Middle l\l&neoia u.kes on an increeiiingly defensive Mpeet.

Allied air sue~ Jn this area have been particularly notable. Jap&nelle altaeka on our newly-pined air hue at Guadalcanal hne been repulsed with *">' losses to the Ja- and inoonaequeotial caau&ltiea for tho defende111. At the Japanoee air baM net.r lluna on New Guinea, 10 Ze"'8 were eaught taking oil': lilt .....,. de8lroyed, two clamaced· By August 29 Allied airmen at R&bo.ul were encountering Zeroe of an old cype, elow and unable to obtain altitude, and our airmen in this theater appeared definitely to have the upper band.

Withdrawoll in Soutn.a11m. China Hard OD the heels Of the withdrawing Japaneoc, Crui­

lroopa ._.pied Cbekiang's two moot important airport towne-<:b'U-hlien, on the Cbekiang-Kianpi railroad, and U.ehui, northweet or Wenobow. Chungking announcee that ito toroeo are now approaching 1be railroad city of Cbin-hua (Kinhwa), whe~ another ~d ia oituated. At the weotero

12

I I

8BClBl!T end of the railroad, in Ki&npi, the Japo.DMe have fallen back on their baeaatNu-dl'ang, where lheCbineoeclaim w ha\'6 earried the fight into the suburt.. In Kw&ntung province, other Japan- withdrawabi have opened the way for a Chineoc advance aoutbwatd along the Hankow-Caoton raiJ. rood.

Japanu• Pl4m: Slbtrior The evidenoeo of Ja- 11ithdrawala in China and re­

venet OD the Middle Melanolian froM, the appeeranoe or aeoond-ratc planeo in the latter theater, arid 6nally the eudden reaignation of Foreign .M.iniater Shigmori Togo may all point to tho lone expected attack on Siberia. a.me. officials, who have been 80me" bat pu11Jed u I<> the meaning of the JapanClle '"ithdrawala, now appuently are oonvinced that the trooP6 are being aent north. Some 60,000 Japaneee lormer\y in Cbekiang, they belie»e, have been sent to North China. General Joeeph SUJ,."tlJ, now in India, bu himself tubscribod w the Siberian theela, aecording to newspaper d .. pelebel.

TM Ruignali<m of Togo Togo's reail!JlOtion eepecially ba8 been 11idely interpreted

M preaacing the Siberian atlaek. Justification for this view ia derived lrom the put whicli Toeo is ~puled to ha"e pla}-.d in eaoing R.-Napan- relations during hia term., Amb&s­aador at llfoooow (1938-1940). and from the fact that Japan bu avaided dillieultiee with lhe So'>ieta while be hat been Foreign Minister.

Other obocrvers point out, however, that Togo's resig­nation might just ., well point to the oppooite oonolu.eion. His career bu been marked by German in.8uenee. Ria wife ia German, bia oollep ttudiee at Tokyo Imperial Uni-

18

-· ... ,•

SllOUI' v<nity were primarily de,·oted to G<rman litMature, he b .. boon AJnbMsador to Germany, and be w .. regarded 18 one of tho prime enginocrs of the antl-Comlnt.om pact. llis retignation might, th~rcforo, be construed with equal logic .. Indicating developments in Japan dilplcaaiog to Monds of Cerrnany-i111ch .. a Japaneeo de<:ilion not to att&4k Siberia.

Tbcoe obeervers at.o point out that Togo'• relinquilbment of tho Minlatry of Foreign Affairs may amount merely to a further ltep towanl the elimination or civilian influence in the cabinet. Until further e>-.nts abed li&ht on the reaaona for the 1hilt, theee observers feel that apeeulation M to the lignific:ance of Togo's resignation mu!t remain pure gu-.

In the past .. ·eek, meanwhile, no changao have been re­ported In military diBpooitiom aloq the Siberian border.

Ja7>0,.... 'l'realmrnl o/ A,,,.,,...,,.. There l!Otlll8 t0 have been ncithor rhyme nor ttaeon in the

variations ol treatment or.Americans in Japan and Japanese occupied territory, according to a oompet~nt observer who ht1a hod opportunitiea to talk at length with many of the ~ngers on the exchange ship Gripth.olm. In Tokyo for inst.a.nee, 90me Amerie&n citi.JeIUJ we.re Unprieoned, eome were interned in a ca.mp, othen we.re interned at. horne, &nd it.ill others were left free to move about the city. Some Amtrieano in Shanghai""' allowed the lreedom or the city, while othe11 were kept in 10titary confinement. Some cili· 1e111 had all property eeiu.d outright, while others had their holdinp eamully liMd and filed by Japo.neee authoriU... ThtJe wu an ob,ious animus apin.i newopeper comopond­enll and a l!J'Udse apin.i cerlain OUMionari• in Korea, but in very few of the other cus wu there any evident reuon for the partieulAr type of treatment meted out.

H

E°"""'"ic COftdili<IN in J ""°" p,._,gero on the Gtip•holm reported a variety of ohortageo

in Japan. Thero ,. .. a ooverc shortage of fiah in tho finrt three montha or 19'2, attributod by f!Ome oboervero to ocaroity ol gMO!ine. Rice and augar have been put under a rationing oyol<'m, "" weU u ealt and moot. Leother ii ex­tremely hard to get, and there ii a ahortage of pepcr. The clothing rationina allowance of one hundred pointo aUowo lew purchaoeo, a •inter kimono alone U!ing up 48 points. Drugs and medicinM aze ocaree. The obeervero left, howe>w, that the drutio elYorll which ha'-e been made tO bring linancial machinery under oontrol, to inc,_,. taxco&Dd pre>'l!Dtinfla· lion ha'-e been to a decree ouce<mful, and that there ia a general Ja)lal*e willingn .. to live up to regulatioDL The Ja-are fully orpniaed !or their,...,. effort. Moreover, these obocrv•ni believe that Japan ii 111>"leeding in OOOIOtidat.­ina her economic pocition in the oopquered territories, and that ahe ia growing stronger month ?Y month.

Ja7>0neu Conc.pt of V.. War Wonned ob<Mlrven1 on tho Gtiptholm believe that the racial

aopect of the war, tho !Mk of "throwing the white barbarlADO out ol Eastern Mia," it not t<i be disrep.rcled aa an element In the Ja- concept or the war. Although few of th­obeervero would altempt a puttly oconomic explanation of the war, many of them ,,,,_i the importance of theJapan­feeling that Japan must win a wide alte which ii M noarly u pomible eelf..wlicient, and which pro>ick!e all material• ~ for the waging of war. With but lew exceptions however, U- obeervero left that in addition to racial and auwdlic ooneepi., the J._ qre inJluenotd by a m)'lli· Cl! conviction ol the mitlion of Japan, and the aoourance that Japan wu divinely called to bring order into Eutern Ali&.

~

SIJCllET The obecrver1 pointed out I.bat U.- who bold 1Ucb • faith can only be diM.bused of it by oomplelAI defeat.

Pout• in I ndt'a Although outbreaks and sabot.age are continuing in the

oountry>ide, urban and manufacturing conter1 in India are apparently beginning to return to nonnal. The Eut Indian Railway hall resumed restricted eervice between New Delhi and Calcutt& under military guard. P.-nger1 report, how­ever, 1ha1 alongone~lch of road between Oaya and ~loguJ Seni eYery 81ation has been burned. At Calcut1a, mica pro­duction, a f- weeb ago curtailed by a ball, oow appean to be retuminc to noraal, while about 10 per<ent of the faetory h&nda who ha"e been on $trike ha-. returned to work. NO\'erthe1-, in the t<>xtile industry there ha\'O been furthtt walkout&. AL Madras, the t..-o !argeat textile milt., both ol which had impon.ant army orders, have llhuL down, while at Calcutta 6,000 or the 7,000 employees of a large cotton mill bave gone on etriko !or what are doecribcd aa "purely political rcuon.s."

With the suppreesion of Gandhi's Harijan, the Oovernment h118 now banned virtwilly every import.ant nMionalillt jour· nal in Cndla. Against these pl'Ollll restrictions, the All-India Conlcrenee of Ne~'!lpaper Editor1, meetina at Now Delhi, has vigorously prote8ted. Although the Oovernmcnt hu ..,rused to relax the ccnsor1bip, repol14 from New Delhi AUl!l\WL thAt a new &m1ngement will provide !or the preccnsorlhip of new& by local Government ad'i!en in oolllUIL&tion with local p.­rep19tDL&tivea. Under thie ........,_1, tome new1papen may ..ume publication.

In Calcutta, howe,-er, official iw-ure baa evidenlly forced the reaicnallon of the editor of the S141ama,., India'• te.ding Jl6per. AlthouP, British-owned and edilA!d, the .siotu-n baa alway• Ibo;;. an undmt.andina ot Indian nalionali""

18

8l!CU1'

and in the p.-L em~ncy has appealed for conciliation. Now with a former information chief of the Oovernment ol India u it.. now editor, the S14tum<>n will become little more than an official mouthpiece.

ActUAlly the political eitUAtion in India has improved very little, and a general civil dillobedience campaign ill stJJI LhresfA!ning. Compromlle propoeah advanced thus lar have not gone LO the root of India'• dllliculties. A plan suggeot.ed by Sir Filo1 Khan Nooo, Defense Member ol the Viceroy'• Executive Council for dividing lodia into five autonomous dominiona ie am.,b. the Moelem League's idea of Pakillim reduced i.: ita logical abewdl<y, aeoording to an o~ in l\ew Delhi. Sutb a propooal-pro,;ding for a federai.oo of India u unworkable u that of the United States under the Articlea of Confederation-would pl...e neither Congresa nor Moalem ~·· Nor have t.beoe tl<'O parties u yet oome any nearer to a mutual underetanding-deepilAI a report LO the c1fecl that the Vico-Preoidenl of the Moelem League h .. Mkcd Jinnah to ~gin negotiatione with Gandhi. Mean­time a reaolution adopted by the Working Committee of the Hindu Mahuabha tlio orpniution of Orthodox Hindua­bas called ror the immedlaLO independence of India and tho formation or a national go\rem.meni consisting of reprl'8ent-­atives of all partiee, threatening drBBtic action if I.he Brilish reject theee propou.ill.

u;.po.,,.AmtrW>nN...trolUvPoal The retiring Afsenti,,. Am"'eee"'>r to SJ)6in ia r«urning

to hia country with the draft of a neutrality Jl6CL to. wbl~b the adMrenoe of Sp.in, Portugal, Argentina, ~ Chile.'"" be oougbt, aeoordi.nc to uneoofirmed in!~tion re<l!'ved from B...- Aire&. The Jl6CL ~ly IS • last.-DUD~';8 Axis-inapired move to cow>teract the etrocta of Brasil•

17

Sl!OltET

declaration or war, .. peclally in Portugal, and to 6x OhUoan policy berore President Rioa' visit to the United States.

Rioa' vioil meanwhile has been debated in tho Chilcon Senot.e-a debate which produced the first diJICUMlon or Chi!Mn loreign policy during the current Chilean Congrm. Ono Senowr t.11kcd whether, if Chile were going to bl'l\&k with tho Aid!, it would not be better lo do eo borore tho Pl'Clidcut'• trip, thus avoiding any appearance or yielding w prmure from Waaltlngion. No conclusion wu reaehl'<I, and the Senate has \'Oled lo hold a """"'t --.n for fonher ~ Cllllil>n.

C""'-u Rmoltr1 Mezictm Politico

The appointment of ex-President ~ u l\linisttt of National ~JODl!e maru a ~I turning point in both the ~om .. t1c and intemational adiviU.. or the P'-"l Mexican Government. Cllrdenas, who ie expeeted to have complete COMrol or the Army, Navy,and Air Force, becomt't tho moet powerful figure in Mexico, next to l>rNidcnl Avila Cam•cho. The uneasy balance of power which has cbarac· tc.rizod the pretseot. regime from it.a inception now 01ovm dccid?<'ly to the Lert, lor Cllrdenas ropresen ta more truly and effectively than any other person in Mexico the combined 1o.._ or organiicd labor, the agrarian rclonn movement and tho libe,ral and radical elemenu from every walk of lite'.

'The return of C4rde1144 1<I national promincnoe can be expected 1<I instill oonfidenoe in the Avila Camacho Covem· ment on the put of Mexieo'a rural population •·hich is .wferiog considerably bttauae of eoonomio cli.ioc.tiona brousl>t on by lobe war and conoequently bu become prey to the deleatiat, anli....,vemmen~ and anti-Yanke& pros-­pod& or the filth column. The nekly El Si~ for OX&Dlple, which hu been rather ......iully erploitini' lbe poverty and hwipr of Mexican pe&1anLIJ, exp,_i the

18

S!lllllrT

greatest al&nn •t the proepectt or the C'1del144 appoint­ment, indulginc in one of ita rare attacks on the ex-President, whoee popularity with the rural maseee it has generally reepectcd.

1'<!6piU. carllcr controversy ooncerning the poeeible atti­h1de of the new Dclcruie Minister toward the United St.ates, it can be 11&tcd conclusively that Ceneral Cllrdenaa is folly committed lo the mo.t vigorous prosecution of the wu. It can thua be anticipated that Mexico's positi,·e oontribu· lions 1<1 lhe •·ar elfort will be notably l!tepped up, in tenw1

of both military pttparatlon and political vigilance.

APPINDIX I

TRI OHMAN TllANSPORTATION SITUATION ea.. U. wtbft&k fl/, ..., .. 1131~ ..., ~ "-" pndkled lbs eoc.,.

GIU.O....m ; .. .,..,...._, .. Ueh~.._epentlq ..... .,....,.._ t ......... U..an..lltc....,,. .......... e.... ,.,_ .... .......... m-...., U..tt •9'Wtdmea• ~. , ................. ~l "'-k· ...... - .... ~ .. .,. ... Ooou.I ,.,,,_. """""'., ... °'""" 81nc.tP ..,..,.__ 0. u.. OOG.UWJ, k ........ ,.Ible that u. 'l'OlwM ., ..,...,. cu b9 AID twnhw ~ without ...... lmf"'i.nDMI;~ ot Utt Adi WM" •orl

The fr.ct.oft whkb f••Of tbo o.rm..o po.ltlott are: Im~ Ottman1'• abl0l11te dom{udon ol lbt oon11M:tlt.&J r.11 network, w'hl.tb 1\11 made poeiMble the pool.Ill! ol mlabl can an.cl kloomol.lvee for OOta.IOOI\ ...,. wbe"' and wbeo 1.be-1 .,,. mot1 ...s.d.J MOOOd. MW «ilMlnld.loo ot 9QU:lprot11l, Ulit Pf'O(hltUf.o Of wblob .... , .,, ~ t'.l-1 pN'rioul ..WO..W.: tMrd, Uw NOrpDballoo ., "'°"' m·- _ l Wk~ °"1na.1-.&t; .od IM.Qp, t.M .otu1iaa-pardal al...,._..,

... ------0. U. IWltlMt.t u....,.,_ ••~ ~ aarcr........_ u. ,_.."' .. Wctii ...... ,. ... ~ ....... ,.._,~..,..JWObeb\7......., -~WI'-' \n 5 ''W .. oen.ala MW. ... fw\lw!r 44GN .,.,_.._...., to .... ,. a.-.. ua-. Md ~u. .. , .. u.. produ.ot .-.u.n\.161 -Ur..jJatinrt UW O...• C.lliirW

At \he btllonl"' of 1038 the 0.nnJ.o NaUonal &llro.cll Operated 11.700 &Dee of lint, T•rrl"°"4J MIDIDdOUIO &be fttltb h\'t tetreued lhfemllMp164l',l't6, ud U. addl\IM 0.171 mt-. In &hit Oonm"*t 0.eenJ ol Pol&od aod tJM P,. ~1.41 ot Bobeala ud M. ... rla .,. ~ .,.., o.rw n·e·gwl ., ...._ .. ..._ 0-.U. ..,..,. U.....,... ...... abo.l 11.IOO ... ., r.lln:.dlli&ft'-9-..-..dlrtml ........... .......,...p;ip. Dt.w.. ....... ................... ...,.,,,0.-.ndN!ld....Ubu\act.mc_., ..... ...,,. _....... toiawt ~•um .,.., o..... ..-. o1 t ..,..,.., .... ..., ....... - ....... t.\tod....S .. .a ....... UoM. ........,.,. l•k!fnll.111 ~ to • l.J•lled Dlltwwk ud &ocr.Mlarc \be .mc1eix7 ot UMi 11in.­... w'bolt,

lno1btrH\>J111•\tdOO\UI~ wellu lia H\lnP17.ftumat1Sa.aod R11lcr.rt.­tn&n&p-nM!Q\ a!Ml Optratloo art dole~ •UPfr\'liled b7 GtnD.t.n a11U10rltl•. 'fbt mtlhodt .vt \'t '1 &tslbll. lia .ome co1111\IW •uperwWoia k 001t.,otnttd •' ~ "6dq11.tor'-tl ol llM ndllol4, bi oUien ~ Olftd&ll .n .talloold ., .v.wp potl:il# lh;roiupogt llM orpo!aadoe,. la U.. wbole ti Adt &uoPt Otnaant Ullli toolroi. • ~.,....."' ,..__ ........... °' h dMdatd ......... ~ ............

30

....,_,,.._" .....,N......,,._ '-a.-, GtniwlJ 1Mo1 to.._ i- dl•\d9cl !Jlco ihM .,.... lo .ob ot .. ._ • 9"eW ......,. -*'ta. t111porrrilloa o1 t.M Mlallll.ry of T,.,..,ori ~.,. ~ ~w ... ,.., ...... .........., ...... ,,~... ., .................................. ·- , ........... ~ .. u.. .. ....u.u."' ,_.. .. .... ,._i a.- t 1 I .................... , ol ~ ...... WM ........,. ~ T"'1 ._ ... !«I to o.-.,a. Ml'riWdl• llfrll, u..ir -llaf'tn .,,.. promol.t(I troa OINCl.On i.o '*"'"'~ Mid .... ,,....la _,. _,,...._. to .............. 0 ..... '° .... n..w.a w......,..i.a. ,... ........... .o.. ......... ._ ......

.,~ ........ -"-........ .__ ··~--._.. ................................... .... ~.......,"' u. """- .... fll u r nub Di......_ ot .iw,..-..

Ml rMlf1fll,J'9 i. -,....it. Md t'¥ftl telcntd l.11 J)NUNIM -· whb ti!. ,_.,, tlw ....,._.,. tralSt tn ltO WM 11 ,..,.., p'IMlf U- .. lMO. TIMI _,..._,fl/ U. Mllblld OaM1 ta 1131 ............. • 6-......... btl-IM ll* ... ..,u. _.....,. ~ . ... iM.,....." .. Millf' HllJmr c.-1 .. , ... ..,,_... .... ......_ .. ...,,_. ....._ nr.... ......... ........ ~,..,... ..... ~ .......... 'l'Ndr. U..,.....\loa. ..... vl.,-.d • """"' .. ill °""'""' (oall' M0,000 trntb wu. ~ belOft 1.IM ••), tUld I& Mo.•• ti.. .i.- wbollr diit­... 1.1...:1 ~al LIM fl1'I elw.&tea. 'hi. 11M .. ukW W • llill&'t- nMM .. .................... ~-.t--~

n. Jl'NM... ",,,,,_.,.

8tt<1'N tilt •u t.M ~ rllitl'llt.lliil bad • .a Of _.peUIU .. p10,-, bllt ...., or "* a.. .... .m,. ._..*''°I.lit wllMd for.~;, io t8lfoed Md ocJw ......... -~"' ... ,.,.... ,_). -.t .. .---. ....., ot r......t ................. --' ..... _,..._ ........... _,..,._ ................. ..,. ......... ,__, n.1.-.-,.......6',..... .. ... .....- ti U. 0.- NM!elW ~ , .... .llQ.OOI .... ...C 10.oot ,,...._,.Oil.,.,, .. ..a .. to,OOOeLherl~ nu.,._...a pohJr ._,. "•"' atlM'Md lllit ...ttt.l' Md NI.Ability ol opwuloo t11 r.llol lt.w. to..,. utent., "'*' •l ... - ... . , llM beeo .. a.,onur. ,...,, .. Mtll!&Wll 0.,... ..ttol 1' ......... -'.,.....,.. .......

22

,

APPBXDIX It OlllNA AND Tiii Wil-A COMMUNIST m w rn.,.......... ........... o..-2 c... ....... ,..... .. ~ .. a.cur. ". ~ c--.. twt, ............ ..._.... ....... ,...,.,. .. a-cu.. o-.ia..• ......... .., ............ .__. ....... .., _. fJl ..,_..._, OMn••• - t.lpoirlM\ pollw.I. .,..._\:_, B• 111\'till 111 '11rtim.> ilol& Yo11 In Cb.•11• \I&&, .,.,.w tro•.oelal-w.1. •11.b olher Ch-... b')',...... ot hie PM1J' .. .,... ... &M lM "'-1 ot ...... d~•lli. "*' ... .... , ....... hom ... ,.... 0.-..0"9 ......... am... ru. ..,.,.

.,.~a..,._., ............... ........ ai.-o-..... -n. a.;,.,.., ...... Bl'" .Ubd •Mlb# ~ Conu1u11dne .,. .. u.a.d wU.11 .a... CblM. .. ., 11J:-.rt.,

o...i a.~ twe ,..._ ... ·~.,.. ,.,... °"""' '*"' bf\·-~--... ........ ~ - ... , &.ii,. ... &MOldnl 0.-_, ......... ~ ......... ""'*'Y.._ Iii ........ ...... .. &a.I ................. mlll'l&rJ' ~ AhlliMP u. cw-... _,.T -, ,._. .,. ... btllMM 11-'-'0f 111.#oDpr

l)urfnll llM pul ditM J'tllL"" CID t,M 0~ Mllfl. \M .11,..,_ &ll&t1 fllM -k· tMd,Md .... olU..hoalil~.,.--~--- AMOtlUnCl)',&litc..u.I a..-:.-~ ...... ""'"'-""'- ...... ~ .. - ......... ... ..... 1'U .................................. ... Oiil:r" ... '*"' ... ... J....-...a:r ~ .... ow..-'""""' ...

23

..

~- --=--- -- ~

~°"" , ..... t.a-.t1••-.1..,.._r., ................ \he~~' .. ~ .... o..r.a a-.

11U..1.,..... ..._. t•.....i .. .,,.,.., 1..-.,.... .. a... .. M ........ °' ........... """"· c-.1 c-. did ""' dAk l&.t fllllVlar c.a... ""'°"" wou.ld •ltAd. MMICklll'lt.. Mt n&htr U..t , .. Cb1omt o...r. ... t ..... • ua1 .. Ult ..- •hualioll pttdpitai.ed b7 •.-.,,~ llfM.lbdtit .. ......_. uo.iblt at llom.t.. n. Cid.-. C:O..~....,_ a;pect lM Oum.I a...,,_., i.o

ontw 1.llNI '° .c.1.ac11. u.. ,.,,..,._ m M-.horta. "''*' u.i. cwdtr --.. Ottwflll 0.01t ..&d, th• Qi.i.t Cooua1t11ilt. wru Mk tot •If"""' ui •lNllfti.. tWr mnlt.&17 po.l\lo., h ii v.allbl7 t.h&t U.. "'1pplltt will bl to"hoolnlai1. 1'it C.0.1111mi.w .,. not 1.ti.aclr •hbo1u IJwa.. Tht C.ntr..1 Oovem..,nt will MtUee lilt Com.n1~a1N Ci di.obt)'lc.g Of'dera &lld wlll Uttn .... d ltoopt .... lltt '""-·

Oi ... .., "l•~'lf"',.

a..i. ........... bo~ pclWl'M have 1-~ ,...\17 t.ro. "°"'' ol I.WP .............. OM DOW -.,.. Gt.enl Clilo9 ..U., Of Cli'-'e .... ,.,,...... ... Jtll~.._1'.,to .......... o1 .. ~c:wui.1.bt,,_.l~ ., a.a... ....... '; '.ud ..... ~ ................. ,...,ff ........ ...... _....._.. a.. ,._ 1iMp --· - .. .......,., ,... It ........ a- ........ am- 9Cpf' .. .......,.,. .............. \h .... t 0. • ....,.,,. c:w.a.a..- ....... - .__ ....... "'....,..,......, ...... , ............... .... ,._,AW f/ ... Qi._ 0.--...

a..· .... ....__ ..... drf.., .. .a..1......-.-.11 o....i a... .. ...... .... ....... .., ,._. _ _,._ Vlelor7 .............. -'7 ......

I '\eet .. .,a.... a... ........ ......,. ............... , ......... ., ,.._,.,---. t.i..b. &rid...... .., a.... "'Wp. .....

....._. .. ..,..,, .... ~" liwtli1 pla7 to pri•ac. •lliul. -~ \Wt k,,. .... .,.....,. ,¥Qiu te ti--. .. ...,. )llfOINlll" .....,. o.t,..,..... prt.,.... .......-eu _,...._ bll 111?1'..Uwlr .......... •.....W ...... W"td tor •"tee·' "" «1~,

··-----

- ------ - ---=----p..;

llarr1Cllm 3-10, 11142

0-.. ., 9lnl4Cfc Serric:ee

THE WAR THIS WEEK

"'4 the R"""iam C<Jnlinue to beal olf Oennan allMQ of almost unparalleled lnteneily before Stalingrad, oboervort are laying increaeing emphui.! on the ahortn..,. or lhe figh<lng 110UOn on the l:Mtem Front, and Prime Minister Chut<hlll has remarked cryptically: "Of Ille Russian front I •ill only at lhil momeni. •1itiithe8th or September."

Moanwhile th& Bnliah ha»e blunU!d a boa")' at<a<k by &mm.I and ha,.., forced rum beck subotantially .. the hoe from which he initialed an appamuly ambitioul oir..,,;,.., The ,., . .,.. ,.... punctuated by heavy 1-in ""tllY moM>r uan.por<. Angl~Fttnch dtllereoceo in the Levant are ._n. ing a crisis stage, with Do Gaulle appomiUy d<termined '° IUUld his ground.

In Sp&jn rcli&blo obeorvm-... in recentgovemment aliif._ and notsbly in tho ousting or Sude~ reffootinc primarily the domOltio $ituation but gener&lly ravorable to tho in- of the Unlled Nations. On ito elde, tho Vichy ,...pme oontinu .. to yield oonoeooiono '°the Oennan1, bu1 an unuaually wtll inlonned ~ belie< ... that t.""1 ii lllll delmnined to eondude no miliwy ..-1 whh the Nuia, a siwation DOW CIOlllidered '° rel!ttl in pan hlo doubtll of O\Uluai German vktory.

E:a:eptioaal Ja-maritime activity in Melanooia "IC· gMB an early inleDliflcalion of operat.ionl in the Solomou and in New Gui-, while lhl Japa .... eonW>uo '° relinquillh their earlier pina in ChekJ&n«-a move which remain& enigmatJo to date.

Indian dilordm aro enlering their oeoond month and llOOle oi-rvero 1Ull bclieve that the real camJ>&iln of civil

1

•

St.011'11'

dilobodience liee in the futwe. Reporta indicate moanwhile that the Bi.adu Mah••bha ii ~ permiloion t<> com­municate a significant compromilo pro)X*I t<> the j&iled Con'"'"" leaden.

Th< Defrnu of Slol1'nqrod Hemmed in OD three side., the ddenden or Stalingrad ha, ..

thua far heaten off German sround and air ._ult. or an iniensity unparalleled einoe the liege of Sevaat<>pol. To the WC!lt, tho au.ackcra have app&rootiy roached tho suburbs of tho city, leavina the RUMi&ruJ llU!o maneuver spaco for their moclw!Ued unita. The Soviet '°'"""• however, apparenUy intend to ...at t4 the last, and band-to-hand fighting alone can reduce thil " Red Venlun." Alter failing t<> find a aoft •pot, tho Germana have now ._n.ed t<> cosUy frontal attacka.

Observers empbaaioe that with tho supply poeition or both lid.., extremoly critical, each d&y that Stalingrad holda out ia of real '"3nificance in, the ~table of events on the Eaalem Front. The Rlllliana are p..etically cut off from tklpp!im and rein!Orcen*1ta:' the att&ekers are now bombing the Alt.rakhan-Satt.tov railway - of the Volga, the last froo road w the north. And the Germans thomaelvce have been obliged w commit incroaeing oumhen of men and quantities or mechaoi•ed equipment along the two llin«le-traek railwayw that .. rve aa their 111pply 6-. In the opinion of air experta, the So-* eotlmate of 1,000 o.nnan planeo, abnolt half ol them dh~bert, now oon-traled before Stalingrad, rnay not be far from tho truth. Somo obeervers conclude that the Nuia are IO heavily committed around Stalingrad and have been delayed eo long, that they may fiDd it t<>o late to 1auncli another ~or olfemive on the Eanern Front thil year.

El.oewbere, the Axil mor>-up on the T&ma11 Peoi..W. and tho fall or Novol'Olliiak have long been dieoounled u the

2

8llCllft

inMcep&ble COlllll!QueD- of the Oerman drive Iowan! I.be Cauea"• SimiJarl.y, lhe fall ol Gromyi-aow threatened by a Nui bridgehead ac.- the Torok Rlvu-would not deci­eivoly alter the RuMian military poeition; in thia eector the Cl<erm&ruJhaveevidentlybeen held up by alack of air strength, now mamed before Stalingrad. But the Nuia in61tration of the Cauc&lll8 ~ repreoents a real and growinJ danger. Wbile Rmoian mounl&ln trooP1 have counterattacked in I.be Klyoh Valley eouth of the Klukhor pue, small Nui unit. have continued t<> filler over tho 1 .... r p&8IM!ll IO the south. Such infiltration• <0uld evenlually threaten the whole Soviet poeillon in the Tran.eaucuus.

~md Wi/AdralOI ;,, EWP(

The GennAD al l&Ck lo Egypl hu proved a l&ctical failure, and Marahal Romniol hAB now wilhdrawu hia for<:e9 behind an antitank ecreen only aligbUy eut or the line from which he launched bit .drive on the nigM or Augus4 30.

1be higli peroentage of Rommel'• IOtal av&ilable streogth coneentraled for tbw attack hu led mllil&T)' oboervers here to feel lhat thia waa probably pl&nned u the fim ·~~.of a major oflenaive. Rommel'• two German armored diV111ona, supported by other German and Italian units, atruck no~­-w&rd through the Britiab minellelda, app&reJ>Uy ~ to lure Britiah tank forcm into a pilebed batlle. A ""idinc 111ch an action, the Britiab ha...-! Axia foTCM with artillery, mobile unit., and air att&cka. They then forced the Germana to withdraw by coordlnat.lni: a lllwp New Zealand att&ok from the north (threatening lo cul off advance ~ lo.-) with in~ air raido on - coiWDDI. Bntiab unlta CODll&llUy hara-' the enemy duriQs the -t. Axil 1- in l&Dke were conlidenble. ,

A ~r f&Clor in the O<ennan revene waa the Allioo unqueatiooed comm•ml of the air. Allied air forcm

8

S-.r

Wlicted heavy 1-on enemy motor t.ra111port1

and with­dta....t or lb- columns began early--.n indication that thie particular attack WM over. Enemy fightera wen1 kept on tho de(ensivc, and apparent.Ly the Genruua did not u.o dive bombenJ. Thia lw caueed further specutatioo M to the etrength o( Gcrm&0 air reeerveo availt.blo at thie t.ime, although some observers suggest. that the principal llmit.ing (act.or in this theater may have been psoline.

Axis foroeo are now digging in behind their anti-tank ecroen. They apparently lltill hold -tiona ol tho Brit.ilb minefield& Although their supply situation is prooumably increa&ngly tight, mpecially with nprd to p.eoline and IIIOl<>f lrallsport, there is DO indieatioo that tho Axis is planning lo ret-1 beyond the p..-nt line. Tho rate ol linking of enemy aupply ahipe bas been ertremel,y mi.vy. Nevertbeleoo some obeerveni do not exclude the po1111>ili1y that Rommel mipl shortly renew his attack, if be Ceola that time is running agalnat him. Fcmea a.re etill con­centrated in the eout.bern eeclor and the eituation remains tenao.

At1glo-Frtndi Crim in~ Ltvanl

In Syria De Gaulle appeaf1 determined to foree tho ;.uc, and hu bnplied that be expects the Britiab to be prepared to hand ovor the military command or tho Levant aa of Sep­t.ember 10. He "- this demand on the De Oaulle-Lytl.le­lon agreeanent.. o( 1941, which provided that command ""uld reti. with wboe•-er had the !arpr foroeo in the area. The Britiab deny De Gaulle'• claim that his troope outnumbor Bri tiab foroeo there.

Meanwhile De Gaulle and Caaey have not yet ananpd a plaeo or meeting.

'

SpOllUll Cobind C""-: .Sullor Oull«I 1'he important chanp which Franco made in his Govern­

ment on September 3 weie dictated primarily by internal preooures. Heightened by economic atrain and wartime con­dit.io111 teneioo haa long been mounting within the Falangc, and between tho Falango and auch cooaervative groupa aa tho Army, the Church, and the Monarehiata. !he bom.h .outrage committed at Bilbao by prominent Fal&ngiata precipot.ated a criaia· and Fra.nco bas at!A'mpt.ed to restore harmony and at.abh hill rqimc by eeverely puoiahi"!! the guilty and_.,.,. moving key figu"'8 about wbom antagorusm centenid. Well qualified obeorverw feel that the net result indicate.I the Army bae won the firwt round or ita light .. ;th the Palange; that Franco may have 1trcngthcoed his own poeition; and that the c.hangee in ~neral lavor Allied interest.&, llO lar aa they affect loreign poticy at all.

Moet important waa tho removal of the ~popular Serrano Sufter from two high officea. Franoo baa bim.aell succeeded Sufter aa p,.Jdent of the Junt.a Politiea of the Falango and bu appointed to the Foreign Ministry General Oomc1 Jordana. The latter hu been a ataft' officer during mOl!t of his career and la cooaidenid aomotbing of an old suard bureauerat, Joyal to Franco, and 11&ti.sfactory to the oon­eervat.ivo groupe. Be is not believed to hav~ any P,ro­German symp&thieo, and is credited with reeisting Italian -"6 when Foreign Miniater in 1939. Sui!er bad reput­.edly 'been growing l• pro-Gmnao than formerly, but he """•ioed the principal exponent and symbol or cloae rcla.­tlo111 with the Axis. AlthollP removed primarily. beca~ ol internal oppoation, hla ~ure is a blow to N.ui ~ in Spain and may .....,_ that the Franco ,....me ,. now i. eert&in of ultimate Axis viciory.

II

a.... Otlw Bloyr, ift ,,_., 0-..-

The tlu..c othtt cbangco ....., of I• cl .. r-cu• aigniflCIJlce, but in gmeral Franco...,.. to have fallen back on com~• acfmjnjmatol'I of '- deciclod political <OmJllitmen"-

After - bad ..i....i, - penuaded his Clllol of Slaft', Oenenl Carloo Atmolo, io ouoceed lhe Boyali&t v...ia u W&r MJnlrt.cr. Aoentio ii oonaidered a man ol in<clligonoe and efficiency, who joined lho Party Ma matw of form bul who ii withoul any special political .. pirationl.

The .,.., ~fllliat<r of lhe Interior, Blu Petta, is a fonnor ....- of la" who joined the Pvty but who w t.olten no aotive pori in ill aotivitioa. Ho hM pieviou.aly held impor­tAOI pooto in tho judiciAJ hitnltchy. ~a meuu1" of appeuemtnl to tho Atnly group, Franoo

bu • .-Joo6 Lw>a 1rom lhe v;,,, &cr.wy-Generalabip of lhe Fahu!p. The lat!« wu ow»oted with the wom oJo. m<nlloft.bePvty,and wuimplicaledin lhe Bilbooincidenl. The office hAa boon filled, howover, by MAOuel Mora Fi&u· croa, a Falanp 1.-der who hM reoe.nl\y "c""8ded" with the Blue Divilion op.inn the Sovie!.

AlthcM.iib the .....,,.alive gronpa ,_, 10 have pi...t from the ~ reehull!e, poftlflll Falancilll still """°"' in o8ice, and 11 ii p.oo.bly too ""1y to oonoider Sulltr com· plolely out of lhe picture. lie may reoppeu either in an imponan1 poailion al home or u Amb-.lor to Rome. The Spo.ojoh - had made DO coaunent -· to II& .. lhat Iha Cabin .. thlf1a involve DO ehallP in int.emol or external polley. Some .-Vero .....- lho• with lh­cban""' $polo movoa one 11.tp neam to a Monarchin ""'°"" \ion, tnginoored by the ooneervative groupa, who &re mill· tantly oppooed to .. ,. mum of the Republic.

6

La.al w...,"' Furllwr c......,;o,.. All.boush the F1"noh prw carried an officiAJ denial or the p- of German IJ'oOl)o •• Dak&r, !Aval ii believtd to have .,.._,led IO lheoeadins there of two German mil11at7 ot.n-, probobly plllins ao civilianl. The Sitto l)opan­men1 w proloaled the turning over IO ~ or any meroh.nt. ehipping. cllher French or foreign, now 11tatloned in French porta. Such a atop excecdo the demanda or the Armiolice _..,1, but !Aval hao atot<d that it will be "dif6cult" not. to 16 Germany have about 40.mx> t.one of ahippinf belonging'° national& of ...,.pied oounlriee.

An unusually well qualified obeerver, ho ... over, reelJ Iha• !Aval will not conclude • •Y geneml mllltory a.greemcot with the Germani-it being the buic prindple of his policy no• IO dnw Fran<e into ibe....., on eithtt aide.

Iii AJ...Lo....m. tho Germana &re reported to be en­rolling boyo of 14 IO l& for Oemwi l&bor eampa and planning to ooruocrlpt men 17 to 45 for the Corman Anny. Laval apparenUy ~ept P'toin lo the dar~ about t.hio for oeveral days, and then finally oubmitt<d a procoot Ill the Cennana, all<geclly -t me:dy ... matw of ronn nchy olli<ialo admit tbal no IUOb provWono were induded in ibe Annillice oonven\looo, but they &re oomple!A!ly apolhetl• obout the qu .. tion. Jn AIA&oo I.be Cennano &re apparenl\y toking 11n>"'actlon op.inn 1"liltance to the execution of tl>elt planl.

On the OttMioD of lhe abolitlon of the WI ,...up of padionw>tat)' inslituliou, Edtwd Hemot, """'den' o! •be Obamber, and Julee Jeonn-y, Pn!oidenl of the SenaU!, &re reported in the prw t<> have add.-! a letter IO P6toin wan1ing that France would nol follow alone the potb leading io wv apimt "our .W.." In their unueu&lly ouu:poken le•1«, Iha ,.... leodtn .i.. proteoled aplnoi the eotobliob­..... , of a dlelltorial ,..;me ol Vichy, in vi<>lation of earlulr pledpo.

SICBIT

Axil aelMU.. in North Alri<a are P--111 more quiti now llwl Ibey have - over the PNt ..,,,_ 1D011tlis, oeoonlmg IO a hilliJy-placod "'-"er. N.....u..i.., Ille - in Mo,_, following the anti-~ line IMm by Vu;hy propapnda, is repcrt«I by UIOlher _,...lo be definitdy more p,....u;. than previOIJJ!y.

Jopo..., p,..,.,. on U.. Middl< M tlanuion F'rom Lo.al """"'Y .,._,. oontinllOI on the Middle Mel&ntei&n

Iron~ whtre lurtur Ja-operaliona apinat Allied pooi. lions in New OW-, the Solomona, or bolh, are expe<ted. On Seplemba &, 3 lill>t auiltn and 20 ~ Wlpr-i.nt.td ..,,...,,uation of d<IJtroy•n u> ti- .,...,._ ,,.,.. aigbt.td in the Shortland Harl>or-Buin (lloupinville llland) .,.., about SM> mi.lee north"""' ol Tul&gi. The day before, moro than 100 landing be'&"! ..,.re oounwd •I Rabaul Harbor, and both hero and in tho vicinity ol tho Trobriand LslAnd!, oortb ... t ol Milne Bay, crnioert and dMtroym wel'O ~ted.

Tb ... eviden'"" of Ja-tt!uctanee lo i- tho initiative in this lh•~ ..,.... eoupled with oootinu.inc t....vy ~ oo Allied pooiliona in the KokOOa ....., and omall.-le .,._ tnllom ....,,._ At Kokoda Ja- troopo have IO<IJl!I t.beir ""Y throu"1 ''Tho Oop" in tho <>woo SW>ley Range IO Elogj, and are n<>w on the aouth,,..t.om llloll"' ol ~ mOWJ· laina, aboul 86 mu .. air distAnoo lrom Port Moreoby. In the aouth...,tom Solomona, amall nigM infiltration porties have sucoeodod in landlna on eeveral ialanda lrom which tho Jap­anese rt1ttnlly ,,.... ejoe~ Tu.- pvtieo, equipped with radio, laod al poinla outaido tho immedia .. .-II ol Uoit.td Xa<iona' pow>d I~ and .. , up ma<hine gun pool&. By ~ 2, a.-. -b paota had - looat.td on or nar Gnadaloanol, tlmla on llhlaita lalancl, one .., Florida Illland, and one al 1-on tho au.en I.Janda.

8

s-Tbe J-aloo an beoomin1 in......mcly aetin in tho

Gilben Ialanda. On ,lbesgeme and Tara- lalandl, .... tiealarl)r, ..u;iary oi--.... bolieYe "'5cion1 J-land, .. , and air foree1 are. now available '° oany out anacb on tho 1trawcie Paellic iolanda IO the ... ,....,..s which dot the Allied aupply line IO Auatralia.

Thaee movee, both at Kokoda ADd in tho Solornot11, hava been .ount.ored by United Nationa ground and air loroeo. Japoneoo .... ua1tJ .. al Kokoda are ootlmaU!d •• more than 1,000. United Nationa' pl.u>oo inftict.td relatively heavy cMllA!li .. on Ja- trnnpg att.empllng landinp ScpUmbor 3 on San Jorp IJ!and, 83 milM north_ of Guadalcanal, and Stptember 600 Gn•d•lcenal iteelf. A\ Mih:le &y, where an enemy landinc party-. forced IO withdraw alw lalling into an Allied lrllp, the J•-'""' oomo flOO ll'OOpo.

I

Sr.cur

.-so which link the pn»inet of Plddm with the -·incler of ~China. Mol'OO\-.r, the J.__ had drawn a ....;. circle .,..und tho Chokian& -boord from Wenehow through Cl>'U-haien and Chin·bua to Hangohow, which denied to Chun.Ping important smugling "'"'"" aad all 1Upptieo.

- .. for lho J._ withdrawal are J>Ot yet dar. It Is ralrly ctrtain that withdr&wal""" not occaoloned by Cb.inotlC preeaure, but theta 11 no reeJ lndication yeti u to wey tbe Jape.nooo Ili&h Command came to this dedoion. The ttlinqulsbmen• of the Cbdiang airlielclf a• a tiJM wbm lhe Uni led Stata Army Air Foroe in Chloa it 6howing locreasiog activity 11 puullng, particularly in view ol the phobia ol tha Japan<te repniins bomblns raida .Wt Japan proper. Somo oboenen beli0\1' that the Ja.,..ooo may be hopilis i.o cut off air raid. by act.ion ~leewbere, )X*ll>ly eome mo\'O a.gains~ the India .. to-China air route, int.ended to inWroopt aircrah belo"' lhey t<aCh Chin&. J•P80- bombono and ficblM ....,,llY have llowo over Chlttqong. but u yet lher1I hu'e been no other oignl of otl<'Dlh·e aclioo, aad no 1ignlfie-t.ni movt:m6lt of troopa or aireralt. toward lndia ha\'O heen reportA!Cl.

R.......i ~of Jo-AUock on Sibma Prediet.io"" that Japon will ooon attack Siberia continuo to

appear, but thri more cautiOUI veniolll foreeut t.hat the will do IO ooly if the Germana Cl'lllh R..aia in Ewope O< ii the Ulliled Siatea - Siberian territory !0< bueo. ThoJ•-are now fully p._....i !or on invuion, which,

ii it oeoumd, would doubtleoo be UIWlDOUDoed, ol lishtnina rapidity, and oi.mull&OeOUI al all oelecled poin1& along the 2,600 mile line from \'ladh·ootok to the rallrood wminals in Inner Moogolla. Varioul Wormaota plaoo Ille Japenooo loroee In llfonchurla at from 060,000 to 1,000,000 men, and l'Ollsh eot.imaloa locate bait or more of lhelr anilal>le oomba•

10

SIClllft pi- in tbia ......-about eq\IAl)y divided - Japt.11 (including Karaluto) aad MAJ><huria.-~ .~ using previous Ja- traJnln& ooheduleo u a baoia, ooruider that tbo ton divlolona ol recrulta In Japeo aro no,. reody !or adive duty, and that Japen bu pol'\ ladliU.. &Del ahlpping available to lorry llMile divillona, or ...di of tho prriooo din. oioo8 In Japon u lhoy mJcht ~laoo, to tho mainland In • month'• t.lme.. Chin• eoutoM, which for 10mc timo ha\>e vaguely reporled mo\•ementa of Ja- UAita northward '""" Cbina into Manchuria, have ,_,.dy '- "'°"' ~o aboul web movoroenta to Kalpn one! other pointa aloog tho ooutbem !rinse of tho Mo113'>H&11 plateau. Finally, the Japeoae havo apparenl(y oompleled all coo-plated translen in the bJt1> command.

T,,. a- E..i Ano Mini"'1! Premier Tojo hM announced t.he ueaLioo or a new 110reater

Eaot Alia Miniltry" to be l-1ed by a MioUw of Cabinet raok. The new deparunoo• it to be lho

0_,.i •""'? .'°' conducting 11.dm.ini.!trative "'ork oovering the fields or pohucs,

economie1 and culture within the Great.er F.a8t AMA aphere, ' d v.-• " except.inc Japao proper, Korea •• Fo~, ~ ~u~. l'n!vioully J- adminilt.raU\,, aeUnla LD ManchW'*, Occupied China and the n ... l)' oeeupied aroaa in the 10uth­weat. Pacifio hJl~e boon gujded by a 1nuJUtude or acl)l.J'llt.e boaJd.a and _.;.,.. The conaolidat.ioo of ~ lunctlona undtt one ll'uiiatry ii a siglulicant admlniltrative reform, relloctins long·torm Ja- planning for tho ...... the bu conq~. Should Oeoeral Teiichi Swuki, loog-lfrno J'reai. de• or the highly !mportaol Planning Board, be appomled to tho - Miniatry (• likt\1 pomihilily a<eording to • ..._. report), a further indicalioo would be 11veo of tho political !mporianoe ol the now development.

The .,,..lion of the oew llfiniltry clari6el the reoignalions .- u

Sllcllm

of Foreip Minioter Togo and Vioe Foreign Mlnisler Nilhi, wbich occurred ~ week. The. Mioiatry of Foreign Maire ia bardeet hit of all the Minietrim wh1ch have been oblipd to relinquish funct.iona to the new organ. Togo and Nlllbi, u tho ranking career men of their Mlnatry, evidenlly felt con-1tr&lnod to resign, either u a measure of protmt, or to avert tho IOM of face which might rmult for Mlnlsten who remained in office alter their power had been curtailed.

Indio: TM Hindu MaliaMJbli4'1 ~

The pro_.. for limited independence and the formation of a national government advanced by the Hindu Maha•h'>a ""'• in the opinion of an American obeerver in New Delhi, the tin~ po9ili.,.e plan for a aettlement put fontvd by an imporw11 poLitieal group since the imprieonment of tbe Coogrme leeden (TM War Thi• Wut, AUl\lll 27-&ptember 3, p. 17). Furtbermol'<!, actording to the author of the Mahaaabha draft, they reprment the poeition held by Nehru and Aaad )Wit before they '"""'jailed- view that Ibey felt eure the Mahatma would accept. Now tho Mahaeabha has npproachod the Viceroy with ite proposale, appal'<lntly eccl<· ing hi.II penniseion to mtablisb contaet with the Congrt!llll chlel1.

Our obeerver aunnisee, however, that tho Government will not prove acoommodating. In hia latmt 1tawuent to the Houee of Commone, Prime ¥inilter Churchill hat de­clared that with ~ore "white" troopo in India than at any lime since the becinning of the 'Britiab connection, the couree of ••'elite in India ie improving and on the whole it ....,,.. ina; the Britilb Government, he eoneludee, inteida to give all P'*ibluupport to the Viceroy and Government of lndla.

12

I

t I

R"'°'f»d °" IA4 ~ With the current dilorden in India going into their eecond

month, it it now J)Ollible lo recapitulate brielly eome of their coneequenoee and the parLlal recovery from them that hat taken place. Advioee from New Delhi 8llll1mAriae the disturbancm lo date.

lnterruptlon1 of railway oervioe have occurred moot ex· ~vely on the Eut Indian Railway, the premier line of India, and the rouLe from Calcutta to the north and north­•eet., and one ot the two roulel from Calcutta lo Bomb&y. AlthouaJi the railway bu eet.abliahed limited eervfoe over the "Grand Chord" line, the " Main Line" running throuah Patna ia ltilJ out beiweeo Patna and Mogul Serai. Bet-.i Lucknow and Cawnpore aimilar intemJptiono of oenice have occurred. The B.npl an<! NorthWOllem Railway bu liko­wioe autrettd eerious interruptione, while temporary tuspea· eiona of aervice have occurred bei......,., Madru and Calcutta and oo the Benpl and Nagpur railway, theaeoood route from Calcutta lo Bombay. Thcee diaordera, coupled with 8ood waahoute along the Nortbw .. tern 1Wlway from Karachi lo Lahore, and from Karachi lo Balucbittan, eerioualy Aflected India'• entire traneportation oyolem during August, and re· covery ia u yet by no meana complete.

l~Dlatwbo-

While the 11.rike in the Tata Steel Plant at Jamabedpur it now in prooe11 of aet~t, employ- of the Bteel Cor­poration ot Benpl and of the M)'90re Iron an<! Steel '!orb are atill oo ririb. Th-. th,.. produce all but a 1111nute fraction of India'• 1teel. In Bomb&y, 84 out of 07 tertiJe milll are now back in producUoti, but in Ahmedabod the employeee of 60 milll have not yet returned to worlc. In Baoploro lodla'a one airerah factory bu apparently rmwnecl ~...UOO. Alibouch maey private planto worldnc

18

on ''"""""*" CODllMlo have beon oblipd lo <Jooe down lbe government orclzian<e fAclorioo have bten able lo main'. lain operalloo. lly lhe ""'ymont of .. ......._ allono_., the eotabliol>-• of food abojlO IOllinc flOCll •• regu1a...J llri-. and lhe - ol polioo and troops, the GovenllDOll< baa tried lo keep d*-ti<lo of itl induatrial Jl"OVOlll down lo a nlinimum..

In goneral, opinion """'hin« thla country dillon as t.o Whether tho dJIOrdon havo been the work Of Co-IJ'OUpo Ot Of hoolipn elem .. 14. The Oovtmmtnt <lai1111 that .­Outbl'tlab oonrorm io a pi.., lomw!Ated by Congrem leaders before the Bombay .-mg ol Augu.t 7 eoa.,_ sympe.­thi-. maima!D, ..,,......,, that lbe ~ .. ""' - Coo­~. and that ~ nooviolen< -pen.­lion ..-hen it bogint will be far more general and far leM oootrollable than the anti-British .. uvity IO date.

With this Jatw opinion an American o*rvcr on the spot is in subatantial IJl'C'Cment.. He bali(IVel Ot.t. an intenaified civil diaobodltnae campaign will start very .oon, and that ii will be IO powerful that the Qo,-.rnmonl will be unable lo suppress it. The p11!11en\ tendmcy to mjnimiw the poMihility ol a Japo.- invuion of India, ho m&inlaino, io ~ tho pooition of the Go•ernmtn• in ill ...,,,_. to ~ a cl..,.. cut' !Otlloment of lnclia'a cumrot dillicultiea. Ualeoo the Britiab offer the Indian people• conatructive, worbhle pro­gram, be conclude1, India cannot. become an d'ectivo United Natio"' bua for military operatio111 apina< Ja.,.n.

Signifita11U of O.....Z Ju,>'• Oift< The ol!er of the Alpntine GenonJ J uato IO oerve apina<

the Am in tho 8ruilian army adds .....idonbly to the -~t and cliooomfort of lbe adamantly ilOlaiioniat C..Ullo 0o,·emmen1. ThoocJ> c-raJ Juato may be moti­vated to ...,,., men• by perwonal political up;,..tiooe, the

H

8-, ... that be, an ex-Preaidoot ol Argentina with pn>NM•oood OOlllt'lftti .. le&ninp, bat dtddod to throw bla full ......,,, on the llide of lhe United Sabon& io funbor indiealion o1 the - political boa wbitb ... ppo<ta in. Cutillo IOllli­ctictalorabip.

General Juato'• petition lo the Argentine Congress for permioeion IO 11trve In tho Braailian army ha1 1-n referred t.o a auboonunhtee on aoMtitutlonal aWalrw. Siinificanlly enough, Depuly Ratio de la Retta, a m<mber of Caalillo'a own party, bu al.-!y publicly .... mmeodod tha1 AJgenline citioens be granted th• righl lo ...... in any AmerU:aa army. lo the _,,time, GeoenJ Jullo bat mAda polilial eapilal of hia ohualion. & bat appoaml jointly with ""'8idm• Vupa and Noleon Rocltcleller " a huge public meeting otlebrating the !20th anniverwary of 8ruilian independonae.

Bl'GZil Ezprop1'al ... ,. Am Eflalo The reomt .,.propriation ror dd•- purpoaea of a SHI0,-

000,000 Italian owned oota~ (the property ol Oemique I.age), with wide bolctiop in ohippioc. ""°""· and inclusliy, inctieai.. tho vigor ol the V&lgN adminiotratlon in .,.._.,_ ing the - pha. ol the ...... Thlo ... io also in lino with tbe reoonl trend in 8ruil W.vd atata owneohip of boaic indllllrioa. The foderll govemmtnt al......ty ,..., the Lloyd Braailclro, princlp&l atearmhip lino ol the country, the new oteel mill at Volta n.donda, and many railroad lines.

Tbe llhlltlng ol aubmarino pacb to the South Atlantic bu in........i the food ehonop in the bulp area ol Braail, al­-.ly llOrioua -- of '"" yean ol droucht and wartime demands upon Wotlns ltOCb. Cmawioa ua8io wbieh ..,._ mally brinp IW!>lua f-ufs ol Ibo neh ..,;cuhuni oouth­- 1tatee lo north_, Bruil bu boon clilni.,..,.i by ,_,, ship oinkiop and by relu<l&llOO of vllllela t.o leave port with­out naval OIOOrt ,

APPBNDl:X I

INDIAN OPINION IN THI CIJDENT Cll818 8toOI U..,.,.. of U. Co.p.. ...-. .. A~ I. U. ao........, ol lDdllo

U. fmpomd a ...,.,._..,,ooU.pwt" 'loaet..,_mboa,U.~dlloo 0 ... h ................ ...., ........................ ., ........ 'hit ....... I '"'1 OD Ille,,_.. .... fll ................ t.. ..... ..,...., .... d ... __ ..... °'"'" .. ..__o.. ... atdtada al .. ~ - ,... .... 1M. ...... "'11" ·~ .. pp. Do-tc).

.o...a.Ji'9'Mt ., c..,.....u. W£Ui aa Ml.Ol\llih:lftl dlp9e ot auolmhy, IM~ aad ~lar Pf'9, '-"'

i.:ten oC l)OllU.oaa pani,.. Lbt Atchblabop ol OatMin-. ud mu1 other promflMllt Iodl..at» a.ad &tCu.h to Ind.la ba•• wpd the Qo,..rn.mtu~ '° .-k a .oluUoo ror LM couii:Lr.,-'• pr...,u dtllcuh.i. tJuoou.ab NtodMJioo whh Ula eo...:r-. A1"*'&h Ult~..,.... et a~ •t11 .W.S.,, .zl ~ ba,.. ckpiond UM

i~ ot ,.,..aoo cwnott.y tmpioJ9d bf l.M ao..n.....t. lha7 baw "'C• ~ ......._ "7 \119 VII* s.- •by* CallliMI ik.a. .ao-. Before~...._ &lit C...,.....,. •t h• ~...,.. '°' .._.... _ _........ oru..~s.ainw•..,_.._.,..,.

--.... w.., .... ti • ..-Pl~ ...... o.a.61--9. ... _,.,. ... ,_..,. .,._. ......._ woaM t. ~...., JW,..... '·+sriar, ~ti. fll u. eo,.r- w.-1 .. o.m.lu• .. ud &pn and,..,.,,..,, ._.... ot the Mod· eni.tl. DO• .... 10 bit OUsa&aadiDc a,.a,_ Wbo o4• bopt for a NOO!Odl't''oe ol lodla't dlw.,....i .-..t4. M,..,._,. °"""" '" /Jtill.

Alona 1JD011C laperiaat ,.n&.. U.. M..._ IAlpt • oot ......_. upoe a o:nprom.S. .... u.. Coner- ........... Llt.M ... ~· llbooW .... pat. u. ...,_,. .... dlmMd. tor '1111 da•W. d l.ticUi. ... ~ Klld• w!MOllim...,_(die~.....-Q. ~ ........ d tk1a.. ............ ._..._ .. ____ _.. ........... a....._........_ Y• ...._.,. ....... u..t ..... ~ d. U. t..pl'• Wortiiis 0•.mJu,., .......... she"'-""" 'O ~MM lfllllNd •trlO'•'*'= - ... Coop-. ~ a aw.bw ot Moea.m. boldUlt b'ah .._.,.. ciao.. ob)ed. t.o \be lo~o. ot Lbt 1Mpe'1 pnllddeat., Mr, Jtoo.b. 'n.. lool:d &.bl prwmS.f'I Of lh1 four provln• wt&h Mmhm dom.lnaMd m.I~ koh mao, Ila• t.b.t)' ieprweo\ M.a.. '°'*"'~ ~ .,. awara ot UMlr --.lt••W ltOdrMcl\L MONO•w, U.. Jlllldaklotn.ma..i-HJMI. IM ..od6"°9 rtl Mo.lem dtviolt hi l .od.I&, .. A_. adopa.d; • "'"'9J' ,...oo..,_ a6d uU.1.-pe t'Wtll&lc& ,,_Mad .. ..._Cwt www wl a Mmbw fl._., M.._...,.... .,. .. .,.,_. .. \be........ tnllt U.1Aape'1 ,._.. ......... . .......

16

., ............ .........., .................. ~pu\1 lol ______ .., ... __

"--""""''""" ()uu4d4' la~ ~ Moalem Nau g..,~ .._. Ut~ lnw.tod '" tt,. ...,._ ot \be MOlleot r...acu.•a Plllllwo pro"°""", aooordl.oa to "'°90t 0008•1tW rtpoN ,,._A..._.. obMrrm. lo f.tlpt. &ht domllwl\ Wald p&l"l.J au.lt1\a!1» totdW aad ,,..,pathe.Ua ~ .t&h * ladlM NatJoMI eoa.,_. Turlltf iaodw­_... l ... la'• damaDd for flld ; 1 • 8om. Tub __.., U.. ,,_, u ~ ...... \0 ..... - ,,...., -~ --- .,. iD .,...,...,, wt&J. • ~

1 ....... _ ....... _ .. ___ _

.. NIJ.RtllWt. .._ ............ o..dW - .. 0..,.... ......

........ ta lrM .,..ta to - U... BltUllt ~ hon I .. ud ta.,.. U..

.....Na~.-. OelJ Saldi Arahlt., ..W. St W.wa..bl Md \.berefore ~7 .....,....tJ.-.

and tu~. """ U.. IDdlM ptoWoM 11 a lllNISle ti.t .... tbt '""' taltb Qf Iii.am and lba hoalbeolam « lb• Rl.nd'llt. In At1bai1Jt.wi Ult ct.I.rt for • 4?Mt.t At1banltu.n e;,.t. 1uppo·f\ ror • PAllM\a.n 1tai.-pte1uow.bb cSomt: Gal.ed b)' At4ha.n\iw.tt. lo lfDt~ W.1.tamlo wortd i. app.rmLIJ ioore lo...._l«I ta nalloor.lh a.ad U.. rtmo'al (If Oti\WI bnparitlliam ia tba Naar FM1. and .,.. •he,. ttuwl IA pan-Wamiam or ~ ...,,.....,..,.

n.-0.- (U--..J ~ &Moplaloa.olU. ...... ._ .. ~ _,_ .. . , .. -.a.uu.tU..._~i.n .. ......._ .. Dr4~ ... Mr M C. ...., .. prot- '° be~~ aed 'NIMON "°..,.al- for U.... lrtr, o..odW Mo ptd_.. '° bt one ot t.MAr- *4ln. Aabaclbr aod &a.JM! boUt ..,....., U.. ---· 'n. dJklt1 It \bati U.. ~ m.WJoa u"t.o1Mbablol .,. the leM\ pollUotll)' 00"4 IOloul ot all Ind.la'• asa mDllo-. an4.,. o,...ru1at1o11 eltlmlcia t.o NPf"IWbl •IMm can Ibo• a111 lfM&ble membff9bf.p, Ntltber it I~ llktl1 tba• •M.1 of t"-9 J*lpki ....,net so lbl posraml ad,..,....., ..U-GOCDloa\ed ...... w ... o/ \be l&O~.,.. d tu.bmlllil'e 10 the lheory ud prMdee ot tr.di\111-l Rllllla._ ud -.o Mrdb' .. ear ,.ai.- .. ~ to nUeTe \Wt ..-.,i ud ...... ............. n.t .. u..tdo.lb~wl ....... ,,. ..._..0.-M>lMP • ,,_M,.....~-a ' t WIUMW ,.,.. ....................................... , 0.llwetW -.o.....- ....... ~a-----&ad - ...... . dlrilllft ....... t ......... polldill.

17

'·

......... ,...... ...................... btg 1111 ~ .. ' 1.tw......,.i..-cStio1•ww> ... ..,.,.,....of•to a -· ,.._.... a.l'ft ot Ill,.,..... n.o..p 8 .... , "9 M..._... It oot . ...... to WW...: 8 _.,. LMl• ~ 1 ... w111 fllllMothfl - l*° M.._ r...p. ~ •ttrllnt~la61tMt~.

0. ......... .,, .. , •• all, .... I*'*.,. i.. ............ n.., .. ~ I.bit ryld \n.11111., ti ~a.IV. OOQlfQI "° "'"'" lacllule Mid Ult lboUUo. ti I.be pOM d Oov.moe-0-.U (V'-ro1) Mid &he e...w,..blp ot *""" for 1116 ht 1Aedoa. At Lllot ,._, &1-. 61~ 11 Oii\ of II .._ben of U.. V""°1'• f..s:MUI" Or.....0 .,.. lttdi..., \Ml do DO' tnJOJ' \he OOWIU't'• _..

t lld.Of\ tl-.et t.btJ "9¥1 llO J)MllAmenW)' lt$0Mlbllli,. ,.~,... \he Go"'"' 0...~ hM NI ll)a.llft&M Vtt4 0¥9' Ull t/I ~t ...... ftMU1, t_ht

PGll-1JoM w~ tlldl9.u .....W *"" i.ponu-, U.. Pl....,.. &illJlltlt)' Nd \M H01M ~' (wb.Wi _.""* mt poU"' 904 111-...i Mfr.In), - Riii lMldb1~

APPIJrfDlJ: II

rooo 811PPUl8 ' " CAUCA8U n.moe....._,_...._~......._..,... ...... ..,u.

0..... ...... ti ... Sairdl 0...... w111 ._..... ... Pi-*...._ ,......,,.. .. """ ......... ............... ~..... 7 • •Tm-< .. ........... . .................... ........ __ ,., ____ .......... c--__

....... ., ............................... ~ ..... ~

...... "'. ~. ,,. ,.. c ..,_., ... . ...,,... .. ...... .................. ,,.., ........... ., ..... ...................... lllli9M..,,.,C.-..... \......aloof

,..... ........ ....,. .. ....... UlM _,.... ._ .......... ................................... ,...., ... ,._..,.,.. _,....II ... Jt..- 0.-.-. A~_,..... of.._ .... N_.. c..... ..... ......,.., ................... ._.. ..... ,. .. lllala. M ,_ ... TftmO' ... ...-,w 0.W ... ~ ..... ..... ... __ ...... _..,_ .. __ ... .., -

-,., ... ..._. fltwllie: .. u. ...... .,...._ ... "''a >--e ....... ........ -...- ..... Jf ... 0....- ...... ..., ... ...., . ...........

a..•tc~ ... ,.,. ... c .,.. ,..... • .. ...,....,., ................ . ............................ 1

18

wi..., 947 •• .... l,OM I Wl.rw .................. , •• 2, 012. 4 ·---------- -----····-·-· ..... 10 , 4 111,2 ... o.u .... . , ........ ,, ...... ... ... ••• • • ''tl Wblwr,._ . . .... ............. ... .. .. . .....,.,

:~u ... f . 2 "1, I waaw ........ ............. c!.~::::::::::::::::::::: .... Ill I 114.fl ..... 171. I .. ... iu. .... ......... ......... ... ... LO .. ••• ~ ...................... 111. e ... ... ... :'.~::::::::::::::::::: ... ... u. 1 ... .... ... .. • •• ~-;;.d·::~::::::::::::: .... • •• .. ... . ... . .... I I ... Tob60o0 ........... ., ••••••••• ,.. , ... , T1 . .. Oouoa ............ .... ....... ..... LI . .. "'11 r.... .ad 1-1 G'Opl ............ .... . ... ... .... Ol.bei~ •• - ...... ......... .... ... If. I ....

Tocal. ... . ....... . ..... t,. Ill. I l<ll.T ··-· ""'·' o.t,... ., ~ .... ..,......_, ,.., -·-.,,._ - - -.,,__ ....

.. ----·--··---·-····· I, Ill. ' 1, 101. -· .. . • eou.. ······-···-·-···- .... .... ••• ... -· ~~ ................. .... '" •• • .. ,.__. ........ _

°""""'"',....,.., ....................... ,"' -·­~-~~

e,s:---· :::::::::::::::: ::: c..o..._,.,, ........ _,, , .. '----·······-······--....._-.t.. . .......... ., .. .

f , WI t ..... ••• ILi -· ........ ti.I ..... ...

LI '' .~: .......... . :r; ........ ---~------ ...... Dllt.ffl ........ C.,,. --- 19

Tbit N.-c....... --a, 7Wdit a ........... ef ._,. l.,IOO.a t6a11 --a,. • ... "'lill...,.... .... to0;.000 .._. ... ---- --........ ...... ~ ...... 1111v..n.ns0r ........ ni. .......... . ..... MllllotDr ..-a ........... n. 0..... .... ....., ...... al ... pill ........ K_.~_.~u.,_.,....____, .... ._.._ ,.a-.dt.r.. ........... h .. ~ .... h--•tullt~rs.. ......... _ n. -.nul .,.i. deAlk ol W TNM(le·•v• wlll, a. t.bt -'.ftl ,._,., bt

...-:1«1 "" 1be ,...... Of -~ ~ 1,600,000 ~ 8houl:I Ow Om:N.n. «UllPIM U.. «11111 ~ Of lhe Nort.h Cl.u....-. llddl\lo.ai ,.,\1 .... -.n be upeec.d. r.Wne: lhe LOW"°""'" tn lJ:io ol•ll.lao ~llotl LO ,..,...... 1.000.000. IJ'nd.r nottMI oondldon.. lhe ,..,._c:.i- d«Wl f~ ti• lllu ..,. ai:..:tu. I.ha be nJ.d !10• OO(),,GOt tom ac;nual17 c.o ~ 1,-..000 Mllllh. ll It bellrted "°"' udw •it.t ......... \WI .... ,. -'Pl-" be ........ ~ -- ... 1,.ooo..ro>-.. n .. ~ IOG,.OOO ._ .. .,_..ti tildppiq .... - ""',......,. .. a... .... ~ .... - ..,.,..,.,_. ...... ., _......... .......... &a. °""""-.7 M,.. .......... .. ._.,..._ __._ !"' .. ~ .... ~ .... ... ...., ...... 1111......,......,. .. u. Tn=e(' ...................... ...., ., ,...... k ... -"'-..... a. -....,_. ....., ot 1.M a... -.r11111 1a &Ill',... ... c· eoGllUUl'­u addlUoinal ..... ......

......... °"' 0.-.. OO<!Us»llOn Ol lha Nort.h Cauo.u. •W day \0 KIMHa tmpom.nt oll­

lled ,,_,_, ln lht f«M Of (IN$Or oil bMM and 1u:nlo.,.,. ..._ Tbt .,.. le the iqlliK procN.w Of ...-or o0 1-1:. la Lbt ..iDU)', Tbot ... ol I.be ~ OU. {tom ti....,_ ... •IJ .m, .n'IM'I. ....._ ~ tlu1. wfll alilo --.w .. "'1t11•t...tt• 1ell. .__.. .. ... .. ,,.,.,. ..a'°'.._ • ....._ .... ., ...,,....~ .. ....... n..11 • .,.,. .............. .,_.,_ wd•dlt""-0' • ..-.

""__,. .................... l'Ooctll a-... ........ ,... ti- hllr ~btdltO........ lfU.wholtotU..NoNllO.....lt~~ q~ d ...,, ... _.. ~ • w.zl • U,000 to1111 ot Wd8I P"' ,_ (I.boat j .,.,...., ot \bit MW M&itmal hkLt DIDIJKI'\) wQi bt M,

1111 "'1-IMu.i li""40d: ~tk>o O! Uw T,.....C.uOMu. will iiadou.bMlll!y llifl'ufrwn an~"" •Mlr\6POl t-a ud torap erop. wh.Stll .,.. Mrm.lly tntpoor.i la quaothy • fro. OU. - · 'T1l1' tbon.p w11l 1911lt I• u\elllll" .tao.pWriAa ol I.bl y,_c;~ """hi •-ot ...... ,.., . ... u....,... .... -w .i.. bt ....... .,.._,....,.prohibit .... , ..... ,...., die,...... ,... .... ud ......... tf.0..-Mrdt .......... ..... ~ ........... b ' ' t ...,. ... ~

"......_~

lat• - U... tl.OOl.000 ,_... "6 .. .,.. ---- Ill""_..,. ot U. 0...-.. ... ,... ........ - u. ..... ~ ..,. ., the o..pa. nld ...... fll--.. r..~, ~ .. 0....Ur ........ lllou!d

20

,

.. ~ 0.- .. ,.., ~ hill...,, &Mt ....... ,.,..._. .. ., u.. n- 0 ..w .,. - ..., ~ ., =- • ftl4llf"'7 litdl: ., ... ~ ......... lilit•ftllMt•&liit ... ., ...... n. n a ,....... • ...-. ............ ., u. bliilMa....,. ... ,.,..,.... ~ .._._., .......... ._..... .......... --- ,_ u. ....,.., " .. - .....-,,,_ TrmOn ' .. o.nu.i 1tUlllll. wll.....,...,., ,_ U. llmllM WlilN)' .. ,.., ..._ uelllllil"'1' OD • OOlCOa .... °' 0-1.ral .ua...

..... 11,000 .. ,.. .... ~ procfuted, 1n ,. tt.,000 ~al LObMoo, It t. ptObt.Wt ti..~ dU. erop will bt "'°.,..., owtac '° I~ rlWl ""11.mall blllt Md tbl l111por1Allff Of Mlbaolo to -1tl..i.dn1 .C...UIM ... •WWJ' ....-

PlaADJ' dw ~ ...... •lftu.llr I M• tbt wld•atloa. d sea Mid .WW r.... i. U. V. Lt. Jt. ,,__,.... _...,, (11,000&.-tn1911), llh lbM ot \ot..., _,,. ~1 .. NIMJ99l7 ..... ""*"' '°' w..pon. h .. .. b&M, .......... ltU._.Wt,..._.wl.........,.fl•TN~tt-0..C..-• .... ....-17 .......... R-.. .. ·--·-- 'llfM·

APPBSl)JX IU

RUSSIA AND THI SICOND raorm A SOVllT ACCOUNT ('Ilie followlai ...... , of ti. twlut.loo ot Ru.la'• • Ulh14t co.'iU11 a MliOOd

frool ii m.a .. ....,.. -..dit '°,.,... _,_..,. ,,..._ .. ,.,riel,aU­IOW .. Ullf-S.O.) ........ ...-~ ......... -o.rw ...................... ,,,u.t--....

._ • .._-....,. ..... ,._.M917 edcnllll.a..U.1.&L• .. ~•A-.........., ..... ~. "...,....._....._.. ... ..--.1111 ....... .,......_ dm_._,....._~.,,_ .. _....., ......... ,.,.... ta t• ... i... - $t u.lel f.P1ent.bt1 .,.._" 1'bollP .... .,, an~ ud ~ .. Uit OMllltl.J ol UI U9• ~ .. ttnl#t. a.t.fil "°"'' 11M kit lb&l 1.be loYM UlllOtl •.a ...,. •PM btt owa ""'°",... and ooMlder the ...,. nob.,...,. t... own.

heb WM DM 1'611•'• pobu Ol •ltw. Wl&li &Ila ...,....at ot &he i.dlaf -n. ot illt_..,...\tt&lit NllMM lliir.ud1-hl Put.1, Md OI dtit RAP eo....d. ........... ~ ... " ......... .,,. .. ,.,.., . - ... , . • ... ., lllito\lllllll.. ............... \llM ............ · - .-.; ... .. ,., • ..,.., ... ......iq.,, .... ......... ........ ..... ~ ................. be . ... ..-'-'-1...,. .. .... ......... ., ....................... ...-............... .. : .. ..::wa::..=.~...::-N.::.'-: .... -:~~-=-.::.: ....... N..-..> . ...... ....,.,.W. ............... _. .. ...._.,

• .._,. r..e.... ,... ....... -- by ...... ,.. - '**- . tn..117

21

.......,...,,..,....__,..,.u.a.a.a......_ ... -.c..._. ....... .._ U..A9-............................... _ _ _ .. ~

,,.,.......,....., All#~ ............. u..,,..a ......... , • • -90lld,......,.. ...

...._L n.~.._. ... ,....... .. •eh 1 Ul""°n...-11 r.a.ru.r, m AJri. a. nw. 111e _,... '°' ..i.. 111~ .,.. uc1. the hl1*t ... °' AliW.,....,, un.. ud ..tt .... Tiie pa.N GI 0.-adctr.. *' ct.Jl Wllb I.he AD'- ,,.. All Wonlld bt MOMOw,

B1H wkll• \bot Sorilll 0oHm"*'' ~. IM RQll&ao p ..... ilfl)l 6111 tdllOflally, oa lbe ...-ii t l"Oll'- A 8o• ~tl .. eould a.m ot I.be~ I• W. u~ CIO.ly from llloft ~ d MWI ,,_ 1.-doo &Gd W~lq\00 Tlle ,....._, to odldal ........_"' wu i. M epdallllk about Alli.cl Ud. hr polltleA1 ud ~ ........ ti. M_...... Oo••••••u dlcl KM ....._, M -a. piblll .... ....._,. .ud ---~ ........... n. pahMe.,,...,.. U.t ~ltoau.ro.d WM.-&W.llldOrJ'-~ IJI)' U.J-----­-•fllU. ..... .,.,.u.&f, Md~dtot ...... _.. ....... dMt ..... -••-ttrmt ...... n. ~ 0.....Jfir ...... """'

Al .._ ... el,_-' \Ille~ ti,..,. "'9 .U.U............ S.... .t.ll&i....-t~ ................ ~ ......... ...._ ........................ ..., .... ,.,..- .....

nm - pub&~'°'•--''"*'.-;...,_ u. M'l.killl .m...,. ll&uUoa. tro. 0.- MthalMI •,,.,iort11, Ire. 1.bt ......i...., of the a-i.a Ufcll ~ tl'Olll \ht P'Owtftl prtiMllf'll of oP(AIOa la I.be Anllt Mid I• I.be 1011nt,,.. n.. n...-.. u11i. Oona.IMlld MMi i..chnt o&eWa..,. ~ ._, Ill• t.&ck GI• llHODct t roo& Impair~ MCI brl111 ~IOellt _,._, &lw bol)ll MOliNd by I.be ..,,_._....,,, ol Mofo&0w'1 .WI &O Loodoo ud W .. t.ap)L F'o:r lb. i!.m tJmt, U. IO ..u.d '1pohu.a ,..... .. • "W"' ,...... illal tOidliln ... ~m., .. Aod•ber...,.DrilrAll.-f ~ IAot."41'1 M&WI> •T'' A.lt.boqtl ... .i....,.~1au.,...w1.o,.w......._,., ...... .._~ .. ta. ..................... .,,..... .... M a-.J wf ~ fw ~u.K...m.--.-.-. ......... N•.,.,..... A....

-n.. ............... _ ...... ~ ................... ...... ... ........,_.._ __ ....... n. ..... ...-........ ... ....,,. ... .,.... ......... Ille .... ,......... - ...-. u.. .... ·--......... ~loipl1.0U. ......... s ........................ .... ........ ot ............ ,,.. .. ,. ............ ~ ..... .. wMt h -.Id .mll &he P1'lflle _... ....._ U.. aa&wir ...,. 0... .,_ T-,, pow.till M ~ k, bit-.iJd ..-. ,.... ..., W * /&lmy Mid \.bie.,.... '90Plot ton..-~ Md U. popilW attltudlld ~It OOl\Utd 1P17,

·n.. Nli11J poup lit n-., *'""°*•..a..''* fro. tbe po11u..i pcilti• er dew thti onty • ., 10 ~\bl tovi.. .,...._ i. Ml eo11llnm tbewar, Aa1U.IA1 •'- ~Id bl tllldde both for lM .,.._ ud h.t ......_ Tiie -...a..t ~

22

·-·----

Slurnt1a IG-17, 18'2

om.. ol Sltlleli< Seme..

THE WAR THIS WEEK Al inordinatA! oo•it to tho attaokero, tho RuloiAns bavo to

datA! beatA!n off terrific Corman ..... uh.o on bel""lt•ered SWW.,.ad, but obeervon rear tbat tho city may fall in 1be non low da)'I. They believe, bonver, tha1 Iha prolonp­lion of tho li<ce may ....U atn.dy ha.-e a!otled the oowto of lhe ,.,.,.. Meanwbilo in the .i-n Rmnrncl hlll dug in behind • tank acroon to - a riddle: will lhe Naai Hieb Command divtrt adequat<! 1trength to EcYPt for a lull leale ollemive thit rat~ or will ii ~,., at matlvely low .... to oblip tho Alliel .-..., ... to oontin.UI a larp di.-enlon of '""""and &hipping to thil .... ,

Aa a logical development of thcir earlier ooiJure of Dllp­Suares, tho Britiab thiJ week struck into the interior or ~~. Liltle further French ....i.tan .. ii &aticipat<!d. Cooq.-of the i.ol&nd will l)ve the Bniilb -trol of Moaam­bique Cb&nnel, vital oupply lone to fcypt, lWloia, and the : Fu Eul. Tb6 situation in ~fad•pr•• hu a.I.lo oft'e:~ a key to the oolution ol tho Aoilo-Prench im-in I.ho Lovanl: De Gaulle hal been advi8<d by Ibo Britilh that tbs Figh~ French oould hanlly be pormitled to adminil1U civil al!aln in ~bd•p•· u..i.. tho Syrian imb"'Cii• ....., oml9cL De Gaulle hal •-Oy yielded and ii repon4(1 to be returni,,. to London.

While Turkiah leadero have once more decl&red their detmnination to fight if auaeked (lhio time to Mr. Willldo), Laval hao yielded to German p-ure in a deaeo makillc labor oompulocry i.c Fruoe, and _., from Fttnch Nonh and WootAlrica UldicatA! lunher developmenli there favorable to the Naait.

1

$PJCllft

The battle for t.be Solomooa eotaed a new pbaM lhio week when Japan- inliltratiooa by nicht oo Guadaloanal hlaod were followed by mon1 ambilioUI enemy open.Ilona whooe outcome is not yet known. Meanwhile tho JapantllJO have n1ncwed their land advance on Port Mo"'8by, and milit&ry ob8erve,. expect a fmb enemy attempt to oeiJe Milne Bay. Th- recent Japan- tu•-· empbMWng the leobnlqu.,. of infiltration, come at a time when Japan'• air atrength baa very notably declined aa compared with her poaitioo at t.be boginnjng oft.be war.

The independent l ndian prea baa eaatipted Cburd\Ul'1 apeech on Britain'• policy urnrd India, aod oaulioul oboervers in that country believe that the opooch baa ttll· dered more difficult tho oou""' of oompromiae. Such a cou'"" ill now being undertaken by a prominent group of non-Congreee loade,..

In China, the O.,nernlislimo is reported to be at~mpting to extend Kuomintang authority in SinkiAng and generally among the Communist& of the northwest, while apecuJation oontinues aa to tho reaaono for the aomewha• eni«Jnatic Japanese withdn"-al in Chtkiang, IGanP, and Kw&J>«tung.

In Argentina Preoideot Caatillo ii oontinulll& maneu,..,. which aUn to 1u1dennioe t.be inftuenoe of the United $1&!8 in South America, while Preoident Vargas of Bruil is reponed to be -1<ing wider 1upport for his adminislntion from all anti-Am political g!OUP'I·

Sl<llinqrod't Ei-iii How With the Soviet oommuniql!M almoet daily announcing

further withdrawala around Stalingrad, there oeeme little hope that the city wUI be able to bold out much lonctr· Throwing every available rMOUrOO into t.be cwrent o«ort, tho two eoemie1 have been loclced in a struggle of unparalleled oeverity. The Cl«mam, with f~ eetimated at 30 divltiom

2

.

SrlClm encircling the city, have been bombing oommunioationo along the Volga aa far aoutb aa Astrakhan, and have deotroyed the RlllliAnl' pontoon bridgeo aouth of the beeioged city. The dcfcodora have made every eft'ort to recoMtruct theoe brid'?', while, the Red Air F~ree haa 11Cnt relnforccmenll! to the cnty. Now, however, with &trc<:t fighting alreody in J>l'Otl"l*I, the att&Ckera are advancing through tho ruin& created by more than three woob of &ir and artmcry hom­budmcnt. The p.- anticipate. that Hitler'• anoounoed broadcast .,_, proclaim the fall of the city, and in addition may explain the atraUgic deei!iiona dictaled by Stalingrad'a prolonged "'8iatanoe. . To the oouth, after ~ two weekt of comparatively

alight chan&'ll, tho Nano are again tb1""teoing oeveral strategic Soviet outpoets. On the lower Volga a German mechanised oolwnn has apparently reached the rivor near Sorogla1ka, about 70 miles north or Astrakhan. The latter, however, would probably prove indefensible were Stalingrad to !all, and the fate of the Volga delta city is probably dependent on the outcome or tho etnale to the north.

In the Gro1nyi theater, the Germa .. - again to ha"e englaried their bridgehead acroe1 the Terek Rh·er near ~losdok. On the Black Sea Shore, the Nasio, after com­pleting tho reduction or Novoroesiilk, ha"e evidently decided to pauoe for reinforocmeota befon1 launching an at!Aclc on the next port, Tuapee. The mountain.! noar this port, moreover, otl'e• far better defensi\'c poeeibilltiee than thooe protecting Novoroeaiiak.

T.W Pml of IM p-

Fa.r more oerio,., ho•-e,-er, is tho report that tho lllDall Getman mouotain groupa that ha,-., been inliltrating the 1l'lllt C.UOllUI S-- DOW command -r..g.,rker (7,826 f..,t), l'iaur

s

•

'

SllCUT (9 606 feet) and Marukh (10,694 leet) PfMM, -t ol the xiukhor Som. ot u.- unita have probably """'"'1 ..,.,_

.• ~ ... • olheroa theTran.caucuu11ideof lh6mcuzi. """ WIW"""" • •·• A• .,.._•--k ' t&inl while tho group that negow. ..... woo •-..m er It now repo~ to be within 25 mileo ol the Black Se& port ol Sukhwni aouth ol the Caucu111.

Milii..:r o1-rvers point out °';at lhia advance re~~ta • dittici threat to the Black See higb .. ·ay-the ~ ~y line of retreat from the northem littoral-&1>.d fill toduect threat to the porta still availab!• to ~e Soviet BIAcl< Sea llttt. On the other hand, there 18 no tm~enee that the o.r. man unitB that ha'~ cl08lleCI the m.ouol&IJl8 are ol !"'Y .oon­.d ble siJe and ..-ith reports ol sno"' already lalbng mat ~ne ol the Caucasus~. their reinloreement may aoon

be<oa>e increMin&IY difficull. . To the north, th6 Gennanl have eountcnttacked ~ the ~ev aoctor. Meantime both here and around Len~ the RU!Sians have reeumed tho offeruiiv~pparen~ly in an eflort to relievo Leningrad by establishu1g a bndg\!head ..,_ the ~eva River, and to reduce the enemy's threat to Moeoow by elinunaUng bis apeou-bead at Rsbe\•.

Fin14fld'• Grain Svppliu Reporta f10m Belainlci now concur in •Ult!"& ~t ~be Ger·

mant are ooDJUUCti11g permanent lortifieal.!OllS m 11'.ortbem FinLlnd-apparently in anticipation of another "1nter of, compa.rative inaeU\'ity in thil eector. Such.• proapeet oiakee • the Finnish grain situation a matter ol crucial .lDlpOr~<e. ol

Acecrding to data plbend by tho EoonOD11ee Divilion the Office ol Strategic Servioea, rlllland'1 crop P~ deepil<l the pcMirnistic forecaat.s ol ~d .. ummer-ha~n';: materially improved. Apparently Finnilh l~er1

1 able to meet without diJlicully their oeed. ~~!..:'. lall 10wing. Furthermore, a new G«man·Finnilh pun..--

'

Smtr:r meat providea lor the d«ivery by Germany ol 230,000 Iona of breadgraioa in the 12 montha lollowing September 1, 19'2 . Even if the Finnish breadgrain crop this ooming year ran. ae Jo .. ae 390,000 tons (the lowCl'li 1>1tinlJlte preeented), lhe delivery of tho grain promised by Oem>any would make the total IUppli<e for I~ 620,000 to11&--<1nly lligbtly lower than the eetim.attd minimum total ol 641,000 tooa lor 1941--0. Thi• latter total (169,000 l0118 FinniJh wheat, 272,000 tons F'innisli rye, obout 200,000 tons ol imports frorn Germany) ahould have tuffieed for F"inland's "1U'time OO!l8Wllplion.

llommtl I>ig1 In

In Egypt Ronimel hM dug in behind the anti-tank screen be eet.sblished alter W.. rettnt "ilhdrawal, and there are no indicationa that he pl6J18 any early rentnral ol his olfensi\~. Nor is there any evidence that be will withdraw any farther. His tupply situation ii probably adequate to 1UJ1tain hirn where he ii. The queetion ol whether a large ac:ale effort will be made lo drive the .Briilib ou1 of Egypt thia fall prob­ably hiDgell on whether the High Command in Berlin ooo­sidm thi$ theater of aufflcient importance, on balAnee, to divert con.aidorable strength to it from other rrontt. Mean­while the British are reoclving aignificant reinforoement.s.

The coo.st.ant effort of Allied planee and British 1Uhmarine1 to diJnipt Axis supply line. na supplemented thil week by a land, sea, and air attack on Tobruk. In the laco ol heavy oppoeition, light naval lo.- and a arnall army detachment attacked the bale, while powerful Allied air f°"""' continued their txmmely heavy pounding ol Tobruk's Jhipping and pott lacilitics.

Brilif!t A~ in M Ollal/(l«JtJr

The BritiM advance into the interior ol il-hdagaacar ii the locioal eequel to the lour months old oceupatioo ol Oi6g<>-

6

•

S=

$ll&l'9. The original occupation, ostensibly undertaken to prsvent France's major Indian Oooan naval ba8e from falling to the Japanese, could not by itJ!elf pro!Alct the vital Allied •upply rouWJ to the Middle and Far Eattt; and it was always doubtful how long the British could confine thmwiclves to holding this single limited objective. Report$ of continued sinkinp in the Mozambique Channel indicated that the A><is th~t to United Nations ahipping still persisted, and evidences or coonivance on the part of the Vicby-controlled Madapcar government continued to accumulate.

The M ilit1;rv Operati""" The naval and air bombardments of September 10, fol­

lowed by troop Iandinp at west COA$t port&-notably Majungll and Morondava-signalized Britain's determina­tion to end this dangerous state of affairs by taking control over the entire colony and oecupying T&n&oarive, the capita.I, blgh on the central plateau. Imperial forceo, following the route or the Frencb conquerors or 1895, are dire<iting their main effort southeast along the main Majunga-Tanansrive highway and b&ve SUCCCll8fuUy croosed the Betsiboka Ri .. er despite damage to bridgea and Light opposition. Ahead of this column at Ankazoba there is believed to be a minor concentration of opposing forces. A second British column is OJ.Aking its way eaatward along the unpaved road from Morondava and b&s reached Ambogitra, on the eouthcm approaches to the capitol. Meanwhile from Di6go-Suars> Briti•h forces b&vo advanced down the 0&4t and WCllt ooaot to occupy Vobcmar and Ambanja.

French strength in Madagascar probably totals about 6,000 men, of whom most are reecrvi!ta, with only a handful or wbiwi. The British are apparently mopping up as they go. Terrain difficulty incre&SCll as Tananarive is approached, but no major military opposition is expected. Latest reports from

6

S!'.CRZT

Vichy amert that the French Governor-Oeneral ha '.u....iy opened negotiations with the British cotnmander. •

The mere policing or an Wand nearly three times the $1e ?f G'!"t B~tain will not be easy. Active opposition by the inhabitants IS not probable, but the Maiagaay are notoriously uncooperative, and the native intellectual minority will doubtless try to exploit any dia.repanciCll between tho Atlantic Charter and the British undertaking to restore the colony to France. Most of the French population though sorely tried by tho vieiMitudee or recent month$, sb~uld be reconcilable ii the British are able to alleviate the present deplorable economic eituation . In Vichy France the general reaction appean to be apathetic, despite Laval's •'indignation" over this "new aggression".

Temion Eaud in Syria

Jn the Levant a cri8is in Anglo-French relations appeanJ to have been averted, at least for the pre!ent. Shortly ~ors the cu~t British olrenaive in Madapcar the Fi~ting Frencb 1n London were informed that, deopite earlier plans, the British oould hardly allow the De Gaullista to administer civil af!'aire in Mad•gascar, unless De Gualle returned to London and settled the Syrian impasse. The French National Committee in a telegram to De Gaulle urged that the civil administration of Madagascar was infinitely more important than the Syrian settlement; which involves merely mandated territory. :

De Gaulle apparently followed the same Line ol reasoning. He has notified the British that be is hopeful of a settlement, and is reported to have informed tho French National Com­mittee that be will return to London next week, following a trip to Equatorial Africa, where depresoed morale makes his Preoence badly needed. Among other factors which probably contributed to De Gaulle'• decision may have been

7

Swur the difticultiee he bu experiencecl in werting bia pooition in the LeYt.11t. He ,..., moreover, gralified that the British P"' him advance notioe of their plana in Madog111•or. Be abo had a conversation with Mr. Willlde on Sept.ember 10, in whlch tbe latter preeumably stated that the United St.at.. wanted to eoe a crisio avoided in Aogle>-French relations in the Le\-anl.

Ample oeueee for oontroveny apJ*lr to be ahead, ho11·ever. The Frencb National Committee, "'let to have De Gaulle roium to London, may have ovent14led BritWI remarluJ with r:tprd to M•d•pnr. De Gaulle ae a eoldier may not OMily agr<e to leaving military control there entirely in British handa, mpeci•lly il the Fi&bt.inc French are anxious to make of l\Wlap90ar a precedent for future ueo. De Ooulle's dcparturo from Syrio in the coming wook would mean tbal he hM loot at leost the lint round ol his struggle to mainl&in his pooition in the Levant; but for tti. Coiled NatioDI it ""uld mean tha\-<regardl• ol the mmto ol the .,...,....... critical situation threaten,ing t,he re&r ol the Britioh position In Egypt hM b«n averted.

'l'utkq ll4o§lmu Htr Dctmlii1141ion lo Dqt:lld Htr /"'°'Jrilll In lengthy convenatiooo ,.;t.b Ur. 1\-illkie, the Turkish

Prime Minister and Foreign l\fini1ter reviewed the policy ol their oountry and reputed their determination to fight ii attacked. They eited, u an indication of their policy, Turkey'a earlier refuul of a German "'CIUeet to tlaDIPOn war mat6riel aero. Turkey at t.be time ol tho ooup d'6c.t in lraq-.. moment when the miliwy outlook for Britain wu extremely dark. Exproesing thei.r hopci for an AIUed Victory, the Turldlb epokesmeo reoewed their appeals for pain, oil, and war mathiel. 5&raooc1u evincecl particular ooncem over I.be wheat problem lor the coming year.

Mr. '\\~lllde apparently ,... very favorably reoelved. He

8

s­on.joyed a good pre., and tbo Turkt ...,,. imp..._i by his million ae an indication of Americao unity.

British eourooo appear to llhow more concern about the incrca.Bing German presaure on Tu1key which is shortly expected, perh&Jl8 in the lomi ol demand• for transit prM­legea or the use ol airdrnmee in ABiA Minor. German dtliv­~ ol rolling atoek and German insaJlaUon of a ~epbone b.ne from Iatanbul to Ankara are taken .. atra"" in the wind that bear careful wat<:hlng.

Meanwhile the Turk8 thM>Belves &re believed to have oompleted the lllfgc mo~ent of tlooill and mat6ricl from the Istanbul area to northeaat Turkey that hM been going on ainoe July.

laoal Dttrtu Com""1-tl IAbor

Uaving f&ilod in every atwnpt to meet Oennany'a demand lor French industrial worbrs, Laval b .. now apparently dooided to maint.ain himaell in power by decreeing com11ul­oory labor for all Frenchmen from JS to 60 and for unmarried women from 21 to M yeara ol age. In addition to rational­iling induatty and increasing working houra, t.be new law, which bea.ra the signature ol P~t&in u well as Laval, i1 admJtledly deeigned to provide labor ror O.m>any or to oxoeutc ClemwJ economic orde~ fact which the German P~ flt:Uy ueerta. It Ml alao stipulated that foreicMra residing m France may be oubjected to similar me&8W'CI.

Secretary ol St.ate Hull baa delivered a strong protelt, warning that the consignment ol French labor into Na1i bands "would bo wholly lncoll!isteot with France's oblla:•­liooa under international law." Mr. Hull alao condemned t.be Vichy government's mua deportation of belplma refu· goee, and indicated that America'• petieooe with Vichy wu wearing thin. Contrary to tho preee announcement ol

9

Sr.mrr

Propeganda Mini$!er Marion, Laval hM never uked the United Stat.es to receive th- Jewi.&h relus-.

l'monntJ in Pr<111:h N ortliwm Afri<JJ From North Africa it is reporuMl that at eome lulure date,

Loval intends to remove all tho imporUlnt French officials 11ow in that •rca. Meanwhile the replacement ol M. Pierre P~gba .. tho Preloot ol the Department ol Algim hM been annoUDCOd. ~. who had cnoounierod tho opP<*tion o1 lho youngu mombers of the LbJjma du A 11cit11f C°""""""", 1he &nice d'Ordr. ~ la U,,,W.., and Doriot'a lollo•-en, •ill be alCCOeded by AL Emmanuel Temple, a cloeo MIOciato of I.Aval •bom be publidy !Upported when 1be lauer wu ousted lrom power in UMO. .

From Dakar repom indicate a general expeetauon or..,.., major impending de\-elopmeot. The rae.1 tl1at the ~­are eo anxioua to have Stub planes atauoned there 11 taken u an indication ol their intense interoet in tho territory. Although tho Germans are now reported 10 have eent only one ol:M!ervcr to Dakar, Governor-General Boi.iaon •p))llrcntl.Y withdrew his rosignation only on the 8BIJ\lranoo that th11 obfierver will remain for a Um!porary atay, and "in principle" for not longer t.ban lll'Ollty-one daye. The new oonun&nder ol U10 land foroos in French West Africa is General Falvy, who ia mported to be a oollaborationist, ambitioua to beoome Supr<me Military Colllll!ADder in place of iw-u, and ))08-

albly l«!lident-General in place or Boiseon.

TIN NN SpanW. Poreip Mioida

Shortly &leer ou.._iing to office, F~ ~finiaw Jordana notiliod all Spain'• envoys !hat no change in loreip pobcy ,... to be cxpeeled. l\evertheleM, he h.aa indica1ed l~t SpainwiU henctfortb try to maintain a more correct neutrality.

10

Be is undentood to have otiJlened the Spanish committ"" cnpged in eoonomio negotiation. with the Nuis, and lo have promised to watch etriclly any belligerent submarinee that come into Spanish JlOtta. Apparently he alao inlenda to fool bis way aau1iouoly toward curbing the inftuence ol the Party; but it ahould bo remembered that the Falangista are still strongly represented in the Government.

From oovoral eouroee IUlllOl'O auggcst that Ckneral Orgu may be removed from hie poet in :O<ortb A!rica. Orgu hinucll, however, haa staled that he will •tay where he is.

Third Rl1wid U. tlN ~

Allied P<*tio111 oa Guadalcanal bland, site or our chiel air bum in tho eoutheaatern Solomoas, are once more under heayy at~k. While detaill are unavailable, it is apparent that peraiatenl enrmy attempta 10 land small detaehmeota at night at unprolected coutal pointa have boon •u"""""1ul, and that th- JlOint.I have been reinforced. This P""""'9 of infiltration hao pl'O<lttded quic'!iy !or 80me time, with the Japan- apparentl,y aiming not only lo secure inteltigl!nee but to hara&9 and ocatter Allied deleodcro.

Larger operationa in support ol theoie units began on September I I, when a loroo of 3,000 Japanese sueooodod in reaching Taoimboko Bay, on the north central coest about 20 miJeo out of our airfield at Kulcwn. During the night of Sepcember 13 14, United Nationa' loroes repelled an enemy ground attack dosiped to capture the airfield. The Japu­me&11wbiie have .upped up tbeir own attacks, both by air and IWfaee craft bombardment.

Jo- NOllOJ C~

;._ naval aclivity bM been notable n!!OeDlly, both in the lower SolomOD1, where their main baoo appearo to have been ..iabliehed at Ciao laland in the Oeotgia group, and in

11

$11C11Ef

tho upper Solomons in the Buin-Faisi area (at the eouthem extremity of Boupinvillo ltland). In this latter att<I, 4 enn..n, 12 dmtroyen, 2 iankeni, and 4 large lran!?ON were sighted Sep\CDlber 13. At lcaat one aircraft carrier hM bee1J obeervod in this general vicinity very rcoently, •nd there are probably more. ?\umen>WI dc!otroyers ,;ni in """• M mADY M 26 hr"oing been eight.eel in one conoontrstion ?ff Bougninville Tsland, September 6 .. Pro~bly_ a wk fo!"c in­cluding bolh batlleabipe and crwsen 18 being u.eed m the current battle. In addition, large naval f.,.._ ap..,.en~ly are still on call farther north in the MMshall and Caroline (3ianda.

AdlOn al Efogi In New Guinea the Jal)Meao t.roopl! which forood • J>M-

8ag<l through the Owen Stanley Range have, alt~r a wc.:k'a lull reaumod their advance iowanl Port Momby. lleavy fighting iJ reported in the rusged country around Efogi. Jn1)an..,., bA.SeS acroos the · mountain• at Buna have been atiaekoo repeatedly by United Nations' airerafl, but •PP"·•· ently 1hiJ has not ilalted the movement of tupplies and rcinforoements. Japaoeee forces in lhiJ area "ere estim•tcd aome dn~ ago at two regimen II, one in a lorward potiition and one in reeeJV•, and i1 is believed the lon,.anl elemenll now have been reinforced. (A Japan- regimenl nonnally includes about 3,400 t.roope.) In the laoo ol euperior Alliod airpower, the supply problem lacing the Jal)ftneee t.roo~ ii extremely dillicull. ~evertheless mililll)' ~behove the drive on Port Moreeby will be p.-d, and they add that a further ntt-0mpt to aeise Milne Bay i1 to be expected.

J~ Air SlralglA During the fighting in the Southwoet Pacific, Allied Oiere

have increaoingly had the upper band. In con.eequeneo, the Japan..,., have appuently come to rely more heavily upon

u

$l'l(U!' the slower method; ol infiltration which havo cbarac:teriJod their operatione reeently, both in New Guineo. and in &he Salomone. Thie iJ strikingly the caae ii ~ operatione are compared with the earlier Japan..,., advanooe in Malaya aod the South Pacific generally.

Thie lituation may indicate an inereaeing inclination on the partol the Japanoec to husband aircraft, which they are un­doubtAldly loss willing to "w&1te" than manpower. The total atrength of theJapaneao air foree, aaof Augus\ 31, is es\Unalod by military and naval obeen·ers at 3,688 plant.a. Japai>Ole first.-line1trcngtb at the beginning of the war waeestimatl'<I nt 2,600 planes, with 100 percent reserveo-a total ol 10me6,200 airuaft available for operations. If the two ..mn.i. are based on comparable data, this situation repreeenta a reduc­tion to date in oombat atrcngtb ol oome 1,500 planM. Present e8timal<!I do not allow for roeerv.., linee it iJ now llS!Uillod that initial establishmento, immodiJte, and llOred reservoe have been completely merged-an indication in itself or the tbiuning out ol Japanese air atrcngth.

Estimalff of Japaneao aircraft production are by no me&ru1 in agreement, but the ocnoensus would indicate a -'ble average monthly output ol 626 planN or combat type8. If this estimate is correcl, the Japaneee produced BOme 4,726 eombat planea from ~ber through August. Total Japaneeo loasoe ,.-ould include this number, plUI the t ,600 planes by which total atrcngth hu been reduced. The Japanel!C thus would have U90d up about 6,226 planee linee Oeoember 7. Aircrall required to maintain the training program may he eirtimal<ld at 1,176, leaving operational IOMee ol 6,050, or 660 planoe per month. Th..., IOllM!9 in­clude, ol .....,,,., not only planes ahot down by the Alliee, but thoee which are dmtroyod in operational accidents and darnagod heyond repair either in combat or aeoident&lly.

,_ 13

s-lfldio: P~pl °"IM p,;,.. Mim-'t Sp«</I

From India a chotus of pio""t baa """ltd Mr. Chun:hill'1 11Atmltnt to tho I!oUMt of Commons dedaring the Briti>h Oovcrnmcnt's •upPQn or the Vicm>y and Govemmt.nt ol India and reaffirming the Crippo offer of !Mt 1pring M the bMi.! or Jlritaln'o Indi4 policy. Apart from t he Oovemmcnt­domiiu1t.ocl Delhi Sloltman, the Indian P"""' bu cutlgotod tho Prilnc 1'.lini!tcr in unmeuured tnrnt. To tho Bombov Chtoflith, the ~h wNJ "an 11ma1.ing nti1trcprMCntation." The i\fodro.t lf1'ndu Mis referred to 1'rni&chiovoU1 half t.ruth1" oud d<>clued of Mr. Churchill: "So far u India i1 oonocmod he It u clongcrously irreoponsible, as arrogantly <0ni.mptuoua, Al purblind u e\-er." lb the ,·iew or the Calcutta A mnt.o & w Polrika, "\\llere Churchill'• blunden have faihid 1

-'tit, SWin, and Chiang Kal.i..k muat labor and IU<tt'Od by !heir "°"'bjnod wisdom."

One oborr.w on lhe opo< add.! hi! own oommtnlf. lie belie.,. lhat Mr. Churchill baa undeniotimat«I the nwnbtr ol ckstho in the eun<nt disturb&n ... , and w....U- that many provint:W mini!ters will be angry at the impliration in the •r-h thll they are supporting we poliey ol the Cen1t1l ~mmtnt. FurtMnnore, be baa fOWld no t\idtnce of the filth-column aclMty hint<d at by the Prime Minia~r. lo 1um, he concJude11 the apeech will render more difficulL the tuk or oompromiao now being at1<mpted by a group of non­CongrC'M le-Adeni in New Delhi.

lnt<r-p<JrlU Ntgo/iotW..

Th• 1tatt.1nent. of thia latter group calls (or a "national go1·ttnm•nl, pl~ I<> the rupport or th• war llplnot tho ......,_,., eo..U.liog of ...,,.....,tltiv.,. of major politl .. t lntmll\I, 1'hh oompletAs autonomy in the intematiooa.I - durillg the period of the war and unletw.l freedom thtnatt«." Tbe licners of the 1t1wmm• .,.. eoDlidered co

H

s­~.Lhe width of it• ouppon. Tboy include leodero of the Hindu Mahaabh1, two of the J...Ung Sikhs ol the Pw>jab and the lfooltm Prim<I Minis~ro ol ~opJ ond SIDd. '

Furth<rmore, tho Mahaabha llM iaoucd ito own stllmltot declaring th&t "the dent.and for Indian freedom .. , ha.a not been made by tho Cong,_ olone but by all important poliijcoJ pa.rtiee in the country.'' Similarly, Sir Sik6ncler Hy-at Khan P~roier of tho Punjab, haa &ffim1od that tbc majority 0£ ~1ndus 8J'DlJ)llthi1e with tho C.Ongrtw, l'i'hile lhc Premier of Siod bas Mid tho lllUllO Of tho non·Moolcm Ltague ~!06lem1. Off tb6 reoord, one or tho Jndlan memben of the Viceroy's Executive Council hu dcdattd thlt BO pttoent ol Iodia'1 people agree .. ;th the almo ol the Coogrom.

At leas• one of the <0mpromieo D<'goUatont, Khan Bohadur Allah Ba.bb, Premlu or Sind, hu dtdarod that he is "°" <00vinoed that Britlin dooe - intend to f,.., India .,..., afttt the war is ov••r. and Rajagopoloehariar bas implied as much. It ia °'~ being ..Ud in India that the Britiob .. ..,uld rother ba1-e the eounuy tlktn by 1he OOOlllJ', wiLh lb& ciu.­to win it b&tk at the Pet. .. eon1 ..... .., than to abandon all hope al rec<>•.,.ring India by pving i1 r-tom now.

Meantime, eom~ ntt1otia1ion1 ate ttalled by the fact that Rajagopalochariar-lhe ono auitable intermcdiory I<> talk with J innah hu evidontly rtf.-1 to act until the Govm1.1ncnt. h1o1 chAngod it.I siand. Furthermore, there ia: aon!e d,.n&"r thaL llindu-Moolorn relations may booome em­bit~ at t ho current rnoctlng or the Central Lcgi!lalure. A ~foelem Uaguo men1bcr i.e C\'idc:ndy intcndha.g to pl'effent. a re90lution calling ror tho rcgul&riution or A pe>Ucy, aJready adop~ in certain looaJiticw, or oxeU&ing 1'loelema from the linat imp<»ed on the inhabitlnU ol IOWN where di.turbanoes ha\'O oecumd.

•

s­TINB.w.A~

Deopi<e the odd criticilms of eerWJ> ltf,,.wing Labor manbm of Pt.rliamenL (including Lord S•rabolgi'o .._ tion that ProoidenL RoooevelL orbit111Le the lndiAn iloue). tho BritW1 nou.ee of Commons and pl't'llll have givt'll the Prime Minister lhoir fairly uniform support. Tho Da1lv Mni'I and Dailv Ttltgroph hAv• gone right down the lino with Mr. Churchill-the latter affirming that. the CongreM 11eee1n.8 to have enliwt.d the help of Japaneee filth oolumnia11 and ccr· Wnly ... 1u1to11Ab in the b&ck tboae of ill countrymen who have volunt«red to defend lndi& apiruii the ~r."

The Timt• ii more modora<e in i" aupport. Taking iloue with the Prime Miniirter, it declareo that tht Indian oi1uation ii "full or howd" and wl tbouah the Coo&- may not ttp.-t all India, a IOtdemml ignoring the~ .....wd be .. imi:-ibili1y, eoptcillly in ,.;.., of the faet thal all mejor - in l.ndia - with the~ in domandinc I~. ''The - hopeful l)"lllplOm of tho .,.... few ~" ii ooodudN, "bu been a ..n.. of atlAmpll, patitct though hilhmo abenh>e, by Indian party and nonpany leaden IO find a way out through diaouooiono ""'°"' "-· 1e1, ... ., -

Tbe Marodiukr Gll4rdion bas oon'tinued ill campaign for conciliation: "While the 1111pp""'81nn of diaord<r l1 . • . . \li~loome, thtrc will be 1. deep dblappointmen~ in thll oounLry u well u amen1 the United Nationa ove1110u If Mr. Chutth­Ul'e 1t&ttn1ent ii to b6 the la.st word." Alone amoug major p&J>Cln the Dailv Wo.-ker vlgoro..iy tAkoe Uo!ue with the Oovemmen~'• who1o policy: 11

• • • • refuu.I t.o negoti•t. only aurrcndert initiative lo the tnmly a.nd doee lrttpatable harm beth morally and mat.crially IO the Allied eat11e."

16

!

'

cr.-a.., JI_, for Potili<M U. 1M Nordi-Whilo the military froot.o in China hove mnained qW.t,

political activity bu inc.....i. Ch~ ii evid.,,tly engaged in an attttnp• IO ex~nd Kuomintang authority .. widely u -'ble throughout the north~-. General Chi&n3 Kal-.hek iii reportod IO have 00..n succ:eeoful in negotiations whicb would lnore&80 Central Government m .. ftuenoe in the hithflrto RtLtlldan-<101ninAted provinoe of Sinki&ng. Chiang I• now at~ing a mililAry conference in Sia.n at. which, ~rd.lug to a reliable obeerver, be will a.ttempt. a gen'-ral tctdMtMt. of ChunPC1 ttlatiOJl.! with Sinkiang, and wilh 1hc ChU.- Communisia or Shemi.

ChungkiJ13 iii in a •ll'OllC position, ainoe the Communists have been 8Ulfering ••erely from the uno8icial C.Ottal Go•vnmenl blocbde. Our o""°""'r ttpOrts tha• Chung­kini will probably pro- that Corrununi.81 areu be admin­islered by the Kuominians, that the Commwlllt ro,_ be aboo<bed in the main OW- Ami)', and thu Commun;.. lt&dfn lho<ild nioide in Chungklog. He platts little hope in the outcome of Ibo oonlmnoe, but, if _..,.,., lho<ild be achie"\-ec:f, Si&D 1'i1J ODOI again h.a\'O -.ime.ed an import&ot. lum in KuominW>g-O>mmunin relations. It _,, a< Sian that CbiAng wu kldnaped 1n 1936, and it wu aft.er this even• Iha• the KuorninllnJ and Communiru originally formed a united front.

The Mtaning of th• Japana• IVWodrouo0I in Ch<kiang Spe<ulation u 10 the 1ignlficanee 0£ the Japaneee with­

drawal in Cheklang, Klanpl, and Kwangtun1bas1-n stimu· lated by the eonlid'1ablo plna which the Japanoee rdin· quiabedin their retirtmont (oeeloC<Ompenyingmap). Bet .... • May 15 and tho lul -k ol July the JapoA- bad oeeupied the entire o~ ... -Nanchang Railway, bad cut off -ol Cbeldaag from eommW>kationa with Free China, and bad

17

- ------------------1~ s-°""'pied all I.be airfieldo in !he prov1n... They bad eotAl>­tilh<d lh<moel•·oo Ntrld. tho high-y junction of Nan· ch'eng (northoutern Kianpi), denying to the ChlnOll the ... ol tho belt« ol U.. two hii!l>"&11 •hi<h connect F\Jkien wilh t~othcrprovinCMo!unoccupiedOb.lna, t.nd threa~niog the impartanl hi,tlway wbich runa lrom Nan-<h'mg ~ Kan-b,;m (Kionpi) to Shao-lruan (tcnnlnal in Kwangt\U13 or tho Cbln- held portlon or the Canton-llankow Rallw•y) Sublidia.ry d.ri•,. north"'111d from Canton and oouth &od wcat. from Nanch&ng hMI made uougb progre. to be ripe for devclopment into r~r pronp ol • major ol!Clllive op!Mt the ,;i.i Canton·Bankow Rallway. Aeoording lO reliable obt<rven, lheJ•panOll advaneeol May.July did not moot important ChinOll ....Uw..e. In Augutt, at.ill free from •iyilficant ChinOll prcaure, the J•pancoe reU b1M:k on Cbln-hua, Nanehang. &Del Canton. The l!OU.nde:in interpretation of the Japanese withdrawaJ is probably the vi<w that thaJ•- ha,.., •ilhd'""" because their objecth ... h..-e been achie\w. Aooording to this inter· protation, the Japan ... ....,,pt.ign lhould be ,....roed u • raid in lo,.. to d-.troy the Chekit.ng lliriielda and plunder Cheldang &od Kianpi town• ol their aoctunula!OO ouppu .. , with the poooibll' addhio.W ~al providing valuable oombal lnining !or the Ja- troope in\'olvod. The !act that the JaJMUl ... , by rouunin1 Chin·hua, art! holding a pooi. lion rnxn wbich d.ri• ... may be u!Mkl1WJI apinat tho Cbe­ldang afrfield& more -1Jy than lrom llangcbow ia 10mc jutllficallon for thia theois. Mo"' important. 111pporllnc ••i· ~. hcnrre,..-e-r, UI the f&et. that. the Japa.n096 withdrawal Yt"U p~ by ,..cll orpnlud and 11)'11t.ematlo IOC>ting. &Del that the wilhdn.nl oe<unod .i..,. han'Oll.I ,....,. 001I1plet..s. The Japo.neae h•ve plned 1'110\llh in plunder to olrael I.he ..... or the eompe4n &Del lhoy m.in an advan._ pooitlon •• Clln·hua.

18

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JAPANESE WITHDRAWALS ••

SOUTHEASTERN CHINA

~

COU.O._,-Of'OCCIUHO ...... , 'I.I ... tam.~- ,..,..TlOlll,Mf•.-• ----~ .............. •9&& 9'0CliTU' 9t.CotVlM:O ft C..N• ...... , Gtfill(:fl ••• ,

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JI l!i""1/ Da:i>iOft i1' C 4iM A bondoo«f The J•- withdrawal d- Indicate, however, tiu.. the

Jap•u- will DOl mt.Ice an immodiat4 •U•mpt lor a milii.ry dociSon in ChinA. Thcir retlrtmtnt in Cbekiang and KiADg>!i domoOBtrat... thAt th•y do Mt inttnd to develop a major oft'e:n!ive l\g!Umt. the 10uthl'A8tcm 1>rovincoa and the Ca.nton· Hankow Railway. Selaure of thi.I rn.ilwAy would bo u criliMI t o Chu~ and M valuable to Japan M would be tho l'Cllulto or MY other ""'31• Japan..., drive in ChinA. I t ii not likely tbat the Japan.e hava •"litlCD otr promleing preliminarics: (or one major oft'erltiive nttraly to bf&in anO\.her llQmewhere .. in Ohina.

Moreo•·er, Lbote is""""' ,_,, lor tho hypolbelis lbat the Japani1• wit.bd:ranll lignify a dedlioo in fa\-or of another lobooler or oporotiooo and may pomibly g; ... a d"" .. t.o whore action .,.y be expected. Thia hypotheoil nma aa lollowa: J._ withdrawal hao r....i aimtldl and ttleuod Chungkillg from oonoiderable ~ p.-.., (by -ing Chekiang mnuggling oont<rt and by giving Cbun#ing - to Chekiang Ml• and olher produclO). The !act that lhe Japaneee ha•·• withdrawn their lrOOj)I al I.be coei of relinquilhing all- fielde and e«>nomie p....,. might indicate a temparary 1train on Japaneee manpanr. This ugbm..., of manpawer i. only c...tible 11 tho Japaneee are building up • triking forces for another thcalor without -kcning thcir heavy concentratioll.IJ in l\fanchuria (aince "" aLtack on Siberia alone would probably not n....itato withdrawal> in China). Tbo laet that tho Japanoec have given up alrflcldo in China clooe t.o Japan may be & cluo to f)Oll!ible Japan­actlon apinJt the immediate oourceo or Chlna·baoed air­Po-. Ille A.am and Benpl buea or the lndia·....China .;, route.

19

SEOimr

Continuing Enigma in Marodluno Although oonfinnAtion ia lacking, Chm- eou,.,,.. indicauo

thot at luet one other Japan- division is leaving China proper bound northw&rd, prceurnably either lor Manchuria or Inner MongoUa. Tok:yo radio, meanwhilo, haa relayed a 1tat.em.ent by the Jape.n .... commander in China, CeneraJ Sliunrok:u Rata, which, lhoUj!)i the radio .-ption by our monitoring oorvice •·as spoUy, foreshadowod the "merging" of Japaneae military aetioo with the Axis war in the west.

ArQ<nli"4 Suk• to CoWll<r Our 111/tunlUJ The meeting of the ehlel executives of A~tina and

llolivia in the Bolivian bonier"°""' of Yaeuiba on September 17 is the most important of a number of reoont 1Mneuvers by which Castillo i$ntt.empting to dispute the political and econo­mic leadership of the United Stat~ in South America and to coun~rad Ar~ntins'a i>olation via-lo-vis the pro-democratic bloc. These llW\ellvers include cancelbtion of Paraguay's long forgotten 10 billion ,_, war debt; inauguration of a bronch of tho Argeltine Central Bank in Asunci6n; ICllding or a military misa.ion to Pcrti; opening or n10..ritin1e service in Argentine vEl$1!Cls ..ith Chile and other west coast countries; rui Invitation to Dr. Parra Pm1, Veneauelan Foreign Min· ister, to be p.-nt at the inauguration of a new monument to $im6n Bolf var in the ~ntinc capital; and an invit4tion to President Rfoa of Chile to vWt Bucnoo Air<ll on his return from Washington.

At the Yacuiba conference with President Pell&randa, Castillo is engaging in n"'°tiationa of a more ambitioua nature. He ia to witnem the inauguration of the constn1.,. tion of a railroad and a pipeline, financod by Argl'lline eapiuol, both of which will open up new avenues of Argcntin&-llolivian trndo. The pipeline, more likely to be complet-Od success-

8llClUll' fully, will provide Aistntina with ~tel¥ needed fuel from nearby Bolivian oil fields.

Jn addition to the announced purpooe of hia visit, it can be 8118Umcd that C..tillo will prt9! for further economic and pelitical advantages, lhcreby competing directly with the United States, notwithstanding the faet that the IAtter baa alnlady been promiaed the greater par\ of Bolivia'• vital mineral production. The DO-IOO<ltable oond1tion of the Petlaranda Government, beset by acute food problems and incroaaing aoclAI unreal, offers C .. tillo a fertile field, one, moreover, of great strategic significance bccausc of Bolivia's aupply of critical minttals and ill <entnt.I g<egraphic position.

Tov:<>rd Natimlal llnioll in Bro.nl Return from exile of Brazilian political refugcea residing

in Uruguay, principal refuge of Rooing Brasiliano, Is strength­ening the movement tow&rd a wartime union ~r. all ~ti· Axis political groups behind the Viups AdminlSlrabo~. Upon the IUlDOun<e<nent ol a atate of war between Brasil and Gemwly and Italy, leader1 ••ho had been forced. to ftoo at various times since 1930 aa the result of su...,...ve political shifts of 1ho pnioient Administration, declared them­.,,lves unconditionally at the 10rvicc of President Varga&. Many are already on their way b&cl< t.o Bnuil.

The attitude of the BnuiliAn g•wenmmt tol\1lrd this movement waa expresaed by Dr. Pimentel Brand&o, ddegate tO the Montevideo Permanent Committee for Continental Defense: "The President is l!CCking the cooperation of oil the <itiaena in tho war effort of .Brasil A11d to thal end conaidcre that he has no political enemy who cannot epin be his political friend." Sipificantly, General Flo,.. da CUnha, ~ leading oppo&ition figure since 1937, who returned to Br11il three months ago t.o offer bia servioea in furthering tho national drive against tho Fiflh Colwon, enjoys complete freedom

:n

c!apil6 an ~'ed eentence or a r-'• impr;.oomeot pro­oounoed in obuntia. An announcement thal PreaidMt Varpa bu granted amnesty lo all political exileo, bo...,vcr, bu not been conlinned. A signifiCAJ\I and comproheDSiblo exception to I.his policy or ,_nciliation is tho treatment aeeorded tho In~ Bnuil'1 green«iirled nativo FMcista. On the eve or Brasil'• Independence Day celebmtion, rederal police arrested 40 membora or the In~ cxeeutivo eommittoo in Rio do Janeiro. Reports aloo stated tbat acveral Commun~ wnre ~I at ti1e oame time. N ovenheleeo Communist exiles in UruguAy have taken the lead in olfering Vargaa their unqualified cooperation.

N~n Imbroglio Despite the eomic opera ectting or the near-revolt againat President Somoza of N)cart.gll&, the arreat or 13 mcrnbere or the opposition CoDBCrvativo party, including BOvoml promi­nent gei1crala, r- attention on the latent i.natabili1y of the Qntral American dictatorships in general and the oppor· tunitiM it olfore lo Axis agente and eympsthiaeni. Political ramifications involved in lhe elect.ion or • reotival queon touched olf deeper political rivalry which resulted in Somoaa's halting the affair and calling out lhe police who, among other thinp, broke up an anti.SOmoia ttudent demonatntion, eonding almost 1 &00rtl of the etudente to tho hospital. The &rreot of the conaervative leaden wu probably moti­v1ted more by pe191>nal mneon and ambitioll8 than by ideoloc­ical coosideratJooo. Preeident Somoaa &pparently believe1, however, that they did not rer ..... the help or Nui apnte 111d F'Mci.st l)'lllpathi.oen, who bad capitalioed on the situation by labeling Somosa "• ICJ'Vant or the Jew Rooeevell and or

oircumlt.anoo which indicateo that a clandeetino Naai radio bad tent the inlormAtion from Nicaracua lo Oumany. Tho buic .....Jmeos or the Somoaa and other dictatorial Central American regimes lies ill the ract that they can nol count on popular eupport and hence ue constantly in dan~r or a coup d'&t againlt which their only protection is a mercenary army or polloo force. In addition, 90CiaJ unrest, always endemic in lb- eounlriea oven il ~._i, msy develop to the bresking point as wartime economic l!lte88 dcpriveo largcr and larg1!r nwnbere of employllltlnl and rood. Thue Somoza and other Central American rulers are threat­ened from t""O sides, a situation frorn which tho Naais co111tantly attempt to draw advantage.

'

Yankee imperialism." Significanlly enOuch. ,_.. or the I fnJBtrated plot was 6rat announced by the Berlin radio, a

22 ----------~ ~-------23

APPl:NDfX t A UISTOar o r THE UllRICAN YOLUNTU& OI OUP

('he fiOUotriat "PO" WU ~ t..- Mdlior!Mlo\I ... _,.. .., U. Fw r......... ...... .,.o...,.,....~ a.11t1w.._ .......... _.,u.~v ....... a,......_...

t.llit "'Pb'lar 'Ttpn'", .. lluf priocf...alf LOOllle ..._OW,. L. 0..llMll\ tit TuM Mid 1.ouiillaDa,. Mtof•tlna kl authoritative optnlcm. Wida u Otp11IM&loo whW. .. ,., •l MY 089 W. 1Mt11<W IOOf'I ..-... »O AIM,C.O PlftONltl 19 \bti W4 ......... .. ~ ,.._ la.,., . .. ............. 100 Orwt.9 ,_.., ...... ..... a-. ........ ..,...,,..,.. ..... .,.... .. All&. ... .. , ........... _ .......... ,,.tbdittlU.0.- ....... I• l&a bnet ...._ .... u. 18 ~ Ille AVO ct..1.tOJtd 2t7 ,..,,._,. pa._ 1 la tOlll~ oro. tltt I'°''*" (wltn-.d a.nd coc;;llrlMCI) &lid u ~ tQwal 11wuber ot "probt.btel," 1.l • ... ol onJ.r 11 A-re.a piloW .W do-. four ....... le .,,....~ ..... ~.uc1.-uw•~ o..w... .._ .... SC ,.,......._lad,__.,,....... p99l ..._. .. ~ A._. • ,,.,._ ell \Jiii 1....- pa.- ..,.,..,. ................... _.lo n.. ~ 11.nuct.I oo.a Of 1.hl A \'0 .... ._ t.M4 UI a11 mmi.n, an 1.1111p1w b1 lbe Oki'*- eo.,. .... , ....

8111d. IM 14-/w M AVO ........ , ................. 11-' ~"" •J...-•ft-.. wvd•Bi9p-~ ~ A...-. .. ..a .. "'-'" ... ~ ................... ., .. A--....,. 1-...-u.c ,,. au ... ti... n. Bris.ldi..,.. .-• ...,.Gr

Lb. flOWl!lW •I.Jut or a IMOslf lllr '""' 1.o11U~ 0tt M.a.ya'• San.It. Ohto• wu rill.Uy inl#flft«L Ati..r 1Q3,S U. Chi ... air t~ • • • whb tt....aa .belp, wt ---., ~ *' ~......,....,..,.,..... Liie lieGc\b ... ......,.. ., r,.a....-.. ........ _ ... _._ n. .... ,_ .... ., ._._. ~ w- t&llAllc,., QtM ... ~......Sll>to.:..el~,aodW..~wft.htMA.-ioN

I.It f~ la Chin .. i.opU. wbh ••ffAI CNAC plkoca. Tbelt Jolot ldM WM wll.7 eold '° ;);11.ik.M CbJM.s, lbf 0... 1=t-o, Md Dr. T. \' 8oolt&. •llO I I 'a-...11 .. ~ u..a.. wl .......... .,......,.kw b9M • u.. "-*-- v...._ o....,

<w.-1 a..a..ua.. 1 ... ...._ 0-0 """' • Csi'td ~ M9f .... ...._ NUNd &ad ._, .. Cldoa la ltl'I '° \nJ. a... ploU .eel a.dvi.t '1lt ChJnellt alt roroe. 1.-.nc • •'*"-U.t I• NrlaJ u.ol'-. h• ti.d _,.•.,.tut 1111d1 o1 ,,,,_,_. u.edll "°"' PllJcboloa troa &ll. ti.sla•l111 or \ht lulo-Jtipaio.t alt •MI• Allf'M't IN1 ................. 4IW a aw.. A.JI N-... .... t.::led 10 _.,. A.-iewl ... r ....._. lat KO't'elntiw, IHO. ~' Roo..111 dtllldtd •rl)' la 1'41 \ht ih• tormas.loa ........................................

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I ., ...................... ., ..... .. ...... ~ ......... --..... a...a.......-. ......... ,......_ ............ ..... ot tOO o-.a p......o plMM t,_ • 81'11.I* "'""I- ,,_. ,....... IHIUdb:w Mr\&111 ~ Ptin. ..cl 9(11.11,._.,, .,,,. llotu,pL " • •t Of UB ll,llf.M6 wt~ fll.lldt llMldt ••.o.bNi by U. a.tn. ~L ~ ewao...,.. tor--.._,,..._. d!Seuh. Loeutoa Mid ........-c .... .....,... .... -w..,...... ................. ... WU ........................... ..,.. X~b« ... ll'1' ... o..b9f .U IOctP-tlr• ....... .....,_.,Md 71 ._. ~

a-cu,.. ~Mil OolOMI ~·. ,.._ -.Otd flOt ,...,.._ 16t ,.--.... ........., too ........................... , ..... a...._.__.....,.._ ..._ n.,......, u. .. .i ... ,., ~- ...,._ ,,_ .... v.i t!alMd ~ ... d'l'td &11 Iona.foe WI O.ir.i Attorl.I• Ml.lllll~.-.. Comp&01 (CA.MOO), le April I,.. I, Tb.11 Oompt.OJ' •• mllde "'~ lor \119 '1riq a.ad 1)1.11111 ot ~Pl-=-!. Md .a.. 111.adt .... t tor dis AVQ. AinDlli...,. ......S tw •AVO ~ fW ui _,y__. ............ ....,.... ..... CM.a. ..... ....a PlfPl9' ., • .. ' .~ .. ,..._ lbt .,._ ......... _.....,~ .... *-"'Id~ TM W., Mid Na'l'J 0.pt.rUAea:i.. -"'-d ill UM! PMnil"'1J ol J1111't611MI for OAMOO l>t ""llf!JI ..,..a.a ~.,.. aod Pf\t"ldlai that 'l'olilll"""' tottld Nfolal ~· A--.a ... " -'lllolil - ., f'NI\ ... ........ '1. if u. tl111Mlt ... ............ i. _, Ats........._. at .. NaJ, N• YJ. Mid. W....... C«pl a..r ..... IClt ~ ,.._,. ... ._ ........... ,_-.. ..........

>ton~ Wet s.bt-.. ud 1•~ ...,..1'9W11hed from the N•"J, Su ff'Oaa lbe ._, .,..,., Md Lbt rt-iitdef '""" \ht Ana1. ,....,IA!,. of '"' polllld CNW ~d tfe-hllkal ""6 ....... t,.. Lbf A,_1• CA.MOO,., .... ldllao ftn& .. ,..... ,...,""1 UI nao -lMI• "PIN pllau.MOO .... ....._. .. ~ ....... - . ........ ., .... n.... ... ,.... _'""....., .. "-.,\.'S llOl)f« ... ,~ ~~....,_.. ............. .,,....,.. .. *""°"" n. A VO G#41 &i.Ol.1.W O. A~ l, IHJ,.a.J.1'0 •ur___.,...a.w:~ll>J_.....,~ CUMic........... ...... •O-..·•-ad4ilM'tt....._ 8J' errs • ..... Ult ~ &a...,.,..._ .t T....,.._ let_....,. al r.._ R..,....-4111M~ _, .....__ .... a..U.W.l•PMP u.i-.....,.. ptaM ..... blt. 1111t0 the A.\10 ..... · i JCwimLat. v ......... ., .. ~ f'tnoiu:i.J M'flYld " lmf'l!"1 U.terr..a... 87 OoloObW lWt ..... tt pGo&e d&li..l at T...,.. uc1erpi1af,.... ~ Md ti • rotltM. c...i. a.....J& .......... ..,.... .......... ,..........,._.,

ll ............... _.._ ~ .......... ......., ....... ...._ ..... w1Ua Q9.,.... l.odftll\alllfll ~°' .... Nay w K•")',... WW tnblblf. MM1 I.II bd M. a.. IOO * "' l.Tfnl tbM1 .... Md MWI' a011111 ~ Ot .. , \tplt of PQl"lllllt p1I.-. 1rlU _, ............. ~ .. • ilolMM pa.,.. IQ T.....,c>. b.

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.... lwri\Mle ...... Modoo. ~ aod ttouW. ot .a \.~ lbould , dt\'tlop. A' t..l:mM, U. pojeet .......S ~ Coaoa.I ~I' •u .,..,.~ budloapped bJ" IAclr ot taP"i•ooad •~ o..._ ftw ol whom W'fl'• •""""'4d bJ CA)( 00 001l1J"IOC.e. Tbe ..,.,,. ot ..,. part. •• ..,.,.Utn&. Tbtn WM • ,,.., tborup OI ilnil, aod ,,..., Uwiee a..Slabl• -.m.d loo 10 btd "rJ ciuJettt In Lb. hol damp cllmat.e. Ybt!r9 were llho •boNp41 ot uuouNt&oa u4 or tooh. ahor1.ap1 o1.,..,a., ,,..,,.Ui.Jq, lo tan, uve tu.a. f.vta ntodlo. ••re ol • oommtrct.l 6-ip and bad co be adapted. Added so ot.Mt t.roubi., 1.ta.re • eN tOll" pl..,.. loa1 ud t.bne pOoY •lllecl lo Btp~bt;r alMI Oo~r. Neff!t· tbt'-' .at1dt-1 Cbtnna.ult'• ,WdiQI b.a.ad. a $1t.odld Oroup 1pfrCl tftally ...,..pd. Mid wUhlo • tew 11191lthl tbli moU.,. bodt ~ blio1u01 a d!Mlplilltd l1i.Uq unit. '""'Md Md ...... '°" t'OmbM-.

n. ~"a."' ... •H ._,_....,. IMtt 1• N..-blr, ...._ U... Far EMtlrs pollu.c.I •tuuoa .... .....,.,....,.

............... pollle., lht AVG bd ocilJ 44 r1*100 P-40'1anlWIC•f• •"'­la T•.,.._ •"9 '11 iM ortctuJ; -a. W ....ai.d, • Md ...._ diMJ:IW. ..,. • tw.d '-~for tad cl tltw. la .S&u.e, U..........,.., ..... .................. p."9~ Tlriil WM U.11 .... doa .. S"o~ll, ...... 0 ,_,,.Ciduc:~ordn.slobeA\'OMbl...,M,.._.,to X ....... y......., • duM ......... DOdle, ~- aJMut J...,.... ..it atwk .. *" "'' .... ff&red.. ns. ~ ., .. pp1,. uid """ ' ,...,..... .. t.iM .. * .. "'°'>' el the AVO. Oo..un:ttlhtw....,.a.des.o.ouN-tbW f,,_ )l .. At\lll•t •I )laaa.. 1..- WMhhlltoa, Mid fl'QGI 8i.appo,._ ~WM be1111 ..0. Whea wv __. la tM PNIAe oo Dr.oemhet 7,

lflM.C t/ tJw Wo;1 f"I tA. AVO

The OQttnali: of wa.r, ooml12;1 a forinlahl Won the "flyb11 Tlpn" W'tfll Into acUoo, oact.d pl.t.N tor lbt up&ru:loa of LM A VO Pf'OlrlJl'I Tbt 1.u1 P'O\IJ» ot An!lorloan Pll"IOflMl 1ea .,l.ng lO jaln thee A VO wtN hid1.1ewd lnt4 the U, 8. Arro7. Willa 1bt Un1*'- 9&.alel'. bctlliO!rt11t. ll .... cleMly fol'tllM:n tn WMbll\glOO tllM tht Pf'(lblotn of 11CtOUrlt1J planM., men, a.ad matfNI ror an lndoptt1ditnl air u.nl1. '#OU.Id bt f~nW>le. h wu 11-lfor. decided Ml dlilbMld tbt A.VO ud leduff lM IMO .... tbe Arm1 Alt Corpa. Uowtff!', bttoN th .. t.OO>lt pi..ot ea J111.J .. IM3- U• AVG ...,..t IA ..,. .. -LM o1 toeat.l lbal eo1111rllM1ttd """11 .. A-*" prtllllp •l • nitieal tlmt.

n. "'n".., ~••A~ Ootlc lau. bal&JI. f« llte ltd U-cm~'». 1'41, 1i.. .. ,,,,... ,,..._,.

.......... ,.., i:-bta and d:ro.... .. • ..... la .,... ., ........... ,...,.. ............. lt~ .. o...a.. -. ... 21~-~o.r ...... .. ____ ... _., .. _ .t.a twQer._. ...... _, thM...W...,.. tt. _.,....._ Alw' um-... _ ... , __ ~"-Woool_, .. __ n. ...... ~,....,....&.bit 1lunl UI .. ,,... ~ J...- ..,_. ~ .. TW!aod ... u....q. J..,._~.,~i.t11.tM4.N~ .... ............ -- &he_,. ....,. .,.... • da)'lpl ,.... - .............

26

Ja.aua.rJ' M, lbt AVO llbot do..,.. 14 ~ La add.ltian to to.a ldleMd bf I.ht RAP •

AIW the fall Cit Ran,oo• U.. Group eon:da!Hld ~!Joill.l from M.acw-e. Uunea, ud la~er from LM!uo ud Lohr1q,

lD M"1 ~ Japa'*'I broke throua,h Lh.e Cbt.na.e. Lin• and made a b•'+'1 .... ult on Lublo aM Lolwln,. atw:mpt.l.fll lo en.t ~ 8al•teA Rim aod 61opture Pfo(lthao. TM 11.1ddtn'*" &lid power or &.bU drtvo •M llnU'PM't.ed, alMI It w11 111 ~lie m...w,. d1.tt '° the AVO't oonttol.WK.ll bomblfll aud. mr.ehln.e­•uuilll or tbe toe.,•, 11Mth.ulfMCI a.ad ...tud oolu.m.M. Lbat the CbllltlM •fnl ablia to .oe.oildaw tbelr pMLloN o. Lbil SalwteA frool a.nd hall '11ie ld•AftM Tti. AVO bo~ and .-ntJtd \bl Japa&M91 mmetima two and ~- 11- a cla.7, from Ma.1 4 '° M., t2.

AVO N\l•ldes ._.Ml fOCIMd &.o-W .....-.... B....,._ bou.b1iDc ... ~ ., ...., ........ toniW "°'*'-' liOd voop. ...,. .. lmporiul pan Cit .._., _.... ,..,.,..... 0. Ma.Nb: M, 10 A \'0 p&a- ....._. - alrdrolM al cw.. ..... ,,....._ al~ a.ad bun.I • ....,...~ ...St..be...._ ..... ,....,....pfor•~ ..-~~ --~ ............... .,.,... ""J..-uW '° ......... r.w br •lYd.:iaa ..... vo ...... , Lltwtq.bo ... 1 ........ wit.II. .. ~ ...... Oa..,. ._,..,,..AV0 ....... .W.•a : hn-=Sip&...-s M--., ...... ......,... 11 _, ..... .. * paud. hi .pie al._..,.,...... ... ...... &"""4 l1*t ....... 0. ....... _.. , . , AVO ~ ~ 11 J~Ztr.tp..,.lalhtMtelu.klq4..U..otM.--.....s~..n. la )Cq, 1.-. A \ '0 p&a.llelf Ai'w 0¥11" 400 Ill.Bii ol. mou...aoo.i. ___, CIOUAU'J' ~ ba¥OC 00 Ult J..,.,_. a.Jr t... &1 llaool,. ~ Mid fl.rl"I bMll loO \heir ti.. bf o'«bl. Ollt pllol •• Iott bJ all~ IN. , ,

' WlUa oal1 a h&tldl11I Cit plan•, tb• AVO clcmonlh1ed • nu:tcli J&rpr Japati-a.lt fort111 op.ratlna In 011rsn.a aod China. h• addition to aim.o.t an equM 11um))er " pr-ob&bl,J d•ltoJtd," IOll'I. tt7 pl&Ol9 ftrt dtftnlttly •hol down OI' bl1mad t)(I U.1 pound bt'ween Deoteobw 20, ltU, ud Jul,1 18, 100. Th• cio•ftnoed n-wt1btt ot plaoel d•ro,-.d montllly lhe.U-S fnim 11 ID JaoUM7 to ta lo JuH alJd J lllJ'. Tbt lafllft IUIDlbef ol JlltJ* OIBe(a.111 a'Mlls.i lO OM pllilM WM 16H pkt-. T• paa.c.. ~ .-.Jl eredJWill .,llll dat'troJ'(Jla itiM or moN pia-

b1 l"MOplUoti ol b.11 ...ompb&bmen&. Colonel ~t .., .. 1Wtortd to M&I..,. d1UJ' wldt 1M l1nJ'4d ltaC41 Ar'eJ' Air Foret wk.la \ha ruk fl/ ~ a.-.&, and. Iii Jul7 .......s ......U .OW Geoera1 SCn..D. ol all C9'ltd 8tat41 a:r 1.-.. U. OlM ~

c...i-n. ~ - .,...'t'ld by ..... ~,.~ o,.., .... ........ ,,.,.,.... L o...nia-..• ....... • ..... IB~~ud a...._ wV ai.d

................ ~ti ... C:W-Mtlatt* ... ., ............. ... 2.TIM ..... l t 'bu wt ..... A4o1LbtAYO.-... ....... ._.. . ..

Udt!Ad..a.o....,..,.,_...,~ a A..-.armed~NdwM ... ~ bJ ..... wbo klllfW 11.Ylrc Mll4 81lail OOlldl\Jom le ChlM. A

27

- -- - =-=o- -,---.----=.___ -

tctiLiac ..,.., de ...,. dneloped. io wldcll Lai. ~ bocl• Md hlab ,.,. llO doubt. .,.trlbus.d. n.. men had ooa6deooe .. l.billt P-We..

L WldJ• opentJq ID Cblaa U.. AVO W UM ,,_.. ..,van .... ol \M Olli....,. ARP •11'41111 ol warnlnp. Probabl7 hi ao lucanee..,.. AYO i>IM• M'6Cli.ed In.id• Jl'tM OhlM- wlU.Ou:t ample aad dfll&lltd waruln1. ( "Mata wamJa1 •JMOm, hoftvtir1 WM aot. avallabJt h::i tbt Bu:n:M ftfbtltl1, w11tn .,.ftm,7 l)IM• wwt ott.tli '""~ ont how:I ti.fort tM AVO t.ook Mt tbe&lr, •!vtn IO, lt1 \belt flm 11¥t ...U' fl&hUDi 111 eout.h Dunne l.be AVG t.bot do1n1Mloef\Il 1 Japt.0• plt.net at• OOll\ °' ••1 a ... A.merioaD paoc. killtd h• .woa.)

t. Tbe AVO ... ''t.t.....uo.d"• ma.ldq ll. po.Ible I« pt.._ and - u. mo•• "'pldl)o ,,_ pa.. '° place ud commence operatlooe btlon tbt Ja.,...... bew U.,llod-

JW,locbcWd fnto the Ano1, s • ..-,.. -.ad ),fadoe (Mpe, \bt ,,,... ,,... ... *"-lrri • • ,..... ot ..w lMda YiDdlcsC«I br 9U~ --......... J.,........,.

APPESDJX ll

MIUTilY MOlllALB IN THI TIUNS·CAUCASVS la U.. ... ol • '-n» fOr 'Iba~~ \.be 1ofal-l1 ot U.• 0.0~ ~ A.,...S... and the A..t:.aid.ahu 'T'clrb o1 tlrrilt ,..,.. woaJd bt a pr1 .. fao50f IJ1 tu det--. O.ia pl.bfted b)' t.hl Eu\ ~J"OPtl.• IJM\lola ol U. om.. Of 9',..tcie lllerv~ ~ ~ d41JPite ~ probabDilJ' lb.a\. a Uml~ t.m011at ot t.M llllrM toad r.!IU.Ruaiu f..U.1 ol lbo ..,11c-r ~R.YOh.~,...,.. .ulJ t&'.IN, llhh oOl1uwa Ktl"llY hi \hi. Tran..C1.UOUU1 k DO\ DOW lllitly t.o - ol ~Y'f lm,pon.&11eo. ~ lndo-!Cutopel.nt 1.N aol au;~rollt l.J. U. Tf"lt.MoCaU•\IL Thi Rvu(a~ ~

I n~t It tht Ulnli"i.t•• IN th• mof\. fco.port.ai, lfllot lbty hold tfL•c1 blab JOUJt.ary llftd t (HI c!IYll podllo.na. Thtn .... IOIDO Rua11M l•rmkl1 llOOl.lrl\lll.lii. 111 IO'il\btNI T t A.Mfbaldahao t.od tn Attnanl&. &mt Grtd• li¥• ._, 1'btllill a.nod oo tM 01&­

}>d (e ... IOMI., wh.IM .. , • • a-.-. UTt ID lhe clc.i.t •Dd Lo N1'91 eom.m"old• '*' 3

TbOW, llulJl.uml, ..... Klto~r.b9d. 0 1'btn.,. a I.- 8-.lw.: t~ ...Id Mc.I'• Inn..,. touod ta die th-. Mid

"'-• (Ml,,....) OD lhit A......S.0 ~·

Pnw.t.,..i ~a,..,.

~ °"""'""" "-. ....._ - M) •••••••• ~ m.• Ttlrb., ....... • ······- ···-········-·-··-··········· • l.t.5i~Jtl

~~i~~t[~)~~~j))~jjjji)l~~t.~;;;jf ii'.!!;!!! f !~!'.'.'. ~]~

"-"*---• •• 0 •••• 0 ••••• • 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 H 00 00000•0 0 00 0 o o •• •• •••• •• 0

'-······················································ trlrralAl&m ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·-••••••• •• --•••••••••• , ............................... ···--··· .................... . Tau............... ... . ......... .. ..................... . o.nu...n.. . •• . • . ••••...•••.. •....•••••••••.•. ··----..... -·

U.111 40, IOI ...... aa. 176 ...... ......

8ovl.t& M&Jt be prod\lotd 1fcritll.oM!i ...W\I lo. tbit Tram-CaUoOl"ia. Llt..rMJ bu ti.a • :tWlnd4d io about 76 ptrMal cl lba poplllatlon, •hilt lbt' fJ'OW\h ol i:ndt111try hM br'OQlhl a toNldf'rabk urbamatiOD (1930, pWClll ..... of Ulbr.A pocMllallo9: A...wldt.,._, N.~; Otorsl&, I0.1; ,.,_"- 28.•). Tnwliilo<Ca •Mela bu ain9d1 .. ,... 'hot t1. I. 8. R.. .oet ol N .....i c:iapablit i...dlrw. StaLa ii • ~ M II &rlAt 1-d ti llN lJ, & S. R. Commi.ariat ol laterMI AIAln xa:.._ u.e. a. a.co-··-·10tr00d ~.•-AnDmlaA. ,...,....,..,..~.,._.o '' ...

()f ... _ .......... _ ..... ~""l>°U.~ U.. .._,_...._ _, LM A~ TVb a.re ~'17 __..,.. ... ,.........,, ...... ~ .... prod...-d tlftCC wioaal!st ..... •• la_ ... ___ ... __ ..... _ , ____ ...... -.. .,_,. ... -....... .. ~ ...... , 1 .. lttt, llMI DMtlct.b ..... ~ •pllt .... ,.,... ~.a llOtlttJM... ........... l• tD:>-21 &rilol illMn'tlll-t.ioe •...S AnMaJa ham Twkr.h ...... , aad ....... .,, u.. ~ Tu:rb. n.n '°"' loW'ld t. W "vol' aca1M\ lite'°"'* ~i, ~ WM 111pp: ' 81Jioe 0.l tllM A..-la .. DOt bei.a ¥Wblf LrOU.bled bJ MtiOU! IDO..._.. ... ahboqb U1i1 OMll.n.ab have CIO~utd io edit abroad. t.ewn bf ....._ Maa1 9' \bum ..,. fa•ort.i. WI lbt 8o•liM nctme. ni. tSl.f'Ulllt wiGJ, ho_,.., Wu.etly acnJ.S0¥'9l, t.od.ay ~ \O•Md ,....._

o .. ,; .. o."' "-"""'""" lo Ototsla. \ht 8oc1aJ 0-00NSI ot M'~rib ...,. ibe nt.1.lonalltl a...dtft

hi lbtl rtn:11i. .Mt Elo•ltt OOlltrGL, LO::e lbt ~. it. o.or.s.-a. b&d a lwW pw1oc1 ot ta~• tbai t11ded wbea tbt So,... foroet '* eoairol ta MArtb, l t21. TIM ~ et.Uoo.t.lW\ IDOffllMD:L ooolflll:Md io 1.i.t udtr .,.., tio .. YW, Md ttoca U.. io lftM &.bit 8orilt M11.bariU. tu~ lY paou. &....a o.p.o 1McStn ....,. repon«i U11Ncold te the pu,._ ot I~J TIM --......i ... .,..,..&l1 ...t io edit whh1a U. So• Ooloa, ak.1rrioaP to.a po1o." ., o.orp.. ~ ~ "° • eo""' ,..._. -r ..._ .........

The .A.wt: .... . . TWtl _...... -~ .... )&-- t...U... ... _.._, ... b7 ... ,. ......... ""'· .... . .... . a.d . w ~ ..... Bd....,. ,.....,.u.,, ....... _... .. tnt ... .._ sM 8orilt ""'9t ._ • · HrW S... i-. llla MllOlliellll .. ..._., .... IOIK __. ol IW poe"#, Md 411aa..W. ff'Ola lllll ........... ..,.... ~ A.a ...w1iti. the" .... o.llJ ,\',... et ,...,..,,. I, tMJ, ... ..,.., U.. MW w-.. "'9der' .. ta U. L & L wpd ... fa.ltld91 .. fllWr1 - .... ll'lt ........ 1n:...-., ....w ..... U..l • Mo.a.. _...,. ta IJM ....+ou·h·e lt.eplbl&l .,..1oralb ~ \\e .., 4otl.

29

n.~f/M~JI_.. .,..~..,.,..._~_,....,.ct..,.... .... ...... ~, .......... ~ ....... pod ..... Du.ti-. ... ,..,.., 8"tiM "*ta~ Tri• Ct r , ta~ oC tit ~ .._ tw u.o.a:1rp1,.., I• I~ 61.1 ,.,..., oC tht wbole ~l&UGIO of Ult 0....­~ of ptn0111 lloM Offl' el&\\ JCW. of "" at tti. ti- of tlMI JWtool:11\iot.; fl PfN'lll •IN DIM ti1dl'f thM 18 ta 1017. no. n.ltu1 ~- fOMll d111 bM\'.bollt of &wlitt .i;""~th ln tb1 Trw-Cte>o.·1111 trurt~ ta tb• ,., .. &. Of Ml lt1nMon of T r-C.UCMI' ''- OttJMtk..._

At111t11t.n._ 1111d A•ft.Jcbh.u Tlub ~Id bt 01btl111 tor tWr hCMO"' 111 tlll ~M Of Rllllth bivadtd tllu. (11, tilt poople M ••bole .... lt1oly ••I~ tlw.t thtT.,. ftt:htlna apla11 aa anpriDtipltd ......-or la • wu that WM torotd upo• ..ii.. 'nit a.nu.... ~- b ft ttp11.\ldlJ .,_l>"4d WI thf a..lftd tM_, bft ~•i.Nd trom ta.'*''* or w .... P'fd ,.pm.. n.t.11 "ttJt ......o• "° *'" '1IU •lldff tht .,_Gt londoa 11 "'7 lN'tt ~ el tbe k!M.bl~~ ot • ~UfMQI would follow Ult ...... ot tbe '""4 ,.,a. tfYI' lllill'­U. U\ft.I._ w ..a MW Of'Ml llllllMlaM) •110'6•t &1Jt1W11 "*""'~'full -..... 0..... ..-- tM Doo,. ~- ""°""., .... _. ..... Ult ................ bJrlJ ~ n.. • - dilllM U..l , .......... . ............... .......,. .......... .,cW' ....... t.Ml ............. ..... .. .,.....- HU.~~....._ .............. ..._ .... ~1 _, ........... . ~., ......... "'"' .. .,,.,...., -~ ................. .....-0 .. \Ml\ O' ....... ......., .. ......,..,. .... ........, • .-...., s~ ··~~ \Ml u. ...... ., die Trw C··•oeo .. i.-""'..,.. M ...._ "...,_ ................ , •• ~u.. .. -.

t """"""°""- ., ... ""-0.--'"\lf 1\il~tltlMTnmOn t.~t.ki A \ _....., ,.... .... ...... \41d ,..,.. .eA!\tftd UllOlll lhe ....... ,..... ..,... ........... ...

""~"' ~·" ... ""'- .,.,, .... ..,__ , .......... -... , .... 2 f a_,. ....... tov;ad ohWrta w 0eors1u ~11c. aJtllol.\P tllitf .,..,.u.,..s

•~tt ~ wlliolt f'tlloli, Sli9a1ler lfOllll' ol o.ot11f.nt ..-c ta.t , ...,...,,.., lbt 0...tMIM, tht M • ..,,..,.. ... Mid ..... nrr.1 ot \ht~- rnoun:W. trU-tf tbtO.trM CMIOl.tllt (K~•w1, 1W.M1, aad PaAur). The SMMti'Mw, on Lb•""'°' llOI* ot the "'"" C..u-, Mid t.bt AH-A.ariou, &rt alto. Oeo~ao..

Tbt 1'\irh ti .. 1nab.t1 111 A_.b.ld:e~u Repu.blio, tll~i. •llhll l"*P' -f°'*.cl ..., 8ab1•l n.. ~ an focoOd ~11 \M Am1tlll.,, ~bit lllld la -- ., • tlU.. --ally Tbbl lllld RU.11 ~11111 , ... 1 .... 1,....,., lhe IDOtl 1141..,,,.,... - • X•,...~ I• ~ tad lM Q..h-.<11 Thotn IN ..,..a ..... -..0 pocas-" 1.i.1ru1,,.

80 ··--.. -- -

'·

• ,,

&PDJ0D 17-:U, 11142

0-.. ol SCftleClc Senlceo

THE WAR TIDS WEEK While the Ocrm&ru1 &nl fighting lhcir way into Stalingtad

atreet by al~t, cnilitary obec.rvcn i.nc.llne fr1creuingly to tho view that the eeaeon is too fa.r advanoed to invite. a. lArge aeale allaclt in lhe Moooow area. They emplw!i"' .,.lhcr the pooaibility or early liquidation or the war in the North Caucasus and altacka OD Ltnlncrsd aod Murmansk. A dzfre on Tran&-Cau<Mia-pncli<:able during the entize winleJ'-is • more mnote -'bili1y bul one which would yield ~ l'OIWllO IO lhe Cltnna.oa.

In Ibo weet, the Ct"""" -liaue lo Pf'8 l.aYlll on the labor and lhippi113 rroni., and hit piobleml aze now reponed IO ba•-e ~., M'1te 1hn he may .,.. renouooe French obligations under in1Vnation&l law and pf'OOOOd IO more enm­plete "'ll&horatico with lho Oennana. In lho eul mean­"ilile the J:C)'Plian oam)lOlign haa oettled onee more into a stalemate. Deepite the CUll\',11\ "'"'rorlable pOoitioo or lhe British, a German dcciaioo to rtinJorce on a not.able scale might rapidly alter tho whole oomploxion or the war in !hi! area. To lbe eouth, 8ri1lah rorl)(!O have entered the capital or ~radApocar and have virtually ended the lhreal or A.xis inftuenco on the i.&land.

With tho "'nvening or Ibo Indian ~ntral Logislalu:ro, ii ii evident w.~ the Government.'• policy commands the sup­Porl of virtually none or lb• MUY<I lndiAn membero or lbal body, deepite the facl lbal .. rep-.>tetl ... or the CoQgrfM Party are preoenl. Eulie- aelivily in the Solomono and iS'ew Guinea baa been eu.-led by oomparative quiel, with evideooea of ""°""'" devtlopmeo1 of air b&.. by the

1

s-Jap&n,. in thooe -. In the abeenoe of fl'Mh int.ellll""ce from the Manchurian theater, obeetvere &re divided 11 lo whether the Japaneee may await a furthOl' anticipated weak­ening of RU8tlia in the ooming months or will rlriko a Plll­vontive blow now in the belief that no equally favorable opp0rtunity will recur.

S141i"FOd', A"°"" lo the city of Stalingrad the Soviet defcodeiw &re appumtly

figbti11g stubbornly from street to street and from bllildiog to buildillg. Their tenacious "'8iatanoe haa obliged lhe attacl:­erw lo iJucosify their &868Ult with the help of he&wy anill<ry. Yet Ruaiian dorts to break tfuoocb from the north to relie>-e St.alingrad ha, .. been unsu~ul, Md tho Soviet di•-enioo­">' attack at Voronem, while making gains abo>-e Md below lhe city, haa failed lo reduce the Gemao bridceJ>eed. Al­thouib Stalingnd•a nsi.st.anoe may be prolOllged for IOltle llme lo come, itll fall •PPW!I lo be inevitable.

South of NovolOO!liiJk on the Black Sea Coulal Highway, tho Ccrm&n1 &re progl'el!lling only alowly against strongly held J>oeitiOlla in tho footbilla of tho mountaiJa. To tho cut, the Nui pinoera on Groznyi have made more 1uhetanlial prog­' 088. The oouthcm oolwnn, headed for Ordahonilddse, has taken tho 1o..,,. of Terek and Dei4koyc and ;. within 17 mllee or Oarg-Kokb, at the northern ~d of tho Oloelian Mililll')' HighW11y. The northern column beyond Moldok, advanci11g llowly against strona RWlian "'°"'tanoe, now thre&tebl lo eoeircle the CromJ'i oil Seki area from I.be north and-.

Air. &olingrad WMl1

With the ap~ fall or Stallilpad, the pati.m cl ••e&>&a on the Eutem Front ia besi•••nc to pow clMier.

2

'·

,

Smmr Since iu inception, the Oennan oouthem offensive haa taken approximately three months. Lillie more than two months of good 6'Jlt.inl weather on !110 central ~d northern fro~u am now loft to tho Naaill. It la very poesible that tho Stalin­grad campaign baa oonawned a longer tim? ~.tho attac!'ore had at firet enviaaged. Jn any caae, limitationa of ~c, tn.naport and av&il&ble equipment cannot fail to be dllCl8lve raetora in'Oennan planning for tho reel or 1942. .

The clearest limitation ia air power. Current esumsteo ~that with a total of about 2,500 planes on tbe EM":m l')ont the Nuis have been Uling about 1,000 before Stalin­grad. ' This eonoentralion haa lei• inadequate air strength avaiW>le for major opeiwlioo.a eloe,.·bere. Jn the pan few neb, the ~ have bombod Murm&D!k only. 1pu­modically they have husbanded their piano atrength 10 the RJbev ...;tor and around Moadok in the North Caucasus their reduoed 'momentum _,.,. to be largely attnbutable to

a lack of air power. Renee lar~e piano transfers ''?"' ~he Stalingrad area must n-.ily pmeede the launohing of any major now oll'tnsive. •

11 If it should be nOOOIJ8Ary to build adv"'1eo fields and mata now ground equipment, tboee transfers ,.·ould ~robably take anywbem from JO days to two woelca. In one f&ll'ly clear caae of such a tranafor--from Sovastopol to the Slavyansk area at the end of last Juno-it waa not unt.il 10 day<1 alter the fall of the Crimean city that the Oermano launched a ma1~r drive from Slavyanak to Liaicbansk. On tho other hand, if new lields and oqui~t ....,.. alnady prepared, the delay would be abo..W. For oumple, faeililiee (or eoveral hundred additional Naai ~ may now be ...-dy before Moocow.

TA. Tlrnol to Rwoia'1 Svpplv "'-

At I.be extremiliee or the F.aatem Front, however, ~be Cennana will probably be able to make clear~t local p1D8

3

s-wilh only minor lraalfen ol plaDCll or owhaniwecl equipment. In t.he North Caucuus, where the R1-i1 na, favored by the wrain, ha'"e been fighting wcoeelful rear guard 11etiona, the arrh"tl or 100 or more addiliontll planes might be enough .lo turn the balalloo or air power in favor ol the Na.Ila. rt 000Dlll

0

likely that withln the next few "'OOl<a the invadel'll will reach Tuapoe, Groan.Yi, Astrakhan, and Makh11eh·Kala. Tho eontrol of key pointa OD the Caapian shore would gh·e the Genll8DS baees lrom which lo bomb Soviet ahlpping on the Oaspian and to interfere with tho Balru-Guriev supply route lo U10 nortJ1.

At the other end of tho line, the invadCl'll probably M\'8 mough lo.- available to eapture ~!"'1ll&nllt whenever they loel it is worth the sacrifice. The Germana have now apper­ently taken O\'Ct the whole north Firutlsb oector, where they have 10 divi!iona- half of them mountain divieion&-aiready Stationed. Furthermore, Ibey have boen keeping a subotan· lial air force in the Arctic for operatiODll again.It Murm&DSk, Arthaugft, and Allied eonvoyt in the Battnto S.... UniU!d Nations !-.. on lut. June'• COD\'<>Y in th- watero were ~ring. Leet week's ocnvoy, although ito 1.,... ,..ere no> comparable to thooe of ite pred~r, still suft'ercd heavily. With th""8 ainkings in mind, eome obeervera 1uggeot that the Gcrm&n1 may not foe! that an attack on Murmansk ill • matter or immediate necellity.

On the other hand, the eon,·011 or last winu.r-prouc...t by the long northern nighto-<iuft'ered far smaller loooes t.ban !lie 18"1 two. And in the future the Allies will doubtless do everything poeolble to ODllure tho eate arriv.U of th- criti­cally important cargoee. On b..ranee, it"""""' probable that the Nazis •ill launch an attack on Mwmantl< and the Kola Penimula tbUt autumn. Whether they will 0y to eonuol the "~ "...tern ahore of the White Sea by the oecupation ol Sorokh will be dependent on the aid they reoeive from the Finn!, who hold thll -tor or the line. To date the Finni-

'

811CR&T ...., • ...,,.and loath to arouse the anger of the Uni~Sll~ have rer...i to take part in lurtber o8'emh-e actionl. ~I reportl Crom Holainki suggest, ~owe~er, that the Finnish Cabinet may now have changed 1ta rrund.

TM M __, V enhlrt Such operations in the extreme north and the extrtme

south would be -t.ially local offensiv-OCIU~ pn­marily with the troope and equipment already in thooe tbeaten. An attllCk on Moeeow, bol\'Over, would be a maior venture, gn!&tfil ~ than 'the Swingrad campaign. Around Moacow the RuMi&ll8 ha,,, eoncentrated perhape 40 ~I o! their fighting roroes. Here they would _be. operating oD interior lines, with 1tra!A!gic rail11·ays radiating, f~m. the capiW-• situation in aharp oontraat to tho lopl10 dlsad­vant.ages from "hlcb they suffered al Stalingrad. ~ithoul doubt, the deleDlle of Moeeow would be much bloodier and much more stUbbom lhan the defense of Stalingrad.

'The Germana, on the other hand, have about JO l'al1&er divlsioDll and bell\'000 500 and 700 planee ooi:oi:c. Moeeow. Acoording to RUMian acooun\I, 14 German div~ona have reeeived a severe mauling in tho Soviet o8'enaivo around RJhev. Of the three main rail.,..ya from tho weel, the attatlten could uae the line Smolensk-lf.oaeow up to and beyond Vyuma and the lino Comcl-~loeeow up to and . beyond Bryansk. Tho lateral SmoleDlJk·R()6favl-~~ lino iJ also in OormJin hands. But the lino Veliklo Luki­R.shev-Moeeow baa probably boon cut weot ol IUhev. .

Over thme barely adequate rail oocrununieations the Nws would be obliged to commit lalge quanlitiee ol men and equipment brought up Crom the eentral front .-n'8 or from tho southern front. Furthermore-to judge by the Stalingrad experienoe-at lesal 500 additional planes would

5

Sr.oBPJ?

have to be transferred from tho south, p1U8 eeveral Panaer divisions. These operations would probably co!Ulume about two. weeks from ~e termination of the mop-up around Stalingrad (even if eome additional a.ir facilities before Moscow were already prepared) . If we set the end of lhe Stalingrad operation at October I, then it would be the middle of October before the Germans would be in a position to launch a full-scale offeosive against Moecow. This would le&ve .them only about eeven weelc.a or good fighting .. ·eather in wluch I<> complete lhe campaign. One can conclude that seven weeks is l<>o short a period and that the Germana will p.robably not attempt to reduce Moacow this year.

Leningrad; IM WillUT Li.~

A more likely possibility would be an attack on Leningrad. Since tho ice went out of Lake Ladoga last spring, Leningrad has been cut off from supplies from froo R~ except for some boat traffic and probably aome a.ir' t.raflic acro<!S the Lake .. Civi~an cOnditiO!Ul within the cicy are DO doubt appa~g, with the atarvatioo reported laat winter probably on tho increase. Ammunition may be running low. Reports suggoot tha~ the GellD.&ll8 aro emplacing around Leningrad ~· heavy mege guna used against Sevastopol, and that the Fmns have agreed I<> help in tho reduction of the city. ln short, an a&1ault on Leningrad &eem& likely this autumn. While it would entail subetantial transfers or pianos and h?"vy equipment from other sectors, it would be far lees difficult than an olfeosive apinat Moecow. It the Nuis should succeed in capturing Leningrad, they might try I<> drive east from the SchlUMelburg to cut lhe Ar~­~!~w ~way at Vologda. But the eetabliahmenl or this 50-mde sahent along a aingle-lrack railway "-ould probably

prove l<>o arduoU8 a project for so late in the aeuon.

6

- ------ -----_,..-_~-~-

81XJBl11'

It aeerns more likely that the Nasis will try to e11tablieh a winter line shorler and elraighter than the one they are holding at the present t.ime. They may develop the are Sorokka-V alc:lai Hill&-Rshev-Orel-Voronczh-Stalingrad-Aatra­k.h.an into an "Eastwall" for another M:oter of "offensive delellllO''. The Caucasus front can wait. Although the paaeos are already filling with snow, the Black Sea Coastal Highway and railway and the Caspian shore from Makbach­Kala to Derbent, will be open for operations all winter long. It is always p088ible that the Gi!rmana, after catablishing a tenable winter line, will throw all their available ollonaive strength into a drive for the Trans-CauC&BU8 around t~e Oanka or tho mountains. Nor is it impossible that they will merely bold through the winter in RU88ia while. concen.~ting on reinforcing Rommel for a knockout blow m tbe Middle East.

Finally, and perhaps most important, one can co~cl~de that the prolonged delenaeof Stalingrad has been the pnnc1pal factor in preserving Russia's fighting strength for next year. Its fall ,..;u probably force what remains or Tirooshcnko's army back on the are Saratov-Uralsk-Guriev. But its defense has preserved to RUBBia the iodU8trial and military "'8()urcee of the Moaoow aroa, lhe upper Volga, and the Urals. When next spring comes, the Soviet Union, though critically weakened by the defeats or t~ ~er a.nd by the threat to her supply linca with her Alliee, will still have a powerful anny ready to take the field for a third year ot resistance.

TA. Policy of Finland German plans tor further offensive act.ion .in the Noi:tJ' will

depend to a coosiderable extent on the a~titu~e or Fi~d. The recent atatemeot of the Finnish Legation lD Wa.ahington lhat Finland ''wants to oeaae fighting as eoon aa the threat

7

SIOIZ!'

lo hor exim.noe hM boon averted and guaran""'° obtal~ for her IMting oocurlty" brinp lo tho fore onoe apll> the ambiguity ol bor pooition. The Amerioan pre. hM int.er­pm.d this u1t.eranoe aa a atalemellt cl tho canditlooa Ullder 1l'bleh Finland .....sci be prepared lo wilhdraw lrom tho war. To the Brilieh Oo'·munen1, aooordlng lo United Stat.I pf'Olll reporia, it. wu tlmp1y "another cfl'art to retain American good will." The Ankara radio d...,ribed It u •bly p&rt ol an Ans peace ol!onah-e. To FlnnW> edllons in \ho Ualt<d Staleo, the liaoenent m...,, thaU'lnland would .... fighting ii tho Am.. would prsn1ee be ...uri1y-which, the edhor1 io.UI, Ibey hare 001 done up lO the p,_nt lime; one edilor added th.at "Prooope had not stated anything new."

Tho Finnish Fortign Ministor wu qulok to deny that FinJ.oo was ... king a .. parttc pea<e. Ac«>rding lo S-1'511 .,.._ d-t<h01, Wilting d""'1ibod 1ucb r<poria u "without louodt.tion". M ... time Toil-ola, Cou...ilor cl I.qalion in \\tuhincton, dtdared iA a prh"t.1- oon.vt:rsation that. the Finnloh Gov.rnmont bad repudiated ool the Leption'a •ta~ rnw1 but only the "lahoo imAginary oonclll8ion& ruawn by the lortlgn (American) p,...... Re added that tho "Helainl<i Government bad not authori.oed the Ltptlon etat<mtnt and knew nothing about il". '

In any -. tbe '-tion'a ala-I ia ai variaDoe willl lbe ,_, official declantion by Vaino Tanner Finn'5h Finanoe Afinister, th.At. Finland will "thuti her ca:,,, to a.U Soviet p&ace prol)Oltalt, now that 11lhc enemy ii in di.etl'Mll.11

Nor la lt in Line wiUt ttttnt annentionilt demand• tor Soviet Karelia._t r.A one ol which hM emanated frcm the !'°llllliob Leplioo in Waahiugicm. Tbe ata-1 implieo­m contradiction lo the facla-lhat }inl&nd nmaina a rrea llCODI and COD withdraw from the war apinst RUiii& whm· ever ahe d~deo IA>, repnll .. ol o.mw, p-.ire. In brief, lhc I.egatJon ""'"'" lo have punsued a line independent of

8

SllCllBT

that or lho bomo govemmen11-bul perhaps with the tacil _....1 of tho i.1t.er--in an el!ort lo ofteol official American -r- by an appesl lo the Amoriean people, ""'°"' whom, i• ,...., Finlalld llill enjo)'I m1><h good will

Q.,,,,.,,,, Food /141ion I rltTtl>#d General Inc.~ in bread, meat, and Potato ratiorui,

tllective ()elober 19, wore announced t.hil .....,k by C<nnan aulhoritieo. For b.....i, the rntUUte reototto oomp~tely lht reductiooa made in April, 1942. Tbe new "*' rauoas ""' 1till _...hai below lbe pN-April Jo\.,,j. Po1&I005 ""' 11tloned .. 10 pound& .,... """°" ,....lcly .. ..u ill>?\1' p,,,. viow allot.J11cnt.a lhis IUJU.IDCf, There be.s been no increa.se, hO'\\'eVCf in the rat. rationa.. ln t.ennlJ or ca.Jorie1, the C.emlJUJ diet un~T the new measure will ata.nd at. a.bou' 00 percent. or lhe p,,,.WV le\ .. I. . , There..,.. tlill dil!ering --. ho....,..,, cl the ability ol the German rood eoonocny io meet lhe dcmanclt ~ • loog ,. • .,, Aftv tho April reductiooa, there",,. ... oorllid~le opinion tlial lhe food •iluadon in the Rcicl1 WM very t!cl'I and thai further dfC1"e8llel in 1neo.t, bread, a,n<l .fat. ~bona wtre likely. Ocrtrt'\'ttr even i.f lb.ii vie1r is mainl.lined, it. t;"n 1till be argued that lot .-oa of mnrlle and P""ludlve <fficiency, an me-in ratlooa snigbt be made aa .• ~ W'Y m....,,. cl rtlief, despite the longer-run lmpbcaUOlll ol auch a poUcy. f h Offi r Food exports in the Ecooomlca Divi&ion o I e •• ? Strategic s.m-, after inv01liptlns the lituatlon in April, IOOlt the view lhat tho reduction1 ftn> made In ~ el!ort lo bring lbe IUlcb'• rood .....0111)' into. blW>oe whl<h "'"'.Id be IUftidently ll&ble to 1tand up even ~· ex"": C1~­CWD1Jta.n- Wcalher repor11 at lbal Unit '""". I • poaibllity of poor crops, and tho GenlWl• ""'° obhg<d ':' t&Ju into ac«>uol Rulli&'• unupected "'""°tanco, America 1

9

~-----------------_._--....... liiilil ...... iiiW::~

entry into the wt.r, and a deteriorating agricultural situation in. the. oonquen!d countries. The April level, occording to this view, was somewhat UDJ!&liBC&etory, but tolerable and adcquare from a nutritional standpoint. Witb this 'basic ealimate in mind, tbese food experl4 now believe that tbo inereases in rations probably reftoot merely a more bounteous harvest than had been anticipated. No definitive stal<!ment is possible, however, until fu.rther analyais has boon completed.

Lol!Ol'• Grolli14tion Toward~ Am

Accumulated reporta indicate that Laval's problems are beoonung so acute that, according to a weU-placed obeerver, he may shortly undertake more complete oollaboralion with Germany and repudiate France's obllgations under in rer­oatlonal law. To. ~cocmplish hill goal, Le.val bas gained ?"ntrol_ of the adminJStrative mMbine, placing bill henchmen in ~h~ unportant pests in North Africa as well as in Fl'Mce. Thill infiltration policy, our ob<ier+er believes has included a number ol high-ranking Army officera who .;,. believed to be will"':@: to . command French troopa against. any United Nations tnVMJon.

Doriot's oontinual pressure has apparently produced an "!P'ccment wh~by 4val will give important poeta, eepe­cutlly m Occupied France, to members ol Doriot's Parti Popv/air~ Pranra~. At atiy event, Doriot's oppollition has been quieted, at least until the October meeting of his follou:·ers. '·

Laval may also have oome to believe that his poeition witb the Germans would be strengthened if Vichy and the United Sta1<1e were to sever relations. He will probably avoid taking any suc.h action himself, but ho may be attempting to plare the Umted Sta1<1e in a pollition where it will appear "re­sponsible" for such a development. Our obeorver leela that Amencan repreeent.atives cannot inJluenoo X...val'a policy to

10

S!JOBf:T

any extent, and that nothing faTorable to the United Nations can be expected Crom P6tain, whose influence is loss every day.

Important officials in Rome are also reported to be anxious to have Gennany force a break in Franco-American relations. Such a rupture, it is felt, would deprive France ol United St.al<18' support a t the r-co table, thus &lllluting Italy of domination ol the Mediterranean.

Lm,al N tgOliaUa Ovtr Lobor and Shipping The two most pressing immediate issues in Vichy's rela­

tioll8 with the Nuia are tbe latter's demands for labor and merchant tonnage.

The French poople apparently do not generally understand tbe full significance ol the plan for mobi!iJing French work· ere. The German demand is now reported to have risen to 600,000 workers, ol whom 150,000 must be skilled. Upon "delivery'' of tJ1ese French laborera, the Nazis have promiaed to lree 50,000 prisone,,._..,, qverall ratio or 1-12. Laval is expected to l!end the fust cpntingent as soon as a method can be arranged that will not ea'""' too much publio protest, .but Vichy observers lee! that he can not approach tbe reqwred number unless he is willing to laoe the consequences or forcing skilled labor to go to tbe Reich.

German pressure for shipping pereists. Vichy is apparentl! reei.sting any surrender of French tonnage proper, but Ill reported to be negotiating with Gennany with regard to the surrender or tonnag1l belonging to occupied states that ia DOW under } rench control. A largo percentage or the oo&l· burning v-la ol tbe latter category-which is reported to total 127 ,000 toll8-is now carrying orea and foodstuffs lrom North Africa. About half of this cargo goes to Gonnany, but tho balance ia important to tbe French economy. Tho St.ate Depe.rtment has proteeted that tbe aurrender of either foreign or French ehipping would be a 'Rolation or French neutrality.

11

s-Nati f 1\/1...,. in NorlA Afrlco

in chan"" thal are unlavo..iile lo the Uniltd Natioal, lour hJch-ranking am17 ofticers are being uanafemd !run Oran IO other du,;.,. Tiit Nuit are oloo roporlOd IO domi­nate the port ol Cuablan .. oompl~y. nu1iwy nauen" alone excepted. The Gt.n:nan.a IU~ polioe, customs, ca.rgoes, m.Juillestis, pueengont, and t:ran.sport.t. German n:1>reet1HAtjvee are Mowing increased apprcl1cnaion aboui. the .-ibilily of Allied inv~on, and are indicating that lhey may ""'"°"a lhare in the dtl"""' ol French coloni .. , on lhe groondt lhet the Freodi hu11 failed

Althougb Boiaooo'1 ,..;,YJ>ee hAa appom>lly fo....t lhe Gennans to bock clown on th6 queation of miliwy oboen·m at Dabr, Derlin may io&i.tt on a oomulat.e thtte, lnumuch as die Unitod Stal<S has one.

AN Def""'•• Stand in KWJ>I In fcypt the t'DfJIU' is .,.blithing 1uong doftn1fre po­

litio,. along the line IO whi<h he •ithdttw aft<r the ahoni•·e olfenlivo of early Sept.ombt-r. Allis forooo have lately beeo regrouped, probably !or pu._ o! reot, aupply, and the organiuLion or a de:fo.nM tn depth. Except In tho north, no lull C<rman division is now in the fronl line, bul I.he llAlian lo- lhero bave be<n otll<ned by tmall..- Otnnan uni!& Rommtl baa reeeived ...,. addiliooal 6ghw pl&-, and his 1i\uatioa in fuel and ammunidon may be euitri bu' u Yt' oo larp ale rtinf°"""'""u bave appeerod. A omout eur­lailmtnl of Otrman op<rallo111 in RUleiA mlch• alt<r this picture, t11pecially in ttnna of air power, At p,_nt, how· evtr, tho British enjoy 1uporior 1\rength in all deportment..

Allied a.ir to,_ oontlnuo their h"'vy OIL&Cl<I on enemy ohl])lllna and enemy poru. Tobruk hAa been bombed &!moll oicl>tly. Sinoe lhe lall ol the port throe month& aco, British and "-'- pia,. ba•-e dropped """" than 8,000 ""'" ol

12

81C1t11T bomb& on Tobiltlc, now referred to by /\lJied fti•rs u tho "milk route."· ' . ,

A mobile Brilish raiding i-rtY alto llN<k ~P m tho Am ttar OD Sepl<mber 18-14, &llackinc llenp.D, the .-.by rood junotion ol S.-, and Gialo Ouis IO th6 aoulh-. p,_ r<p0rta Ul<l't that mere than 30 porkod Axis plan.,. ""'° d'8troyed, in eddition lo 1 ..... inflicted on enemy personnel, mot.or tmwiport, and aupph0&.

Friditnt C...ii•wn iA Syria Although De Gaulle is reporled IO ha•-e ldt tho ~...,_,

for s ....... 111., lricllon contiJ>u• UI Syrh, and th<re &re indid cations tbal previout good relations be.,,..,, Frtnch ."". Briti!h field office ..... dewriol'Ating. NO\'ertholeoo, 11 ,. claimed thol Dc Gaulle is no lo• &"• p.-ing his demand l h•I the loroeo in Syria be pla«d undor Frenc_b ~- In genetal lhe \WO Britiah oflicero oomrnanding lo.- '" the Levant' and in Iraq and Iran &re reporled IO feel thal ool1 the remo•·al ol boUi C&trOUX and Speara can p<eponi the way for betw working rel&tiono.

Japanue VU1't.or• to Turkey Tho Turkioh preM ... ...,. _ 1ho ,..rival in !01&nbul of

Admiralo Nomun and Abe, Ja.,.- Naval Att&cbM at a.nm and Rom•, .....,._uve1y. Although the latt<r firmly dtnied that they eame at German bthert, UDOfticlal io..I ob8or\ ~ that thoJr riait might be intend<id IO ollael 7:. Willkle rniMion. Mr. Willkl• is reporled to i:i~ made • very lavorabl• imp,..,.ion In I""! and Iran, Al .. in Turkey. . t.h .

Meanwhile fivo prominent Turldeh eel!'°'."" ""' 0? "" wa.y to Lhl United States via Orea& Bri~, '° VleW for themtel- tho Unit<d ~atiool' ""poi..otial.

Sr.oRtt

(}p<rotJon. in M °'4ga1tat Th• reportOO capture ol Tananarive, on the 14th day allA!r

tho "'"""1ption ol operation!J, cl.- the mOlt ....,..tial P"­ol the CMJJ>Aign &nd virt...Uy enda the threat ol Ax;. influ. enoe in ~'ftuia,gas.car. The oocupying foroee now co·ntroJ the colony's mDlt important town.t-Di6go Suarez, l\ifajunga, Tnmatave, and Tananari\le-and t.be road.I connecting them. Po1!8C8Sion of Tanan&.rh-e gives acoess to the main highway and railroad line IOUthWllJd, and will raoilitate OOCUJl"t.ion or Ant&rabe, Fi&narantaoa, and lhosy, key point& in the IOuth.,,, hall or the Wand.

It is not. ~t ~whether French rcsist.&noe will oontiuuo. TsnanA.rive iteelf seenl8 to have boon left undefendod but Governor-General An.net, having Announced his in~t.ion to "mark by my &boenoe (I) • . . our dct<nnirultion not to t1.coede to t.bc aggn:,ssor," i.s believed to have withdrawn A con!lden1ble portion ol his 11rnall rol'OOI! to the oouth. Though there is nothing lo indicate that the lAttor are &troll/! enough

, to f~ a ~1t<:hed e.n,g:ag.unent with tbe British, they c~n oontmue to mterfe:re with road and rt.ii communications and

' the varied mounl.AUl jqe and the prairie terrain ,;,,uld lacilitate • campaign ol ev .. ioo. Tho British and South African forocs., numbering perhaps one man !or every 10 .square mil.ea of territory, will !aoo. a difficult mopping-up P':°ble.m ~068 they succeed ~ winning n&tive oooperatioo. Time,. limited by the proxinut.y ol tbo winter rainy -.on which hallo .U wheeled trallic off the main hi&hway11 iron: November until May.

Th< lndifJn L<gia/4lur< Mutt

The current "'68ion or the Indian Central Legi,alature hall re\•ealecl th.at. pra.oticalJy non& of it.a native Indian members •uppol'UI the Oovemmenlla p_,,t poliey-del!pite the fact

14

S1'0Rt'll' th&I no adherenlo ol the Co- Party ,. .. .., in attadance - accordlJl/l lo reporill from Now Delhi For the Govern­ment, Sir Reginald Muwell, Home Member or the ViC<roy'a Executh•e Council, bas outlined the event.8 of the lut month and a b.&lt, ~teri.ling them as uan orgy of deetruotioo", Cl!pecially in the slJ'At<>gicalJy.Joeated indW!trial provinoe or Biluu. Nation.alisl p&pel'I! have bitterly criticiJed. this ad· dreas as unat.at.@$r:nanlike and 6)'"IDptomat.io of a police con­stable's mentaJity.

All members repteee.nting any substantial ooo.stitue.noy­including adberenlo or the MOl;lem l.<agu<r-l>ave insisted that the Government oornpromise with the Congre1111. In th.e word!!: o! one Moslem League member, ,.,To ignore the. Congrees is a folly of the firs&. magnitude." Fu:rthe.rmore, they ha\•e concurrtJd in &xpreaing their reeoh•e to defend the oounl"ry apinst the Japanese and in demanding the immecli· ate format:ion of a nationAJ governmen,. The chief ?.foelenl League member hu emphasized again and again Iha~ his par'y wouJd give full wpport to the war effort or a pro­visional administration, provided tbAL both the Government a.nd the chief Indian parties~ in advance to the creation or a oepan1te Moelem State.

Repreemtatives hAve concurred in st.8ting that India distl'Wlta Britiah intentions about the couotry's ruture. The deputy leader of the European group ha8 a011wcred thC8o complaint.a with theaseertion that: ''Ir ADY ... government. goos bock upon the promise Ito giv~ India .. 11.govemmont hnmecliat&ly a.ft.er the \\'8.f], I will be the finrt. to Jcad A mov~ ment agAin8t that government.." Yet the Admini.rtration shows no sign.a of t.aking any pogilive aotion to reeolve the curren~ impasee. In tho upper house, t.ho Council of State, Gen•.J'BI Sir Alan Hartley, Deputy Commande,...in·Chiel, hall revealed that on July l the ra~io of Indian to British offiom-s in the lndiAn Army W88 st.ill about l to4%. l\1orcover, the

15

81JC1Er

Vioeroy bu apparell\ly roJ.....i the requoot ol lhe Hindu ~fahaaabha'a leader for pannilsion to IOund out. the im· priloncd Con81'"1' ohiela on the oompromile propooall for• mullted at New Deihl (T.W War Thil W...t, Sopt<mber 1()-17, pp. 14-16).

Quid on °" Middlo Altl4nui4A Froru AI"" a p,.JiminAty llkirtnl•h Wt. ,.. .. k with heavy Anny

bomber>, the Ja- naval taalt 101"" operating .... t or Guadal.....J (lo the vicinity or Santa en.. l.alaod) appartnlly has withcbawn ""~I.be range or our ....,.rua;_, .. .,w,... Ship sigbtlnp in tht put •·eek indicate a lower Jevol of Japaneee activity in the 90uthe-utcm Solomons thao fonncrly, And no new Jandinp on Ouadalcanal have been ttporled. On New Guin .. , the Ja- have been htld at matlvcly atahle pooillool benr- Eloci and lonUai ....

This comparative lull may be attributed in po.it al le&ll to the work ol Allied airoralt. Of the loroe sighted near Santa Cru1 (2 b&ttlesbipo, 4 hCAvy cruitort, 3 light oruioors, e de!l.royers, And 2 cargo ahlpo), pooaible hlto ...,., claimed on both bauleohipo. On N.,. OW-, Ibo tradt from Efogi lo Bun& (- map .-mpanyllig Appendix ill) WM repeatedly lltn.fed and bombed, Buna airdrome wu ttnderod unusable, and heavy att.ac.ka wore mado on Japaneee bUBI throughout New Guinea, the Biamazcl< Arohlpel.ago, and the Solomon.. In Ibo la11er area, Ja- looiallationa on Gioo IJllaud alld al Robia Say on Sonia label Island (the -imporl&nl-.,... to OUT OW1I pooitiooa oenlerin& on Tulqj) were kepi under fairly b .. vy attaek.

The Japon.,.., however, are ':!'lively developing their own air basea. In th• Solomona, .. D1UUctio11 activity hu been nolieed ~y ai Buin, a village at the ••Ihm> exuomi17 ol &ugainvillo i.w.!, and on Bub bland, farther IO the north. 011 New GW-, new laodioc 1tripo are apparently

16

' I

t

a.car under 00111UUction _, Loe, and eome new fighl<!r ain:ralt •PJ>NI' to have been lr6Nlercd to the New Guin• lh•l<!r.

TM Dcbai. on S•'IJ<rio 1lie dtb&W on Japen'• nert move continues manwhile

uoab&U!d, with Siberia •till the cenlor or attention. C.neral· iaoimo Chumg Kai-4bok U. reported to believe that an •ttack either on IndiA or AuatraW. U. unlikely, oi.noe tho Ja­de not have aullident t,..,_rt fadlu.iN, bu• _.ting &Doria ht is ~ttal. Som..mat <cigmau..Jly, be dttlared that J•paneoe piano .-ill 1->me manlf,.t ''in Novcn1btr." At abou~ the time ChiMg W&!J mslc-ing this •tatemon< in Cbungklng, Chln""' officiab in Woahingwn ,...,. reported lo have Ahendooed entirely lhe view that Siberia will be the ""'' ...,,.. ol ••tack.

Whether or not the Siberian attack has now become leoo probable (in view largtly or Rwoia'• rowarkablc 8UUld on the F..n..tsWm Pront.) rcrnAin1 OJ:le.TI to speoul11.tion. Borlin baa round it necmMry, bov.-ever, to insist upon the 0 un.ewerving" D81W11 or Japan'a loyally IO the A.di, and to attrilXll" any Wk ol improved Soview•- maliona to Ibo maehina­tiooa of the t:oiU!d l\ationa. A Wilbel.,..,._ tp0ke&mao, quoted i.n dc.pe.tchOI to Bern, decl&ro1 that. th~ new ¥i'A\'e o( auch report.a, touched off by Emperor Hirohito'• reception or the So\•iet Ambusador, w.·ero simply intended to "IOUtld out." J._ poliey. AMertioos that W. policy may lnducle a J._ a1""'pt to nfSOUalO a R..-c.rman - be adda, are idle talk.

AAlittiMA.1 at Si.an The ._u.liooo whlcb ..- .. ~ to I.aka plate at

Sian belw..., General Chiang Kal..tiek and the Cbm­Communllto have 611led out without ,..Jly becinning.

17

'

8.roRJJT

Chiang wu preeent in Si&n and a conference waa held at whicJi the Communin quation p"'"'1111&bly wu d.iocu-1 A strict eensollhip, im~ by the Central Go•-errunent, -med to indicate thu imporWIL negotiatio111 were in prog.-. But it now tr•nspitc8 that no one wu p..-ut at the mooting to rcpreeent the CommuniatM. General Lin, who had been degjgnated for the pUlp()te, received notice ao late that he could not reuh Sian witil after Chiang had left. The Com­munist rep.-ntativo in Chungking believes that the diffi­cu.ltieo between the Kuomintang and the Communialb will continue and that there wiU be neither cooftict nor agreement.

Meanwhile there bu been continued quiet on the military front& Chungjring bu rei-tedly annowioed that its forces are nearing Ohin-hua, in Chekiang, but the Japaneee continue to hold tho town and u yet there are no signa that they in­IAllld to withdraw.

TM,..,,, c~m- A .. bo • ..,.,,.. Wei Tao-ming, su-r to Hu Shih u Cbintee Ambas­

sador to w .. hington, is an in8ucntial member or. the Kuomintang Party who bu, at variola times, held pooiti0111 u Miniakr or Justice, Mayor of Nantung. Secretary General or the Executh-e Yuan, and Member of the Supreme National Defenac Council. In the llWnmer of 1941, he"""' appointed Amb11&1ador to France, but did not proceed to hia pool because or unsetUed relatio111 between Cbungjring and Vichy. Madame Wei ia one of the few OW- women jurists and a clooe friend of Madame Chiang, having been aaoodauid with her u tho only other woman member of the firet Legislative Yuan. Both Ambaesador and Madanio Wei were educated in Para and have been cowitod u members ol the pro­European clique in Chungjring.

The oootrut bet._ the new Ami...dor and hia prede­cesaor indi .. t<lll al 1-t eome ol lhc laolors which impel.l«I

18 •

Smarr Chungking to make the change. Wei Tl()ollling'1 coMections have been Frerich rather than American; he ia known u a practical adminiatralor and ia a Party member with im­portant polllical bacld~g. On the other hand, Hu Shih's connectio111 have been with thia country, he hu filled the !unction ol persuasive advocate ralher than adminiatrslor, and Lo not a member ol the Kuomintang. Hu Shih baa been notably .uc:ceeo(ul in mobilising popular Ameri-.n symp&th_Y !or China. Chungjring, it ia thought, may well feel that it now requil'(,'jl a repl'll8Clltativo who will pross ChinA'a caac through official rather than popular channel$, who can be !rusted to rep.-nt a purely Chineoe point ~I. view, and w~ will ha•-e the practical c'J)trieoce and pol1tical 1Uppori m China to admlnisw clfectivcly the affairs or the Washington EmbMsy.

Alaa Pro/all Connnue in Arptlllina Political riots and mMe demonstrations continue to hold

the public s1ioUighl in Bueno• Aires. Cl1111hee bct~·ecn prn­Allicd and pr<>-Axis atudent.s, t<lSulting in more than 80 &r-1'818, led to the Wl!porary cl...mg ol tho law ac:bool ol the Uni•·enity of Buenos Ail"8. On the 20th of ~m~, 30,000 people gathered in Luna Park lo exp~ then ~h~ty with Brasil making this the largeot i<nll·AxlS mooting llll100 Janull!)', when the pn>!enl "atato OI Aicp" WA8 impoood by the Castillo govemmcnl. • This meetina marb the hi3J> point or open _.., to the government'• international policy in more than one way. Endorsed by labor union1, by the mildly lcftis~ Aoc:i6n ~~ lino the Junl4 do la V icl0ri4 (a women 1 orgarusation e.pecielly aollve in RUllian wa: ~. and by promli>ent

litical figurea of decidedly ..,_,.ath-e leaninp, it waa ::'ore nearly a demollltration of national anti-Axia unity than any previous public meeting .

s-Spedal ~cane<! abo mlllt be al~ ,IO the active

puticipalion in the meeting of Adolfo Bioy, prominent cor-1ioration lawyer, ex-Cabinet MiniiJter and now Pre@ident of Urn Sociod<id Rural A rgenlina (an M80da lion of the tnoet powerful IAnd o~'llete in the counlry), and to tho m"""'8" of eolldarity oenl by the Nobel Peaoa Prise winner 11t1d fonner Mfoiater of Foreign Mairs, Carlee Suvedra L&mu, who had been unfriendly !<>ward the UniW!d Stal<!I during hia tcnn or offioo. Tho fact lllAt Senor 1'unaa ix now ~r of the Univeroity or Buenos Aireo and thus a fedetal appointee malt,. his pro-Bruilian stand an act of o~ defiance of """iden1 Cutillo. Added to the ,_,,, otfrr of Oenenl Justo IO ll'r\"e in the Bruilian Anny, the Luna Park meeting indiea""' that a aho•·down for the Algentine Oo\"emmeDL is approaching ,.;th increasing momentum.

Germa11 llrm1fqr ll'P'ftliM

Tho Argentine A.any may not Jack military auppli,. t<> tho extent generally supposed. Statistics recently rclelll!Cd by the Argentine Ministry of the T>-euury reveal that during lhc fi111t seven months or 1942 German export.e to Argentina amount<.d IO more than six and a half million pceos (approxi­mately Sl,660,000), nesrly double tho figure for tho eorre­eponding period of 1941. War matcriala may make up as mu• h as 00 percent of this increase. Prev1ously meet of tho 1hipmenl3 wore granted Britieh naviC<!rt.e, under a epoeial ~cnl with Argentina permitting tho movement of military 1upplie. oo.ntracted for in Germany prior t<> tho outbreak of boatilit.ieo. The British have now ltopped -..;ng na vie<!rtl for this traffic.

20

APPENOl.X t

THl! POLITICAL AND MUJTAllY SITUATION IN OCCUPIED YIJCOSLA VIA

LOt• CNCholilov•kLt., tbt o\ber V•r•U~t.od ~ ... St.v •I.a.Lt, Y~YIA b&. btlil1 .-pllnt(!rtd bJ l'9 OODQlitr'On hlt.o ~ frap14111lll •blcti ba"- .... •a.rlolMl.1 ....... Wtd aDd e«.upled. nae Oencue .,"- lllnt:Md ..,.,, ot SlovM ... *•Inf U. ,.., t.o l.,. ha!IAI». n. llAllt.c» .baVf MNMd l>wl.lmaU. t.Dc1 Wlft.....,o. ON.U. ... bee9 CMS. a p:ippe.t •'la\a. ud Ml ~ _ _...Bo.ii. MMt H«lll!JIO'..._ ~II NW b1 a C..... ....... QuW..,_ 0.V-.-..\ H11...,_. voopm ._..._....,... &lie Bdb. ... Bo1prliaa -.,. M......._ wWll utJn Cttmu. .. wot * Buat. £~ 0.-...,.. o....n.. .. .....,,...........,.. .m.~ ,... ..... ..-u._ c.. ~,..., -P).

o-riDM,,, •ariiollt ~ ... ~ -.bMapd..,.. l*1W (Ji -dft ~ .... ,.._... ___ 'orMlllW)' ....... ""*--~Ktlrit7.~.-

• ~ fl ni.ilroadl. Tlllle ..... ~~IM. ~I« l tipplrtlll e....a. llM td...t ........,., .. moft IO '1lal lMI. cwflll d19 0.­&Wlll ordcNd iW all t,.. Nd bni.ll be dlattcl bom tilh« .._ d all tMlro.d UMb In t.1M «Mmll')', i.o P""'•' llllo&eun Cnd Wblc '°""'-

Ta... prT(ll,u 1tttp a po.!Aa •\Imber ol AD tfOOP9 acti•• l.n y..,...,i., A reem~ •thn.ale P'-- Ullf 1u1mber at 4 a.rm-. 11 1....utJs, a.nd 7 BW.pr dl'1· aioN, fo llddhM>n to 4 Croa\ arm.t di•...., ud 16 baltallolw ot t'tWi.. Ten. ot \hf llAlwi dftri.n. t.tt f'fPOMll tn l)a.lmatU., a.odl 6 tD Yoetentgro.

O«l'mat11 C..O.."' a!MS M1.11•n«U¥ eofarlur.vt ldJi.ct .. mu1u 1,000,000 ol•" etttm&Ud 8.ooo.ooO 8ul;it, •"d h•v• vtrw.all7 p1.c1nol.nalotd the 0011r1UT'• 76,000 J ...... beald .. unoou1u.ed "'~ la •1>h.1 ol Lhls, lhe Yupia• tt111!.'lallM­IJlfmul.t.ted b)' hll-&AY-le •tuidl1l)trlt to R\NM- il b)' Ct.r \bt moM. etf11Ct.lvt In Adt Europe.a11d, It clv.o OllYlde .td, .ho'lald tmpott au i•atMl.nc bwdn OQ A1S. fOl"Oll ol ooou;patioll.

21

hna ~ ........... _, H.,.,,,..,.. A.a • .... ...-.. wt .. t11 __,_.,,••A.a.. a.....,• uni.

,...._ (""9 ' 'hsta"1lll,., Dr. A.W Pa..,,; ..._ ~ .t~ ~ .... ..a1-. a ....,..,_ Md ,,..,.._. 88 llflMd-Uoo (tM CIUiliO wblth .....,... """"' Mel I•••: and &11 I......, kina. .._ o.ab d ~ ""' i.\w !Will • .., ~ dwticl '° appear la .._.. klllfdom, Mid '1Mi \'•'*"' rtponitllbo .nn • .n­' '• i.o be wow.i. TM Croa111 lia•• tn 1.IMory IMita .UO• td '° ~ th old Ooan&a dd ll•'"lt'r'lo., bu\ in p~ u. o.nw.o &lid 11-.11 .. " OMupylnf '°""' .,. Iii «111trol °' &hla wllolit .,.._

'ne Vlot ~, 111 lAt PavalU IOY~"9 0, Ku.itl\OvW. ,.,. ~ 1oO Swbla'• ~by IM'OIMh1 \.be M o.a.n. ...... , tli. ....... In trMl'lnW.IMI

ot lli...,.. CK.a\ t.n4f 11 a f4111W eolooa1 oo \ba Autt.tooffunprta.n ....,.,J •""'· JW4 M..,... ••110 K••_..t.

TM popw.latJott ill 11!!p:lrted. "° bt to ~ GppoMCI wi lltlt l"f'C..._ .....i111lt1C .. ,... ...... t.tr.dlUoa.al .... Me,kk, .tt.la wltoca lbt o.nn.r. ...... ..... 1Mi4<D1 lriaid Mid , ...... .al.• • ~ n.. ..,. WW. .... "· &- s. R. Mt tW'lW .. ,....... • .,....w '--"' \Wr" ~ r....a.. "'""'*'"'it ...... ..... ....... ...... ..... ._ CalWle ......... wldlll1'all• 0 ...... n.. 0.-.. ....... ., KT....a. ... -- ......... x.... IHt -.-er...1 •• ,............._

Z.. .,...., ac.......,, ~.......,. "8a.Ida.-.-1.._1.....,..

...., • ........, . ....... ~ ·~~ .... rh'~el - ·-....... c ................... .u.6"..-,....., ........ r....... ....... .,.. ........... : ....... ., • .,.....,....,..... ...

........, ... .,, . ..... - .tio.l UD,11» er... w.... . 0.-,.......... u.. • • ....,.,,....~ ........ ~ ............... 0...-, ~ ti.eu.ti.aMIO,_..«•~-...._ .............. ~ .. bwW,., ....... ........... ~- uadl ..w~ rill a..w.-,.,_,l .... ~ .....,. 0.-.. -~ Md,... ...... 0.....1 ... ,, .,._.,, .. ,., - ....... o...i.. 11117, en.tia t&udl - • -11 -"'>' .. ~,...,. .... ...... i.ou..o...... 0.--l• ~ .. rbla 19 nded bJ UMI Gcmwi AN17, but ti\ ,.....,,. b1 0...-.1 W11M1 KtdWt ~-~ ~l M h i..,.._ Ht. leadlfltl t.ilOw• pupp.Ma ..,. fonOH an.lklm:noaadc ..pwton IUld ....,.... from tb9 pro-A.d• "'°~IJllOvW ~ L$o"6 (l:lrOUlltMD-1.a• ot ui. M.lftlti.t:r '° AC!Mrie., roll4J, AfllM'IU, wllio la~• S.rb a-.po, and Bu.bop Vt111J.,..._ ct \.ht <>rUloclo• Ori11n1t. On "-t rlidSo Ntdlf bM ff'tel..-tlt lllltd Mii f.U. &.rt. wi .u..borat. wltll lllt 0..... &lad bM bllptd \be N.t.dii ftsb-l tbt ,_.,m..,

N~_, ~...,._,_. ,...,·.._a.-.. u....,, w .....,.... put °' a.u.. - " """' ............ .,

......_ ... N..S W lMlt ~.,_.. .. ,......_.,.._. I.Mk "

................. M ' ' - fllY .... ~ ... Of-. 1'llt

._..,............, ........... - ,... ..... .-.a:r .......... ... , ............. ............. .,~ -- · ~etlMid..W.;.....-- . ,.....

I

..

.... --................ ----~=----

,,,.. ... --· -. .,, -....

•

·~n

IC-.,. ••••••• • 1•••

... yuGOSLAVIA

MILITARY 0 SITUATION

RUM AN I A

•

--

'· ..

. . •

..

...

r

\ I

WftA AS~ T\11 \1- IWl&Dt DMl.11"1111 op.-., aad ntlDOl't 01 l~Bulpr ~ ln t.h5I refSoD are cwnct..

ThtO\lihoUt Ult OOGIU'7, ...,..Uy la tbe 8.anat (lN OD1J JtC1oa wi:.t. t!1t7 ate 11~). dio DMfve Gmi.wlill haft '**' --1ooftMd .. VofhoU'llll«M, Ji'• tpoda.I OOUl'tl, ~ atld .c6ooll, p1H la imilorm, and 11rpd kl dpt lldt b7 aide w!\b \bidr blood bmhen. UidfonMd Oenu,o. cl~ .._. Ml'lll Jll JaaJHt1 ,,,_, bJ' &A /.rpoW.. dJpio.at, dttt.Mlna pri• lia. •m.r marbl pl-.

Thw., by pl41U.f. Oro.~ ag•fnlrl Serb, Roma.n 0.tbolle ap!M 0Nfl!lt Orthodoa, M-.n apfn•t botb, &l:ICI ~dnc &U U1• 04.hl!r hMte&i .tlkb ai.t In proo flldon. I.he A.aJ. b• «ff.Md pcilitloal. c~ Yet e.,..,.,.bln U111 0'9'111U and halfau -i. are meetlna &er. ,...w.o.,

lL TRI MlLlTdY 8l"FU.t.TIO!'f

CooU'&1'7 '-0 Ult ...... opiillOID, thf ljbt .,.&itt \lit OOU!pyfnt: fOf'Olm " 904. Uail.Wd w lbe Ceu!b. aor are the Ceuuu, ·~ •peakiq, lolihllUorit'• -­Pnxn f'f'glon 1.0 ftliotl Wero an DWI)' di.t.lftlll-~ vari&tkll ot ~la ih

YllJOll-vla, m09ll ol 111'hom lw.ve Ollll,r lllfcbt 001meetloa ....h.h Mlha!Jodf., who do., bowev1:r,provldo tbl_.Qt ,..lL'l(la. Tl•fotlowb.11areU..dllel'111*"·~ 111 onkf ol l113pol'U.u~

C--1 .ViMM«M'• Nn1

(1) Muiy of Genmll Mlhallo•ld'• UOOPI &re rmmaat.t d lbe lnined \'llCl)9lav OQl»trlpt u111oy. "nit Ototn.J ~ blil tuJJ ua1n ~lu (Miii the lrttfulan, ooonliuli.n1 and r~ YOlu:uteer dd.ad11:ncut., r.ad wodq Ollt. • Ol*Jl-.d curipaf.gh. )lahatio¥14'• al.t.O' ll)(tlldlt \'...W., a lawyer, a1ubor, and Wodd Wu I ollkw; •lld ~la.hill • .,, n•T.uirt oftkotr •!Id Whhe R~ lnitO.W&I. botb or whoim ut rtpOf"M(I t.o bit a.utJ-Co1111Duniiit. Tb. mott ft«lll\ a<railabki -.U.W.1.e ol &be lo11- ot MlhaQorl6 puw. t1*n. al 10,000 Of" ,...,. 0n.t ol MlhrJIDvW'1 wbof'dtut41t. O.piat.n .10f'du KtmW., ~ a Tirt...U, tndepeudtll\ *'ill/ I• I.be. rtpoo ol Skopije. ~ 90,000 •ON Af't M&U~ Ill llw ~ groupt wftb whom Mt~kl't'l6 11.1.l ooeLMl, and whom lie -.i1 ORlf!r '° prtrfon:n ...iped ......

>.U.ha.tlovU. bi..at bu ,..ortedlr movl'!CI. tu. bMdQVr.l'Wft io llauda i-.11 .. the. wnlble Cttn:nan r11,lfi GI uerollon.I (100 8trbi tor *"'1 o..mw.n) lhrtill.Cll*I io utcnnfo.att \bf popol&t.lon. Thi ~ .._ i. bt tiu.*"1:1 lrilb Ml

IUIUiliU11l\IQp 1booN«e ror the!.- 7,f rlht. 111 acttptlng a poiddon M Mtn.MW!r ol Wv In thl Oovwnmftlt.lti·ExU.. MJh&OoyW, wbo liad tonnerly bMll • nallOul a..ro. .U..ai«! larae &l'OVPI wbO &:N di.,u.t.ed wh.b &he thodd.)' polldai Gt the uDed niglrM. Al%IOC\I' tb lllNl1 cutn!ll\ OOll!lctlJlc ttpOfU. om ~ ll!Al lottba.llOYN II al ~\ n~g the A&ht ltipi•\ lilt Adi ill b~vor ol * lntemal wvai. wltb tbe Cocuau.udilt.a. Mid tll&t be hM readiMI • wl• llndlll'• 11.1ndlAC wltk seem. Nd pollllbb '""wit.Ii w 11.&1,t.M.

""" C""'1tk• •"'4 I'~ Mon lmpori&a.t or u. ~ oa\6ra ..,. Ile Ct.lu and u. Pa~ (2) ThtOltoita l.alpor\&GtdlllhgViodd Wul Mld.upJIQllWr1of1Mdict&~ ~ la Yupela.,... • .,..,. deMNd. l)y lhalr .....,,.,., ~ ,.,,_, wbo Jo&o.d

23

Seour

M'«IU'• ,......._l aDd • llo .... • lo.. ol , ..... ~ ......... die 0.-0.. Bll.._rWme.11.l'la,..alw1• z fwd aad~...., wt..,._.,,_... ... ,......., .. wt\JI MJllaOo.U, aDd hayt ~ ...... ..W"'t Ol*'ll&bit U.U &1117 Olbn ,....nm. poup. h wa. tbo1 wbo ••~ tbe KNifl!.k• .. ..,..~ a.nd UltJ who ha..-. dott.royed OWDerO• f~. Tbtt OpWlle d!Sd:y In 9'rbla Md la W.nem 8-lla.

(I) Tbit PattfMnl, eom. ot .-llom are Commulll.tM. llt "'°"Pl' fn Moo..,_ °""°' 1bl Bo.olu Kn.ta.a, Ulta, a.nd 8ao¥1o.i&. lo Moo .. Mlf'O tbo1 hAY9 •U.cltd, aM ~ w.k.eotd the l Wl&o PtNoN In Ott.lnJ• &od NIUW. !t&rty lt1 I.bit d#J'• cl U.. mo~~ tbe7 84&117 •P1-11Nd S.~, ~t ha.,.. .i._ la hrbCa,. bMo def•ltd a.Gd pciebed blidl: br tbt o.n...n. Md UN tl'OoPf cl iM PllPP'l IO'l"tlnlmeDL Tbel.r !Ub ~ btlJ!C •..n.d b7 .-.ptd ,,,...... Nd bt 4-nen from ..ii. 8wbiM poliot, N..W.'1 -. Md • .,.. tltt Nut..

Ne N1lit.ble est.i..mate Qt t.be ~ d \.be p..,..,._,. it a¥.u.bk, M~ ud &a.. ... x.~.,...,.._.yq._.,....,... ~ wh .............

.......... wi\11 u... - 1lllda" ......u,,.-tia,.. .... btoll• ~~lit.

....... ..,....,.... --.u, to .. ,.-...-1 u... ............. . &t ...

...,, -· to~,__ anl* WIG lata. T"9 hrt....- ,....._ fll .,.,. ... - .. ...,,.,. --~ ... pc:mn. ~ms. ........ d.....,..., W"+"aU.-.. ~~llM1--10M11p .............. , ' tltlf .............. ""'°'7 .... ~ ... ~~ ......... eWr,....__ .....,.... ,,. 0.-..~1 ~•clel•t ... &Ma. ......... ~ .. .. .,. ~ ~ .. -, 1 ...... AJ~ .. .n.a .......... 11.) ,,. ..... ..,.,.. ~pco.-.d. h&&a•t.Hcc .. Kl'Ollril• llCI .. ...,...._~..._ ,....,.. .. eo.. ........

'• ~'-Mt .... ~ wOI ~ oWc* .,., ......,_. • Md p .. po.., IO -.0.1 ol lb.Ir ...,_.._-c.bt ......,_ (IDOIKolJ C.0.t). U. OOflMtYM.ivt

l*Ml!i. (M"6tl'1 Cro&l P'lol't7}, or U.. Nat.lon.alliiui (Mlb&lktrid or an,10111 .i. •ho ,_..,... lhl rec11M la ullt). All th.. an hield ln D...,.7 M I"*°' lwnd M Pri'* hit.I, Ntdi4 ud tbe N..i..

OI~ <Ji.trrl'Uo 0HMJll

Jl'Jvt minor proup. or llK>n'Ulu clMlrYt cont.idtnilloa1 (I) Tbt llt.ld r.Jb (11.n Gld lWkJUI word for oiuU.wa operatlHJ In m&ll bt.twt. ol

th:tM io 8vt m.n) ..,.. lld.lv11 l"*"T'WM. lncl!Ml.lna mea ,.l*lofd I• tbtlt vbtapt. Tbq lw..,. operat«I mo.&. ._....,llll7 In FMi.mi S...b ... aod M.-. ~ 0t

pin out fl tOlll~IMIOll hidU11trW 1.t1d miDt lrWallaU... •pNla.llJ Ult 8or •PP" .U.., ~t IO o.nn..,... •ar '°°"'°917. T1't7 -.,. ,.._. • \rnlr trelsb._.. to

U.. 0.01tbf., a.Oil d 'Ww! ti.. Owm..m' ..,,,.,. Milldlilp la ~ .. _, .. 1 •• • IJw kt .. , . llo1r11 d t.5,tlOD P90lilt. .... ....... 1 ..... • ,.

Cl) n. "'Llibb .. , • w. daU.. fn:a tM Twtw. ..... '*o ...,.._ ..,,._, .. o. ..... o.1-u.. Md .,...u!I .......... ......,.. rMds .. ...,.,... ..-... ...............

(I),.. ...... ., .... ~· ~-.... ttp ...... _",... .... 0....... n,,._,,,.......,"-- ........ _ .. o. ..... ............... ol •du;:cwad _.._ ................... .... ........................ ~ .................. ,.... U... IP t µ U. 11.ai:b.'-- C..:OU,. wl ~ et... 1i1w11 ...... o..a.,,

(4) n. CtoM.fM ,.....,,. ··0r.o c.dr."'. r.plcQy ~ ...... ... ~ ... lbe woodli ..... ~ .. ~Mid~"~ 1 ... ---. .,. ....u, tollonn ol MMtl, Md -•"'"""- lbelr baUtd ~ tbs U.w.61 ...... .........

(6) Tb. Bloffn.l&n Pa'°°' Arm7 hM t"M111tl7 la11nebed ded.l"e auaclu 90 l taliMI Lroop. ud on IOl*l 1Wtl mDle.

AP'Pt;N'Dl.X: fl

LU' DAYTIMJI DOMll OPIUIATIONS

w_, I to Afll,WI. IJ, 190

RAP da.J'!IPt ........ ~\Wit,._. - ~ 1l'fth ~7 ...... 9ibjlcti..,.. ........ ....t ..._ ~ ........... ._.. ~-a, wt.YIU..

ob;lct.nw. .............. . "'*'., u...,....... o. .... d. oe."'.,.,. Sept .................... ~ ........ &ale~ ...... ,......,.. ~....,.UM~..,.,._ niM1 • 0.-.,.,. .__,..,for llls> -·-Al.,..,,,, ..... - .... •111CM . , ............. ~ .. Gena.a efta.

lad ...... - ........... 21 ......... 6pa.&cW - MrT - raid. .,IQ Urie tlqie u..orpUo. "' • ••Tplqt at~ .. Ou.d&. ~ 9Pier lo.'ld ~ ·~..., tb<t toMl el,,.,..., Uolla.nd, MCI lldglum b.n emplo,.t m&aJ' IDON plan.. l&rplJ' it,\ .ui •uv.01"1 •on to d,.. .. eat Nuf ft&ht.er oppGllUoa.. All - •u. Q{ RAP daJ'tbM aotl•ld111 dt1rlt11 lhe i*lod M.17 I 'O Aupt l2, lf.t2, fo!lon:

t. n. • It .U- RAP ~\I.alt ..U.-l'J ol llO" •¥W Ckim&llT WM U..t Of \.M BriU.. w-.•,...... n.. r-. ldlb atllwdt ,,,.._.,. 6pwei.I _..,..._ ~-........................... .,_....._._ .. n.y.,.....i .... -a,-.. ,. ,.....,_ ........ .,.~""...,...,.. .. ...,. ... ..... ......,,_._....,.,,..., ,...~.... +er.,.., .... • ,.... ..... _.,.1" .. , ... ,..p&i.-. "~ ...... , ....... • ....,. iow .i.mo c•ioo r..c,J ., ,_a. Olilll:as., ,,,ooo "'11,ooe r-.i n.- pl&6. .... - «(llWi.o.d dllkull:r ltl lilMtl.n, Ow a.r... ........ ~ IMU..._t cbud .....,, l\ptef oppoll!Uo11, •nd 1.-b~ cl.lhult* ...... bMlt. Ulf tMlt Gpeni&IDMI ~-.all .. ,... •••tllJ·I ... ,..._ .._ .......... --.:lllis~W&J l .. A~lt. ()t1._,_.,......_ -.-. ...-,,...., ... ~ .... ......... ....., .... ti,-. ............ .....

,, 0..flt U... Pfluol~ dliyt.1-. Mlt•ldtit ol lM RAF hM 1- lbe bcwltbi111 .. ob.l«d•• In OMvpW FrMtt, l~lwa, a.nd Ho114nd, TM plul ftllpklftd e. ..,,_ •ll~lt S. i.bt 8olt4e (~~bldh ~ A.-tO), a. 11Jlie«11, \wi....cl• ac.IAd -....,_ TM all&Qow ~ .. ~,..._,.,.aw a fcilw ...._ ~ ......................... _ ......... a...iv. n. ..._ _ ........ i. .,_..flt• It., Alt.,. .,_,. a.,- .. ~ ........... 'ftlif ............. -., ....... tN ......

.. ....,.... ...... ~. w.t.a.. ...... llC ~.,.-~~ti.a ............... bocalibic ...... ..-... -"llW"J d t.d..uial ~ .. oeeul)ied MtltWHJ', T"fpltlal obJ..U~• an_; the altdN!lnt II' Abbtrvm., ... Po'"' •1&l.loclit a& lJllll ftltd a..-1, • puullwa t-.no1"7 u ~ ooU e-. .. Z.. .,.,.... • nm..,.,... Md .... ~~~.~ ...... ... ,.,. ............. !k. 0.., .............. ~ o.Lt'. ~-...... ,... ....... -~ ................. ........ fl •a._••...,.~ . .a. •"""1., _.,,.. UGD _. IUOI,_, .,.. .......... ..,., ........... ,.......,..Qr .... a.. .. ....-1.hti!r ~ TM .......,,. .._. '-4 .. fOIU IOO-lb, bofl'lbll i....tl•'* ..,.. tam:r~.

BolSO- Wtft ~ Gii Ml ........ of II ~ tMh -loll, Mid WWf ... b:ripond lio1 .... 111111'-n tloud ...,.. I • • ....... .iuwct. •tt.Mb. .. ..._. «W\c ..-. -- ................. atpean .. -.. ........... ..., ... ., ........ °'., ......................... .., ..... ........ .,,.. ..... ..," ..... 1:1i1~- ........ ~'7----· ~efftpi ...... t."" Ul&n'kllM '-iber (a ... .,...,., a,tic.r plul) Iii .a.o u.i for dq11111• a.u.,.q .i.llu la n•turt IO l!Mltt 04 lhit Bc»io-. The II~ It wha • llbwr lleOli a,p.1 .. , tlllpptq. ral&oMl Md bld111ut.t.1 ...,..~ .M a.rd.- Ill ,.,.,_, ........ HoUud. , , .. ,.ablt ..,., ... el ............ " u...---.. ............ ., • .u..,....._. ................ t ... ..._,.....,_.._... ......... ........,..... .......... ......... .,..,...._(w .. ps ... ~ .... ....

'II

APPENDlX llJ

THB GI OCUPHY OF THI POIT MOUSBY H GION

J'Pf.DCM U-00,. an no• i.. c.hao 40 milol trom Po.-t Mort1b7, ••ldaa.U, pre­pariq tor lhe Crflloa! pb.eeet Ol an &Liack; oa \Mt Important AlUed be4e,. Gq. rapb7 al:re&dy b.u pi.,.yod • •"J' lto,ponacti role hi t.h4 flP.tJ.aa Ill lb:ll niged aod prtmlth'e OOUDLI)', about. •biob tbtre S. relatlYttf Utt.le NiOOfded kDOwledp. t.ccord!l)1 to • memoraz:id\lm prepared In t.be FiLr F..atern Sec:'Llon ct tbt C>moo ol 6~ Servioa Tbe aceoaq)&rlyin, map Iii b-.ed on tbf; btoirt available etJt.OCraphlcaJ data, aod ii believed W> Jndudt ooMiderabM lnlormatJon 00 Uie Uet.chy '"''°'or tran. and toMla not. publllbtd hertt.otw.. The topocr$phl~ fe•WtOt .n ddl.ned .. cloldy .. ••eil&bh cl&&& Mid the 1C1Je wm l*'Ol.h.

From tbe!r ti... at. Buaa, Japane.e WOC>ps !lm oeoupled tbe ... r.i.,.. ol .. okocf&. tbieo puabod tbtoiq:b lh4' Oap to llw!lr prtMnt J)Ollllom. belween Erogi and Jorl­bl.twa, Tbey now faeecioun~ wbldl II drier IW!d IDqf't opea I.ban lha-& wbkh tbe1 h&Ye reoenlly travCl'ltd, and oon.tequenll1 I• r.d&pted to tbefr 1WUI ft11:1g,l1 !Mlle.. Tbolr •Uppl7 ll1:11 it undu cou.taqi awlal ailACk, amt 1ltlce lb4 e>«up&­Ucm or MUM Bay b7 .A.Jtled ttoop1, Uielr dbanoeii ol brtng:lng naval.1upport. to lhdr 111.nd UOOPI h;avo dim.blilbl!d OO!ll1derab11. For t.hk reuon, "oewed ~ration. ap.1.flli Mil,.. Bay may .ctuaJb- preoedo a llolJ attempt. to illce Port MorW:>y. J~~ fl.Iv-al unltt. •lchl6d at YMloU1 limes ~Uy In t.bll ~dt. al Nonr-M1b7 4tand, &ad In Coodeilougta Bay, iu(&b:t be pre~ for 1ucll • tuk. The •LBtt>n of land alt.ck mamwhU. .. domhlat.ed by tM tr&lLi and atrpor11 ol tho POii Motw.by rq;loo Ii.If.

Ttoil. al\d Rotllh

Twa tralll m. lht o.-m Swilc!y RAo,p ooftbeMC. Of Ne.r Guin. C... -.p). JapaOl!lle l.loopit to far appou C.O have UMd on.11 t..be tr&D wb5ob C"*M tbt allotn ruce ar. t he o.,, (e,170 foet. lbove IOMe\'el) uc1 tb.a d.toi».&o Ef'oCI (about &,MIO feet.) . Travendn.g ridp. and fiMml, t.be u.o drop. to N~ro {2,aao feol) , lorlkln (2,70$ fee<), and 8op:ri (1,600 feeO , ee.ch a natl,.. vUl&p. BnLlleh!q: otr rtom the Bwi ... Kokod& uan, howevv, s. IWI alc.emMe c.rr.oll: ..-hlcb ~the tange •'bout~ mllN toulbeut ol lhe Oap oTW a,._ about D,IXlO foor. blab, and joiQI llle mahi tr.ti ac. Soprl, From Soprl tbe u.n oooti:rn• io Roou (Rooa) FaJll, wbue I~ Jobu1 a mocor road i.o Port More.by (21 .mtlel),

-"J."be ftrtt Medon ol tbo road from .Rbun.a Fallt wtad. rat.ti. atetpl7 down Lbe l.ak>tf Clorge. and lr1 JNO tr. • .._ for tho moet. part only wkle eooug:b tor ori•way tl'ltJ.h. f'roai St.whire Creek (whleh brt.tlcbe& oft tbe IMold IUWD' flld eMt of Rouia F'aU1), a hro-ny ro.d tlmll 110Utb.._ acre. t.&11 ~ bi1J1 country- t o ·~w P~ MOf'tltb1 trom tbt ea.t... Abooc. tour inn. ...r. ot Pon Mor.by,._,. :. Kt1a, tti. road ~ c.be Pon Mor.by &ird.roiM, t.bt au.ta airbut 10 lhlil

n. Towi of PM Mtlt'ubf

Pon Moretby l t.eelf .. attuat.ed lars;ely OCI • PtolllOftl.Oty •hJcb fOl'IDI Lb4I eMt abore or P.trru Jf.,-bor. Th9 i.own di•ldel In hro ~rao•IUt Wa1t ud 0.rAnriUe Eaat, Tbe bulldl:np AN La:rpl)' perebod oa bill alopee, .. bWldiD& fPMO

28

Lt ai a p-.mfum. The '°"'° ladud• 0.0.emmmt omo., hOaplW.. botela, •tort1, • libruy, \a.nil ooun... a - 001Jne-. and other lpOrta fMlllll-. But. .U d,.W..0. other i,hao makilf ol m.Wi.ry 'IP WUO tYa.cu.atod by adli\&17 Ordlfl ouly In t.bl 1ftat, IO t.h&t. the \On If DOW wboll7 • pm.o. POI'- {EYICI olvOIMI Oo~t omclall, itldudln;& Lbe Admlo.bitrator, were tod-~ ln tti. OJder. 'f'M; Torri-* ol hpua and N.w Guinea .,,. 110..- adtn!nlaLend ... a wdt. by lbe mnJiary &llt.barilhil Wlc&.f manW law.) The WM.el'fronl .,... of t..be Port hu boeD lb• prlDOlpal W1K for J&plMM boJDbm. ILO tacOlti. bidlld.o • malt1 Gove:mmcol wharf, wblcb wu eoWged at1d lmp:oved by d:redcb:111bor\11 btfof'I\ t.be war, aod t.wo 1mallor •harv•.

ltl lbe cWeo. ot Port M-117, tba ltCUrlty of the Laloti Rfv~ W'W be of unt11ual lmporuaCL Tbc W'&t.er 1uppl1 of Pon Montby hu ahrray1 beeo a llOricMll probl.om, ADd 'ua~ before the war a pum.plt1g aod ptpeUDC 17'-km wu compleot.ed to briq; nkf from th• Lalold abouti 10 aillol t.o lhe t.owtl ~r. A former ralo eattl:U:'.l)C1n, Jooat«t oci a hW abov• the town, wM R1W1tl7 dla­manUed, pro11wuably becr.ute ll Conoed ao lll'.ldUl7 proinJl'ICllt landmark lo war t.hoo. t.o. ol tbe Lalokf River ..ierworkl would be Vff'! leliom lo .,. of • ....... ed ....

Arecw Yl.aaki., P(lrt M°""'ll

I/ Jal)MMIM open.Uo111 wo lnt.eoti6ed. two areu llatlltc,a Port M'o1'1by ...W doubl.leM come lac.o pll'Omloeotolt. To tbt aoutheuL ill lh• Rigo Dil1rlct &rOUtsd the Kemp 'i\'tlcb Rlnr. Tbe Japr.oeae Cllltl t'Mdl lbo hMdwa\el"I cl c.hll rlvu by w1i1 ol tbe e.lttrna~Ye p .. from tll• Buna aide., tJready mroUoricd. They intpt l.heo follow a brallcb Lra1l dowo W> t.bo eoMf. al RJp Wllb cJi. PllfJM*I ol •trik.in& ••t. Crtlm then at the -.me t.lme that. I.My ulOd ibtl more direct approach' thf'OIJgb 8ogeri. In lbo Rip area, u ei-.bere ll30tt« ibt IOUi.b oout ot Papu.a..tbeN are a few e<1mmercl.ll pla1rtat.IGM (oooonul and Nbbtr) aod tome mi.ion otlUooa. The ltlao M'M alao hM 10tOC1 Plrl1.laUY P'J)loltod mao,poeM cltJbS\A. Tiu. liUJr.­Uon aooouat. for s.bl tnn. Crom RIJO t.o Port Moreeby Kl"'* tbe b.IIli f:rom Boot-1-JBLot., TboN Woo ooaUnuoua tr.a 171tem ....,btnabic t.hll eoM1..

A ..ooc.d .,_ of IOill'lc 1ttaW!llo lmportanee 11 I.be Y111e f'Ollon aortb.._t ol Pon Mofe9b1. 1'M prlneipal .et.tkm«n\ btre i. ICtJ.ruku, on VW. Uland. Oo t.be ad.Jactnt mali:iland a mule trall, IOtrltllmol ealled the "Yu>t Road,~· nrtkea Wand for mort c.h.t.n 110 mO-. Thoe tnO ... bl.lOt b1 F~? Catboollc Fatbv9 &q ope up mi.loo .wlolla ln vm..,.. hJ&b up oo UM lntorior plaleftllll aod alopel.. h II POlll(bi. that lbe Japane11: ~ u, to reach tW. '1'111 from Kokoda Yla ~ M.1t11bue ft.Ivor boadwac.on, &Dd lbeoot Pl~ 1b Oft IOU"tb OOMt. Tbt7 mfcbt. ..i.o uy to make U..lr ••1 onrlaDd "°"°" .,.,., ruaed C<IUOU')' from Yodda to tlM V a.c.apa River tna. lo otdtr t.o approe.eb P<lrt Mor.by rrom t.be oortJnreet.

29 Ll·--" INl ..... ...... ,,HI

SOUTH - EAST

':l~L5S == o r ,,

• lL l' I

Snn>atu 24-0croua I, 1942

09ce "' Stnlelic s..nc.. THE WAR THIS WEEK

While tho Ot.rmans continue to hew their WA)' &lowly into Stalingrad, both tho Ru,.lan publio 1uid, .. peciAIJy, high Soviet. officials are uldn1 in!istent1y for the oarly creation of • oeoond lront. llitlcr'1 •pooch ol WodnOld•y Lends il8ell lo the interpro1alion that, with the l.U ol Sl&lingrad, the Germans inl«ld no further 1azge .ale oporalioca on the eaatem Croot. thil autumn. The ~a.tis have, howe\·tt, made prepuatioat lor an attack on Leningnd, and the FUIDI are ~rtAld IO be dtbl.ting Al IO wbe1.hcr they ah.U ooopente.

.U Laval oual.Cd lrom hit cabinet tho nciorioua ooll&bora­tionist &nol.Bt.-M6chln (p,...wnably lor llJl inLrigue with the Oennans llnd tho Doriotl.Bts), ii became evident that Naai P,_.,., WM incrcuing and that the poioition ol Laval I! highly plOC&riouo. The la1ter is reluctant lo 01>111<rip1 French -lws &od hil -paign for labor \'Oluntocnl baa !ailed to ._.. 0trm&n dtma.ndl; &I • .. p 10 the 0.nn&n1, it ii ..,,.,...i that Vichy is ...,. rctessmg to them • oolllidenble number of int.-med forcip ohipo.

While the Bri!W1 ""' mopping up in ~Ud......-, OM.ral de Gaulle hM •rrivod in London, P""wnably IO diooU'8 the future adminiltration of tho island M well Al oul'Tl'J\t diffi· culti'" in Syria. Tho Lull in F.cYPI oonlilluoo. The cnany hM clearly Mlwnecl defensive pociliona and the"' is no ~t likelihood of hit rtnewing the offensive in tho immediate future.

With a mum to *live normalcy in the IUbu ...,..,. ol India, loft wine _.., i...i.,,. arc •pponatl)' orpnhing • rural movemmt in bM&lf ot the Co- Party which may well produoo oonaldtnible violence.

SllOUT

Meanwhile in New Guinea lho AUl!..ti&nt have lorcod ibo Ja- ba<k IOW&l'd Elogi, but reinloroernent.a and ibo •nOlll1'1 iapid devtlopmmt ol the wpply route lrom Buna will doub<lem ~ him dillicult IO diolodp Imm thio moun· l&inoul and ju~..:lad ...._ CUmnl Ja- --n in ibe Gilbert !Jolanda will gjve lho onomy boON flOID whioh be oould hazuo the Allied lranl-P&cifio oupply lino IO Au. trallA.

Shd P i4Ati119 i• &alillQttld

The ""''eloo• def- of S!alingnd baa "'ntlnued for anolhtr week, although the Sovie\ lo.- are now probably fPlll lnw two or lh..,. diooonneolOd croupe. M- of wrool<A&e haw impeded lh• Gorroan att.ack aod have aided 1bo Ruaiano in their •lreot-l<Hlro<I defOlllO. Tb& latter have.,..,. been abl6 IO bring in llOCDe rtinl.......nt.a and to <»UDIUllU<:kfrom the north. IA theluilew.._11,"""°"", lhe Gennana ha, .. betler..t lboi.r politioas ;,, °"' ......... ol 8'alingnd and are now advanci.o& lnlO lhe oorthtrn pan of lho city. MoanUrno, the Oerman air loroe bu bombed Aatrakhan, S&ratov, and &wi<>I communfoationa alont I.be Volp.

To the IOUib, the N &m, whU. no<in& ~ In the Gromyi area, ha,,. failed to claim any ooocmo pin&. &Poru ~ that they are now IODding reinforoomentl IO lhll aro1. lo the Circ&IJlian Mounllina, they have ap. porenlly penetrolOd the Ooitkh P- and are approaohlna Tuapoe, the iaol Qlaok S.. Port romainina IO tho RUMiana in the North ea......_

On the emtor and DOrlhern hontl, the Gemwla ha\"'O 00Wltlrlt1aeked In the IUhev _., while ""°"' ~. SovielattemPtl to rollovo tho city bavolh111 w !ailed to b.-1< lhro""1 lhe narrow Oerman·bold llrip eall ol the Nova and IOuth of Lake L&dop. IA the Mooeow areo, tho autumn

2

Sl'JCBJ!T roiQ have 1tartod. Amorioan military obtervon predict that the oondiUon ol lho roado In thio lf<lor wi1I be<»mo increuiosly wono until lhe 6m bard 1 ..... 1n No>-ember.

Mr. WiJUM ood U.. &oood ''°"' MT. WWlde'1 roocption al Kuibyghev wu onreml'ly

oord.lal. .Bu~ nearly everyone he aaw, even down to the workm ol an t.irerolt laolOry wbiab ho viii led, ulted him whtn Ibo Allieo would ootabllob •-d froal. M.r. W'dlltie'• adroit panieo indud<d ouch ... ......., .. u tha• ibo AmoriooA public dolirod ouch • fronl, lhl\ be himldf expoc1ed it '"'""d be ootabllshed lhortly, ibat suoh • front obould be opened "ate the CArlleet possible moment our military leaders will approve/' and that he pel'IOna.lly would do hi.a belt to advo­cate nactlve" &Id for RU11la when he returned to thi& count.ry.

Meanlime, public Soviet aPPMls lor a -d '"''" ha•" oontlnuod to be ol a ....,,poroie and penualivo dlancltt. ThAl Illf..-lion 8"1JdiJI ol ibo Rmaian &mbuoy in Wuh· ingt.on. Poin ti out the lignifioanoe of Ruasian oft'crusi vea on the .Eao1em Fron tin 19lhnd 1016 in cuing Clerrn&n P"""""' on the Western Allifll, and conclude.: 'The experience of the lint World War mdicalOI ibat ooo ol lbo doti1h .. laclonl in ibo d<foat ol Gonnany ,.... the uni~ ol dort ol lbe Alliod po.._" The Soviet radlo bu aimilarty \lied "' eon..U.ee i1a &r.glilh·iallguage lillentn by the ........t>l- ol ill argument.a rAthor iban by 1hreat1 or warninp ol imminent

' RWllian oolla~ that lho Soviet lorOOI are fi&btln& the battle notoaly of their own country, buL or "all tnADkind."

Furlhermore, R....W. btoodeu1a ha'" dalmed lhat lhe "o•-.rwbolmiDc majority ol ibe men and - ol the United Stow. and of ibo lreodom..tovill& people evorywheze" ue ooovi.noed of the need 41for lm.medi&te o!t'osive action i.n Weatem Europe, which is now long overdue .... " Now Lii the Un>e, the Ru.iaD rad.lo ln.mta: "Never WU it more

3 •

~ ..... ;N.41,..,. '" ii.Ill-. t.HMltJltlftl I t>..-. UAI l".I,. • .,,._ & p.-erfal ............. ..... '-ct '"""" '" t}; •"""'*- .. ~ ...,., ~ d. hie io411hS. .. ,. lW'I ,.,.,..,_, lit t.M ~ au! ~ t..ult (S,11

lf .. tlkt.altl "'••W1 t111ftt " (t;AQ" • .& fA""* ~ from Ona••, tJ,., Jtu-'A•• 1Aflv, mt~ .. IY ddM:..t attitude ul 111.....,,. t,,-, ••Ktu: 1J11:1 ltt1J"•O.tl1r.7<A ~ O'JGUt.it'OW iDn8oo.."

lo t'<1t1l,.uil tr, lhl! roffll1&t•tivll!' ~~of ibetie radio •v~.• tugh-ra.nlun.g Hi-1\•W:.L,,ffida.l,~1<1! tbe record, hM ~ted tM IWM&an P'•itnn in un'~ terms. A ltfOOd frocn. ht a.w:ru. .. a.n unmediatt: ae(•t•ny, fim, co ......,w.. popilar moral• and '"'"of the eo.·-• in the Soritl t:nion; E«'OOd, co bolster morale m 1be O«Upied eountriet; 1bird, to iborttn the duration ol the nr. The Ecypt;,,,1 campajgi>, he adds. ii d<!Utit<ly not tt>CM1gb. But an ;o~ditio:Ml • .\Jritan Front" .-ould be •tiif&.ttory ii it di\·ertfrd a suffirif.nt nwnbt-r ol CoC"rman Uoopf co ~ lht­RuMiaM to La.tr tbt o!ft»i\"f'. .\lwr mcmen.ticg W. Rn1 .. h, Anv-ri<:u>, and t-......i;.,, .. ""Pf m llr."'3. W. ~"" llffifl>I hM rontll>JN that .U c;b; » ~" dt-.0<· m1n• h<1•11

.~,., ,,.. , .__,..,.~11 ••. ,. I n ~·11,,.....,1,~ •Hh \lf \\ \Ul.w~ •\-n~ \tn.lllllatt )l ~--.;()\"

~•H"f' l•ho """' tll"!f "~....,_.,.. • \'Ui&l lh.'"'" 'C)w '-"-~ cd tt."t """" 1h 14 ltt,•t ,..ti.~, ti.• -~, .. ~· ~ :a..=:. TV ..... 4. ...... th ..... , . ~'-' ..... ~"'"' MCI," ~ ~ ,, •• ,. ·d•••t A.·,-~ \"""'"'" ' " ~~, ... "''..,. "'-"' iT';-~~ u.r .... ,,( O:t"llU".,•I' ·-~t tt""ll' \ \civ...·"°~ f,.'"'I '.N ""N:h1./Clfl1 t t },6.:lflCl.-....­f•• "' .. ,.,,,HH•1•1 , ..i ...._...,. • .;)1•,ht1 tw Il l·~ .io •1"1111~ ~ l"•l•tp • ••w1 ~~.1 111111,I _., ,.,, .,.,. ~,_hlf,. ' ~·Jtllit II ~M'lft 'UI.:~ , ..... .. , 11 .. \* " " ... ~- ~ ..... · · i."lo) !(J1,...,

~ ,. ..... "~' ~ •• • ..a.:..,) " · \)11,,...,,,.._, .. ' """ l/ ~ ~ f' · t r.h - ..;~.1,.111111 ,.,.., • • ... b.y ... ..._ .. t-t. ~"'°" A ...... ~ii n~ .. "•".,. ... ,,,_ y1 • .,..,.,. .. , ,...,.,. l • ·.~~ hr

s ..... dedated, tho mnonl of 20 Nui diviliooo 1.-the~ ' Front lo ....0 oll t.11 Allied ln...ioo -Ud blve Ii.., Ml&­quaf<> ...aiS lo the So•;.,, Union; in June, the d<portw'O of 50 divilionl ~'OUld have beeo ltlllicient. But oow, the with­drawal of at 1..,.100 divi.;o,,. w<iuld bo ....-ry. At 1-1 one h{gh-rAnking IU'OOJ' ofllce.r baa gone &till furthcr-..crt­ing that W,.. el<menta in tbo Anglo-Suon countri,. wwld like lo ... RUMia and GennaQY fish< it ool until th•y were both exhal»l«I, .-bm Bri""'1 woold be able 1o ..uo eonttol of the Rach. Oriti.I> ollidol muc"""9 lo talk of the CUrttlJt otaWll of Rudolf 8-, he offered u ~ of wcli a plan.

Th.e Fifi,,. D<bou T/t<ir Strnl<w For hro Wtt.kl now the Fi.n08 havo been a.eUvtl,y dtbAtin&

whether to take pan. in a Naai oilcnaive apiDll Leniograd, a«ordinc lo advieeo from U.i.inki. Tho Cl<nonl &aft' app&m1tly la•'On tho och<me, wltile ProoidmL RYii and Ma..i.J )~ - 1 ...... ~J' f.....U.C tho political .. ._,,.,,-. ~y .. ,......a Finnioh rolationa 'lrith the Uoit<d Stai... Aooordlng lo tho oame eou ... , IM m.c. guM froni Sovaat0pol wm moved up lo the Leningrad area about. Augui~ 17, while the rllllroad between Narva. t.nd the LeAingnd Iron! ii now cJ--s lo olviliaa trall!o.

In a apeech lo the Diet OD Stpte>ber :M, Pnalitt ilt.llfell, afta ,.,.,,,,,, lo the F'Dlllilh .. ~ .. 111111" With C-y, declued that "the~ in the attiwdo lo Finland of otnain lo,.;p _... .. . have not induced .. "' adopt a dill.,...; line of foroigi> policy than tho one • . , dictai.d by our oountry'• v!lal Into ....... " Similarly, l'reli· dent Ryti bu d<lcl&ted priva~y th"' the Unli.d Statoo it primarily nwponaible for any dotorioralion in rtialiono ti.­- the two eountriel and lo wUW.. lo - Flnlaod o-· oome by tho Sovie\ Union. M-~ an official 11&-• lhal Manbal Manrwt.ejm will DO ~ - military a._,

6

a.... lacMo of the United S•lionl bu Mlded to the coom. o1 Finnloh·Amorican ~ Towvd the Britillb the fUim are •till more unlrioodly; Finnilb - "P)lArellll.r beliovo tllal the Sovie\ 1ublllAl'ine! which, they aar. llave •unk .. llWIY M 20 llhipe in the B&ltfo, .,.. under the oommand of Britioh oflloero. Further evidenoo of inoreuinc Finnlah dopondonot on the N..t. •Ppe&n1 in the "'porl th•I the Fin­ni&h Socret Polino .. DOW under tho oontrol or tho German o .. t.a, ...

/rtlriqvo • ....., /AllQJ

flom all quarter1 lhe preoenl Vichy regime la the objeol of att&Ob and - LAVlll baa ouNd lrom olllee Booolol.-M6chin, .., aeti.-e and ambitioua eou.boradonial, who bad •-11.r *1 dealing behind the _,,. with o.n..... o4!icialaand with mm>bersor Dorio•'• Pam p.,,..io,,. F""'91i#.

Tho dAnpr ol the lat«< eombin&lioa baa •ppomoll.r bton lllllicien• to .......,., aummoning NoguAo to Vichy (pr a pr>· fnll diaoUllion with t. VIII ...,.w.1 the IUlj)Olllion or all Doriotilt activid,. both in France and Morooco, Ono rtPort from Cueblanca claima that, altl>ou,ch 1hoy · ...Uoe lh•l lhoy m"J' bo obliged to ftee to North Afrino, P61&in &Jld Laval have decided to oppoee ..,Y further alt..npUI by Ibo Parli POJ>l;laire FrOlll<'it< to plol tb.U overthrow with Corman llid.

Tho Bonoi>t.-M6chin-Doriol threel tiae •lao appeored in .North Alric•. An att.empl to kill NoguAo in a piano l!l'All1 11 ttJlQl'IOCI, in which an active memoo or tho Pam Popu/;Jitw '"'"'°;.. (who '-Dlly onived in Moroooo wilh a opocial travd ord« from JlenoiA.M6chin) baa admitted eompllclty. After a t..i~ eon.....UOO with r..,..i, Noeu6t llaa been «dored to ohip lhit IC"D• ti.ck to Vi•hy. And in lhlt eon­needan, Admiral Darian la oaid to be ...... to Culblanoo

8

OD 0etoo.. 10, with the oolealiblo inlenlion of i_.m. the troopo.

lnformante at Vichy ..... tha• tho immodiato fut""' of lhe Leval Oovemm«>I la W'loerl&in, bu• in _.. &bey feel thal the 0ennant are prolJ6bly DOI )'tl reo<ly to ina<all a <hultikr. Tho Nuw may rather temporise with t.Vlll, keeping him politically alive on • ~Y to ~Y basil, even if the labor returns are bolow demands. P61lin 0 reporled to h&ve refused to oonaider Doriot, but. one informant question1 whether the M&rahal oould nol be oof,..ed on lhia point.

Fret<A Sloil'!'iltf aod l<IW

Ai the aome time GMnan p,_,,. for FlOllch shipping and labor poniall. Thirtyc foreip ohipe, totalling app<o:<· imawy 121,000...,... are••,,.._., bftnc lumed .,..,. to the Allio, aceordinc "' a reliable -' from V'iehy. n.­indude fonner N~, Dutch, Oaruab, and Greek,_ held by the ~-

On lhelabnr front Le\'&! bu publiahed three decree111upple­._.mg the new labor law, but he appetrl to be reluoiant oc"1al.ly "' apply the labor mobihaalion ,_..._ ~ bu e'81ed that ho baa reached no ..,..monl with the a.rm.... "' use loroo in exeoutinc the deeree, and thal bo ....Wd ,..;p. rather t.han try to C<lnlCript Fmlch workora. Although admitting thal thus far not more than 18,000 skilled workon have gone to Oermany (compared with domando for UI0,000), Laval etill hopoo to ,..... a ao .. idttable nwnber by promioeo and three'8, without uae of .. ,ual foroe. In a clever p.­camptign be _,.., the problem under tho betdline,''The orpnioadon of labor and tho~ of p.-.,..., .. and ciia tho .. ..,.. and IUbtt.antial ldVlll....-" that will aecrue to the famillel of ,'OJuntoert. Leto repone indieale that tho NUlit may be-1•1>1 with,...., than 160,000 Milled WOl'kon, and may.,.;, .. the mid-October doadhDo leol&lively ~

7

SJtCDT

Tli4 BrilUh Mqp Up in M~ Evenl4 in Madapscar continue to progreo11 to'W&rd the

esteblisbmeot of full Allied control. The purpooeo for which the occupation waa undertaken may now be considered sub­staotiAlly achieved. The British, deepite detennined resist,. ance between Tananarive and Ant&.rabe, are steadily pursuiog their drive to secure all vital linee of communication. Mean· while Ute transition to military government, based on COOJ>­emtio.n with the local authoritiee, seems to be proceeding favorably. Tho volatile population of the capitol received the occupying troops with cheers, and the tricolor still flies in confom1ity with Anglo-American declarations thAt Mada· gs.scar's status as French territory is uoaltcrod.

Meanwhile Fighting French headquarters announced that General de Gaulle had arrived in London from Braasaville. Obeervers assumed thAt tho future administration of Mada· giise&r, as well aa the situation in Syria, would be central in his conferences with the British. It remains to be seen bow far London will aocede to the Fighting French demand for ocntrol of Madagascar's civil affairs.

Am DejeMo. in Egypt

lo Egypt and Libya action has been limited to patrols and artillery excbangee. Recent British raida and rec<>nnaissanee ind~c~te further regrouping of Axis lorcee in clearly defensive po$lt1ons. Tho Afrika KotJ>I has beeo divided and is now beicg used to support the Italian motoriaed and annored dlvWoos that occupy moat of the forward positioDB. The CD"."'J' ~ appears to have ostablialied strong pointa to res~st Bntisb raids on his rear ocmmunicatioDB. Meanwhile Allied planee and submarinee have taken a steady toll of A.~is shipping in the Mediterranean.

'J!'e determined reeiatance of the RU88iana may have bad an 1mporl&Jlt effect on the Egyptian campaign. At a time

8

SBCBrJT

when the battered British Eighth Anny and the Allied air arm were being reinforced on a very considerable ocale, Rommel was denied any large land or air reinforcemenf4. Obeervers suggest that this mW1t be explained either by the exwnt of German commitmenta in Ruasia, or by deliberate Gennan policy of maintaining Rommel io North Africa primarily to cauoe the diversion of Allied •trengtli and Allied shipping around Africa to the Near Eaat.

Sf/rlan Imbroglio

On his visit to Bcirut Mr. Willkie was immediately en· mated in the Anglo-French rivalries in the area. Tho Britiah had hoped to present a sort of Anglo-American demonstration of unity, and tbe French mado every effort to enlist Willkie support of the De Oaullist poaition. Mr. Willkie hin>oelf appeared to be most in~ted in meeti~ the looal Syrian and Lcbancee leaders, and waa much im· preeoed with President Naccaoebe of the Lebanon.

Rural A.gilalion in India

Eventa in India 8till reveal a oontrast between the oom­p&rstive quiet of the cities and oontinued agitation in the rural areaa. Although many textile milla in Jliadras and Ahmedabad are still cloeed, moat of the mills in Bombay, Nagpur, and Calcutta are now in operation. The Tata eteel works •t J&nlJ!hedpur are working at near capacity. lo an effort to keep manufacturing est&bliabmonte open during poMible further dimlrbances, the Government baa raiied its "dearneee allowanoes11 for railroad workers, and increaaed allowao.- for other laborers are expected. New Delhi obaervers also expect an increaae in Army privates' pay from 23 to 30 rupess a month.

In tho countryaide, l!igna of a developing Congna move-

9

S1Xm'1'

ment parnlJoling im!epon.'lible outbrealal or violanoe have boen $pparont during tho pMt. month, e.ccording to an 01> """"''on the spot. With tho regular Con~ leadenihip in jail, lelt-wing peo88llt loeders ore organJ.ing tho movement. ?>Jany of them believe lhAt only violence can drive out tho British" our observer continues, and t.b.Al Gandhi's statement. just oorore hia impriaonment I.hat he - launching hia "gll!&Uist" C.flmps.ign, a udo or die" effort, ooostituted &

tacit pemllssion to his followers to use violence. RunJ blacksntltbs are now rabriooting crude, bomo-mrulo. weapons. One peaBMt leodor bas i tated in oonfidenco lhAt tho planned movement. mt\y not breek out untiJ December, but that then it will be i""""'tible.

i-feanUme, the lndiAn p1U18 ls ca.rryil\St an increaaing number of stories about the eum:nt civil di.sturbancee. Although the Council or State in its final l!088ion at New Delhi roru.oo to lilt the censorship, the Government hAS apparently rela.xed press J'Oltriet1ons on.it.a own initiat-ive­probably in an cll'ort to convince opinjon or tho gravity or lhe l!ituation. Already it bas told tho Central Lejpalatu"' that stronger police rorooe tlum ihooe now available will be oeceeaary to keep tho diaturbancos in hand.

Japonu. R_.., i'n IM &>utJa....,t Pacife In the Port Mo ... by region, c.he tenuous Japo.- .upply

lino has been steadily balk~, and in one 3-day period over Cuada)e&.nal, American Army, Navy, and l\farine figbwrs dostroyed 42 enemy aircraft a.nd damsgod a others without Joos of a single plane in combat. Tho chief,..,,..,.. of the J•pan...,, however, appeared to be developing in th• Port Moresby '"8)00, where ror Iha fll'8\ time ainoo the Japaneeo landed al Buna on July 21-22, Allied troops ...,.. uswning lhc i.nitiative.

Here, the 6re or Briti&h :16-poundors (abou• the aame

10

I I

$1'.(lRBT

caliber u our !~mm. field guns') was apparently in.otru· mmtal in halting an enemy movement eouth or loribaiwa Ridge late last week, and in opening the way for an AU&­tralian attack later which hA8 di!lodg<>d the Japoneeo from lheir positions on tho Ridge and driven them baek toward Efogi.

The dU!advantages under which tho Japan..., arc operating in this area are tremendous. 'their suppli438 must. be packed in on A !nick which traverses Almost the width or lbe Owen Stanley Range, and it is constantly subjected to bombing and strafing attack. Tho JapanCt;e oooethe.less havo f:IUC­

coedod in traMporting oome ligbt artillery pieeco of their own ac'°"' the range, .. woU as the light. mortars ordinarily car­ried by their jungle and mountain light.era. They are reported now to ho in process of constructing a oorduroy roe.d from Kokada, their advance baso, toward Efogi. Japanese troopa in the o.:rea are cstimAt.od to. number aomo 5,500 me:u, complete with units of cavalry, engineers, and mountaio artillery. As Ibo lighting ogoin returns to tho donse junglee and high mount.aim of the interior, these lroops will not be ...Uy delcated.

M""'1>1tnli in V.. s.i-, Oill><ru, •nd Aletdian.t

Aside from air activity, tho Solomon .,.,,. wu 1\llath·cly quiet. F&irly aiJeable naval wlita •·ere lighted io tho north­west, oentering on tho Jo.paneee base at the aoutb.ern tip or Bougainvillo !Jland, hut oeitber batdeohips nor aircraft carriers bavo been reported in this ecctor for 10me time. Ciao, a small Japan...,.lleld ialand in tho New Georgia group, ho& apparonlly been evacuated. Within OMY range of our air<raft on Guadalcanal, Oilo bad been attacked reau· larly since the Japanese first began developing it as a forward bueaga.inst OUT own newly~.,..-on politioo1 in the Solomona.

"' ll

SBCl!l'I' In tho Oilbena, bowovor, J._ .,._.loo oontlnuM.

From - in this illaod pup, which U.. no\ faz IOUth of the b8vil7 fortified Manhall hlAD<ll of tho Japu­~hoda,.,theJ-mJchlbopebotb 1oeecuno thoirown liDe of oommunl<atioDI frvm the Maroballs lo the SololllOftl aod "' in161ere with the Allied 111pply line from ITawail lo Aualnlla and New Ze&J.nd. Makin, the oortbemmOll of lbe Gilbert lalandl (wbiob aze Brltiah i-Jont), wu 9ei.1ed at lhe outbteak or tho war and li:ooc Lbat time hu been twice raided by Ainerlcan ..... ro-th• finrt tiine oo &be oecMioa of our finr&. oft'tm1h-e naval act.loo in the Pocifioon February 1, Mid apln on Augun 17 wb<n Marina landed and dMUOyed all lnatallationa. Tho Wand hu Jinee bacn roooaupiod, and JapanOIO oontroJ i.& known to. ha\fe bee:r1 ext.ended in the paat eix wee.Ice to other lsllUldt 1n lho group. Tho Japan ... lave bc<n bulily enpged meantime .... 1ructlng defemee. So r., tbeae ellorla appclt lo have pro....iod wltboot lignifieont oppolition.

In the Aleuliano, the Japui• •PPlfODtlY ba, .. e..-red !heir prrieon from Attu l.oland, oolllOlidating th-. t.roo!ll ,.;th othen on Kilb, their m.U. bue (200 mil"" IO tho-). Shipa ond lhore inllallationa at th• !au.or bue were bombed tW. week by a eombinod force or Can.odiAn and A.merioan airora/1-the flrot of such openliono. Of ten ftoat pl&Mo lial>tod in tho harbor, lix were cleoao)'ed, and &nother .,.. shot down in air combat.

Suppllu fM Chi>la llnugA R-'4 The U. 8. S. R. hu"'"""' in principle 10 permit ohlpment

of •uppllOI for China ovor tho Tn.111-Cesplao r.nd Turk.sib Railroadl, and• oonf.-ce will aoon be oonvOlled IO work oul proooduroo, ac<onlinc "' • hJchly plaoed oboorver. Cbunckinc'• ~tali•• in RUIOla _ .. lbat the Soviell will - "' permit mo•-t of 10,000 - "' _.. •

12

t

s­yeo: by rail ll'Om Albkh.bod (on the Iranian border) to Alma Ala or 8eriiopol, and till\ the Sovieta will 1Upply 4,000 toOI of poollne and 1.000 tone of lubrieat!Dc oil a :yo&r 10 maintain truek eervicie throuP ~ 'IUrk""6D. In "'tum Iba R\lllians will expeci &DJl\W OU- deli•~ c4 •.ooo .... of strategic maWiall (tin, tunpton, wnc oil).

Rutlllian penniMion for the uee of Sovi•I railroodl provides the .,,,.,.,,.,'Y link in a 1upply line which will run from Karachi to Zahidan (Iran) by rail; Zahid&n to Athkhabad by Innian highway; .Ashkhabad lo Alma All or Sercjopol by ~pion aod Turk-$ib Railroedo; Alma Ala or SergioPol to Land>ow aod ChUJJCldng by smo.&vlet. Hial>­....,. (T.\o w., Tliil Week, July 23-00, pp. 21-23).

The distanOOI involved and the diflieultiol or fU<I aupply make i i doubtrul lbat this routo can be oullicienUy expanded 1o provide a complete ooluUon to lbe problem of rogullt and • ubetanWJ deliveri"' ol auppliel lo China. However, the oome 1,ro<l toOI a mootb ol maWiall wbitb ""' IO be moved W>der the _,,..,;, •• _.., will be a timdy and impor­tant ooolribulion "' aun- .--. The l.ndia.-1<>-CbiAa air tn.nlpOrt eervioe hao no< as yot approached tbil rate ol delivory. Moreover, the Soviet ...-nen• to pmnit ~ of suppUee for China tbroU&h '" teni1ory ill not without significance. Preewnably, the SovietJJ are no more desirous of provoking the Japoneoe than they h.ovo formerly been, and the R...,w, p1ture -- IO indiuto oome Ruooiao _..,,, • .., tho Chinooe......t for auppli,., and - belief that the delin!f)' ol lhae aoods ill worth the ..mfiee of t.ranlport faeilitios ... talled.

Polilia ;,. 7W.t..1an Meanwhile, Obungldng bu run inlO diftieultiOI in ite

alt-pl.I"'.....,.. oomplete oonlrol of Sinkiana. the bitbeno aut.oaomo<tl aod Rutoian..iJlll~ province tbro<ocb wbith

IS

SICllllT

the - IUppjy" line IUDI. Sbmg Shih-... ai, loQC-\iaM pro­vincial war Joni, bu not boon unwillint IO cooporaie wllh Chwigking in ridding himaelf Of IO!De Chi- Commwilll riv.U. Theoe Communieta h&vo ,.,,. boon oUlted from Ibo local adnW>istrallon, ocoording lo a ..W.ble IO"""'· Bui Sheng sl•OI no eigns of abdicating bis own power, and ChUJJgking dooo not loel th&t ii can rcly on him.

General llo Yao-llu, chief aido-dH&mp to tho OcnoraU.. limo, bu boon pro!lc~ tho g<>verool'llhip of tho prov!noo by Chungking. 0.,,.,,.1 Ho refuseo the honor un1eot all pro­vinci&I Annieo are plaoed uoder bis conll'ol. Tho qu..Uon 11 lo the oolDIDADd of Slieng'a army, which includeo the Wbiie RUllian b"'°"c be tteruit.ed t0me yean l&O. thus remainl tho clll<I llwnbling block to oompleie Kuominw.g -uol. And Sheng Shih-,..ai, ..-ho h&a long manapl to combine - ol ~ ~ b'oopo and tt!W>oe on Sovi .. political ouppon., it not likely to yield without a &-' bupin.

c,.,_ • ._., s~ ... J..,.,_ 1""""""' lloPQrt.t llill indicaie a wide ''Vieif ol opinion ea IO

probable Ja- intentions. General Wavell h&a slat«! 111&• 11 ;,, unlibly the Japa.noee will ~kle an)'lhing to ronnklable ea Inc& or Auatrali& under p,_,.t circWlllt.nCtll bul tht.I - or later they will attempt lo "romova the Ruesia.n rocna.ce" and neettJe. up the China bl.lliruwl." A his)l t'lnn.i.ah official hM warned of Ja- preJlU&tiOna (or • "major land and eea campaign" directed ~ either ll""""' or the United Staie.. Madrid'• envoy to Japan ;,, r,.ponaible for a report that the Ja- h&ve alnllldy !ailed Jn an tltempt lo mediate the RUIOO-Oennan oonllict and are not likely lo make another move.

Oeneral ChOMault, on the other band, believae that the n6XI Jas-eoe drlveo will be deaipied to atrengtben Japan'• , . ,, ~ llanb, the l!ol<-Nm• and Burma. Ao i( 10

14

I 1

s .... andertiue the pndiedcn of impomdiQc Ja- ..u.n ll<lm the Burma bue, Uniied 81ai.. Altll/f Air Fo.- in China h&"' ...,......i their raicla on Ja-linoo al commwllcation """of the Sal..- Rivor.

Broril Continvu Dri<t ogaill# Azif Avmu The polioe drlvo againot tho wldeoproad and doeply­

imbeddod filth colwnn in BraaU ....Wied in tho arroet laat ...... or membon or .. liallan Olpionap ring in Rio de Janeiro and a number or a....wi pri .. u. and n""" in the southern Suto ol S&n<& C..Wina. The German cl"1g)'IDOD .,. aoeusod or opera~ - radio tnu>omit- bidden und8 the altars ol eemeiery chapels. Their arreot corrob­....iee repon., long cunent, tha1 the Nui ove,_ oqanUa. lion utilioecl -WO memben of Otrman C..choli<l ..i;g;o.. communitice and lhe minlaey ol Omzian ~t con· gropliona !or propopnda and~.,.._

The Italial1 prilOotn, boed<d by Papal Count &lmoodo di RDbilanL, IOCially p<Ominont olllcial ol lhe former Jtalial1 tra..,..uJantic Lall airlioo, 1rammitl«I ...,. of ehip JDOV&.

menta in lhe South AIW>tic throucb a olion-wave IOllder hidden in a rabbit and cui'* pie form. Tho. prioooon .,. bclievod IO be the .,.u. from whom the Allis radio ttaeivod non laat llfarcb th&I the Queen Mary h&d docked at Rio de Janeiro.

T°""'rd Na1imlol U•W/ '" Mo:it»T Recent trencla In MOldco lndlcal<! tho• Prooldent .(viJa

Camacho It gradually developing a bMl1 on wbicb IO build a gov"""""'t or nallonal unity ca~le or lulfiWng Mesico'1 war commiU.-14 to the United Nationa. Alier appoinling ex·Preoide11t °'1dellU ea Mlni.ier o( Doi- he h&a named General Abelardo Rod"- allO an a·Preoidmt and -

15

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s..,-or Mexioo'• moet important busio• leeden, to I.be new poet or Coordinator or War Eoonomy and Production. Far apart on domestic imueo, Ol.rdenaa and Abelardo Rodrigues fully support the government'• internatlon.i policy. To-gether they symbolise eometbing approachins netlon.i unity, wilh CArdcnaa repreoentlns orpnised labor and the peas­antry and Abelardo Rodrigues repreeentins Mexican ind\14-try, particularly that part """'°ated with United Statee capit.i. In this connection, the appearance or all Aix living ex-Preoidentll with .(viJa Camacho on the b.Jcony of the PrM!denti.J PaWie at a recent p&triotic celebration was dramatic evidmce that the Party of the llieJ<ican Revolution baa become broad enougjl, with Mexioo at war, to embrace bitlelly oppooed rightist and leftist leedm or the past. two dceadeo. It was a di.splay or intem.J harmony unprec&­dcnted in Mexican history.

NevertbeleM, outaide the ''revolutionary family", President ,( vila Camacho api-ra to be reeeivins ooo.sidcrably 1088 than oomplete support in his plea for nation.i unity. The term, to be sure, is widely used by intr&0eisent ultra-reactionary and "New Christian Order" groupe, ouch as Acci6n Nacional and the Uni6n Nacional .Sinarqui.!lo. They .iso call for national unity, not for support of the war (about which they make demora!Wng or at beet ambiguoua sta«omento), but ror the preeervation or the family, the ""5t0ration or relilious education in public echools, the deetruotion or trade unions, and the annihilation of oommunism. Actually, their propam is creating an atmosphere of civil war, with full 8Upport of the leM cautious pro-Xui and F.iange pre. 8Uoh u H"""1r• Um and o...oa. However, with both the ~rvative and radical winp of the Revolution more 6nnJ,y united behind hie war policiOB, Avila Camacho may-• be in a politico to move with vigor ~ what is in eft'cet a native fifth nolumn of nonaiderable strength, which lllill holde importanl

16

APPE.N"DIX I

THI GllJUN TUTILI POSmON, AUGUST 1, !HJ.­JULY II, INI

/vi tt• r.u.h ol • Wwt ~ ID ,a. OQtpcn ol q&&llMit Iba, o.r....,1 riJ pndooe a ..... , ~tk7 ol \d\U. Nppllel darlrlc \be ..... .,... .. COttt -tW ..w&.trit7 ud llid.UW ..... bc:il .. lbt .... ti.. ..... \uUlit polftlae di, .... IPtN ......... ..- d ..... .....,, ......... . ..... , ol. ~ 1)1.W. ol \htc::ia-of ~aem.....· n.q!MUly of ,..... ........ '°. -w ..,..., tioda f« mlliurJ aod ti'rillao-. ... tf..U... ~ .. be f"MloMcl M ...... U.. 10,.... cit U. ltt7 _. -pdoli lit....a. n.i. ...._ .. qMlll.rfll bollll c1.-dcUfa&aiod. lade..,.. bi ........_....,... .... . .. "*"'- .. ..., --- po& ....... " - ..u.. fNt0r7 \W UiM., ........ ~ ... , ¥97 ..... U.d~ ... .. ...... ......... ., .. ~ ~d!U'llis t.t. ecnlac .......... ""°" -0....0, bM DO•~ DOl eelJ bw on ~cl t.ma. a.o4 \o18t Aben. blrt altlO tbOlt of ~ OOINpled eowit.rt-. Tben ... IDONO•tr, DO ,,.....,.. of lmprg•..,\ Lia tbl 0.... ia..O. pcllllloo, u1- U. Nu.ill 001141* £cnK

• .U obWo fu.U eoooomt. ooUabor&Uoo rrom TurU,. l.odMd, ~·• ~o of tbt 0.MllM po•hJoo ii mo,. Ubl7, Mtboli&h 111.lillauam .ru....., a.od lodutt.rlal Hedit "1U bt to«~

8•nJ'- ANU.W. M Oer .. 11r Table I PftllllO'-•~ pl"CNIPM'i .. o.ma.a tupplllt aYallablil from"""'°'

produtiloa Tbe ep,. .,. brokto don by i7pe al lber Mid, wt.I po.lble, bJ ~ A. brW ........ ol Meb ~ fotknra: ................. _,. ......... , . ... ...,.. ...... 0.-.. ........... ...................... _...

17

poeitiona within the governmeni. I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

I r

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APPE.."fDCX W

PUIUC OPVllO!'l IN CANAD.l: llUNPOWU. C0118ClllPT1011, AND P.t.aTY ALIGNllUNT8

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Mort ~\.W. ..... \lit ...... Ii.,.. b)',....... ~so* Q..UO. whether a Bl"9r oil• fJI P9MI .,.._. 09 \lie "°'1111 ttVO .raouW be .-.pc.ed, 1)1rty-MtpitrCiltO\ol\he t'Nllb~~~lbqwOl'ldapJWO'nMMb a ~. •hlll l.J plftllGl u:;~ ~'°'Ill a11d Ut pitr Milt .... \llldrMlded. AmollC E:aclWa....-:IAJ o......u-~ ,.,....~ .... ,., _, dimappro¥"• ID&. 9 pw wo.t. tppntTbli, ud • ,.., .. , WldMldld. Ill ~ poll 1A wtaldl PllClp\e ... MUd \0 ..... \Wr ,,., ...... '°'flit ...... ~. lbl s-­.... $.trft"' ,...... ~ .. odlic..... 11 b IAar--s rr-..,.. .. , 1a .. po0 &u.. 111 ~ "°' eo,.., ., "'..._ ~ u... o. .-.ui.-MM. Lba ,..._Uilt Of ~..-.kl-~~~~ ,,_ • J* .-. la Aprl so 11,..... All A .... Of .W. ,_.

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