Christian Ochse

The Constructed World: Digital Preservation of Architecture

This project will be an analysis of the “current state”

in the digitization of architecture in “digital architecture

libraries” and to a lesser extent, art libraries. I will

analyze the progress being made by digital libraries in the

area of architectural history and art history, where they

overlap. My assessments will include critical analysis, of

usability, the comprehensiveness of the library, the overall

quality, quantity of images and information. There will also

be comparison incorporated into the analysis of these

libraries.

This is intended to be an analysis of the overall

progress that has been made in the preservation of digital

pictures, floor plans, photographs, architectural schemes,

existing representations of destroyed buildings or buildings

that could be destroyed in the future even if they are

represented in artwork or architectural sketches. Unfinished

projects and alternate plans i.e. the various plans

submitted for the Baroque-era Louvre in Paris will also be

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included if they are being preserved. The main projects that

will be discussed and analyzed are ARCHinform, ARTstor, the

Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), and, finally, a smaller

one-person project, like New Jersey Churchscape. However, there

are other projects worthy of mention and I may discuss them

or mention them in comparison to the four main libraries,

such as Great Buildings Online, America’s Favorite Architecture, American

Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920, The Census of Antique Works of

Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance, ARCHNet, Archeire: Irish

Architecture Online, English Heritage – View Finder, the Digital Imaging Project:

Art Historical Images of European and North American Architecture and

Sculpture from Classical Greek to Post Modern, and, finally, the Cities

and Buildings Database. It would be impossible to include a

comprehensive analysis of all of these digital architecture

libraries, so I have decided on the four main projects

mentioned above.

The raison d’etre for this project is that loss of

cultural heritage, especially built heritage, is so easily

lost and often irreplaceable. Without knowledge of original

buildings, many countries in Europe would have lost

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thousands of historic, important buildings. For example,

cities like Warsaw, Berlin, Munich, and Dresden were some of

the most heavily devastated cities of World War II. Warsaw

is now a UNESCO World Heritage site because of its

recreation of its lost historic core. The cities of Dresden

and Munich lost over 70% of their historic cores, but have

been rebuilt. Berlin, too, is still rebuilding as they have

just begun the reconstruction of the original Stadtschloss,

working from original documents. Cathedrals in France, such

as Reims and Amiens, two of the most important Gothic

cathedrals in the world were restored after the War, only

because of documentary knowledge of these buildings.

Furthermore, in recent years we have seen massive damage to

sites in Mali and Syria, including the ancient city of

Aleppo and one of the most complete crusader castles – the

Crac de Chevaliers.

I believe that preservation of our built environment is

extremely important for the future. The educational

benefits, historical research, and even just pure delight

that people get from the architecture of the past, even the

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near past, is clear. On the other hand, architecture is

often not prioritized when there is no more obvious use for

a building or due to urban decline (i.e. many beautiful

churches in Philadelphia and the Carnegie-built library in

Camden have become derelict, some demolished), damage can be

done by natural disasters, warfare/terrorist attack, or even

by the wishes of the building’s patrons, such as in the

famous case of St. Bartholomew’s Episcopal Church in

Manhattan. An assessment of the progress of digital

architecture libraries, their quantity and the quality of a

select few, will be made because the preservation of

architectural works is extremely important. In general this

will be a critical analysis of the digital libraries

dedicated to architectural preservation deemed most

important, unique, or technologically advanced. I will

analyze not only the depth of the libraries, but the quality

of interfaces, usability, and various other criteria.

First, we’ll take a look at ARTstor, which is not

specifically dedicated to architecture, but is a digital art

library with an “architecture and city planning” section if

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one selects “Classification.” One can also browse by

Geography, Collection (i.e. personal collections, the main

collection, ‘shared shelves’) and Featured Groups The

Classification section consists of the aforesaid

“Architecture and Town Planning,” “Decorative Arts,

Utilitarian Objects and Interior Design,” “Drawings and

Watercolors,” “Fashion, Costume and Jewelry,” “Film, Audio,

Video and Digital Art,”, “Garden and Landscape,” “Graphic

Design and Illustration,” “Humanities and Social Sciences,”

“Manuscripts and Manuscript Illuminations,” “Maps, Charts

and Graphs,” “Paintings,” “Performing Arts (including

Performance Art),” “Photographs,” “Prints,” “Science,

Technology and Industry,” and, finally, “Sculpture and

Installations.”1 The area of our main concern, “Architecture

and City Planning” consists of 454501 documents. Once one

opens the “folder” next to aforesaid classification, a list

of documents by country is listed. This is a very easy site

to navigate as it consists of basic categories and listings.

1 ARTstor. (2013). “Classification.” http://library.artstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/library/welcome.html - 2|250|Classification

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If one has an interest in Andorran architecture, of which

there are only 4 examples, as it is a very small country and

documents on ARTstor must be considered “art” to be

included, one simply clicks “Andorra.” Four color-

photographs are included in the Andorran architecture folder

– two photographs of two different churches. The first two

are of the 12th c. Church of Santa Coloma, a Romanesque

church with a fine cylindrical tower. The other two pictures

are of the even earlier 10th century Church of St. Michael,

built in 913 CE.

While browsing these photographs, it is possible to get

metadata about each photograph/structure by clicking the

Image Information button, which is represented by a small

“i”. Information includes Culture (Romanesque, in this

case), Title (name of the church in this case), Work Type

(architecture), Location (historically a part of Spain, but

now more closely tied to France, it lists both Spain and

‘Les Escaldes’ [Andorra]), Description (apse), ARTstor

Collection (The Hartill Archive of Architecture and Allied

Arts), Source (Data From: Hartill Art Associates Inc.),

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Rights (Alec and/or Marlene Hartill), and finally, download

size. This is a good amount of metadata and the different

categories work for the varied collection that is ARTstor.

Now, exploring a more varied and expansive geographical

collection, such as the Czech Republic, the first photograph

catches my notice, as it’s a black-and-white photograph of a

neo-Romanesque portal. It’s the portal of the Saint Cyril

and Methodius Church in Prague. The architect is J. Ullman.

Under “date,” both the photograph date and the building date

are included, the first being 1865-ca. 1895 while the

building date is 1854-1863. Other different metadata

included here are categories such as Measurements, which

lists the original image’s size, which is about 10x8 inches

or 26x20.5cm. Another, even more interesting piece of

metadata here, is Description, which includes the

“descriptive label on reverse of mount” stating that this

is:

“’The main portal, The Basilica of the Apostles, Cyril and method

in Karolinenthal Prague, Czechoslovakia, by J. Ullman (1854-1863).’ The

Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius honors the inventors of the

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Cyrillic alphabet. The church is probably best known now as the site of

a historic battle of World War II. On June 18, 1942, Nazi intelligence

had discovered that six Czech parachutists were hiding in the crypt of

the church. A long battle ensued and the Czech soldiers who had taken

refuge in the crypt were finally killed when it was flooded by the

Germans.”2

So, not only does ARTstor sometimes just list

architectural data, but furthermore, it gives us

descriptions of historical, in this case horrific massacres,

events. Another image is that of the glorious late Baroque

“Church of St. Nicholas in the Old Town” built by Kilian

Ignaz Dietzenhofer, the counterpart to its equally splendid

Baroque Church of Saint Nicholas in the Mala Strana of

Prague.3 In this case we get the Creator, Title (which also

lists that it’s the ‘front façade’ we are seeing), the Date

(1732-35). These also come from all different collections

from all over the country, from Cornell to the University of2 ARTstor (2013). Prague. Saint cyril and methodius church in karolinenthal. http://library.artstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/library/secure/ViewImages?id=8j1daD4vKictKT0leiBrXhcoXHMme196fyI=&userId=gDJBcTYm&zoomparams=3 ARTstor. (2013) Church of st. nicholas in the old town, killian ignaz dietzenhofer, 1732-35. http://library.artstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/library/secure/ViewImages?id=8CRRaSw0MDorPy07ciUURXorX38rc1Fwdw==&userId=gDJBcTYm&zoomparams=

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Texas. This is a cooperative effort and as a theme of my

writing throughout the semester, cooperation between digital

libraries, museums, and other cultural repositories is

extremely encouraging. In fact, this is what I’d say makes

ARTstor so special: it includes such a diverse collection of

cultural heritage, architecture, paintings, sculpture,

photographs, etc. I could list thousands more photographs

and architectural drawings, but I will list only one more

and it is a mere mention that under the Czech Republic

section, we have a print by Wenceslaus Hollar, a Czech

artist, who drew the medieval buildings of Westminster in

1647.4 I mention this because it is a fantastic example of

what can be done with a digital library like ARTstor – it’s

a drawing of medieval buildings in London (the old

parliament hall, the abbey, etc.) by a Baroque-era artist

from Bohemia, then a part of the Austrian crown. It shows us

the blending of cultures throughout Europe and the world

through architectural history.

4 ARTstor. (2013) London. part of Westminster with parliament house. exterior view. print, signed w. hollar fecit 1647. http://library.artstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/library/secure/ViewImages?id=8DJQazkwLzk%2FNjMrYVN7R3sqXHgueFVy&userId=gDJBcTYm&zoomparams=

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The next project that I will be analyzing is

archINFORM, a “database for international architecture,

originally emerging from records of interesting building

projects from architecture students, has meanwhile become

the largest online-database about worldwide architects and

buildings from past to present. This database includes

information over more than 55555 built and unrealized

projects from various architects and planners. The

architecture of 20th century is the main theme of this

database.”5 This digital library has an incredible feature,

which shows how far digital libraries have come and are

blending into our everyday lives. For instance, this website

asks to be allowed to know “my location” and if I allow

this, a list of nearby exceptional buildings appears. The

closest is the Ritz Theatre in Haddon Township, built by

Hodgens and Hill in 1927. The beautiful “Baltic”-looking

church in Camden that I always admire as take the train to

Rutgers or into Philadelphia is listed – the Saint Joseph

Polish Catholic Church by G.I. Lovatt Jr. built in 1895, 5 archINFORM. (2/11/2013). International architecture database. http://eng.archinform.net/index.htm

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expanded in 1901 and 1914. Even Bonnie’s Bridge, a small

brick bridge from 1790, in Cherry Hill, located in the yard

of a homeowner is listed, along with the decaying but

glorious Camden Free Public Library Main Building by Hale &

Morse from 1905, one of the most beautiful Carnegie-built

libraries.

When you click on each building’s link you get the

metadata and history of each building, as well as pictures,

and even bibliographic references. Metadata such as building

type, involved parties (architects), the address, a

hierarchal listing (USA>New Jersey>Camden County>Camden>616

Broadway). There is even a map/aerial view link with

StreetView, display of nearby buildings, and direct GPS

export. Next is timeline, with a description of the date.

Next, there is a picture with a description stating “Camden

Free Public Library Main Building originally a Carnegie

library 616 Broadway (NJ & NRHP)” which means it’s on both

the New Jersey and the federal National Registers.6 A more

expansive description is listed below that gives us a much 6 archINFORM. (2013). Camden free library main building. http://eng.archinform.net/projekte/41435.htm

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more extensive description of the buildings history, stating

that:

“The Camden Free Public Library Main Building is the first former

main library of the Camden, New Jersey public library system. Designed

by Herbert D. Hale and Henry G. Morse, the building was constructed with

a grant from the Carnegie Corporation and opened in 1905. It closed in

1986 with the relocation of the library’s main branch to the former

South Jersey Gas, Electric and Traction Company Office Building. In

1992, the building was placed on the state and national registers of

historic places. The building has fallen into a state of serious

disrepair. In 2003, funding was found for its stabilization, with the

hope that it would be preserved and re-used. The city’s once extensive

library system has been beleaguered by financial difficulties. In 2010,

it threatened to close but was incorporated by the county library

system. Nonetheless, the main branch did close in February 2011.”7This

is a fantastic source of information and rivals ARTstor’s

level of description and features and functions. Two other

amazing resources on this website are architectural plans

for two of the most famous early modernist homes in Europe –

both of them UNESCO World Heritage sites. These are the

7 Ibid.

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Rietveld-Schröder Huis in Utrecht, Netherlands and the

Tugendhat Villa in Brno, Czech Republic. For example,

“The Rietveld Schröder House (Dutch: Rietveld Schröderhuis) (also

known as the Schröder House) in Utrecht was built in 1924 by Dutch

architect Gerrit Rietveld for Mrs. Truus Schröder-Schrader and her three

children. She commissioned the house to be designed preferably without

walls. Rietveld worked side by side with Schröder-Schrader to create the

house. He sketched the first possible design for the building; Schroder-

Schrader was not pleased. She envisioned a house that was free from

association and could create a connection between the inside and

outside. The house is one of the best known examples of De Stijl-

architecture and arguably the only true De Stijl building. Mrs. Schroder

lived in the house until her death in 1985. The house was restored by

Bertus Mulder and now is a museum open for visits. It is a listed

monument since 1976 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.”8

This site has an entire architectural analysis, pictures,

and architectural plans, in addition, which the Camden

library did not, so this is an even better example of what

this digital library can be. I have attached images below

that show the architectural genius of the structure, and

8 archINFORM. (2013). House of truus schröder-schrader, utrecht. http://eng.archinform.net/projekte/1157.htm

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having visited it, I was extremely impressed – especially

for a structure outside of my interest period.

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The Villa Tugendhat is another extremely in-depth

digital library entry that rivals the entry of the Rietveld-

Schroder Huis, and it, too, is a “single-family house” built

by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich for the “Familie

Tugendhat.” It includes not only the address, but also phone

numbers, a Facebook page linked into archINFORM, and the

website of the house itself. The Villa Tugendhat, like the

Netherlands home, is also an early modernist home and I have

also included a picture of it on the next page. First, I

will include the brief introduction to the housel which

states that, “Villa Tugendhat is a historical building in

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the wealthy neighborhood of Cerna Pole in Brno, Czech

republic. It is one of the pioneering prototypes of modern

architecture in Europe, and was designed by the german

architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Built of reinforced

concrete between 1928 and 1930 for Fritz Tugendhat and his

wife Greta, the villa soon became an icon of modernism.”9

The descriptive content here is fantastic and lengthy.

The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) is a

project that was initiated during the Great Depression in

the 1930s to put to work architects, architecture

historians, and artists and has since become part of the

9 archINFORM. (2013). Fritz and grete tugendhat house. http://eng.archinform.net/projekte/2094.htm

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Library of Congress. This project, which still exists in

digitized form, is one of the most phenomenal architecture

documentation projects ever undertaken. The Library of

Congress has cataloged, digitized, and made HABS a

searchable database with thousands of photographs, drawings,

and architectural plans. The database, accessible at

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/, document

achievements in architecture, engineering, and landscape

design in the United States and its territories through a

comprehensive range of building types, engineering

technologies, and landscapes, including examples as diverse

as the Pueblo of Acoma, houses, windmills, one-room schools,

the Golden Gate Bridge, and buildings designed by Frank

Lloyd Wright.”10 According to the Collection website, the

cooperating programs “have recorded America’s built

environment in multi-format surveys comprising more than

556,900 measured drawings, large-format photographs, and

written histories for more than 38,600 historic structures

10 Library of Congress. (2014) Historic american buildings survey. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/

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and sites dating from Pre-Columbian times to the twentieth

century.”11

HABS is searchable, but also allows browsing by

Creator/Related Names (37975), Subjects (3194), and

Geographic (8133). In many ways, it’s similar to ARTstor in

the way that one can browse by subject aka “classification”

on ARTstor and geographical, which is the same. HABS,

however, also allows searching by Creator, which is an

extremely important function for browsing the digital

library. In essence, this is really one collection of the

Library of Congress, but I believe that we can consider it a

“digital library” based on the principle of special

collections. In essence, HABS is a special collection for

American architecture. I consider this one of the most

important government preservation projects undertaken,

especially considering it could be digitized rather than

just given grant money and protected status from

development. Each browse-able category is alphabetically

listed, to make it easier to find what one may be looking

11 Ibid.

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for, and the specialization of Subjects is incredible – down

to categories like fences, feed stores, fallout shelters,

false half-timbering, farmland, abandoned buildings, Adam

Style architectural elements, administration buildings,

etc.12 For example, I remembered that Old Queen’s College is

a National Landmark District and includes an observatory, so

I went to subject, and then the letter o, and found

observatories. I found the Rutgers University Observatory,

also known as the Daniel S. Schanck Observatory, which was

built in 1866 by Willard Smith. It states that its

Significance is that it was the “First building at Rutgers

erected exclusively for scientific purposes.”13 It includes

six photographs from 1960 of the southeast view, the west

view, the detail of the front entrance, the detail of the

mechanism of the revolving roof, detail of rear extension,

and detail of the stairway to the second floor.14

Another fascinating, and tragic loss, are the

photographs of the old New Brunswick Theological Hall, or 12 Ibid.13 Historic American Buildings Survey. (2014). Rutgers university observatory, george street, new brunswick, middlesex county, nj. 14 Ibid.

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the Peter Hertzog Hall, which was torn down to build what I

consider a less aesthetically pleasing main hall. Both sets

of pictures were from 1960, so they are not part of the

original 1933 HABS survey, but towards the end of the

survey. The architects of this building, constructed in

1856, were King & Kellum and the significance is listed, as

well, being “the first building of its own which was

occupied by the Seminary. Previously it had occupied the

Queen’s Building with Rutgers College. It has been the

center of Seminary life and activity for more than a

century.”15 Tragically, the building has been lost and this

is evidence of the importance of a project like HABS and the

earlier projects I listed. In fact, this could be seen as

the epitome of what these types of digital libraries are for

– they teach us about the past, they show us what was lost

not only in text, but in drawings and photographs. HABS, as

an earlier project, shows us what can be lost in a short

amount of time. In fact, the Seminary building was lost in

15 Historic American Buildings Survey. (2014). New brunswick theological seminary, 17 seminary place, new brunswick, middlesex county, nj. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/nj0111/

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mere decades due to re-development and lack of preservation

laws, which did not come into existence until the National

Historic Preservation Act of 1966, which created the

National Register and the concept of historic districts.

This is an archetypal case of the loss of substantial

cultural heritage. Below is a picture of the lost building:

One final historical building is the John Roberts House

on 344 Kings Highway in Haddonfield, New Jersey, which was

one of the first historic districts in the country. However,

this survey includes drawings and photographs from 1937 and

represents an earlier stage of the HABS project. This survey

includes 9 photographs and 28 drawings and floorplans of the

home, which was built in 1816 and represents a fantastic

preservation of a Federal-era home. I have included two

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photographs and the first floor plan of the home, which is

quite beautiful and stately.

These are all fantastic resources that will keep the

Roberts House “preserved” for as long as the Library of

Congress keeps these records. If the beautiful early-19th

century staircase or fireplace is lost in a fire – they can

be recreated for future restoration and reconstruction. This

is our architectural heritage and by preserving it, we keep

it that way for all time.

One last digital library that I would like to mention

is extraordinarily useful for New Jersey residents

interested in church architecture and run by a single man –

NJ Churchscape. This is a digital library that focuses on

ecclesiastical architecture built before 1900, so it

basically spans the period from the late 1600s to 1900. The

website allows searching and browsing by city and county, as

well as articles on specific churches and architects. It is

a great resource and shows the breadth of digitization

projects – from international projects to document art

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historical buildings of the greatest importance to the built

history of local areas like New Jersey.

For example, Frank L. Greenagel, the creator of the

website and writer of several books related to New Jersey

church architecture, runs monthly features, such as this

month’s “Episcopal Churches designed by ‘John Doe,’” aka

unknown architects who built substantial churches in the

second 1/3rd of the 19th century, such as St. Paul’s Church,

Rahway, b. 1843, St. Andrew’s Church, Mount Holly, b. 1844,

St. Peter’s Church, Perth Amboy, b. 1852, St. John’s Church,

Elizabeth, b. 1860, St. Luke’s Church, Metuchen, b. 1890,

Christ Church, Orange, b. 1891, and St. Martin-in-the-

Fields, Lumberton, b. 1896-7.16 Greenagel has a section on

“endangered churches,” “vintage photo of the month,” the

ability to “annotate” buildings with extra information, a

“can you identify this church?” section, and finally, “find

a church,” which allows users to search by county, city, and

specific church.

16 Greenagel, Frank L. (2013). Episcopal churches designed by ‘john doe’. http://www.njchurchscape.com

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For example, Greenagel lists the New and Old St. Mary’s

Churches in Burlington City, NJ. These are two of my

favorite churches, and while Old St. Mary’s is the oldest

continuously operating church in the state, it’s New St.

Mary’s that really catches the eye, with it’s soaring

steeple and beautiful siting surrounded by the old

churchyard and beyond that, 19th century homes, such as that

of Ulysses S. Grant, before he became president. Greenagel

states that,

“Saint Mary’s Church is cited in many of the books on American

architecture as marking the beginning of a particular phase of the

Gothic Revival in this country. It was designed by Richard Upjohn, who

had already done Trinity Church in New York to considerable acclaim.

Upjohn was commissioned by Bishop Doane in 1846 and the church was

completed in 1854. Upjohn had access to measured drawings of Saint

John’s Shottesbrook, an English parish church built in the fourteenth

century. He made a number of changes in his design, but the concept of

building to specific English Gothic models became an established one for

the Episcopal Church.”17

17 Greenagel, Frank L. (2013). Saint mary’s church, burlington, burlington county. http://www.njchurchscape.com/Burlington Saint Mary's (new).html

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On the next page, I’ve posted a picture of New St.

Mary’s, but to get a sense of its spaciousness and the reach

of its steeple, one needs to see it in person, gazing up at

the immense steeple. It truly is worthy of the medieval

parish churches of English towns and villages, and

Burlington was a town full of English immigrants, so they

must’ve felt right at home.

In his book, The Early Religious Architecture of Burlington County

New Jersey, 1703-1900, Greenagel describes the important

architectural features included in the church, such as “an

east-oriented altar, a deep and well-articulated chancel, a

south entrance, and lancet windows … the roof is steeply-

pitched and the hammerbeams in the roof trusses are

exceptional.”18 Furthermore, he states unequivocally that,

“this is one of the finest churches in the state, and one of

the few that appears frequently in surveys of American

architectural history.”19 A few of the other churches he

highlights are St. Peter the Apostle, The First Reformed

18 Greenagel, Frank L. (2012). The early religious architecture of burlington county new jersey, 1703-1900. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: The Wooden Nail Press, pgs.163-164.19 Ibid.

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Church of New Brunswick, and Christ Church in New Brunswick.

These are all on the National Register and important

cultural landmarks. He also features Kirkpatrick Chapel on

Old Queen’s Campus, one of my favorite places to stop and

sit for a while, after I step off the train. Two of these,

St. Peter the Apostle and Kirkpatrick Chapel both just

received Historic Preservation grants and it’s highly

noticeable in the stained glass of Kirkpatrick Chapel, the

façade of St. Peter, and the parsonage of St. Peter, which

has been immaculately restored.

It’s interesting that Greenagel notes how “the

architect of [Kirkpatrick Chapel]” designed it as a “German

Gothic chapel, erected in 187, was H.J. Hardenbergh. The

design generally conforms to Episcopal/ecclesiology

precedents, but Rutgers was initially founded by the Dutch

Reformed church so something else was at work when the

design was selected.”20 In his discussion of St. Peter the

Apostle, which forms a fine architectural ensemble with Old

20 Greenagel, Frank L. (2013). Kirkpatrick chapel, rutgers university, new brunswick, middlesex county. http://www.njchurchscape.com/NewBrunswick-Kirkpatrick.html

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Queen’s College’s graceful buildings, Greenagel notes that

the “cornerstone for this church was laid in 1856, but the

building was not completed until 1865” and that “Patrick

Keely, an Irish immigrant who became the foremost designer

of Catholic churches in this country, is usually credited as

the architect. He designed several in Jersey City, Newark,

Mt. Holly and Hoboken, and about 600 (!) more throughout the

country.”21 There seems to be some contention about the

architect, but Greenagel’s evidence points strongly towards

Keely.

I have now discussed the four main digital architecture

libraries that I set out to critically analyze, but it’s

hard to analyze digital libraries that you think are doing

fantastic work. In fact, we need more projects on the level

of these four projects and, in fact, Great Buildings Online, the

Digital Imaging Database, and the Cities and Buildings Database are doing

equally important work. My analysis of the progress of

digital architectural history libraries is that there are

21 Greenagel, Frank L. (2013). St. peter the apostle roman catholic church new brunswick, middlesex county. http://www.njchurchscape.com/NewBrunswick-StPeter%27sRC.html

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many outstanding projects – from the local level with NJ

Churchscape to one of the greatest libraries in the world –

the Library of Congress’s Historic American Buildings

Survey. These are fantastic projects and my only hope is

that we see more and more of them.

Reference:

archINFORM. (2/11/2013). International architecture database.

http://eng.archinform.net/index.htm

ARTstor Digital Library. (2013). Artsor: an image library for the arts

and sciences.

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http://www.artstor.org/index.shtml

Greenagel, Frank L. (2013). New jersey churchscape.

http://www.njchurchscape.com

Library of Congress. (2014). Historic american buildings

survey/historic american

engineering record/historic american landscapes survey.

http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?st=list&co=hh

National Parks Service. (2011). National register of historic places.

http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/

Tyler, N., Ligibel, T.J., & Tyler, I.R. (2009). Historic

preservation: an introduction to its

history, principles and practice. New York: W.W. Norton &

Company.

William J. Murtagh. (1990). Keeping time: the history and theory of

preservation in

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America. New York: Sterling.

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