DEVELOPMENTAL TASK

ERIK ERIKSON’s PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual

findings

Interpretation

s

Justification

Trust vs

Mistrust

(Infancy-

birth to 18

months)

As what his

mother told

him, Patient L

likes sucking

his thumb. He

keeps on

crying when he

feels pain,

hungry and

doesn't get

what he wants.

Besides of his

personality

shown, he

still cared by

his parents

and provided

the things he

needed.

Achieved In this stage

children

develop a

sense of trust

when

caregivers

provide

reliability,

care and

affection. A

lack of this

will lead to

mistrust.

Autonomy vs

Shame and

Doubt

(Early

Childhood

18months to 3

y/o)

When he was

almost 2 y/o,

his mother

told him that

he was trained

to walk with

assistance of

his mother. At

this age, he

was the one

who choose of

what clothes

he wants to

wear. He was

fond of

playing toy

Achieved

In this stage

children is

need to

develop a

sense of

personal

control over

physical

skills and a

sense of

independence.

Success leads

to feeling of

autonomy,

failure

results in

Initiative vs

Guilt

( Preschool 3-

5 y/o)

cars.

At the age of

Achieved

feelings of

shame and

doubt.

Industry vs

Inferiority

( School age

6-12 y/o)

3 years old

she likes to

play with

their

neighbors like

playing

outdoor

activities

such as hide

and seek, and

"dakpanay", as

what her

mother said.

She enjoys

playing with

her childhood

neighbors.

Achieved

Identity vs

Role confusion

( Adolescence

12-20y/o)

At this stage,

Patient L was

encouraged by

his parents

and teachers

to study hard

as well as to

participate in

joining

activities in

their school.

According to

Intimacy vs

Isolation

( Young

childhood 18-

40y/o)

him, during

his primary

days, his

always

interact with

his

classmates.

In this stage,

Patient L was

confused about

the things he

perceived in

his

environment

such as

smoking and

drinking. At

the age of 15,

Patient L

tried to take

those things

for him not be

ignorant

though he

Achieved

Generativity

vs. Stagnation

knows that it

is not right

doing as a

teenager. He

was scolded by

his mother

about his

doing and

understand

their side.

Patient L had

committed

relationship

with the

opposite sex.

At the age of

Achieved

28, he got

married and

they live

together after

their

marriage.

Patient L was

married for

almost 30

years and they

have already 5

children. He

seems happy

with his

family and

they are

supporting

each other in

times of

difficulties

in life

especially

when he was

suffering from

stroke.

SIGMUD FREUD’s PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual

Findings

Interpretation Justification

Oral Stage

(Birth to 18

Patient L

experienced

Achieved During the oral

stage, the child

months)

Anal Stage

(18 months to

3 y/o )

sucking his

thumb as what

his mother

told him.

During this

stage, he was

breastfeed and

often feed

through

bottle.

Achieved

if focused on

oral pleasures

(sucking). Too

much or too

little

gratification

can result in an

Oral Fixation or

Oral Personality

which is

evidenced by a

preoccupation

with oral

activities. This

type of

personality may

have a stronger

tendency to

smoke, drink

alcohol, over

eat, or bite his

or her nails.

Personality

wise, these

individuals may

become overly

dependent upon

others,

gullible, and

Phallic Stage

(3-6 years

old)

At this stage,

Patient L was

trained by his

mother the

proper way of

elimination

and had

control his

bodily needs.

Patient L had

this feelings

of wanting to

possess the

mother and the

desire to

replace the

father, as

verbalized by

his mother. 

Achieved

perpetual

followers. On

the other hand,

they may also

fight these

urges and

develop

pessimism and

aggression

toward others.

The child’s

focus of

pleasure in this

stage is on

eliminating and

retaining feces.

Through

society’s

pressure, mainly

via parents, the

child has to

learn to control

anal

stimulation. In

terms of

personality,

after effects of

an anal fixation

during this

stage can result

in an obsession

with

cleanliness,

perfection, and

control (anal

retentive). On

the opposite end

of the spectrum,

they may become

messy and

disorganized

(anal

expulsive).

The pleasure

zone switches

to the

genitals.

Freud believed

that during

this stage boy

develop

unconscious

sexual desires

for their

Latency Stage

(6 years old

to puberty)

Genital Stage

Puberty to

adulthood

Patient L

mingles with

his friends as

he enter the

school. He is

Achieved

mother.

Because of

this, he

becomes rivals

with his

father and

sees him as

competition

for the

mother’s

affection.

During this

time, boys

also develop a

fear that

their father

will punish

them for these

feelings, such

as by

castrating

them. This

group of

feelings is

known as

Oedipus

interested in

playing

basketball or

other

activities

that involves

in sports and

he enjoys

participating

in their

school

activities.

Achieved Complex

( after the

Greek

Mythology

figure who

accidentally

killed his

father and

married his

mother).

Later it was

added that

girls go

through a

similar

situation,

developing

unconscious

sexual

attraction to

their father.

Although Freud

Strongly

disagreed with

this, it has

been termed

the Electra

Complex by

more recent

psychoanalysts

.

According to

Freud, out of

fear of

castration and

due to the

strong

competition of

his father,

boys

eventually

decide to

identify with

him rather

than fight

him. By

identifying

with his

father, the

boy develops

masculine

characteristic

s and

identifies

himself as a

male, and

represses his

sexual

feelings

toward his

mother. A

fixation at

this stage

could result

in sexual

deviancies

(both

overindulging

and avoidance)

and weak or

confused

sexual

identity

according to

psychoanalysts

.

It’s during

this stage

that sexual

urges remain

repressed and

children

interact and

play mostly

with same sex

peers.

The final

stage of

psychosexual

development

begins at the

start of

puberty when

sexual urges

are once again

awakened.

Through the

lessons

learned during

the previous

stages,

adolescents

direct their

sexual urges

onto opposite

sex peers,

with the

primary focus

of pleasure is

the genitals. 

JEAN PIAGET’s COGNITIVE THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual

Findings

Interpretation Justification

Sensory-Motor

Stage: Birth

through 2 y/o

According to

him, he was

breastfeed

baby.

Achieved During this

stage senses,

reflexes, and

motor abilities

develop rapidly.

Intelligence is

first displayed

when reflex

movements become

more refined,

such as when an

infant will

reach for a

preferred toy,

and will suck on

a nipple and not

a pacifier when

hungry.

Understanding of

the world

involves only

perceptions and

objects with

which the infant

has directly

experienced.

Actions

discovered first

by accident are

repeated and

applied to new

situations to

obtain the same

Pre-

operational

(2-7 years)

According to

him, he always

ask question

in the things

that surround

him.

Achieved

results.

Toward the end

of the sensory-

motor stage, the

ability to form

primitive mental

images develops

as the infant

acquires object

permanence.

Until then, an

infant doesn’t

realize that

objects can

exist apart from

him or herself.

The child in the

preoperational

stage is not yet

able to think

logically. With

the acquisition

of language, the

child is able to

ConcreteAccording to

Achieved

represent the

world through

mental images

and symbols, but

in this stage,

these symbols

depend on his

own perception

and his

intuition. The

preoperational

child is

completely

egocentric.

Although he is

beginning to

take greater

interest in

objects and

people around

him, he sees

them from only

one point of

view: his own.

This stage may

be the age of

Operations

(7-12 years)

him, his able

to calculate

simple

problem.

curiosity;

preschoolers are

always

questioning and

investigating

new things.

Since they know

the world only

from their

limited

experience, they

make up

explanations

when they don’t

have one.

It is during the

preoperational

stage that

children’s’

thought differs

the most from

adult thoughts.

The stage of

concrete

operations

begins when the

child is able to

perform mental

operations.

Piaget defines a

mental operation

as an

interiorized

action, an

action performed

in the mind.

Mental

operations

permit the child

to think about

physical actions

that he or she

previously

performed. The

preoperational

child could

count from one

to ten, but the

actual

understanding

Formal

Operations

11 years to

adulthood

According to

Mr. L, as a

father he

always looks

up to his

children

especially in

times of

problems and

decision

making. His

opinion is

very important

in the family

and most of

the time it

was followed.

Achieved that one stands

for one object

only appears in

the stage of

concrete

operations.

The primary

characteristic

of concrete

operational

thought is its

reversibility.

The child can

mentally reverse

the direction of

his or her

thought. A child

knows that

something that

he can add, he

can also

subtract. He or

she can trace

her route to

school and then

follow it back

home, or picture

where she has

left a toy

without a

haphazard

exploration of

the entire

house. A child

at this stage is

able to do

simple

mathematical

operations.

Operations are

labeled

“concrete”

because they

apply only to

those objects

that are

physically

present.

This stage

individual can

think logically

about abstract

propositions and

test hypotheses

systematically 

Becomes

concerned with

the

hypothetical,

the future, and

ideological

problems