design and development of a smart lighting point and ...

Zaria Journal of Electrical Engineering Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria – Nigeria. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2021. ISSN: 0261 – 1570.

135

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SMART LIGHTING POINT AND

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM

Ufot, E. G.1, Abubakar, I. N.2 , Dodo, U. A.3,Okosun O. E.4, Dodo, M. A.5

1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Akwa Ibom State University

Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria . 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of

Technology, Minna Niger State, Nigeria. 3Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria.

4 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of

Technology, Minna Niger State, Nigeria. 5Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic P.M.B 55,

Bida, Niger State, Nigeria. [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],4o.okosun

@futminna.edu.ng, [email protected]

[email protected]

Keywords: –

Automation

Cooling system

Microcontroller

Temperature sensing device (LM35)

7segment Display.

Article History: –

Received: January, 2019.

Reviewed: April, 2019

Accepted: May, 2019

Published: June, 2019

ABSTRACT

Conservation of energy which is the main focus of this paper is very important in order

to reduce utility cost in residential buildings. Hence, a Smart lighting Point and

Temperature Control system is designed and developed to control automatically, the

electrical appliances in residential buildings. Smart lighting Point and Temperature

Control system consist of a microcontroller, which serves as the brainbox of the system.

The functionality of a Passive Infra-red sensor is employed in this system to detect the

motion of a person entering or leaving the building; the system further detect the

difference in surrounding light intensities through the aid of a Light Dependant Resistor

to turn ON/OFF the lights automatically. it then checks to see if the temperature within

the building is above the pre-set value to turn ON/OFF the cooling system. The number

of persons entering or leaving the building is displayed on a seven-segment display.

.

1. INTRODUCTION

In this present generation, one of the most important and

valuable resource is electrical energy; thus, the need for

devising a means by which it can be conserved is of

paramount importance to our system. Over the years, the

challenges associated with energy have become a major

problem that the world has been confronted with. Statistic

has it that the power requirement by residential buildings

forms to a greater extent the largest percentage of the

world's power consumption. In fact, electrical appliances

control is among recent innovations in residential building,

industry and office equipment design and managements

have enabled/facilitated the advancement in

communications technology [1] [2]. Lighting is a major

requirement of any building, whether residential,

commercial or industrial, coupled with a cooling system

that could be ceiling fans, air conditions, etc. Sometimes,

people leave their homes and forget to switch the lights

OFF, and other electronic appliances constitute wastage of

power. When one want to make life comfortable and less

stressful, one of the innovations that comes to mind is

automation coupled with the hope of spending less

financially in terms of utility bill and also to save the energy

consumption at home as it involves a better way [3] of the

control and management of home equipment such as

lighting, heating/Air-Conditioner etc. This paper seeks to

build upon the existing smart system with improvement and

a cost-effective approach in achieving it.

Since lighting point and temperature control are achieved

through ON/OFF switches manually operated, the smart

lighting point and temperature control system will take over

this task. This paper is made up of two sections:

a. Lighting with person counter; and

b. Automatic temperature control system.

The main idea behind this paper is to control the lighting

points and temperature of a building depending upon

persons present in the building. The system operates based

on the intensities of light inside and surrounding the

building given at least one person. The system works base

on priority levels. During the daytime, when the

surrounding light intensity is sufficiently higher than that in

the building, all the lights remain off even though a person

is present in the building. At night the sensor detects a

difference in light intensities and signals the microcontroller

about the difference in the surrounding light intensities.

Through the aid of a counter, the number of persons inside

mailto:[email protected]






136

the building is recorded and this number is displayed on a

seven-segment display. When the number of persons inside

the building becomes zero, the power supply will be cut off

through the relay interface. Thus the light will be switched

OFF.

A predefined temperature is set for the cooling system as

room temperature is based on the residents' requirement and

convenience and considers surrounding weather conditions.

If this temperature is exceeded, the cooling system will

switch ON. It will remain ON until the temperature returns

to normal, that is, the preset value before it switches OFF.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

[4] Presented a paper on controlling home appliances using

the flexibility of GSM technology, which involve sending

an SMS to remotely control electrical devices. The system

is operated wirelessly using mobile phone to send the

commands in form of an SMS. The system is flexible in the

sense that it allows house owner to remotely monitor and

control home appliances using his/her handset by sending

commands in form of an SMS and as well receiving current

status of appliances. Through this system, the problems

associated with a wired connection between a remote

appliance and the control unit is completely eliminated.

[5] In this study, a microcontroller based IR remote control

signal decoder was developed for home application. Sony

IR remote was used as IR remote transmitter along with

ATMEL microcontroller for their application.

[6] This paper presented the design and implementation of

SMS based control for monitoring systems. The study had

three modules, each involving sensing unit for monitoring

the complex applications. A microcontroller served as the

processing unit and a communication module that uses

mobile phone via serial port RS-232. The SMS is used to

report the status of the system such as power failure.

[7]This paper presented the development of a

microcontroller based home automation system with

security. ATMEL`s AT89S52 microcontroller use for

control and security purpose.

[8] Designed and implementation of a home automation

and security system by taking advantage of the flexible

technology of ARM7 LPC2148 board and the ARM9

S3C2440A board . The design type is a standalone

embedded system technology of ARM7 LPC2148 which

serves as the central control unit for home users. A

Bluetooth device is used to establish a communication

channel between the ARM7 and ARM9 S3C2440A board,

with all the home appliances connected to the ARM7. The

input/output ports of the embedded system board are used to

establish connections between the system and the home

appliances, it further passes the current status of the

appliances to the ARM7. For security purpose, only

authorized persons through Authentication by the system is

allowed to access home appliances. The cost-effectiveness

and easy for future is one area of interest that made the

system feasible.

[9] Developed a rural population primary healthcare

management(PHC) system. The paper is aimed at providing

PHC services to the rural population through the use of

mobile web technologies. Information management,

transactional exchange and personal communication are

achieved via SMS and mobile phones.

[10] Presented a paper on GSM-Based Automation of

Electrical Household Appliances. The main focus of the

system is to create a medium through which the user can

turn ON/OFF his/her home appliances through the use of

their mobile phone at any location. The home appliances

can be turned ON by via SMS with the keyword 'LL1 or

LL2 or LL3, from the mobile phone of the user to the end

receiver at home; the receiver antenna does the work of

picking the received signal and then, forwards the received

signal to the microcontroller for decoding the keywords.

After the microcontroller have finished decoding the

received signal, it then send command instructions to trigger

device(s) connected to the ports of the system. Once the

device(s) are switched ON, the system through feedback

mechanism sends an SMS containing the current status of

the device(s) back to the user. Similarly, switching OFF of

device(s) is achieved by sending an SMS with the keyword

'LL0'. Once this instructions are carried out, a feedback

SMS containing the current status of the device(s) is sent

back to the user.

[11] Presented a paper where the control of home

appliances was achieved wirelessly by using a computer

and Zigbee wireless communication protocol. Home

appliances were controlled simply by sending a command

via the aid of a computer. The Input is gotten from the

computer via serial communication. through this technique,

the user was able to control the electrical device(s) in a

particular room at a particular time.

[12] Presented a device that controls switching ON/OFF of

home appliances based on preset time. The system operates

in such a way that the user does not need to be around for

the devices to be switched ON/OFF. All devices are time-

operated and will only work when the preset time for a

particular device(s) is due as instructed in the program code.

This scheme takes over manual switching as well automatic


137

switching. Home device(s) such as light, electric fan and

other cooling device(s) are controlled by the program codes

in the microcontroller with the help of relays for control

purpose.

[13] Presented a paper on the design of a circuit to meet the

requirement of home appliances control via any remote

control device that is portable in the periphery of the room.

The system is designed to be able to control a load of

excessive energy score from remote area. The device works

satisfactorily and it is also cost effective device.

[14] In their paper, presented the overall design of home

Automation System (HAS) with a view of low cost both

integration Bluetooth and infrared system. This system is

designed to help and provide support in order to meet needs

of elderly and physically persons at home. Also, the main

control system uses wireless Bluetooth and infrared

technology to provide remote access from smart phone and

remote control.

[15] Designed and implemented a prototype household

automation switching system for electrical appliances using

web based interface technology. The major concern of this

study is the conservation of energy at homes and offices by

developing an automated switching system with the

capability of monitoring and regulating energy consumption

within a building with the main aim of optimizing usage of

available energy resources and also to design a medium

where house owners can control their household appliances

from anywhere with mobile phones.

[16] Designed a wireless based electrical appliance control

system that allows home users to control home appliances

via their mobile phone or computer through an application

device. One of the objectives of this paper is to put forth a

user friendly control interface for electrical device using

internet technology and to monitor and prevent wastage of

voltage, making it more convenient to control electrical

appliances from any remote location.

[17] This paper presents Bluetooth based centrally

controlled home automation system via mobile phones and

Arduino Uno board. The system is so designed to enable

users to have control over lights and fan in their home using

Bluetooth technology and an Android mobile phone with a

control circuit.

[18] This paper aimed at combing embedded system and

Android mobile technology to control the speed and

direction of DC motor, temperature along with the control

of light intensity. The system was also deigned to give

feedback for temperature rise.

[19] In their paper, developed the hardware and software for

the control of the speed of induction motor. In this study,

the control of the speed of induction motor was achieved

through wireless means by using Bluetooth and android

application. The user has to install the android application

on their mobile phones so that he/she can control the

devices.

[20] Designed a Bluetooth Based Remote Monitoring &

Control System using the Microcontroller (ATmega16) as

the heart of the system and Bluetooth device. The Bluetooth

device along with different sensors are connected to the

microcontroller to measure different real time parameters

which includes temperature, pressure & humidity

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The key components used in this paper are as follows:

a. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR);

b. Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor;

c. Microcontroller (Atmega 16);

d. Seven segment display;

e. Temperature sensing Device (LM 35).

The difference in the surrounding light intensities is

detected by the light dependent resistor (LDR).

Simultaneously, the presence of a person in the building is

detected by the passive infrared (PIR) sensor. Motion is

detected by the PIR sensor by taking into account the

difference in the infrared levels emitted by a person passing

within the premises.

The microcontroller, which serves as the brainbox of this

system, receives analog signals from the all the sensors

connected to each port pins. The received analog signals are

converted to digital signals through the analog to digital

converter (ADC) of the microcontroller. The

Microcontroller also calculates the number of persons

detected by the sensor, after which it sends this data to a

seven-segment display to display the number of persons in

the building and also to activate /deactivate the lighting

points and cooling appliances through relay interface. Fig.1

shows the block diagram of the entire system.

Fig.1 Block Diagram of the entire System


138

3.1 Description of Functional Circuit Units of the system

This section gives detail description of the functional units

of the circuit of the system as follows:

a. The Power Supply Unit: The power supply unit is

made up of a 240/12v step-down transformer. Four

diodes in bridge form was used to rectify the A.C

output from the secondary side of the transformer.

The residual A.C signal (ripples) was filtered out

through the help of a capacitor. Based on the

system voltage requirement, voltage regulators of

5v D.C and 12v D.C were used to power different

units each respectively. In order to indicate that the

system is powered, an led was connected in series

with a 1k ohms resistor. Fig.2 shows the circuit

diagram of the power unit.

Fig.2. Power Supply unit

The following calculation were made based on the

system power requirement.

A.C voltage supply Vs= 220v

Frequency = 50Hz

Transformer voltage rating = 220/12v

Transformer current rating = 500mA

Transformer secondary voltage is given by the

equation below

Vsec= Vin√2 (1)

Vsec= 12√2 =16.97v

Rcal = calculated resistance given by the equation

below

V=I Rcal (2)

Rcal = V/I = 16.97/500m = 33.94Ω

Approximately 34Ω

The maximum and minimum output of the

regulator was measured as follows

Vmax = 12.1v

Vmin = 11.8v

Vrip= regulator output voltage range

Vrip =Vmax-Vmin (3)

Vrip =12.1-11.8 = 0.3v

The ripple voltage is given by the equation

Below;

Vac(r.m.s)=Vrip×2√3 (4)

Vac(r.m.s)= 1.039

The value for the selected capacitor was

determined

using the following equations;

Yrip = 𝑉𝑎𝑐(𝑟.𝑚.𝑠)

𝑉𝑑𝑐 (5)

Where Yrip is the ripple factor

Yrip = 1.0392

12 = 0.0866

Cp =1

4√3𝐹𝑅𝑌𝑟𝑖𝑝 (6)

Where Cp is the capacitance

Cp = 1

4√3×50×34×0.0866 = 1000.052431µF

This is approximately 1000 µF which corresponds

to the value of the capacitor used.

b. Light Sensing Unit: The light sensing unit detects

the difference in surrounding light intensities

within the building using light-dependent resistor

(LDR). In order to meet the requirement of the

system, a 10k ohms resistor was used to adjust the

sensitivity of the LDR. The LDR receives a

voltage of 5v D.C from the power supply to enable

the device. The output port pin is connected to the

pin39 of the atmega16 microcontroller. The LDR

is set to operate between logically high and low

(that is, 1 and 0); when it detects that the

surrounding light intensity is low, it sends a logical

high to the microcontroller. If otherwise, it sends a

logical low to the microcontroller. The circuit

diagram of the light-sensing unit is shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3. Light Sensing Unit


139

c. Temperature Sensing Unit: This unit is made up

of a temperature sensing device (LM 35) as shown

in Fig.4, which is internally calibrated and can read

from -40 up to 1500C to detect a difference in

temperature within the building. To enable the

device, a regulated 5v D.C from the power supply

unit was connected to the pin1 of the sensor. The

pin2 of the sensor was connected to pin40 of the

atmega16 microcontroller, and the pin3 was

grounded. When the device is ON, the sensor reads

the changes in the surrounding temperature and

compares this with the preset value. The pin2

serves as the output of the sensor, which sends an

analog signal to the atmega16 microcontroller

when the temperature goes above the preset value.

Fig.4. Temperature Sensing Unit

d. Motion Sensing Unit: The PIR sensor is a motion

sensor that senses the motion of a person entering

or leaving the house. Two of these sensors were

used and are named sensor1 and sensor2. Both

sensors are aligned one after the other at the

entrance of the house and are set to operate as

follows ;

Sensor1

The output pin2 of the PIR sensor is connected to

the base of an NPN transistor to amplify the output

signal, as shown in Fig. 5. Since the output is 3.3v

which is not sufficient to send a logical high to the

microcontroller, and for a logical high, 5v is

required. The collector of the transistor is

connected to the pin18 of the atmega16

microcontroller. The port pin1 of the PIR sensor is

connected to 5v D.C from the power supply and

the pin3 grounded.

Fig.5. PIR Sensor1

Sensor 2

A similar connection was also made to the second

sensor with the collector of the transistor

connected to pin19 of the atmega16

microcontroller, as shown in Fig.6.

Fig.6. PIR Sensor2

Mode of operation: When the system is powered

ON, it initializes for five seconds because both

sensors initially go high, and it takes three seconds

for them to go low. Within this initialization

period, both sensors must have been in a stable low

state and ready to work. The sensors are placed so

that the time interval takes a person entering the

house to be detected by both sensors, one after the

other is three seconds.

This was made so because the PIR sensor, by

default when it goes high, the minimum amount of

time it takes the PIR sensor to go low is three

seconds.

When the first sensor detects a person entering the

house, the system keeps track of that person

internally, waiting for the second sensor to detect


140

the same person entering the house. Once the

second sensor detects the same person, the system

count increment by one and is displayed on the

seven-segment display. The microcontroller, in

turn, compares the surrounding light intensities

with those inside the house and activates the

switching circuit to turn ON the light if the light

intensity inside the house is sufficiently low

compared with the outside one. It also turns ON

the cooling system once the temperature goes

above the preset value, the room temperature.

e. Microcontroller Unit: This unit is the brainbox of

the system which coordinates the activities of other

units of the system. The atmega16 microcontroller

been an 8-bit microcontroller permit transmitting

and receiving of 8-bit data simultaneously. The

port pins are dedicated to serving input and output

purposes. For this paper all four ports A, B, C and

D, were utilized for different purposes. The timer

function, interrupt service routine, and analog to

digital conversion (ADC) function was utilized in

this papert. The interrupt service routine INT2 took

care of all the sensing units, which comprised of

the LDR, motion sensors and temperature unit.

While the timer TMR0 was dedicated to taking

care of the seven-segment display and the counter,

which takes record of the number of persons

entering the house. The ADC0 and ADC1

converted the analog signal from the LDR and

temperature sensor to a digital signal.

f. Switching Unit: This unit takes care of switching

the lights and the cooling system ON/OFF

whenever the atmega16 microcontroller senses any

change in the system's state. The unit consists of

relays connected to the collector of an NPN

transistor through a freewheel diode with the base

of each transistor connected through 1-kilo ohms

resistors to pinb6 and pinb7 of the atmega16

microcontroller, respectively and the emitter

grounded as shown in Fig.7. The relays are

connected to the 12v supply of the power unit. The

freewheel diodes serve as protection to the

switches.

Fig.7. Switching Circuit.

g. Display Unit: This unit is shown in Fig.8, and it

consists of a seven-segment display, ULN2003A.

The pins of ULN2003 are connected to the PORTC

pins of the atmega16 microcontroller and the

output to the seven-segment display. It serves the

purpose of amplification so that the seven-segment

display will be very bright. Since the seven-

segment display used here is a common anode

type, all the anodes are connected to the collector

of PNP transistors each. The emitter of each

transistor receives 5v from the power supply, and

the base of the PNP transistors are connected to

pinb0, pin1, pinb2, pinb3 of the PORTB of the

atmega16 microcontroller through 1kilo ohm

resistors each.

Fig.8. Display Unit


141

3.2 Conditions to ON/OFF Lighting Point and Cooling

System: If the count on the seven-segment display was

greater than zero, and the light intensity inside the building

is less than the surrounding light intensity, the lights are

automated ON, else the light is automated OFF. If the room

temperature rises above the preset value, then the cooling

system (fan, air condition etc.) will be automated ON, else

the cooling is automated OFF.

3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Proteus 8.1 Professional is the software used to design the

entire system, as shown in Fig.9.

Figure.9. Overall Circuit Diagram.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The following test was carried out on different units of the

system upon completion, and the result obtained is shown in

Table 1.

Table 1. Test carried out, and the result obtained

S/N

TEST CARRIED

OUT

RESULT

OBTAINED

1

Power supply

The test carried out on

the power supply unit

was found to be 4.99v

and 11.98v,

respectively, which

approximates the 5v

and 12v D.C.

requirement of the

system

2

Light-dependent

resistor


the output of the LDR

was discovered to be

4.98v which

corresponds to the 5v

required by the

microcontroller for

logical high.

3

Temperature

sensor


the output of the LDR

was discovered to be

4.98v which

corresponds to the 5v

required by the

microcontroller for

logical high.

4

Microcontroller

The program code

written in C language

using AVR studio was

tested. Also, the output

for the switching unit

was measured to be

4.98v, corresponding to

the 5v requirement for

logically high state

5

Motion sensing

unit

The output signal of

the sensor was

measured to be 5v

whenever the sensor

senses the motion of a

person entering the

building and 0v when

no motion is sensed

6

Display unit

During system

initialization, the

seven-segment display

was tested to check

whether it is

compatible with the

program code and

confirm that the seven-

segment display

displayed the number

of persons entering the

building.

7

Switching unit

Before the motion of a

person is sensed, the

voltage at the collector

side of the BC337

transistor was

measured to be 0.64v.

when each sensor sense

the motion of a person

entering the building,

the voltage at the


142

collector of each relay

was measured to be

4.98v as required for

5v logically high state

4.1 DISCUSSION

The voltage supply from the power unit was measured to be

4.99, which is approximately equal to the 5v D.C. required

by the system. The LDR was found to meet the system

requirement of sensing the difference in light intensities

surrounding the building and inside the building for the

lights to be switched ON.

The LM35 was found working very well, reading the

building's temperature and comparing it with the preset

temperature value of the building.

The motion sensor performed very well in detecting the

motions of persons entering and leaving the building.

5. CONCLUSION

This paper has demonstrated the ways and manners in

which energy can be conserved in the building. The

deployment of PIR sensors made it smart because

automation of the lighting points and cooling system was

achieved. This system is reliable and effective as well user

friendly.

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