DESB

DESHBANDHU COLLEGEKALKAJI~ NEW DELH I

£Jittttial BoatJ

Editor-in-ChiefShri Radha Krisllna Sud

English Section

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff Editor

Student Editor

Staff Editor

Hindi Section

Sanskrit Section

Punjabi Section

Sindhi Section

Urdu Section

Shri Y. P. DhawanSurish Gopdl & Rajat Batra

Mrs. Raj Kumar i ParshadPurshottam Lal Vij

Shri Manohar Lal ChaudhriKumari Iagdish Sood

Shri C. L. KumarParbhat Kumar Sood

Shri S. M. IhangianiKhakur Bhatia

Shri V. N. Pasricha

Printed at the Mahajan Press, Connaught Place, New Delhi and Published byShri Radha Krishna Sud M. A. for Deshbandhu College, Kalkaji, New Delhi

Dr. A. N. Banerji, M. A., Ph.D. (London),Principal (1958·1961).

Vol. X

DESHJuly-December, 1961

CONTEN~rs

INos. 1 & 2

Page

EditorialPoemsSarojini Naidu : The Peoples' Poet:Einstein's Theory of Relativity

and its Pb ilosophic Implications-IH)...Ground LevelAttending a History ClassHow the Snake got his PoisonNewton's Third Law of MotionClouds of WarThe most interesting PerSOIl I ever SawThe College BellScience and ReligionHopeSelf-HelpSoundPublic OpinionTime BombPandu KhadeTwo PoemsTwo hours before CollegeLife's Recompense : a poemHumour of a BuffoonRadiation and HeredityMusings of a MuteSome pages from my DiaryAbout Ourselves

s. Gopal & R. Batra

Shri Radha Krishna Sud

Shri Adarsh DeepakR. Batra

Vijay K. KumarParbhat Kumar SoodIqbal Bahadur Singh

Vijay MarwahSushma Sahni

Kussum NangiaAshok Kumar Ambwani

Malika MalikAjay BhallaRajat Batra

Aruna DutraSuresh Gopal

Goutam BanerjeeShri J. K. JainSaroj Aagrani

Goutam BanerjeeK .r. Murli Kumar

Shri V. N. PasrichaSujata VarmaShri J. K. Jain .

245

919212224252627283031323233353739404143474954

Supplements:Pages:

Hindi39

Sanskrit5

Punjabi6

Sindhi10

Urdu16

EDITORIAL

Suresh Gopal and Rajat Batra

'Desh' takes this opportunity towelcome new students, who are al­ready our old friends, and who, we

hope, have the same love and respectfor their alma mater as we do.

This year we hope to bring outtwo issues of our magazine. For'DESH' to be successful it is essentialthat the students, especially. the newones, show a keen interest in itswelfare. Every magazine from timeto time, needs to be 'Injected withfresh blood, which is provided to itby new entrants. They can be espe­cially helpful in achieving this end.They can contribute articles embody­fng new thoughts, new feelings, newinsights.

When young people come to acollege for the first time after leaving

shoal, they are, normally speakingentering upon a new era in their life.It follows that they should observeeverything around them in the minu­test detail with unprejudiced atten-

2

tion. It is a recognised fact. thatoIa students generally form attach­ments and enmities. and hence arelikely to give a coloured account ofeverything they see or hear. This inno way means that we are trying tobelittle the old students. It is theyonly who can help, guide and put 011

the right path new members of thisfraternity.

A word 110W about the studentindiscipline would not be out ofplace. It has become almost a ~atter

of form for those of us who havegrievances to voice them in a mannerthat hardly befits the student com­munity. Instead of approaching theirteachers and the Principal who arethere to promote their interests, thefirst thing they do is go on a strike.Luckily our university has not beenso far been bitten by the Strike-bug,but, u nfortunately this tendencyseems to be manifesting itself in ourranks. If we wish that our universi­ty should not fall a victim to shabby'

DESh

politics, we must nip this monstroustendency in the bud.

So far we have dwelt on generalindiscipline. As the saying, goes,'Charity begins athome', so too doesdiscipline begin at home! The be­haviour of out friends in the collegecanteen, play-fields, and in publicbuses is nothing to be proud of. TIleyexhibit certain unwelcome tendencieswhich are not in keeping with theaccepted norms of decent andciviliz­ed behaviour. The new students areprone to feel that this display of mis­behaviour is a valuable mark of theirindependence. Actually it is veryharmful for them; and then it un­dermines college prestige which is asacred duty of each one of us toguard jealously.

The old and new students shouldjoin hands to make our college amodel institution. That may -serveas an example for students of othercolleges.

A word about the college library.

DESH

We have a well-stocked library, butthe present system of issuing booksis rather unsatisfactory. 'J\Te feelthat the system of demand-slips in­volves a waste of time and energyand should be discontinued in fovourof the open-shelf system. This willenable us to select books after lookingthrough them properly instead ofdrawing them by just seeing the oftenmisleading titles from ·the catalogue.It is hoped that the Staff will supportthe students' request.

Finally, a few friendly words tothe new entrants to our college.'Friends, this is your own college, yourbattle-grou nd, your own Waterloo,It is upto each one of you individual­ly as well as collectively to developyour personality, your outlook onlife and things in general. Do notbe a prey to false notions and falseglories. but instead have high ideals.Build yourselves up to responsibleadult citizens of your country." .So,withthis parting shot, we extend ourmost cordial welcome to you onceagain.

3

(i) A BALLAD OF NEED

The nations fightlike children over bricks..Possession is the power to givewhat your own neighbour's giftto make time's meaning tall........................................

I ask no heaven, Angels, none,but chiefly my need.Make pride my humbling urgencyto heal the hands that bleed:make want my gnawing wisdom thatI tell the bread from stone

and love no God but my own brotherlatched within his bone.

One dispensation's all I asknow as time is called.Grant me no God that I may makethe want of man my world--the want of man freed from a Godwho's named but to betray-that my own need may burn my fleshand all my deaths away.

(Robin Skeleton)

(ii) MUSIC AND WORDS

No human singing canExpress itself without

Words that usurp the soundsThat pour for th from the throat,

But when themusic endsThere lie within our minds

Thoughrs that refuse to fit,That will not sing or scan

Or alter what they mean.

Yet we believe in song

-_.-----.---_.--------------.--------- ------

Some meaning that no wordCan catch is finely C3l1g11t,

That music is a stateWhere truth is overheard.

But we are wrong, are wrong:Thoughts still are shaped of hard

Unalterable stuffWe think we can forget

If we sing loud enough.

(Elizabeth Jennings)

* Reproduced for the benefit of our budding' writers of En fish Verse.

4 DESH

TheCollegeUnion

Inauguration

Shri N. Sanjiva Reddi,President All IndiaCongress Committee,being escorted to thedais by Dr. A. N.Banerji, Principal,and Roop lal, Presi­ent of the Union.

Shri N. Sanjiva Reddiat tea after the

inauguration

The Sindhi Society

A scene from the one-act

play: Tea Party.

A scene from the one-act

play: Interview

By Shri Radha Krishna Sud

I s his tribute to Mrs. Sarojini Naidupaid in the Lok Sabha on the day

arrer her death ]awahar Lal NehrucL.1~j her a person of great brilliance...nom any number of epithets arid~jjecti\·es might be applied.. One -ofrhese might well be : The Peoples'Poet. Amongst the qualities men­riooa:l bv hirn were vitality andftridoess~zest and fire, an indomitablea- j. light-heartedness, good cheer

...-1. 3IJove all the human approachimIa the artisric and aesthetic pointof ~--:nat is. the point of viewfu~ of compassion and understandingvi humanity and its failings andvirtues, Vitality. vividness, zest forlife and fire, the human approach,the love of beauty ---these she had.And she had also the gift of songand imagination. The result of thisrare combination was that her wholelife became a poem.

Before she came to espouse thecause of the freedom of the people ofIndia she loved the poetry of them.The poetry of earth is ceasing never,said Keats. To Sarojini the poetryof the Indian people and the land wasnever dead. She liked the people fortheir simple, unsophisticated ways,their. colourful and songful living inthe lap of Nature, their love of funand festival, their unshaken faith inIite's transience, sou l's irnmortality

* IVith.the courtesy of AIR, Delhi.

DESH

and Fate. No wonder their bondagemoved her to action. The makers ofmusic are the shakers of the world.A breath of their inspiration is thelife of each generation. * •

S11e was conscious of her destinyfrom the beginning. In her poem:Death arid Life; she rejects the offerof Death to give her peace;

Thy gentle pity shames mine ear,

o Death, am I so purposeless athing,

Shall my SOlI} falter or my bodyfear

Its poignant hour of bittersuffering,

Or fail ere I achieve my destineddeed

Of song or service for mycountry's need

She must attune her emotions to theservice of her country. What greater

** We are the music-makersAnd we are dreamers of dreams

Yet we are the 1nOl'ers and shakersOf til e world for ever, it seems.

A breat h of our inspirationIs the life of each generation.

(O'Shaughness.v)

5

service could she have rendered to itthan to represent it as it has been, isand will be for many years to come.She looked at things and people withthe eye at a poet and loved to: singof them for they were so enchanting.Being a poet she agreed with Iqbal:

Iamil tar hain gul-o-lala faiz se iskeNigah shair rangin nawa main hai jadooTranslated into English the versemeans: "By its grace the rose and thepoppy acquire a fresh beauty. Thereis magic, indeed, in the glance of apoet with colourful melodies". As weread her poems we discover for our­selves that our humble folk and theirhumble ways and faith are endearingindeed. They are a cheerful lot andcontact wi th them makes us happy.She wrote about these people forthose who did not even care to knowthat they existed. After reading herpoems we no longer sneer at them. Ilike to call this the Poetic Rehabilita­tion of the People of India.

Incidentally the India she describedis fast disappearing. The palanquin­hearers" weavers, wandering .. singers,Coromandal fishers. snake-charmers,corn-grinders, su ttees, gipsies, Pardah­nashin ladies, the dancers-e-o--rheseand many more besides are fast vani­shing. To those who have seen themher poems bring nostalgic memories.The past is re-enacted before our eyesbecause the poems describe thesecharacters in their proper setting,both pictorial and musical. Here, forinstance, are the Palanquin-bearerscarrying the new bride to her in-laws'home. They seem to enjoy the thrillof it as much as, if not more than,

6

the groom himself:

Lightly, 0 lightly, we beat heralong,

She hangs like a star in the dewof our. song;

She springs like a beam on thebrow of the tide,

She falls like a tear from theeyes of the bride.

Lightly, 0 lightly we glide andwe sing

We bear her along like a pearlon a string.

Or listen to the wandering singers.What do they sing of?

Our lays are of the cities whoselustre is shed,

The laughter and beauty ofwomen long dead;

The sword of old battles, theero Nil of old kings,

And happy and simple andsorrowful things.

If the weavers love to weave clothill the traditional colours and patterns,the Coromandal-fishers, undauntedby perils, love to go to the sea tocatch the leaping wealth of the tide.Their love of the land is no less thanyours or mine but they sing:

. .. sweeter, a brother, the kissof the spray and the danceof the wild foam's glea :

Row, brothers, row to the blueof the verge, where the lowsky mates with the sea.

The corn-grinders are a rarity todayas much as the Pardah-nashi n lady.

DESH

She pities the Pardah-nashin lady butshe cannot help admiring her graceand beauty:

Her life is a revolving dreamOf languid and sequestered ease;Her girdles and her fillets gleamLike the changing fires on

sunset seas;Her raiment is like morning mist,Shot opal, gold and amethyst.

Of these vanishing characters thesnake-charmers, the bangle-sellers, thewandering-beggars and the dancersstill survive. Bangles are a part ofour cuI ture: the sign of wedded blissand virgins' wish. The poem; Bangle­sellers vies with the Planquin-bearer sin excellence. The Planquin-bearersis a study in fine movement - therocking of the bride-in-the palanquin.The Bangle-sellers is a study in fasci­nating colours: the bright rainbowtainted circles of the lustrous tokensof radiant lives for happy daughtersand happy wives.

Some are meet for a maiden'swrist,

Silver and blue as the mountain­mist~

Some are flushed like the buds thatdream

On the tranquil brow of a wood­land stream;

Some are aglow with the bloomthat cleaves

To the limpid glory of new-bornleaves.

Some are like fields of Sll nli tcorn,

Meet for a bride on her bridalmorn,

DESH

Some, like the flame of her marri­age fire,

Or rich with the hue of herheart's desire,

Tinkling, luminous, tender, andclear,

Like her bridal laughter and bridaltear.

Her portrayal of the Indian Dancersis a masterpiece :

Now silent, now singing and sway­ing and swinging like blossoms thatbend to the breezes or showers,

Now wantonly winding, they flash,now they falter, and, lingering inradiant choir;

Their jewal-girt arms and warm,wavering, lily- like fingers enchantthrough melodious hours,

Eyes ravished with rapture, celes­tially panting, what passionatebosoms aflaming with fire!

To appreciate the charm andappeal of these poems you have onlyto translate them into equivalentVernacular rhythms, You immedia­tely realize how near to the heart ofthe people of India Sarojini was.She was really interested in singingof the people who constitute the coreof the heart of India.

These characters will lose muchof their charm if they were notsketched in their proper setting; thenatural background, the spiritualfaith and the social milieu. It is theflowers and plants that form the

7

natural background ill her po~nls.

The henna, gulrnohur, nasturtrum,golden cassia, the champak, the Asokablossom and finally, the lotus-e-thesacred. and sublime flower - all thesecome in for their due share 0'£ praise.The henna-leaf is a must for themaidens:

The t ilak's red for the brow of abride,

And betel-nut red for lips thatare sweet:

But, for lily-like fingers and feet,The red, the red of the henna-tree.

The gulmohur and the nasturtiumflowers appeal to her eye with theirravishing, dazzling blaze of colour.The champak is sweet to smell. Thecassia is all gold. The Asoka is linkedwith tIle myths of yesterday:

If a lovely maiden's footT reads on the Asoka root,Its glad branches sway and swell,So our Eastern legends tell,Vivid clusters golden-redTo adorn her brow or bedOr her marriage bower.

The faith of India is the faith ofher simple people. Life is transient:the soul is immortal; Fate is supreme;life is selfless action; love never dies;death and life are bound in an eternalcycle .... these are the few crumbs offaith these people pick up from folk­lore and scriptures and hold on towith all sincerity. To them festivalsan] seasonal gatherings are occasionsfor fun and laughter, for song anddance, for display of physical prow-

s

ess and dalliance. Myth, religion andhistory are ransacked for recitation tothe great delectation of all andsundry. The songs of worship, thelove songs and the patriotic songs areequally popular. Their hearts leap withjoy as they hear the poet recite lines,such as the following from Awake:

Waken, 0 Mother! thy childrenimplore thee,

Who kneel in thy presence toserve and adore thee !

The night is aflush with a dreamof the lTIOrrOW,

Why still thou sleep in thy bond­age of sorrow ?

A waken and sever the woes thatenthrall us,

And hallow our hands for thetriumph that calls us !

Are we not thine, 0 Beloved, toinherit

The manifold pride and power oft11Y spirit ?

Ne'er shall we fail thee, forsakethee or falter,

Whose hearts are thy home andthy shield and thine altar.

La ! we would thrill the high starswith thy story,

And set thee again in the fore­front of glory.

Even the love songs of Saroji niare in the popular tradition of Zauqarid Ghalib. But for the foreignmedium they would be on the AIRasoften as those we listen to. I men­tion three: The Offering, Love'sGuerdon and Devotion. These repre­sent three different stages in a lover'sexistence. Here are the lines fromThe Offering:

DESH

Were beauty mine, Beloved, Iwould bring it

Like a rare blossom to love's glow­ing shrine;

\Vere a dear youth mine, Beloved,I would fling it

Like a rich pearl into Love'slustrous wine.

Were greatness mine, Beloved, Iwould offer

Such radiant gifts of glory and offame,

Like camphor and like curds topour and proffer

Before Love's bright and sacri­ficial flame.

And here are five lines fromLove's Guerdon:

Fierce were the wounds youstruck me, 0 my Love.

And bitter were the blows !Sweeter from your hands all

suffering

Than rich love-tokens other. com­rades bring

Of crimson oleander and of rose.

And these lines are from Devotion :

Strangle my soul and fling it intothe fire!

Why should my true love falteror fear or rebel ?

Love, I am yours to lie in yourbreast like a flower,

Or burn like a weed for your sakein the flame of hell.

It is true to say that Sarojinidescribes not only the people of Indiain flesh and blood but also their heartand soul. In effect, she says in herpoems: "This is my country, India,and these are my countrymen, theIndians, whom I love and about whomI sing. "And we who read and recitethem say in reply: "Sarojini is ourPoet: the Peoples' Poet-a part ofour national heritage."

EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY AND ITS PHILOSOPHIC IMPUCATlONS·-(II)By Shri Adarsh Deepah, M. Sc., Lecturer in Physics

(II) The Predletlens and their Implications

[Synopsis of Part I: The Theory and Its Postulates: published in the lastissue of U Desk" J an-June, 1961.

I N 1905 when Albert Einstein gave: his celebrated Theory of Relativityhe started a revolution in Physics,especially in our ideas of space andtime. The revelation that the absolutelaws (of Aristotle and Newton) mustgive way to the concept of relativity

DESH

came when Michelson and Morleydecided to experimentally detectether, the hypothetical medium inwhich light was supposed to travel.But when to everyone's disbelieftheir experiment failed to detectether, old physics was put into a

9

great dilemma. It was then thatEinstein gave a simple, soul-satisfyinganswer in his Special Theory of Re­lativity, which is based on t11e t\VO

fundamental postulates:

First, the velocity of light has aconstant value.

Second, ether, and hence absolutemotion (or absolute rest ) cannot bedetected, All motion is relative.]

The Predictions & their Implications

The important predictions of rhcSpecial Theory are explained below;those which exhibit the relativity ofmeasurements are explained with thehelp of a simple physical experimentincorporating the two postulates.

Let lIS assume t hat space-pilotsAland Ben start on a space-flight intheir respective rockets, A and Bwhich have identical measuring in­struments such as yardsticks, clocks,spring balances and telescopes andcontain similar benches, candles andbricks (see figure 4), denoted bywords A and B.

WIlen still at rest on earth, thelength L of the benches A and B, the­duration T for which the candlesA & B burn and the mass M of thetwo bricks are exactly the as sameobserved by Al and Ben both.

Prediction 1: "Effect of LengthContraction' : It shows relativity ofdimensions.

Now suppose the rockets A and Bare travelling in space with a relativevelocity v with respect to each other

10

Then the mathematical results of theSpecial Theory of Relativity predictthat if Al measures bench B's lengthit appears to have shrunk to thelenth L', which is given by

L' = L ,I-;=~-~~-(Predictio11 I)v c~ ,

Where L is B's original length... and Cis the velocity of light.

For example, if benches A and Bwere each 20 feet long when at rest(figure 4), now w hen separating at arelative velocity of say 161 000 milessecond (which is I~ of C), B's apparentlength ,as measured by AI, from rela­tion (1) should be 10 feet only. Onlyat rest (v ==0), L ~.~ L' :~~": 20 feet.

Sill1ilarly, Ben finds that hisown bench is 20 feet long, but it isbench A's length that appears half,i.e. 10 feet. Thus each finds theothers length as shortened in thedirection of motion. 'This reciprocity

uD.ME~S&O" " ONLY RELA,.'VE CotlCEPT JI

DESH

where T is AI's own time.

T' = T v 1- .~~. -(Prediction ]1)

Assume that at this instant rocketsA and B are alongside, their clocksread the same tirne ]2.00 p.m.

After some time, if Al reads hisown clock and compares with Ben'sclock, he will be surprised to find thatClock B appears to be running slower;In fact all movements of B appearslower, the candle B thus lasts longer.This is exactly what the SpecialTheory predicts, the time intervalsT' of Clock B as read by Al being,given by the relation.

of Tirnerelativity

Prediction II "EffectDilation": It shows theof tim e.

factor ! I_v~ ).Neitller observation~. c:

-.oW5 that length is a relative con­ce.p!_ This i5 known as the "Effect ofknc1th Contraction" and can be simply3Uted: "Whenever one observer ism·~r,.-!.ng with respect to another.whether ap proachi ng or separatingit appears to both observers thateveryrhing about the other is shrunkin the direction of motion (by a

IIOriC~5 any effect in his own system."It :5 this reciprocity, a necessaryconsequence of relativity theory, thatis 50 difficult to understand.

The explanation for the abovereeiprocitv of measurement is that asa result or the ultra-fast mot ion in... h.ch it participated the bench Bshrank, but Ben could not notice thiscontraction because his 'measuri ng'yardstick also shrank by the samefraction,

The contraction effect is notice­able only for relative velocities, v,comparable to velocity of Iigh t, andnot on earth where the speeds are toosmall.

Now if v =. c. length reduces tozero and body becomes two dimen­sional. This "Contraction Effect" isstill sometimes called the Fitz-GeraldContraction, and is adequately ex­pressed in the famous limerick:

"There once was a man named FiskWhose fencing was exceedingly brisk;So fast was his action,That the Fifz-Gerald ContractionReduced his rapier to a disc."

In i llustration 4 where v is161,000 miles/second, Al would findthat when his OWIl clock reads onehour (1.00 p.m.) then by relation (II)clock B reads only 12.30 p.m., thelatter seems to be going only half asfast. Reciprocally, Ben finds thatwhen his own clock reads 1.00 p.m,Clock A reads only 12.30 p. m. rTo him it is clock A that is goingslower. Thus each finds the otherslower. The effects of motion oneach others times are same. Thisreciprocity slows the relativity of"duration".

Thus the "Time Dilatiun Effect"simply states: "If t\VO observers are

DESH 11

moving at a constant velocity relativeto each other, it appears to each thatthe other's time processes are sloweddown". Other's candle lasts longerand breathing, digestion etc. seemsluggish.

Thus the idea of Kant and Newtonregarding absolute time, (like absolutespace), is erroneous. The rate of flowof time is not the same for everyone,but it flows at different rates for two

. observers h-aving relative motion withrespect to each other.

Prediction III: "Mass In-crease withVelocity" .

an observer, the greater its massseems to the increase.

Prediction IV: "Mass and EnergyEquiva lence"

The one result of the SpecialTheory that had the most far-reach­ing effect on our age is the predictionthat a small amount of matter isequivalent to an enormous amount ofenergy. Thus if a mass n1 of anysubstance is completely convertedinto energy, the energy E obtained isgiven by the relation.

E === me2 -(Result IV)

where C is the velocity of light.

Perhaps the most astonis hing pre­diction of the special Theory is. thatthere is a certain velocity beyondwhich nothing can go-the limitbeing the velocity of light, C.

Suppose we can somehow makev greater than C, sayv == 2C. Thenin results (I) and (II). we get a squareroot of minus 3-which is a purelyimaginary number, which thereforemakes length and time both imaginary

For example, one pound of coalis equivalent to energy generated byall power stations in U.S.A. in onemonth! But this energy can beliberated by nuclear processes (as inatomic reactor or an atom bomb) andnot in ordinary burning at homewhere the process is purely chemical.

MaximumPrediction V: ftfaThePossible Velocity is C".

If both the bricks A & B haveidentical mass »1 on earth. then whenmoving relative to each other, to Almass of B appears to have increasedto m'; the two being related byequation.

rl1I ' 1·~------V2

»1 = . I 1- --" -(Prediction III)v C'"

ni is called the "rest mass" of B.

Thus the Special Theory states thatthe faster the object moves relative to

If v is 161,000 mlsec., Al findsthat brick B's mass is doubled to 20Ibs and Ben thinks that it is A's massthat is doubled. This reciprocity ofmeasurement again shows that massis a relative concept.

On the other hand. Ben thinksthat it is A's mass that has increasedto m' while his own remains thesame.

12 DESH

iL. the object itself does not exist.Tcis result is summed up in the&zeus limerick.

.'There once was a your g womannamed Bright

Who could travel faster thanlight.

She set out one dayIn an Einstein wayAnd returned on the ,prevlolls

night".

The impossibility of such a blackmagic performance is summarized bythe conclusion that "nothing exceedsvelocity of light."

Further, the result (III) predictsthat mass would become infinite when'F == C. Thus an object- could nevereven travel as fast as lighr. becausethe mass would become infinite,which means that an infinite amountof energy would be required even tomove it; infact, all the energy in theuniverse plus much more may not beenough.

Hence the conclusion: "nothingcan move with a speed that equals orexceeds the velocity cf light. whichis the maximum possible velocity."

This natural law Einstain madethe corner-stone of his Theory.

An Interesting Situation: "WhenV == C·'.

When the rocket's speed equalsC. then relation (I) gives L == 0, i.e.,lengths in the direction of motionshrink to zero. Objects and the

DESH

pilot become twc-dimensional! Lifethen goes on in two-dimensions! Likewise, Time is arrested altogether(T == 0 from formula II). This ishow. an observer outside sees theaviator in the rocket. The aviatorhimself detects nothing unusual: hedoes not. perceive he has stoppedmoving. He is .merely waiting forthe next moment. That time is arrest­ed means he does not know that thenext instant is a long time coming.

A Journey into Space:Suppose theaviator sets out in his rocket-ship,fully provisioned, on a space trip tothe star Arcturus.. some 33 light yearsaway from the earth, and travels withnearly the velocity of light.

He "Till arrive at Arcturus 33years later according to earth-time,but the aviator feels no more agedthan when he started. He has yet tofeel hungry.

Now suppose he starts on hisreturn journey. When he arrives onthe Earth, he has yet to thin k of hisfirst meal. But to his susprise, he isreceived by his children who are muchmore aged than he, now 66 years olderand his wife long dead because of oldage! A funny situation, indeed!Infact, so long as he travels with thespeed of light he has inmortality andeternal youth !.

* [Such a journey however can only beimagined. In practice its chances areslight. Why so? That is clear onlywhen dealing wit h the General Theoryof Relativity.]

13

Prediction VI : The Idea of Simult­aneity of Time",

I t leads us probably to the mostpro~ound philosophic interpretationsof Ideas of future, past,.c.ausation,free-will etc. and points us towardsthe need of a four-dimensional pictureof the world.

The second aspect of Time thatthe Special Theory emphasized wasthat "time is different for differentobservers at different positions notnecessarily moving relative to eachother. In other words, the dates(meaning fixed points in time) aredifferent, SInce the rate of time pro­cesses are the same for each as there isno relative velocity between theobservers.

To illustrate this idea, suppose anexplosion occurs on star M on March20,2000 A.D. (see figure 5). A11 dates

refer to the earth's calender. We orthe earth, can see the explosion only300 years later, while an observer orstar N can see the event 250 yearlater.

. Th.us a singl~ event of the explo­sion IS not SImultaneous to threedifferent places, for each the eventoccurs at different times. BeforeRelativity Theory came, the distancebetween two different positions wasdetermined merely by laying off thedistance with a measuring tape. Timenever entered into measurement be­cause it was considered same at thetwo positions. We have just seenthis is not true; time is different attwo different positions. So strictlyspeaking, cognizance must be taken ofthis fact by including time in thespace measurements.

Time had to be' included In our

D'STANc.e 1....

t

oA • J"l ...y"'t-z~ (ctJ'L-z..

'1

0",- D''''.w\S'oN OA . x,

T.... .Dftw..¥\.Iton.s QA ~J~

ll~~c. .D'~""St.ON :

,," I,;,Exp'-OJ'O,"" _

/ I I ,

!I,,

1:'~J

I",~'~/

-.I,,I,

'til

I

8t1A~M .:to, 2'bOO

14 DESH

aathenlatical expression for distancelle'tween two points 0 and A.(figure 6). It was found mathe­lIlatically that time entered into thedistance formula as if it were a 4thdimension. That is why time isactually called the 'fourth dimension'.when we amalgamate rime withthree dimensions of space it doesnot imply that there is no distinctionbetween space and time; but it sim­ply redefines the nature of the twomore clearly. Thus for high velocitysystems time behaves like space.

And with the amalgamation of:space and time we enter into the"four-dimensional world", also calledthe "space-time continium' or merely"space time."

Space-Time Continuum or Four­Dimensional World of Minkowski

The insight into the "four-dirnin­sional world" is the philosopher'sfirst great probe into the universalreality that exists behind what oursenses have become accustomed toexperiencing on the earth.

Let us first examine the philosophicimplications of Einstein's idea of rela­tivity.

To every obervation there are twoparties--the observer and the ob­served. "Einstein's achievement con­sists essentially in this that he suc­ceeded in separating far more comp­letely than hither to the share of theobserver and that of external naturein things we see happen. We knowthat the perception of an object by an

DESH

observer depends on his ow n situationand circumstances ; for example, dis­tance makes it appear smaller anddimmer. BUL we make an allowancefor this almost unconsciously in in­terpreting what we see. But it nowappears that the allowance rnade forthe motion of the observer hashitherto been too. crude --- a factso long overlooked because in practiceall observers share nearly the samemotion, that of the' earth. Physicalspace and tirue are now found to beclosely bound IIp with this motion ofthe observer; and only an amorphouscombination of the two (called the'space-time") is left inherent in theexternal world. This recent viewclearly reveals the underlying unityof the main phenomena?"

We try to eliminate" by habit, ourshare in the observation and thusform an impersonal picture of theexternal world. In case there ismotion we can make allowance for itby certain laws framed by Newton,based on the idea of absolute spaceand time. But when motion is com­parable to speed of lighr then thisallowance is crude, To make theexact allowance we have to replacethe absolute concepts by the principleof relativity which requires new lawsof motion. This new dynamics wascharacterized by Einstein in terms ofthe constancy of velocity of light.

To arrive at objective reality it isnecessary to eliminate the observer.Such a" conception of the world ispossible in the world of four-dimen-

* Eddingro n-r- Space, Time and Gravitation'

15

sions, which requires our minds notto distinguish space and time as sepa­rate, but view them as amalgamated.Relativity Theory emphasizes thatin ordinary life the observer and theobserved are strongly linked. Thusall measurements such as length, timeetc. refer to relative knowledge of theworld.

The four-demensional world isdue to Minkowski. Einstein showedthe relativity of the familiar quanti­ties of physics (time, space etc).Minkowski showed how to recoverthe absolute by going back to theirfour-dimensional origin and searchingmore deeply, The four-dimensionalview of the world is the synthesis,sought by the relativists, of the ap­pearances seen by observers havingall sorts of positions and (uniform)motions.

In SllC11 a world each action IS

called an 'event', which implies agiven instant at a given place. It willhe represented by a point in the4-D world where its nature isabsolute. The extension between twosuch points is called an "iriterval" bet­ween the two events. This "interval"is an absolute quantity, intrinsic inthe external world, whereas 'length"and 'duration" the components of'interval' in our ordinaty world, arerelative. "Interval" has an absolutesignificance in nature independent ofthe observer. TIle moment an ob­server is installed in the space timecontinuum, it resolves its absolute"interval' into space and time sepa­rately (like lime added to milk wouldseparate fat particles and warer.)

16

Illustrating the Four-DimensionalWorld

To have an image of time as afourth coordinate of space considerthe "Time House", where time-co­ordinate is shown as a clock whichmarks time-distances. "Yesterday"

<t--)(-Q.i~-

. 1«t!1

TME ~tME-Hou~~» FUTURE~ooo

SHCWIN4

Does time Exist ?

We know that time, which we areincapable of perceiving with oursenses, exists. The very reason whybodies, indeed space itself, have exi­stence as we know it, is that theyexist in time. If they did not exist.

DESH

11K a certain time, they would not~t at all. The 3-dimensional spacedm.s has its existence and movementiD the fourth-dimension, time.--with­Gat which it could have no being.TI.:Ile exists but its coordinate isimaginary.

S-JDlultaneity in Space-Time : Deter­minacy and Causation.

When trying to under stand simul­laDeity in space-time continuum, we..e led to the important questionsabout future, past, determinacy, cau­sation and free will.

(i) Absolute Past & AbsoluteFuture

The theory of four-D space-timeprovides an "absolute past" and an"absolute future" in accordance withcommon requirements.

The Past here implies "all thoseevents which we could know or hearat least in principle". The Futurecomprises "all events which we couldinfluence at least in principle". Thesedefinitions are independent of motionor other properties of the observer bothin the Newtonian and the Einsteinian

theory with the following differcnce :In the former, we assume that past andfuture are separated by an infinitelyshort time-interval, called the presentmoment (fig. Sa): in the latter theyare separated by a finite time interval(called the "absolute elsewhere", itslength depending. on distance fromthe observer (fig. 8b.)

(ii) Absolute Elsewhere: It is thetime interval between two instants ­one, at which a light signal has to begiven from the point of occurrence sothat it may reach the observer at hisinstant of observation: and the otherat which a signal, given by the obser­ver at the instant of observation,reaches the point of occurrence toinfluence it. This finite time-intervalbetween the two instants is the pre­sent time" for the observer at thetime of observation. It is representedby the neutral wedge (fig. 8b)

(iii) The Simultaneity of. Events

Thus space-time is divided intothree zones with respect to an eventO. Zone U'DV' belongs to AbsolutePast, Zone DaV, to absolute Future;Zone uav' is neither past nor

~"'h.l{----_.....().\l.w,~f"Sl

DESH

v

El~EWt4ER.l~.J.

~..,,'..,

17"

future, simply "elsewhere", which isnot exactly Absolute Present. ThePresent is restricted to a pointHere-Now, The "simultaneity" ofevents at different places has 110

absolute meaning. For one observerall events along line OX are sim ul­taneous. This line of simaltaneousevents would lie in di fferentdirections for different observers.The denial of Absolute Simultaneityis a natural complement to denialof absolute motion. The latterasserts that one cannot find outwhat is the same place at two differenttirnes : the former, that we cannotfind same time at two different places.It is curious that philosphical denialof absolute motion is readily accepted;whilst the denial of absolute simul­taniety appears to many people revo­lutionary.

(iv) Causation & Free will-

"The division into past and futureis closely associated with our ideas ofcausation and free will. In a per­fectly determinat e scheme the pastand future may be regarded as lyingmapped out (like distant parts ofSpIC2). It means that events do nothippe n ; they are just there and wecome across them. We can be awareof an eclipse in the year 1999. verymuch as we are aware of the darkside of the moon, Thus OLIr know­ledge of things where we are nctand of things wh er: we are not isessentially the same-an inference(SOl11 etirn es a mistaken one) .fro 111

brain impressions, including thosefrom memory, here and 110UJ•

------ ._-----

* Eddington-Space, Time and Gravitation

18

So if events are determinate, thereis nothing to prevent a person frombeing aware of an event before ithappens (only that he does not havethe capacity to foresee) ,. and an eventmay even cause other events previousto it. A detached observer wouldsee (if he is capable) some eventsapparently causing events in .theirfuture, others apparently causingevents in their past-the truth beingthat all are linked by determinatelaws, the so-called causal events beingmerely conspicuous foci from whichIinks radiate. Thus, as Omar Khayyamsaid ..

The Moving Finger writes; and,having writ,

Moves on; nor all thy Piety andWit

Shall lure it back to cancel half aLi11e.

The recognition of an absolutepast and future seems to depend onthe possibility of events which are notgoverned by a determinate Scheme.An example of such an indeterminateevent would be that "a king ranaway after his country was attacked"-t11is would however be termedcauso lit v and not causation. Sincepllysics'does not attempt to coversuch indeterminate events (i.e.causality), the distinction of absolutepast and future is not directly im­portant for physics, but it is merelyof interest to show that the theoryof four-dimensional space-timeprovides an absolute past and future,in accordance with common requi­rements. although this can usuall ybe ignored inofficial applications tophysics'..

DESH

By R. Batra, B.A. 1st J'ear.

WHEN I returned to school at thebeginning of the term, it was

revealed to me that I had been allotteda room on the ground floor. My onlyworry at the moment was that Lwouldhave to keep my room tidy and keepmy door shut always. But experiencehas shown that it was not so simpleas all that. The only way to live onthe ground floor and still remain sanesas to learn to regard pain andpleasure as synonymous such as theaoic philosophers in Ancient Rome.Ed. It does take some tough learningthough.

The population of the ground5c-cr. as you may have shrewdlyr~~j. is considerably more than one,znJ therefore I do not wish to claimthat my' experiences are in any wayunique. I do have a feeling though,rnat my sweet disposition helps me2:L:2.ct more troubles than I wouldin case I curbed the unpredictable~~:kings of my "sweet disposition."Let me give an example. .Anyone whochances to enter my room cannotoverlook the presence, among other:hings, of at least half a dozen satchelscontaining anything from a pair ofswimming trunks to the latest edition0: Chambers' Twentieth Century Die­rionary. Though anger smoulders inmy heart at the sight of these eyesores,I only pile them in a corner and waitrcr their owners to CODle and claimthem. Now.. - a few days ago one ofmy tormentors, who was looking foran open luggage office, found my

DESH

room securely locked. He, therefore,proceeded to deposit the article in an­other room, belonging to an equallydear friend of his. On returning tocollect his property he was informedthat it had been thrown out of therear window, in accordance with thestanding instructions of the house­master on the subject of foreignobjects found ~11 his rooms. A hur­ried search by the owner revealed hisproperty about fifty yards down streamin a drain. That the drain was dry tes­tifies only to the prevailing weatherconditions and ~ot_by any means tothe sweetness of the person whoflung the satchel out.

It is the more forgetful and impro­vident ones among the first floor andsecond floor dwellers that make life011 the ground floor an insupportableburden. Either they forget to combtheir hair before coming downstairs,or they omit to take their handker­chiefs, or could you please -call so andso. Once they are let in, one findsthat there are a large number ofwishes that Clave to be fulfilled. Andsince one like myself is usually at thelower rungs of the ladder of seniorityin the school, all these wants have tobe ungrudgingly met.

One is apt to find, at least I havefound, tllat the oppressor's field ofaction is considerably widened if hehappens to belong to the same classas oneself. I find- his books strewnallover my room, and as he is never

19

in possession of a satchel, I have tocarry them for him, He also borrowsfor an undefined period any of mytoilet articles, with the exception ofmy tooth-brush. My feeling; aboutthis parasite is identical to what acondemned man must feel about hisexecutioner. And he has, very muchlike -the executioner, an air of amusedtolerance and well-bred boredom.

Then there are the visitors-sight­seers from town. They naturallyhesitate to go upstairs. They haveimpinged on my life only once, butthat single soul-searing experience hascast its shadow on my life ever since.It was a quiet Saturday afternoon(quiet, because the radiogram in thecommon-room was out of order), andI was enjoying a cool siesta, clad innothing more than a pair of drawers.I was disturbed by loud alien sounds inthe corridor. A moment later thedoor opened a little, a head popped in,saw me, and withdrew itself. I hadjust had time to grab a dressing gown,when the door opened again. Thistime the whole person entered, follow ..ed by a horde of others. There werepeople of both sexes and children ofall ages. I had only one design now,and that was to dis ippear. That Idids I am afraid, in a somewhat un­dignified manner through the openwindow. What must have happenedafter that can only be judged fromthe state in which I found my roomwhen an hour later I returned to thespot and with infinite caution insert-ed my head tentatively through thewindow. Every thing had been exa­mined with the throughness and eyefor detail of a Scotland Yard Officer.

20

The entire contents of my room werepiled up in the centre forming astructure not unli ke a model of thePyramid of Cheops.

At what must have been five orsix 0' clock on a Sunday morning, Iwas awakened, by some determinedpounding on my door. On opening itI found that it was some fellow whowanted to know the time! All myobscene vocabulary came out like ariver in spate, and the fact thathe was a class-mate also helped.I had just finished the firstparagraph of my observations and wasdrawing breath for the second whenthe senior in the adjoining room, whohad been disturbed, directed me, notvery politely, to ease.

My waking hours are blessed withthe "melodies" that continuouslyemanate from the common-room. Myroom, YlJU see, adjoins the common­room. Perhaps this would be quitepleasant, were it not for the fact thatsome senior students keep the volumeknob turned full so that the musicreaches their rooms at the far end ofthe corridor. My room, not being atthe far end gets the blast.

If, therefore, on a moonless night,you find someone with head bowed,heading for the nearest cliff, you willhave to strain your imagination verylittle to realize that it is me. Yousee, even hurling himself out of anupstairs window is not open to aground floor dweller.

DESH

By Vijay K. Kumar, B.A9 II'nd. year.

THERE goes the bell, and 'it is my.I History class. As we were COIn­

ing out of the previous class room,I said to my partner. "let us cuthistory today." He replied, "Can't!I need to sleep." But it was a troubleto me, because the professor, who wassupposed to be my well-wisher, saw toit that I was alwavs attentive in theclass. -

I was feeling hungry. I went tothe canteen, had some grub, and whenI came back, my professor said, HWhyare you late?" I at once replied,"The class started before I got here."

Anyhow, I managed to get in.While coming in to the room, Iwinked at my sleeping but smilingpartner in the corner, who. was pro­bably dating his friend (in his dream).

I had hardly seated myself whenthe professor fired his first question,"Vijay, can you tell me the yearwhen America gather Independence?"

I replied, "1876, Sir:'

He asked the same question froma boy, sitting two seats away from me.who answered correctly.

And then he said, "Vijay, can youtell me, how far you were from thecorrect answer T"

"Only three seats, Sir," I replied.

DESH

The professor got red with angerand started giving a lecture to thestudents.

A few minutes later I felt as ifsomebody was pulling me, and when Ilooked around, I saw mysleeping part­ner trying to pull me towards him. Iwoke him IIp and asked him thereason of doing this illegal work. Hetold me in tears that actually he wastrying to wish his friend good night.I only smiled at his reverie.

This professor knew that I hadtaken IIp philosophy as one of thesubjects. He said, "i\ 11 philosophersare fools. May I ask the philosophersin this class to stand. up ?~'

When no one stood up my sleep­ing partner; who was still caught LIpin his dream" stood up.

The professor was amazed. Hesaid, B Are you a philosopher ?"

My sleeping partner replied in themost innocent tonerNot exactly, sir".Actually I can not bear you standingall alone by yourself."

You can guess the result yourselves.My sleeping partner was promptlyordered to disappear from the class!

Now the professor was j bent uponturning file down. He said, "WhenGeorge was your age, he had become aworking surveyor." From somewhere

21

came the reply, BAnd when he wasyour age, Sir, he had become thePresident of the United States."

By this time, the professor's angerhad reached its combustiori ' point.Ten students were turned out of theclass. I opened up the window nearto me, and when I was called to leavethe class, I had already vanished.

For a few seconds he behaved asif the ground had slipped frombeneath his feet. Later a searchparty was organized under his Presi­dentship to dig me up wherever I was.But he could never find me as I wassipping hot coffee in a restaurant.where a sign board was hanging:HPHILOSOPHERS NOT ALLOWED"writen on it.

~~HOW THE SNAKE (GOT HIS POISON~~

B)J Parbhat K1lH1Q'r Sood. B. Se. lInd year.

(W H EN I was in sc11001, I wenton a tour around Asia. J11

Japan (Tokyo) I met my Pen-friendwho was very anxious to see nle. Ispent about three nights there. Atnight we used to relate stories to eachother. One story which he narratedto me was strange and very interesting.Here I reproduce it for the amuse­ment of my friends.)

A very long tirne ago the snakeused to be a harmless creature, nomore deadly than a squirrel or alizard. At that time the most fearedanimal on the earth was the mangoose.TIle mangoose was huge and power­ful and, what was more" he possesseda bag of poison, which made his bitefatal. For this reason everyone trem­bled at the sight of him and did hisbest to keep out of his way, Butdespite this the mangoose managed tokill a couple of dozen men and beastsevery day.

As t irn e went on the ma ngoosehccamc more and more powerful and

22

soon the various tribes of men andanimals found themselves fast dimi­rushing. A t last one day all the tribesassembled together and held a .council,"Good Lord" exclaimed Man as helooked around and counted the num­ber present. HAt this rate our .racewill soon va nish from the earth.Something must be done to stop themangoose from his wicked killings"

"Yall are right", agreed the Lion,"something has to be done pretty fastor else all of us will be soon extinct."

'"But," asked everyone in a chorus,"what can be done: Not one of uscan possibly stand up against themangoose and battle with him." Atthis everyone stopped and sighed and(111d looked gloomier than ever.

It was then that the Snake slith­ered to the front and spoke, "CheerlII), brethren," he cried HI shall fightthe mangoose and vanquish him be­fore nightfall tomor row I"

DESh

Everyone looked amazed. "Ha, ha,ha the Lion began to laugh. "He

.nks he is a great warrior and can~I~ with the mangoose",

"Yes", said the Tiger on a tone ofapen disbelief, "How can a slim littlefeIlO\\~ like you dare to raise his headill front of the terrible mangoose",

The Snake raised his hood high-.:ad winked, "Strength, my friends,~ replied, "is not every thing.Conning also counts. I rely on myLrains. not brawns for victory," hetaid.

"Well, vou have our good wishes,"I:I.e assembled crowd cried," Go andby your luck."

With this the meeting broke up,~eryone promising to gather again atIhe same place the following night10 hear the results of the Snake'smorts.

Next morning the Snake went andflwetly hid himself near the man­~se's dwelling place and waited, forIt~ said to himself:

"It is best to tackle him on a fullstomach as with the pangs of hungerbeating inside him he might not bein a mood to Iisten to reason."

When the Mangoose returned andstretched himself to go to sleep, theSnake boldly slithered our of his h id­ing place and approached him.

"Hush, what are you doing here?"the Mangoose gru nted and made to get

DESH

up to kill him, but the Snake assidu­ously backed away." I had come towarn you of a plot against your life,"he called out. "But if you are goingto be unfr ie ndly, I shall go away."

"No, wait," ordered the Mangoose."I shall not say anything to you. Tellme what the plot is ; who is presump­tuous enough to think that he canharm me 7"

"All the tribes of men and beastshave joined forces," the Snake repli­ed, "and will surely succeed in harm­i ng you if you are not forewarned. Imeant to help you by informing youof their plot, but I do not like yourattitude." .

"I am sorry," the Mangoose said1110re humbly, HI did not mean tofrighten you. Corne and tell 111e ofthe 111ot."

4(011, no!" the Snake repliedshrewdly 441 am scared of you. I shallstay and tell you about the plot on onecondition. You must give me yourpoison bag to hold in my hands whileI talk to YOlI."

"Impossible y" shouted the Man­goose, "How dare you ask for mypoison bag I"

"Very well", shrugged the Snake,'~I shall 't tell you then."

"My poison may harm yOU ifyou touch the bag,': the Mangoosereasoned. But the Snake was adamantand refused to divulge his secret tillthe Mangoose produced the bag from

23

his mouth and gave it to him. TheSnake took it and quickly swallowedit.

"This was the plot, my friend,"he then informed the Mangoose, HIpromised to steal your poison bagand render you. helpless. And youneed not try and harm me now be­cause I can kill you with Inybite."And before the Mangoose could re­cover from the shock of what hadhappened the crafty Snake was gone!

That night the Snake appeared atthe meeting place as had been plannedand triumphantly told of his victory.Everyone was delighted. "Arid now,"said one of the animals, "give us thepoison bag so that we can destroy itand be free of this terror for ever."But the cunning Snake realized he

had got hold of a powerful weapon."Nothing doing," he replied. "I amkeeping the poison bag.'

"We shall have nothing to do withyou in that case," the other threaten­ed. "Never mind," the Snake hissed.'But you will fear me all right I"~

So from that day the Snake becameall outcast. This is also the reason whythe mangoose has become the snake'smortal enemy and fights him to getback his poison whenever he comesacross him. Since the poison origi­na lly belonged to the mongoose he isalso the only animal whom the snakebite does not affect, for he knows ofa certain root which he can eat andmake himself immune to the poison,if he is bitten.

NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTIONBy Iqbal Bahadur Singh, B. Sc, (Fi'rtal)

A boy was not satisfied withNewton's third law of motion,

according to which "Actions and reac­tions are equal and opposite". Thelaw can be roughly summarized in thisway: If you press a body with someforce, the body also presses you withthe same force.

Once he was travelling by a train.In order to make water, he wenttoward.s the latrine. He turned thebolt of tile door and pushed it. Tohis surprise, the door pushed himback. He again applied a great forceon the door again but the door again

24

pushed him back as before. He gotprepared for the final attack. Hesuddenly pushed the door with allthe physical power he could muster.Tile door closed with such a thrash­ing force that he fell ten yards away.He was very pleased to find thatthere was before him on almost flaw­less instance illustrating Newton'sthird law of motion.

Do you also agree with him?

[.t\11swer: No. He ignored the possi­bility of an other mall's presenceinside] ·

DESH

B)J Vija.y Marwah, B. Sc 1st year.

TH E greatest problem facing thebrave new world of sputniks,

rockers and supersonic planes, is not..h-ther Russia reaches the Moonfu~t or America but whether man canre-win some of the essential humanity,~ ha s lost in this age; whether he callconquer the mutual distrust, suspicion,fear. malice, intense nationalism: or insh~rt, whether he can kill the germsot cold war, which are apt to devourlip the whole humar civilization. Thesecond world war has ended but loveand affection, peace and prosperitysri II remain a mirage. The worldtoday is sitting on the verge of avolcano and it is bound to be blownup if steps are not taken to stopthe rot created by unsocial and da­maging elements in Ollf society.

Today the world, like a magneticneedle is swinging betweet two poles.On one side lofty ideals are placed,summit conferences are held to main­rain a permanent and everlasting peacewhile on the other hand the two Blocksare glowering at each other, threaten­ing war and pulling each other's leg.Today one country calls for an open skyinspection and the other rejects it andthen one of them sends her planes tofly in the other's territory. This sort4Jf feeling is deep-rooted in the mindsof not our people only but also ourleaders. Had there been real quest forpeace the two Blocks would have settled the disputes by peaceful methods,The gloom is once again encircling

DESH

the earth and the agents of Satan arehovering over the earth to annihilatethe whole society. Military pacts,like NATO, Ccnto or Seato cannotmaintain world peace.. they may, how­ever, add fuel to the fire.

Restlessness" lack of faith, ennuiand misunderstanding assail the mindsof our people today.· Feelings of uni­versalism. honesty and sincerity havevanished high in the air. TI1US wesee that pre-war atmosphere hasbeen re-created and sweet breeze hasbeen changed into detestable gale.Population and employment problemsare gnawing at the heart of humanity.Modern man is like a stray dog" who ismoving hither and thither knowingnot where to go. Tile theory of "Gettogether" and "Love your Natio n"has evaporated.

All rhc problems may be solvedand all the troubles removed if withthe advance of science and technologywe throwaway the old, barren patternof thoughts and the ideas of "universa­lim" or Internationalism" are planteddeep in our minds. If we want to besaved from the ashes and the sparksof atom or hydrogen bombs, we mustfollow the philosophy of HWorldIntegration" and petty ideas of raci­alism, linguism, casteism and chau va­nism should be given IIp. We mustdevelop all optimistic outlook to­wards life and try to attain a highlevel of Illternatiollal intelligence.

25

Feelings of universal brotherhood areto be fostered among us. So long ouroutlook on life is not made sober andcreative the lost humanity will con­tinue to remain adrift and therewould not be any possibility of globalpeace. In the words of Dr. S. Radha-

krishan, HNo body can predict thefuture of modern man : whether heis to survive or become extinct in theevent of global Nuclear war". Manmust overhaul the entire structure ofmodern power-politics otherwise heshould get ready to welcome his end.

THE MOST INTERESTING PERSON I EVER SAWBy Sushrna Sahni, Pre-Medical II year.

WHEN I thinkof the most interest­ing person I ever saw, I remem­

ber my teacher Mrs, X of the LadyLarding School. She looked interest­ing because she was different fromother teachers.

I call easily recollect her enteringthe main gate of the school at aleisurely pace about half an hour afterthe first bell. It was her specialprivilege because she managed to gether first period always vacant. Shewould- then occupy an easy chair andrelax in it in the staff room andinvite any teacher for a chit-chat tillt 11e bell rang.

Being more i nterested in talkingthan in attending the class, she wouldenter the class room tell minutes lateand send a girl to fetch the attendanceregister, mean while yawning andlooking towards the class in a strangesort of way. She probably didn't re­cognize lIS or may be she did anddidn't like it. Taking the roll callwas a long process for her becauseafter calling out every two namesshe would feel her hair to ensure that

26

it was securely tucked up.

After the roll call she used to lookat the watch to ensure that half theperiod was already over. Then theteaching started. "Take out the books,girls." she said. "Which lesson are wedoing? Aah," she asked with sleepyeyes and a yawn. "You Indu startreading," al ways asking the same girlto read. After Indu had read a fewlines, Shobha, Monica or Manju wouldask the meaning of some word. Thatatorice would spoil her mood and shewould start scolding, "You girls, youare getting lazy and will not preparethe lesson. Asha you go and get thedictionary." Waiting for the diction­nary gave a relief to the tense mo­ments and the girls could shoot sideglances and smile. taking care not tostrain the nerves of the over-warkedscholar-lady. The dictionary wouldcome and the teacher would get busywi th the difficult process of findingout the word in the dictionary. Atthis juncture, the bell would al wayscome to her rescue.

She considered herself an autho-

DESH

.nry on dress. "Look, look, look,"iii.? would say pointing out towardsanother teacher, "How funny! Thecolour of her blouse doesn't go withher pink sari." Oddities in her owndress were always described by her 3S

the latest fashion in the city.

This reminds me also of her pro­fessed taste in music, She gave herperformance only once when every­body smiled on the sly, and finallyshe came out of her inspired reverieand showed disgust with her audience,v;hich had no ears for the latest inmUSIC.

She did not like knitting andhated it as much as she did the

lipsticks and paintea faces, otherwiseshe wouldn't have washed her facesix times in six hours. She was onlymeticulous about her own complexion,not about other people's.

One interesting thing about herwas her charming parochial nature;she was broad-minded and provincialat the same time. Whatever criticismsshe might have levelled against any­one she was only too eager to with­draw them if she carne to know thatthe individual concerned happened tobe born in her part of the world.She had romantic and nostalgic long­ing for everything belonging to theprovince of her birth.

THE COLLEGE BELLBy Kussum N angia.., B. Sc. I I year.

AH ! Here goes the bell. ~Ding­

dong-ding-dong.' A gift par-excel­lence of Father Time heralding at thecollege a day of dull and monotonousrouti ne. Perhaps no one has everbothered to know when a bell firstbegan to toll in the world. I am my­self quite ignorant about it, but anyway I believe that the day must havebeen the one on which God createdthe voluptuous and wily doll for ourgrandsire Adam to play with. Howcould such an occasion pass un­noticed! I am sure the bells musthave tolled in Heaven and Hell alikefor who could possibily slight such amarvellous creation of God. Anywaythat was about the bells that tolled along time ago. Now-a-days the bells

DESH

ring in temples, churches., towers,streets, tram-cars, offices, schools andcolleges.Stit all the 'same the way abell rings in the college and the stirit creates, has no equal and only afew parallels.

In the college. the silvery ding­dong of the bell arouses the sleepy­eyed students from their respectivepostures and places, making themmov e with jerks, like bodies beingresurrected. But their is anotherspecies of students who react in adifferent way to the chime of thebell. The moment they bear it go,they rush to the class-rooms. Seeingthem running on such occasions" itwon't amount to much exaggeration:

27

to say that they could outstrip"Bobby" Morrow or a Ray Nortona11Y day, if only instead of the tracksthey had' the corridors to run and thetape to be breasted was not a tape buta class room. But then again there isthe romantic guy, deeply absorbed inromantic propensities, who wends hisway unwilli ngly to the class room atat the sound of the bell, though- it isonly to get the attendance. The ring­ing of the bell also pu ts an end to thechattering and muttering of many agibberish soul. And as none of thestudent has any faith in Chesterton'ssaying: "An inconvenience is anadventure, rightly c(Jnsidered" whata cruel and exasperating inconveniencethe bell consigns to everyone of them!

It is only once in a while (except­ing Saturdays) that the college bellmay ring down the closing of thecollege, but alas that too is only for aday or so at the most. And what isa day after all-a few hours left after

writing of lab. records and reports inwhich one is supposed to eat .. drink(not alcohol, of course), play, sleepand even study! The day flees 'awayon wings and close on its heels daw nsthe next day amid the chimes of thecollege bell. Ring it must and ring itwill, in fair weather or foul.

But for all that .. the college bellremains something of a necessity andof unrivalled importance to a college.On what ground will a college standwithout a bell? If a bell were not toring in a college, where would theboys and girls be? Not in the college.any way ! Hence no bell, 110 collegeand thereby no pursuit of studies orspread of education; then who shalllook after Our Five Year Plans! Solet's hope, the college bell will go onringing in fair or foul weather, andin good and bad days, for all times tocome. And lets not forget the chapwho first conceived the idea of strik­ing a metal piece with a mallet.

SCIENCE AND RELIGIONBy Ashok Kumar A,nb lJ)(111i . Prep A?"t.r

I T is often thought and believed thatthere is fundamental contradiction

between Science and Religion. Thetwo are considered at varia nee in theiraims and purposes. Science is repre­sented as something whose sole aimis material aggrandizement and crea­tion of weapons of mass destruction.On the otherhand religion is consi­dered as something which pre-occupiesitself with findi ng harmony with

28

GC'l and not caring for the materialwelfare of mankind. Both theseviews are incorrect because they takea narrow and distorted view of theaims and purposes of both scienceand Religion.

In fact the prime objective ofScience as well as Religion is theService of mankind in the widestsense of the te rrn. It is no fault of

DESH

Science or of Religion that the personswho pursue and practice them applythe scientific or religious principlesand precepts wrongly. The real de­tect lies in the bases and prejudicesof individuals who see a contradictionin Science and Religion. For howcan the inventions of the scientistswhich restore vision to the blind,hearing to the deaf and legs to thelame, be ignored by a man of Religionor condemned by him as not useful?Similarly Religion can inspire themen of Science to undertake resear­ches which would result ill discoveriesthat eliminate many an ill ofhumanity..

Science is that branch of k now­ledge which unveils nature and peepsinto the mysteries of the Universe,On the otherhand, Religion is thatphenomenon of human nature thatsearches for God. It includes faith ill

the existence of the Supreme Being.Though the scope of Science and thatof Religion are different, yet in therealm of thought one crosses theregion of the other.

Sci e n c e has revolutionizedReligion. Before its advent Religionhad complete authority over themind and heart of man. But with thepassage of time it has lost its formersupremacy and degraded itself intoblind faith and supersti tio n. Sciencehas done one good thing to religion­it has shaken its basis of superstitionIt has induced a spirit of scientificinquiry in the matter of Religion.

Tile West is regarded as the homeof Science. There is a notion that a

DESH

struggle between religion and scienceis going 011 in tile West. Darwin, whopll t before the world the theory ofevolution of man, was treated withcontempt. Religion wanted to crushthis theory, but truth ultimately tri­um phed. This triumph has been avindication of science.

Gone are the days when peopledid not k1.10\V any'thing about the"Maid Servant:": Electricity; whentheir knowledge was limited to alittle circle. But 110W they have mas­tery over nature through scientificinventions and it has produced animpression that there is no God, orheaven, Mall's innate reverence forreligion has received a rude blow atthe hands of meddlesome Science.

Science deals with concrete factswhile religion deals w ith unknownentities. Science follows the pathof reason, while religion pursues thepath of meditation and belief.

By understanding the concept oflife we observe that neither sciencenor religion alone can discover thetruth. Religion, uncontrolled byScience, may lead us astray and makeus superstitious. On the otherhand,Science without religion will make usdogmatic, so we require both in themarch of life.

Truly speaking science has ra­tionalized religion. The scientificdiscoveries have proved how vastand mysterious nature is; bu t moremysterious is He who created it" Toseck Him we should pursue religiul1­but Religion divorced from Science.

29

"HOPEBy Malika Malik Prep. Arts.

HUMAN beings are never satisfiedwith their present position.

We have all sorts of powers, desiresand instincts which keep us busythroughout our lives. Because ofthese powers we remember our pastand imagine our future. That strangepower which we call remembrancealways looks back at bygone daysand entertains us in our loneliness.But there is also a power whichbrings forward-looking thoughts in toour minds. That power is known as'Hope".·

Hope plays a very important partin life. Li ving in the castles 0'£ hopewe think of far distant times and areso absorbed in it that we begin tosoar higher and higher in imagination.Without hope our lives would betasteless, because our joy wo-uld beso limited. Life is often a struggleand a bitter experience, but it is hopealone which makes it truly enjoyable.We may be dying of hunger, but we

hope for rich food, and that hopemakes us live. Hope is our bestfriend in misfortune. When everyoneelse leaves us in a tight corner hopeconsoles us. If we had' no hope inlife, then our lives would be withoutpurpose. Hope solves difficulties,encourages hard work, and exhorts usto work harder still.

Life takes strange courses. Some­time the journey of life is colourful;sometime desolate and barren. Butthere is always the hope that wewill turn the corner and get somethingfor our sincere efforts. In hope ofsuccess, students burn the mid-nightoil. In the hope of a beautiful pic­ture, an artist even forgets himself.Harsha, the great king of India, saidhe would be willing to give awayeveryone of his possessions excepthope. Without hope life is impossible.Hope sustains life. Life is .hope andhope is life itself.?"

---_._-------._---_.-.--_.----_ ...._._-_._---------------* "Hop, like the gleaming taper's light,

Adorns and cl.eers our waj',

And still, as darker grows the night,

Emits a brighter ray.'"(Goldsmith)

30

** Hope, like a cordial,innocent, though strong,

Man's heart, atonce,inspirits,' and serenes ;

Nor makes him pav,his wisdom for his [ovs.

(Young)

DESH

By Ajay Bhalla, B. Se. I year.

~'GOD helps those who help them-selves", says an old and well­

tried proverb. But we must knowthe clear meaning of "self-help". We,Imman beings, must learn self-helpand to live by the sweat of our ownkow. It develops the body as wellas the mind. It teaches a man tolllrink out of his own cistern, eat his-"n sweet bread and not to hang onto the labour of other people.

Schools and colleges provide only:the foundation of culture. But one'slife must be built on these culturalfoundations by one's own efforts.Ittere theoretical education has leastya1ue as compared with the practicalwe receive daily in every busy haunt ofman. To quote Bacon: 'Studies teachDOt their, own use, bu t there is awisdom without them won by observa­tions". For experience of life teachesthe lesson that a man can perfect him­self only by practical work ratherthan by book-reading. I t is life notliterature, action not study, characterDot biography, that is the essence ofan individual's worth. Book-learningignores this important aspect of edu­cation and makes individuals hangers­on of the labour of other people. Onthe other hand, book-learning is notforbidden to the individual so long asself-help and bodily labour count, forall national greatness and prosperitydepend on the way people helpthemselves.

DESH

Once a cartman had to passthrough a swamp. His cart got stuckin the mud. He tried his very bestto extricate it but could not. Thenhe prayed to God to come to his aid.But his conscience delivered him amessage as from some heavenly being.The message was that nothing wouldsucceed but self-help. The cartmanmust put his own shoulder to the wheeland then alone help could be soughtand given. He did so and the wheelsof the cart were S00n out of the mud,He had not to wait for his God's help.The moral which this incident Illus­trates is that dependence is a curseand self-help is the best help, Self­help teaches us to stand on our ownlegs and act independently. Everyman has to do his task. Living uponother's charity leads to loss of virtueand prestige. Self-help is the onlyway to be happy, great and successfulill life. A lion is said never to feedon ethers' kill. So it is not at all goodto bank upon others. Self-help mustbe cu ltivated by every-one at an earlystage of life. Children should not bespoon-fed. They, too, should be pro­perly directed and guided to helpthemselves. Without self-help a manis a straw which is at' the mercy ofevery wind. So we should never losecourage however big the obstacles maybe. We should always keep in rr ir.dthe word "self-help".

31

SOUNDB;, Rajat Batra, B. A. I year.

I love all sounds - the songs at morn and eve;Of sweet-tongued birds in many a mingled tune;TIle beetle s drone at night, and hum at noon;Of bees who from the flowers honey thieve;The roar of oceans when they wildly heave;Flutter of golden crops to be reaped soon;Tile serenade of night wind 'neath the moon;And voice of summer streams that wasting grieve.

There's music within each sound, harsh or sweet;'Tis heard in clatter loud of tramping hoofs;I n every vale-born echo it is found;In peal of temple bells too it doth beat:It falls from the rain's patter on the roofs:It lies in silence-silence too is sound.

PUBLIC OPINIONBy Aruna Duita, Pre-Medical II year.

I N these days of democracy muchimportance is given to public

opinion. As a matter of fact I feelthat public opinion is not properlyappreciated by most of the people,especially in orthodox countries likeIndia,

It may be noted that if the publ icis not properly educated it cannotform correct opinions about the pro­blems of the State or society. Toillustrate my point of view I refer toa parable.

Two sparrows were srttrng all atree. One of them was very happybut the other was extremely sad. The

32

sparrow which was gay' asked theother sparrow why she was unhappyThe latter replied that while flyingover a shop in the street that morningshe had heard the shopkeeper shout­ing that he was prepared to sell asparrow for two pice only, and thathad had a very depressing effect oneher. She was pained to lear n thather market value was so little.The gay sparrow at once rejoinedthat God had declared in many reli­gious books that He cared more fora sparrow than for an elephant. Didthat not show the Creator of theworld loved their cornmunity ? WIlYshould rhey worry about the opiniongof some people. No opinion should

DESh

perturb their peace of mind. T11is-.atement may be pure fiction butdie comfort which this parable pro­,meJ to the sad sparrow, who wouldocherwise have died of a broken heart,...-as immense.

Let it not be deemed that oneshould be absolutely indifferent topublic opinion. After all the vioceof the people is said to be the voiceof God. It plays a very major partin reforming some of our bad manners.k is always profitable for all classesof people to respect the opinions oftheir neighbours, and kith and kin; butall this does not mean that one shoululie a slave to every form of public.-pinion. The right course should beto respect public opinion on all vitalmatters (social and political and so011) that concern the society of whichone is a member. To be ignorant

'TIME

about this aspect of public opinion isto denote a lack of enlightened self­interest as well as interest in others.That is bad from every point of view.

Public opinion ca n, howev er , beignored or passionately denounced,according to the merit of the case, ifit happens to be based all prejudice,non-reason, bigotry "and selfishness.In SUCll cases it becomes the moralresponsibility of the enlightened citi­zens to put up a vigorous oppositionto it and save his fellow beings fromgoing the way of political mischief orself-injury or both,

Otherwise a sound. well-informedpublic opinion can become the bestdefence of democracy, both againstinternal abuse as well as against ex­ternal aggression-in whatever fromit comes,

BOMB !'By Suresh Gopal, B. Se. I I :vear.

THE mechanism of a time-bomb hasbeen set in motion. It is only a

question of a few months or even afew days before the warld comes togrief. The time-bomb is ticking awayfast.

TIle titne-bomb-BERLIN, carneinto being in August, 1945. It can becalled a by-product of the W orld WarII. TIle Allies-Britain, the U S. A.and the U.S.S.R.-of the World WarII. had agreed to divide Germany andBerIi n between themselves. It wasagreed to give France also a share in

DESH

the loot.

The agreement was arrived at thePotsdam Conference of 1945 attendedby Winston Churchill, Josef Stalin,and Franklin Roosevelr. They agreedthat on cessation of hostilities Berlin,as also' Germany, would be dividedinto four zones-each zone to be ad­ministered by one power. In an agree­ment of May 1949 the three WesternPowers, namely, Britain, France andU.S.A. agreed to merge their zones ofGermany and form the present Fede­ral Republic of Germany, popularly

33

known as West Germany, whereasthe Soviet Zone is known as the Ger­man Democratic Republic or EastGermany. Both these parts weregranted full. independent status onlyin May 1955. The four-power statusof Berlin is still maintained.

Berlin lies in the heart of EastGermany. The nearest point of con­tact with West Germany is Bonn, thecapital of West Germany which is110 miles away. West Berlin, i.e,part of Berlin administered by theWestern Powers, is linked to WestGermany by means of air-corridorsand road and rail paths runningthrough East Germany, over whichfree right of passage to any of thefour powers was agreed upon. In1948, under orders from Stalin theland acc~ss routes were closed to theWestern Powers. There followed amassive air-lift, under the direct com­mand of General Lucius Clay of theU.S. Army, in which literally every­thing from troops to coal for thepeople of West Berlin was carried byair into West Berlin. The "Blockadeof Berlin" by Russia was a completefailure.

Tile Western Powers have madeBerlin a prestige issue. The econo­mic, cultural and social life of thepeople of West Berlin has registereda phenomenal increase in recent years.They have never enjoyed SUCll pros-'perity at any time. On the otherhand, the people of East Berlin stillface great difficulties in securing con­sumer goods and other articles ofdaily use, The life of East Berlinerscompared to the life of West Berliners-is very drab. Many East Berliners

34

would godaily to work in the Westernpart of the city. Consequently, thereis great unrest among them. Manypeople flee daily to West Berlin aridseek refuge there.

In 1959, Mr. Krushchev threatenedto sign a separate peace treaty 'withEast Germany. The implications ofthis treaty are very deep. As the Wes­tern Powers did not and still do not re­cognise the independent status of.EastGermany, a separate peace treaty be­tween East Germany and Russia wouldforce them to recognise the indepen­dent status of the former, becausethen they would have to negotiatewith East Germany about the freemov ement of traffic and goodsthrough East Germany, which at pre­sent is granted by the Potsdam Treaty.

Recently, Mr. Krushchev has goneone step further in his threat byclosing the borders of East Berlin withWest Berlin, and declaring that hewould definitely sign a peace treatywith East Germany by the end of1961. Dernobilisation in the SovietArmy has been stopped. Nuclear test­ing by Russia has been resumed. TheWestern Powers have retaliated bysaying that they will not be brow­beaten by these intimidating tacticsof the Soviets. Instead, they wouldgo to the defence of West Berlin ifany liberty of the people was curtailedor if they were attacked. The twosides are poised menacingly againsteach other. But, let us not be pessi­mists. Let us hope t hat better sensewill prevail in the end, and that theticking of the time-bomb will bestopped well in time. In this case, itis a question of "Now Or Never" !

DESH

PANDU KRABEBy Goutant Banerjee, B. Se. I year.

Olampion! Buck up! Champion! Hey!who is that new fellow? He seemsto be an Indian! It's strange!

These were the words which werebeard on the race-course. The horsewho ran in the 'Derby race" wasChampion' and its Jockey-a twentyfour years old Indian.

Surely, it is a matter of surprise.The first Indian who participated inthe English Derby race was' PanduKhade. Pandu Khade is a renownedIndian Jockey in the present worldof horsemanship.

On a pleasant day in the year 1921this universally popular Jockey wasborn in the village Banvra of Kolha­pur in the family of a stable-keeper.His father was the stable-keeper ofMaharaja Rajaram. Although hereceived love and affection from hisfather yet he was deprived of thesame from his mother who had diedwhen he was very young.

At the age of eleven Pandu beganto earn his living by spinning clothand at that time this eminent horse­man earned one and a half annasdaily. But fate had something else instore for him. Pandu was to becomea jockey and when in the year 1936Maharaja Rajaram appointed him aworker in his stable, it was the begin­ning of Pandu's life of today.

The latent talents in Pandu be-

DESH

came visible to the king who decidedto make a skilled horseman of Pandu.During this period many people, wereinterested in race-course but onescarcely had the idea of making anIndian a Jockey. The Maharaja wasthe first person who had thoughtthat way. But he was not one ofthose men who did not succumb totheir thought. In the year 1933Pandu Khade was admitted' to anappren tice-school . of the WesternIndia Turf Club. After keeping himunder the care of well-known coaches,such as C. H. Nathmoor and N. D.Bhonsle, for about a year the Maharajaarranged to send Khade to Australia.But as ill luck would have it theMaharaja died and the fortune ofPandu remained suspended for a time.

A fter three full years his fortunetook a different turn and Pandusecured the opportunity of servmgunder the care of the famous Jockey,Walace Sibrit. Sibrit was reputedfor having raced in all the race cours­es of the world. Sibrit was a veryshort-tempered man. He paid moreattention to the tactics of winning arace than to winning the race bymere trying. Whenever Pandu wona race Sibrit never hesitated to punishhim for the slightest mistake in hismanner of racing. All the credit forwhich Pandu is leading a celebratedIife today goes to Sibrir.

In the year 1945 Pandu Klladebecame known to the Maharaja of

35

Baroda who took Pandu with him toEngland. T11at was the first chancewhen an Indian Jockey could takepart in an English horse race. InEngland Khade took part in abou ttwenty horse-races and stood first inone of them. Here he became thelucky Jockey of the horse 'Champion'.

111 reality the fortune of Khadewas becoming apparent now. He gotthe opportunity of going to Americafrom England with the horse ofPratap Singh and presented himselfin two horse-races. And, after twoyears, that is in the year 1947, thestars of Khade seemed to smile at him-and he began to progress with theutmost speed. On his retur n to Indiathe same year he got the champion­ship in horsemanship by competingin the Poona Horse Race. In thefollowing year victory seemed tostretch its hands and grasp him withreadiness, In the Indian Derby raceof 1950 Pandu played so well that healmost reached the peak of fame.Khade also won the Derby Race ofthe years 1956 and '57. By attainingthe championship five times inPorubay, twice in Pooria and once inB:lngalore he has made a record. Inthe history of horsemanship Khade isthe first Jockey who 11a8 had thechampionship for four continuousyears. Uptil today he has won about570 races among which the ChatrapariRajararn Maharaj Cup is of the high­ests importance to him.

Pa ndu Khade, \Vl10 1101ds a highposition in the field of Horse-racing"leads a peaceful life at home. Heremains busy by participating in horse

36

races in different parts of the coun­try and therefore hardly gets time toparticipate in affairs at home. Never­theless, he finds time, somehow orother, for his wife and children,

Pandu has a blind faith in Godand religion. His home is beautifullydecorated with pictures of the Lordand before embarking upon a certainproject he would first recommendhimself to God.

But even among all this happinesshe has not forgotten the benefitsgiven to him by Maharaja Rajaram.He has opened a School in the nameof the Maharaja in his village. Al­though the school has recently beenstarted all the same there are about 400students studying ill that school, 25percent of them are being given freeeducation. For the popularization ofthe school, Khade is trying his bestand has collected a large sum ofmoney for that.

We can barely find even onejockey like Pandu who has SUC1l highregards for his motherland and fordissemination of knowledge.

To Khade skill in his professionand ill life is of equal and unique im­portance.

Simple-minded Khade believesthat he can work not only to fulfilhis own purpose but also wi th adesire to be good to others. We prayfor a long and happy life for PanduKhade and earnestly hope that thefuture horsemen of India would main­tain all the records set up by him.

DESH

DESH

TWO POEMSBy Shri J. K. Jain, M. A., Lecturer in English.

(I) HOW LONG ?

I have stood, I have waitedto dissolve into the melodyof your presencemy Ego that struts, isolates,tightens its grip on me.You, who have disturbed meday and night,with joy, with anguish,(as though compelled by Necessity);Have understood the impulsebehind the solitary movementOf my finger;Looked deep into my

Saddening or brightening eye.It's you,my dear, dear companion!It's you I needtoldrink to the leesthe cool air flowingOver a landscape tranquil,with its parched lipsSlaked by a celestial shower ;to enjoy the Pastoral SymphonyOr Onkar's melodious ease;Or gaze at the veilthat half-conceals, half-reveals,a mellow moonSailing on a January night.I'll, all alone,grapple with the acheraging in my soul;Or, like Moses, toil throughburning sand or barren stone.But, to enjoywithout you to share my joy! 37

38

(ii) TWILIGHT IN CONNAUGHT PLACE

This is the place no one belongs to,

the .no man's land. The queuing throngs,

the scuttling feet, all impatient

to get back home. The restaurants are full

Of coffees, how-do-you-do's smart, chatter,

the cynical laughs that clatter

and come to nothing.

The wheels howl like dogs at night.

The parrots with their trailing green

tails

protract their mad chores to eternity.

The trees and the tall buildings

look on stunned.

o for an island of silence f

where one could recline and think?

Is there no rocket to the land

of thought ? Only the rushing wheel,

the wheel that gets inside, paralyses

the mind, the spirit

into a passive dial

to record its revolutions.

The Day at the moment of extinction

is pouring out his gold, his crimson.

Hardly a mystery

for the wheel, the wheel

incarnated within..

DESH

TWO HOURS BEFORE COLLEGEBy Saroj Aagrani, Pre.-Medical I yea r ..

TT is the time a few hours before I.1 leave for my college. Our house at.this time is in a real state of confu­sion. We all get t1P quite late; hencethe mad scramble for everything.

The morning usually starts withthe cook running from here to thereasking who wants what for breakfast.Finally when everyone has decidedthe poor cook .has so much to do thathe thinks it better not to ask anyquestions next time but do what helikes.

Once some time back when Ajit,my brother, was still tied to Mum'sapron strings. we heard a tremendouscrash from upstairs. Naturally worri­ed Mum called out:

"Ajit, what are you doing up there?""Nothing Mum," came a calm reply."What was that noise T'"What noise, Mum T""Whatever it was, stop doing what­

ever you were doing."··1 was brushing my teeth, Mum. Shall

I stop it ?""Really!"

Once everyone was wartmg forbreakfast. Mum and I were discuss­ing my new dress. Usha, my sister,was having a last minute check upin History and Dad was reading themorning news. Ajit had been givena pile of comics to keep him quiet,when there came a thin cloud ofsmoke..

DESH

"Toast is burning." Some onescreamed. By having peace for sometime we all, including the cook, hadforgotten about the toast. There wasa mad scramble to the side-board. Bythe time everyone was out of eachother's way and the toast saved, therewas nothing much left out of it.

While eating breakfast there isalways one grumble about the egg ortea tasting terrible. During thisperiod Ajit once asked Dad:

"Daddy were you a boxer beforegetting married ?"

"Why, son ?"

"Daddy, your nose is crooked.Boxers usually have such noses. "

Poor dad! N ever did he feel sohumiliated before.

After breakfast there is a madrush for everything. Chairs arescreeched back. Usha and Ajit rushfrom here to there looking for t.heirbooks.

"Where is my pen ?" U sha shouts."How would I know?" Ajit replies."You had it."HI did not."

The pen is promptly found inAjir's bag who, having borrowed it,had forgotten to return it,

39

Dad looks for his files which hehad left at a certain place the nightbefore and finds them under the bed.What a place! Then there are hurriedgood-byes said.When every body leavesI always hear Mum sigh with relief. I

can say that I always leave horne a fewminutes after everybody does. Nowonder a guest once remarked that itwas the maddest house he had evervisited.

LIFE'S RECOMPENSEBy Goutani Banerjee, B. sc. I year.

Your name, your fame, your \vorldlypossessions

Are but cow-dung in this mortalworld-

And are of no use.Your intellect, your ego, all your good

qualitiesAwait that eternal refuge­Which ye call Death.

Wha t you are, who are you ?What for ye came, whither shall ye

go ?Can you come with a ready-made

answer?Is there any foregone conclusion?Surely not !

You forget, you falter, you sin;Your vision is coloured­Infatuation, greed, jealousy and

contemptReign supreme.You are befooled with the mirageOf your own insatiable hankerings !

40

You dream of rubbish, nonsenseWhich you get not.Know ye not that all your glory,Your deeds will mingle in dustAt last?

From the moments of your birthTill the very minutes of your deathWhat achievement you leave behind?

Science ! Religion ! Medical Aid !Are all mute spectatorsAgainst that clarion call !You lament. You sufferTIle pangs of separation.It makes you weak and remorseful,But is there any way out ?Any outlet? No! Ye helpless

creatures!From the very minutes of your birthYour fate is sealed.There is no escape from it.

So, you, oh blind friendsAcquire virtueIn the form of charity!Lead a pious and honest life.

DESH

Ycur good deeds, your nobleness aloneWill pay you in the long run.

'God helps those who help themselves'.It is correct in the truestSense of the term.Help the poor, your sick, destitute,Hungry brethren,For the same soulDwells in all.

"Arise, awake, till theGoal is not reached".Fear not, Great Soul!You have the PowerTo revolutionize the world.

Shake off the nervous complex,Wake up from your lugubrious

slumber,Choose the right path,Act according to the dictatesOf your conscience !If your brain and heartAre in conflictFollow the HeartAnd you WOI1'1 t be wronged.

Courage, determination,And, above all, a strong will,Are all that are wanted.For the word "Impossible"Is written in the dictionary of fools.

HUl\;10Ul~1 OF A BUFFOONBy K. J. Murli Kumar, B. Se. -II year.

I T was only a few months since Imarried Sheila, a pretty gal or, (I

must face facts) a young woman, or,to be more gentlemanlike-a pretty,young lady who was in the middle ofher glorious teens; a just-blossomed(take it in any way you want) gradu­ate from the cosmopolitan universityof Delhi. An~T college boy wouldhave called her-as a swell piece of ...you know what we would havecalled her. May be you all know thatI have always sorta gone well withthe sweeties. I've got that sortasomething that they like and eventhough I am as ugly as a couple ofbullpups, still it is that sorta uglinessthat makes a gal go for you becauseshe likes to think that after people

DESH

have looked at your mug and gasped..,they'll look at her and breathe a sighof relief. So you needn't wonderhow I picked up that swell one oftop class. For you educated guys.I may, as well, compare her with thatGreek beauty, Helen, who, you mayrecall, launched a thousand ships.That's about my wife's looks and nowlet us come to the interesting part ofher having been very unorthodox andmodern in her college-days.

We fixed up a flat in the DefenceColony, a nice two-bedroorned housewhich was further beautified by mywife's modern tastes of superior in­terior decoration. The very firstevening of our Pri\TY Couple's life I

41

returned from the office just to sniffa sort of funny, unusual smell comingfrom the kitchenette. I sat down onthe sette and slowly unlaced m-y shoesand walked around to my room tochange. I find that I am cordiallyreceived by my wife, who had prob­ably heard my footsteps and was look­ing for the visitor. She burst our,the moment she saw me, "I've a newsavory for your tiffin-Guess what TShe hands over to me a plate of--well,I don't know whether I should callit a solid or a liquid. It aint a solidfor I can see small stream-like endsto the piece; neither can I call it aliquid 'cause it was handed to me ina flat plate. Well, well, well I' Maybeit's something semi-solid or semi-liquidor maybe It's best I lea ve it for thechemists to invent a new name for asubstance in a transitionary stagebetween a solid and a liquid. I triedto guess with some names of savories,I've heard of, but for everyone ofthem, she replied", Better luck nexttime, honey. Come on try more"; till,at last, my vocabulary of dishes appro­ached zero and I gave up. She gaveit a funny name (or should I call itvery modern one; which I fail torecall.

After trying har.I to cut it withthe spoon, she had offered, I askedher, "where did you pick up thishard-grease T", at which she got sortaoffended and walked back, with afrown to the kitchen. My curiosityto find the inventor, the composition,and the ~ metho.i of preparation grewfast, as tirn e passed on. Inevitably,I walked towards the kitchen andafter a formal apology, which seemed

42

to satisfy her, I asked, politely thistime,· "who taught you to make sucha thing anyway ?". Seeing my plateempty she beamed out.t'you did like it.didn't you?" (So my friends, I admitthe truth that I threw that mess outof the window en route to the kitchen.Little does she know about this.)To cool her down and make her talkI had to be pally and so, said "(Boys!was it nice or was it not?) Truly, I'venever tasted one of its class before".(Actually, I had never tasted one ofits class and pray to God to keep meaway from 'em for all the time tocome.) "I am sorry I offended you,darling. Take it all as a joke andforget about it now." She seemedbuttered enough and said that shePicked it up from one of those awfulradio broadcasts. In my mind, dearfriends, I can assure you, that I wasdoing nothing but cursing the Broad­casting authorities for having shootedout such a terrille dish on a wave­length which could be so easily pickedup by my wife.

This sort of making (or shall I saydeveloping) new dishes every eveningbecame a habit for my wife and Ihad no other atlernative but to acceptthem with a grin; lest she should getoffended. (oh ! not that I care muchfor her anger.) One fine evening, I111USt add, a.very fine evening, I wastrying hard in my mind to find away to clear up the new dish in myplate when my friend, my very bestfriend. Vijay carne along. I mustadd that he's a very very .... goodfriend, The one and only one whoknows the right time to come. Ioffered him, without the slightest

DESH

hesitation, and/or apologies, my plate.He, as usual, being modest and veryformal (or did he already know aboutmy wife's eccentric dishes?) refusedto take it. But this time I forcedhim to take it (lest I should have hadtn to eat it up after .his departure).His visit, on this occasion was veryshort. You, my friends, and I arethe only ones who know the reasonbut dear friends, my wife didn't evenbother to dig it up. Surely. betweenyou, me and the lamp post, I admitthat no one can, stand any more ofcordiality after eating the dishes mywife cooks.

The inventions, ir I may call mywife's dishes so, increased rapidlyalong with the latest developmentsin Science; for she started makingmore dishes picking some from thesunday newspapers and some fromthe T. V. cook's program? I wouldvery much it was called "crook'sprogram", Time came, at last, whenI could stand no more of her inven­tions, discoveries or whatever maybe the correct name, and I yelled ather "No More H! Please! Have

mercy on me! No More." ... At thisinstant.T found myself up from nicesleep and my elder brother by myside. He said, "Ya, Murali, no moreof that sleep. Be up and get readyfor your college. You admitted itjust now. No more. Come on."[Little does ·he know of the situationin my drearn.)

EPILOGUE

Caught gazing at the "JustMarried" snaps in a ··w'eekly, my friendsaid, "Too late, Murali, to think ofthem. Try and pick out one of the'many unmarrieds." Down on mybed, late at night,-Umy' place andtime of sweet thoughts and dreams"-I recalled my friend's words andstarted thinking about one of theup-to-date modern girls as my wife.I am ignorant as to when I sank intothe luxurious cushions of sleep, butfriends, you all know what happened.Who knowsjthat it was all up in a­dream; would'nt it come in reality l:

RADIATION & HEREDITYBy Shri V. N. Pasricha, M. Se.

SIN CE the beginning of history lifeof man has been shadowed by the

fear of war. Since the end of theSecond World War man's fear of warhas been considerably heightened bythe invention of nuclear bombs.These bombs have immense destruc­tive power but their after-effects,

DESH

usually called the-fall outs, are farmore devastating, and are likely tolinger for a long period causing un­told sufferings not only to the presentgeneration but to many later genera­tions of the survivors. Worldattention is being increasingly focussedupon the dangers to the human race

43

of misused atomic energy and therehas been a lot of hue and cry fromvarious quarters of the world againstthe test explosions by various leadingcountries of the world", .These ex­plosions pollute the atmosphere byincreasing its radioactive contents.This radioactivity has not yet reacheddangerous limits but goes on increas­ing with each explosion.

The phenomenon of radioactivityis spontaneous and uncontrollable. Wehave various natural radioactivematerials on the earth, which go all

disintegrating by themselves emittingalpha, beta and gamma radioacrionswhich harm the body tissues. Variousartificial radioactive substances havebeen prepared in many atomic plantsof the world and these are much morepowerful than the natural ones, Anuclear explosion also results in theproduction of many artificial radio­active substances in the atmosphere.These substances have a fixed life ofradioactivity which cannot be cutshort. One of such substances is anisotope of carbon, C 14, which has alife of 8070 years. Man is thus in­creasing the overall radioactivi ty onand around the world whereas it isimpossible at present to diminish thisactivity. The radiations on the earththus go on increasing and so also theirdetrimental effects on living beings.

A living being, animal or plant,consists fundamentally of cells. Thenuclei of cells are complicated pro-

• At the time of submitting this articleRussia has exploded 19 bombs, andAmerica 3 bombs within a very short

.period after a 10 .g lapse of inactivity.

44

teins consisting of thread-like struc­tures called chromsomes in which arelodged the physico-chemical packages,the basic hereditary materials, namely,the genes. A gene is a giant moleculemade up chiefly of a chemical sub­stance called deoxyribonucleic acid.These genes are related to varioustraits' in the living individual. Ineach nucleus they occur in pairs, onecoming from either parent. A num­ber of pairs of them may be responsi­ble for a particular trait in humanbeings. The genes do not mix up,not lose their character when passedon to the next generation in the act ofreproduction. I will make this clearby a simple example in plants. Apurely tall plant will have two genesfor tallness, and a purely dwarf onetwo for dwarfness (TT and tt respec­tively). If tall and dwarf plants arecrossed the resultant generation willbe all tall, with genic combinationTt, as genes of tallness dominate overdwarfness. TIle plants of this gene­ration are not purely -tall, for theyare tall outwardly, but inwardly carrya gene for dwarfness. If these plantsare crossed among themselves, the~enes for tallness and dwarfness willsegregate in the subsequent generationso that we will again have purelytall and purely dwarf plants. In thiswav the genes retain their individu­ality and have the basic property ofextreme precision iu self-duplicationfor m for generations.

Usually the genes are stable che­mical structures but by some agencieslike heat, X-rays and radioactive raysthere is interference in the chemicalarrangement of their molecules, Any

DESH

lOch change in a gene is called mu­tation, and it is a failure in precisionin the fundamental property of self­Olpying. If such a change occurs- inthe reproduction cells of an indivi-dual there is likelihood ofa newspecies in the next generation. How­ever over 99 per cent of thesemutations are 11arPlfuiand the off­springs in the next generation do notsurvivee In one .percent of thesemutations a new type of offsprings,entirely different from their parents,are possible. This is how evolutionhas be en taking place in the world,mutations constituting the rawmaterial for evolution. The favour­able mutations, when th.ey occur,increase the adaptive fitness of theorganism to meet the requirementsof the environment and enable itbetter to survive and leave a largerprogeny behind. The new mutantgenes thus became a permanentcharacter and the process is callednatural selection.

Radiations are directly responsiblefor causing mutations in the cells ofliving beings. Apart from theirdirect effects like cancer, burns andleukemia, we are concerned here withtheir effects on i reproductive cellswhich govern the heredity. Theradiation dose received by an indivi­dual is measured in. terms of Rontgen.(Ir) is that much amount of radiationwhich produces 1~7 ionisations in thehuman body. A part from radioactiverays from bombs another type ofradiation called cosmic rays has beenshowering on the earth since timeimmemorial. They originate in thei nterscellar space and are attracted by

DESH

the earth's magnetic field. These raysatoo ionise the body t issues and havebeen the principal cause of mutationsin all .living beings. In a period ofthirty years the' total dose of radio­activity due to this matural pheno­menon is of the order of 4.7 r forthe 1111m~n body. This is called theback-ground radiation and the humanbody has been standing this muchdose without ill effects. It is inter­esting to note that effects of these

. radiations are cumulative, that is,they go all adding up with time,irrespective of the source. Nuclearexplosions at the present rate willamou nt to a dose of only 0.3 r in 30years. This does not seem verystartling at the outset,

Scientists are of firm opinion thatfall-outs from bombs will not produceas much harm as results from wearingwrist watches with Radium-coated dials!This is rather a startling revelationbut r rue, for experiments have shownthat all individual can get as high ·adose of radioactivity as 26 rill 20years by wearing such a watch dayand night. This is really a potent­ially harmful magnitude. Similarly aperson going to a dentist or a doctorfor regular X-ray check-up may get adoze of 3 r in 30 years which againis ten times stronger than the effectsof radiations from bombs. Both thesepractices should be discouraged vehe­mently for the good of mankindbecause, apart from causing injuriesto the individual, the radiations fromthe dial or the X-rays will producedeleterious mutant genes in the re­productive cells and the effect willbe propagated in the coming genera-

45

At-ave all, I can not forget the few

I am sorry for this liberty (orlicence, if you like .it that way) tomy mind that keeps on roving. Iwas talking about the lack of religiousfervour' in lIS.••••••We retraced 'oursteps and came dow n to Hardwar,

Our journey was ·not however,without its moments', of glory. "Forquite sometime the Ganges remainedwith us, like a faithful companion.She raised our spirits by her charm­ing antics. She would disappear fora little while and re-appear all of asudden, She would shrink into apetty stream and then expand onceagain. She would lift herself intoHesse ian symbol (see 'Siddha rtha' byHerman Hesse) and, then come backto its everyday, material self.

Then, there was an exquisite spoton the way from Rishikesh to Srinagar,I know that I should not be for­given for not knowing its name (butwhat's there in a mere name?) Thiswas a ger.ui ne oasis in that wilderness,a shady haunt among the ArabianSands'. It had trees with green leavesandcool shades, a brook flowing ener­getically. In the vast landscape stret­ching before us, we could see terracedfields, fascinating green trees, grow­ing sporadically though. It came asan intense relief, like the fleetingecstasy of spiritual illumination t hatvisits a seeker, who is groping indarkness, and leaves him all the moredistressed.

Lila orl)ivineCapric ious ness,Wisdom '1

sympathetic, forgiving, sensrtrve, andrise, in a real sense, above their pettydegraded selves and take life itself asa sacred voyage on the ocean ofeternity. But more often than not,they turn into a meaningless ritual,performed unintelligently and givethe common people the false satisfac­tion of being religious, i.e., formalis­tic (even with a vengeance) for thetime the sacred expedition lasts, whichencourages them to settle back, onreturning, into their pitiful, self­centred 'worldly' existences withoutbeing troubled by any such thing asa tender conscience. By this frankanalysis, I do not mean to suggestthat this part of the wonderfulattempt of Hinduism to organize theentire life of its followers round acommon spiritual objective should bescrapped. Because" for that matter,we will be compelled to abolish allinstitutions and that will result iT1perfect chaos. It is a strange ironyof human nature that if we keep theinstitutions, we become patternisedand regimented and tend to lose ourvitality, 'suppleness', and freedom. Ifwe do away with them. we are ship­wrecked and lost in utter confusion.Human life is a strange dilemma. Itsduality is so painful. It has its gran­deur and nobility; it has its wicked­ness and depravity-its God andSatan, Othello and raga. It compelsus to love it and work ceaselessly forthe realization of its highest possibi­lities; it compels us to give up hope,embrace despair and even death.Normal human intelligence feels per­plexed, unable to solve this riddle:what is it that lies at the heart ofthi ngs-e-Absurdiry, Malice, Playful

DESH 51

moments that I s pent at the conflu­ence of Alakhnanda and Mandakiniat Rudraprayag. The two streamsappeared to have fallen in love atfirst sight. They were locked in apassionate embrace and, in thernadd­ening raptures of the union, \vereroaring with delight. I had refresh­ing dips in their cool waters. In theevening when they glistened in thesoft moonlight, I listened to the un­tutored strains of a flute, played onby a rustic youth (a swain) whom Ihad picked up just by chance. Hewas one of the race of the 'hardypeople who, though engaged in ahard struggle for mere subsistence,retain their zest for life and takesome time off to abandon themselvesspontaneously to its gay rhythms.

At Hardwar we relaxed for a fewdays at 'Shantiniketa n', a tolerablygood hotel. Our hotel looked kindlyout to 'Har Ki Pairhi', the glory ofHardwar. Here the Ganges is divid­ed into two branches. In the shal lo w­er part, people take the sacred ba thwhich is supposed to cleanse them ofall foulness. Men and women, of allages and all kinds, gather here ill largenumbers to bathe in the baptismalwater. It was frightening to see one'sfellowmen wanting desperately topurify themselves by means of aphysical act and going back beamingwith the notion that they have £l11­filled their highest moral and religiousresponsihility. Superstition loomedlarge in its crude form.

It is in the evening that this place

52

reveals its manifold appeal. Men andwomen repair here for all sorts ofpurposes -- social get-together. fun andentertainment, sight,-seeing, a plea­sant stroll and religious upliftrnent.The banks of this fair ly long stretch oftile Ganges are well developed, full ofparks and shops catering sweets, fruitsand pungent cheats, Here is a strangemeeting of the medieval and tilemodern, the religious and the secular.Temples in the traditional style he bythe side of modern constructions, theelectric bulbs with earthen lamps.Smart, modern dressing styles display­ing the curves of the human bodyhobnob with traditional modes, de­signed to hide those contours. Thefashionable a-religious sort confinethemselves to the places of eating andparks quite contented with a stroll;the religious sort sit round theirpastors in small groups and hold com­rnunity prayers (~kirtans'). The in­spired ones can be seen dancing in afrenzy of religion and thus payingtheir special homage to the Lord. Thekirtans last for hours together. I thinkthey are the most wonderful form ofworship that we have evolved. Inrhe rhythmic rise and fall of theinstruments and human voices, it be­comes quite possible to forget ordinarysorrows and joys and be transportedinto higher realms on the waves ofIn usic. If only illy half-educatedfriends, in their enthusiasm for mo­dernity did not sneer at them ! I feelevery effort should be made to pre­serve it as a vital part of our dailylife.

Late at night, when the din andnoise has died down, with your feet

DESH

tlangling in the cool water, you canpze at the star-lit firmament and'perceive the mighty harmony existinglletween the human spirit and Natureand enter into a silent communionwith your Self for the whole placeradiates holiness. And then your hearttoes out to the tiny flames floatingserenely on the expansive waters ofthe Ganges.

Here I discovered an interestingcharacter. He was a 'Baba' with thestandard appearance that is enough toraise a person in the holy estimationof the masses : saffron robes, long hair(not quite unlike that of La BelleDame Sans Merci), and a venerablebeard. His individuality was establish­ed by his exceedingly small and fragileframe, eyes buried deep in theirsockets, a shaggy face and conspicuouscheek-bones. I was quite amused tofind him singing ghazals to the accom­paniment of an ancient sitar, perhapsthe most important item in his patri-mony. He formed the centre of anassortment of people ranged roundhim in a circle. A half clean, halfdirty rag was spread before him onwhich his admirers threw coins toexpress their appreciation of hismusic. He played variations of thesame tune. His repertory consistedof only those lyrics which could fallto the sitar-accompaniment. I mustconfess that after being deprived ofmusic for such a long time, I was fill­ed with delight though there wasnothing extraordinary about hismusic. Ioverflowed with gratitude,In my excitement, I took out a onerupee note and with a smile hurled itin the direction of the Baba. He

DESH

paid file back with a few more ghazals.,a gracious ismile and even a wink. Iknew I had struck an understandingwith him. A fter he had finished, Iwent up to him. and invited him tomy room. Next morning -l1e appearedpunctually. Mr. Pasricha asked himto render a. poem of his own but hisskill failed him. Then I sang a ghazal,in my eminently unmusical manner,and requested him to reproduce it onthe sitar. His performance was nobetter . We decided not 'to ernbarassour artist any more and rested ccntentwith whatever he gave. Now theglory faded away from both hisvoice and instrument. He did" how­ever, more than make up for thefailure of his art by allowing me afrank glimpse into his mode of living.I came to learn that he and hiscompanions sp-ent most of their t irnein bouts of smoking, drinki ng andharlotries. He also told me about thetricks they employed to cheat thesimple-minded people into believingthat they possessed supernaturalpowers and could perform miracles.That was how they earned theirlivelihood. Yet I could not be hardon that poor chap, though I burnedwith indignation against their tribe.There was a strange intensity in hiseyes, a pleasing warmth on his facear d a fervour in his soft voice thatmade me feel that he was basically adecent sort. This· sight of a hollowlife, the ruins of humanity, left memore pained than angry.

We left Hardwar for Simla; for'fresh woods and pastures new'.

(To be concluded)

53

AI30U'!' ()VE I{SEI~,rES

'The prophet's mantle, ere his, flightbegan,

Dropt on the world-a sacred gift toman."

Thus wrote Campbell in his poem:Pleasures of Hope. Little did weknow in ]llly, 1960, that in July, 1961admissions to the college would estab­lish an all-time record. Last yearwhen we were a little over 1000 weremarked that we had touched thepeak figure and could under no cir­cumstances contain more. But lookat the wonder of wonders: we are1100 strong, It may seem to anoutsider that we must have openedour doors to every caller. No ;believe it or not, we turned backquite a few. It we had not we wouldhave faced the same situation as didGulliver in the land of the Lillipu­tians when he awoke after his sleepof over 9 hours. We are, in a way,glad that our prophecy did not comeout to be true; we would have beenliterally swamped with students,Notwithstanding the consequentialinconvenience to the older populationthe new entrants are welcome to thefold with the usual greetings andgood wishes. We hope they, in theirown turn, will wish the same totheir seniors.

Staff

In another direction, 110WeVer'lour prophecy has come true. Oldand well-established traditions havebeen kept up with full vigour and

54

faith, Members of the Staff havebrought honour to the college andcomfort to themselves. -the latter, ofcourse, conjugal and filial. ShriS. K. Goyal, Lecturer in Economics.has been awarded the degree of Ph.D. by the Delhi University for. histhesis: Some Aspects of Co-operativeFarming ·in India wtth special refer­ence to the Punjab". Shri K. C.Kanda, Lecturer in English, returnedto his post after taking the M. A.degree (for his thesis on the Poetryof Wilfrid Seawen Blunt, 1840-19_2)from the Nottingham University.Shri C. L. Nahal, Lecturer in Englishhas been awarded the degree of Ph.D.by the Nottingham University for histhesis on D. H. Lawrence. He willbe hack by the end of November, 1961We congratulate these three gentle­men for the distinction won bythem. Three distinctions in one yearare more than we could have bargain­ed for.

In the domestic sphere Membersof the Staff have not been any theless ambitious and successful. ShriD. S. Mann, Lecturer in Physics andShri P. S. Dabas, Lecturer in Hindi,have been blessed with sons-we meanone each. Shri S. P. Malhotra, welearn from sources above suspicion,laid the foundation of a happy lifebefore he flew to the land of multipletern prations, It was most probably,very wise of him, for does net theBible say: 0 Lord! send us not temp­tations: we are weak and may notresist them. In acting thus, he was

DESH

following a senior colleague in theDepartment. What we do 110t relishis the hush-hush manner and theconsequent evasion of a hearty feast.This has happened a second time,and we fear may become a tradition.We are, however, very glad that ShriC. P. Malik is not following either ofthe two: he has got himself betrothedand is going to be married before themonth of November runs out, "Quickwork," said Lord Nelson to Hardyand so do we. W e wish him allhappiness in his married life. Wecannot but commend this healthvrivalry to other younger members 0"'£the Staff in other Departments.

Members of the Staff have main­tained their export quota. Shri S. P.Malhotra has gone to the Universityof Chicago In U.S.A. for higher studiesin Chemistry. Shri C. P. Malik, too,is contemplating to leave for researchat the University of Harvard in theStates. He would have accompaniedShri S. P. Malhotra but for Cupid'sdelay-action arrow and Hymen's call.

Shri Adars h Deepak, Lecturer inPhysics, left us to join the Staff ofthe K. M. College, Delhi. He was agentleman of various interests andtalents and we are really sad to losehim.

Mrs. Manik Khanwalker, Lecturerin Botany, has left to take IIp a jobnearer horne in the I. C. S. R officeon the Rafi Marg. 110w great is ourloss we discovered only the otherday when she sang in. the music con­cert in the college hall. She has amelodious voice.

DESH

Miss Aruna Bhattacharya, Lec­turer in English, stayed with us fora brief spell. of 3 months. She wasthe "Spirit of Delight' and her pre­sence in the Staff room made it ringwith sweet, mild laughter:

We extend our heartfelt condo­lences to Shri V. P.'Girdhar, Lecturerin Economics, on the sad, demise ofhis revered father." May the depart­ed soul rest- in peace ,r

We are sorry to hear the sad newsof the death of Ruchi Ram, a peon inthe office. Our sympathies go to hisfamily.

College Office

Shri M. L. Rustogi and Shri R. C.Gupta joined the College as Accoun­tant and Senior Clerk respectively.Shri P. P. Tyagi, who has been work­ing as Senior Clerk, resumed hisduties in the library.

Elections

Elections of the office-bearers ofthe College Union, the V.N.S.A andof Supreme Councillors were held inAugust, 61. Canvassing was brisk.Candidates and their supporters didnot spare pains and money to boosttheir 'horses' and hopes. All availableplaces : walls, corridors, black-boards,idle-stacked furniture were pressedinto service for display of posters andslogans. Scented cards and leafletswere distributed galore till the collegewas converted into a perfumery, Theatmosphere was reminiscent of thetriumphal march of the Roman con­querors or Browning's Patriot:

55

It was roses, roses, all the way,With myrtle mixed in my path

like mad:

the smell of rose, jasmine andmany other flowers im pregnated thesurroundings of the college withfragrance. Counting of votes was anordeal and the manner and the speedwith which it was done deservespraise. Shri D. S. Bhalla and ShriR. C. Pillai did a commendable job,indeed. Following are the results ofthe elections :-

(a) The College Union

Adviser: Shri D. S. BhallaPresident: Roop Lal B. Se. Hons

Maths. IIIVice-Preside11t : Vas Dev B. A. ISecretary: Madan Satya B. Sc. IIIAsstt. Secretary:Ram Lal B. A.

Hons. IIRepresentatives :Subodh Saxena B.A.

(Pass and Hans)and B.Sc. IIISubhash Kuckreja B.A.(Pass and Hans)and B.Sc. IIlang Bahadur BA. I(Pass and Hans)and B.Se IAshok Chadda Pre­Medical I and IIJanak Raj Qualifying(Arts and Science)

(b) The U. N. S. A.

Adviser : Shri R. C. PilliPresident : Kalyan Jain B. SCI

Hans. III

56

Secretary ~. Satish Khanna Pre.Med. II

Representatives: Chandra Prakash B.A.II B. A. (Pass andHons)Ramesh Mittal B.Sc. IB.Sc. (Pass and Hons)Prem Lal Nahar PrepArts Qualifying. (Artsand Science)

(c) The Supreme Council (UniversityUnion) -;

1. Kalyan Jain B. Se. Hons. III2. Deepak Khosla B. A. Hons. III3. Sneh Sharma B. A. III4. B. N. Swaroop B. SCi. III5. Uma Dogra B. A. III6. Sneh Prabha B, A. III7. J. N. Malik Prep. Arts8. lnder Oberoi B. A. II9. Sav ita Nagpal B. A. Hons III

10. Chancier Mohan

The College Union

Inaugurat.ing the College UnionShri N. Sanjiva Reddy, President ofAll India CongressCommittee, made aforceful plea for proper understandingof the role of Student Unions as aninstrument of education andtraining of the youth. Disagreeingwir h some recent uncharitable criti­cism of Student Unions and the viewthat they are superfluous and redun­dant, Shri N. Sanjiva Reddy madean appeal to the student com rnun itythat they .must have a broad outlookand should 110t quarrel overtrifles, showing indecency on theirpart by creating disturbance while thefunction is going on.

DESH

He remarked, HI welcome all theseUnions as theylIOunds for ourlapect to ta keat responsibilityl£Derations". Theerand success.

are the trainingyouth whom weup the burdenof the corningfu nction was a

and told of the necessity of suchAssociations. After the imaugura­rion there was a small variety pro­gramme, too, in which S. P. Sharma,Tejpal, 'Vijay K. Kllnal, and HiraLal took part. The function was agreat success.

The Philosophical 'Discussion 'andRecreation Group

The History Association

Following students have beenelected to various offices of theHistory Association for the year1961-62,

Members of the PhilosophicalDiscussion Grollp paid a visit to theNational Museum. As the weatherwas uncertain the group was rathersmall. But that did not detract 'fromthe enjoyment of the occasion. It isplanned to have a series of usefultalks in win ter.

Adviser: Shri B. B. Saxena.Predsident : K. Ganesh B.A. IIVice-President .. K. Dewan B.A. IISecretary: Raj Kumar B.A. IJoint Secretary .·B. S. Mittal Prep.Representatives :Param Pal- Singh

B. A. III "P. S. S. RaghavanB.A~ (Pass & Hans) IIKiran SharmaB. A. (Pass & Hans) IJKanchan Khanna Prep.

Mrs. M. ThomasDiriesh Joshi B. A. IIIPadrna Avadhani B.A. III

Adviser:

President:

Secretary :

After a week a Hindi PrizeFreshets' Debate was organized bythe U nian. Only those students tookpart who spoke for the first time onthe college stage or who had never"won any prize in a Hindi debatein this college. The aim of this debatewas to give an opportunity to thosestudents of the college whose talentsare hidden due to their non-participa­tion. About eleven teams took partand the function was a gra nd success,Yog Rag got the first prize. MohiniRaina and Ayay got the 2nd prizes.

The subject of the debate was,Fror~ Cf)) ~r\ifrrTfa- if ~T~ ;r~T ~'1r :;;rlf~if!

The u. N. S. A.

The U. N. S. A. was inauguratedon 9th November, 1961 by Shri R. K.Nehru. Secretary General, Mi11istryof External Affairs. Mr. Nehruaddressed the members of the Associa­tion. In his scholarly and charmingaddress Mr. Nehru threw light on thefunctioning and success of the U. N.He also gave a clear picture of therole our country is playing inmaintaining world peace. He alsoacquainted the students with theirwould be duties and the efforts theyshall have to make for maintainingfriendship and fraternity among thepeoples of the world. He also praised

DESH 57

The Association went on a Picnic­cum- historical trip to the Qutabon Sunday, the Ist of October,61. Shri B. B. Saxena, the Adviser,explained the significance and archi­tectural style of the various monu­ments. The programme includedsongs, pcems, Qawalis and tit-bits.A delicious luuch and tea were servedto the participants.

The Association organized a his­torical trip to Agra, Fatehpur Sikriand Mathura during the Autumnvacation.

The Sindhi Literary Society

credit for the successful organizationgoes to Pushpa Davani, Premi Bham.bhani, Kiku Motwani, Shaku Rai­singhani, Dhani, Asha Bijlani, AshaRamsinghani, Gopi, Tikam, LakhuSudhakar, Hari Kirtani, Nari DaryaniSunder, .Nari Gulrajani. Ramchand,Tulsi Harjani, Ashok Raisinghani,Kishin Vazirani and host of others.

Champa Bhatia of Pre-Medical IIyear class participated in the Debateorganized by the Sindhu Samaj, Delhi,and won the first prize. Our con­gratulations.

The Bengli Literary Association

The Hindi Parishad

Secretary : Ratna Lahiri

Joint Secretary :K.. B. Bagchi

Treasurer : Purnima Chatterji

The first Meeting of the GeneralBody of the Bengali Literary Associa­tion was held on 12th Aug. 1961. Theannual report fer the last year wasread out by the outgoing Secretary,Dilip Saha, and the annual budget ofthe Association was discussed by theoutgoing Treasurer, Madan Bannerji,The following office-bearers havebeen elected for the academic year,1961-62 :

Following students were electedoffice-bearers of the Society for theyear, 1961-62.

Adviser: Shri S. M. jhangiani

President : Pushpa Davani

..Secretary : Tikam Chabria

Joint Secretary :Lakhmichand Tewani

Representatives .Iagdish Motwanifjari KirtaniIshwar NaraniThakur BhatiaGopi Khemani

The first meeting of the Societywas held on 6th October, 1961.Pushpa Davani presided. Dhani Lal­wani alldAsha Bijlani's Sindhi songswere the high lights of the meeting,

Fresident :

Adviser :

Dr. A. N. Banerji

Shri A. K. Poddar

The Society organized a picnic atthe Buddha ]ayanti Park on 29thOctober, 1961. It was attended by arecord number of members. The

58

Following students have beenelected office-bearers of the HindiParishad for the year, 1961-62.

DESH

Adviser:

President:

Shri O. P. Kohly

Subhash VermaB.A. II

Vice President : Chandra MohanB. A. II

Secretary: Gopal Arora B. A. II

Joint Secretary :Kul Bhushan BhasinB. A. I

On 19th of September, 61. TheAnnual Inauguration function of theParishad was held.. Shri Gurudatta,the famous Hindi novelist. deliveredthe inaugural address. Hindi songsand recitation of poems were the im­portant items of the programme.Aridaman, Veena Dar, Purnima, NagLaxmi and Kalyan Jain gave Hindisongs and recited poems.

The Sanskrit Parishad

The first meeting of the SanskritParishad was held on 9th Sept. 61.Dr. N. N. Chaudhuri, Head of theDepartment .of Sanskrit, Delhi Uni­versity, presided and Dr. R. V. Joshiwas the chief guest. PurushottamLal Vij spoke in Sanskrit explainingthe importance of Sanskrit in thepresent times. Shashi Prabha sanga melodious song in Sanskrit from the"Gita Govinda", In the end Dr.N. N. Choudhur i gladly remark~dthat in this college the Sanskrit Pari­shad was very .ictiv e. He gave adviceto the students to try to speak inSanskrit and in order to achieve fluentspeech to read easy and interestingSanskrit books, such as the 'Hitopade­sha' and the Pancha Tantra.

The Social Service League

The following were appointedoffice-bearers of the League for theyear, 1961-62.

The League helped the College

Vice-President: Vasdev Gursahani

Secretary : Rajat Batra

Joint Secr etary :}agdish Sood

.1\1ernbers of Ved Ahuja

the Exc~utive : Tripta SehgalRaj NayarSudershan GugnaniRamesh SethiV. P. SaxenaRamesh GroverIshwar Navani

The Annual elections of theSanskrit Parishad were held on the23rd August, 61. The following office­bearers were elected for the year,1961-62.

Adviser: S11ri \1. L. Chaudhry

President .. Malti

Vice-President: Ravindra Sharma

Secretary : Champa

J oint Secretary .Kaushalya

Representatives .Iagadish Sood B. A. IIIChetan PrakashB. A. IIChand B. A. IKanta Qualifying Arts

Adviser:

President :

Shri S. M. jhangiani

Ramesh Vohra

DESH 59

Union and the Science Association inmaintaining discipline at their func­tions.

A few badges received from theMotilal Nehru Centenary Committee(rhrough the College Union) weresold to students.

A 'party of students led by ShriS. M. jhangiani and consisting ofVed Ahuja, Tripta Sehgal,Sushma Sahni, Krishna Khushalani,Sunita Vats, Kamlesh Bhutani andSudershan Malik, Ramesh Vohra,Vasdev Gursahani, V. P. Saxena, K. J.Murli Kumar, K. Ganesh, C B Mehtaand Lajpat Rai visited the CheshireHome. They distributed fruit andsweets to the inmates and entertainedthem with songs, tit-bits and a fewgaines of carrorn.

Tile League also sold a few Greet­ing cards for the 'benefit of the

Cheshire Home.

Sports and Physical Education

Notwithstanding the obvioushandicaps practice. in Cricket, Bad­mi nton, Foot-Ball, Hockey, Athleticsand Table-Tennis has been regular.OUf teams participated in the abovementioned games in the Universitytournaments. Our women's Badmin­ton team did well this time and wentup to the semi-finals. But our Cricketteam did not fare well and lost in thevery first round. Competitions in Football; Hockey, Athletics and Badmin­ton are yet to be held and we hopeto do well, especially in Athletics.

Inter-class tournaments, whichare a regular feature of the college,will be started from the month ofNovember, 61. Physico-medical testof students will start very shortly..

Following students have been appointed office-bearers for the varIOUSgames for 1961-62 session.Cricket Captain Dipendar Pardhan

Secretary Surinder KumarHockey Captain Harjit Singh

SecretaryFoot-ball Captain Gian Parkash

Secretary Sumir GangoliVolley-ball Captain

Secretary Krishan KumarBadminton Captain Deepak Khosla

Secretary Sarvjit SinghJoint Secretary Brijinder Anand

Table-Tennis Captain Davinder KakarSecretary Subhash Kukreja

Net-Ball Captain Surjit ChopraSecretary Harwant Mago

Athlet.ics Captain Narinder SinghSecretary Kanwal Nain Bahl

60 DESH

~co;r~~

tr+qT~eprlf (~~) '.!~tSf)~if m~ f~ ~

;fierT CFT ~erT ~o ~~ (~fGRfT).- ... ('

~:er~;;, t1~o ~T~

;:ftf~l1T ~1+{T (~~r'1T) ~o~sr+rT ¥

~~!~~ (~ifffi) ~'l)~ ~T~ fGf\iJ" \9

~T~T~ (ep-fera-r) .-tCf)~lIT~ .\if~

~:;;~ ({T~T (Cf)~T;ft ) ~T «t~ (f~Tij" ~o

~{[ ~T ~q~ ( Cf)~T;ft") li~~~ sr~rG ~¥

c-{ ({~Term (CfifGfaT) " ~Xsr~T~~~~

~m (Ef1fGRff) lT~ :q~~ ?IT~ ~~

'fliT ~+-1«fT ;p:;rr ~~ ('iTcep ) m-a-T ;;TtTtIT~ ~c;

~ ~~) q~T;; Ef)~rrT (epfqCfT) ~f~~ cr+ri '~l1T' ~~

fer[)~T ('lTC-en ) \;fifm~'1 ~)f

srfa-~)er (ep~T;ft") ~~ (ep~~' f~({T ~\

q.~)f~l1T 9;fT~ Elftlf (cpfcraT) 'AliT ~T ~o

~ef-fif~ (~~~ft~) Cf)+r~ ''iT~' ~~c:'\

fCfi~ f+r~it (Cf)~rrrT) GfT~ f~~ ~~

GfT~ ~;:rif~ \jff~ ~ (Cf)fCKfT) ~qF[ ~+ri ~x

~({T ~~Ttz ~~ 9;fT;;~ ~ (Cf)~r;;r) 'if'iCf) ~rn~T ~~

ij"~ cpT c~T~lfT (~~) ~T 0 ~Tl1({tT ~T~[T~ ~r;;

-0-

'~~~ ~ f5Tlf 'TTOT:T !

,~~, Cf)T ~a-~~lf ~~ ~ g;rTq~ ffife1 ~ I ~rGCfi" ~ qrq;r qG ~ 5Jffff~ ~);r

it frrf1:r~ ~~~~.q '1q~~-5IT~ ~~ ~ ~T~T'A) cpT ~TfGCli" ~riffi CFra-r ~ f~;:~T~ ~

'~T~ar -f~itiffif' it~ f~~r ~TC(i rn ~ ~~'~1.f ~ ~~ ~ :qr~ fGCrTU Cf)) ~1 ~ ~l1T

fr::lTT I 1j~ ~~ mcrTij" ~ fCfi" ~Tlfa ~T~ ~ci ~T~Tt(' ,~, trmr ~T SftTfcr etT mTT it fcrotf~q- ~ srlT~~ ~il" m~ q-q;:rr ~~~ ~lf~T;; ~~ ~~ ~T~Tma- ~~ SRFr en~il' I

!f~~~ 9;fct) it en-fqa-r ~6r;;T, rr~, fi:rar;:'=l ~er ~r~ ~ ~~T ~~ ~tli"TftRr fCflt!:~~ ~ I lr(r glf(~ If"it r~r ~ ~ 9;frq~) ~ ~cr ~t~ ~T~ sra:fif CJi"~ ~W... , ~ ~'fT~

~~~ ~~ ~ CflT~~ q~~T ij ~~;:r SI"fCO if Cf)~ m I Wf)rfun ~T ~ it ~~lT~~q ~) ~~1 ~~ ~~cr 5I"~ ~T~) ~ ~ meraf) ~~ ~ ~~ ~, 9;I'~rfmf

~:q;:rTJAT if; ~CIlT ill mifiro ~~ 'A~~ff it srfu ~~ ~ ~~~f<i ~ I A=t~~ ~ 'qlfi~'

~~T~fr; ~ ~ iSfT~~ ~T ~~ if~~ ~~Cf) ~;qr~ ~ ~ ~it 9;Rf : Ef)~~ # .'f~~

~~ tTr~~~ <sr;rr~ ~ if1~ «+tTRCf), ~ 'q-wrrffi' 'tr;:lfrlll' J;fR if 'ifr~ f~-f~ \Nrf~liT ~

~W«r~ ~ I Gf~~<:=r: it ~T~T~ f~Terr~ ~ef ~rr;.a~~~ ~ I ~Wf)Tfmf ~T~l itlB-1?fCf'l Cf)) wrn if ~;:rr :qr~t!: r ~~ ~q'iT ~~~A"T ~) R~T~T CFT ~ '1~ ~~ ~;:rr

:q-rf6it CfliT~ ~ OlfRfi anT 11;r feJ)~T ~epr'T efT f;;"Tl~rT ~ ~Cf) ~~ 'AT~~ Q) \;froT ~ ~ Cf6'~fT~~~'Y~ J;f'1;ft lJTiff~Cfi ~~;:r 'A1~ l<frfr (Mental-stabilityj ett ~T ~ I ~~~ ~ ~r~!:ffa~~t ~:~ J;[R ~~rr ~~ qcf~-~e~ ~~ q~a- ~ I ;f~T~lT ~ m~Cf) rOO ~cp ~~;:r ~ ~~

lfi"T Gf~t ~o~r, ~~ CflT fq91T~, 9;fr;:af~Cf) ~T6~~ 'AT~ 9;fT&frfi-~ ~Tl1~ ;:r~-'1~ ~) ~ ~ I

~a: &rfm ~) :qTf~ A=t q~ 9;fq;ft 'l~(10T ~ f.,71~ ;:r ~)~ fm m~T~ ~ ~it (1~lf CfrT'A)~ 9;f~~ ~~ I

q~(f: 1-Tl.,q- Cf)~T ~~r cpT srrt(j 'iQT Cf)~ ~CJ)~T (i~Tftr ~ij" f~~ it~ SflTTij"

'Af;;GfT~ ~ I f;;~~~~ !.fli('i~T~ olJfffi M, gf;[ tzcr ~ffiT~ ~ ij"r~ Cf)T~ ~~ if; ~T~~ ~;~ if~q;~r eJ)) ~r~ ~ ~T ~r ~ I trq;~~T ~ G~f=ffi ~ ;;r~(!f ~~ rn it cpmq- qCfi'Fq ;;if;~lfT I

( ~ )

~~ if ~ ma-r ~lfT~ tf( lff~ l=fTffi" ~~ ;; J;fflt (iT ~ EJ)~T ~af~T JA~~ffi ~)lfr

~ ~~~ if Jlm1 ;r~T ~ I ~-;rr~ tT~ ~m~ lf1'~ft ~\tI~~ q~ ~~ll" ~t'f)~~r fJf~~T I lT~

Jr,;rq CJlT !f~~ ~lfT~ f;;ttf)~ ~) ~) ~~ ;; ~);;T :qrf~lt ,I f~~~~ Sflf~;r Cf)~it ~ ~q:)~~T efiT

ffiClfllA" +rT~ lfAGf CJll 7jn:rf~ it :qT~ :qR f9"iTT ~lfr I

~rr if ~~Cli Cf)~, Cf)~T'iT~T~ ~ ~q-;:lfT~T~ ~q;:rT Cf)Tf~ ~ Cf)T~~ ~~~ 9;1lf~ ~ J

~ Ef)Tt ~1 \jf;:Ii~T~ ef)fq (Born-Poet) ~~erT \jfrlT\jfT(f \3q;lfT~~T~ (Born-novelist) 'i~

1fT t ~~)~ m~~~ ~fTq)~I~T ~ CJ)T~ ~r~~t ij- ~q-it 9;f~~r.; ~~a- ~~, f~ if; qr;:ft ~ \i;rit;qf~t:f ~t;r mit ~lt q~ ~ J;fq-~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ;r@ ~ I 5fT~l:41 it \1ifCf)T ~:q;rTw:t ~ lllnr;r tff fer; 'iTt:fCfT \1'iCf;T +rT;:r Cf)~ I ~;:re-T Cfi"T v1Se # ~ ~Cfi~ ~ I ~tlr ~~~~ffi ;r \VI"eJ)T

;rrar FeplrT I ~rn~'f ~ qf~~ if ~-11'f ~cTEfl~ ~~ if rtij"T f9"~T f~ ~ "m Cffercer-~f~~ ~ft-~f~ 5f~~r ~~ t;"it I lff~ ~ ~~'li~;;r ;r ~~ ffi s:tr srCl)T~ ~qf~a ~rftr

;r ~ qT~ J

'l;:a- iT ~ 9;fq-~ ~)~ ~T tr ,~~, ~ fsrlf crroctff Gf;T ~lf~ ~lTerrG eti~r ~ f~Cfi"T

~ Cfi"~ ~m~f~Cfl~, ~T;r ~q;ft ~Wlf ~lq-rij.lfzrT ~ ,~~, it ~oT Cfft ~-.rrf~~A;1rr ~ I ~ 'lT~T ~ fEfl 'JTlTT+rr JA~ ~ fu"t!: '~WT~ m~Cll ~~, ~~~ ~ct +fTq~~ ~:q;rT~

m ~ l~' cpT fcrWfta ~~ it J;fC1";;T ti~q~ ~R ~it I '~' 'ATqcfrT ~, ~Tq- ~ ~

WCfi"r~~ f~llT ~ ~T~ m~it, ~Tq- ~ ~fTetT ~Tq-~fl1 it fq:q~~ ctlf~~ !

~~ R~~ ~ ifTa- lf~~, trmr ~T ~~ ~o lf~ I

cf;~ ~T~ ~ ~ ~~~, ~ar ~q~ ~ ~~T ~ tIf II

~;r CflfT ~r;r), Cfm 1"~:qr;r), ~~ ~ft(f ~it ~~ ~ I

~:q ~~T ~ f~Tij" Cf1~), itt ~q~ If.,;r)~~ ~~ ~ 11

9;f;sf ep;rr .~@" ~) ifl;r eit, ~ ~~ ~T ~lT ij- ~ iTt I

~re1 ~T ~T ~o ~-

il CflfT R~~ ~ q-~ ft1~'CI, ~~ ij"q~ ;; ~T 9;fT<=rf ~ I

qT~T it ~~ crrrr ~ '.:rq, ~~ 'i ~.~;r tfffiT ~ II

~ ~T ~ 11~ \;t"Ta; ~~. ~~ SJT~ ~l1TU ~ ;rt I

~1ffi ~T ffi lfo ;rt -

( ~ )

(~)

(l!~~ib~~:6~)HI~ft~j.e~

~·tLe~t~!J:t.tej~-L~l~.hd1t.~~.h~j.l!c-L~"--~e~~fu-E~~t~l1:~j

!@:ta:qb~.11l.h~I~~~R.t}JIt.Le

~~~~-,.,ltl1t.~~~~l~h~~.b.l:t

~.k.l1tI~ltlk..Q~~!@~~t1t~~lt~

.l!~l~*~~l~~~#tllh~l.te~~l~~J!l~lli~JJ:tlli11!.bJil.4.~.@~l~

-l~1121li~t~i~~l~t~~-4

It~b~~

a~Ba:uyt.ti~.b~lt~I~:gJi~~.e

!!lh.bb~~~~ttlIJ:~~..t..l~~"

"I~.ijt~.b~.aeltJilJ:~~1lbl&~~~"

I~~~t~m-E~~.t!~~J:.!:IeilJ!lihJ.lJ~1tJ..td:Lb"

I'::...bIio t..L.z::."

I~t~~~.L«:eaill~~,,'a.&"

"jJ:ll.1tl.tl!1t..ij:t.J!t."

l~~~

~~h.!:h~lJtlltIJ:t..l2jt~~~t~:t..bl~~~

t~~~~I~t!j:i.l:!:~~~l~~.I&~~.E~

Ii.~.tj~~~J:g~.bJi~~~tlJtl1tl.l~~"

Il~ll~~~

~tlt~~~l.u:a.ttI~.ijtl!t.lJ..1~:&IDl"

1ijt~.l!i~~.&/~hI~~Je)~b

1!~it~~~~.I2!Js»~~~l~j.hi1JJ~-t~lt!4?jl~-':~Jl~~~Ji

ijd:lliI~Pklh!i~f!~~~~1~.l!

flit:l~~~1.t!J!2b~~:1t~aLlJi

,)12~J.t.,

-12~

.ElY=~l~h.ti~~~l~la)~l.tliltl1

~~t.e:li~I~jlli~\1=~~~:2~j.biG.biG

t~Ll~~hl~ll~J.@~.a~~.Q.ej~

.!@.l2.&.ej~.ijt:lLt~l~:!~~:t.-lJi~J~!@i:

.Q1J!-.121.&~~~b~h~l..B~1l2.i!t~Ji

Ilr-sl.12~j:t~~1.ei?J.l!l~.I&~:t..b~

~rtl~~t!t.l!t.Ilhl~~.eu~.l.i.1}l.!J:l.Xt

#~l~b~-\!-l~~.ft.'@l.~It.~~~l.l!.bJi!!j-La~lt~~~~!Jt~J:!~jill~1.t~j~~

~~ttJW~}.ta~1tj~~~jJ~l.lt~1illa~~~:lbsl~~.bJ.thl!:h1:t.J..&J!Ji1Jtllt.

I1~2£:

~.lit}.J:ltl.l}'~'~~:t.~~J4!~·th~.&~.l:!tlt~~~Ji£L~jljtlltl.J2:e~-Jh

~~mJ~t~t~tlt.llt1ili!Jia.LUlt~

J:!}Ju~J.Ql~lJi;~!h1!.2J~.e~JiI-l~.E~~~~.l!J~ltt1t~.ij:t.~~~~~~

~lR~~t!tJ!t.~l~~~l.~~~~tk11t

Il~~#~.BJ1~~l~I~.aJ..e.u£~

~1.BIt.a~~ll!.@~!:J~~"'=fl~Jl:~Lib.&~.ijt11t.~b~I~~.t.~.QRJt~

.t£~:lJ:!~J~~.lJtbl.~.2.u~~1l~&t~!h

It~~l.e:Ja~

l~~h-llt~h.1~~~j~~~:t.bI~~~

J~~~t1t~hl.&~~~tlilli~a~.ai~l.e~~~hi-lJi~lli.hIlt.t!~.e~.e

lbitE~t~tLU:t.1J!t~~.hIl.h~~~J~

~~~~R}..bI~~l~~~~~l~.lt-t~~rl.tt~J.hl~~~~~~~~~:l}I:!~.yUlJ~~~ltlb.ij:t.l!t.~j~h~l.&~:t-~

~3=~~r~ f~ fsrlf Q) ~~(fT ~?

'l~q~~ (?4 fGf~Tif fCf)ij' ~eAT ~~~ iAT~1SC ~m ?~~T;:(fqf~Cf) ~TlI"T I ~eAT tfiC'T-TI';'T ~~tT ~

~ if; a;r ~ ~)e it ~~ cn~ ~o iflff q-~ B"q~~T ~ct)~ ~~+rq ~~ I f~~ ~~ ~ij";:r i~f ~

~~ ~T ~~ ~~T ;:r ~~r ffi Gf~T ;fo~ ~ ~T4l

CflTT? ~Tl'T ~ g~ (i) ~~ ~ ij"r~~(ir ~

~T? ~·~~T~ ~ ~~~ ~t::T it Gf~ ~o

~or, ~T ~TlfT ~R ~ q9"f q~t ~-~&1

~ m- ~r-~ft 1J:tft sfise- ~~~ I ~~r~

'&1 lfT;:r it ~T J ~!;feAT ~ifT t~~ ~

Cf)~! ~"'f ~ \if) \jij'if; &!¢~ ~~lf ;p"r ~~{1J

~~ ~~? q~ ~~T ~ q~T ~ ;r~Cf)~T

tiffi"R it; iTa- ~ ~ m-u I \1~~r ~:~') ~~ U~oT - wft~ ~ ~f(ilTT if (q) ~T I ~aTcr

~ fqij-~ f-l~lJf ~~ ~-ere ~ a-r~T ~)

~lff I

Cf)+it Gf~ wr~ el~q ~, ~-~F~ q"\

~~TlIT ~- ftq~~lfT ~-~mlfT .~r,

Cfi"+fT ~~T ~q-~ ~Tlfffi ~T SfTilfa-i1.5TrfuJ'lT

Ef)T SIA'l'lT ~)"{ 9;fT~~~ ~ ~ffT ~T; '1~' J;fT\iT

~T ~ ~q;:rT ir-r-~ ~~T ~.t Gm' cpT ~~;p~ ~-~-ij"T fm:rfep·lTf +r~ ~~T g 1 i;fr~

~~T lI'~ffi;fi" '1~ ~ ~lfT I

~t=em apr Wlf~ ~nrr ~~ i:t~ ett ~~~rftflrT ~ J;fO@f~lIT if)~ ~~T ~, ~ ~ef' ~Ta

~ ~fu-q~ ~ :q~-~ ;rrrr) q-~~~G-ijT

~~T~ I

,·;ftf~T Cf;).? q~ Cf)~t ~?t1 ~~~T;r

:;rlql ~~ ~ I

u~r.r~ ~q;r Cf)~ if I

((~r ~~ If@ ~ ? ~q~ JfTlf~ ff~ Jf~ t"

"if@ GT~ ~ftf Ef)T >r~T~r if ~ftf~(f ~ I"

"if~ ~Rr~T1 q~ lf~t ~ ~~r rr{ ~)m I"

~ Cfi~ ~~ ~~lTT m if ~ ~ I ij"f"{T~;:r

\3"~~ ~ I ~ u:~ ~~ +rTllT ~ Cf)Jf~ it +h~etl~ ~~ J;ITlfT, q~ 9;f~ +fr 'ANT q~T f~~ep

ft:r~Cf) Cf)~ ~) ~T ~ t ~ ~;:~ ~~T ;r~ I

~Ttf cpT ~(f lf~'i ~~;r q-~ ~T ~ ;:r)({

i'fgT ~T "{~ ~mI ~szrr ~T '1;ftTif CPJf~ ~

~~fT if ~<1 ~~ ff I ~r~ +TT+ft ?tl Gf)~

q~o ~ ~r ~'te,

"1.16 ~lf ~-4; ;:r~, ~qr llT+it ctl) ~ I" ~ f;:rCf)~ f~(1~qT Cfr~ ~ ~~ it 511 ~);ff

f(t.firo:Cfi it~ ~.~ ~ fifCfi~T I ~ ~Cfi ij"T~ :qlCfiT f~lrr I \Rf if; m~ ~

tq~ 'FT-·'IDJf ~;r Jf)~ Ji~ ~m(;),

\if'ili «tfi~ ~) ~~,"

~~lfT 4lr+it it; Cfi"Jf~ ~ ~R ~ I rrA"

~T 1-1lflfC~ ~ ~T~ ';:ft~' f;[1~ \Rf ~ ~T~

(~.,)~) ~ ~~TCf) :qT{§f ;r ~ :q"rcpf fGlfT

~T"{ ~ ~o cp~ +frm ~ Cf)~ CflT ~)~ +fTtTT I

~~r, ~ ~~Cf) ~~ ~~ ~m ~ +r~lfT epr ifRif f;;\iflq +lr+it Cf)f ~ ~r ~ I ~lfT ~:q

~ft~ if ep~ ~ -- "~-#: e1JTT Cf)~ a:) ~ft~~ !~ e1~IT -~ ~) I" ~R +rT~T Cf)T q~ f~elf

~~~T rrrTf;.~ 9;iT~ ~fCf)-U~e ~ .~ :q"lfCf) ~6T

~ .ifT'iT Cfi"~ ~~T ~) - "~rliT! ft"~ mq er;)ell1f ~~ f;:::trT, e{lfT Cfi7 f~T t"

(~)

fI~.~!JtJlc~.u~J~~~:t..lJ:t~1~II~~~l~ltJililli~~lthlli~

~l.-L-e.t!~J:t~~~j~!t~j~~}.l.e~~.ij:!~l~.e~~!l!hltt.QJ-lhi-lk~

'~J:t:g-ta~l~~~t~~~~t~~h

'~!£t~~~:llR-libaJ:!J.t!i.l~~

'llW~~~l:t.~.eltt'~~lUlli~l~.l:!jill'~:Ll~~~hili~~:t.tt~~

tllW2~~~.e~.eI~l~~t~t6

'llW.a!Qh.&-lk'~j~~.PJ!lls

'~l~~.h~~~¢~A.~~.~:tlli.l:!J~.l2Je~~~l&~~i~J.e

~J:t.&!t~~h~~-lk~!Ji~~-!~J'~~~~.w.el.tl~l!htillt~~

lta~-L~lb-lk~@.!hl!.\J!~.&2J:lJ'~:u~:tb:Lli..lt~1ill!~lh~jbh~~~~~~.Ie:L.b~.e~Jatl.Bl~'~}.~~l~}'l.l2~.1=.1J!~!@~J!i.li

tI~~1j:lt~J:t.~~:t.~j~'I~:t.ijillJ~~l~~:t..lJ:t~J~

~LL~~~b'fulblh•~1.Lt~~J~~~J'~:t..lJ:t.&~l.bh~Jt:tlJi

~'.vB~J~2~~j'n.~i:t~)l~:t.~

~!t~~~n..B~~'.wtl!;t.~n..BJ~

lit.lJ.t~~~.e~'!!t~~~~~~A.h'~~.n~.l:!j.hl.e~}'B~l..Bi~~

'l~~lhlt'~~~~~hlobililt.I:~~

'J~ll~~.ijt~l~h~~~l.b

'.L&~~~l~.fulii'~tllh!l~lllllllt'~ll.b}.jobJ~~~.:e.~Jillt~lh~Jh

.~~~:t..lJi.2n~~lhl.h~~~l~l..b.bs.1.b~1~jt~~ah.Le'J11~~'.ij:!~J~j~l~i-l~~th.~~t.&,~h~~J1~·~.~~Jllit'.b:ilt~~'Jllit~.~:t..l~.e~llj.e~~~~~

I~~~~.tt~~~J!tlliLYtW.!h.~LLJ:tjgl!hh~l}'lh~~}.lh.&~

(~.e0~'~~:lJi0@o.aiL0ij!I~~.litlli~)

-:l.L~•.-

llTr~ ~ ~T " •.•..•••~ ~~ ~Rf if)

- I ~f{ ~"{~ ~~~('l. 'li?:T ~~ I f¥~-

f~~ ~ ~)~ ~~(;fq-r'1-~~'~+fr~ I ~~~~r;:r

~rfR) ~ ~ f~~ ~rf~(i I 6~JTT~ ~\ififf ~ ~

~ fi[;:~~T'l ~T ~'l 'l~ q~ ;~T <'l"~ ~ ~

(fCf) ~lT ~+Rr Cf)~a- q~ ~ f ~f;y:;;; ~T~ ~J{

en1 ~r \iff ~~r~, QlTT~r q~r ~Ter \iff ~~T

~, ~if ~rfq;~T ~ ~~T if ~ltrT \iff ~~T ~ I

ri~ (iT ;.r ~ f~~, lI"T ~f;;lft Cf>T Cfll{ m~

~CfiCf ~, f~;:~fa-r~ ~t ~r~T-m- ~ ij"T~

f~~r~ 'fif tfr~ qfJl)?fT I ~~~J:fT'1T Cf)J f~;:~~ ~r~ 'fif (f:srf ~FfT ,t· '1rf;p=~=fT;r ~~lfT ~

~Cf1{ ~~T I -.:rr~'-it! allf~ ~ ~rrT

moo ~ # ~I ~~ ri~~;ft~ ~

ft:rCfil(1 Cf){ ~m it ~ ~~r ~T ~r ~ J

'Af\jfT~ ~~ ~~ T1TlfT ~lCfT \iff ~~ ~ !'4

~ctr ;:r~, ~)-~r{ ;:r~r, ~~~t 9;fT~ ~r@T

·~T~ §~.I ~T1=S1GTflfCf)iir ~r f~f.i ~~ on'"{

~r~f~~ ~(iT cpT ~~T~~fff srfC(f atft lf~ I

~~r en1 ~) crirl if f~+Trf.jfff et)~ f~T tTlfT I

~T;sr({TflfCfiCfT ;r ~-~=ffi lfT ~-~~ ffTCfi-r

J;f~ ~T~ ;r~ ~Q I ltmm ~1sff atft ~T~~eft J ~ qrrl if e~T~ gf I f~lt'sj~;r

~lTr iflfT ;:r. ~t ~~T J ~) J;f~~ ~;:rcr ~1lT~

~~ ~ff~~) ~?q~ ~ f~~ f~~(;f)f~(i~) ~ I

~~lT-~l1r:sq it Cf)l='T;; g~r , ~lfCf)~ ~~~~Yf

~cf +Trq1lJ r~ WAr I ~~q- ff);r Cf)7 ~ q-"t;:~

~cqq--Jf~ fJ"~'f ,~~ c:1~1T ~ 73~~-j~~ ~~

f~'i ~~Cf) ~~-efi~T ~ ~tf) ~ if1J~~);;r q-~r, ~;:rCf)T etr'i~ Gf)~T '-41 Cf;q~~

~crm ~~T I

~~+Tlf ~ qrf ~T~ ~r ~Tff ~ 1 ~T~ ~.~

~ m-=;;~) ~ ~ ~;:~ ~~ ~;r;7 it ~~;:r~, ~~ tft~r ~, ~ ~r ~

~~~ Cf)~ ~~ it r lf~ ~T f~~ \ifi:f-Cf)~T ,~~, ft:r~Jf~ffT etT cp'ti~ ~~ ~T~ ~~T m~

GfT 'T~~ fqer~r ~ Cfm CfT~ I znI~;r ~

~r ~) -er')~r q-~~1: ~o;r fG;:r ;srT~ ~en flT~t~ if ~;;r ~r ij"Cf)a'T ~T ,

~~~ra- ~r ~11 ~f f ~~ tfr'if ~qT r

ff~~ ~ ~t;;) ;qT' ~ ~;; ~ it ~~ ~ ~~~~ ,:r;~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~r~~ _~ ~~ ~ I

~rCf:T~ Cf)r~T 'CfcT9;fT ~ ~r;~f~ ~, ~~~

it ~~ ~ ~Cf) irTCf ~~ ~ ~T ~T I trfq«~~ rrlT~T lf~t ~ ~.~~ ~ ~Tctl~ f1:r~m ~

'R~~ ~·(Wf-fftt=r ~~ ~ Cf)T~(!J f~~T~ 'f~) ~ ~T

~T I ff~Cf) 'R ~tft ~f~r tR ~~T GT~r ~~~r

q~ ~~ GJT~ ilor ~~r ~r I ~ ~Cf; ~f.flfT

q~;:r ~{CfT ~ ~ ~ q-~~ ;:tit tt I f~

~ ij"COT:qe" ~R ~~ ar~ ~~ J;f~ f~~l ~ ~it

~it ff I ~fuliT f:t ~~ ~%a- ~~T-~

~)~T~ m~ JACr'iT ~(i?fT Cf)) ~~~ ~t~7.

+J;t~ ~ srrf)~ Cfi"~ ~ ~ I ;rlffi~ tft~q-;r

~TlfT g~r ~r I ~q~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~;;

~ ;:r~T ~ q~;:~ ~~+gt ~i 9;fq~ ~T i;fT7

n:~T 9"ifrrT ~r l:fTfiT ~T ~ ~'f q-~ ~~r~ftq)(=f 'T«it if) I

( ~" )

~tT~, ~~~ q~ ;rr~~ Cfi"m q"rCfiI~ ett ~ Cl~r ~~~. 1

tiR ~~~T ~m~ :;:rru 9;f)~ I ~+ft 9;f~1fTCf ~ 'lr.IT ~=t ~fffi' ~ffi 'fiT~~ fft ''lTf~frr ~ ~TQ; ~ I' ~TftcT" ~<ti 9;ftmCf<;pfr-<ti~T iJiq 'fiT ~ a-fcA (>fiffiT I ~ mcrf(lf<ti"r:T ~ ~RI. cr~ ar)i."f €p" \joT I

~fcr it mtT frrf~~a-T <tiT If<r~~ t!!fi l'lrf<ti;r:;7fFT ~? ~~ ~T~?' lfro;r~ I

~~~~ ~ enr;i'f tf 'T~T- .~~ it'

"·~gT ! (Iff ;py;; ~) ~j~ 1.f6t rtlfT ~~ ~~

(T ?" ~<ti llf'SfT <liT~ ~, ' ,

~r;ret: ~ 5r~~ ~;;r ~ii ~;; ;P~T em~ m~;; flf~r I ~1=~(i,' ~~ f;rf?i:qff

'!Cf~ ~Cfi ;;~r ~r I 5f~'1 Cf)T \31i7 ~;r ~ ~,

Qij" ~T, ferRer flrq-r ~ qf~~~ ~en (1l=~

~ ~T~ *1if~~Cfi # ~q~ ~~T I lf~

;jTf ~ '1 ~)~~ arr~ ~T f~qf~f=t:Rf ifl~r

1iT ~T ~~~ ep)l:r~ ~ ~7t 5TP:r: ~Tf7~)f~tJ

~~~ I ~mCf) ~ 'tTm ctft J;f)~ ~~f I

~T~~ fG4ifG~Tf ~R Cf)~ ~~ +flittit JAR f{Cf=i:fr 1 ~~: q~ ~qifr ~f;aitCf,"

€P:r Cf)) ~arTCf)~ ~~ Cf)T srlfr~ Cf;~ ~~T ~r I

"~T~T ctft ~r~ ~~ ~~r ~" ~T~ Cfe r Zi~~I

H~I=~T~ ({T<u ~T~ ~ ~ ~q ~t ij- m~

(r ?' lfPJrT ~ ~~T I ~~Cfi" f~ ~~ ~~ lJ1~

~ I c:1~ ~r ~qCf)r tfl6:rrrr m~ ~ ifr~~

~ f'1Cf}~iJT t ~l=~ff: q~ iIT~~ ~~ ~;r Cf))

~ ffJf~ ~ f~;;-~T~ ~~T-~ocT ;lf~i1 ~i?T

tit 'T~;~ ~;;r~. ~T~r ~ ~~Tq it ~et1 !f,~

1fF;-r ~T \;iii il"t ~ I ~~"3"~ ~T~r f;;enT~~

3Jlflf rr~r tToS1 (i;g" QT;;r ~~r I qQ lf~ ~at :ifRit qctl~ gt ~T I ~T'1~;r ~er; ~rm'i~ ~;i{T~

if f;:r~~i~ qr~ ~tJ:s~ it :qr~T ~T~ ~c

1fI'lf t \3' k '-PiT ~ fT:q'i?f r~r ~.tf erlfT ~a-T~

'q-rfCfi'~r;:r if fGf)~ ~lT~ ~~ it ?f'

'~r~#'

•~~ ~r~T ~ ;p~t ~t:f1: ?~ ~~rr r.r~ ,

'~lt1~~~~ ,

~rc:;r~ ~q' ~T I ~~ Ef;q<=r tT~1 q'~T tTT

ref: ~~t ~(1 ~~~~T ~ ~ ~~rr ii cn~a- ~ I

~11~ mfff~Cf~ ~~~r epyt ;:lf~q~ ;:rIll

+11 6:) ij'Cf)a'T ~ ~etT ~q';;T ~~ ~ ~1 ~r ~T

~T~ ;; ~) \j~CfiT ~ ~ ef:+fr s:~;:fT ij"\iJ~ ~~

!t1l f;p TttlT ~T~ \ifr~ I ij'~if ~"T~T ~T tiij-?fqif~ ~CR" (f~ \ifTer;; if;"~r ol~ 'i~J B'tJ(if)

Gf>T '6f;;T~ rfT~T ~ ~~~T f\if~rij"r -i[f~ epT

i:~)~~~ q)~ f~llT ~r I f\;ls=rr~r ~cf ~T;;-frcrT~r

w.cr it ~)aT ~ I men tT~«r f~m~T~T, iflta-~

f~Tm t"!.cf ~~T cp) ~rtff Cf}~ 0lTfu;<tiT ~~ ~r ~ ~ I Rlffi CfrT ~fer ~ ~etT

~lT~(i ~ff'iT ~1 t1T:;;~~ff feJ)~ ~r ~ I

;srTNf~ ~T q'f7fi~~T ;r ~~ ~~ ~ if~T

~T~T ~r rr. <rg f<f,~T ~ f<ti~T ~ i;f; fcrq~

if ~~ ~r;;;:rT =tfI~~T I ~~ ~~ ~d;;T cre-r ~r

f~ f{f~T ~~ ~~r ~~ft If)~~ qR ep~t ~~ if~T~ gO: ~ I et1ir-er;~r tl~~ +fT :q~ it I

f~ ~fr ~~;; qo;- ~?lt it ~R fCfi~ ~T;;T 7.1~t

(f~ q~:q- rro: it ~T( ~~ ~lf'.T 'I~1~T rr~ ~

( ~ ~ )

~~ rtft ~r if f~ijT 'Aqf-U~ Cf;) cr~ ~Cfift

Cfl~T;rT ~~T ~~T trT t

~r~eJ) it wn~, 'lR \1~~ ~;:ft ~'~r

~ it f~ f~ ~T ifm Cfi"T ~~;r eJ)~

~, ftf)~, )$\9 ~ q~ ~~r ~ro qf~qT~

f~~ ~ ~Cfl ~~~ if ~~T ~T t 1rt-~Tq­~-~ ~cr ~TGr 9;fT~ ij' ~effl If-.:r-~r

qf~T~ ~r I eJ)~ ~ it f~;.r~ qT~ q~ ~Cf;"

'1m., if ~~r epW I ~~ ~~r~ f~~~

~ ~1 ~ff +fr~ if ~-~~T~ CfiT ~Ttt~

~q)T'l ~ tr~ ¥\9 'ATlfT i lfTrrcf G"T cml ifGte Cfl~ ~~T qw;rr ~ ~~ ~ ~~7: ~

~.q~ I ~ «~T~-lm" ~ ~T~Cf) it l:Tt-~T'1 Cf)T

~~ ~ ~ qf I :qp:rr-:qy:qr, ~T~T ~~T~~

~ fffff qftcrr~ ~ ~~~Tlf ~T~ CJ}) ~~

~~ CflT 1f1lT ~qcnlfr I lf~t ~T;r q~ ~

. lfj~ (fllfT~ fq~T - ~~T I ifr~ rf)) ~

f~ lfr~ it \if~ :qy~-qR qtf ~ 'ler~T if ~~ij- 5rTlf: f~ it ~CP ~T~ ~;; ~ ij"ffi~

. ~T ~CfT ~T I ~~ru f;J~ ~ it ~~'iT if ~T~Cf) :q:;;rr :;:rrT.ft Cf)) +fT~ (WflJT I ~ ~~

q);:ff et'r ~T~ ~~,r JA'~ ~)lfT enra-T tTT I 73";=~

~) J;f~ ~,.~ ~r~ f:t)~T Cf;~nr tnJ~ m~ ~T

~~ q"(fT~ lflfT ~r f9) :a-~~ l1T ~ICf Cf)~T

:a;lf~ ~T ~ it I ~lTNfCfi" ~ ep)q~ ~~lf if'A~T~-ijT eTij' '3"Qa"r €-Tfep-ii ~~r cpT{ ~~~ ~T I ~T~ ~t ~ fi{;; +ft'A:;~ ~ lfT~

it~ =TfT:q-r f¢i;:rr ~T~ .~~ a-T~;r ~tfT ~)~

~r~~ ~ifUlf 'Aq~reff 6f;T ~~T'lT ~ ~ ~

;:rrT.ft m ~ ~;:rcpr srT~~:qer ep\it (1lfT, lJ~

~(f fi{'l 5fffi ~ ar~a-T lf~ if~ 5Tfaf~

Gf)f·cpf ~T~ m-T~ enT rr~~ ~r~ ~ifr,

~~..f;;-4;~·srqT~o ~T(1Cfi ~ f~~ GTGT ~T ;rl~j

~T ~ lir~ ~~ ~~(1~. ~ ~~~ ~~ ..

~~ ~T<rr fl it ~r CR:T W":ft ~ffi ~r ~

~T~ ~ Cf)~r rn fep ~en~· ~ QiT~

~" TJ~ ijo -t~ru ~I ~ it~ ~ <fiT <ffcro~ m~ cpr~~T~, ~ ~ cpr ~ aT ep~

9;f~ ~ \jffffi 'lR ~~fu if ,Cfl)f 'A~.d~ "

~ I ~ ~T~it ~ Cf)~ ~T~ep ~ ~~

fR JA~ ~T~T rn ~ I

iTT~Cf) Ef)~ \iff '~f ~T7"GT~T ~T ~'#;~. t:~ T~

ef)~ ~ I ~~:q ~ ;r~ ~~ ~'I Ef)~ .~~ it~ ~ qyq fG~T~ ~ ~~r ~ q~ €t~ 'a-rlf' CfiT

~C1lT ~T ~r I cr~ ~~ epr'CflTt:f fCf)lfr~(fT I

qTf~~T;r ~T rrlfT ~r ~ I tn~T ~T CIlT tfffi

~;r ~ ~ I Cf)~ iJ~ ~-~eT ~ ««fT ~'~T ~

~+JT ~niT' \ilfTGT q"r'fr ~ g: m~~ CflT1

etl~~T I 'Aq~ q~ ~1 ~~T ~) ~ ~+JT mlIT

~~1 qP:tl~~ ~ \jf~tTr I q:q~:q ~~T

~ Cf)1f5ft~ ~) ~t:J: ~ er~.,T ~ qr;;r it ~rftGl ~OT~ ~ \1fra- I ~~T ~ Wt trter ifirt ~Tir ~ ~ qfij" m~ ~Tt:t ~ I CP~~ ftirt ~ lf~t ~'#; ctftf .,~ 1fT~r I ~ ~~r

~~;rT I CflTt:f ~T ;:r~T ~;:rr ~)~T I ~ Cfl~~

~ ~r~Cf) it; ~~Jf~~ q-~ ~ ~m~ ~ft

~T~r 5T~~ ~T \3"01 I q~ ~~t=fepm ~

~~or-

l. CflfT ~:q~:q lf~t iTU" fqel~ 'f~T ~)~ ,~;:r~ qr~T ~~ ~sr(lfTfuo sr~ ~ :erlctlr

~~ ;;T~ if Cfi)~ ~~TcrifT ~~ ~~ ~~ ~qT

~) I ctft~ ~~ m~ ij- ~.~ ~ \3"ij itllj'~ ~fifCfl~ ~T-"6t ~eT lf~T ~#: ~)~ ~~ ~~~r I"

~a~ if ;rTe~ Cfi"T ~)~ ~~1~ f~lfT I lfr~T

~~ ~~+J~T 9;fl~ ~~GT it ~~CJi ~ ~~r ~

~ fijGTTlf ~~ f;:r~~aT if ~1:flf Qlfa1a- en~~

CliT Cf))~ ~)~ ~1~" ~trT~ ;:r@ ~T I ~6f~el

~ cCfCfi7: JfT~ ~~ ~~~ (fte qrftr~ 3;fT \ifrffi~, ~~tf) ~ ~r~~~ g'AT ~~ Cf)T~ ~ CflT,er'li ~T I ~~r-~Tafr ctft ~r~Cf) m"f)fu"lrr~'f~Cf)it ~~~ ~~r I :q:~T CfiT aT~ifr 9;J'~

:;Jfr;fT [T~ fq-crf ~ l~ f~~rf ~~ ~ I ~

:qCf)~T ~lfT I q-m f;f+rT ~~\ .,@ 9;frit, Cfi"l'fT it~Tli' ~lf ett e;:rf;:r ~ .\iff. ~TGT' Greff!! etT~)~ Ef)T :qT~ f;;Cf}~"t g;rTr ~r~~ ~~r ~ ~

~~~ ~lfr I

m~ iTIJT·~i{T :q~ ~~1 ~r I ifr~Cf) ~~(J

~r I Cf;~ 'EfU~ ~rcA" q~ ~T~ep ~at=rT cp) f~T

~-tT~ q~ if; tq~ ~T ~~w.r ~~r I q~

~IGr ~ ~l~T q-~ ~r I ~rGT if; crTffi"~~~~~ ;r ~~ ~~~T~ ~lfT I ~T~Cli" CllT \lt~

~~ ~ I lR:~ ~;ni ~lIT-

" ~rf{T ~Il ~T~? ~~(f ~ ~ ~Jf~

~~~r! ~T~T ~1=f ~~ 9;J=t;~ ~), tCR .'G ~)

lflTT 9;J~ ~t~ lfT I ~~T;r ~1~ GFr llT~T

,~r I ~~T ~t~T ~ i;f~~~T 5fqrf~<:f ~r I

• ~er ~1f ~ij- fiJ~ q~ ?' ~T~ Cf)T sr~;r

~T I

q'~'~ ~~~ ~~ cr~T ~q'fT cn~ Q;cf efteCf)) ~crG"T if; f(1~ ~..~ ~ifl ~~ ~ ~T ~ I

~fCf)T~ ~TCf) if ~t~ ~Q:r ~~T ~T I ~f~lIT ~~ ~~ ~ +iq~ ~T~~ il"6ffi" qy;ft ~T ~ ~~

if ~eqeT ~~T ~T I

arl~Cli cpT ~~) If f~~ ~~~ ~T~r 'Af~fT

~~ it I ~~ epT~T ;r ~T~·~l\ ij" ~T~ if;~lf ~$G ~.~ ~~ ~-

, ~T~T ;:11.~~ 'A:e~ ~T I '.;,,;., .-

IJ@ ~) eft ~~ q.~ ~ ~ f~ {q"T eft ~r I

~ it ~~ "Cfi"T~r~cp f~ f~~TlTT I tTTit

~~ ~T~ ~Tlfr I l1le~ ~CJ)T 9;f~ q~ ~~

" ~ :q~T ~.;r I

~~OT ~~T I GlGT ~~T ~ ,,~ 'Arq I

~ (Wfm ~ ~f I ~.~ q~ ~~ ~ I ~r~

=iIRl ii~q; ~~ ~i?:T ~T I ?iTflT ~)~ft \iTT ~~

.. I ~q~ ~~ GT~T ~~a-T q~ ~ar~T q-~r

~ I ~Tfurr I iit ~qr I ~T~ ~ I

if~(J ~ ~Cfl fif~(f~ iflT~ ~1~ tll;ft ~

m rn q~~T1 ~~r~ ~ 4fjq q ~~.. '«fT ~~T ~ ~~ ~+aT;:ift ~) ~~~ ~ fCflm.... if ij'eRT f4~ ~.~ 9;1~ ?t Ef)f ~T~ ~~

_ ~ Cf)~ 1IT~ if ~T ~~ it I ~TGr ~a-T~

tro~ ~cf 9;f~~Tlf ~ _' ~)~T ~~ it ~r~~ q"ffi

hT~it, Cf))f " ~ \ifTi=rGt)T~ efT f1=f~ ~

~ I qT;ft # ~fGlfr a-clla- ~~T ~

~~ JAR ~c; ~ ~ lou~T ~qT ~.~ ~@"

iii" Ni~ -.rr ~T ~ttfi ~ ~ I ~ q-~ ~

~ iti f~ f~ f~q-it ~ ijT~ ~~ m miF; ~Cf)~ft ~\ ~ qjq q-m ~ Gf~Tl'T ~T I

.m ~~~-~~etr~ ~oT ~ it I

~~CJi ~T ~ 'ff~T Cflrttit ~ ~ f~~T~

~ ~T I qTq ~ ~~Cf) \jfY~ ~l:flf ~~ ~vr

~ (fCfl ll~~~~ Cfl~ fAq;r ~TR Cf)) ~f~l'T q~

ior ~r fif~Tr~ iftt ~ I ~T ~TCJ) ~~

wR ~~T I ~rGr;r f;tq7ff ~)2T-~~T ~t~

~-q)T~ Cf)~ ~ft1trT ~) ~r I ~Cf)T f~~rt

~ ~lfT I

il"r~Cf ~ ~T~r en) afga ~a1~=rr. CJiT I fGqij"

~ ~~r'i ~Jfttr ~ I irr~CJ) ~:;f;; ~r I

~~ :q"f"U \l)~ etiT ~~~~ ~7ft a,)) ~lq~

( ~ ~ )

~ff 'fi~if ff f~f:q1 JfT~ '4t U~~ if@' fct; ~mq-~ ~~ f:q-~f~ qh: ma ~RfT ~

@(~~~ ~r~ qh: ~~ "1)T~)iif if ~r (f~Tftr~ 'fiT~~ ~~ ,*t~ ~ eit~:it~~r ~ I q~~ff: ~m~~ ifi f~lt ~T(Wfrflf~ ~T~ ;r@ fCf)lfT ~T ij~<n I qr~;:rTm~) ~tF~

~ ~ ~ ~~ if; 5ffrr ~&f etft iff'fiqrlt ~ ~~~ ~~T ~ qT~T i[j~ ~-'iilff'l CflT

~r*mJf ~q ~ m;q ~ 1 ~')q~ ~r ~lT ~;pqy~ ~- Y4 QT~T m~ ~r ~fo;r ~ t

q'r;;~-5frfR ~ I q~r et)qmr~~lf et'r' ij"TiiT if eJll1fGf' ~ ~~q ~ ~.ft STTf(!JllT ~r ~l,fiiCf)

ma- ~ ~) ~~)~~ if ~flfeti ~~ ~ I ~@ ffi~ ~Cfi" ~T ;r~ ~ I iflf;[ctr ~ aT' mtt~IJT~ qffu(f e~lJ" ~ ~)~ ~{?f 61 ttf#~~T etrr epfQ1.fT. ~~T 'lj~ ~T~ 6et) ~ m'flftTJfT~O~ ~ I - ~ - ~ I ~ OfiT Jf;r)chn~ ~~

:-." ~ (Psychological-theory) ,,~~~-~-J;f'~ !1Qt; ~~q;;; '·~I~r i_4~~ tflIT ~ r ~

'~ <r.r f;;r~q <f~r ~ ?' ~lSlf <tiT qta'~M ~ (Rational-theory) t:!;<ti ~srTiifCfCfi m,-~ \3'ftT-=;r ~~~ Ofi"t ~rqiff ~ ~ ~ I W<' CfiT "1'Rf fu~~ ~ I ~¥: tiRl ftr,~r..ffl 'fiT

~~q;rT~ a~ cr~ ~rqiff oi'Rr<fia'T flr~~ JfRcr et mit~ ~~ ~ I

<tiT ~r~t ~ aI ~ ~Tif <ti~ crffi Ofi~ - 00 ~~ srrfC(f ~ f~ Cfi1f 0fi<:6- ~ I .~ iff

~r~ ~T~li ;ff'oOfi ~ ij' Wi;f{ ~ ~~f'Cl"1) Jf~?-f ~u iil'Rf l:f<:: mtlrfuf ~ fCfi ~

~ If)~ \3I1~it I ~~ ~~ ~ ~RCJlf ~lfCfi" mea- ~ f~it f~~ ~ ~f=qcf fij"~-qRfT ~~

~~ ~ ~rftr ~~ ~ I ~lf ~@ ~~-~~, ~;ff etlT 'ACf~~ f~ \;fTll I ~~T ifl~~5T(lf~ 1 ~T~ ~ ~q ~mT ~ I it~ ~T ;;tr! ~ ~ ~f;[ ~trifl ~N ~ f~it ~f~lf ~)

~ qr~ ~ ~~ CflT \iftqif ~T ~~lf e~ ~ ~ I ~q;~ ~~~~-iTq;r it f~it ~(f~

lfr;r;rT1~ ~ I mm<ti(fT ij' ~t ~~;rT ~ ~T~ t I JfifSlf Cfi) ~~Cf f~~ ~

OllT ~~ ;:r~ ~ I iff (f;ffi it lCIFtfcf~ <r.) U~fq- ~@ 'fiT ..~ if ~«f <:6:;rr :q-If~it I

q-~q.~ fe:QfT~ qr~r ~~ ~~ W€f~ I

~(fCfi(fr ~ ~~ ~ 11~ ;tt JA"r(l: ~fff !fiT q~~ '~~' CflT qr~ Tt CflfT 9;1~,~.?

~;;r;r fin;rrit ;;r~r W?f ~f.:rliT<r. ~ ;:rtf I :q~;rrwzr o~~ itl f~it ~a'~ ~~ ~'~@t ~ I ~GfT~qT~~~-~~~ ~~~fuCfi"

!rT:;fT;:rUlflf ff :8~ ~Tm;;'fiT it ~Tcr;r 'fiT ~l{ ~lTT~ft<ti ~ I ~, ~ ~,.~ JfJf(fT ij'

'1~ ~~~ ~~ 11l;rr ~ ~~ \3"m ~rft:(l ~ft;r'?:

~ 'fiT :q;;r~~ ~it 'fiT q~T~ f~T ~l (~ ~o ~~ q~ ~f~)

( ~)( )

i'rt··.. ······················r~

··· .

Iff ~ ifT~ ~r\if ~ flR1r, ~;tl cpT ~~i: t

- ~ ~ ~;r, f~ ~ 1le( If

~0 ill 0 ito: it0 '1~~t{. m~ wr~ ~ I

tffYfT Cf)) cta~ ~, ;rr;:it qra-t"T«rT ~~T ~, ~ ifrfr ~ '=f-( I

ifffl" - ~r~ ~ ito CJ)~ ~) \Wf ffT ~) ~ II

fqf;f~ etr ~~ ~ ~Rft t met- I

~~Cf! ~ ~ ~T'-f if -qrit ~~~ 1I~ ~ ~ffi ;:r~, lfT~ ~ rt ,Mr ~;fr ~T ~r, l1T;fte~ etr ~ II

if113IT it: f~ :qfr, a-qrei efT et I

~m~if ~qT ~~, ~ m~ m I

~~ m~ ~ l"~ ~, ~~ ~T~ I

~~r~ f~~T ~~ ~t ~rm ~T€t ~ 11

:qrlf ~~ ~ f~~ ~ f~lfr ~t I

~~ ~ A ~7Tt • ~ f' ~ . ~T~ ~lTT~ ~rr 1TlfT f~ffi eJiT lftcl: ItPr1~~" ... l:tl ""1 ~~. ifQ.1 lf~ I I .

~) nr CfiT ~~T :q-lf~lt tifJ m II

<iT.1 WlfT ~ 'T~, ~~ Cf);~~f t

q"ffi ~;, if; ft;rQ: ~~ 'Artle~ II

~ff ~r ~ ~, ~ ~fq1et t

~ f~ J;frlT iT~T, ~ CflT t~~~ I'

f~Jf CJi1=q"ifT ~ ~m ~~:q m"t ~ I

ft ::. ~ ~ ~ . fr ~ e ~T~T;r (lCl) fGfCf)~, ~ ~ film III[{ ~ ~I~ ,Cfi"lTT, 'nT~ CliT 'lT~~ ,

-ie q~~ CJ)~ Cf))i" it ~T~ al~~f II

~1 (T ~T~, ~T;r #/ ~~ irt IClirecrr~ ~ f~, ~ ~~ if ~et It

4"it~ ~ ~ ~~, ~~ cp~Gfle~ I

9;fGf ~~ ~)\if ~, ~e iff ~;r ~ I f

( ~~ )

~r ~ I f\if~ SfCfi"R ~Cf) ~;;~ ~ ~fCTCf."

~"lf iict1 ;:r~ ~ ij"cp(f'f \jijf srCfil~ ~~ cpT1fT +fr~ ~) fff~q-, CP)ff~ CIlf~~ en)$~

~qr~ft ~ ~ ~ 1 \j~~ fqaT ;r ~~r ?ITT~

ett fCJl~ ~~ ma-~ +IT ~ \j'l ~ifcr~fm;

~ Cf)T +r~~ CfiT or;ft" ;r fCf) ~;~ ~m

Clf~ ~qT ~~ ~ij- cpT ~m fon ~etlT f)"t1;:rr +rT~~ (icp ~(ft ~~ ~T I

~~q ~ ~ flTij" ~iT ~t fcr:qr~~~ ~

f;n (Sf'~~ ij- 9;Jrcrr~ ~rt '(~~q-, ~~ ~)Cf)U et>T

~'iT-qr'ir f~~T ~ I ~~T ~T;rT ., ~'i(iT a-rt=rTCfl it ~l1 ~ ~c:ft I ''Jrtf men~ =qffi" ~rU:~T

~R ~ 12'U~ :q~T 'ef)T it~T ~rffi q~ ~~)~ ~T~ J

~o;n{ a-r ~ ~;rT I ~T Cf~r, ~ m ~ar

qn:n:r CflW I" ~~ll Cf)T q~T +r~ J;TT~T I l1Tit; ~~ eft ~ ~r~{ff ~tfT ij- ~~Cf)

~T~ \j~t 1if~~ it f~~)~ lfT~~ ~it I ~~

mf er~ m;:r ~enT I

5rra-:CflTf?f ~ ~ mIT;; It ~~lf ~~~

srro:+r ~ ~ ~ t 'ef~ ~ ~-~ ~fT I 'AT\if

~ CflT ~ ~T ~qft;r~ ~m ~t~ij- q-~Cfl~ ~.1f~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I l.!;:;:ft

ett ~T-~r ~~f~lTf ~iT-f~.lt m crQ~~~~-~~ \3"~~ w~ ~~ ~T I ll;~ Cf>T~=i;~T +ft ffll"f tOTCf) qf~;;it ~T ~~ I f~<1 q~

~) \jij"q:>T f~~ 1Jf ~ ~~ it~~ ~T I ~T~~

f;[R +Tlf ~ ~~~ if :a-ij;r q~ ijt=~ ~)~r

~ ~r fep qT~ ~ ~tc q-~T - I'lI"~ CflIT?"

~ij"ij- qf~~ cpT ~nft tft~ ll;~Cfl( ~~dT, \jij"~T

cp)~~ Cfi"~ q~ ~ nT ~T I ~

9A:qr'iCf) li~ ~ \jij"epT ~~T ~fij" +rr ~T~~ ;;

f~~r I 1i"~ qrm ~ ~llT, @o ~~ ~ I

q~ q~f~ n-r{m-q~qT, o)Cfi~ ~rffi f~;r ~

Cf)Jf~ ~ \ifT ~eT I ;; ~T~ Of,~ ~~ ~T ~~T

eft rft~ it ~ lfT ift I

~c:rf anT ~~ iff q~r I ~T~ ~~ll

q-n~ ~~ \ilT ~~. ~rr_ cp;:lfT ~) ~ffi ~ ~T~T

~;:r ~ I ~ ~q-;fr q~ffi" ~f itl f~ cP) ~r~ tff~1t ~T ~T ~, ~T;;) q~ Cf)~ ~T~),. l'lrtR~r~ ... ~;:;fT cpT ~aT fCfl~ ~~ ~~. I lf~

~t:~l~T ~'U~~-- ~, ~~r i)'(1T ~~ f;fTlfT I

~~ tT~ ~ f~ ~T ~T I ~~ q.~ ~(Sf ifT~~

~~T ~~ eif1T ~)~ ~~ ~ ~. q~;:~ ",;; ~Tij ~

enif ~~-~~ ~ ~~ft ~T I ~nrqtr: ~-, "-

it ~aC(f iAm fT~ ;rT~ ~q-;:ft f5flf af6"'f Cfl)c:.) <,

~it ~ Rit ~T~~ ~T ~~ @I l:f~~ er~ 'i

f~~T~ q~ll q~ ~+ft ctifo'idT ij- ~) ep~ff

~ :q~T ~m fef) ~~ ~T :q-~ ~ 1j;=;:ft4t~T(ft, ~({T" ~~rr~fT gt ~Tep~ ~~ q-~T ~

~1qG tT~, ~fffT ~~r~ tr ~~ett iff et1T f~~

~r ~) ~tT~ ~Trr6" g~ f~~ Cf;~ ~ iflTT ~T I

~t1 ~T ~~c: ~~~r ~~ f-q~ q~ ~T I

~ ~ft~T ~ ~Cf)~T ~ iff Cf1T q~ l1qfTT1=flf~

~~t{~ f~ ~tCf1 ~~T ~T I +fTrJT ~ep +TT~f ~

~~ ~~T ~) - H~~ ! .~;:'1T i:r~T er~~)~~

~ I" ~~l1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ frrCf;(1T --­"~;:;:rT t~~ "~T~T !..~ ~T :q~·ifT I~' 1j;;:;:ft ~

~T1 CFT ~T~ ~Tr Cf)~ et7~ '1~~ 'f~lfT J

~T1 ~ ~~ g~ ~~"{.m~~T· ;:r ~~eti"r \d"ff~

f~ I fqaT;r ~;:~T ef)). ar~~~Cfl ~~T ~

fq\1lf ~ f~lfT I q~ ~ ~T- H({~ I"

CJ}T( ;q"<1 1Cfi"T ~ I fqCfT;r~:;fT Cf;T 'A)~

~T I \jij"~T ~~r, \jij"ct)T ~~;rT ~i:~TllT

~~~T, ~ ~T~, if~T q ~T tnTSf) i1'R ~f~T

~ frr~~ ~ ~r~ ~ ~~ \iTT ~~ ~t~ ~

fqClT ~ ;r~ ~~ ~l~ I

~;:;:rl eft ~r~rtrT ~T ~ct) lfT~ ifi;:~-fef";:~

.~~' ~T fCfi~ 9;ff\jf q~ liT ~~ij- 'l~if ~

'l7t ~ft I

~~r ;rrtTqr~, ~;rr 0 ~r;r« ~0 Cftf0

:q~~ cpT If)1:lRfT ~ ~? irU m~ ij ~ ~r ~~ m(fT - q-~ itCflfT ~ f~~T ~ m+fr I

m~r: ~ ~ ~ ctl~r ~ JrT, ;ft~ Gf)).~~;r' if ~(f q(Jr~)-~;r itft~~~tr~~~T(i)?

~~ it (=f) ~T ~~ J;frf~ ;rT~ Sff?fIfT:

CflfT ~ \iT) <!~ ~ ~(lr r~ ~ ?

~~, .~~ clf~ ~ ~~T \if~ ~-­

~ ~(fT ~, 'Cf7 trf~T~ $ Cf)~

W~T~ qr~ tft~ mq ~~ I

~. ~ij" smrqr - ~;({ ~~) s:~­

~~ etft ~ft ~1i ~ ~ffi"~, ~~~

a1 ~~T;; etft ~\i~ 'R q-f;:ft ~~ ~ I ~ ~T\ift:{ ~(1T CfiT~ ~mT,

~T~'~ {~ft lfi ij"T~ ~T ~)rrr (~t~

~q\ i:t)~ srfum, ~r ·~iT t=f~ ~T ~t

Cf).ft ~T ~T-'i~ ~~T -U~ ~

ar~Cf)r;r ~ 'AT ~~ ~ I

f+1~6' ~ I ~r~ ~~ q'"( f;:r~qT~

GFU - CflJT ~~ ~ - qf{qT~ ~

~)~·rrr ~mifT~ ~ij ~) ~\if,~

~ (IT if~ ~f.rlTr "f)T ~~ "f)"(

~tiTt m~ ~ ~=J;ffi" ~ - frP."crTlRT ~or ;r@ ~) ij'CJ)ffT-U~-

sraTalT ~T, if ,"\it ~ar ~~ ~T~

~ ~T3im .......••.

(~~~tq~ it) ~Jf;rtt it ~~ If;~r

i·6 fG@Tij ~llJCfj ;r~ ~T ,

(fCRrT\ifT fAi a- ~)

"r: ~T~ ~Cf; rrt ~, ~r ~ ~ ff))~ ftwtzrT ~ - ~~;:r lff, ~ <iT+rlf(;r etft~ 6c:rr~1 ~ ~ ~ t

~ (:tft~ Cfl~) ~ EF:r (flff{T, ;r~-~r

srRnrr, ~« f~T« ~\:J, lfU ;:r~

~T~~ ~ ~T, ~r~

;;~ ~)tTt, smrlIT1 ~ ~)tTT I ~~

~-~rfq;r ~~r ifr ~Tq tl:;r~ ~;rfft 1

fq-~T~: CflfT g-f;fT ~ ;ft~ if:T l1t, ~·~If (ft

-U~ ~-SfRftrr ~ " Tf Cfrif~? qrm iff?!" ro ~ ?

(fij"~eJ)ffi ~)

f~: (~it ~~ if) ~ff~~ ~ f~

~6m)ifT ~T lTT ;;~ ?

Sf fa-1fT: (~~q~ it) f'1. at ..~ft" ~1~

f~ ...~T ~~...~ if:; ~TtT :~:P:1T rr~ ~ I

(f~~f~ ~ ~~) WT f~ ~Jf~,

~ir ~~ ~r ~~ ~, ;ft~ cit~ if ;r@" q~l'l), ~Cf) tlJi ~) \;fTiR'T q-T(J ~r;rit ~ ~-~)q; '>1~ ~

~ljT ap) ~.~ ~~ ~~ I

srf(ll:ff: (~ ~ffi" gt) ~ ~ fcRrr\ift,m~T~~fir~ I

SIfirqr: tR 1ft it ~ ~., JAi{ ffT ~flJ~ fq-a-T~: (~)er~) t'fTfT~ ~f ~) srfu1fT-;ft~

~ CflT ~lf mGfRr WfiT ~ I ~ irU atit ~rifiit ~r "f)~ ~r-of ~: Gf3f trit ~ llT ~h: "(nT'f ~ ;m<fiT q ~:;;~ (I~ ~r'ffi"r ~, ~~

f~~ ~T ~ f.r~~ f~lTT lflTT ~m ~ ~T ~lTT ~m I~T~ tTR ~r I

m ~ q?T if ~~r f~@r ~ ?

~r: ~f iff, f(1~T ~-~ ~f "{T~ ~ \if~ lftJ;f~iJT - ~~ ~1=~rr q-rn fATit ~

~ ~ -ry~ ij"~T - ~lf iliT~;:~~ Cf)VfT ~r~, m ~T~ ~

atit, m ~~T'1 ~ 'Sf~ ~Jf ~)~

fCRrrit: (~~rit g~ ~ if) srRrJfT 'iITm a1 ~ : fq-~rit ~Ilrt ~\if CflT '~~

~Ti Cfil Cfi"~ fCf) ~Cfl i-m- ~ 9;fTlt it ~' ~ ~~~it~ ~ ~Cft ~

~~ft ~~ mit ~,~m, fvffi if@ sr~~~ ~ ~ ~ 'TR 'l~ 73~r

CflU~ Cfil11t - ~~~ fef)~ it; f~~~ ?ft - tp~ ~~ iTt ~

ep~ ff 9;fT tTf ~ I a1 ~ I

ift : (~cp~) ~:;:fRr ~T~, ~

~ ij"1~r ~T - ~'l :qr~rfCfilfT

~ ~ ~if ~ ~@ =q~r ij"~~T I

fqar:ijT: ~ij" f~ ~ ft1lT a1 ~~ CflT~~ 'f

~~T "iT - cprt~ CflJl:r ~T cp~)

: f~T GfR: ~T m ~efT uoo ~ fiRrrit: (Sfi)er ~.fCf"{' if) ~"{ '>1nn ~

tTf ~. ~Gf ~m m~T ~ <it. '1{ ~~ ~m en: «io ~Tm. it ~iJij' _

~ ~. W 'Cf~ it lift Gfllf ij";r +IT ~~'fT ~aT ~ I ~ ~) ~~. ~

a1? ~ q'"{ aT ;:r~ «~r ~r '~if mqi «Tqi ~1"{ ~T ~~ ~;:rr I

;~T~ ~ - ~Gf ~mr) ;:rf "{)~<ft ifTlf. : ('1m'1{ ~ ~) \jft f'FiT .er. ;:r(1I'-:S'1 '=tIl t ~ t;; ~

•• ~, ~.I~(.f I

fq"ffrit: lf~ ~T~~ epT'l ~. ?

ifT~ : -u~ - Cfi1;:r ~r~ - ct«r mfi1~ f~T \jfT q ~) fCf)~ft .~

;r~~~f I

fq- JTGfT: ~~~T;r CfiT Cfilt ~Tff ~r;ft~­

~ ~~r ~qT ~iT 1j~ ,m ~l1T) I

~~ : ~Pi ~ q~ f~crrn efTf~ fCrffi~ fCf)~T u~ cpT ;r~r ~~T I

fq(fT'ifT: (~mer~ tt) Gflfr 'AT~ Tf 1W

fq(1f~ t

;f~~ : (!~ mcr~ if) \jf~ fm ~r\if, ~

'f~ \iffiRfT fi) ~ fl1~ cpT

~q~ ~ q.~T 'f~ ~~T ,

f~~: (sit~~) ~ ~~ if~~ CfiT ~~

~ Cf)T lit - ef)~ ~ ~r eJ)~ ~

Cfil~ if~dT;r~ efT I ~if ij"lilf efTlffu if; ~r~ . ~T~ 9;1"l'fr fl1 trfu'~~T :qTt~lt, ~T~ fq)~ ;;r~ ~it

if +IT a1" f~;ft ~lfR ?ft t

(clPlf ij-) ~t st. ~it if ~)f~lTT~ ~T

a-+IT a1 ~~ l{~ ~ f~~ ~-

~~ m ~~fCfl1ft ~ ~) !iij"~ ~r~

q-~T ~ - WT Cfi"T ~~r;; Cf)T t1T~

ene~ efT CflfT ~1fiT I

Cwrwrra- ~~ ~~ cpr ~)

~T-srRr;rT (~Cf) ~r~ 9;fTm:q~

~ ~) ~li 'iT~ - ~ff ~t ~ ~T

~T~)I

;ff~ : (ffi"Cf~CfT~ ij-) ~rq- ~ ~~ ~~r'f

Cflfl~-~~T ~T~\iT ~ ~) i;fT~~ ~ I

fqffi"~: ~T m~~ m~ CfT'l ~~ ~) ~ffi

.~.;rr - f~ ~r~~: ~~ ~~ ~ ~

~?

( ~o )

a-ij" ij"~ ~ ~rll;r Cp~~ cpT ~r~~ ~).,T

=qT~~ - 9;fTf~~ ~a-T;:r tr ~'* ~ Cf~T

~ - ~~ (j;+~T=t ~ &, tn:Ttr m.,@ I

~ : (~~T~ft ~)91'"{ ) ~Tq ~T~ ~~ 1!+l)tn: f~erT~ ~ i1@ ~ra- .~) ~ CflIT

ep~ I

lit : (~TcrT~ cpT cpTl1~ aT'iT ep~) ~ffi ~

~cT, ~TGf~ eti1;:r ~ - ~11 cp~T ~T

~+r \iij"~ ij"T~ ~~T~r fcrqT~ Cfi"~ ~·it­

~fCfA" q-~~ ~if ~Cfril") ~T cit, q~ep~t ~~CfT ~ - Cfr.fl cp~Cfr ~ -

~ : lit, CflTT ~~ ~;;T .,T~ q~ fq~qTij"

.,~r I 9;JTCO ift, ~rq~ ~l~er, fffCfl~ft ~T~ ~) 'f@ \ifRC1T I

fi«rrGft: (Pfi)~ ~~ ~~ i:t, ;:rT~ ef)T ~T~ q~

ien-a- g~) aT lf~ ~~T - ~~ ~~~ m~;:Cf)~ Cll{ ~ ·fCf) Tf it ~ij- ~1

fur~ - J;f~ ~t, ~'f ~~ Cll{ ~;r

~, fef);P~ ij" ~~ru Cfi"T~Gf \ifTifT~;:~ I

~'1~~ qi~~., ~ f~lr Cf)~ ~~ ~, ~

~ra- en) ..~;:@ ~T~~T q~ ft1~ f~~

CJ)~ trTG CJ)~ ~T ~T I

fqCf(\ift: (~T~~ ij-) GflfT ~~T - ~Tit it~rll"~r~ ~, ~T ~+r;r fCf)~ft ~l q~ '1~

f~~T ., ?

rrT~ : 'l~T fqa-r~T - 3;fT~ QT-(~ ~ ij"fnrf~ff ~ tt ~ij";:r CflT

~cr~)

;ft"~ : - SijT~ ~f;:rlt lf~ ~flir ~ ;:r~1

~)iTT - ~rft ~~ iT~;:r(i ~CflT"( iff f

fq~T~T: CflfT ~eT, ~)rrT Cflt1 ~~ -

;:r~ : ~T~ fST~ij"q~ ~T~~ Cf>T eJ)~it;

f~~rlfT, ffT ~ Cf)g~ ~~ fCfl ~TifT, ~

~~~T~ ~ - ~Cf) OFT - ~~~~ ­~;:ijCT:;~~'i CllT ~T~T Ef; ~T11it t1~

~r+rr 5Tf~a- Cf)~.,r oTep ~~t QTiJT I

t~~~~ ~ q-'(i-cij" +rr q) ~T~ qT~

~ - ~T~ itt ~r.fT~ it tt~r ~TlTTep~T ~f=qa- 'i ~r J ~

f'«TT\ifT: (if~ if~ ~~ #) ~;:r~ft ~) ;:r1~ cpT+It, if ~ ep~a-T ~r - ~+rR:T ;:r~ ~~ft

~r ~) ij"Cf)ffi" - 111 ;:r~ ~+lRfT CflT

;r~Tep \1~T ~r ~.ft ;r - ~ ~(q ~~

i1~ ~)~T it ;;q ~crCf)T 9;J~ 'let"

~qfa-lfT er;) - ~ij- ~q~~ qTCfrcr~(!J #~~Cf)T :qf~?f fi111T(!f ~) ~~T ~ - Cf))~

~~rcr .,~, ~)f f~q-Tq 'f~r - ~~

~ Cf1T )1tfu ~Ttf) - \if~t ~f~?f

rf)T e~a-T ~~a-T ~ Gf~t ilff~cer m

ij~ : (~~ f~~f\?f~r ~ ~~ffi" ~)

JIt : ~ij" Gfij"~ ~+ff ~r tfT ~T cp)f

~Tl1T ~)~T ~ -

rrT~ : q)q; ift - lf~ q~ 'l~f ~ - lI"~ (fT -

fq-a-r~T: cr~.,@ ~ - ~T ~l~ CflfT ~ - if~

cpf~ ~~T;:rT I

;ft"~ : q ij":q" Cf)~ ~ fq(fr~T, lf~ Cfr \3"ij"

~ri:r ~ {~ilf(1T~· ~ .\iff Qif ~q~

( -=<~ )

fcf;a1tf sr~rq m~ ~if ~ fq~ srfu1:rr: ~~ JAT9il- ;:ft~, ~ ~ 'Cf~ ~

~(ir ~ I wA ~r~ ~ ~ cp) :qTlf ~, ~

1ft : ~~ ~lf ~ ~11 -4T ~~ ~ ~ - ~Gf Fit ~ aT ~~ ~ ~T 'IT\if - ~ ijm ~~) ~ ;rf ~'.Rrr, ~ ~ ~\-~~~r ~Tffr F~T ~ ~lTT I

~)~ ~ ~ lf~ -:qft;rn: ~ ~~ (~ ftq~ f~T ~~ '«~ ~)~ itq'Pt - ~~ ~ I )

~~ ~~~~ alff~ ef;f ~q~ ~\CT ;nr f:q~if ep~ifr

JAij"Tqrf~CF O~· 'Atlfaetl ~ I li~~lT cpT WST'lffi CflT ~~TCfi\~ efi~ ~~ ~lI" ij- ~?fflTfert=rr et)T ~:qT~ cp~T ~~)m~ti if ~~lWfl

~m I lI"~ ~rcr ~~ ~T :;:rr~ ~ ~) ~@CJ)T ~~r ~ ~ fifCt)T~ ~ I &lJl"T~,

~ mm ~iijrf~Cf) ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ cf~rnr­

~(t ~ em- sr~ ~ ~ ~~T ~ I ~ Cf)~

Cf)r rrretrlf ~ ~ fep '1TCf writ ~~ ~ fqtSflf ifM-~~ ;r ~it t J;fmf ~;:~;@ q~lf W?f ~ I~

~~l~ ~~ em- ~Fir ~T ~:~ Ofi"T ~T~GfT;r

~~r ~, ~tcr em- ~~T (~~rllT~ ~~) ~:~q

~T ft:t~~ ~ I f;fftT wrifT ~ ~~rifT

ifl) ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ I '1TCf ~~~r :qr~€t ~ a-t wrifT ~~m etlT ~'i 'i~~ ~;:~ ~ ~1f;rit I

~~tcr' Cflf ~~q ~ ;:r~t I ~rCf'i CSf;T tlrlf

4fTq;;1~ eltlr ~q~ 'J;T1'i~7 ~ I ~ cy;r

~~~lf ~r'l;:~ STrf~ ~, '=J;Tr;r~t ~ ~r~ :j1f

~-fq~ll ~ ~ fQ1ft mfT;t; ~~~ ~

~r~g{~1 'lJ~~ ~T ~~~~

'll: '~Rr :~' em- f~~f(f @"~~ em-~~ I ~ J;fr;r~ enr ~ ~~ if ;:r~ fCJi"lrT~T ~T, ~ 'Af'{~~;ftlf ~ t ~~ ~

(f)T mfcff ~ 'AT'i~~~ ~ I '~' ~mq;fr ~ \if) f~ ~rm, ~ lfl1~~ ~ ~T~ m'f 'ATclIT CflT ~tRRrT em- ~eJ)«fT ~ f ~: ~T;:r;:({ em- ~~ ~rWtr

~llT ~ SI'flT itl ~r;; ~ I m~Tlf ~qr

CfiT sr+lr ~~ @ '\Tr~' f;ffi:rcf:q;:ft~ ~ I

\1f~ ~ l'll'1~' ~~ ~~ ~r ij"@ ~~ m~

~~ ~~ ~it CfGT ~ i[ff ifT'lCfflT iii ~itlJ q'~

eJ)T r:fcti ~tJi ~ mil ifi ~Jfmr;r{ if ~+«f~~ ~€t ~ I

'f~ IT)~.,, 1f~~;;, qrf~~~ ~,.~ ~t:f~;; ~A" I

:;r~ ~T~ qfff)fl~;:r. qar ~'l ~ ij"lfT;:r II

( ~~ )\ '\ /

* if ~ctit CfW;r c$l *~rfu11 f~ Cfm, 's1+ft' aft0 ~ 0 ~f~ff qtf

~lf :qf~ fq~ ~ it,~ ~ ~:Rcr<f ~;rr ~ ~ I

~~ ~;r;:r it fsnr Cf)t,~)f ~ \if1TT ~~ ~ I

~ ijJ1T ~~ it m;{f..~<=r ~,

~~ ~T~~-~~r;:r ett~r I

~ ~ij"Cf)) ~~A ~~ifT II

\;fiT ef)~~r f~~ ~ ~RfT ~,

r.r~ \i1"<:1" ~~ \ill{ Of)~ ~ \jf~ffi I

~~~OO~,

q~ ~rr atl~~T m ~~T t

~RT CliT mflRr lfi"~ ~,

~~Cfl) ~ ?[~ ~Tif .r I

il ~q~ ~A $T It

iffi1 itl ~~~ tlfTf ~,i1T~ ;q~ ~~~ ~ ,

m- ~'i ~~ ~ ~rt ~),

~ ~ ~ ~ wrritf~ 'lR m~ CllfWJ,

~ JTf~ \3qlC~lif ~ I

~ ~Cfl) ~A" ettfTT 'If~Cf)) q-rq" ij'q~r ~ \jftT •

.~~ m ~~~ ~ ~~.. I

'~~ iAT q ~ fitq-~ ~ q cpT ~Tl1 Cfl~T I

\if1T f~ijCf)) 'lf~~Tq- ~~~r 1

if ~~) q~~r~ ~~~T II

( ~3 )

'lfTq'f f~~ ~or ~T, 5I"~ Cfft +IT;:rr-ittI~~;:~ Cfft ~~~T it ~arT +r«fr ij- \iIlq;:r t;'A1lim1 fq~ ~;;T~T Cf)~T ~,' - ~~ er.t

Ef)~r ~~~- '~~ f({rr \if~ ~T~r;:r mq:> '-IT

Cf)m:q~ ~T~-;P)t ~~a- it'Cf-~U~ ~ ~ ~rt

~ ij"lfT., ~eT~-~~~ ~1l ~~ ~, ~ ~q-:q-r:r 5T~ftr

GfiT J;fr;;;:~ ~a- ~~ ~~ ~ifT. ~T ~, Cf)~qtfT

enT ift~ q q~T-~T f~tT\if-q~ ~ ~m~1f-m

'1~ fen~T Cfft sr~lf-~Tq Cf)) ~ ~~T ~T, (f~

ff~ if;:~ ~T~ ~cTa-T ~ fn~ Cfft ~T~ <til'.,T~er CfTa-Tq~ it ~;;~;:rT~ Ef)T~ ~T~;r~ \~

~r, ~i~~q~ ~~ ~T-

'enT'f' ?

~ crr if fll~T q~ ~~ft CJ)T'fT q ~~~ \~

eeft~it ~m, ~~ Cf)~ ~~T ~1~ om-sr ~~ ~lfT.

~To srt~ca- ~T ~-

l~' !

l~'

'~~ij-' ?

~T~;:r ;rr0 ~ 0 ( ~T;:r«' ) ~~a-lf ~~

-\if')q;:r f~;:rr t~ru ~T(fT ~, ~ crT ij"+TT \ifA~

~ f~ lfTGf;:r ~ ;r~~~ 9;fr~ q~ crT ~~ F.1ft~~ \j7ja-r ~, Cf)~;:rT cpT ~TllT q~~ ~~ ~'1~

f~~Tm ffCf) ~~;:rT cpfo;:r ;:r~- f$;:~ ij"(lf ~ ~

~~ ~,' - ~ Cfi~ ~ ..~a- gQ; \m~ Cfi~T-

'lI"~ €f~ ~q., it ~;:r +IT @~T ~,'

'f~'

lei; 7'

'~;;)',

~~~T'

(~~r ffi ;;~ l:fT;;)it/

''f~T ~ft,'

'~ ~"Tm,'

'CflfT' ?

'~;:rit cp) ~T :qr~ ~,'

'~=i;~r' - ~ ~~~ T{ ~ ~it ~T~f fR q-~T

m~9;fT CflT i:·t::T CflT ql~~ op~T-

:q;;~~T ~GTclf~T~ lJ;~T~f(f q~ ;r'il1)~Cf)

~~T f~~~~ g~ ~~f~ enT ~~+rT ep-T ~f\iRr

~ ~~T ~TJ T1'~-ll;:~ q-q;; ~fCfCfi'T~l Ef;qa1:~~~ ij srctq;:r q.~T 91~ ~~ ~r, +rf;:fi-ffT'fT~~ ~t1r~T -crrrr Cfi~T;r ~m stfR ~ fi:r~r ~

~~1 rn: ~Cll QT iflfT, Cf)r~-~~ CfT~ ;rfu ~

~~~ ~~T, orop ~ ~) ~ ~ij- -{lCfi''fT ;rT~ ~ ~

fl1epT~~ ij' ~ft cpfo;:r~, a-+TT fij~T~ ~)€f ~~

~~ cti~r-

",'-~~(fT q~ ~T(§f lf~T(=fr cr~ ~)~Tl

~ ~crr ;r +1"1 ~ ij")~T ~r fep .

_.Al ~ ~~ a-~~ 9;fT f+r~'rfT' -~nCf ~~T Cf)~a­

~~;:r epQT,

~f~~'-ep~-ep~ q~ cn'ft~T cr~ ~~T ';;@ ~)'-~~~~Tcft ~T cr~ ~T~Ti

• -nf~+rT ~ ~tr q~T,

~,'-9;ffq~T~ ~ ~~ ~r,

r(f -~~enT ~)~ f~~r~~ ~~ ~~ ctl~T_I~'i

fit~ ~~l1T?f ~;~ q-r;:r CfiT ~r~~T ~T ~T~

~ q~ ~TCf'1-f'1fer ~Gfli f~9" ~~, ~~ +f1tlf

Ijhmi rr Cfi~ aT l;fR emr Cfi~ ?' '~"

m ! 'iT~T ~TCfrr it ~q(1 ~~ ~ C1.ir~ Gf;~aT

l ~T 75ij"Gfi"T ~cTtq Gf'KfT ~, ~~~ CDr ClfT~

IJl ~T~ q~ ~q~ ~en ~ ~t! ~ Glij" \3fTa-r~,

~ ftr~ q-~-qceti" Cf)~ 'Aq-~ srT~1 Cfi"f

~~ Cf)~ ~a-T ~, fq)~ gl1 at irt' ~\T:Jfr

kJr~T ~ ~r~ UCfi" ~T m,'mr'!

{f',

~~ ~@)1 ' - mr~ CfiT if)~ ~(i 'ti~a- ~.

~ Ef)~r'

~'?

~lI"r 9;fq~ fSflfa~ enT ifT~ ij ~~tfCJ)a- Cfi"q)~l

I~ ~~ f~q-T ~it ~ I'

'~, '-~eep ~-er~ ~~ gt:!: ~~~ ~~T,

~T tT~ ~{t'-~~~ en;:~T ~ f~~Ta- q)~T ~,

'~T :;;rf~T ~T(f ~T~ ~+r •••••••••...

~~-~,'-~R ~~~ ~\i\lfT~ ~ 'n1cnT en) Wfi"T

f~lIT, ~~tT ~+r ..qT~ff ij' ft~ ~)~ q~ f@"~

~oi -~T~ ~~~ ~~TTta- q-r;; Cf)~ ~ ~t J

'~~ ~lfT' ? ~f;;rl1 PfiT-er ij- ~~ GfT~T,

'5f(!Jlf CflT 5I"~1l ~Tq,'

'CflfT' ?'~'U ~, +(;r ;:r :;:rT~T ~T~' ... ••• •••1;;f:c~r!'-f~f~~T~ ~~ \j~~ cn~, ~ ~T

'Aq-;:r 'APi ~) '1 ~)ep ij"cpT ~1~ qr(fTq~~ f~~-.f~~T~e ij- ~~ ssr,

~ij" 5Tepr~ \TfTq'1 ~T lTT~T if ~~ ~Jf @

( ~~ 'liSo ~\9 q-~ )

~~a~~ i:t~r;:~CJi~ ~ ~ ~ I i:t~-

liTffi" ~ ~~~ ~rCfi'm q'~ Wlffr 'fICf (~

~T f~~T ~ I fq~~~r ~li"~ ~ ~ ~et)

~)~ «~ ~)~ act) f~CCf) ~ 9;f~ srcPyq ~

~ril+r'f cpl ~ar ~~'fT ~ ~~ ~r I ~ CflT tre"T

~eJ) ., f~(ffcrr ~r r 5Tf(f~~ 3i~l:f(fT ~ij" 5fCflT~

~q; ~~ ?iT ifT'fT tfTf~(iT, ~r~ffi (i~T f;;r~~~trT

~ f'icp~ ~~ f;:r~T~T ;r ~ ~Jf1 cpT ~ erT~~

Cf)~ f~llT ~ I

~Tf~ cpT. fe-a-TlI" !:f~ 5fr~+r g~T ~r I

tfTtT-U ~ ~~ ;r ~~~ qr~ fq~T~rr~

~)~ ~ f.,cp~ ~~ 'Jr~r ctft ~(1T ~T ~

oct;r ~ ft I ~ait if ~Cfi m(1i qtff~r ~cffiT.~qit ~TCf;r ~ ~r~ ~ 'fa- ~, ;rlfrfT ft ~~~~~tTr~r, ~lI" if ~~;:rT f~q-T~ ~q-~ q~~rqT

~ ;:fT~er crror~r~~ cpT ~¢~T~ifr;:r ep~at g~

~)~c~ enr ~)~ ~T9'T :tfT~~T ~T I

\jij" ~~ q""{ ~r~T Cf;"f ~Cp tz91 ~~Q ~J:f(!T

~.~ ~~T ~T I ~~ tl)~T ~ q-~:qi q- ~rr~

~q- 9;fT~ ~Cfa: l!<fi ~~ I Cf€[ ~TaT ll~T ifiij"QT'1 :q~ J;f)~ f'i~T~;r ~rrT ~T~ ~ij"~ ~T ~

'T~f~;:~ flf~ ~~ it err········ eer·········e:tr I

~r~ ~~~ ~ ij- ~T\iT1 it ~rit ~~Of;~ ~r-­

'qICfCfiT Gf;~,T \ifTt=fT ~' ?

~11'1 it 9;f~9;fT Gffr 9;fr'tf;:;r if q-T~~ gQ;cr:~T'-- - '~ ST+lTCf ;;rl1 ~ ~T~ ~ fJ1(;f;r ~li~ ~) lfQT ~+ftrr ~ ~T~rCfrtf ?f ~a-r ~ I it~T

lIT ll~ ~lTT q-~~, ~ ~~ g~r~ J;fr~ ~ q-~~

~r~crrtr cpr 1=frtT 'f~ ,~!'i~fr I '~~;r ~T­

'~~, if 9Arqep) ~r~ ~r ~r~' I5,

f~~Efi" '1~~T etft m~ if f~ Cf, ~a- ~lf~

m~~fa- +h~Cp \jom ~, ~ chrT ~T ~1Jfir

~~cpl ifT{CfT f{ +1)~Cf) ~oT I ~T~i ~ ~

~)~~ ij- fCf)ij"f f+r~;:r ;rT~ q-~ ~\iT~ ~fi

~dT~q cp).~f~ Cf)~ f(fllT I 11T'fCRfT ~ ~

q~, 9;fT~ ij-fuf:a-r Cf)T ~f:q~ +rT~ :q~r I ~qif

cpl ~~ A"rs;p~CJ) a~r ~'f'i~fa cpT ~ Cf)~ +IT~ij- wRT ~~r ~ ~\i~r if ~T{ I ~

\if~fq~Trr lft;:r etft +ftfu ~eiaT ~~ I~~11., CflT ~~ ~~T 91) ~{?f ~ ~rm EpT ~ffff

4lTif ~~T g~T I

5ff~~T (f) f'f~~T ;r ~ :erllcpm ~, ~rfCfr

eFt ~Tfd \if) ~~~ if ~T wrrrr SfCf)T?IT f~ffT

~ I "Sf 411 a- ~T 0 ~0 9;fTrrij- (fQ;:~T) ~RfJf qlf

~r ~T~ ~r I q~ A"~;r ~T I ~r~F~ ~ ~~T~

9;1qrrf ~e~lf'1 Cf)~ ~T ~T I qf~qr~ ~ 'iTif

q-~ ~~epT +rT 1;l1~ ~ep ~~'i ~T ~+pf I ~lf'i

~ffCf)T ij"m ~~;:r ~) '1 ~T q-"{f=~ ~ ij"~ ~~'i ~

1ftr if ~GfTer:r~ fCf)lfT ~T I ~11'1 if; +rRfT-fq-a-r\ifaf qQ dT'f q-r;f cpT ~T a-r q~Z1)~T1=fT ~ iTltit I 5f+I'T(f q:)Tl1faT;r ~) ~tr~ q~m if ~~T~T ~~rCf7T ~T~., 'TI(1" fef;trT ~r I .5f+rT~ CflT

~Cf) ~QCfrfo1T ~1 'f~#(1EJ)T;:dT' \iff ~+rT(i ~T

r.rTtlfdT ~ ~ iCffftSf(9" ~T ~T~ ~~ij' sfl1 'iT ~T I

5f~ra ~T~ GfiT;:(if r{T'iT ~T lJ:.;n Cf;lf~ if l;felflT'f

(e"t)

}.l.l:t~li!@J:c¥t~~~-L.alhln~-l!:E~11t..lSI111lt

Ih~j~~b~11t.lS:l.-lli~lt~~bl..b~b~1!:.2.B

.J:t£.1Jt.fu.u!,hl~~j~.1i1.l11.bcl.e:Jb~l~

Il.l1~jb:lhl~~.~~.R:1~.E~&£~Hl1tJ:i

).~.e~b~~J:t!£!@~~lL)-ltflh~J.B~~.lS

11:~~~~~~~~~£Il~~l~l~l.e

~:t.~~¥1th~h~!Jejllt~QIJS~j~~

~~~~tit~Il.tl~j~.E::t.tJit!£~2~-l~

~.e:t~l,J~l.h~~1~~Ilh~.B-lTh~jJ:l~

~J.e~:t..:£Qj¥~t~~.et~.b.li~.e~jIh112~j

:t.~b~~:lt-.~.eli~J:t~Il.Qh'a~~~~

2t.E:t~bltb!ft~~l~&~'Itt~~bj!tt.tji~

~~~.lhh~~~h~hIIhl~~:t.lt~llU§

~.ti~.l£:.lhJ:t~.ti~h1~J:t~Ilh-l!£~:t.h

::t.~.e~.@;t~~ft~~ht~~~l.~Ihl.UllJ-.~:2~~

i~~~it~l.E)~:t.~l~~~.eIli.l~:t..llt-l~!11-lh~~i-l1:!b~~.e'llt-E~~l~:al.!!=.a~.h~~

ol~:.QlJS~j:t..!!=~t~Lh.ftl.e:g~.ft~J~.e

-l!l=!!hIeill!tJ:lI~l~.ib-lgl~~~~:1~.eJj:

1.'£l~~t~~JB~j-lfu~!£.a£-l~.E~1.tt-l.Q

~1~~1.'21~~~.e1tt~.e~1J:t~JhJ:t,Ek

I~l.t-l~.Q~li:~1~.el.~~~l~~

I~t~}.:tlt!h--A¥l~~i~It

~~~iI1l2lf2~:l}.e.:t.!:E~~.Lgl~:g.e~~l!t.ll

Illi~l.~}~.El.l~~0l~1.~~1=1~.Q:a,l~l~

#~1.Q.b~.tE~~~?2'~1~1:.&lkl~.'£~j~~

~~J.eoJ!2~fulsl-t,J:t..a:2--l:@!h~}.2~1~[

Ilk:-L.&.b~.h~.l1tlblb1.'£0~~~:th11th~}.~

J:!J21~Js~l!l:a.a£~J-.t6~.ti}'~Lltllb:lfu~~

l2hl~:t.!£~~~12,~~j-L~l.e:.e-l~~~.E.l!-~

.e~l~0l~,-l:g!£~~l!tJsI~1::~j1.~.Le

.E~l.&:Uhl~~J.1=~b~~1.1~1~~:t~t~~

Illt.12~)'l~~2Q~~.eJi1.1;:.etl.~.t.ll}

~1t~l~:t..Lill.b!.Q~b!1:~.hIt~.eIj1::.~b:t.b

~l~~~~l~.i=1lIt6~l~~~QE:j~j~~.l1;kli

!~~~~b~~~1l~!!lb~:It'El~ft-l~.e~t~ft~j~~~.1:tlt~l!ttiIt~~~J.eLb.y:t~.a~ll.tb~~1~llil.13~~1.e~l&.:t.~l~:l~l~

-lb~It.lt~~~-~:B:l~.Qilt.JSIt~~t.2.:t.e:tlt-2~~!h.ltl~~h.lit.e2.6!Ub:1~~Jj.l2~j

~lb:kJil~~~.l::~ltklliIhIlil.E~~~

~~l.tl.t'}t12:t.-LatJ:t~lliI~tQ}'~t'@l.l2~

2!£.tibtl.l-WJ~~~.ti-l~~-l~l~~.eliiill

-L!£!t~.bl~~l..lY~Jil.b~.Q»'.e~:121.lS

Il.tt~j~~lJil~~l~:2t~~~a~~~

~~11tl:i~~bl.tl.!hJ:@ltllil~~E:tdJ.atlt~

J~:!l~I1l1b:t~j~.21~~J-.tfkJittt~~~~.lJ£l~~l~Il.l2~~l.-lJi-l9=Uj:l~t.a~j1lIllJ2£-l~~It~.eIl~~~ht!£J:t~-l,ht~

-l.tt.l1~~:tlh.l~.lJLhl.Qh.l:t.t!~-l~~.h~~~I~

~:tl~~tJ::g.ejb~.QlbJl.J.&~~blti:l~

1!G~.l:ctJl:t.~ll£:u~~~lt~tJi~~~~lJ!t:ltc.Qj.&±I~bSl11~.2J~J:t~j~.n~Jl~~

~l.1=s;b~~~ji1:t-l.Y=b~1-L!t.!:l?J}'1~J:i~

ilh.e2J~l~~l.E:~b~~:t..bt~J.2~~t~~!!l~

~~~~l!£.ti-tt~k.ej~.Ql!t.15i-L~~

!:J:lt.E::t.!£~}.-:gl.l~~~.Ejitht~.bl.bJa

~Ih~.e~~~.EJ~~la~~~~Ji~hJi

Illi~jful.J:t~.I.tl~.yUle~.lJ:t~Jllit&

lh~lJ:2~l~I-Ltdt.Qlk-l~~t~.ty#fuLe.l.b1J!

Ja:t.t~~~.J:!.B~¥t!£~-lJit.QJ.li.lJil!.e~l.tiatI.llt2.••....~'1111.....-!ti~~l~Ittful.E~1.1i~

tID1Jst~~~~lh~ltI~~~}.~fual!ll..b!tIlt.Q~l~Jl~1l.1Jt.J-.~t2..@t~~l.t~

!!lithtit~~llt.15l.tJi1.Q~1~.e~I-Lh~!t.=1:t.l.lSl~.\}.b~.l:!~~~!:I:I.@~l.~.LIUj

~~ erq. eo) ~~ g~ ~T~ ~r~~ cpT 9;f~q~:n~

# f+nTCfT f~l'T ~lfr, f~~ ~tq \ifT~ ctft~mcr'fT ~T I

~q +fr f~cr;:rr f'i1S9~ ~ fen er~ ~~CCf srT~T

tf))!fi~ a~T 9ATCfaTil" ~T\if eft ~f~rf~cp

lmi~~ ~i't ~ fWt \ifrfc:Rr ~T ~r ~ I

J;f~ar~ if~ cpr s:~r~ Q)~ ~~r I ~~ f~

q~:qT1 ~+r., ~Gf ~~~) ~{ aT \3"~ ~ffifr~

~ ~~r fl1t1 ~ I ~~ =JAfr"rn fGf~cr it \3"~cpr

;pli;?l>r~Cf) ~ ~T I Cf~ lff ~ en: ~r tf)~

~~ qQT \3"~~ ~~~-~')~ Cf)T cr~T~Til" q-Tm I

q-~f~lfT ij-~ l1T(fT ~ ~~Tra a-~T +rl{ ~ ~~

\ij'T~ ~t ~~.,r f+r~ ~cpT ~ I q~ cp@ ~r~~

:qT~r ~r I q-~~ ep~ ~1 \3"~ ~T~lT .,

flf~r I

~T fcrrtl1 ~'fr ~~~ ~q~ \iflcr~ # Cf)+fT;; ij'~r ~r I ~ij" 'Sf~T~~ ~~ ~ij- er,-~ m~

qTa- lftz I \3"~ ep~ ~~AT q-~ 9;fr~lJ" fJf~r +ITd"T ~~ :arr trT~lRTaT~T Cf)) ~~ CfiT Cfi~cpa-r

cpT '1a-r ~rr(fT ~T, a-r ?t ~ij- f'1CliT~" ~ q I

~~ft 5fCfiT~ ~~ ~ Cfi~ llr~ QlJ"aTa ~) lflr I

~~ CfrTI Cf)T ~tfa ~u ertt l1T lf~;;T If GTT~ ~T~

~T 1 9;fT;r~T ~ ~+fTqq~ff ~tGf :jf~- f;:p:r~ 'f QTiflr ~ I cr~ 9;f~ 9;fTff1Q~T er;T fq:crr~ en~

~~rrT CflT ~)~ ~~T CflfTfC}) ~trcpT f~~CTrn ~r

feti" ~;:11 ~~ tn: fl(~ Cfir ~Tft;rif;; ~T ~

q~aT ~ I ~Tli"CJiT~ CflT ~+1lT ~r 9AT~ ~~

~ttft ff~r q~C1cff q-~ 'AGa-i1 5fij"T~ cpT ~q~

qq-t;n~ ~~ ~ I \3"ij" ~+rlf cr~ (f~ifr it ~r~~~ r.r~11 lfWfT ~ CR ~rti" ij"T~ GTT~r ctft~fclfT ~r I ~~ f~ffr ~+T~T ;p) \if(!f iT ~~a­

~~r r Cf~ ~r~ lf~fTr ;r ~~ cn~ ~~ f~Cf)l~

(1"TlfT ~1~ oe q-~ ~1~ f~~T I ~a-1a- etfr ~. er~T

~~rti ,,+r\~ ~ifT I ~~ ~ ~a-'ircr~~T it~T~ or er~ trT~ Cfl~~ ~lfr -- ~GT! m~+r~ra

enVl"T m qr:r ~ J \3f"Wfo ~~ CflT ~~r ep~) I

~+IT ~ ~~r ~T'~ ~ ~tr mr"rn fCf~Cf if I

~~ CflT ~T~ ~~T m~, Cf)OO ~~ ~

;rlfT q~ ~~ tfi'~T =qJ~~ +IT ~~ ~ ep~

ml;:r \ifT;r fq-fl:1 wr~ ~ m~ ~~T $fir~T Cli~

~~ ~ I ~ m~ CfiTf~ if lqT '>Jf~ trT!I

itl .,ll1 q-~ ~Cf; ~T I erg ~Cf) &rTqr~T ~T I

\jij" qa-r ~r fep rrrRm ~q~ ~r+TTf\ifCf) \iflcr~ «cfiT ~TCf)~ a~T ll(~ ~ f~ fqcr~ ~Tep~ STTll:

~tfT ~rc tn: 9;ffCll~~llT rn J;fTlfT ~ ~

~T~ qQ ~Cf)~ ~~ ~ ~ f<t"lfT ~r ~r I'

~ 'fiT +IT lf~ ~r~Cfrtr;; ~'fi~ f'fi Cf~ fl~~ ~(1T~ \ifT ~~ ~ ~~ ~~lfT~lf ij" \;fr ~

~:q f~lfT I

~CR ~Tq;:rTCf)m Tf ~ll et?r +rITa sr~T~ ~

~~<1T !>~r I 5f+rr~ ~~ ~ ~e ~ EflfTfEn ~~~G: cpT ~~T ~lTrta"~) ~epT ~ I~ ~

<Sf~i1 ~ .~~ ~r I tflfT\;f ~ f.p:flf ~rmaT.

'fiT-':~ 73~'fir lff~ +IT ;j~ fCf'liil ~T ~~~r I sr~r(j ~ ~G:lf if ~if'1 ~ srfr=r 'AlTr~ ~~

~r I r:rrqT~ srfa-+rT~T ep) ~\jfr (1") q-~-tpff it~"'l~ft ~ fCf);:~ CfQ" ~f.I;; ~T ~qr~'1T m~~T ~~aT ~r I ~~ ~ T1~ cpT ~)~ Cf)~ at f~cr:TCfiT ~T;:r ~T'l qft 'R;:g; ~~etlr et)l{ qaT "

=q~T I ~en: cpp:err +1T 5f+{Ta Ft f~lr ~)Cflr~

~T I ~ij"~ +1"r- >r+TrCf Cf)T qr~ ~ R-it ef~T-=flTT

lfT(l;rT~ '1~T ~QT? 5f~1 a ~:qq--1 ij ~T ~~\T

~~T lf~~ c=r~T ~~fflT ~~rlfT cp~(fT ~T I ~q

~T Cf~ Cfllff ~Clff~cp ~)epT~~ ~T ~oa-r aT~T~U Gf\ifTliT ep~?JT ~r I ~91 f~rr Cf1Trcrf ~ 'it

(~C)

(~J2)j~:t.b6~25l£.b~)

lh£:ll.l~J.u~~~~t~~:a:t.!J:2~-2~~.b.k:!

~l~~jIlnltlIl~J~1~:t:&-~12l~~J:tIt

I~.l!~~~@th1Lt1li~1t£~t1i

~l~l~-l2~h~t~~~~.l:!j~~b2~:t.t.~l~~

~.!£~~!t~-l~~l1:tb~Ib~~lhl~.I:t~h~

~h~Ib.Q~~l~lJ.1J:!Ith~Jl~t6

~.kllit~l~~~IllittjJ:tl.El:t.l~l.!£~.e~2

t~1~1~t1:t.:t.!hj~~lb~.2!}~b-lhllt

~I:t~Ih.Q~kl~Il~.l:tjill.J21:t.l:£l~.I~.e

~-l~~h~IIlG.allbli-!!.:2~j.at£~~l~

~j:ltt~l~b-l~~~~n2-l~~-L.t'-$l.hl.tc~.h?:htltlb~:gl.l::~~l~~.1£1t1~~l.Bl.tll.tl~tl~~.&

l~Ihl.l:t.e~~t~~.&JE.121~t1tt.Y:~11t.l1~~£~

~t~i~~lt~Lh~.E~1:t~..e.eb:IIh2j~

:t.~h~.1S~-l!£l~!t~~~hlt~~)'b)~:gE1-It.l.!£1

~:t.~.1=~£~.&£:t.t.ti~lb.2-l~:~L~~~J&:t~~~t.t?l~~.&£-l~t~It1~.2J3

.fUb1~.e~tl:tJc~1l:t.15'~~:t.~~Etj-l1:

:l~-lb~~JJ~ht~~lJlli:t..l:t~~~!~~~

~.&£I~t.Q~Jll:t.~-l!J::l.Qlt.l.lUill~4l.et6~~j~t~~fu:t.~~h~kl!t.l:tI-Llt11iili1t.

Lt,Ji~1~'.14ft'J:!.a-~~~~~~.eft

l~lB~J:t~~.lIt~.b~.J2~kt.s:1.l2~tit-L~

I~~l~~~~t~~~t~~.eJilJ..le~~lh!t,-l:g~~~.bltI~lill~

1.l1~.w~Ltt.bl-ltE~j~l~l.u~~.e2J:t..b

~~l.Q2Jt~~~~1IJ:t.2J.t:~l~~h.t~h.l;:-lk

~~~~11.t.&lJt:t.!bJ~lt.tt~tHlh~~~.E:!Ji

~~-l~th11~~J2iJ:t.J:tlJ?:tl~~1~1~

Ilil.2jIt.~~1.12:lthH

t~l£j~.!£Ih~J~~j.b~ft~t.Q~Jt!hEtlJtt!£1.h.2

~1£:jh!t~#t~~Ih.l.tl~.l::~.@~.l1t4~lt:tit

!tt.el£-l.tl~j1ti:t.liil~~~hili~J:t:gj.li~

~.I:!l:tlt~~l~b~~j~~}.~!t~~!t~.tl~

!!JaL~~lt2J~~~~t.Bl.nlh~I~.8~~

~lli.tilh~l~~l~Itlt~lJ.:g~~~j~2

I~.Lt~~1.!£:.t.l~

-l~~.a~.E:-lQt~hjl~l't-l~.a~J11.La

112lt~g~.eJfu)'l~-t~i~~~~.Elk~nl~:lttbjl.&~.a~l~~~~lt.Iltd.t.1=.11~

~.~!:bfth-L}"JftIJ12~~l.i.elk~2.b~

l!!:~~).Ji.E.t&~.atTh.l#.IS~~hhjl.&~~lh~~~ll.Ij.2~~.B.s~1~1.E~t.!:b~-~J1i~J!i:t.~~!b~.eJ~~hllil.e~.h~~

~J:J!I~~:e!h~J}.!hfuLlE..wt.IH~Jtl~n.t=~.e-l~~U~l~l.b~JH.l1.blil~.t!-~J:IIiI1.h2j~~.B~:t.l.lt~t~l-ta~~~~~JInl~~l.l=~~~~~~~~It_l.~~~~~h~~.IiIl~~1.Q~.e:.1tl!!II~l.t-.tl~f=~~~~:U1=::~1.1Sltl1lt~~J:jIII

I~~b:tjb£IhJllLl!:e~.l!£~.B~bI-.!£l.~.&J:~~t~~klt.:g.eJ~.Qnij~~

lhlli.!t.&~l!a.Q~Jm!£hl~l!~ll~jlb~

-lg.QJ.1:t-t,1t~hl.l.l~~tJi!:EJ-l!£~.tt~I~

l~}'l:!k~:l~jlt~~h~}'~~l~.tt~

-t~:t.~.l:tllib~l~J.Q~~~l~:t..lt6lli!JIlt­

J{t.~~.l.b.I2h~~j-t~j:~lt:l.ej~~

-L~~t.Qli.eli.QlltJiI~l!t-Lla1fe~

1l:G~~~l:t#~l.t!.Qh:1j.b~).b~~.e~

.l2nlh-hnlt~~.e~lJiIth.tcii=~.e:~.b~~~

!@J:t~.lt~tYa.a~Ith-L~~~~~1lW!~lt:tAh~.I!2~J:!hItIlh~l.!£.e~litJI "oJ

:lh~!.tll~IlhJ£2Jj.!:e~.uli~~b~lli

I.lJt~~:L~1~t~~.e}.tJj:~lt~La~

~'~1l~~.b~~.~.e-l~-L~~lJ.~!~-L~

................................................ :

..........................................- :

~~~ffl- m;r ~T (~ ~r;rn) f[ffilr ~

uJffiR{ ~ m q~ cpfq :qy:q",~ ~T ~;:r itl fm QT~ I

~ ~ ~T mq-;:ft ~~FT,

~l :qf<? Cf)~ it ~ RCflT~ I

qr~;; ~ d"T f~ltc~ ~T~ CflT,~ \if~t 'f1:r~' '1tq 'rnT~ I

~) ~q ~T efT ~~T ~T,

fm J;JTctr q~ij" rf~ ~ f~;:rr~ t"

(:q'f:q)

"iffi"r~ :qT~, ~~T ~ ~~~ I

~r ~rru m~~, ~lf~ ~Tlf I'"l'lf~ 'Sf~ ~~~ etiT ~~T eJ)T 'Cf~ ~ I

;ftc Rcf;T~ q"fT '5ft, ~ar ~ ~ mr~,,"

(~)

"c;CJ)T ~ffl, cCfi"f Cf)ffl, cCfi"T iJ)~ sr~lfCf)T:

cCflT m rplf~a-, f~if eCflT CCfi"e~ I"

(m~a-~·cnT~T;:r ClifT)

"~Rer~ lf~ ~1;:r fCl)~r ~~ ~,

~~ ~ lIT mWCfl~ ~ ~ I

~) ~ ~~ ~TU ~fiJ~lf'f,

f({~ ~T~T ~-~-~i ~ u'(~~Cli)

( ~o )

-: ~-~;:r :-

ij7Clffm~ I ~ij" Gfr~ ~Cf~Cf)l~T ij'., ~~T~~ I ~Cf)+f))\T ~ij"~) , ij";:ellf ~ 'A"~ft!rq-

~T~ ep) ~fela ep~ I ~\Cf~ ~ ~~a- ~~~

Cfi"f ~r~)cn ~ ~~a crCf) ~T tTlTT, ij"~el1T '1ij"qfGf~T'1 QT Tf~ I

Cl~~ :q;:~T CllT ~~et)c ~T~ij"T ~T

~~ ~; Cf)q-~ fR eJft ~ q-. l1f~ Cf~, ~~Cf-

~d fcr~·~f(1cr 9;f~en~~··· ~~

~~~ f~~ ~ ~:qep ~ ,

Cfl~ ~t. ~To t{o ( ~r.,~ )~F(i~ ~~~ 1fi1r,~'~1f ~ ~f3=\jfa ~Hi,- 3i~T CfiT f~~ ~tt, ~~ ~H~,@ ~ ,Il?Tt~f~Cfi ~ ~it ~... ... ... 'ATf~~ ~ I ~"T-~R q~ f&1fu~T fu~~, ~ ~Jf

~ . ij- 'Ad<f~ja- ~ !:f€t~TT*t ~~ ~ ... ••• ICflIT ~ lf~ ~ ! ~ ~.

~ ~ ~T~ f~qT~ ~ 9;fTen~ ~~ ~ ff ~~~'~fl: ! f~~ fu"tJ: "'-ifTlrCfi ~"T ~ f~T ~R CI1?: '" ... ~ ~ I 'Cfq~;:rT lf~

~ I ~(Cf ~ f~ij"Cf)T ~~ @fu~Cf) ~1. fEr;;:~ 'fr~

~~~, ~m<;;f, f~;:rt"T ~. ~..~ if ~ 'f ~1f~ ~CfiT I ~~ ft;r~ oT lf~ ~T~ <fiTWA'T fm"T ~ srm~ if ~T " ... CfiFf! ~GffiT'f ~ f~cm Cf,T ~rlf>r'f ~T I

~ ~r~. ~T~ ... ... ... ~ I

'IT'fT ~Cfil~ ~ ~rer-~rqT ~ ~~~, q~,

~ =qffilr Cfl) ~)~ m~ ~ -~:qT~;:r enTC'-

srcfR:!Jaf cpr sr~~ fCli"it f~.,T ~T tTQ~ if~ I~~ ;:r?Jl ~ ~~ ~ Cf)) Cli"T~~ ~tTT ~)

~T ua--fqq-mr CPt ij l:J~ '1 qrlIT ~T I

\r\Nq~ij"'1r, f~Olf~~ fq~ftraT ~

~Cf)fi=CfT. ~Tf~ ~~ f;:r~r~ if ~r ~'1r

~~~ I

'Aq'~ q ~ f~~ ~tA l1;r eJft ~T Cf)) ~~T ~

;; cp"(T fep Cf~ ~@WI Cfi~ ~T :~n If I

-~~~ ( ~T({ap )

rrrcrl Cf)f ij";:~~ iT~ ~ tr§:qr~ it; f~lt ;r~ ~ Cf» -er)~ ~ ~~ ~lt t GJ)Ti(iT (f~T sr+rT~

~T I q-~ ~;:r: ~~ Cfi"T m~ ~~~ 9;f~ +ft SI;J~qra rn~~ 'r~lt !tiC'-~ (i~T J;fTffifTlft

m~ ~it ~r 9;f~qr(f ~lIT fen J:fRY ~Jf~ ~ tnrr\if ij-~ fCfi"~1 ~~m- ~~r eti"T m~ I

( ~ ~ )

Iqm 'f@ W ~ ~ +rlfql':( Cf)~ tft~T ~T­

ltlfT', ~Rr g~ 9;fT~ ~ ~ q"ij"T'fT ql~a­

g~ U1t~ ir~ ~nftti~ if SI~~ f'lilfT I

"eflTT ~T;rfij"~! ~~ ~Cf~ ~TCf~ 9;fR~~~~rlr ~~ eflfT ~)?H il~ ~Tl:fffl~ ~ ~~ Cfl~

~T I

~'arra q~ ~~T'fT ~ S:;:~PlCfC:~ ~T~~! s:~

~~T ~ ~TCf) ~ ~~ cn"( ~~T ~ I ~)~ ~Cf) ~T

f~ ~~eFT ~TlfT ~T ~ffi" ~ I ~ll~ WIm"+r~~Cf) 5flR., Cf)~ f~lfT f~~ Gf~ CflflT q;p~ ffif~ ~TlfT ,"

"ep~T ! ~T\if +1"1 ~~~ Cfi@ ~r91T ~~T ~ ?"

"6"T ~r6~ ~Cfi" ij-o ~ ~~ a-~ ftc ~~ ~ I

'li~ ~ fcf;' ~HTT 9;ft't ~~~ ~MT ~m itu 'Cf"{

~~ ~ ~~~ eFT ~)~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~rq ~

aT it ~+rT ~~ ~CfT'1T ~T ~ifi~ ~~Cf;T ~\~ cpT

~zr(., Cf;~(iT ~ I"

"tl@ ~T1tfilQ' ~~ (i~Q \lftlJT q"CF?" if ~~T

9;fTirifl I ~~ q~ CFT1liT ~ f'1ep~ lflJT ~)iTr

JAaf q~ ~~ +fr ~TGf~r;r ~)m I ~~ ~ cpT ~)

cp~ft ~+f ~T q"~~ I ~:C~T, ~Tlff~~ ~~ ~ cpT'..l;:({~ ~~.re11~ ftqrt ~~ ~~r I" ~~Cf)~ ~~

'Cf~r ct7r 3;TT~ ~T ~Tif ~ XGf\1f ~~ it I ~~

~~r~ ~ ifTsT CfiT T-fTCfr,;":if q~ ~~T ii~ q

f~l1T ~T"{ ~~T roi 'li"{~ 'Cf"{ 'liT~ :q~'1~ I

~ ~m ~T if '-IT fCf) fCf)~ srCflr~ ~

~fTT CflT~ \ifT~ t ~ ~ ~T<: +1"r \jf~'m

lt~ ~Tlfit 9;fT~T~ aT ~~ ~~ ~r ;:r~1 ~T2r.r;.-:I I •(fJfTl1 ~~l~ if ~ij"~ 9;f~T 9;ft~Cfl ~llT

~{CfT ~ I ~T CflT fe:;:r-uq ~ ~T ~CfT,

~;:~ ~ qffi W ~ Cf)T ~ ~T ~~ffT ~ I

~'Fr ~ q~ oliq Ef)~a- ~ 'tr\jfT ~~ etaCf1J:fW ~ q~'l ~ij" ~ifr cpT CflfT f~ etT~T;PT :sT~ I' ~Tf~ ~..~ oCfl It ~Ta= wm~~ I ~ actl ~'1Cfr Cf)) ~11 9;Jq"'lT ~mT ~

-dar ~(Cfa- ~it I ~<1~ it ;rrTf:.~ ~) ~~T ~

rr~tTT I

'1.'" m=<ffl ~ ij ~ cr~:err I 'li~ ~ftiif if~~r\r' cpT m~ ~~ ~ Cf)i:f~ if \ifT~ ~11 ~

~~1 q-~ PT~ ~T I a+lT ~;r~ ~'it

tJ:~ f:q~ ~JfTa- ~ Cf)~, "~~~! ~ ~R+ft

'CI1~ ~ ;;rTlfr ~T, lT~ f:q~r ~ ~r ~ I"

~'CfT~ q~ mG~ft' ~R ~f:q~T', it ~ft ~~

~;:r~ T.r~T~;:r f~~ Cf)) cr~ ~ f~~ 9;fR-4T~CfTCfBT ~~r I ~ +he ~ ~1'l1TCfir ~T~r ~T~

f:q~ ~T--

H s:~q-eJc~ ij"r~~,

~;:r f~'1T sr;rrcr ~+t;~ f1{~~ ~ ~ GT~

~Tqt1 ~Q~ ~ I ~) ~ ~Cflf ~T ;;frq-;p) f;r~~

cpT ~Of) ~ar~~ ~a- r ~ I ef)~ ~)q-~ oTer-; ~R~

~ ~TtT ~mt sr.;r~ lfCf;.tff ~ \3":n~ it ~~~ if;:rr~ Cf~ fl-l~ I ~ ~Tq~T cr~ ~ff\ilT~ Cf;~rrf I

q~;~ ~ lf~ ~ ff: 9;ffCr 'A~~' ~1~ fi=f~(~ ~Tij

- m~(1r ifR f~'1T f~T ~f~~T~ ~ ~T

~T I ~mT ~ ~rq- s:~ ~cT ctlT~~ ~

"fT~" Cf1~it I-\illTrf '~

m ~"{ f~CJ)rft ~T~ ff qi~ ~ f~T~

~ ~cp~ (?f:IT ~)m ~ ~~r 9;f;:~ cpT ~ ~t@

~ q~ ~~T ~TaT ~ ~~ ~m sreJ)l~ cpT ~m,~ ~+l; \3"~ ~lJ ~;rq ~T I fCf)~ ~

~T~' +1"1 ~t~ ~-et=~T ~~ ~ ~~

~rEfl~ 1J;~ q-~ @" crt ~~ ~~r i~TlIT ~ ?~, ~rlfT, ~~Cf) ~ ~ fef);:~ EflfT ~ ~T

I(1fT ~~~T ~mT Cfi+rT ;:r~ I

~~~ fG;:r sn~: enT~ ~ ~T ~rrrr ~ fl1~~

if)) ~~9) ~r I ~ ~Jf~ ~r Gflifr ij- fl1~it cpTizrr~r if ~ tTlrT I ~it ij- ~.,T;:r 91~ ~TrrT

~ I ij"l~tlIT~~ if~ ~ Gf~1 ~r QT ~T ~r

fell iffcp~ ~'Cf}~T _'l~~~ m9f ~lIT~ ~ I" IIifilJ\ it ttt't ~~~ ~ 'CI1~ CfiT ~h: :qc:;rT I

JJl:qi ~ it fqtc~ ~T~ ~~, ~lfT ep-T CflfT qa-T

t;itrrT I fCf~ ~ftTcp ~(;:r ~T:q 'lTlI"T ~T~

'IT<:1T ~T~ QT 'ef~ CfiT tft 0" q-~ afo<tl~ f'if~:q r;~r'1 Efft ~T~ ~~T I

~ &rEf) tlfr~~-q:;:qq;; q"\ '1T~ q'~ q-~:q

~T I ~ cpT ~Cfi i~ ~ attef f~lfr m~ ~qlf

t?;Cfi q~ Cfi1 ~PH it ~9T ~) ~(fT I ~)~fT Efft~ ~tlf ~ :q~' ~~r ~1 I r.re:fT a-Ofi CfQT ;; ~r ~T~

~ q~t ~;:~~r~ ~ ~~[ ~r-~lf~T cpT 'i~,

t?;Cfi ~,~ ~r I ~r~ ar~ Cf)~ qt:q f+Tifc ~) iflt,~lfT ~+TT d~ rr@ 'ArliT I ir~T ~~T~ qij'Tit ~~~-q~ QT ifl1T I ~~~T ~+l; 'Cfl~ ctlT C:Tq- ~;;r~

~ ~T~ ~)~T ~T ~~ it \]ftlfT ~)~ ~ij"cpT 'ef)~T

qffT~ if C1'~ ~1~ ~q)~ ~~ lt~ ~Tll~ ~~ ~ I

HliTCf) ep~.,r ~;~q-tlc~ ~i~, ~~ ~)~r ~~

~ tTl1T I 'Apr ~) enrcor 8"on~TCf) ~~ ~)ift I ~~

~T ~tfT'~ gi ~fcp ~TtT~ ~ft ~~ cpr 'IT({'i

ffSf)lff ~~ ~~~ (f~T f~;:rT ~f~lfn: f~~ 12~ij"

flT~~ ~Tlr ·Q11 1l~~ ~rll;:r ~T ~ J;fTq

~~ ~:;~ ~~ fl1~ ~~ ~ I"

ff \il7tTT ~T ~ a-rCf; ~T ,,~r I ~):q ~~T ~T

~T ~T q~ ~~ni ~1~ ~ ~T ~f~ij" ;pi ~;=rffiT

~a-T ~~r ~? ~lfT ~ it ~;~-"~ tTTq- ~

ij"Tt1;r ~~T ~, ~T'11j;l11ij- fq~ ;ql)a- .~" I .~

~ q-~ ~Cf) ·f~~ en~ ~ ~T;r ~iT I ~)~

fefi"a'ir ~~T ~CfiT I lTf~ f;f~ ~ ~~ ~

~~trT ~i9;fT~T ~Trrr (iT 9;fq ~~ Cf)"T11 (fqr~

~~ ~r I

'-r.flfT ~;:ij"q-~\ ij"T~~ ~T tf)=tf ~~ ~ ? 9;fT'1

aT ~~ij- fl1~~ ~ f~~ ~T~ ~ 'f," ~on~

\jf~~r ~ ~c ~ ~)~ ap) ~~ ~lfl~T I

m'~ fCf~T~~ enT trq~~ a-r ~. li q-~T

~rm~ q~ ~ ~m ct:~aT ~ I it~ ~;:r~~ '1~

(it ~~;:d frr~lT er:~'iT q:S~T ~ I ~~rf if ~,~

gt:( f~Cf)T~ Cf)) ~ ~enT~ ~~T ~ f{;ri<1"df ~~

tr~T ~t=f ~T<=1 ~T I if ~f~Cf) .,~ ff)=q- ~;y,-T

ifR +g ~ ~~T m~r \iflffT ~ ~T~ ~ rft~

~lfT fe:lTT I

~ifr ~ij" ~t111 ~+h~ =qn:-'1t:q tO~Tw ~rit

~r~r ~ I ~T ~~r +ft Cfi"~ fG'1 ij- 6t(l~'

it ~Ta: Cfi2"ep~ ~ctlT ~T ~(f: mtr @ QCfT ~

;rf~ q)~;r ~;rT I +hTf~lfl! ~T~ J;fT~ ;:rT~T

cp) '1T~ Cll~a- ~~ 6:i1 ;:r ·:;rr~ ~tr f'if~=tRf ~~T;;

q~ qwr~ 2'<f;P~ ~~ ~T ~ it I ~lT ~if~iT

ilfT~~-~~~ 11~ ~ 'Arq it I ;:r \illTrT ~T ~~

.~ -.=fTl1 ~~T ~r ~T~ '1 if ~T qT~ ~~~ (1n-T

~T ,

~Q~r ~~ ~~T fep ~lfT Cfi"T ~T frr~ q~T

~ ~j~ ~llTT ~~ \jOT ~~r ~ I \iJ~ ~ ~f~Cf)

ij"qrq- ~ crr~r ~ ~r a-) ~~T '. q.~ ~~.

GT~~ ~ifr I ~~ ~~T f~ ~T~;:r Cf)Ttf>T ~?T

;:rftiT ~ f\ifij" \;flf("f Cf)T r:fr?T tI1t~ '1 ~cpT~)-{

~Cf)r q.~ ~e tTlTr I ~~ 'AtR 'Cf)~ cpT ~~ ~T~

9;ft~ er~ ~~q-e ;n~ qT~ ~ lfll-r I

~rrT ~ ~~ ~Cf) arg~ q~T (fT~r~ ~Tiflfr

~;ft~ fep-tIT ~T~ ~~;r Cfi' r ~Cfij"~ '1 \TfT;:r ~~

erQij"Tt1T a-T~r~ if ~fr ~r I

~ d"rffi"~ ~ fen~T~ q-~ 'l§~r ~T~ ~):qr fenq:~r Cf)~rrT :q-rf~~? fen~ ~~Cffr ~r~ l:rU ef!\ifq aT~rar it q-~r dT ~dT ~ fer; ~rrr ~ ~r~­

tT~ fQ~r~ ~~ f~~ ~ trT~ '1T'l1 Tf ~tq) ~~T

~T I ij"~~r Cf~ 'rr;:ft Cf;T 3iq-~T ~n:i~ ~ 9;T)~~

~)lflfr J;il~ q~t q-l'ft ~ ~~~~ \jO ~~ ~ I

fEf);;T~ ~~ ~~T il ~~. ~~T ~T f;n it~T

~., ~~ ~~ ~T &T~T if srT(!T ~crT~ crrm ~ I

~qQ ~~ ffiifr co) \ifl~T ~ ~~ Eh1" ~~~

fq~m aT ~ f~~ ~~ ~m I il~ 'Cf)~ cpT ~tl1T ~T~ ~)~r! fcp~ r:fr~ Cf;T ~iTrJf ~ ~f~

~ ~T:q ~T I iRr ~T~l1r ;:r ~~ fcrcro cn~ fffiff) ~ ~~cf ~~'tI I ~~ (1"lfr fen \Jf1'~r enT f~;:Glfr

~~r +ft iT~ ~r~ if ~ if :qr~ aT ~~ .~41T

'1A"T ij- f;:rCf)T~ ~ ~:qr ~~r ~ I 9;lqt:fT 9;fT~T

~ ij"~ ~ep ~ 9;fTt{lfT cpT, f~ ~ ~T ~Cf)«:rr

~, ~€t ~ il 'f~ ~~ ij"Cf}T I iTu ~~~fq.,T

~ it~T Cf)~Qlf m~T ~ fq~lf t:n{ ~R ~ qtff~f~~ q"T;:rr ~ WG ~T 1 ~t q-~ q-Ffr if ~~~ ~~ ff, qQf q-.~:q :p~ ~it 3~Cffr ~rrrlfT 'TR\iflifT Cf)) Cfl;:~ q-~ ~~~t ~~ tR ~T~~ f~T

f~T I ~)~T ~ ff \iflqT Cf)T ~~ tATlfT I~ itft'~\Cf) ~~ ~ij" q~T I

1'~T ~~T af~lfa" ~ ~llfT ?" ~it ~~I I

"€tep ~ ~~q.~ ~T~Gf ~lq- ~~ ~~

~rrr ~~ ~ I"

'1~ ~lifT ~it ~~ sr~ fepll"T tTT Pf; ~f~;:rT fCf)~T ~~T~ lfT ~r ~ ~~ f~m I

~~ fm ~ Rio: 9;fTlfT ~r, ~~ il~~~ ~11lf ~;:~T ;:r~T ~r I" ~ ~~T ~m m"\~~ q-~ :q~.~ 'CR: Cffr~ ~ ~T I

~r ~ ~T~ f~T€t ~ Cfi"~r, '6rrif~~ l'

~~ij"q-~~ ~r~ I

';:r+r~a-', 6~ cp~T ~it \ifl~r. ~~~T~

~ ~r~ ~ jf~ it~ qT~ if f~f)~ ~.~

~~ I

~. lf~t;lf ~ :q~ CflT~ ~J:fcnT ~~~lfffi" errr ~q"GOs

'1~T ~ I

":(. ~:qT ~r ~lf cpTl1~ ~~r ~, :qr~ ~ij ~cf;:;rT ~T~r

~lfT GT,~ ~~T ~ q-~ I

~~ Cf)f ~ij" ~Tf~qr ~

~rf?f atT ~ij" Cf)Tf~lfT ~

-~~ ~~RT ~) :q~r ~ II

~o :q~T ~ ~Tf~, ~q;;r ~T~~~,

fur(1 ~~ &~t;q- ~;;tT~ ~T~~ ~ I

~~ :q~ q"&TT ~m f;rWcr;:a- ~,

~~~ ~~ Cf)rf~T ij- ~Tf~;rr cpT I

~O. :q=t liACf ~T~T ~ :q~T ~ II

~ ';f~! ~ ~lfm~) I

~ ~~! ~~ Cf)~ f~T If~~ ~T m:q~ ~r I

9;f~ \1~T~T ~ :q~r ~ II

~ ~r· ~ ~ f~l~ I~, ~n:r Cf)T~ cpT I

ij"\ifq Cf)~~ft ~ 'CfCTtt· I

\if) ;:r ifGf acn ~ ~OT'

~li" *t ~ij" ~rf~T ~ I~rftr ~ ~ij" CfiTf~;rT ij- I

~ ~ffiT ~T :q~r ~ II

'm~· ~ ~T cit ~rq-~r ij"Tf~~Cf) ~~~

eJ}) ~~ ~~ ~iTa- ij- t=ff(iT ~ ;r~ ~Cfr IJ lIf~ ~~r ~ ~~r ~~1 iru ~~ ~01 Cf'U +rr~ i

enf Cl)~ r ~ I f~tfT m~ ~ fq~r~ if; trn='

Cf;)~ ~ij"rf~ftlfep q-f~Cf)r ~~ ~T, ~ ~ f~

+ft ~~rm tflfT '1 ~r aT ~~ Cf)~ 5TT~+r Cf)7

Rlif lmrr~ Et; fcrm~ enT ~~Tt=Rr ~ CflrT

CflT+r?' ~~T ~ ij- ~~lr lfR eoT~ 9;f~ qf~~

q~ Cf)~ ~~r ~r;r ~T.,l =qfQaT ~ ffT ~~ cpfT

~J! ~? CflfT 'AqrfT srrrr mfQrn- ~:;if a-ctl ~~TffT8" ~rrT tTlfm ~? ~R fij";rJfT ~lf1 rtlT

ff) 'ffJi ~;rT lI"T ~'lr it ~~ f(l~ ~m

~'RT~ ~ I ifft=rT fctr ~f~~ fqwij r:.r?1r~1 ifl1f~~1S;P Cf)T fCIW(J ctl~ ~ ~ r q~~ CflTT i etTif~~, m~T, ~rlf ~T~, ~r:JJfu, f~;:~"{ tifij~Cf} f?IT~T~~ f~ ~rftlf ~l ~ I ~~T m-a-T

. ~ fer; if~ f:q ~l if ;ri., ~i1 5Rf?ITff f~lfr \ifTffi" ~

'T~;~ Cf~T ~UT ~~ ~q-;:~mT it rr~r SHR' ~ffiCfifcr cpT qT{1}T ij- ;:r~T ~~~t~CT ~T(lT I lff~

~Cf) f~?Ir~ ~q-;:lfTij" q-~ ij"Cf)"CfT ~ fiT fJf~r

~T~ it CflfT QTf;:r ~ ?i;ffCf +TT fqf~Jf(i i;TiT f f) ~~ ~fif~ it ~ft::

f~ if~ a-t CfllT Cfifo.n~ ~ I ~;;rT m~Cf ~ltrrT fm epT~· ctlT ~f7:l=+T ~T q"lfTH ;:rtf ~ff~.... .... .~;:(f (if) +1"1 q"§:;r.,T :;rTf~~ I ~;:Cf 4i~r~) ~:ifT J;fT~ ~f~lr, et7~T ~TfiT ~ fef) tfslTT

~~f@~r ~+ft ~~~2" QTm ~f~ ~Pl ~T~ '~T~1j' if ~sfq~rr ~;;r ~;:~ Cf)~ ~ I

( ~qT~Cf: )

. \if~~ ~«~T f~~~T ( m'1~ ) ~f~lf q-rl

R~ ~TtT ~ Cli~it ~~ Cflfr ~eT-tim Cf~r +n1r, ~rq- ~ "CliQ.% ~~ fCli lff~ ~f.,~ f~<!.,/ ~ ? mrr <:1'1 ~~o<:r ~~~ ~ m~ ij5f~ ~T~ aT ~ ~-mr tJ:<fi ~~ <flT 5flR., ctii:it I

'11if ~ f~ ~T~ lf~ Cfil'f f~ fcotr ~ mCf)~ f~ cp.:rr ~~'1li ~ I ~ tTf~~lf ~ aT ~ .r~@ ~ fen '~<u ~:qT~ ~tT mrr~ ~J I ~~ ~a~ ~~ f.f=sRTCfT I 'Cf~~ffil ~ m~T ~ ~T-~T'iT t~rq~ ~ ~)~~, ~~ ~Ttr etlT ij"~ if 'lT~ ~T en1 ~~r;r Cf1T lA ~)~ ~ ~ .i

ifT fCf) CJ)~T·~+ft f~( fq;~ ~rlf ~T l1T~ Cf1T~Ta- ~ ~a- ~ I 5fcltef; +rr'fq ~ +r'1 if etlT~ 'f

~)~ 9ATCfi terr fcr'1~T;:r ~~ffi ~ I it +fr l1r;:rq­

~)~ ~ ~re Cf)~ 9;Jf+R1T~Tti ~~CfT ~ I lT~ .ftirft ~Cfi", T~ epf~~ liT: ~:q, m~~Tf:fT ~T $qT~ if f~T ~f'1~ Cf)~ '~~fu~+r' ~~':I Ilt~ srq- ~ ~Cf) ~~ ~Jf ~)~ ~~ ~+f; f~~ft

f'i~ ~ liT l1fQ~T~T ~ fCf?IRlf ~ ~~'i srrR~ ~) ~;r;r I lIT.,cr ~q-~r 'Af~~r~r CfiT ~frr ~

fult, if;=(fOlf ~r;:r I oCf) '1§~ ~ f~ ~ "~T

Cl)~(ir I il~ +fr ~ qf~~TffT ~T ~fr:r ~ f~~

~~Q-r~ft(?f~ ~ ~<: 1Ef))_~~~~'1~' (Co­Educational) fCf?JT~lf ~ q-~;:rT ~rq)T~ ctl~

f~lfT CflfTfCli" f~~ q-~ ~~ ~qT~ ~ft ;:r, m.,1f~~~ enT I ~~Cf) 5TlT~.,T ~ ~~T~;; ~f'1~ ef~r~

it ~~r;:r 5TTFi ~T ~r iTlfl', if q~Jl;:~r 5fl1~;; ~T f~1:t~ i'fTlf ~ ~T~ ~T 0 0: 0 qT~ij- ~itrrT I q-~r~

~ ~ CliT ~r~ ij ~i;' Gfrffi" er.fo"T~lfT ~9;fqf~f=qCT ~ I

( ~~ )

'qr~r'-~qf~fq~ ~ ~~ ~~Ta- ~u: Cf)~,

o+ft ij"~«T f~~ ~T~T ~T~ ~ij"Cf)T f;:r~cr

~~~T f~ g'lT fcp~ mij"T ij- ~f~Cf, l{~

sr~f~ efr lfTG: ~, ~ m~lfr ~Tm ~ R:a=-t~

Cf)~ +TT~ lf~, ~tr ~~ ;rlfr ~T 'Af~~-et~~ iJrn-~T~~T if f~qcr Q~r I

'f"IT fcr?IT!lJT ~T "U~ it ~ atT~T ~ I eJ)f~tt Cf)~ij ~if~ ~, ('~ij- m ~\r~m (Students)~ ~f~ ~;r;r ~ ifTq~T lff~~ ~~T ~ m\if CllT ~·~R ~ q~;:~ ~T'14" ~ fq~Tf~T

~ ~lr lfT ~T~r li'1 ~(1 \1Trlt m~~1Il ~ cpT qr~r~ ~~;:'T m+rT ~~ ~T I "

tRT 9;fq~r~ ~ f~T \ilT ~:qR ~ mft;rlTT ~T ~)~k-~ ~~ f~'~q~ ~T;:r~ f~lrT ~ J;J'RT,. ~R: ~T~.~ Cf)~ ({T GfTlf f llT~T fCll ~fSlr) it ~r:r G(~T;r ~ ~1'Z ;:r fCf) ~~ tf tnTij"T ~T~~ if;~~: :q~~ Et;;rrn ~~rfuf fCfiiT \ifffi f~1Z, fCfl lf~ CFT~ cp~"", ~ ~ ~, 1.f~t

t I q-~~ CflfT enfqlfT ctft Cf)P«fmr it ~it cr@" ~T~T, er~f ;:r@ ~T;rT I

~rr eqfrra ~TaT rr@ R€rr~ ~ I ~ait srf~Cf;:eif ~ ~a- g"tJ; +iT:. Cf1:l'T ~Pi~ij" srcr.~ <fiW \ilTi:1"T ~ mrrij- ~ fcr~T~ CfiT ~Trrij' if 5l'~ '1Tit ~ ~";~Cfi ~? ~f?t ~ aT

~T rr~ ~FfT :q'Tf~tJ;. W'sm rr@ ~T ~Tq<fiT ~ ~1it '1~ cw-R ~~~~T ~ifT I

~~tJ;. ~~rf~J~lfCfi qf=;fepT rr@ '1o/fT "fTf~tJ; I ij"nr~ ~ :qf~tJ; Cfi@ ~ftT +1"1 ltU a~ ~ rr~~ it gT liT CJil~ if, amit ~ ~T GR1 ~CTtT ~ <fi~ ~. 1'~?tT q:q'TTt ~~ ~T;:ffi ij- I " ~;a ifmf~~~ ~ fcrm~1 ~ ~T~ if <t)f;r CfiTf ~.,,:q' If ~rr lij;s~1 it ;mqij- fCRT "fTQiiT ~-~. ctft ~Tf~lf~ ~~ ~T ~T~ I

~ ~T \ at 'AR, m;;~ t fer~r~ eJiT "lr~ ~ g~ ~ ~ Ef))~ ffi ~T\Tf

m~ ~~ ~ :ql~~ I ~ ~m~ ~)~'T lI"~ ~~ ~ a-~T ~T~ CflfT ~ ?:qyf~tz I ~1~ \if) ~:qT~ i:r~ ~~ ~f~Cf) cr~ ~~T JAT\ij"r~ ~ ~ ~~ lfr~lf @~ ~ ~tt ~T~1 it ~H;r I fq){ aT sr)i~~ ~T Cf~T ~ fep ·~foi~' CfllT ~m ~ ?"

( ~~ ~~ Cl1T ~ )~ tfrlt ~ fCf) ~~lTT ~ :q~Cf)~ it ~~T ~~;; (qr;rr fq-~;ftit'-~q-f~f=qa- ~r,

fcfm;r ~T ~, ~r ~ tRq Cfie iJir, ~ ~ '~T-~ gTt <fi~r ~~.

~~~ ~~~ if ~ ctft rrTcr ~~;rf f~~ 1~~T ~n:rT'-~-<fi~~ q~ '1r;:fT t ft;r~~-~ it qacr~ CJiT ~fc1!: ij- ~ll.!-mm:r ~mr. fCfl~ m« ~Cfi ~, ~~ f~1cr m~Cf.)c ~1lrr <fiT ~fu~~ ~ ~r ~' I ~<fi ;rlfr, crT~ ~mr <fiT mil ~T-ifT Cfi~ \j~

·fCJ)~'--a~:~T ll'i ~ aqqftf:qrr if ~~, :q~T 'A)~~ ~T ~ q~ ~r ~fi:r~-

'fqi~ en:rT, ~T~Tm ~ ~ftT1 a ~m ~{[ 1Ff :q'TtT ~T ctft m~ ~ ~T ~qr ~if i{~ <fiTGfrcr~T ~T :aoT, mrT~ <fiT 5T~~ cr~~ ij-f~ crT~T I

Cf)~ ~oT 'AT~ ~~ if :qT@-:qT~ ~~ ~~T~ ij-

Cfi~.aT ~ - ~ fq~~T ~ - ~ fcr[)~ ~ ­f~~ ttij"r~ ~ ~)~~ ~qT\if;:r fcrit~ eJi~~ ~

fqCf~ fCf}llT,' - ~TqR~ ~ ~~CflT ;r~T ~.~

iTlfT, ~~lf ~ crrsr ~q;r;; ~ ~T \if~ ft;rlfT,~~T q)r q~TU fSI"~ ~~T 1;tR clfyij" ~~~- .fif~f:r f?frt - ·qr;;r - '1r;:fT - .....•... '

Iftffl CfiT ~cM ({J:"

'frm fq~a- ~rq) ifT+rfCfT R~ ~(f: I

~ftr ~!)sra~ ~ ~~q: ~m~:II~,~.~11

9;J~ 9;[ij"q: CflT ;fIef ;:r~, ~ CfiT ~+rfCf

if~ ('A~crr t;f~~ ~ mer if@") ~ffi , mtft~ ;r ~;:rT ~T ~q: ~1~ ~~1 cpT 'A;:(i ~~T

(1) ~ I

~Ta-r ~ ~'t ~ q"elfTlf if ~~, ~\if ~ cnr~l~lfT cpT ifliT ~ I ~~, ~\;l, Cfl11t m.,r ~T

sr~fa- ~ ~~, f~;:rij- ij"ccr ~f!T SfCf)"f:rr Cfl~

~ffiT, f'f~~ ~~ 9;fR ~T'i Et; ij1r ~ ~t~(fT ~,

~~ it ~~TCfT ~ tlR ~r., cpT 3"~rr ~(Jr ~,

~m fep ~. cr:q;:r) ij- ~q! ~: m <G1 fa Jf

UCf ~T: ·srii'fu-ijl=~qT: (~~,x); ~ ~~

~(qr(>TcfiT~rCf)11'fTlflf~, ~ ~;:r ife'iTffl

~R ~';:r :qT'i'Cf (~)(,~); ~c~ ~~ ~\iflffcr

( t 'i, ~); ~qrc«~rlffi ~r;:f (~){, ~\3 )

ifurr ifi" ~\9 ~ 'AelfTlf it "i ~~~' ct:'tolfT~ m ~lf '~' q-~ ~T ~ 5TCf1r~

srCf}T~ ~ffir ~r ~ :-~ ~T~r~ :q ~~~~sr~~lf~ I

Sf~~ Cfl1ff~ (l~r ~:e~i~: qT~ ~lf~

II ~~. -=<~ IIlf~ a-crfij" a:T~ :q- ft~fa-: ~~fa- :q'r:;lfa- I

Cfllf ~Cf Cf({~1lf ij"R(ltqrf+T~ftrf~ II ~~, ~\9"

9;f~lTT g~ G~ ?fq~t;~ ~~:q ~1 I

J;J~f~,~~lf~ 'll~ il :q d~5T (If ;:it ~~ II~\9,-=<~1I

'A~T1 ~~' ~~ ef)T SflfTlT '~m' '~T~r~~r

J;fR 5T~~a- Cf)~ r.r it fCll"liT ~rffi" ~ I ~~, (fCf

'AR ~T;; ~ \iff f~~f~ ~ q~ +TT '~1' ~ I 'd~'

'lttT({ q"~qT(lfT ~ 'T~ fCfllfT gJ;fT Cflq ~~ ~

~R ~~T-~ .FflfT FT ~, ~, ~

'AR Cf)~ ~q: ~ ~ ;; w· ~~ ff irR ., l1t~

ifi" q~:qrq: (1 T+rcfTlfCfl. ~ I ij"~ =. ~r, 'AWI:-~I

;rRn" ~ ~~ 9;fe1:fTlI" if '~' ~ ctn" ~:

snrT~ g~T ~ q~ crT '+rTGf' 'm~Cq' • '~rmlf

~T '~qAaT' ~ 'A2T it 5RfTCf ~ffir ~ ~

~?r 'tr~t' cpT q'lflf @" tr~~ :qr~ ,

~~~~~'~r' ~~ it ~~f~~ m q?iT it

~ffi ~)a-T ~ :-.~-m~~ (~f~ ~~~T, i!f~ tfAT);

~~T: ~~ ~?1T~ if ~Cfi it? ~ (~lf~r. q~r)

~ - f~~ 9;f~crr 9;f~~T, If'fT: ~ ~

~T ~ (~T); ~ ~ ~~T ~ (~T)

~ -~~ 'A~T rr~T, lftTT-fu~~

m ~ ~~ qT~ &Ifni ~crq iT;r@ .~)a­

(~~T1 ~ ~~-~RT ~@)

¥-~~ lIT ~~q lftTT: ~)m itl m if~ ~ f;f~TCf ~ ftr{ it~ Cf)l ~~cr ~

~~r ~ I

~-\jrrf~-ar)~ I ~~r: ~r~ ~)(JT ~, :q1eT ~,

~~T~ ~ ~~T cpT ~ ~;:ll rro~l qT q~~TetT q-U J;fqqr ~q-~r \iflfcr enT ~ ~

J;ff~srr:r ~ I

~-~~~lf-~it~ ~T ~lf~~ +rT~, lf~r:­

lf~ ~rll11Tor g, 9;f~Rr =~T+r+1ftor I.~ ,"

\9-9;f6epT~ ~~crT ~qa~=a<1'1r (SelfConsciousness), lf~r : it ~. ~)~~ •

( ~~)

c;-~a, +rfcrfSl1 9;fT~ cre-~Trr, lf~T: ~~T~

!~ff ~~T~~r ~ anfcr~, ~T\jfeJ)~ ~;;·it;rT CfiT

~~ ~~ ~; ~~ ~l1lf q-~=ql~ ~T~(i 3;ff~Cfi

.o:"Rf~) ~TlflfT I

~-~T"Utr, 1.f~: :qrw ~:;~r ~ , =qTf

~cr ij-;; 'A~ ~ffiT ~ ;; ~~r I ~ J;fCf~

wfinrr~ cpT W~ ~~T 9;T~f~ ~ if?~l ~ \3"~

~ ~-~ ~~) cpT m~)q- ~ ~ ~ I

~o-a-re:T~Rft lf~r ':-lf~ ~ rrG"T ~ f$~ aT;; qq ~cf ~~T ~T I .,~r <iT cr~T ~ lfmq­~ citif Cf~ if ~tR ~ ~~f'i ~~) ~ ~

;pIT ~ I lf~ q-@" csr:;:qr ~ ~q ~if tR"~ q~

~ ~~T ~r I 'q~T' ~~r ~ lT~fq 'ATCf)~ ~

~ q-~:qr;:A if .,~ ~mCf)a-T' a1~TF+lf (1")

~fii-f~ 9;J~T ~~-fq~q ~T ~~fff q~

~m1=~ ~aT ~ I

t ~-f~T ~~ ~ 9;f~ cpT ~T~r;; ~

iPfTifCT ~r~f~, lf~ :-~ ~ ~ =lI"~ q~~ tr~ q-~... ···(9;J~Tcr mT~ 9;JT~

~ ~-11'f CflT J;f~lfT~ mt Cf)R~ q~ J;fq;r

1I'1T+TfCfr 911 11'f ~ ~ ~~T ~~~

ffi~ ttlT~ ~CT ep~ ~ I lf~ ~gf7.r~ ~,

Cf1TT :-fcr~~'1, '\l$(f, ~crr, o~n: 1

~ ~-~Tf7.rmCf 9;I"~Rr 9;talfffiTq~T ~

i1fflirq~T Cfi) 5fTt a <fi"{'lT, ~~~T fa"{)f~ ?f~~Cf)T 5rCfiT~ if ~r;;r I

~¥-~fCfCl)~ 9;fR f~f)c;q- sr~el er:r-r;:qlf l '-T~T lf~ ~~; ~ ~T~ ~ I ,~. ~j~

~' f'1fcrCf)~q- sr~~ if; ~ep ~ 9;fR '~' 'JR'miT' ~fGf~ Ef; I '~'~;; G);:r'f cpT ~rq~-ifr~

tllfmq- l~' ~~crr '~~r ~G: ~'1~~ ffi ~~.ff

if ~m ~)oT ~, a-~Tfq G"T~f;:rCf)-ffi if ~

~f;.aif ffi;; tT~l if ~ fCf)~T ~ ~~i;fT trferEfi if~ ~)a-T ~ I

~re .~

'~~' ~¢~ ~ m~ +TTqqT~Cfl tt~T~ ~;:rT

~-~~T, ij"cll" ~T~ tr~ I lfwfq lr ~+ft ~~

tTlIilr~ ij- $fffi if f~f~~~T ~ ~T€t ~~ ~,

fifi~ .rt '~~T' CFT ~~ ~TCf' (Existence) ij-;~(~ cpT '~:qT~· 4a-~T· 3A~GfT (Truth) ~; ~1~

ij"CCf ep-T '+r~r' err '~:;~r' ij- ~T ~ I it~m

ep~T~ ep~a- ~ fep 'is' cpT \3"(tfffl ~~(f ~

'~~' ~, 'was' ~T q~' ~ 9;fh: 'bet enT '~'

~r~ ij-~ ~; ~T~ ~~ ~ ~lfTCf)~~ '~1' Cfi"T~(qfn '9;J'~' q ~a-Ta- ~ I

~1 ~lWJT~ ~lf it it-U f'i\ilT efT~~ f+TMi ~ I

lru fCf~ffi ~ f~ eq~Cf) '~' ~ 'qt{' Ef)T~f~ g~ ~ '~. ij- ~~ CfiT ~+r(fr~Tq ~ itm fq:qru Cfi"T femn~ ;;~ Cf)~'iT :qT~ I itlT~ ;;~T llTt=Rfr ~ '~' Cfft ~ccrfrr fW;lIT-~Tl:fT;lI"

'~' ~ ~ ~ 1irU~~ ~ ~ ~T~4f if 'ij" :

aq:;'~ ~Cflf ~ ~h: ~ ~-ffllf11 ~, ~~~H'~ffil' ~) ~T a-~T +frtn fcr~T;; ~ Alfm ~

~~r~ aft:q Efi' crctiT~ ~T ~)'l ~~ ~ '~' ~c~

ar;; ~lTr I ~~. qfCflf~ i{)~ 'ij"q:' ~T ~tr(r

iTR \3"ij'Cf)r ~q- t~' ~~ '~~6"' ~ft ~t=fT" "

~~T I '~' tit~ 'ij"aCT' SfTlf: ~tfi' ~ 'A~ it5T~=ij; ~)a- ~ I '~ffil' ~ij";crrCflr if '~:' l~~~

cpT maCf) a-~r fij~~q- sr~lTe1f.fT~~, irR 'a-~'

0lI"ffi ~~ Cfi"T ~~Cf0r.r 5T~lfel I ~;; ~rff 5fCf)T~

.~ ~c~e1T ~ ~~Cfli-11T:;r cpT 't[(i' ~~T '~:n-T'

'Cfi~a- ~ ~'h ~~ ~;:Cflf CfiT f~ll~ (~;g-( ~,itm it"'"{T ~r~~T ~, tf~ ~T~ tJ~ q-~~~

~~:[~; ~~~ if 1fT ~(fTlTT~~lfr ~: ~(=f)

~;:~Jf;:rfa- frr~fq~~1 I

>HftlClJil :

~ ~ "\I: li,. ))f~. CiH1Cl..... -(Prof. C. L. Kumai)

1. ~1))f8

2. lH wvt

3. rn iO'~~ '1a-

4. 'en g3« i I'

5. »f3H~ H:ft

6. '))fQllwfua'a

7. '~3161'

....

....

(Parbhat Kumar Sood)

... ,!S'3 C!Wa ~~

''lIbfH'A

... lH2C! C!}tla

... 1J~-a cn1' C1 JI~.. - .

l{eT3 ~)11d ~~, 1:ft. ~if. ifl. (~i11 'RT~)

l1f Jlltft , "l'q 3i ~~ otB~ ,• .-II :::: •

feu 13T;31 w~ "Rl~o el,~ 7)i 1I~ feH HOI ~,

H~l 'R~et eft ~5 fitlY,

l1ct lfOf ~ 15T ~1:' ~a I

~ J:lltfl , Wlf 31 -eliJ ~ ~0 II. -- :::

f\1l:t3 <3~ 3~ WClrl!l)fT,

-Wt:m ~a eli ~ lUlJoTfsbfT,ua ~ ~ ii ~e,

fa@~ f~9 ;:rYe! 3 ~ l-ItltfCf I- =~ Hllll , WtI 3i -e~ ot!J ~(3 II

.~ WlI1, '!!; ~fal)flt! }fa1,fact ~l-I om:. "Dol tilTe 3cft, *

'\1913' nl'Q'~~ eft JlTl:( sir 1ifunt•...7)~ cilfl f\.mITo ~l ~ll~o I

,;; wlft , 'RllJ 31 ~liJ CfB t:t-a .I. - :::

~ g3C1a!'HStI ltClRli T, '11. ~JI. Jft. (iT~1)~)

~ 301 fe~ ~1157)'t ~,

iJl:fT faR ~ ~CJa ~ ~T ;=tiel,~'-i W5C(~T 3. i nd 3(3T,

- =!~ flm ~ 'RlU}4~ l)f1 wet,

bf'3)4 iu 3a flnn.ft ilfa",1 ~,....~ ........ .Q. ~

'Ha ~ Cil~ g l.l1 "'~I,

m:t~ ~ t?t ~ JU.fT i,)Me g '50 ).fUll ~i~,

,\11;t, ~ ~nt, Hi ~'t ~i5 l)fTW,

~ m ~ "50 ~T ~:.,

lfa ~c i f9c!t))fi il~ flasl-li ,. b1i:. fait ~1 till~ ~'It5T ~ I

3

" ~

'R3o ~RC! 'el~'tlJ3~' ~.,;)R.H1. (l)fT?)tJE) iilT ~~'

fl!O( fe(J13 131:at -e1, ~l ~o crai'S ~ ~f3\1f' I

snft ~~Ta ~}f ~, He ~~~ ~al ~l1fl I~5 01))13 U <J1'sl ij~, ~s ~~ ~aTS I~B (. if ~lJ & l:f1U, i!5 ~1i N'3 Hn ur-e I

Ra13'8 ~dl ~ H~, w: ure ~ MT faul Hi I

H~laT l?fT~<!1 ~, -H~ 0113 (111 f~()1 ~t I

3~ ).fl~l ~ bflf~))fT,

Rd13~ 'ia1n eT ~R 'HRl ~'fl?l?ll I

Hl _).toft a~ ~He, ~~ }fa 3 ~'l!1 I

tra't-a ~a ~3, ~H 33 ~ ~ret I

feR cfo ~ ~~, ~H an ~ tr1JTfl!»fl I

~:. ~~ Rt ~H~, ~a&tg tmTf~ I

H~ ~@ Ha t't l)fT~a ~1 "5l?l,~t 'ij- n1-a tlrcJl aT<J1T 1Jfu i @~11

3e ).fT~1 30~ \fTQT, 3 W~ l401 .a1 I

;:110 ~T ~ lre, UfO ~ ~aJTl?1 bTit I

~ lJTaI ~~~ ~det, l>i'eo -W:. ~ fail 30T ,- ~

trs HOI3~ 3i M, ve ~~i fCil~ 3~t I

-eo1 or~:f ~ q(Jl-lt, U l?fCf~ -H& l)fTtfl,~T~ ~ Wo ~, '~~' l)Icr~ ~ - tl-Jl)fTl?1 ,

))I(I)};g 'H31o l)f~ ~}flo ~e 0

~" '. ~ n v -.. ,-,_ ""1. iJMT l)f3 ~oT on.. Ola?) ~TF6 (Jo H~l:I t:r ~ea MH 3 cnlT(J t'~ • ).f~e ~~ uC'i I

2, i11S~ ~C!T ).fuT?) a1~ ~ I

'ijo ~~ OfU~T ~R ~:. ~1 ~iJ1 l4~ln3l f1._- ~aia

3. fi:lr:' f1?~ i~ Hula ~ ~11' fie' ~ fsR 3af fl?3f l.lT~ ~R \IT\It eT nTS CfCJ Ne' ~ I

4. l«Il~l i4tfi ft.i~al1 ~T D(f W (J ~~- - atitft5-. f~fe))fl \f6l:f "§e1 ~9 ~l)fT~, OTa11 lJa~ ~i!' Pc" 3F3l)ff ~ I

f~a ~r31 e H~ el \J3~ ~e1, ci~T l.ICJ::f ~el f~~ ~ e I

))f~~ f~\1 HiT?il ~ \la~ ~el, H~~ lIalf ~et fee 'HaPa))ft @ I

l{jf 3 ~4r ftf3 f~rlfTa -el1.1al:f ~el, f~~la \fat( -qe1f@e ~if3))fi ~ I

-\1,..813 ~e

4-

cru'~l-

"crcJ1~1"

€ ~ i-R Jni I ~t\«ra ~ i~T mI l)fllf).fTn

t3 ~~ &1~ 5i 'Rn r f~n7)l H~ fen ~1 I

"n1 ~3 alM~! ~l/t~ lfIuo Rbi"~eo 1ft lfI3T ii1 % ~1'ftl)ft ~ vaifl~ ~1

!acit ~'r ~u fg~ebIi u~l)fi f«c:JT I

a~a bl~~ orlffi ~tJ btT~ q\l3 ~JI3J

lR!t cra~1 H1; bfll2t W ~1l)fl~a lJ<! ~ l3T<1a.¥it 3 ~i3T ijf~btT 1

"fHRCa qJofebfl~ ~ nrw 310 ~ i=ll." .,cft~

i bfTl.I<!'t ctT~l ~ it!l qafebft fau' J

310 ~r c;i ~ & atf;.1~ ~ W l.,.ai~ e1!O<i1 ~m~ fee eft .. a'S'UCI l)fT cn~l J

"cit CfllJ ~ 1"· ~cm rcrMea ii:~ I

"BaT· t:l1 ~ ~ .CJala 'el ~fu1'5i ~l{ ft.l3 fi5l)fT, 1 fl?u i~"e1 ~ ~'f~,,~ ~CTm 3~ bfT1fl...t I" aTrtf~a til ~~31 ~81 nT~ tlOl ~a1 era faur1ft I

fsu B~ ~ ~"R-e1 'Hi ~T feuaT fiB ~3 f\ll)fTM~~ forB aT~ &031 f~~ t!"R ~ ~.liJ \lT~6 ~

lm13 i=lcnT feBT u~ , orB ~a 3T tro era 7)T ij~u - --

mit 3 cre1 31CJ ~~ i~ 3 CT~ll)fT~~ 'Q1 ~ I ~v

~:. ~u -am "RT ~~ gii=l ~ofel)fl~ Qa'T~i1

1m' fl-I"'l~ J 3 ~a aTafel)fTlJ ~ @ni ~~ itlTaJl.I - - = -u

~ ~'S ~<!~ to fl?u ~'8a E<! i I"

lJ31 ea '8T~~ ~<3~ ClTH'R~ Ula ~T~J:f

"'lfel')fT, ~ l33" ~s m, -g~ ~ f~~:' 15T? fle~

~,~~ f~e ~3e l1i ~ eH CJf:rC! ~1 'Hit ~w CfWtu -

~l?t H1 1

bfTu<f1 }off ~ crfu(! bI~"TCJ ~ra~~ fR1rtbfTl2 fl.S' tft gfeu ~tn3tft ~~ ~ fatbr1 I

€R ~ f\J3T ftt~ 'HfvOfH f~e 'Si ar~aar lin I @?)i- -u

~ ~30 '@(1ii ~ Ula~ &l?1 f~ 'H1~ t't fn 3 1ft-u

cnafebp~ lfT~i51H ~ ~ ~at ri.~ ;:IT faUT- --'Rll ~CJ ~e )ffl m NbtT8 ~ 3:' it~3a1 nT~ ;:p o~ Jm I ~u}of?) tit }{o ~e afutauT "R1 :

"~(f ~~01T lIe~l ~H tI~e~ ~ lie &~: 1

fai:. Bf~~o Q}ia ~~ ~bf1 B? fer ~T ii ~..~of~~ ciB:' f~~ ~H \Poit 3 ;:IT(!l f), BFaea~ fl?u CJ18 t:f~ Hl~ ~18i ~ R1U~@ y&ft f ~u

HT~~l 'H1 fB -w~ l.lT<3cl 3 nu1~ 'Rf~))fl fenl)fT 33 We& ~o1 ~fl?;Et a131 ~ I

y~ H~ ~1 f€bf'w ... fl?O{ J31n~'6 lJTacl 3'S~e~ Nl'liT ~3alT I"

fl?u ftt))fT~ ·~rafe))fl~ efe~ 1ft bfT aU F1?)

i-1e~ ~u ~ui f~31 ~ ~ar30 ~w I fuu ~'Slf8"61

1jC! i ~~ fl.l3T ~l cl~l ue 0" -aeft 1 ~~1 u't ra~~(liT ? feu lisa ~~ ~ UCJ cfH CIa o~ Cfffi:JCfi ~

'@1"6 ~To1 fl.l~ Y3.. ~ ~~Ttft ~3t I ~R ~sl f¥\!

~dfe))fl~ ~ f\J3T ffi ~ ~'R ~o t?1 !C1 ~ ~~

3 Ufa ~Tf\.I"R l')fT 01~ I

-atftiea ~1))fi 'R~~lY)fi 3 "5a ))fiW OT))fiV @oi- -~

~ Ufo ~W~ ~<! ~ l)fT ~ I

<!lafe))fT~ ~ ~3 ~R3 ~l f~u cnra ~~ }@uPs fHg~ ))fT-e I HT!ol)fr €H3i ~ ~u& rnUT f!l~ = . ::l,Jlaat BOo zj~l ~Tulel ~ I Oldfe~fT~ ~ tffagt ul

~ -ilalCJTH 11~Tf~~1 UfS)I){T ~l 3 ~ij ~c Ho fal}){l I

t!R fen tJtlfud ~1 ~l~ 'f~~R~fca ~1~~1'= ~ ~

~~:. -eO( ~1 l)fT fdTr)fT 3 €~~ fll@ \l3 -a~ fr:~:'- - ..2fubfT OlVT f~))Il~ J

~J:f 0 13 O1CJ~~T~ %~TC:~ ~a 3Cl ?ft:'e n.... -- =l){1~1 @tle Hn f~tJ 3Cj1 3(31 € f~~T~ ~<5 aV }:In

~ u -

fOl f«Y31 fifU31 ~1i:1 ~TOcl f~e u<!l \;TuTe1 ~ I

ft:~t f\:fl)fT~ f~e !flJl)ff tit ~u~ ol:'e ))IT dl~l I

H~ }:J~a ~ro'r)(T 31 ~(J flf~T ~~wol ~R

ta,'n{T tRJf f~e ~u~ ~c&R ~e g\l~ o~ '5~ R?> I

H~~ l)f~npal 'ij~1 31 €1~ EC~H 0111:. mI f~u

~~~ fl?& ~'H ~J:I~l e1l:1 roai O1e1 , fail ~ f~i:H

~TfFf~~ itl \113 ~ ~c~R ~~~ f~~T Hl,..~R ~l ~ll:1 ~~ ~ i~a 3 l)fi~ ~))f V ~~

fuci~ nOfi! 3 fEu lffl ~" ~fu~ll:faa l)TB~ f~))iTt!T

3~1 nT~ ~8 aJEl ,

CJjafel?fTli5' ~ll 'Rl, ~d1l Re r~6 !sr ufenfTH11 ~CJe 13e~T ~~ elli1fij's ~a1 n ~ H~ll

l.lsJ13 ~l-ITa ~e

tJ1.~R.lit. (~Hl 'AlB)

fecr fen fl?Ol ~Tfl»l f~u 'HWiat ~~ R1 I ).fl~'01 f~e ijg~ ~~))fj ~U:. Peer lj~T bT~ 3:' qrnr

-At 3 ~HT l=IWl:fT m~"~ et l.I~o clii 3:' ~TCl uit l1l I l.lf<m; l41fiat f~9 qTc;T ~o i imbfT:-= - , - -

fta'eaft l)f~() b, l.IlC1 \I~?) ~,

-aiJe1 -BaT e1 ,:P, efts ~El ~ CflT~l tiT I

lfi~ fiA ~OT B~ll:fT fes fdl))fT 3 ~a ~H ?; faUT :-

fBecn1 ~\:I ~, aT~1 3-at li\f ~,

~O}f~ firat 'S1 ;:11, 0113 ~l ~ CIT'lfl i1' I

xxxx

6

R ~t~ ",,~Af43

.. OlIO ,f cr\fta\~ b)l~ l~) ,~ A • ..s.~.AJ -.) \t•"to ,i CJ~.l~ bJ~ ~li~tO J',==.. ~" 0\_,1

~ ,jt== ~~t V" ,-it ,J ~~~t U ..,1 ~ -\

~ ,jt= .-,j ,fIto J.3 ,J Y= ~j~'il' "If ..,fIto J.3 ~~• .,1...,1 ~~"\'tb,~'rIJ\~~ ,'t'rl\-..;O:- .~.l J.3

...... )',s=~ cJ)' CJ\-,JS

.J~ ,S \_~ J• .A.-t J~ c.;)\6. ~"'fAe '~"'f,~ bl. -I'

..,- ,fIto --~ ,fIto,ft. b~ J, a'S cf;.-t. ,~~ f..• 01...,J ol,.,..\~ b~ ~i'- A b~ ~iI~ ..;,1 ;

...... ,'p• ..j}' ,,'--,f .~

..J\_~ ) ,~=p= " ~r\_~ ,--J 'JLl ~' -r'l,Jl-C£" ) ~!= .t~.. ,-fIto J-'~~ .ti~l

• Cll. ,1 CI~\~ b-~~" ..,i,1 .}\_- J~

....... l',=.a cJJJ Cj'--,s

I 8\:)(~a ,J ~6~l~1 ,-.s:~AMD

".CJ~tO J ClJ\~, ~~ ~s ~,f~ alt V" Jl\.'.CJ~4:·J o-l J\r ..,:;_S ",~fJ-4 0-. Jdl .,;~,-.. J\-~ Jtl~ ~=pAtJJ J.,) ..;;..1• .L?~ ,J ~\~ orf.,J, ~r. ~~"'t-'4 JJ cr~

............ ,_...j~ aD'J~fo\o, ,b.. "J ,-- ~ C/ J.ftet ",f ~=pA'"'J~• .A.tO J\c:a. ,jf~ ~.~ ..I (.r' ~ 51,..--J ,S ,1

Co o\S" ,_f .., ,-~ ,,1.~ .J (;~ ,~l 0\'-'

• '=P.A.f.A.~ ,~! ...:(.J ,. V"j J ~!l ~ JaJ~ ~. ~

........LfgAC ,. \..!~AfA3

.. ,,,_is CJl-,-J ., ,~c. " \.. ,J C'ftlr. C/ J

.. ..;;1.. d ..-0.', .).:13*' ., ~(j,.. C'''' ~ • c.:;fl t

.. ~.o J. ","~f.lJ V" j ) V' j C'.U:h,.. C',I•.}cr~ J..J 1 ./ C/\. on.)l ofl} ,-,=po"tJJ .J~J.

r,J t~

.. b\~ ~1~--.J. A ..:J.r ) ,I ~1 ~

"b'--, C', ~.lJ ",~l.. CJtt""'~ ~"qJe f '-'t ,J .} o..A.3 ~". <:,'- y.3• b\=\'t oW ~,~ C/ftM'J.#.1!' ~ • .1-1 .,..1

( ., )

.=-~~181, j<\A, 0\--0\-" CJl. ::U,..

..~ ==l -3.J "lS ale r;:<'" ,to IJ . -,~\ci CJ~. 'W= ft.,r;

,:-= .,~ J )'J ....JlJ f ,\~ ,~lA ~ - U\re-

{'lore over) ,'Jl )J4I • , ~~f~-- ~~~ ,.1 '.

..1;t= ~r ~~J\r.c. Ii J-l ..,;Cf' U--Ai \., cr~

I .,:-":- J" C'...l=. .J ~--l ) ,~c. !J- J Jj

! ~~j, ,~jlj J-~ .&AJ, ) ,cr ~ ,===oA.fJ-oJ

C .(j J~ A ro~ 'J~'~ .~::p~ ~J£.~ ....r~~

~~ 9,6=.\fA.J ~~l , ~A.t J\~ ~~ u,..o

! .j J...1 · J-"J.f~'" "':;-.l ~et" 1111.1 ~:PJ,f"'"

.. ~<J\_' ~ Jl_.6- c:~J..tlA. •• ~il J....... t,." ,. •• 4,;;. v "" ~,:; 'f

-~ ~1~ , ll.rL~. b" · .J' -..l-_... •• ~ I .. J ,J r '" J--~

• ...;~<; bJ= ~IJ Cl IS ..:klc' ~~f~\ 'J;.o ( ......., J ~!~l-) :~.A..I= f j~

•,J rC.. J~I f',i ~!n!£ \~r"'J ~J..~ Dr)~ ):.1 f ."r ~Jr:;. a U bl=- Joe ,..M1 ~

(.,r ~,

~~ J6. '-r?J.i ..;~J ~ }1 \~J~1 ;.".. : D,__

,\~ e...", 'Ill'~..!' (..~ · ..,,--• -s": ., CJ J. ) 9 J-oA.1r'

: .e 1f~~tA. tJ\.,1 • ~~1 Jl ~I,'e- a 11 "f~~

:-Cleo .,:-t:;' .1.).11 ,,::.b ""; J'"=- C',l ,lnJ

•.,;e J~ b6~- .1) ~I J~ /I ~]'" lS~f •J~r

) J~ C'l_~ ·,l J==~ '''~ ,==A :== JAI

• V' J.J.etf ).0100 ...:;~ I ,.J II .......1 J

(.,1 Ilq~,..s - '~i lJ'),.., .. J ,

F~ ~$ IJ,- ~Jt ¢<I... t j=p- )

C/.),_J.- Ur ~ ",J 0-1 J OJll.iIJ ..~~

( ...; 'r?'" l:IJ~I ~ ,..

c..J,- ~l .)._..1 J lJl... .,.,-.~ fA.,J .. "­

c.:a..~ ~,n ..;-:p"f;'-" •~1 ~t, ~ ..M j

f 0-.1 C'to"\i ~ ~ A J\.- (out put)

(outcome) 'I'~ ..:sa Jrl\~~~ • .l • .J ,:=.-.,).JIS ,.r,_.o ~~ •~l ~ ~l J ,~) .,

.,.- ~,n V" .),A_ ~ 1,1 ~ c.:a. tfl -s:Jf ,.. ,,&.I I .,,-~ ,.- c.:a. it ~.J e,;lJlIt J~

~ )'J~ ..r-"" )~ r: .).L'~.''';t;t., ',t.l­

Jyo, d v···=d~- , ."I\tl"•.~illy:. ..:s~t~, ~ ~

\,lc-1 ~i ~r J~ J\~-L j ~, ,1 "l. ~ cJ,•,.I ~ ~-l I'~ ~,n ,~~ .J "D ~:PA.A..

.)'~!

(Thank you, liD ,~, )1..... j e:&::a.A.!! : D,'"

.J J-;S J~ll c.3,...A.o of of'~ Jl • Mr. Ashok)

~::lF.A.f.l.l .,:<JIJl,1 t~F )1:&1, .f=P= oet-I

• " ,t J= JJ', ,,\S ~~-c."i

"-1 )·tCertainly) 1,:;_l~J,- :~ t:'\

(.,f ~~, cJ,-1,,\_.. ,\ (d .,~ f .~,~) :IJ,-

,-!J.o- • ..;.~ ~IJ u.. 0'- C' ,',~t ,;. ,~,~ JJ1, ,,\$ .;f') ~~.A.• .A.~ ",~J J"

~l ~-I ~.A.!_ J )', .~ ,\_~~ :~J..o\~

c.:a. .1'-- J ~IJ ..;;~J,. .' (Candidate)

• .,:!_l ~ .J .,:~ ,.. •J~J (~mart)

) ;,' ,-l ) ~J w.. ,l._ cJ,- :,=p­l:JJ' "JJJ- • ..;_..1 (OverSmart) ":».1'­

ClI~ o. · .:;~el (Fortunate) .::s-J,~,u J

q•"'- ~}. J ~t== ,of J ,= Jit JJ..i !!&:el j ,

, L.' , ~~l ~Y ) A J \cd- ",.J.fArO

·",.s ~ J=-

I

( , )

~j , If I..j j ~ ...,~, • J \A... 6U1~ ..:;~~-"4

t.$J.J.I, , ~j11_ c.»I~ ClIoJ.~ ...,'U ~re- 4.j j I j¥, . ¥ ..~. •

~~ ~~ J J ~ J, " ~ J -' ~r ,. ~ ~A.

• 4:..1 ,JJ..l, ,J, ,Hi ,~ ~\j ,,\tr4 JU~ :

-.~A,'- .....1, ~r =:a_) :j~- 9 ~-"4\=

~A~e..=al' (..j ..)._.Jt~ - 3 .."J Jtte CJ\t:J',

! (Excellent)

q,..\l ;) J-~\. J' (~~A_ ,.) : U,MI

~~, (~j; .,,~ oil- ) : =- ,AI

.(Acting)

C;,-oP ~~~ J' :j~,,-1 CJ'J~~" ,1=:';\ <» ~!~ : -. ,A'.,l~A' " .J JJ~ ,-,.I) .J J J ~ ,e:.AfA~

,tJ u ~ ,.P ~~f"''' 1ft'- '0"1 'J.4-'• .,:-1 J\,.

q~1 ~r-- ,~, ~"\JD,, f :~....\­

Jit- ,,.\JD,, ,,'" ,..6i::al' 1~f1::=J' :~ ,AI~~ )\~.,\ ~fi=a!J ,..~, "ft-,J ~ Ci' ,~\~ U

.apJ-fJ.. ,-II!- "'-f:-1 ~A~~ \ CI~- lc:-­\'f?

JtIt ,:?J.I ) ,'. ~ ~1 ~, .,,~l »...,

•~t'~ ,., '...~ ,-==" ".AfJ... "~~p ) 00. Y ("l.~ ~) : Ur:.J J\A, ~L.". CJL~,J •,~f ,.. ,Ut..o \f ) ,"It­..j ,=~-."iH , ,=.1 CJ'_.I)tlo. ~ U b,.~e=~ ,&al' \-l Je-lt1 \_~1 bl ~ Jl J r'."flA.o .-1'1 .~,.,...1 ..,....f~ A ~ )l, ~

.J JJ,~ J~ ,,~ ~-~~ \-., Ci'b ," ~• Y ilia. "'~ .,~ i 11.,$ J\A, ~, a'. jJ ,1

.;--S (Wife) J.n,,~ ~1 ~ , f'll

~,~ ~) J-,.

.~.1 ,th~ '-} ".J' (~l.S) :-r'

( •,f ..,~, ;)1 r ,~

~~-J.) )'~ ~ c..$.A1 )L. ~_~ : .. ,.Al

• (Good morning, darlin~

===..... IJ.~ 're-.~-"4\~ f 15 ,~- "lJJ- )

( • \f CJ=tl CI~q,H~ , ..\.,' : V,MI

.r.·.)l..- » JA' ::'::t ,:.,

c; ,l.t J~ ,~~ ,-,=pt.\. J' :11,_­~}II ~l. ,,1 (..,5!t~ f:i=t. ~ ~.) : =- ,~,",_~l\. J' ";..l~ \-... (Oh My Lor~

Cl ::;\., ,~~ ",,~A.~. II -s"1 .."r,~ CJ l.wJ ~

",'- o\~,' ) ~.ll.c.'! J\:s,,!'~' J6.. : lJ,- ~

..f.H_ ' • CJl- ',.5~ ~~HID ,' •• f ~~l ~

.,,_J OlJ\J ..,~Ua ,\ ,hi J'to '.,;;~ ~llD,

.~.1 l~

.. ~ ., _(~_r~, ~~) :~~l

A b ~ Lf U::4 r ~L \:. 0*-J' ·,..e-.~..bt4 j 11 .."...,. .J Jt-- ~=P~fJ.~ J~ ..J~

Jlc ~ CJ ).,\\G s CJ~. ,1 ~ j~~f ,r ,\P ,~,

~'-J') -~. IJ1I-1 (Model) J ~lo '-I

~-.l ,J i) ,'to ....;. ~"'f"'. -"J.Al ~ J"• )'.a 'r,4J ~ ~

.:L-o~ ! (Wonderful) J-', ~l J :-,,~\=.

I! )l..~ 'r.J.) "..;s~ i ,I••~r~~lj ~\,J)J' 9 :)~

.la.~ : ..~1

~ ,-,_)11 6UI~ cro!!'- l-l !\Aft. : lJ,-

! ~lIll '-$.1f " CJJ~. ) ",

,J Clft~)1 ,~1 (Cl le -JJ.1i) : =- ,A'.~.)I.) ¥ -,,~"f4e .~, If A .~J..o ~.

CJ\-.J.~ ~~~ "J~ ~ )l.= u-~ )\1 JII

( "1' )

. 'I' JJ J \1 ,s''I' ,-~II Ar1 ) ~, 0'· ~ yJlI If'<l :.).ri.- 4o.J\--. ,..,-~IJ."",~~ r- :IJ,_~ V"'l ,,\ ~ V" J'¢',. ~ if'!' CI~ , 1~ ,.

lp' .e:.. ~~.~ J. • ..,_-\1 WY" rC "'~

.... ~--l ~ jf~ ~ ~,~)Ii' 0' o>t.I~· a"~;~ J~ ,.~ '..;'- ,~,~l~

~ , ~4i J- ~=- OIS::J). " jOP ..;&I. e-Ip- CJtt' JA .J-It' ~\.- f ~l,-AI'~

0"-J' ·~ "'-~ ..,;;' tI )\A.l CJ:pJ.tA.e

• ",ti\. ,.a ==.- CJl. CIa'\J Cltl'

~ C'~JJ .. \. -( CJl.. ~F) :"...,..- ~J\A 0'- .~,~)" J'J)~ ~~

~ t,j/0 =:.- ~." ~ CI~~ • J=fI ,J~

r.-tt ,.s .. J.MJ ~ Gr V"'i. J't' '"

r" ~'- t ; J.l.l.1 l.j F ,I.=. ,.-

~Ji .J ,Ii' • 'J.l.JIi.o-., ,i 0 r- , J~

1.,-1 r- ,,~ =- .."f <J~' ..,~I.fJ.~ ~, ,r>~ .~ ~J p CJ~' i ,\& ~,'!' JfJ)

iF ji=a' '-_~~ ,~ ~~ f ..,,-fil.,, (.Jf 'rP'~~U.t. ..,' C.,-2S .-\- ,&1) :-P,- ,~ ,..J 0'- o'lNl cr- .(Oh, my God).. .

. •J ~ J~ ,9 3 J )'JA=:' ,oOP ~:p--

~~ J' !6'J (~J.J.l.1 ......n) :.,:lJ..e~~,La ~ of (Modern girl) J; ~)o>l.

~-H~- ..Ji "'J.~ .J.j.~ CJ!o= ,~ ,J

-y,s. ...j,tal <Jf P J,,1\A • ..,,~ (Candidate)

(Let us try) _1; c.r1~ , \JD ,\. :j~ .

r-~ ~!j ..~fl.r, ~1J.~ IIJ- )

J J,..... ,It' b\-,..,i \.. ,~- SiD.",l

...............~ :,'3.J )fl elLo .".~ t .)u, ;- :-,=po­l.j,- ~.).H ":- 'JJ J 4J,. .}"t\- l£._

.~F ."n,,~ ~ G1".~ ~ ..,,~\Jl JI

· ."tt-.~ J'..e, ~1 o-n-,1 •J&P~ ~'" : DI

•.Hl~J- .J ;t.1) ,L~ ·:;....1 ) tiP• U ,et- ~J .~J' ;!y

JJl_~ _=A A ~~ "".~\1t,.~,)

4J ,==1 ~f\=:.1' .1.1.- CI~IJ • .".lt~_

~s ~!rJ.l ,,,s...,.J ",,1J.~ Dr f " ~ J

If P b~=,. ,.)J' ~~ •;,5~I~~ jtf .;-.(.; ",~=-,. )J.11 ..,,~ j4J M .",' l.jJ't

~ ~, )At-. ~~'\Jl,s ..."~IJ.",,,~I&;- : IJ,-• ':J ,',Mo. ~ :Jt1

~JJ..1 ,')Jilt. ~\JDJ' :11,-

• )1~ " :JtJ~~ 'jq~ ~ '4J 3\S " -,~ 9 :Dr

!,~.l lo-)

~,I j'-~ oJ .i V"'l oS .. \Jl :J.r......~ .,,--r:-. "'~ Ii D bflAJ ~~ l=. .;

(..."n~ ~.) \S l.j f= of""!' ..,-Jil1 ~) J rC1~.1 ,~~~ ~ or- J J~ u ,I. ....

4~ 'l.j,=- ~ ~ G'" '-",b- ~!l f

J J.~t, jo-- A ,,1r,~ r~~~

, .~~l ,t1AI.,'~l.1 ·,_,1 -( o~, •..r,.u) =.r'-CJ~ J.=- Il£ ! ,..rt1 A b-' J lJ ~H ~ J

t ~;, J)J J~ ,~ .~J

.,J (~,- , i.!~ c:JfAe) :.JtJ(Races) ~ 3 tJJJ,. ~ ~f-1' :;..

• • •J \---...rn~' •~~ JS\ U

YV -.... tlv..".) fu. y Jw- A ~~ J\-. rr'* A ~ofa ~ J'-- jl) ~~ :~~ \:)~,

..;'t' ~\-. .),-$IA Y Jw- ) ,-,"" J \Al ..j F'la... ,.,,-1 jl.)i;t.P ,)'.).af

,·'oM- ~ fiD&.), of ..' ,,'lAo ,... 01.M- ,j, ~~ ,~, ,,\S '-~, A ~;

,aolJ J't .:A.J ~l jl,l ~1, ,... aJ". ~~ ,... ,,,,,aT .,1-- -Jlt-f ,1 J._', ..ulo,

...,,-J (f.Jwr. ~} " J'- r/'J .f.J" JI", jl] JS ,~~u, Ixt'lAo It$]t.r- • ~.l ,al• I

.,...~.-., Ja',- .l:JUJ- ".;- J 'c;.1...-,1I- ,\J~ 'o-'t 4.J )...~ t ,J,. b\~ ~ ~.

•JfI=- J-o\c. I' "", CI ,I"~ If •..,~~

,.. ~ ..r-' C',a~ '..,,- A f'I)\J ., 'r- ......\- 1t$.M... Il.co.w '=oADlow ~ \)~

... .\-a) • 0.1 " "J., rJJ-.'''' A r;I- ~.. •r- .... C'J~'J "J't' _'r- ,Itt ,~

0' ....... ~.If "'1"... "'1\ J\- •b~ J'W ~ .~J j ..,-l rt'\i .".,. .~~ uf

.\tJ ll~J" )'~~

..,'r~'t't- U'"'J.aA.- ,-.'J j .y~1".) ~ y)~

\i jl'It ,ti:aJ

1ft',4,~-;;tt«,j,,~I' ,//-,I(r.--I-'

~f.r{;,1';'i',.!:.J'•j~~~.?'-:',r

J("...=,.~:iV-t/.;t'"q-ri1'~711r,'::"i~1.J::,.t";('"?~:;,-JJj(.'t~~~~:;:t'!",rt:'77:.~+;t'j'r({'~7rjJJ

~c,.~-f:,~i(';n:ftfI)'''''PA;";f.':;I'r.~Jll"'YI~~~0.:1.1' //~,"../-.';'"f/-'

7~1J.f('~'..'1,rrf'11(':"~~r~,,"i;-,?.:.o:,.q4""":;;f.'Yl' 7~~~~r~'.~

.1'17~r('?¥?-b~{q;J4~r~~r-f'/;It~{I"r~;';''';'f~rl'="~;;':':"'t';;~?;-r'~ii;n'~f"f'~,JJ ¥/'HI.••/.l;'.."./".~.,••..

~.~.;.1?)f~~'!7)'r"to/;('.;1?;r'j?~;t";f7~1

:l'7~:t'!J',£(rjJ':J~7';.t'j';r(';t)r!lJ'{ff'

#IfI~,( ".t!!..-...,

.W..:pj-~~(.'>1-r7"i?)t;P~::7~t?""'/~

'fl)'~r;f1-")'),1?~;r;"~~~~'~-~~~.,."."J1-l::"tyPe-'t;:.,n~JJ!1';,J1;P

cr.'..~"",,~.,~"--,·J1·,·f~7/h,..,rt~n,!It"lt/~~~~b ,.,..';11,.~I'·,r:4",.1.1.'~..,..;'-~,rt?7/ffr~C'f'"rtrO~;.,;:.,,yI'~If!~-:i?~r:.....t./'o/":/~~

;)J;r:7,!t?~~",.t?;y.~~7'r}.•I..tt..•

,AV'~~J.~;J ~,:

-:t'~r;;'~7k-,/1-"'~4'',J;"'~r"'7q.;'7?,/'~;/;#r;'-"M~;j~1'7:r,n ';":'..~/.:?',...-..,

.:;;t'i;r'/'~th;rr~J'!':J:'ryffrl'f•f~b"..,h-'-"='C~l'':?r?l'/I!"~

~~~~,.j,J;rf7?~(.t~~t(t':'i#tj'",.!JJ,fI-

;"*"'/};:tl1rrfi-rAI~""c";f'~.¥,,,I;J{'J'~JJJrY!,r"('~~/"'J'Ar?'j~¥....,.~7C'"(.Pj:..jp"7*,'?J....

•...,4'•/~~••"/-' ..,I,;.$'~-,'1rf',;r,,~('·ff'YT?rrr',."....,rr?ll' '!..,.,,~),..",-.."-

!p~;?,-;:J1X'"'7·;.(rt~·~{!:r~':fJ,7~~)J!')f;'~frr):';,:7~1J.."Ji'Gfj~,v~..fr-~AIJ~;I'#Jt'.'1.~~ -~.~rCJ,-)'r':~.fA~)f1····7·'(3v~~~!P~1'1.1~-'Jrn.4 ",rr:/'..~~-'.f.

..~

n.~'fi'iY;;11r~'1~k~..·~;p-;~ 6If../'/"4J~J'j....I'~

~'"'rr'..,f.(I'''='7,r4~~,~11 .,.,,..•".~l"'~·-II..

'"

c".;)

,,:.:-r,;:-; ~

••'..AI-!'",7':r~~~rJ;'f'7r';~(-'r~~/~-1:~:7't~r{ft!-/';t:)f;,J~;M:'!!,('i'?)1:J.1/J')~!!J::-::I'Y11'~)

It-,..rt'~I~'&H~J"~.:t".a.~IIr'rf'(#'/1'r.lY"(' f.71,,1''1'-';;-;r;.~.,~•.';'.•.".~

'if;:1r7.1d;r~~(C::J~Y~ir:r~r")i-+(1.'1'".:;t'~'.~.cI,..a.{fY)-=,;:t>~.:11-j"r·"~;(';..::,~~),;:,tr()·v-

I"_J'••I'!';;_:.".I"-",.~,

,":';1Jr('~)~.?'flU,f~(~~~~if'7fl~~:i',J..~rfJ~~;:,,47~,..,"-"t().;,·1-fl~~,;.{J.7':J,K-'?~,,~ /(T.,"".,../'I'i~•~'1~~.£';j,I/~

/;;('"rlj...t';:"?4,f"'.JJ~;rf'~)~'::")i~/~1J:~r~~1

"f~':'''';/J?/''i~(!~,(11.!')-b·f."':Pji...J:,~~"'f't;:,:,IJ,Jb,J~t',;J.fir~(~):)/.?(:~qI'rl(,r-J::,(1£]

~...U/?.rt::tl':;':':r'I~;r'''''''v-·7r,P~)7~,t'~~ "..~"..--..!?'••,/'I

:c--..t'~/!,r""~~.I~(7'.;;/~/'~If~,,-~,;;rJr,r f[/"i~'"~.-..,-if',.,-""_~'T_'/".-Ert·'1?'tJ;,{~(J~r?~-'~~~;/;f')i'~

~

(~#~~r~,..~~)/.,/"J£." ,~r~If/i

'/1~Qf~~~rl1rJ'l/rf".~~Tf'~~-Ir;t?

...,.~-.i(~,

~HDJ.~:-;7;;iiy;;;~!frr"h"~.kj.

"~-~rt7,:-q~~!r1t'·rJ1!"C'~

lt~.R·;/t;"~JrrJ~7fJ.r.'YOArfJr.1-"~ «:,-/,77/'~..4.N70a~bt;"'Ihl~'''d:·"':i',::/('Ir p'~,;,-'I•,IV"•

~J'~;f'7)1j:~;--?-.=,NO.L~s-!7J1:t'!J,A~('P;jl;'iJ';;'JJJ1"J)

h?,y,:rArJ1r,~~M;i#I'71:'~ ".,..:rrr,..'".4,

N"'7~a:-;;r~/1ti,JA~r~,m'))1Iet::t;.J"l rJ..Y;..,-"..•",

""~:P~'~~)

("(::rr?91)':.'-'::?..,.,.,•.,'!'rfi'lf:r

(/~"I:~....J:,) 1/~-/-:'.)

o/If.l~,rrJh']h.t;(i'f?-='"';,<'~dJJ

ir:;-b-~3HO.J.sj:,-z.:,-ItV'foa:'~Jr"

<~~~V,0cr]A"""'!J!"-=';;r;:r:.::.1'j'i;:.,(f:-f('1~7>Jr~",;,,.;t1ir~

f!7'~,~,;:t'''''''~.;;(f,=,~r~) ~-7.~~..~-~

(,j.~'('f:-::::i'f1?),"7"~4Y',.~ ""WI"•

:/r~_

,j1{fJI!~;;et~'~"~....~F'~ •If/-..07",.-/":-'1/--/r~

?'7JY!J?~f?!.f'?!:d'/f~?,

'~'·~h;.t'.,;nno/#71.kf',~

AI

II

;\P";~~~;'Vi);t:.,':L::' ~.,I~; ¥' .~Ja)i.. •u~ J .",. ~ I , tF.;.~~ .

!~:tid.

wkJ.4".L:"h~.JJi!~;!qj-s DoLAN

J'Eltfl4'-I.i.:t L:JI"~.I~j(»OLA" Ii·cd ..~L:/?U).J"rf J Ji-iflVl taR7

j710 J/ ~/./ ;

l!.t~.~~{!4"j<."'~2~':?"t.CJ:l). ,

/t:::-L~-,c1/~. ... ,

£"'IfLI""V::~ -;/(,'.t;L~v-~L~ft...:~;;:j~J:If?'';~V-ut1~~......J/;;~J;~.'

# , .•• ../

r. ~ I· r" ' f'-,.J .~ (·1 A

"'i}*"'~~J~ MAlty ~ ..;,.,.~ ~·'~/JJO·..t:H().A 'f..••<> • ., .r ,« .I

~""'4"V/S.AJv::().,4·i~ J:.I MAR 'I """.().Il

l~,)lJ*'~AR,( V::"!~''--.Jd!J,J:~L·

'! t-ta AR).., JV-'(

l.)"i)L..;!.!-I'~i..J"'.l.Jl"I~AH

~;i~:.t:i-~ST"NE.~?~~~cfV·r./ "

(~..l~4~ I'll! ..J.*, AI' tfWAr..\I tl

~~.:el"'~~~! tw\Atl1 !.J 'V'}jJ!:,.,/_r'V1n I! ..

, .~~ ~~··J,~t .",,:,x ..~.

l';tL.tJ'I~IJJ,+tt"(,~;;f]£AH)~

(~~{

!~;, J"/.:::I~.(i ~~v~J/.::;:f~v!:-: J'EAN

~ <..J,r. _6'~ I...p<i~(: DoLAN~.. I

-.J4W'l1'':-~( -: JEAN ".I

~ j}tf'W/-: DOLAN ~

.:-!V;"i"J:?wi -: JEAN

f J1~f';il;IJ:dl/.:~-:])OI,.AN.~ . ,._1'~::irJf1~~~~t..~~·., JeANfJj.~. v > • ~ , ,.

. 1J"4-"';"i,;.I~ ~.·$S·1f'''M! lbf.J l'-rI!.-~...: npLtA 1'4 .

itt{~/- ,",.I..(,,,i~.Ity"])oLilN~/4--~~

':~~-'i~~~'r' M;Sf ;f'EAH!-lt.'1.::...;?J

,-\

._._~

~~r_"}'4J~';.:r~Y,,~• .- ~ .... I~·

'1JiCJ~~' +~,-,,~ 1.;1...:/-6,q;V ~~ I 'IJ.a1,:!!~jJj( .4u1" 0 "1A TIC)J~~.JJi.J:+l~cf'.JJ'TCJ/~r~TON£t!,S&TFFJOtp4-

-+-c.6~··~Jtoj?-'"-j~-q~~-: STOH.

'-J ~(,;""I. _f. '" ,(~~;Z,.;" ~J~1..t."",/, _... _ .... . , fJ; cJ jj v , ..

t:J'1C'-ddj/~q'v,4/~~ .-~ -'i

.. _. I ~-,-

-~:-Jt....... ~Lt-,:!I-lJ' -.~ DO LA N

"'~~.""""o'/

(~~.JJ.,..f~J;'''j) I""'/.!.r.t.t:~X ! ~; 7;....(~.(1-: STo NE Ir ~ tl>' v/,::Jt:-.t!t' :~ / ~ J/ I. ." ~.~ • I IiIf~;)~~~~·_~'::~,~~: L' f -: Dol.. AN . I

,~ .fL (;'t/;; 1.Jt;i~ ~J'~: STONi I• I "" "J' ••• t _... !,. -~,~---~c~AN-LJ:3·-: llOLAH

~f' r'0:'Lt.~d:'::!PDj.~~-:S:OHl:ft £.,4!..;.L..-~

~' 4- >j tit!- 7ft ;'-tJ)OLANE..P

-(j'i POLAN ~ !~

rwtJ'J'J/.!lf~(s:-e).: STON.E•• • J!t~vJj"T~.I~/'~~~4f4

,,:r'DOLE 'l>OLAN..I'JL'-'....:'-"d:.L c../~ ~ ~.Lu{J Lt'" • 4-'1, .,'-J• ,IJ~ · ,~. ## ••• ,

~(.d:...t,...oVI¢ !IJf~~ 4-~}~W;

. 'MGRAl'f -,;i ,.A.}t""'''.~!d.fv~/~.

i!Lv,Jr. (.;;,t'j/:;;:-Li/I/(r;,jIJW-~;' fJ{' E...Lv,.r.~!/c;,j~ •.:;;;~

t;1/!.'; ".-W:;i'M;(.i!-} ~.t£,,~;'~~(~J. '-' ": -. G-Up 4; I(Ft-CU 4-('/t,~'jJf';, ~~~~b'ltOLMf./~-i"~=·i..JtJ~G-· ..~J:I~.7-ct-'i /tJ/y;;l-",-.d.&'.' POLAN: ' I1/.. I ~~ • ,,(,)~~t.J:.,

JII.:4,i..L,;./d"/ iill'vlt,tdd STONE~, - - .t.j

~ofY.i /;I. ~ - /,,, j .:.-c..J!-!ijf-Ji""

'II -f:J,:,)tA~fi,/~/J?lij'~!"'J~0A~j/4! JI-,-,r.-: -: Dol-AN

-~'~~~ () ~ -"~,d.,L/;<iJlf #~.fL~.: SToNE

-L,,*~;---L~~,~fU":~IvJi!

~~~7'?.p--;:?:r~(~fJP!J-.r /"...1/1'••·••~

~jf!}'u;-;fft('/'7;',,;,P'~-?~-rc

~i7:-f1:o/r,A,y?)1YJjpr,)-'.f?'-,!.J~i:.(?!tf'"o/If'?~~rI

,""71'h~"~r,:,:!4i'''jJ-,"':';/,,('f /.."/•I'/,/

(~il';r;T'7-?,v....,.t/~r"?/]:,:,=;.'''''7Lr~;''''-~7'"1',7~/~ql' •?;/,~~III.•.,.O.,t/'

r-;?7f'-?~p'~/f~r,::,t1~1C"if~-?,r

~1C"1f/''Jf?"/~''l'r(17!r7Io/.r?:/)

1'1-:':'trr!'J::'1-::-r7r'/(?""~Y?3NO.1S:-,,:,,).,-r?'>I~\f.ri7-"7'7~-:;" .,,,.,,I';11(".'1

nr'"=",,f'f~tJ~'(~{J'--:,.- ••/~/,;r..

'Ir't"~f',{I'';:'/Jf,(>;'"s-.!,~J,J-E--'v, /}I'if'"~(1.••

A7rf'~~~1~~:'7.{1.1"//~"A,.rf''0..::".4rfAt'1:t'-Jt:,~f'/r0.:1....0H;.;.r;.f"()/t"rttl'V~,/~.r/.f'r•.·1(~tr1C'~~..I/'~J'~'-:':'~~~ r_t"'fr,/'.'....i"7f.JioP~r(r"'-·.I"!.'J7'~7

7;e,('?{A:17j?if{IJ?'~7.~rr;t,"··{"(t,(r:,..'':;''-'••"'0~"~ .lI11-:?~7"','~,~If('

•r~••'./

r~(';n;~~JtI;ri-:,:,~,~~~(;'7:,.r-·......;/·~.,~_.

>l3V~t-iilj{({jNtt!fL',r"';('~,fr'='7:-../

~''::',A11'';',fPF'/-r-.~,,,,,~,~,.'_/,,.- (r'~!~.~I'JI~7,~'-Y-c("1'9~

J'.f',~r~"';:-;'~-+.1,,:>b'P;",?;() ....':,r~"/I'

'M-'-"~ntr'fI'/?'7~'~1r~fr~?;"!:'7.",:,I,r'71'fr9IJ;rfJ(YJ;frt.,4'"():f'tr':f')1~).7Yi~r~.'

N\fg.r~-:;rt,;:"n../fYrf'';(7'::t'-7h~~,,;,J-/••""

t:;!ir?!h..,L1~,/J(,.,;;-,,.,..,.-f,;;J,.-:,~1vJ,?,it,rr _..~I~....~_,

~.,)?,j7~¥~"';rr1·~~Y'~7~,•~/'/~~'?'•

.,

.._.~

J£tt.~ .,.I1')"',1"'::

;t""?l1·""r::'J,?''''''::Tl'".!'-'..A'?,r,..,.;~t~"j;·).;,f:I~~rr,'Pi; ;:;'1,/;:..-sr:••.••2..,:..~if.

~~~':1.t7.~-::,,~,.;n~!!;,r()~1..t'J'

/7'ft,f';r:;;1--:r:i'''';'~'f1~-riif'Ht/!lr:-Z,-.,Ut."fi;J"~.fiii.;1··r~ "....",1...!7)f~Vr:?f';n;-'.rJNtl3r!lii,=,"';";

~~4',;"h(1.tfV··~·'·"""'.

--;:?,~...::,~.-'?)/,0;;:;,,.,4!.J';J?1.1".~;,) if{--,••••/" ../

,f,.~J'r~j"{-7+~'~{f"J'r'"<yl::;,NV3r:-3°H/eTi(t71r......,,/I,f'~.;riJ.f

'~·~7~f"/-;,.,,('r.,~trtr7:;;;,q.,,1r;n,.i""".?-,/,/.,~

>I'JV.ct-NV10(f"S'f.,~~~~("1)~-!?'?'Pkr?/;II/'r(r:i"~~r~·(~,.J::i~~

3NO.LS~-..,v-rt'a;110(1.:;;)f~\f.rr.'r~?r-]'i~ ~~I•,1'"

.,J...~~ "r~,--.",/

;Y.;$7i~4i~r,,)r'~A":'irr ,,.,/'4-:./

(Mtl3f'fr'v.,:rp-;,fr«7.t;;~ f1"I()",,-••II'

N'f10a-'1"«7';,,,.,;h,;J..F-;:"'::n~ -rt»•~§(

-;'.",-}.r"/1/'1..1~·?";-:~J:~/4'(){'j,J II';,,;:'"I'./.

;-('"~j?'~~r/,/'('."I'?,~i.e'~"..-r~ ."I?1V.~~,/I~.~-•..,/.,

~'~{jr'lYR.?n)'~jr{('~4(?:J'f'"'r••.

fr/"')~t"I~I/';"'::rr~~~~~/'~f': •JI"~/,.r,,//..'••

$)(~~".1~'"r·r;rf'~/~?("7t'~ ."~.'l.....-~..~•-"4~-

',J·t.•.~-~3NOJ.S~-,('i••1,/'/47:!!~-'"i'jJlf)i::'I'~~~f)

HY91':-rii~;i1,J"'.t'/¢J.-f.Jr-.'"~

f1/r({t''i'-crr-r/.y.;r,A;;;:,;..-,(.(?()­.~#'I'If'tf.~~~II

1r,.,;-,:,;:/,ir;/~~f,;;-,1~:,J./f:11"L!..". -I~../.'••trt(YI......1,.r~J'?J"~p7"7r':1lrr('j..1;gr;'~/

.ji~/'ff'",,g;;,fn,.:I'('..~~-:.:.~J';t='--:;:t/1.".~7;'

~~'":.hi!';h:rrlr....,,~,J)r.;F.nf''"J-"••/_••~;.

,,:..,~r~,,,,,~,r~~?J'r"":ii(";-==",,,.~./'1;.,

-{:g..r"#.1 , .,..Jl?~!-.~JI.J.c.-.-d -: J E. A N'" f· ~ d 11. i -' I , 1/ .,(~

~'JJ I~;/~ ~'J~ t:.Jr.J".Ja;icf4; ~J:.

(i"-VJ'/Tf.l(./.;p:T.J~4- ()! tJ L...

("vL.:!I...:,J"Ii ..:;J1..tt,,:!'VI~~L/crs&"<J""uJI'4-rf~~;(,;,I/~~J

•~ cr--!A~.J L~.J'~

C;SRAL.D S1D~q~J~:'if~JiJEAN)t • I

~.ve>J.J.fI+(.rJPb e.t.~/~.~"jl,f(-'i-~ttvf.t;~~I.1

;;=

~Cf'.I'l,r~(rlrf.ril,,~r(;(("(~)~~?-"hir.,.,4bt1'.;n.rr({,/j1/,;JQ~bl<,'J?- I4f,iif'of·•/',.'.It;""-/',;t1,••

;A;:{'-;,rri:t"{IV(J'I;'·;;~.tJ~~~T,-?!"'''';'!i'~,.j~tUI3·r.~~"...,~,,~. '/'~~...~,..,i'J•r:..;...,i",.1'I,J/":;"'r..J'.!rr~·',:nlft'V~I.3?,((:-,I~'"'7~.f.f(;"'~!f~~""~~ ~/;,;r-.,..if'rr:I"/.r-C'·?!.'(,)'C'P.l)~(£'7.1";'~--='?,*7:ii~~5'i'f'N''II:It,';,..:>tIr~~""'7t,1',~ ..~.r-".,..,iItt'-,~,•r,/....D~.....;;A~~J),rrlrJj'D"1t'~~:"',J-(.""'/J1,~j??-' /1/-"/'~r''if'?rtv'",,.

~NO.LS"'O'Vl:t3~.,C"I"...(;n~~r;;:,~~Jr~1r"f"t10;:r~r~'C"7~....~1q;n~"";'..~.,...,1#11'""::""!j,="..z:,.~~"f•,J;l.,.~?~-:J.•)1''''

r(f~.-.rJr~(.';n107'''~~~_.. ./-V/---=~======~=::;::,=====~===---

rJr,ol;¢J;·"r~~...

:t?1';1'~/1~~~~/D

,:;;t:'

~~,.""f';";~~~-_.........(~r:'nt;f')

4.~/~/~r~('H••~(.IJ'f{f';:t'~~~~;?K~(;)#90,.,,#If'Urr;~f"

'If#If'1'rr

/'jr--=========='f;:;;;;:;;;;-=iiiiiiia:==---

;

~~d"fJJ ,~rj? ~-J:~V'~~0

:...

-"" v:!. r" .,.;_ "l,.,J ' .",JJ .. tI... .-/

~ .. .. JY!ci.,4,Ji.Jlf?-vY~~·r',~'.. .. .. .. .. -c~)/ ., ..r.Jk -"..., cr ~ I ~

flY" .- ~. /:L-r!-::..il -ArLr·~, # ,.I.

I~ " ••••••••• -- ctJ (fJ J~/-~

lJ·fomag~ to <6uru~~"

RABINDRANATH TAG'ORE(7 May, 1861-7 August, 1941)

DESH SUPPLEMEN'l'JANUARY, 1962.

'The world has kissed my soul withits pain, asking for its return in song'

Gurudev : Stray Birds: CLXVII

CON "-JL-'J[~N1r8

I. Rabindranath Tagore (Poem) Shri Hamayun Kabir

2. Editorial: Our homage to Gurudev R~ K. S.

3 Rabindranath Tagore-the Humanist Shri Ashit Sanyal

4. A Pilgrimage to the Realms of Gold Shri Radha Krishna Sud

5. 'Where the mind is without Fear' Gurudev

6. The Sheaves of Gold: Selections from Gurudev's Poems

7. Tagore-On Nationalism Shri R. C. Pilla;

8. 'What is this melody that overflows my Life' Gurudev

9, The magic touch of Gurudev's Songs C.F. Andrews

10. Tagore : the significance of his Life & Work Shri J. K. Jain

I I An Anecdote Gurudev

12. The National Anthem Gurudev

13. Our Gem of many Facets (from Gurudev's Writings)

14. iff~~ ~rf~ rr ~Tfq Shri Om Prakash Kohli

15. li~t (~qT~) Shri Om Prakash Kohli

16. Trends in Tagore Dr. R. Bharadwaj

17. At midnight the woul , ce ascetic anncunced Gurudev

18. The August Assembly (Homage)

19. My Mistress of the Line Gurudev

20. The Drawings and Paintings of Tagore Shri Adarsh Deepak

21. Mukta-Dhara R.K.Sud

22. ~r~ Cf)~~ ~T~ ~~Cf)T tr~~~ Shri Ram Lal Varma

23. The 'Child' Poetry of Tagore Miss Aruna Bhattacharya

24. One of the few. the immortal names. (Tributes)

Paget1

J,I

I~

"32

36

37

31

4S

46

41

5)1

57

61

65'1

~

67

6i

n84

~

91

We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness

to the Visva-Bharati and the Rabindra Sadan,

Calcutta, for reproducing Gurudev's paintings

and doodling.

"Take my lute in thine own handand play it, Master,"

'The Sage who knows love's utter wisdom'.(Photo by Shri S. P. Gwandl)

By Snr! Hamaylin Kab;,

A snow-capped volcano in undulating .plain

Liftsup its: proud head; near its foot

Cluster the vine and the soft streams flow .:

Mencome and go and build their homes

Andpass .theirdaysin homely joysand fears.

The mountain keeps them company, sends to' them

Its love in flowing streams and gentle rain.. ,

.And yet the mountain lives.alone .

In distant splendour. Lightnings t~.ash,

The th'lnder shoots up tongues of flame­

Tries to reach; the snowy heights' in vain.

The fire of fourscore" summers in your heart,

Fourscore wi nters"wisdom,..0!1 yourcrest

Shineinforrr.s of .beauty in deathlessverse.

(Mahutnia and other Poems)

*7 May, 1941 .

( 1

Editorial:

"In his own verse the poet still .wefind,

In his own page his memory livesenshrined, .

As in their amber sweets thesmothered bees,-

As the fair cedar, fallen before the'breeze,

Lies self-embalmed amidst themouldering trees".

What homage would you have,revered Gurudev, from your readers'hearts overflowing with love, adora­tion and gratitude?

Our Poet, is it not your delight 'tostand at the portals of our lips andlisten to us sing your eternalharmonies?

The world you wove with yourwords and melodies your infinite lovegave to ,us to live in for ever and forever more. Your sweetness shallabide therein and through them tinglein the beatings of our hearts as longthe morning stars dance, the breezesblow and the waves of the sea riseand fall. Our voices shall mix with,your voice and rise like the' fountainspray to sing the glory of the Lordwho is your Master and our HeavenlyFather. Your songs shall inspire usto take courage and approach theAlmighty without fear, hesitation orrestraint. He is ours and we are His

children. He created us out of infi­nite mercy and love. '\1\1e must adoreHim. We must worship Him. Whatbetter offering can we make to Himthan your songs which He inspiredand which He' liked' you to sing inyour endearing and pleasing voice.

a.Poet-Saint of India! You bro­ught back to us the heritage of ourancestors and saved us from driftingin the turmoil of the' mechanistic age.You laid us back at the feet of God;you saved our souls from gettingparched. You restored to us thewealth of divine songs at a time whenwe were being carried away by flashytunes of doubtful appeal.

You have opened our ears to therhythm that creates and sustains life.You have awakened our eyes to theperpetual dawn of Eternal Joy thatknows no bounds of time; space orplace Joy .

"Whose dwelling IS the light ofsetting suns..

A11d the round ocean and theliving air,

And the blue sky, and in the mindof ma n."

Weare always agog to hear yourintimations of the arrival of theLord:

(2)

"Have you not heard his silentsteps? He comes, comes, evercomes.

Every moment and every age,every day, every night he comes,comes, ever comes.

Many a song have I sung iri manya mood of mind, but all theirnotes ,have always proclaimed,'He comes, comes, ever comes. '

In the fragrant days of sunnyApril through the forest pathhe comes, comes, ever comes.

.In the rainy gloom of July nightson the thundering chariot ofclouds he comes, comes, evercomes.

In sorrow after sorrow' it!, is hissteps that press upon .my heart,and it is the golden touch of hisfeet that makes my joy to shine.

(Gi ta nja li :' XLV)

Gurudev, we lamentably lackwords to express our gratitude to youfor all that you did for us in word,deed and, more than these, in song.We cherish your noble image in theshrines of our hearts..· We render toyou every, day of our lives 'what isrightfully yours : our homage. Andour homage is your songs sung in' ourtunes.

Our scintillating diamond;' ourprismatic genius! Through you theInfinite bewitches us with His spec­tral colours. The OI1:e and the Infinitedisplays His refulgent gloryvin thefinite and. the human: ' all things inHimself and Himself in all things !

"The same stream of life that runsthrough myveins night and day

runs through the world anddances, in rhythmic measures.

It is the same life that shoots injoy through ·the dust of theearth in numberless blades ofgrass and ,breaks into tumultuouswaves of leaves and flowers.

It is the' same life that is rocked inth-e ocean-cradle/of birth 'and ofdeath, in ebb and in flow. .

I feel my limbs are made gloriousby the touch Of this world oflife. ,~.P,nd,m·y pride is from thelife-throb of ages dancing in myblood this moment. '

(Giranjali: Lxt~)

The strife-torn heart of .humanity'bleeds. Your message of' universalpeace, equality and brotherhoodsoothes the burning pain with its balrri.Your invocation to the Buddha is 'animpassioned appeal. for our welfare,

"The world .today is wild with thedelirium of hatred, .

the conflicts are cruel and unceas­ing in anguish,

crooked are its paths, tangled itsbonds of greed. ,

All creatures are crying for a newbirth of thine. .

o Thou of boundless life,save them,' raise thine eternal

voice of hope,let Love's. lotus with its inexhaus-'

tible treasureof honeyopen its petals in thy light.a Serene, 0 Free, ;:.in thine immeasurable mercy and

goodnesswipe a way all dark stains from the

heart of this earth.(Natir Pu ja : Act 11)

( 3 )

Your' lines addressed to JesusChrist are unequivocal denouncementof the, modern man's ignorance of thedivine in him and his consequent lustfor all that is false, futile, fickle anddemeaning": his lust for power, hisreliance upon brutal force, his ex­ploitation of the poor and the weak;and his heedless: race for self-destruc­tion -denouncement that reminds usthat, unless the mad world heeds toyourwar ning-e-a very timely warningtoo -it will invoke the wrath of Godupon itself.

HI; ••Christ looks about Him, andseesthe ;weaponsof evil that wound­ed His own age. The arrogantspikesand spears, the slim, sly knives, thescimitars in diplomatic sheath, crook­ed and' cruel, are hissing and raisingsparks 'as they vare sharpened 'onmonster wheels. But the most fearfulof them all, at the hands of theslaughterers, .are those 'on which hasbeen engraved' His own name, 'thatare fashioned. from the texts of Hisown words fused: in the fire of hatred,andhammeredbyhypocritical greed ...They had hurt him-once, standing attheshadow of their temple; they are,born anew' in crowds. From 'beforetheir sacred' altar they 'shout to thesoldiers, 'Strike I ·And the Son ofMan in agony cries', 4My God, myGod.rwhyhast-Thou forsaken Me r

(The-Fugitive and orhc r Poems:, The Son of l.Ia n)

The heart-rending cries of suffer­ing humanity you listened to on youtdeath-bed.' < You i knew the diseaseand the sure remedy for it. Eventhough it catlsed 'you 'considerable

pain you wrote· out the diagnosis andth~pr,escri ption, Like a true Pro­phet of Man you sounded the alert.Your-voice resounded throughout thesick.xlespairmg and mad world. Youdid' your last bit for us and left it tous '~o heed the warning and turn backor fall headlong into the abyss.

uWhen I see Man. Helpless within the wallsOf his, unbearable .suffering,I do not knowWhere he will find consolation.I know the root of this sufferingIs in his riotous living,I~ in his folly.But this knowledge brings no

comfort.WhenJ knowThe,truth that is hiddenIn Man's spiritual strivingIs beyond pleasure and pain­Then do I realizeThat 'those Seekers who make

'fruitfulThis~ruth ill their lives,,Are theultimategoal of-Man's

destiny.(Rogaasajya : No. 29)

Gurudev, you have rightly assessedyour value for us, y,QU' are one atthe': 'Seekers of the greatest Truth ~hence one of the race to which thlBuddha, and.Jesus belong. Your nameis written in letters of gold and shaD.shine .along with thePole-Star--.delight to the heave-ns.

Other will praise. you as an educationist, as an, artist,. as a great hu­manist and a philosopher. We adonyou for .your songs. We love ana

( 4 )

cherish your ever-abiding memory asa Revealer of God, a Redeemer of Manand as a champion of. the oppressedand dow n trodden. May your songshelp us to know and worship God andserve the cause of humanity! Mayyour prayers be our daily prayers:

(1)

This is my prayer to thee, my lord'-strike, strike at 'the root of. penury in my heart. '

Give me ~the" strength lightly tobear my joys and sorrows.

Give "me the strength to make mylove .fruitful "in service.'

Give me' the, strength never todisown the poor. or "bend my'knees before Insolent might. '

Give me the 'strength to raise mymind high above daily trifles.

And give me, the strength to sur­rendermy. strength to thy will

with love.(Gitanjali: No. XXXVI)

( II )

Let only that little be left of mewhereby I may name thee my all.

Let only that little be left of mywill whereby I may feel thee onevery side, and come to thee ineverything. and offer to thee mylove _every moment.

Let only that little be left of me,whereby I may never hide thee.

Let only that little of my fettersbe. left whereby I am bound withthy will, arid thy purpose iscarried out in my life-and thatis the fetter of thy love.

(Gitanjal i : No. XXXIV)

'These prayers will give the worldanother heart and other pulses.

(R. K. g.)

I, do not belong to any religious sect nor do I subscribe to .any particu­

lar creed. This I know that the moment my God has created me He has

made Himself mine, He is ever i active in the unfolding of my being through

experiences of life and -in the enfolding of it with the varied forces and beau­

ties of this world. The very fact of my existence carries an etern'al guaranteeof love.

(Fronl Gurudev's letter to Mrs. Kate Ohly)

( 5 )

Habin dran ath ,ago re-Ihe HumanitarianBy Shri Ashit Sanyal B. Se., Old Student

Visva Kavi Rabindra Narh Tagorewas a poet, and a seer; but above allhe. was a lover' of man.

He did not believe in the religionwhichdenounces the material world­the creation of God.. He believed-inthe humanity of' 'Godar the divinityof Man.', In a conversation with Dr.Einstein he said 'My religion is in thereconciliation of the super-personalMan, the universal human spirit inmy own individual being.' He be­lieved in a world in which ·the indivi-.dual' is unique and essential for theeternal purpose.

Criticizing the orthodox Hinduways, he saidr'Our attention is direct­ed one-sidedly towards the innerworld. We turn away with disdainfrom the sphere of power and expan­sion. We want to recognize Brahmaby inward contemplation, only in His',perfection. We, do not want to seeHis development in the life 'andtumult of the world. That, is whywe so. often find our seekers afterGod, th~e ecstasy of the spirir-and thedecline resulting therefrom.Their faithdoes not know of any lawfully' imposedlimitations; their phantasy soars intothe unlimited. Their spirit wearsitself out in the attempt to seeB.rahma separate from His creation,and their heart which tries to embrace

( 6 )

Him wholly in its out-pourings, losesitself in drunken enthusiasm, Theyhave failed to take into account theloss ofstrength and character whichhumanity suffers-if it 'disregards la\\"­tu l conditions and tile demands madeon its energy by the outside world.'

Tagare'sdemand in favour of re­cognizing. 'lawful limitation' is ofepoch-making significance. He appeal­ed for activity; initiative and dili­gence because otherwise it is notpossible to Iiveas a man should. Thatis why' he said in the Gitanjali :

"Leave this chanting and singingand telling of beads,

Whom dost thou worship in thislonely dark corner of a temple

With doors all shut?Open thine eyes and see thy God

is not before thee, /He is there where the tiller

is tilling .the hard groundAnd the path-maker is breaking

the stones,He is with them in sun and in

shower,And his garment is covered with

dust.Put off thy holy mantle and even

like himCome down to the dusty soil.

. ,I.. '\ nee {\a{1"\es \otO {1"\USIC

•At whose tOUC" SI e0 A. hOt Sanya

l•Old Student)

(pencil Sketch by Shn s'

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

My heart is on fire with the flame of thy songs.

It spreads and knows no bounds.

It dances swinging its arms in the sky,

burning up the dead and the decaying.

The silent stars watch it from across the darkness.

The drunken winds come rushing upon it

from all sides.

0, this fire, like a red lotus, spreads its

petals in the heart of the night.

(Poems : No. 54)

Corrie out of .thy meditationsAnd leave aside' thy .flowers and

Incense.What harm is there if thy clothes.

become tattered and stained ?Meet him and stand by him in toil

and in the sweat of thy brow."

Again in Naivedya he said:

"Leave me not in the soft lapof comfort and vai n dreams;

But make me fit and free in thefield of action."

It is noteworthy here to seehowmuch the illiteracy arid poverty ofIndia moved Tagore. , In one of hisletters h-e writest'Diseases of differentkind are prevailing in' all the houses,but nobody is there to help. Is itpossible to bear so much unhealthi­ness, negligence, and -pqverty in theabode of Man? We have been de-

-feated by - all sorts of powers. Weendure the torture of Nature, thetorture of the king and also we aredumb against the torture of dogmas".

In the Gardener Tagore calls forthe 'poet' to come down to the mate­rial world and says :-: '

"Let these -stunned and pale anddumb mouths find voice. Lethope resound in these shrivelled,tired and battered breasts."

Tagore believed in industrializationbut feared the power-intoxication ofthe West:

HoWe see how in the West man ismainly preoccupied with the striving

to expand outwards, The free fieldof power is his realm. He is onlyinterested in the. world of spatial ex­pansion and doesnot want to haveanything to do with the world ofinner consciousness where his per­fection lies.

...... .tt seems as if these' people wereready toseize everything by force andtoidespoil it. They do. not know thebeauty :'0£ perfecr ion "; He appealedto rhe modern .. world, "Let us, thedreamers of the East and the West,keep our faith firm in the life thatcreates and not the' machine thatconstructs;' in the power that hidesits force and blossoms in beauty andnot in the 'power that bares its armsand chuckles at its capacity to makeitself obnoxious. Let us know thatmachine is good when it helps us, butnot so', when it exploits lite; thatscience is great when it destroys evil.but not when the two enter into anunholy alli~nce". . .

Tagore wanted a true' synthesis ofthe Eastern spiritualism arid the Wes­tern materialism to form a millenium.

"Where the' mind is without fearand the head is held high,

Where knowlege is free;Where the world· has not been

broken up into fragments by'narro\y domestic walls; .

Where words come out from thedepth of truth;

Where tireless striving stretchesits arms towards perfection;

Where the clear stream of reasonhas not lost its way into thedreary desert sand of dead habits.'

( 7 )

.fJ Pilttimate .to the NealmJ 01 q~lr1:

(jatatlev, -{he P~et ~I ella/tent 9~'1·

By Shri R'ldha Krishna Sud

"Poetry," wrote Shelley," is therecord. of· .the best and happiestmoments ..of the best and hap­piest .minds .... ·It is as it were theinterpretation . of a diviner naturethrough our,-own.... Poetry ... makesimmortal. all that is best and mostbeautifulin the world; it arrests thevanishing, apparitions which hauntthe interlunations of life, and veilingthem, or in language or in form, sendsthem forth among mankind, bearingsweet news of kindred joy to thosewith whom their sisters abide-- ...Poetry redeems from decay the visi-'tations of the divinity in man."

"A poet, as he is the author toothers of the highest wisdom, pleasurevirtue and glory, sohe ought person­ally to be the happiest, the best, thewisest, and the most ilhrstrious ofmen."

Shelley must have written theabove words in a moment of prophecy:every word is most true of GurudevRabindra mth Tagore and his poetry.Poetry of Gurudev was the means ofrealizing the Divine and the Infinitein, around and beyond the Finiteworld and the eternal principle ofjoyful life- the Creative Life - thatsustai ns the stars, . the flowers, ," the

waves; andthe particles of dust alike.It is Only with the grace of God thatsuch realization is possible and to themost chosen sons of the Lord is en­trusted the holy task of communica­ting' it, totheir less fortunate brethren.The poet, \\7ho is possessed of the JoyEternal. is bound to break forth intoa flood of song : he cannot hold backand contain it; it must ripple forthlike the free fJow of the water of thefountain Aganippe on Mount Helicon.sacred to the Muses, Gurudev is in­tensely conscious of ,the honour andthe responsibility-e- it is both-; heis the medium through whom DivineJoy passes 'to his readers and his poemsare everlasting records of his contactswith Divinity for the good of genera­tionsto come.

HIt has fallen upon me, the serviceof the singer.

.In my songs I have voiced thyspring flowers, and givenrhythm to the 'rustling leaves.

I have sung into the hush of thynight and peace of thy morning.

The thrill of the first summerrains has passed into my tunes,'and the waving of the autumnharvest.

( 8 )

I am a poet of the earth:

my flute re-plays its tunes.

I fill its callings with my dreams

and hear the harmony in the

silent hours of my heart.

Inaccessible snowy ranges

call me ever again

with music unheard.

The Polar-star. far. alone,

has touched my sleepless eyes.

The waterfall

dances in my heart as I have heard

the primal song of nature.

I have heard the symphony of being."

*Quoted from Amiya Chakravarti: A Tagore Reeder,Page 366

'Sweet is the world, sweet the dust of it.'(Photo by Mrs. Ananda Coornaraswamy)

Let not thy songs cease at last, MyMaster, when thou breakest myheart to come into my house, ,but .let it burst into welcome'." .

(Crc ss ing : LXXIII)

The Gitanjali opens with the cele­brated song in which the poet ack­nowledges his indebtedness to theDivine for inspiration to write hissongs, day, after day, night, afternight, year after year and. life, afterlife. I f his songs thrill the listenersand readers the credit is.not the poet's:it is ofthe Divine Singer and Inspirerwhose, music 'reverberates iii the windsand whose· tunes' mingle with theswing of the waves, This interplayof the cosmic and the human minds isthe greatest ·:of miracles which' thepuet can testify to-the poet' and thesage alone in their heart of heartsdance to the Divine rhythm.

"Thou hast made me endless, suchis thy pleasure. This frail vesselthou em ptiest again and again,and' fillest it ever with fresh life.

This little flute, of a reed thouhast carriedover 'the hills anddales, and hast breathed throughit melodies eternal ly new.

At the immortal touch of thyhands my little heart loses itslimits in joy and gives birth toutterance ineffable.

Thy infinite gifts come to meonly on these very small handsof mine. Ages 'pass,' and stillthou pourest, and still there isroom to fill."

(Gi tanja l i : I)

What a happy relationship this IS

bet veen God ar-d His Poet. Th2 morehe sings of Him and His Grace, themore he longs for singing of them.No wonder that the poet, beinghuman, on occasions, when he issimply carried away by his songs,forgets himself - his humble en­tity - and begins to feel proud ofbeing the Divine Master's cherishedSinger. Nay, he goes one step furtherand - calls himself, .. in "moments ofdrunkenness, as it were, the- Lord'sfriend .. His soul is washed completelyof the earthly dross and the sense ofseparateness.

"When thoucommandest, me tosing, it seems to me that myheart would break with pride;and I look to thy face, and tearscome. to my eyes.

All that is harsh and dissonant inmy life melts into one sweetharmony - and my -adorationspreads "rings like a glad bird onits flight across the sea.

I know thou takest pleasure in mysinging. I know that only as asinger I come before thy pre­sence.

I touch by the edge oaf the far­spreading wing of my song thyfeet' which I could never aspireto reach.

Drunk with .the joy of singing Iforget myself and call theefriendwho art my lord."

(Gi ra n j Ii : II)

Should the poet apologize for thisimpudence and lapse of prudence?No, he dare not. For does not theLord like to be called his friend? ,B~t-

( 9 )

ween friends - and between friendsalone - there can be perfect under­standing and full affinity. In callinghimself a friend of the Lord the poetis not trangressing the bounds of.deco­rum and good manners but simplyacknowledging that all that he feelsor knows is due to his relationshipwith the Lord. The relationship, tosay the least, is not unilateral butbiliateral and the Lord and His Poetare equally happy about it. So faras the poet is concerned he ca nnotresist the call of the Divine Singerjust as the Gopis of Brindaban couldnot but respond to the enchantingstrains of the Flute of Lord Krishna.

"Oh, I expire in bliss. I expire,Who calls me on the flute?I thought I would remain at horneI would not go out - but tell me

what shall I doThe flute sings outside.I have heard it play in the bowerOn the banks of JamunaThe music floating in the evening

breeze.Oh, I must go and tell youYour flute has played into life ...It has played into' my life indeed ..

(Maitraye Devi: Ta goreby Fireside... Page 41)

And the Lord is, indeed, very happyand proud of the poet's offering of hissongs prompted by the Divine wishthat he must sing to Himof Him andof His love for him. The joy, there­fore, is mutual.

It is difficult to say who is thehappier out of the two: the singer

or the Inspirer of the songs sung bythe poet. The situation is pleasantlyintriguing. With Sir Roger de Cover­ley we may say that much might besaid .on both sides.

"What divine drink wouldst thouhave, my God, from this over­flowing cup of my life?

My poet, is it thy delight to seethy, creation through my eyesand to stand at the portals ofmy ears silently to listen tothine own eternal harmony?

Thy world is weaving words in mymind and the joy is adding musicto them. Thou givest thyself tome in love and then feelestthine own entire sweetness in

"me.(Gitanjali: LXV)

It is a direct admission by the Lordthat He accepts gladly His own giftof the poet's songs, The Lord inspiresthe poet's songs and gives him tunesand the poet gives to Him the joy thereof. A good bargain, indeed. The poet,really speaking, is twice blessed in asfar as in taking he gives and in givingback he takes. Thus both the Lordand His singer are richer thereby: themutual exchange of joy: the Divineand the Human are enriched mani­fold. 'This is the great Ministry ofJoy which sustains the universe evenin the face of Death. The poet willgo on singing till the Lord goes onlistening to his songs unperturbed andundisturbed.

"If you would it so, I will end mysinging.

( 10 )

If it sets your heart aflutter, I willtake away my eyes from yourface....'"

(T he Gardener: XL VII)

If his songs please the Lord andhe blesses him for it; the Earth needsthem all the more. He feels for theEarth as he loves her and her children.sweet is the world, "Sweet the dust ofi~'he wrote in Arogya. If he must offerhis songs to the Lord because they areHis, he needs must liberate the heart:0£ the Earth from muteness; that is,'release the long-pent up urge of herfor meeting the Lord. If his songs havehelped him to touch the Divine Feetwith his far-spreading wings of songhe is sure they will help the Earth aswell. I~ a long poem in the Gardener(No: LXXIII) he admits that the'patient and dusky Earth' does 110tpossess 'infinite wealth', enough foodfor her children, 'perfect gladness' andtoys which are not fragile. She cannotsatisfy' all our hungry hopes'; its smilesare shadowed with pain and her loveknows no fulfilment.

"From your breast you have fedus with life but not immortality,that is why your eyes are alwayswakeful.

For ages you are working withcolour and song, yet your heavenis not built, but only its sadsuggestion.

Over your creations of beautythere is the mist of tears. I willpour my songs into your muteheart, and my love into yourlove."

The poet with the help of his songs

will eke the efforts of the Earth tobecome Heaven. The wings providedby the poet will ena ble the moth toreach the stars; the Finite world willjump off to Eternity. Such a one ashe will never think of renouncingthe world. "You cannot satisfy allour hopes?" he asked the "Earth andreplied. "But should I desert you forthat? .....Your love which knows notfulfilment is sweet to my eyes." Themany bonds of Delight-the colour,fragrance, soft touch, love, compa­nionship, and sweet memories ofchildhood: endear the world to him.He has bitterness, pain, sorrow andgrief. He loves the Earth all themore because of that.

"Deliverance is not for me inrenunciation.

I feel the embrace of freedom in athousand bonds of delight.

Thou ever pourest for me thefresh draught of thy wine ofvarious colours and fragrance,filling this earthen vesselto thebrim.

My world will light its hundreddifferent lamps with thy flameand place them before the altarof thy temple.

No, I will never shut the doors ofmy senses. The delights of sightand hearing and touch will bearthy delight.

Yes, all my illusions will burn intoillumination of joy, and all mydesires ripen into fruits of love."

(Gi ta nja l i : .LXXIII)

Joy is writ large over the universe:only we must have the poet's eyesto see, ears to hear and senses to

( 11 )

breathe it. He reverts to this ideaagain and again in his poems. In adelightful little poem addressed tohis readers a hundred years hence heposes' a simple question and answersit.

',< Who are you, reader, reading mypoems an, hundred years hence?

I cannot send you one singleflower from this wealth of thespring, one' single streak of goldfrom yonder clouds,

Open your doors and look .abroad.From your blossoming garden

gather fragrant memories of thevanished flowers of an hundredyears before.

In the joy of your heart you feelliving joy that sang one springmorning, sending its glad voiceacross an hundred years."

(The Gardener: LXX V)

The poet with the spirit of theeternal child in him assures the child­ren of the world that his songs willbe their best friend, guide and ph ilo­sopher. It is no exaggeration: hissongs are the symbols of perennialdelight and wonder. The child him­self is nothing' "else but a living sym­bol of delight. Long after the' poetis dead and gone his songs will speakfor him and his undying love forchildren.

"This song ofmine will wind itsmusic around you, my child, likethe fond arms of love.

This song of mine will touch yourforehead like a kiss of blessing.

My song will be like a pair ofwings to your' dreams, it willtransport your heart to the

"verge of: the unknown.It will be" -like the fruitful star

overhead when dark night is'over your road.

My song will sit in the pupils oryour eyes, and will carry yoursight into the heart of things.

And- when my voice is silent indeath, my song will speak inyour living heart.

(The Crescent Moon: My Song";

The joy of living 'defies death.Through death we .attain life. Deathis no terror to him. It cannot shakehis faith in life's eternity and the joyand beauty of it .. It is the Spring thathe delights in the rnost.

"On the shores of endless worlds.children meet.

The infinite sky is motionless overhead and the restless water isboisterous. ' On the seashore ofendless worlds the children meetwith shouts and dances.

They build their houses with sand.and they play with -empty shells.With WIthered leaves theyweave their boats and smilinglyfloat them on the vast deep.Children have their play on theseashore of worlds ..... "

(The Crescent Moon:On the Seashore)

In spring the earth is tingling withyouth". He records his-worship of itin The Cycle of Spring: a book dedicated to Life recreating itself out of itsown ashes.'

( 12 )

"The fire of April leaps fromforest to forest,

Flashing up in leaves and flowersfrom all nooks and corners.

The sky is thriftless with colours,,The air ,delerious with songs.

The wind-tost branches of thewoodland,

Spread their unrest in our blood.The air is filled with bewilderment

of mirth,And the breeze rushes from flower

to flower, asking their 'names."(The Cycle of Spring),

, Why are we born agai n and again?Is there any sense in it? Can we saythat the Lord thereby has some mys­terious purpose to fulfil? The poet'sreply is that we pursue the joy ofbeing one with Him. Real deliver­ance will be achieved when this objec­tive of human birth and death andrebirth is attained. He is every wherebut before we are satisfied, He mustbe enshrined within us. There is nodoubt that He is within us also butwe must be aware of His Presence,both within and without us. Theunconscious awareness must becomeconscious awakening.

"I wander along seeking himWho is in me, in me.He is ..and because He is ...my

sky blooms in the night,And my morning blooms flowers

in the forest ..'Because He is, there is play of

light in my eyes,Play of endless forms, hues in

black and white .."

(Maitraye Dev i : Tagore byFireside: Page 89)

The poet will seek his deliverancefor' that is his destiny. The joy .ofhis heart must merge itselt w ith thejoy of the cosmos: that is with "therhythm of the dancing cosmos." Thepursuit eternal must con ti nue for thedelight of it. And it .must continuenotwithsca nding the·

r

terrors of death(if any) and the tumbling inconve­niences of human life (usually highlyexaggerated).

"Who can say that the ever knewthe unknowable ?

Lured by thelove of the unknownEven when we have attained all,We pursue the unattainable.Yet the. heart dances,In an unaccountable joy-r­Joining in the rhythm of the

dancing cosmos. .In that rhythm I have my

deliverance,I will evade death through the

path of death." .(Ibid: Page 13)

He will sing his way to .the Eter­nal as jOyo4sly. as he had donethroughout his life. With _singinghe began his 'official' career andwith singing he must end it. Hemust be true to his duty and incident­ally to himself. What matters in lifehere and beyond is the faith that theOne reveals Himself in infinite varie­ty because He delights in it. Justas the flowers must impregnate theatmosphere with their fragrance, sodoes the Lord fill the entire universewith His delight. This is the highestof lessons that we can learn and needto learn. This gives us joy while welive, solace when we aT"C distressed,

( 13 )

hope when we are assailed by despairand peace when we quit the world atthe journey's end.

"Ever in my life have I soughtthee with my songs.

It was they who led me from doorto door, and with them have I

.felt about me, searching andtouching my world.

It was. my songs that taught rneall the lessons I ever learnt; theyshowed me secret paths, theybrought before my sight many astar on the horizon of my heart.

They guided me all the day longto the mysteries of the countryof pleasure and pain, and atlast, to what palace gate havethey brought me in the eveningat the end of my journey."

(Gitanjali : LI)

Not only that. He will continueto sing even after his death: ~I knowyou',

"Some day I shall sing to thee inthe sunrise of some other world.

I have seen thee before in thelight of the earth, in the love ofman."

(Stray Birds: CCXC)

He has been once guilty of a de­lusion, though a pleasant one. Hewas involved in the riddle that 'theeternally afar' is 'for ever near'. Heis glad that now he understands thatthe riddle was no riddle at all; 'theafar'you always long for and 'the near'gives you a taste of'the afar'and makesyou long for Him. The sweet nearer110me acts like the 'pull of the load-

stone towards the sweetest sweet afar.Our delight lies in being pulled nearerand nearer. '

"When we\two first met my heartrang out in music 'She who iseternally afar is beside you forever,'

The music is silent, because I havegrown to believe that my loveis only near, and have forgottenthat she is also far, far away.

Music fills the infinite betweentwo souls. This has been muffledby the mist of our daily habits.

On shy summer nights, when thebreeze brings a vast murmer outof the silence, I sit up my bedand mourn the great loss of herwho is beside me. I ask myself?'When shall I have anotherchance to whisper to her wordswith the rhythm of eternity inthem ?'

Wake up, my song, from the lan­guor, rend this screen of thefamiliar, and fly to my belovedthere, ill the endless surprise ofour first meeting."

(The Fugitive and otherPoems ~ XIX)

To the poet the loss of his musicwill be suicidal : their loss means theloss of the joy of pursuit of theLord's feet ... 'the afar'.

"My songs are like bees; theyfollow through the' air somefragrant trace- some memory-s­of you, to hum around yourshyness, eager for its hiddenstore. ,.

(Ibid: VII)

( 14 )

r\o regrets 1- This is what distin­guishes the poetry of Gurudev fromthe poetry of the age in which helived and for which he wrote. Hispoems on Man, Christ and the Buddhaclearly show that he felt for thesuffering humanity and prayed forthe return of peace and faith. But~imself he had no regrets of any kind.I: is wrong tosay that he knew nopain, pangs or sorrows. He enduredall these with faith in the Lord's willand with fortitude. His invinciblebelief that it is Joy that remainsultimately helped him to live and singkis songs. His last songs are a testi­mony to it. If we read them everyIlay they are sure to lighten our exis­~nce and sweeten our living. ImagineII.:m standing on the threshold of theBeyend and Iisten to him sing:

"In this life I have received theblessing

Of the Beautiful One,And in the love of man tasted her

nectar.In sorrow's unbearable day,I have come to know the soulThat is beyond defeat, beyond hurt.The day Death's imminent shadow

touched me,I did not own defeat at the hand

of fear.I have not been deprived of the

touch of Man Supreme-His imperishable message I have

gathered to my heart,AnJ in' grateful remembrance

cherish the giftsReceived from the Lord of ·Life.

(Arogya : No. 29)

We 'are touched to the core of

our hearts. and find it very difficultto hold back our tears when he takeslea" e of tIS all. How simple are hiswords: how humble and peaceful isthe strain in which they are couched.We wish t hat when it is our turnto lay down our mantles we too coulddo. so wi th gratitude to ·~the Lord andour kith and kin alike.

~'I have got my leave. Bid mefarewell, .my brothers !

I bow to you all andtake mydeparture.

Here I give back the keys of mydoor-s-and I give up all' claimsto my house. I only ask forlast kind words from you.

We were neighbours for long, butI received more than I couldgive. Now the day has dawnedand the lamp th~t lit my darkcorner is out. A summons hascome and I am ready for myJourney.

At this time of my parting, wishme good luck, my friends! Thesky is flushed with the dawnand my path lies beautiful.

Ask not what I have with me totake there. I start on my jour­ney with empty hands and ex­pectant heart.

I shall-pution my wedding garland.Mine is not the red-brown dressof the traveller, and thoughthere are dangers on the way Ihave no fear in my mind.

The evening star will come outwhen my voyage is done and theplaintive notes of the twilightmelodies be ·struck up from theKing's gateway."

(Gitanjali xc 1\;)

( 15 )

For a mere nothing fill me with gladness.

Only hold my hand in your hand.

In the deepening night take up my heartand play with it as you wish. .Bind

me close to you with nothing.

I shall spread myself out at your feet"

and lie sti II.

I shall meet silence with silence

under this sky.

I shall become one with the night,

clasping the earth to my breast.Make my life glad with nothing.

The rains sweep the sky from end to end.

In the wild wet wind jasmines revel in

their own perfume.

The cloud-hidden stars thrill in secret.

Let me fill my heart to the full with

nothing but my own depth of joy.

(Poems: No 45)

'Have you not heard his silent step?He comes, comes, for ever comes. t

(Pencil drawing by Narender, Old Student)

accepted. The Divine Seal has beenput on them and he has become amember of the Divine Choir.

"You have made me great withyour love, though I am but oneamong the many, drifting in thecommon tide, rocking in thefluctuant favour of the world.

Yau have given me a seat wherepoets of all time bring theirtribute, and lovers with death­less names greet one anotheracross the ages.

Men hastily pass me in the market-never noting how my bodyhas grown precious with yourcaress, how I carry your kisswithin, as the sun carries in its

orb the fire of the divine touch.a nd shines for ever. 'l'I

(The Fugitive and otherPoems: II-X I)

The divine chorister is VisvaKaui by right of it.~ Gurudevsliving memorials are 'his songs; theLord's memorial to him. He himselfwould have said that his songs werethe Lord's, what was his was the sing­ing of them.

HTo the birds you gave songs, thebirds gave you songs in return.

Y au gave me only voice, yet askedfor mort:', and I sing. '.'

(FIl it F, thc r it g : LXXVIII)

Thou hast given us to live.

Let us uphold this honour with all our strength and will;

For thy glory rests upon the glory that we are.

Therefore in thy name we oppose the power that world plant

its banner upon our soul.

Let us know that thy light grows dim in the heart that bears its

insult of bondage,

'That the life, when it becomes feeble,

timidly yields thy throne to untruth,

For weakness is the traitor who betrays our soul.

(Lines [rom Poems : No, 61)

( 17 )

(Gitanjali: No. XXXV)

( 18 )

THE SHEAVES OF GOLDSelections from Gurudev's Poems.

Love. the Many-e-Splendoured Th-ing

(i) You came with the soft grace(ii) 0 woman, you are not the mere handiwork of God(iii) Woman, thou hast made my days of exile

The Eternal ?

(i) My life caught in the body's frame,(ii) The first day's sun asked

(iii) They who are near to me do not know

Lovely Miracle

(i) "Alas! who can hold you but the sky?"(ii) Bathed in morning light

Beware!

At the old nations' council-chambers

Abiding Recompense

(i) Ignored by the tribe, I have wandered about(ii) I have ever loved thee in a hundred forms and times

(iii) Through death and sorrow(iv) Blessed am I that I am born to this land

and that I had the luck to -love her.

Sc.intillations

(i) I touch God in my song(ii) In love I pay the endless debt to thee

Summum Bonum

(i) I know life is sacred.(ii) Work your havoc and pile up the wreck

The white Radiance of Eternity

(i) Todayin the- midst of my birthday(ii) The journey nears the road-end

(iii) Your creation's path you have covered

( 19 )

Page

202121

222222

2323

24

25262627

2727

2829

303031

~O"fl, tJ,(l Atfllllj-gpknJoU!&fld 1Izin9

(i)

You came with the soft grace

Of unripe life,

You brought the first marvel into my heart,

Into my blood its first tidal bore.

Love's sweetness in imperfect acquaintance

Was like the fine gold-work

On the black veil of da wn,

The cover under which wedded eyes first met.

In our minds till then

Distinet had not been the song of birds ;

The murmur of the forests sounded at times

A nd at times died away,

Midst a family of many people

Quietly began to be created

A secluded world for us two.

As birds day after day

Gather sticks and straws to build their nests

So simple were the materials that made up our world.

It was built with floating bits

Dropped off from the fleeting moments.

Its value was not in its construction,

Not in the richness of material.

(Lines from Syarnali : The Break)

( 20 )

( ii )

o woman, you are not merely the handiwork of God, but also of men;

these are ever endowing you with beauty from their .hearts,

Poets are weaving for your a web with threads of golden imagery;

painters are giving your form ever new immortality.

The sea gives its pearls, the mines their gold" the summer gardens

their flowers to deck you, to cover you, to make you more precious.

The desire of men's hearts has shed its glory over your youth.

You are one-half woman and one-half dream,

(The Gardener: LIX)

( iii)

Woman, thou hast made my days of exiletender with beauty,

and hast accepted me to thy nearnesswith a simple, grace

that is like the smile with which theunknown star welcomed me

when I steod alone at the balcony andgazed upon the southern night.

There came the voice from above: We know you,

For you have come as our guest of light."

Even in the same great voicethou hast cried to me : ,"I know you".

And though I know not thy tongue, Woman,

I haveheared it uttered in thy musi~,~~

"You are ever our guest on' this earth,poet, the guest of love."

(Poems ': 'No. 72)

( 21 )

The Eternal ?( i )

My life caught in the body's frame,it has its moments of thrill,

its sudden tremors of consciousness,why is it so impatient, to speak what?

To voice the bodiless .The seed sleeps beneath the ground,

.the warmth of chaitra, the dews of magha,and the rains of shravana touch it.

In the heart of the darkness it dreamsof the wonderful-yet-to-be,

is that dream its only fulfilment?In dawn's light comes the hour of the flower;

why it shall never be ?(Sesh Saptals No. 9)-

( ii )

The first day's sunaskedat the manifestation of new being­Who are you.No answer came.Year after year went by,the last sun of the daythe last question utterson the western sea-shore,in the silent evening-­Who are you,He gets no answer.

(Poenls : N o. 127)( iii )

They who are near to me do not know that you arenearer to me than they are.

They who speak to me do not know that my heartis full with your unspoken words.

They who crowd in my path do not know I amwalking alone with you.

They who love me do not know that their lovebrings you to my heart.

* Quoted from The later Poems of Tagore by Sisirhumar Ghc she

( 22 )

(Poems: No. 22)

The Covely miracle( i )

"Alas !who .can hold you but the sky 7"Cried the dew drop-"0, Sun, I can dream of you,

but I cannot serve you.I have not the strength to grasp you.So my tiny life is only a teardrop without you.""I illumine the world

with the splendour of my light.Yet I may be held

by a wee little dew drop,and love it."

Replied the beaming Sun,-"Small in the small, I will fill your being,and make your little life blossom

into a smile." •* From the fly-leaf of Tagore b, Flresid» by Maitraye Devi

( ii )

Bathed in morning lightAll things are made holy and beautiful.The formless One, the limitless,With its touchstone creates forms of Joy.D nder the altar of the ever-oldIs consecrated the ever-new.In sunshine and shadow,Is woven the cloth of earthWith threads of green and blue.The leaves dance in rhythmWith the heart-beat of the sky.From forest to forest,On the neck of morningSparkles the necklace of diamond.The random songs of birdsChant their praises to the goddess of life.The love in the heart of man,Gives them the touch of immortality­It makes sweet the dust of earthAnd spreads over itThe throne of Eternal Man.

(Arogya : No 2)

( 23 )

" B E WAR E ! "At the old nations' council-chambers

plans and protests are pressed flat

between the tight-shut prudent lips.

In the meanwhile across the sky rush

with their blazing blasphemy

the soulless swarms of vulture-machines

carrying their missiles of ravenous

passion for human entrails.

Give me power, 0 awful Judge,

sitting on -the throne of Eternity,

give me a voice of thunder.

that I may hurl imprecation

upon this cannibal whose gruesome hunger

spares neither women nor children,

that Illy words of reproach may ever rock

upon the heart-throbs of a history

humiliated by itself,

t ill this age ·choked & chained

finds the bed of its final rest in its ashes.

(Lines from Poems : No 107)

--+@+-

( 24 ),

aOiding 9leromp£~e( i )

Ignored by the tribe,

I have wandered about

hungry for the contact of Man,

the Man whose guest-house ~

is without walls or sentries.

I found my lonely mates

among those who have come in the great epochs of history

with light, with the voice of peace and benediction,

in the power of the spirit,

the heroes, the sages, the winners of death;

they are my familiars, men of my clan and colour.

In their eternal purity am I ever-pure,

the wayfarers of the path of truth,

worshippers of light, deserving of beatitude.

Man is lost within the bounds of limit.

I have met him beyond the frontiers

of all nations and countries.

To him have I prayed with folded hands,

"0 Man of all times, 0 Man in the hearts of all men, deliver us

from the pride of exclusiveness

flaunting its caste-mark of separation.

o divine Man, blessed am I that I have known you,

from beyond the dark shores,--

I~ the uninitiate and the outcast."

(Prantik No. 19)·* Quoted from The Later Poems of T'agore by Sisir Kumar Ghosh.

( 25 )

( ii )

I have ever loved thee in a hundred forms and times,

Age after age, in birth following 'birth.

The chain of songs that my fond heart did weave

Thou graciously didst take around thy neck,

Age after age, in birth following birth.

When I listen to the tales of the primitive past,

The love-pangs of the far distant times,

The meetings and partings of the ancient ages,

I see thy form gathering light

Through the dark dimness of Eternity

And appearing as a star ever fixed in the memory of All.

(Poems: No.6)

( iii )

Through death and sorrow

there dwells peace

in the heart of the Eternal.

Life's current flows without cease,

the sunlight and starlights

carry the smile of existence

and springt ime its songs,

Waves rise and fall,

the flowers blossom and fade

and my heart yearns for its place

at the feet of the Endless.

(Poems: No. 33)

(26 )

( iv )

Blessed am I that I am born to this .land and.that I had

the luck to love her.

What care I if queenly treasure is 110t in her store but0" '-

precious enough is for me the living wealth of her love.

The best gift of fragrance to my heart is from her own

flowers and I know not where else shines the moon

that can flood my being with such loveliness.

The first light revealed to my. eyes was from her own

sky and let the same light kiss them before they are

closed for ever.

(PoetUS : No. 38)

--+<e>+- ·

SCINTILLATIONS

( i )

I touch God in my song

as the hill touches the far-flung sea

with its waterfall.

( ii )

In love I pay my endless debt to thee

for what thou art."

• (Fireflies)

( 27 )

Summum Bonum( i )

I know life is sacred.One knows not by what unseen path shehas come,Rising from the fountain of the Unknown,And taken form in wondrous -reality.

Filling his golden pitcherThe sun bathes and purifies life each morning.This life has given voiceTo the day, to the night;It decks with flowers the templeFor the worship of the Unseen,And in silent twilightKindles the lamp of evening.Her first loveLife offered to the world.At her golden touchAll n1Y daily loves blossom forth­I have loved my beloved,I have loved the flowers of this world;Whatever she touches,She makes 'her very own.With a book she enters the \vorld

o

­

At first the pages are bare,Gradually they fill,And when the day endsThe picture becomes clearAnd the beads of self-knowledge are strung together.Then the heedless artistDraws a black lineThrough the letters;But a few remain­Those in letters of gold.They shine along with the Pole-Star­A delight to the heavens."

(Last Poenls : No.7)

( 28 )

( ii )

Work your havoe and pile up the wreck

yet in the midst of this ruin

the luminous spot of inward joy

will burn brigbt as ever.

For it was fed day after day on the heavenly wire

which the Gods pour on earth through every sight and sound.

I had loved them all

and sung of that love.

That love has lifted me above your bounds,

the love that shall abide, even though its words grow feeble,

defaced by constan t use.

On this love of mine have traced their autographs

the pollen of the mango - blossom,

and the dew-cooled fragrance of the sephaliha

the twit terings of the doels in early dawn

and the rapturous touch of the beloved.

When I take my leave of you, 0 Earth,

take back frorn me, carefully reckoning,

all that you had vouchsafed to me,

the outfit and provision for a life's sojourn

Yet never think that I hold your gifts but slight,

Ever grateful I am to this clay - cast mould

through which I have had my introduction to ·the Formless.

(Foems : No. 109)

( 29 )

'J/~e While Radiance 06 Elernily( i )

To-day in the midst of my birthdayI am lost.I want near me my friends-The gentle touch of their hands.I shall take with me-Earth's ultimate love,Life's parting gift,Man's last blessing.My bag is empty to-day.All that I had to give,I have given utterly.The little gifts I receive daily­Some affections, some forgi veness­I shall take with me,When in my little raftI make my last crossingTo the voiceless festival of the End r

(Last Poems : No, 10)( ii )

The journey nears the road-endwhere the shadows deepen with death.

The setting sun unties the last strings of its gifts,Squanders gold with both hands.

Death is lighted with festive colours ;Life is before J11P.

With this word my breath will stop:I loved.

Love's overbrimrning mysteryjoins death and life. It

Has filled my cup of painand joy.

(Amiya Chakravarti;A Tagore reader, Page 359)

( 30 )

( iii )

Your creation's path you have covered

with a varied net of wiles,

Thou Guileful One.

False belief's snare you have

laid with skilful hands

in simple lives.

With this deceit have you left a mark

on Greatness;

for him kept no secret night.

The path that is shown to him

by your star

is the path of his own heart

ever lucid,

which his simple faith

makes eternally shine.

Crooked outside yet it is straight within,

in this is his pride.

Futile he is called by men,

Truth he wins

in his inner heart washed

with his own light.

Nothing can deceive him,

the last reward he carries

to his treasure-house.

He who has easefully borne your wile

gets from your hands

the unwasting right to peace.

( 31 )

(Poems : No. 129)

must be, admitted that had the'Swadeshi Movement' been deprivedof his spiritual leadership, it wouldhave taken an altogether differentshape.

His plea for a ConstructiveProgramme,

In the beginning of the IndianFreedom Movement, there was not~he conflict between parties whichIS there today. At that time there wasone party known as the Indian Con­gress; it had no real and definite socialprogramme. TIley had a few grievancesfor redress by the authorities. TIleywanted larger representation in theCouncil House and more freedom inMunicipal government. In fact, theyneeded mere scraps of things, but theyhad no constructive programme. Sincethey had no constructive programme,Tagore says, he did not have anyenthusiasm for their methods. Itwas, therefore. his stong conviction,that what India needed the most wasconstructive work coming fromwithin herself. Hence his sugges­tion-: "In this work we must takeall risks and go on doing theduties which by right are ours,though in the teeth of persecution,winning moral victory at every stepby our failure and suffering. Wemust show those who are over us thatwe have in ourselyes the strength ofmoral power, the power to suffer fortruth. Where we have nothingto show. we have only to beg." ! •

* A'ationalisniBy Rebindranath Tagore.

H1'S Views on Extremism

The Congress, however, lost powerbecause the people soon came to realizehow futile was the half-way policyadopted by them. The party split,and there arrived the Extremistswho questioned the wisdom of themethods of prayers .and petitionsfollowed by the Moderates in order toachieve their polirical objective. Theyadvocated independence of action anddiscarded the method of piecemeal..reform. Their ideals were based onwestern history. In the words ofTagore, the Extremists had nosympathy with the special problemsof India. They did not even recognizethe patent fact that there were causesin our social organization whichmade the Indian incapable of copingwith the alien.

Nationalism is more Social than Political.

It is through these special socialproblems that Tagore has tried toapproach the great question of Indiannationalism. This is particularly evi­dent from his own saying. "Thething, we in India, ha ve to think ofis this-to remove those socialcustoms and ideals which havegenerated a want of self-respect anda complete dependence on those above

··'·us-a state of affairs which has been- brought about entirely by the domi­:~nation in India of the caste system,and the blind and lazy habit ofrelying upon the authority oftraditions that are incongruous­anachronisms in the present age."··

** Nationalism in IndiaBy Rabindranath Tagore

( 33 )

Thus according to Tagore the realproblem of Indian nationalism wasmore social than political. To hima nation "is the very aspect of awhole people as an organized Power."·

Where l'agore and Gandhiji differed

As early as in 1920 Tagore hadprophetically put his finger on , thestirling quality of Gandhiji when heobserved : "His 'is a liberated SOLI!."Gandhiji had also recognized illRabindranath Tagore a fearless con­science-keeper 6£ the Indian Peoplewhen be described him as "a GreatSentinel."

If these two dominating personali­ties of the cou ntry had high regard foreach other,' they also often differed.During the early twenties, when Gan­dhiji had already launched the Non­co-operation Movement Rabindranathraised the voice of independentthinking against the Movementwhich, he thought, was thriving onblind following and mass hyys­teria. Tagorc's misgivings sparkedoff the controversy, Garidhijiexcelled in the controversy. Gandhijiwas clear-cut, precise and eloquentwhile Tagore at times, like all artists,appeared to be discursive andrambling,

In answer to Tagore's charge that 'ourpresent struggle to alienate our heartand mind from those of the West is anattempt at spiritual suicide:' Gandhijisaid, "our non-co-operation is neitherwith the English ncr with the West.

* Ibid

Our non-eo-operation is with the sys­tern the English have established.with the material civilization and itsattendant greed and exploitation atthe weak .', Our non-co-opera-tion is a refusal to co-operate with theEnglish administrators on their ownterms, '*.

Though one may not be sufficient­ly convinced by Tagore's argumentagainst the Non-co-operation Move­ment and its different facets, one cer­tainly finds much in his articles thatis full of wisdom and foresight and alsomuch that is prophetic. The followingstatement made byTagore in 1921 couldas well have been made by Nehru in1961. "From now onward any nationwhich takes an isolated view ofits country will run counter to thespirit of the New Age, and know nopeace ... ... ... ... The war has tornaway a veil from before our minds.What is harmful to the wor ld isharmful to each one of us".

The country has become free to­day, But an unexpected problem hasarisen with the attainment of thisfreedom. On the one side is our attain­ment of political power and on theother the question of maintainingunity and solidarity among the di­verse elements, We have been ableto overthrow the Britishers frompower but have we been able to makethe country our own? Perhaps.Rabindranath had foreseen this stateof affairs, for he had written thefollowing words a long time ago. "If it

** T'agore Gandhi Controversy' : CompiledBy R.K. Prabhu

( 24 )

alone

(PoenlS. No. 40)

If they turn away, and desert youwhen crossing the wilderness,

o thou of evil luck,trample the \·thorns under thy

tread,and along the blood-lined track

travel alone.

If they do not hold IIp the lightwhen the night is troubled with

storm,o thou of evil luck,with the thunder flame of pain

ignite thine own heartand let it burn alone."

Such self-reliant heartscreate un-ity in diversity.

Though an artist of the mostdelicate sensitiveness, he was notcloistered. He never hesitated to speakout his mind when necessary, Heboldly opposed the partition of Bengal.

"If they answer not to thy call Disdaining personal honour, wh ile his.walk alone, countrymen were repressed and in-

If they are afraid and cower suIted, he returned his knighthood tomutely facing the wall, Lord Chelmsford as a protest against

o thou of evil luck, the firing in the Jallianwalla Bagh atopen thy mind and speak out alone. Amritsar.

happens that one day at the end of achapter in Indian history, the Britishat the time of their departure leavebehind on the ru i ns of their orderedrule crores of people unused to self­reliance, unable to defend themselves,then whom shall we blame for OUT

endless misfortune ridden by eternalpoverty? Is it then written on thescroll, of destiny that the Indianswould remain divided among them­selves and will not be bound to oneanother by ties of common good"."

Rabindranath clearly realized whattile country and the country's welfaremean and he had warned us in propertime. This is explained by the factthat \ve have not yet come to havefull faith in that principle of self-re­liance on our own strength of whichRabindranath was the true prophet,"for this was the central point of hispolitical doctrine. How true hiswords ring in the well-known song:

* Tagore Centenary Souvenir.-Edited by Dewan Ram Parkash

x x x x x x

(i) We gain when the full price for our right to live is paid.

(ii ) Its store of snow is the hill's own burden, its out-pouring of streamsis borne by all the world.

(iii) The Morning, Star whispers to Dawn, HTel1 me that you are onlyfor me."

~~Yes" she answers, Band also for that name-less flower."(Quoted (rom Toward» Univetsal Man)

( 35 )

The Magic touch of Gurudev's Songs:(AN UNFORGETTABLE EXPERIENCE)

By Deenabandhu C. F. Andrews

"The night when I first met thePoet was at Rothenstein's house; onthe hill near Ham pstead Heath.H. W. Nevinson had taken me there.He had met me by accident in thestreet and had told me casually thatRabindranath Tagore had arrived inLondon. He mentioned also thatW. B. Yeats was that very nightreading aloud some of Tagore's poemsin Rothenstein's house. It was in thesummer of 1912, and my eagerness wasso great that I hurried along almosttoo excited to talk- to Nevinson as wewalked up the hill to meet the Poet.

The. readings that were- given byW.B. Yeats were taken from Gitanjaliand as I listened, I was spell-bound.It is quite impossible for me to des­cribe it in words what had happened.The music of the poems took posses­sion of me and their beauty enthrall­ed me. The Poet himself was there,in the background, shrinking fromobservation, and I can well recollecthow n1Y one great longing at thatmoment was to touch his feet. Fromthe lighted room and the Poet'spresence and the sound of the musicof his poems. I went out at last intothe late evening twilight and walkedin solitude on Hampstead Heath.The moon had just begun to rise andthe air was full of enchantment.Darkness was slowly creeping overthe earth and a beautiful after-

glow of light was still visible ill thewest. The glamour of it all wasupon me and I wandered across theHeath IIp and down hardly knowingwhere I was going. At that .hour Iwas literally oblivious of time andspace and things external. There was.an inner vision of beauty that I sawwith the eye of the spirit. I wentfar beyond the bounds of the temporaland material world."

The joy of this illumination hasnever altogether passed away. When­ever I return into the Poet's presenceafter a long absence, the memory ofit unfailingly comes back to file. Hehas introduced file into the secret ofthis new spirit of beauty in the uni­verse. Since the first time of visionI have tried to see this beauty withhis eyes, both as he describes it' inhis own songs and as be builds up itsIi ving fabric in his Ashram. ~~

x x x'Opening momentarily her clay

doors,TIle Earth shows her hidden

chamber--a glimpse of the world beyond,shut in the" heart of mortal spherein an immortal vessel.From there the bewitching spring

enchants the trees,Form of the Formless takes shape

in leaves.'From The Great Wonderer By Maitraye Devi : Pp, 31-32

( 37 )

'agore: the Significance of his life and Work.By ~C::hri J. K. Jain. M. A.

T A GO RE is beyond a shadow ofdoubt, a great lyrical poet. He is a

poet of vision, who 'sees into the verylife of thiugs' and sings passionatelyof'Gcd', of joys and sorrows of humanlife, of the beauties of nature andsometimes of its terror and its ruth­lessness. His poetry fulfils one oft he greatest needs of the human spirit­the need of adoration of and reve­rence for the Infinite and the reposethat flows from an awareness of it.It is a reservoir of spiritual energy.If we surrender outselves humbly toits serene strength, we are liftedabove the trivial cares and anxietiesof every day life and look upon theworld as an intensely fascinatingphenornenon., the visible image of theDivine. We come back to our normalselves becalmed, refreshed and filledwith zest for living

But Tagore, the man, fascinatesIne even more than Tagorc, the peer.'It was as a .nan that he was greatestof all', says Edward Thompson of him.He was one of the completest menthat ever lived. He did not neglectanyconsti tuent of the totality of hisbeing. He allowed himself the ut­most freedom and grew freely untilthe last moment of his life like a treeor a stream that is ever-fresh, ever­new, ever-expanding. The many-sided­ness. the vitality and the dynamismof Shakespeare that is reflected in hisplays can be seen in Tagore's life. He

is, to my mind, a symbol of the wholeman, the eternal explorer, 'the e.er­nal traveller'. 'srill achieving, stillpursuing'. That is perhaps the reasonthat his contemporaries could notalways understand him. He outgrewthem and left them baffled. Thisaspect of his life is brought out ratherwell by Dr. V. S. Naravane in hisarticle, 'The Eternal Traveller', in theTagore Centenary Issue of 'The Illus­trated Weekly of India, Bombay....Therein he says, H Again and againthe world discovered with a start thatRabindranath Tagore could not betaken for granted. His ideas couldnot be docketed, nor his art Iabelled.Acclaimed as the greatest 'religious'poet of our age, he suddenly cham­pioned the cause of modern Science.From a deeply meditative existence.he often jumped into the fray orsocial and political controversies. Atsixty he emerged as a painter, atseventy he startled his readers withnew experiments in style and diction.For all his mysticism, he would unex­pectedly put forward ideas andschemes saturated with intense real­ism. And when it was generallybelieved that the great dreamer hadfinally secreted himself in the soli­tude of his Ashram, he would sud­denly pack his bags and go wanderingarou I1d the glo be.~'

He was born j:l a wealthy familyand if he had wanted, he could have

( 38 )

Pac~ 399

Tbe Cycle of SprInt

(o"~(!td Pill rS end POt'ms of R()b,ndronOln TQ.~Ort·

II

Let me giv(' my all to him. before I am asked.whom the world offers its all.

When I came to him for my gifts, I was not afraid;And I will not fear, when I come to him,

to give up what I haveThe morning accepts his gold with songs.

the evening pays him back the debt of gold and is glad,The joy of the blooming flower, comes to fruit

wrt h shedding of its leaves.

I lose thee. to find thee back ~&ain and again.My beloved

Thou leave st me. that I may receive thee all the more.when thou rerur ne st

Thou canst vanish behind the moment's screenOnly because thou arc mine for evermore.

My belovedWhero I go in search of thee, my heart trembles.

spre:idin~ ripples across my loveThou smitest tr rough the disguise of utter absence.

and my tears sweeten thy smile

Tagore in the role of theBlind Singer: From thepainting by Abnindra­nath Tagore.

Let all the strains of joy mingle in my last song­

joy that makes the earth flow over in the riotousexcess of the grass, the joy that sets the twin

brothers, life and death, dancing over the wide

world, the joy that sweeps in with the tempest,

shaking and waking all life with laughter, the joy

that sits still with its tears on the open red lotus

of pain, and the joy that throws everything ithas upon the dust, and knows not a word.'

Gitanjali : l VIII

x x x

'~One word keep for me in thy silence: 0 World,when I am dead, ~I have loved'."

Stray Birds: CCLXXVII

uni verse and spreading over spaceand time, re-echoing thence as wavesof joy which flow right back to thesource .

The whole world was one gloriousmusic, one wonderful rhythm. Thehouses in the street, the men moving,children playing, alI seerne.i parts ofone ~lorious whole inexpressibly glo­rious" .

This 'new Earth', this 'new Hea­ven ' cannot be dreamt of, as Coleridgesaid, 'by the sensual a .id the proud.'.This joy is give n only to 'the pure.and in their purest hour! So Tagorestrove for a purity of the whole being..'3 freedom from the delusion of ego­istic desire. lust, pride and greed. Allhis thoughts, feelings and actions.·ere pervaded by a sense of 'life ofmy life', In this particular respecthe came to belong to the great Indiantradition of saints like Kabir and.Surdas who dedicated their songs touhe Lord. Tagore wanted like themito "make my life simple and straight,ilike a flute of reed for Thee to filliwith music.' But he differed fromfhis saintly predecessors in accepting'the world of forms. If this world waskreated by a Perfect Being, it was!!urely not created to flee away from.[If there was any salvation, that was'to be found 'here and now'. Life'must be lived and lived fully. Truefullness of life demands an awarenessof the Formless, a purity of being thatgoes beyond the usual narrow ethicalcode without eliminating it, a free-lorntram prej udice, a vigorous and ever­seeking . intellect, a. fully developedaesthetic sensibility, a full-blooded

exercise of the senses; in short, asynthesis of 'the vitally savage' ar.d'the mentally civilized",

All art strives for the expressionof that something in human nature

. which is deeper than the consciousmi nd which functions most of thetime in terms of what" is receivedfrom the outside-e-v-e-e-conventions,obligations, duties and restraints. Aswe live according to what is expectedof lIS, we tend to become no n-enti ties.:mere 'cogs' in moral and social machi­nery. In course of time a great via..·lence or damage is done to the sponta­n~OlIS inside lIS and a nameless anxietystarts eating into our very vitals.Thus to preserve our vitality, asH uxley brought it out rather well, itis esse11t ia1 to find Sllch an out1et forthe instinctual energy as does notstrike at the roots of organization andorder in society. Tagore found thisrelease in arts, especially in ill usic anddancing and that is why be madethem vital parts of the life atShantiniketan. Without the arts'which are the spontaneous overflov­of our deeper nature and spiritualmagnificence', Tagore said, knowledge'is 'a dead load of dumb wisdom."

Tagore had a sensitive social con­science. He would never rest contentwith a personal deliverance. Hewanted full life for the w hole ofhuman society. Not a single humanbeing was to be neglected. Freedomdid not have any meaning if it .wasnot freedom for all. It would becallous to Iive ina 11 ivary tower ofbliss, when one's fellow-beings werev ict im s of oppression, injustic, pover-

( 41 )

ty of spirit and mind and body. One'sdestiny lay in participation in thelife of others, in joining the "greatfair of corn mon human life".. HisGod's peace was burst by 'the coward­ice of the weak, the arrogance of thestrong, the greed of fat prosperity,the rancour of the wronged, pride ofrace, and insult to man'. His heartthrobbed with sympathy and love for'the poorest, and lowliest, and lost,among whom his Master walked."He was thankful that "my lot lies withthe humble who suffer and bear theburden of power, and hide their facesand stifle their sobs in the dark." Hewas sure that, " ... every throb of theirpain has pulsed in the secret depth ofThy night, and every insult has beengathered into Thy great silence.

And the morrow is theirs."

The ideals of life that he believedin are embodied in the large numberof prayers that are scattered alloverhis work. Here I would refer onlyto three of them:

"Where the minds is without fearand the head is held high ., "

(Gitanjali : XXXV) quoted on page 18;

and The Fruit-Gathering: LXXIX

"Let me not pray to be shelteredfrom dangers but to be fearlessin facing them.

Let me not beg for the strlling ofmy pain but for the heart toconquer it. ,.

Let me not look' for allies in life'sbattle-field but to my ownstrength.

Let me not crave in anxious fearto be saved but hope for thepatience to win my freedom,

Grant me that I may not be acoward, feeling your mercy inmy success alone; but let mefind the grasp of your hand inmy failure."

It is clear from these three poemswhat Tagore's concept of characterand personality was. He knew thatlife yielded its full meaning only tothe fearless, sensitive, humane, unbias­sed and independent seekers. I wishthat each one of us said the aboveprayers in the privacy of his heartevery day and saw what happened tohim.

Tagore is significant for us in"This is my prayer to thee" my other ways, too. He was one of the

lord-strike, strike at the root of pen- few Indians who saw that India, withury in my heart." its different religions and races, was

(Gitanjali : XXXVI) quoted on page 5, essentially one. The tremendous assi-

* Read Git anjali : XI. quoted on pa~e 6 and Gztanjali : VIII -The child who is decked with prince's robes and who has jewelled chains round his

neck loses all pleasure in his play; his dress hampers him at every.step.In fear that it may be frayed, or stained with dust he keeps hlrnself from the world,

and is afraid even to move.Mother, it is no gain, thy bondage of finery, if it keeps one shut off from the

healthful dust of the earth, if it robs one of the right of entrance to che great fair ofcommon human life.

( 42 )

self condition. Hence his oppositionto the British brand of education forus :-HThe educational institutions inour country are alms-bowl of know­ledge; they lower our intellectual self­respect; they encourage us to make afoolish display of decorations com­posed of borrowed feathers. What Iobject to is the artificial arrangementby which this foreign education tendsto occupy all the space of our nationalmind and thus kills, or hampers, thegreat opportunity for the creation of anew thought power by a new combi­nation of truths."

So Tagore turned to his own coun­try's classics for inspiration, He ac­cepted Kalidasa" as his master. Hedrew upon his country's mythologyand the works of Kalidasa for imagery,and also from contemporary life, ofcourse. He discovered wherei n laythe glory of his people and wherein laytheir degradation.t'Once upon a time."he reminded his countrymen, "wewere in possession of such a thing asour own mind in India. It was living,it t hough t, it "felt, it expressed itself.It WdS r-eceptive as well as productive.'He warned that "if the whole worldgrows at last into an exaggerated W estthen such an illimitable parody of themodern age will die, crushed beneathits own absurdity." . ~'I said to myse lfthat we In ust seek for our own i nheri­ranee, and with it buy our true placein the war ld.'

Thus Tagorc was perhaps the firstIndian intellectual who viewed his

traditions critically. No one wasmore bitterly critical than he of theevils that were sterilizing the Indianmind; none else had realized the acuteneed of deriving sustenance and foodfrom the India of antiquity. He wasdenounced by some of his own coun­trymen for being excessively wester­nized. But he was. only trying toevolve a synthesis of the East and theWest. And, like all great men, hehad the courage of standing alone andindependent of popular prejudice.His conscience was his "strongretreat."

Edward Thompsen has summedup this aspect of Tagore admirablywell: "His mind and being werelooted in India; he was at home withthe forest sages and men and womenof heroic legend. But his genius was atree whose branches spread to everyland and time, and his catholicity wasas great as his courage. In politics.in education, in ethics and social re­construction, his findings were usuallyuntai nted by nationalist prejudice:his wisdom will be seen ever moreclearly as the centuries pass "

To sum up, he faced both East andWest, filial to both, deeply indebtedto both He has been both of hisnation, and not of it ~ his genius hasbeen born of _Indian thought, not ofpoets and philosophers alone but ofthe corn mon people, yet it has beenfostered by Western thought, andEnglish literature ~ he has been themig11tiest of national voices. yet has

* Read The Fugitive and other Poems: I, IX :·'If I were living in the royal town of Ujjain, when Kalidasawas the King's poet,' should

know some Malwa girl and fill my thoughts with the music of her name " '

( 111 )

stood aside from his own folk in moreh 1,

t an one angry controversy.

Let our friends, who are all thetime singing paeans of adulation ofwestern life, its thought and art anddecrying everything that smells ofIndian-ness, turn to Tagore and learnfrom the great example set by him.They should realize that they have noright to despise their own people, andtheir OWl} culture. We may be back­ward in certain ways (and we should'make every effort to shake off ourweaknesses) but let us not forget that

we are also ahead of theWest in otherways. Self..abasement will only sink11S in despair.

In the death of' Gurudev, Indialost one of her greatest sons and theworld one of its wisest men andmelodious singers,

The only fitting 'Shridhanjali' thatwe can pay to Tagore is that weshould study his life and works withan open mind and try to absorb inourselves whatever strikes us asvaluable.

.._-- -i+- . -

" One day, in a small village in Bengal, an ascetic woman frcrnthe neighbourhood came to see me. She had the name 'Sarvakhepi' givento her by the village people, the meaning of which is 'rhe woman who ismad about all things'; She fixed her star-like eyes upon my face andstartled me with the question, 'When are you coming to meet me under­neath the trees?' Evidently she pitied me who lived (according to her)prisoned behind walls, banished away from the great meeting-place ofthe All, where she had her dwelling. Just at that moment my gardenercame with his basket, and when the woman understood that the flowersin the vase on my table were going to be thrown away, to make place forthe fresh ones, she looked pained and said to me, 'You are always engagedreading and writing; you do .not see.' Then she took the discardedflowers in her palms, kissed them and touched them with her forehead,and reverently murmured to herself, 'Beloved of my heart". I felt thatthis woman, in her direct vision of the infinite personality in the heartof all things, truly represented the spirit of India."

(Gurudev : Creative Unity)

( 45 )

The night dawns, the sun rises in the East,

the birds sing, the morning breeze brings a stir of new life.

Touched by golden rays of thy. love

India wakes IIp and bends her head at thy feet.

Thou King of all Kings,

Thou Dispenser of India's destiny,

Victory, Victory, Victory to thee,

(Poen1S : No. 51)

x x x x

JANA-GANA-MANA

~rr-Tfur-11" ~f~~~lfCf) \jf~ ~

+rr~i=f - +frill' - fcr'tlTfff I

q-JfT~, fff~, ~:if~T(1 , l1~ToT,

~rfcr¥, ~~Cf)~, q~,

f~~lf, f~T=q~, ~~.,T, ~ilfr,

~:;~~ \jf(1f~ - a~if I

d~ ~+r '11;r \iff ~

~ ~+r ~Tf~fl 11TrtlfT~ ~cr ~lflfT~T I

\if~-TfuT - ~~~ - ~rlfCf) \iflf ~

+ff~a - +rr~lf - fcrtlTClT\iflf ~, \jflf ~, ~lf ~,

\jf~ \iflf \iflf, \iflf ~ II

x x x x~I shall be corn in India again and again. With all herpoverty, misery and wretchedness, I love India best.'

( 47 )

OUf Gem of many Facets

(From the. Sense of Beauty)

(ii) On what is Art?

Art like hfe itself, has grown byits own impulse. and man has takenhis pleasure in it without definitelyknowing what it is. . ..... For man,as well as animals, it is necessary togive expression to feelings of pleasureand displeasure, fear, anger. and love.In animals, these emotional express­ions have gone Iitt le beyond theirbounds of usefulness, But in man.though they still have roots intheir original purposes, they havespread their branches far and wide inthe infinite sky high above their soil.Man has a fund of emotional energywhich is not all occupied with hisself-preservation. This surplus seeksits outlet in the creation of Art, forman's civilization is built upon hissurplus .... 0 When a feeling is arousedin our hearts which is far i11 excessof the amount that can be completelyabsorbed by the object which hasaroused it, it comes back to lIS andmakes us conscious of ourselves by itsreturn waves. . .... Only Inan knowshimself. because his impulse of know­ledge comes back to him in its excess......The efflux of the consciousnessof his personality requires an outletof expression. Therefore, in Art"man reveals himself and not his

[rom Gurudev's Wrintings

(i) On the Sense of Beauty. He is Truth in all its Beauty andto realize Him is to taste Joy Ever­lasting.Beau~y has -brought our instinctive

urges under control. We are nolonger slaves of dire necessity becausethe joy of beauty is there to liberateus The mind has many levels,The field of vision which is open toour reasoning and intellectual facul­ties becomes widened when ouremotions are brought into play. WIthmoral discrimination added to them,the field is widened farther. Andonce our spiritual insight lies openinfinitude becomes the limit. Thatwhich we see with our mind's eye,gives us more satisfaction. . .. 0 •• Theterms: Good and Beautiful connotetwo different concepts because theirappeal and impact are different. . 0 • 0

Wh.enever we see the Good and theTrue in perfect accord, the Beautifulstands revealed. . .... Beauty is Goodin its fulness as fulness of Beauty isGood incarnate ..... Beauty revealsGod's majesty in the midst of Hiscreation. Goodness shows beauty notso 'much as a thing to be perceived orunderstood. The beauty of goodnessis a tb ing of much wider and deepersignificance--it endows man withGodliness, ..... All our literature, allour music and fine arts are tendingtowarJs the True, whether conscious­ly or unconsciously. . .. 0 •• A rt andliterature bring home to us that whatis True is joy, what is True is Eternal.They annotate over and over againthe truth propounded by the Upani­shads :

( ~8 )

'That I extse Is a perpetual surprise which is life:

'This is my delight, thus to walt and watch at thewayside where shadow chases light and the raincomes in the wake of the summer.

Messengers, with tidings from unknown skies, greetme and speed along the road. My heart is gladwithin, and the breath of the passing breeze issweet.

From dawn till dusk I sit here before my door. and Iknow that of a sudden the happy moment willarrive when I shall see.

In the meanwhile I smile and I sing all alone. In themeanwhile the air is filling with the perfume ofpromise.'

Gitanjali : XLVI

together. And strangely enough thishas become a source of great joy tome. ALMost intoxicating. Thesedays the lines have got the better ofme. There is no escaping them.Everyday they are revealing them­selves anew in ever new shapes andattitudes. There is no end to hismystery. At last I have come toknow the mind of the Creator who ishimself an artist. Infinite ~and in ..·effable himself, he delights in draw­ing lines upon lines,. to set a limit tohimself. Lirnited in space they areunlimited in diversity. Nor shouldwe forget t hat it is definition whichmakes for perfection. When themeasureless finds its own measure­it realizes itself. The joy in a pictureis a joy of a perfect sense of propor­tion. The restraint of lines makesthe picture distinct and definite. Tosee it is to see the thing itself-v-wharever it may be, a piece of stone, adonkey, a cactus, an old woman-s-irdoes not matter. Whenever andwherever we envision a thing as truewe touch the infinite and that is anendless joy.

(From a letter to Rani Mahalanobis)

(iv) On true Spirituality

"There is no spirituality in thecultivation of suffering for sume ulti­mate gain: true spirituality lies insuffering for the sake of love. Theagonies of the man always in searchof wealth or the penances of the manin search or a secure place in the nextworld, cannot lead to fulfilment; theyonly denote an inner poverty. Thesacrifice that sterns out of love alone

elevates the spirit to great heights ofstrength and joy and helps life totriumph over death.

It is the joy-. in 5U ffering thatm a kes LIS transcend our ownselves,and apprehend ·the uni versal. Suffer­ing is the price of tru th. It is anenrichment of the spirit, and throughit we understand ourselves, and hu­manity. So it is that the scripturestell us : 'The spirit is 110t attainableby the strengt hlcss.' In other words ..he who does not have the strength tosuffer cannot attain scl f-realiza tiOI1."

i Frorn TOlrards Universal M011,

Page, 168-169)

(v) On the Value of Atmosphere inSchool Education.

Children have their active sub­conscious mind which, like the tree,has the power to draw foodfrom the surrounding atmosphere.For them the atmosphere is agreat deal more important thanrules a113 methods, equipment, text­books and lessons. The earth has hermass of substance in her land andwater; but if I may use figurativelanguage, she finds her stimulus inher atmosphere, It evokes from herresponses in colour and perfume,music and movement. In his societyman has about himself a diffuse at...mosphere of culture. It keeps hismind sensitive to his racial inheri­tance, to the current of influences thatC0111e from tradition; it enables himto imbibe unconsciously the concen­trated w isdo m of ages. But in oureducational 'organizations we behave

( Sl )

like miners, digging only for thingsand not like the tillers of the earthwhose work is a perfect collaborationwith nature In educationalinstituitions our faculties have to benourished in order to give our mindits freedom, to make our imaginationfit for the world which belongs toart, and to stir our sym pa thy for h u­man relationships, This last is evenmore important than learning thegeography of foreign lands.

(Ibid P. 300)

On How to live

Providence expects that we makethis world our own, and not live init as though it were a rented tenementWe can only make it our own throughservice, and that service is to lend itlove and beauty from our sou1.

(Fronl Talks in China: To Stu dents)

On Having the Child Spirit

I have kept the child spirit, andhave found entrance to my mother'schamber; it was from her that thesymphony of awakening light sang tome from the distant horizon, and Ising now in response to it.

(Ibid)

Address to Gandhiji atShantinekatan

" .So disintegrated and demora-lized were our people that manywondered if India could ever riseagain by the genius of her own peopleuntil there came on the scene a trulygreat soul, a great leader of men, inline with the tradition of the greatestsages of old, whom we are todayassem bled to honour MahatmaGandhi,

He who has come to us today isabove all distinguished by his freedomfrom any bias of personal or nationalselfishness. For the selfishness ofthe Nation can be a grandly magnifiedform of that same vice; the vicious-ness is there all the same ... 0 ••• Ourreverence goes to the Mahatma whosestriving has ever been for truth, whoto the great good fortune of ourcountry at this stage time of its entryinto the new age, has never, for thesake of immediate results, advised orcondoned any departure from thestandard of universal morality.

..... .Now it has been declared thatit is for us to yield up life, not tokill, and yet we shall win! A gloriousmessage, indeed, not a counsel ofstrategy, not a means to a merelypolitical end. III the course of .un­righteous battle death means extrnc­tion : in the non-violent battle ofrighteouness something remains;after defeat victory, after death im­morality. The Mahatma has realizedthis in his own life, and compels ourbelief in this truth."

(52 )

(£s;)

tJ:cl~.ej~~~¥~:t,I~-L~1.~:l!J~~j~~n-itJ}.~ilj:l~.Y:I~}'l.Y:l~:£:Jd~~bl~~:!t.e1.

-l1:!b~.l}-rt.e:t~t~~~l.h@tll:c~-l~l.l:!.ell:t-~l:t1~g~b~~h!S-¥~llt-BIt~J-L.QJs-l~.l:!.el~

-L~jj;~j.lS~bj~.w:-L.E.'G£I~l~Ql~-l.!l!~~-L~~'~~,g~bit.l2hEt:~~tjj;.I1hltdh

1.!l!~¥.E:t~~£.J;!1~~'f2-L.!l!J:tJ:I~.~~~~2ljj;~W.lS-L.!l!~.E-L~-l.!£~~~J:t-Lltn~~ltlll'l3tt

~.I:t1.!l!hl~~-L.E~.l1j.lS~~jP..-L.!£-Le:GbIlhltl~I;jj;n~lt~.e.E.l.l£l.!l!hl~~-L.E~

1~le~l.e1=j!.Ehjl~~lhl..@l:Hh

'~.EIt:t..~~It!tjl~.L~:gjlJ:~:tdh

(I~1~~1J:l~l~:l!.e:-l.e~~PSl~h411~~1E::l}~1.1£t.J:t~~1.1.~~l.~~Itft~)

Itfu1J2~.E~~1~.tJ.E:

.l:!jl.E)~~l:tl~1:t~11'~~hj.llt~jJt~j~.Q~-~.l:!t~~1.tt'tht~J~hl~

-~J~~b:t.-lE~.6.l2h~h'.hh~h:J:-lh<:~11-l~~-l~~:l~~~I:l}~~lt~f.t'.@.ej!£~~.E~

,.@I!¥~jalJi~1l!#~~~-li:hl~~~!U

-,~h~~i;jI~-Lg.!l!.EjUt.l.E:tl~-lg-Lhl.!l!fufttllEll~~.lit~l~R.J;!J.~~bjj;~.!l!l~~~~.l:tI",.I:t-Lh1.!£2'Hh~b.E1l~jj;I~.eJ:~~.E.J;!1~14~~~~l.!l!.I2_ftft~,~.I2.1:t~.I:tbji~-L.!l!-LJ:~:G£,-L'!:(2~H:@I:t)2~~!Jllb.!l!hWh31jj;~~.!l!J~IIhllt.!l!j.E!t.I;jj;l.!l!:l~lbl.he~~:~~.!l!.ISl.l1~.l:tj2~~Jjj;-E)~l.!l!It.l£~~gL~~t..I£-lJdh.QJ.lt~.e~~j~l:g~~1lbl~~.Q~.ej~li!t

~~~.J;!rnft-LJllh:t.lthft-L~jj;.E~.Ej.!l!b1.heII2,.el.l:tLb~:rb'W2.lb~.!l!:lg.tJ.I:t~!h

1th~~lJilJ.~.lt-l~hl~~~l..e:t.#t.E~£I2:!~1~.l:!h~~'f~.uk~~J:tl~

I~.Ej~-l~~.:t.lb~,#b~hth.l:i.@lb--~-l~lk~~~.&j~:tj~.~Ji'~

'~-lJdlt~~llt~.lJt-t,ilb~£,1.~Jillt~~j~JJdJ~t~J}~~Lbb~2~!:!lhl.b-9lb.et~···

l~,Llb.a:a,:t.l~~~lit~.e:t}'~t~~~bj~h-~~"-~.a~b~t~,~~lh2t.b-!Ub,:t.b~

1lh.Q~.l:t~.aL-hl}~1~.Q~t~.l:!£l~J~.E:~1l.h:E~!tt~~~!tjtJ:l:l~j~~fuftI~l~

-!U:L:t.1:trl~~l.lS-~t~l!:!~~~tf?~~~1..l:!~~~l:t.jlt1.!:E~~ft~l-l,.e!hlb~b:1~11

(0110.1111I.l#~ti:~1~.lSht.li~)

(I~l.u~j

1.!£lUll.a#:t.~Ji~bt6~~'~tfu1.E-l~

~.el~~!:bJi~'~<£~~J:tJ~h~~,I~.hhfih

~j~~t.e~£~:a'~.12l:t~h~~e-~~tl,)

(!fl]16"ilr.~rrI~'J\rit£.rbJl&Jm~dEl1~~~il~ y'~~V

Cf)fcra-r if ~;:QT~ ~q~t ;;rT~ 'l~qT CfiT ~ If11Cf)

~~~T Sffc:!a CflT ~ I tCf~ ff ~@-ij"T;:~lf ~T~

~+rcr ~ fCf);:~ t~Q-1=f11a-T-~i!Tr ~T{ 5Jrfr=r ;:r~T I

'l~~T ~t=f'1r ~qT ~ I ~~qr CfiT ij"q~ ~~r

~rCfi1t~ ~~iT ~~~;rr ~ I tCf;l ~T ~cij"~T~1

~T~ ~CfdT~1 ~ qT~ ij"Gf ~~ ~)~ g~ +l"T'm~T ~ ~~ \if~' '1QT ~, ~~ ff ~e1~ crtflfTq-~ cp~ ~Cfi~ ~ ~TG fq~i ~ ~lfl1 tGfq ~T~1

enT ~~lf +r~ ~~r ~TCfr, ~~~r ~T~ ij"\jf~ t=f~r

~)~ff, ~;r;PT Jf;r ~;:rT ~ lf~r ~~T ~T~r I

lf~~r-~~ ~q~ cpr ~Cf) f:q~ ~f@~-

~r~ +rT~ Brq ~.a- f~~Tlt~ f~;r

~ ~cr, ~ ~cfT~~, Cf~ ~~~Cf

lfrq-;r Cf)~ f~ ~~ ~Gf~T~ +rr:f)~cr~)~ I ~rf~ ~~ fq~~~"{ enft~~r~ ~~~f§fT ~Cf~~ ;r~

~;~ llTiSf, Q;i ~r~r h"1(i I m'fi~T;;~fG:~T;; ~~ tcr~ ~fJf, ~GrtfTrr

;flt ~r~ I ~~T ~e1 Gf~ ~T~

:cr&l~ q-~Cfi ~ I ~~Cf~~~r~T~srr;:Ci ~~ €ffij" it~ ~T~a+r q-ra-r

lfa-~f ~rit ~r\ ~~~ clf~T;t:qff ., ff~ tfTit,.········

(~ ~Cf, ~ ~Gfrlf~ ! ~r~ ~tT ~ itfr f~~T~cpT f~;; g I if~ ~;:;rT;P it ~q~T~l ~ ~+rr;r

~r;;;:~ trf~ef en~T~ q-q f~ffT~ ~ I ~r\if 9;ffdH"

f;::rlfTlf ~ el~ if tq~ cpT ~T~1 if ~~iTT~

~~~@r ~~ q-r~iTr, lf~T ~r~T ~T I f;n~(j

~)~~T;;, ~?(lf~T;; ~@" ~::f~-+Jm ~;;m~ ~r~~ ~~ "{QT ~ I ~T(cf) crtl ~~;fT ;;rftcrl if q(?fcn;:r~T fif~a- I r:ftqr:;r Cf;T ~f@"r ~ fOf)ffT ~~r~ ~

~r~;:;lf q~ ~ ~cCf)~ f~~ij ~ \j?1" f\if(i'fT c~~r

~)aT ~, ~ai'fT ~T olf~r p·rIT 'fiT i'fR'l······· )

~Gfrf Cf1T n,~~efr cpT fcr~qdr ij ~~Gft nifl1Cffiflf ~q- lf~ ~-

l1cl~m ~q ~~,

~ It 1iTC!~f1=f-('tT~ ffi~ :q~ ~

~~\iT~~l~T, lfR ~ f~~ 'l~

~~ aT~ ~~' lfTl.I' ~ ;;:u~~ ~ I

If(f eJ[, lffi"elT(!J , lfef '~T\ii;:r,

lfd q-Tq-T dr'lr, iff~ Olf~ ~Tfi:1if;r

~~T~ cp)~ q&l ~Tf~qr~ =t:fTlf-

(l1~fl1 ~q~ if~T~, q~ lfTct~f~ ~ I

~~Tf~ ~ Gf~t ~) f~ +l"r ~Cf)~ lff~ ctTt~ ~~ ~

q~ ~ ~1~ ~T~ Cf)~ :qffi \ifTlf efT ~~91r 'APii~ ~t~~T cpT ~T~ ~~8"T ~ I ~lf =qJ~ f~~

eJ[, ¥~, ~lf1nr, q-P:rT eflfT ~ @, Cf~ cllI

~rft;r~if it ~Cf)~ ij"~cpT ~q-;:r Cf)l+i~ cr~ •~teli1T :qT~aT' ~ I)

~fCf ~r~ ~ tT~~T 91) lfICl-~q it ~~~Cf ~~~~ =J;JfJ1~ ll11d"T q-r~ ~T ~T~ Cf~~ if :J;J~

~::~r~ cpT 1111ffi" ~~~T ~ ~~T (l1~tlf) ) ~

fGf\if~ cp~ ~T ~T I ~;~ ~~tlf it ~~~ iT~r~~T ~T , ~ ~~ ~q-~f~~ ij- tTT~~ il ~""3";:~)~ ~'~cfr 9;lj~ 'l~CfT ~ ~?fT cpT tlfT~ fcplf:

~ I ~;~ e~' fq~crTij" ~r fen' ~ rrCf>T ~r~-~

~~~ ij'~lf ~ t=fen~ ll~ cpT fu~~~T~ cp~ ~lfr-

~TfJ1 ~rf.,.' lflq If{

~~T~~ ~~fil ~T~,

~T8=lf ~~ ~q aT;; ~~~ ~~~

~ f~~~~ +l"T~T GfTf~~Tf~ I~ +lT~) ;srT~T~ ~~a, ~ ~;:it~ ~T'1 I

f~~Tlf ~~T7 Cf)T~

D: ~~lf ~1=~T;r ~lt ~~~~ Cf)f~~ 9;ftqT~Tr I

(it ~T'1(=fT ~, ~q -rr ~~T~ ~T ~~~fq ciT

( S4 )

~T? Cfi~ ~T~iTT, ~cr ~~ 3[~ ij ~fSqGf~r ~re1r

~iTT fen ~;:r ~tr f~Cf em t:lfT~ fcplfT ~ I lf~

ST~~ QT ~~lf ~, ~~ ~~~ ct)T G:r;:r ~ I fq~r ~~

~ B"l1lf lf~ ~~1I ~;:(1T;:r ~Qetl~ ~~~ cpT ~~cft­

Cf)T~ ct)~~ll I)

~cft;:~;rT~ ~. JfTcr;r if ~~lf ~r~l1" ~r

qr~ftcrT~ qllfl ~T I ~'1CPT ~T~~r ~R~-~~

q-TCf)~ ~q~Tf~a--~~1~ ~;:r ~~ ~ft I ~fCf~cr ~T

f'1~lf-~~T' ij- ~+r~ 5fT~f crT~ ct)fcr Cf;T ~~~ CfrT

~lf rr~t ~~a-r I ~GfT~~'fT~ +r~;:rr ;:r~r :qT~a-,

q~ qQ ~~~ ~ +fta-.,@ ~ I ~;:~R ~~ fCf~Cf

Cf)) t:lfl~ fCfllfT ~, ftf)~ ~~~ cpT ~~:q~a-r Cf~T ?(lfT~ ij"(lf ~. rr fen ~(~ I 'l1f~a- ~ll f~ rr ~TfJf

~;:~~ ~Cf~' tifffi cpT olfT~lfr ~~ ~ it rr~T

cpT \iff'fT :qTf~~ fCfi" cpfcr ~~~ ~ +llf ij- Cfi'fqa­~ I Cf;fq ~~ ~Q ij-, ~f;:~lfT ij-, ~~ T~ CflT ~TG:lf-

~~J CfiT ql;:r cp~ ll~~·\iflf ~rr ~cpT ~ I Cf~ .:ifr.,r ~~f~tJ: ~TQar ~ fep- OlI"lffi \iflRf if clTTH

fcr~CfT~Jlr ~ ~r,~~ ij- ~R ~ferCf) ~T~T cp~

~~, GlTcr;:ff ~~lf ~ ~~T;:r flr ~~ I q~ ~~~T

q~ 5f1(!JT ~ f:q~~~fifCi (.~~ ct)T ~~CfCf)~ ~T~ ~T~fq+JT~~) ~o~T~········ =tfT~aT ~ fi:p ~;:r;~

~T~ (fOfi lf~ \~{1 ~~ffr r~, ~.,q"{(1, f;;~~a-~ I

efTar ~Tr ~r~ft ~ ~~T if e~ ~r~~r ~

Cf,"~.rt;:Sf ~Cll~~ CfiT ~T~;:rT Cf)T ~cr~q f'f~Tn:(i

~llT ~ I ~CfT~~ GfiT ~T~'fr etrTllT~~Cfi" '1·~T,

~rif~~cp ~ I cf~ 5f<[f~ ~ Cfif~ ~, f.,<[f~ ~

Of~T I ''lt~' Cfifcri:H it ':3"~lit ~ Cfi~a- g-tJ:~f~ Of1T ~q~T~ fCfilfT ~ ~T~ tl~ffT ~ 5Jfrr')q"'fT l1~a-r Cf;) ~~~Tlfr ~-

~tlT~) ;:IT JTR ~f11 1.!f~ Cf))~T, ~fCfff cpT=t Cfl~

qTfJf ~) ij"TtlCfi .,~, ~lfl=f ~15: .,~ I

~Tfl=f ~fcr, ~rf~ ~~(!lT~ ~ff1 ~l~TCl)rf~~

~ qr~·{ @lfT\ c:rrcTlf I

(13+h~ ;:r ~~rrT f91 \12fn=> CfiQf ~ ~t~ 1if~

f<p~ <f,~i:fT ~ I ~: aT ~TerCfi OfQT~, ~ ~li Of~

~ I P: Cfifcr~. ~H;;T ~ ~w::r;:i:f fOfCfic ~, ~~qT~, ~TCf)T Ef; 'tffc rp- 1)

~Cfl ~"lf Cf)fcra-r (5ff~ ~T) ij Cf;~ ~ ~~lft:Ff

~[ ~;~Tit (fpr~ '1 <Sf.,;:r 911 5ffr;~r enT ~ I

~~it Cfi~T ~. "ff Cfq (fCfi ~T Of~T ~T(iJT,~~T~T;:r ~'lfT~T q-rfcr;"{ ~TQ~ rr~r ~)~lrT, lff~

'Cl~ ~ GfT~~ CflTt ~~Cfr CfT ~~Ti=t CfT~T ~tft '1

~ij- I lffq- ii~~ fq~=q~ ~qT if .,T~t:q~ ;:r ~~,

~Cfl{!T ~T-r ~~~ lff~ l5.,~., ., ~~ (iT q ~T'1ff

'f~T ~~·ifT I"

~~cfT ~ 5Jf9" Cfifq cpT 11)~ ~'1.,T tT;:~T~ gf~ i=f~ ~~rllf-~T~rrT ~ srTff l1fffi cpT Rqtl Cf7~~dT ~ I 7qT~~ if ~tS~q +llffiT 91T ~T~~~;P

~T~rtl;:rr ~T~ ~r~~~Cfr~T ~)l1Tf~en Cf)fCf~r cpTUT;:~~-(1T~fiT ~Cf)f~Ci ~) if~ ~T I ?ACl~cr

~;:~)~ +rT~ CfiT r~Trr 'f~T fclilfT ~fq-1lf)~ cp)

~T ~TC:~TftiJCf," ~Ter.,T cpT ~rerT~ ~'iTlfT ~ I

~CfT~~ cpT ~l~ ~Telfr~1=ICfi" ~Ttl;:rT ~ ~~'10

ifif., cpT ~q~ Cfir(iT ~ a) ~;:r~ :q~~ ~:Jrrl1lTT

~crT Cf;T ~f~ if ~Cff~~a- ~ ! tT~(f1 ~T~ ~TCf)T~

cpT, +frfaOfia-r ~r~ ~1 elfrR+repa-T ;PT-, ~~~TCf;

qT~ q~~)cp cpT ~~t~~~ ~TJf\if~lf ~rrCf:r

CfifcrCfT~1 if fJf~(fT ~ I ~ 11m ~)OfT ;;;rr~~ ~~q-~ lf~~ 111fs>.J.Cf ~~~T ~ ~T=q ~~Of,~ ~T I ~er.,T

~ qT~ i:f i'lT l1f'ffi Cf;T ~nfcrT~ 'IT;:r CfiT (fT~CfiTJHT ~i1 ~ JfOf it ~T I "{cfr;::[Ofl~ ;:r 'llfrn­cpT trr~' cp T, ~~ ~~ cpT, ~l=l1T'1 Cf)~~ ey:;T

~~CJ1T~ qT~l ~T I ~qlf~q ~~(i cr-;r ~ qlf~q

( 55 )

~(lr"{ ~r'1r~ ~r.r ~ ~f~ a- frrltf~ ~~f1

n:~ ~~ tJ: ~(1Pl ~rl@3 51T 1J"fi1 I .

cpT~Q~r ~tSq- ;f~ CfiT Cf)~~ ~T >r~~ i:r~ ~-l

>r~11 ~r~TOfi ~lf-fOf)\~T Cfi"f

QT~ ~) ij":err"{ ;:r~ .,~ ~ ;

'~ ~Tfqa- ~'".lfQ GfT(!JT ~f~'1;:~;:r ~t

q;ff~a- ~t ~~T er~~cr er~~q if-~~ ~.,~~) ;

~CfT;:~~T~ ~~ft f+rf"T >';r f@~ ~~l1 ~

qcr~ fcrCf)T~ ~ ~+rT ff~;r ~;:Q)~ ~f~ ~ ~~

fcpo: ~ I 1~cft cpT i1~(fl ~ ~~~ SfT(ryT Cf)) ~­~PH ~T I fJ1~1 \3"<fCf1T ~"<f1 ~T, q~ fl1~T ~<r

f~\~OfiT~ ~~ ~ ~a- I fi1~T ~ ~;:QT~ \if) \ifWq-TlfT, ~~Cf)T ~f~;:r;;~'1 fCf)lIT, ~epT '9l°;rf':""

fcplff I ~;:QT~ Cf)~T m~TCfrr q-\ ~~;:~~ cli~

.,~ f~T 1f\ifB" fl1~T ~ ~ ~~T ~, ~~ ~q-i­

%~l T ~ ~qrq'1 ~~ Cfir ~~ a- ~-

f~~ t~~r cnT' ~~T ~

~qrrT ~~r ~ ~~ Cfi~Cfr ;rQT ~~f~ ~~

CflcrT;:~ ~ fl1~r cpT -.r~~"T '1"6"f ett ~fT ~~~.- ~,

f(f~cp :J;fq~ ~r~ err ~ijTlfr ~r I Cf~cft ~tT7

'I~qT cpT ~Fa-r;?f \3"<f~ f(1tJ: q;'({<fTlf ~11 fq::

CfiT ~~T l:f ~ 9;fer~ f~~ q-~ q~qT cpT q-TGf'1 7-:

'r:n~~ Efi~ ~q<fT 5FTf(f ~~T ~f(1 if ~@" lflr ?t~rfq?f ~Qa g~ f~ij" +r~rl1rrrq ~ ~l~ar ;f­

~lf~ ~ ~~"{Trr fcnlfT ?.IT, 9;ffff~ fCf~T~ ~ ~l1::­

q( '~~T ~f'1, flq~, en~, ~;:rterf~ ~lflf~~Tf~

~ ~T-T;f ~q1T ~~lf fq~r iflfT ~T'-

(if~lf Cfir ~rrr;~ ~q- ~~T ~f~ ~ ~fFf 'elT7f

fCf)~ ~q ~ I lf~T ~T'1Of1~ ~~ ~f(i if ~q-i·

>r~ffT (rr+r~~r~) ~~~FiT ~ I)

( 56 )

~Q ~ ~qCf) if +r~ Cfi~ qrrrr :;rTga- q I ef~rft

cpT Rn::tCPT~ cp~ \3""~T~ tq~ CPT' tcfTEfiI~ <f~TfCfi"~r, ~f~Cfi tcr~ Efi' ~.~-~~Cf ~T~ ~qt:rT Cf;T

er~(1T ;nr ~f~ ~ ~ ~re1rq: f~~T ~T I ~~f~'

CfifcraT if CfifCf ~ f'1~T;:ff ~r:r l:f ~r:r'1r trT~rrT

cpT tCf~q ~q~ Cfi~' f~lfr ~--

~~T~lf tfTet~ ~fffi, ~ ~T+rT~ '1lf I

~~~lf ~~'1·+rT~ +r~T.,~~l=Jlf

~f+r~ ~fCfa-~ tcrT~ , ~~ cr~~T~

~fn~T~ q-T~\.Cfrfrr +1'f~ ~T~l=~PC

aT+rr~ ~lla- [rf~ f~~' ~fcr~ff

rfT.,T Cf~ if~+rlf

(~\T~lf ~Ter.,T ~ $fTR" QT~ CfT(1f ~fffi" ltU12f~ rrQT ~ I ~~1§~ ~~rrT l:f QT ~ +rQrrr~~lf

~f~ cpT ~rtGrT~ q-T~~r I ~ij" cr~tTr ~ ~frfCf)r

qr?f l:f +r~Cf)~ ~T"{l=~r~ .,rrfT ~~ ;f~l1lf ~l=QP;T

~llA" frr~;:a~ ~(ir ~~ I)

~qT;~ ~ ~)Q CPt 13fCf~ ~ it }fCfilfua­

fCfillT ~r, ~ 11 cpT +rfCfa- ~q- fi ~T~l ~T-

+rT~ +r)~ ~fCfa- ~r:r ~fo~ ~Cff~llT,

~f 11 11T~ mCfa- ~q ~fQ~ q)~1tTT 1

~qr;:~'1"r~ ~ clfctff Gflfd" ~ Cfi('!T-;r~(!f if\iftcrrr cpT ~rrTa- ~rrr ~T 1 lfQ ~cr'1 ~'1~ fu~

+rT~ \if~fqu~ "QT ~T, ~fq~ ~lCf~~ ~ftCf'1

rrTccp cpT ~if~r~T ~r 1~;:~T~ Cfifcr 91T ~;:a-~~ P:c

~ ~Cf.,-olf,qT ~1~~ CfiT ij"Te:rT~cpT~ fenlfT ~T ,

~q.,T ~~~'1T ij- q-~~cr-q~~Cf if \ifTCf'1 opT ~q-­

;:a:'1 ~·1+rq fCfilfT ~T' Gfr~ \iflfFf ~ \ifrcrrr­B"T~tf Cfil ~q'1T ~d'1r q{ tfi~r ~~ en! ~~Cf)c9"r~~T f.,l=.,f~p~a- qfCfr:=rlfT fj- ~~cc[f ~--

@)~ ~T, @T~ ~t gT"{ ;

i3f)'~ ~) ~qrf~;; ~Tf1r~r~ ~T

AN ILLUMINATE'D PAGE BY GURUDEV

BIt is the element of unpredictability in art whichseems to fascinate me strongly. The subject matter of apoem can be traced back to some dim thought in the mind.Once it leaves the matted crown of Shiva, the streamof poetry flows along its measured course---well-definedby its two banks. While painting, the process adoptedby me is quite the reverse. First there is the hint of aline, then the line becomes a form. The more pronouncedthe form becomes the clear becomes the picture to myconception. This creation of form is a source of endlesswonder If I were a finished artist I would probablyhave a pre-conceived idea to be made into a picture. Thisis no doubt a rewarding experience. But it is greater funwhen the mind is seized upon by something outside of it,some surprise element which gradually evolves into anunderstandable shape. I am so taken with new game thatall my various responsibilities, extraneous to myself, peepin from outside my door only to withdraw the nextmoment with much shaking of the head. If I were a freeagent as of yore, unburdened by any cares, do you realizewhat I would have dune? I would live by the Padma andgather a harvest of pictures and nothing but pictures toload the Golden Boat of Time with."

(From a letter to Rani Mahalanovis, dated 7th November, 1928.Reproduced from Art and Aesthetics Pages 89-90)

(L~)

I~~ttIJ1~JP:li.tg~~~~bj~jllft.hili)~J~~

~~E~J:t?t~l111bno~Jl~l~1~1.B'tl~~l~

I.Q~~~.12~~lil~jt.~t~-Lful.e-~1Jit!£1:!~

•.QE:j~t~~lJi~~.1l~~~.eHlh2Sl,~

1l21tn..b~¥~lli~~~~~l~~.I2!t.1:!~j11£

.e1t.~~~j~~jlli~j1!Jgl.l21~.l~~lt~~.l:tla

It~jh~l~.Q~jl1..b~.Q~li~~~l~lJ:~b

~~~~jJ:!2j~~.E):~

~~l~1.B~t!£-L1:t~~l.Qlb~~lbh!S~.e~lli

·.2!.et~lli:t.Iih~Ittlbl!hl~It~~.eJJ~Jl~

II~h~~~Jil:tl~.EtJl}'hj~Jfu:t.h:t}J11Jk

~~t~~J~.tabD~jl~~}'l~lB.eJ:t.~·E.t£

I.Q.1=J~~j~.'£~~~~.Iitfu1.e~ftlit~t:

l.QE:J~~~~~~~b:t~~lhh~k::

.e!t.D.b}2~~J.12~~).ltlt~~l:

.Eh~li~J~1=~~J~J.tll@}'~~h~~.&1~

I~.E:J.l:tJl~~J.tE~~lh~l~.Q~jl:t..bJik!;ll

~~j}.~:~~h:i

I~.l.E:ll1ilialtlJ~~~lb~lb.QjlJs}'~~l::

l~!Et~l.~:t.~h~j~~~~~~h~~-Lk:a

2!EtDdJi:lth~Ihlbl~lli:&!!~J=t~.l:tj

I11~.E)fi.@~Jl11~~~~Ltli

!t~IJ:!J@~-l.Q~~~~.ellt~~fi.l:i

Ihh!tlt·tll:tJ:t~t~-l~1:1~

~~hIt~~:l~-Llt.e~-.e~~l~i.~~!tj!!:.Ej

~J121ltJ:t~~Jb:lr.\~1111~l~~~l?:t.e.~~~.Q.e~t.Q1.l:t4~jilr.\~.&~}.~

Ihl.a}'h~f:\~J:t..l=L~J.nb.tt~~tlt~~J

l~.eJ:!l.l:t.E):~-1?}ItJ:!~lij-~~J1hC'~~_~l~

'}2.b~~~Jl.bl:t...a~~~l!£:lful.tii~.tl~~~.Et~

l~~~j~.&~.Qbsaj1~:lfu~!£J-~~lb:lr.\~l:tIb~j.tl

I~.u~.e!:!lh~1~1J=l~t~~

'#ll~:e.~~It1~:tJ:t1.Q~.lE:~~~

IDlti

'I.nJ~k~fL~PJl1l~~~tt~j~

.tt~~}'lQ'~-lh~J~h.l1d~

,~12~ili}.~.lJtJ:tlaJ:!a~l~.Itl~ljill~~~}2J~.l}..I:t~

'~!2~.tE1tj~~l.el~llt~j~~

~l~.Qll~J~~.Q~Ibl~~J.l1k:

i11~1~}'h~ljlb~E-d}.-lit~~tlt~IhhJ!h~:~~It:e.~~

-.I:lhe-~1i-.&jl:gfl~~~hj:g~

'~ltJ~.Q)-e:jl~@t:ttul.1Sh.I..t.IIi~Jb.l:!Jh:t~j.n~!1:1n.2~.Q~~

~~l~~b~1~ll~.i:¥~UI~1.1=~~.I=J!~.l:tJJJi~llt~

'~.eIt~~JiJ1Jil.e~jJ.I=~

'-'Lt°hll-l~~~~~1.i:1ih-lti~-:~~l~

mrmm!Jt~m5~'~<t~

;tf"~m~m~t~

fJn

Dr. R. Bharadwa}

I propose to discuss briefly themain currents of thought in Rabindra­nath Tagore, the greatest mystic poet,painter and philosopher of his agein India. In doing so, it wil! be myendeavour to keep close to his ownwords, as far as possible.

The Boundless

'Brahrna is boundless in his super­fluity.' That is to say there is pro­fusion and superfluity, not scarcityor want, in the Lord or his creation,Trees, for example, bear more seeds,and birds and reptiles lay more eggs.than' necessary. So man, too, has 'hisvital a nd mental energy vastly inexcess a E his need. He can go beyondhis ne e.ls to step out from utility tobeauty, or from satisfaction to de­light,

'The west seems to take a pride inthinking that it is subduing nature,as if we are living in a hostile worldwhere we have to wrest everythingwe want from. an unwilling and alienarragernent of things.' But India putall her emphasis on the harmony thatexists between the individual and theuniversal, By the help of 'theGayatri, t a verse which is consideredto be the epitome of all the Vedas',we try to realize the essential unity

t ~T~l{ "'1~ cr: ~Cf: I ff~~fCf~~'~uli ~fll

~qf;q I f~lfT lit '1: $RTT~lfr11 lf~o ~ ~,~

of the world with the conscious soulof man. It is not In the power of pos­session but in the power of this unionthat India recognizes differences ofvalue in different things. 'India choseher places of pilgrimage where therewas in nature some special grandeur orbeauty so that her' mind could comeout of its world of narrow necessitiesand realize its place in the infinite.Thiswas the reason why in India a wholepeople, who once were meat-eaters.gave up taking animal food to culti­vate the sentiment of universal sym­pathy for life -an event unique inthe history of manki nd.'

We should be not merely men.but men-in-the universe, 'The rishiswere they who having reached thesupreme God from all sides hadfound abiding peace, had becomeunited wirh all, had entered into thelife of the Universe.' Tagore refutesS04ne modern European philosopherswho are directly or indirectly indebt­e i to the Upanishads, far from rea­lizing their debt, maintain that theBrahma of India is a mere abstraction.a negation of all that is in the world:The fact is that the infinite is presentin all things, and this presence is asource of constant inspiration, Theancient sage chanted : I cow to Godover and over again who is in fireand in water, who permeates thewhole world, who is in the annualcrops as well as in the perennial trees.

( 60 )

GURUDEV"Rabindranath Tagore, the eternal prideAnd garland of thoughts and feelings alliedOf Bharat, the tallest glorious guide,Shows light to the world and a norm to 'bide."

(By Dr. R. D. Bharadwaj)

My heart sings at the wonder of my place

In this world of light and life;

At the feel in my pulse of the rhythm of creation

Cadenced by the swing of the endless time.

I feel the tenderness of the grass in my forest walk,

The wayside flowers startle me :

That the gifts of the infinite are strewn in the dust

Wakens my song in wonder.

I ha ve seen, have heard, have Iived ;

In the depth of the k nown have felt

The truth that exceeds all knowledge

Which fills my heart wirh wonder and I sing.

(Poems: No 67)

'His reflection is death as well as im­mortali ty : lTtlf ~rlfT~~ lfT ll~~:

1:0 ~o ~, ~~ 'Everything has sprungfrom immortal Iife] and is vibratingwith life, for life is immense.T Thesupreme being is all-pervading, there­fore he is the innate good in all:~!TTqT ij" +r~ m~l1 ~~qa-: f~:,mT~cr ~,~~

In the Image of God

God creates the world; so doesman, who 'was made in the image of

~ God".- Man secures to himself thenecessaries of life and even reproduceshimself physically. But from self­preservation he rises to self-expressionalso. In other words, he creates andrecreates himself through fine artssuch as painting, music and poetry.

The Useful Man

It is the limitation and a thousandand one preoccupations which preventman fro m going beyond the field ofutility to beauty. The merely usefulman'is lower than 'the complete man".TIle one, guided by self-interest .andconsiderations of the' market price',has little inspiration of reality; theother enjoys the exuberant reality inand around him.

The Complete Man

'The Complete man' comes freely

t lff~ f~:q \it~(~cr 5fT(!J ~~f~ f;r:~(11l:,

Clio: ~. ':(+ 5I'T{lTT fq~Te+ . ,• Cf. The Holy Bible, Gen. I, 26-27

in contact with whatever appears tohim in nature-personal, animate orinanimate-whether outside him crwhithin himself. He does not caremuch for the final character of athing. For abstract truth belongs toscience and metaphysics, but theworld of reality belongs to art. Hegrabs inspiration:"" and delight fromwhat appears to him, Such delight orinspiration is not calculated, it isinl,nlediate. Man is finite when he isover-conscious of himself and of hisself-interest; but he becoms infiniteby coming into contact with t~e In..finite that lies in and around him.

The Way of Contact

This contact with the Infinite isattainable by 'self-forgetting" and'self-sacrifice'. The personality inman becomes one with the One whenhe loose himself." 'In your effort tocapture life' as expressed in a livingtissue you will find carbon, nitrogenand ~any other things utterly unlikelife but never life itself.' In otherwo;ds, one might say, when the 'I am'in man realizes itself in the 'That' hebecomes 'Soharn ;ij"TS~~: That 1 am, or'Sohansah: ~)s~~: I am That I AM' _••This is the formula which an indivi­dual repeats actually but unknowinglywhile breathing-e-ajapa-japa, as men­tioned in the Shatapatha Br ahmana.The 'Complete man' realizes theReality by intuition and divides it byintellect. Here one is reminded, Imight say, of Henri Berg~o~ who h.el~that 'the intellect delIIIIIts realIty

* Cf. The .. oly B'ble, St Matthew, 10, 39** Cf Ibid, Exodus ~ ?~ 14

Poetry

In this connection a word of cau­tion seems to be necessary against'fashions in literature', which arise outof attraction for 'the extravagant andthe unusual', Who would, for exa.n ple.

'Poems are not like market comm­odities transferable. Gustave Flau­bert, .Walter \Pater, Guyde Maupas­sant, A. C. Bradley snd some otherslaid more emphasis on the from c:poetry, which in their opinion, 'is 50

subtle a spirit that. in pouring out c·:one language into another, it will allevaporate'.1 This is 'the reason whyif we insist on asking for the meaningof such a poem; we can only be an­swered it means itself.'2 So there"exists but one way of expressing onefeeling, one word to call it by, adjec­tive to qualify, one verb to animateit.'3 Surely, as Tagore says, we cannotreceive the smiles and glances of oursweetheart through an attorney,however diligent and truthful he maybe," For each 'poet has his own distillermedium of language.' No doubt heinherits a hypnotizing one, but it 11~5

to be modulated according to tile urj ewhich he as an individual llas. It 15because social life changes and witnit all great languages undergo changes.It is also because a poet's individualuse of it, having life's magic touch.transforms it into a special vehicle ofhis own creation.' A political, com­mercial, educational or religious forceobstructs the free flow of inner lifeof the people. 'Unmeaning obsessionshave therefore to go.

where as "intuition is a sympatheticattitude to the reality without lIS

which makes us seem to enter into it,to be one with it, to live it'. So 'Iirni­tation of the unlimited', says Tagore,is personality, and God is also perso­nal where he creates.

The Nature of Art

'Art is maya", it is appearance, ~i;:

is and is not': Science reveals that'the ultimate difference between oneelement and another is only that ofrhythrn', through which it showsitself. Gold and mercury, for examplediffer in the rhythm of their respec­tive atomic manifestation just as aking and his subject ill situation andcircumstance. Rhythm is the move­ment generated and' regulated byharmonious restriction; and it is 'thecreative force in the hand of theartist'. For a 'great picture is alwaysspeaking.' There is cadence and harm­ony in the so-called ordinary things.An in, tellectual might fail to findbeauty in a donkey, whereas childishinnocence would find it. If we shouldlook at a fine piece of linen througha magnifying glass, big holes wouldappear and mar the fineness. If youX-ray a beautiful woman, what willyou get-an ugly skeleton? Test apoem and lose its charm. So enjoy­m cnt inheres in appearance; that is,not in intellectual but in aestheticjudgement. Again we are remi nded,I should su ppose, of Bergson whothought that the 'clearest evidence ofintuition is in the works of greatartists' . f. A en id Preface. 2. Bradley. 3. Fater.

( 62 )

Education

Purified they realize the All andoffer their unreserved bows:

HWe bow to Thee from whomcome the enjoyments of cur life ~ webow also to Thee from whom comesthe good of our soul; we bow to Theewho art good, the highest good'."

'When we are conscious of oursoul, we perceive the inner being thattranscends our ego and has itsdeeper affinity with the All.' Letters'become a source :9£ joy to us onlywhen they com bine into words andsentences and convey an idea.' 'There­fore love is the highest bliss that mancan attain to .. for through it alone hetruly knows that he is more thanhimself and that he is at one with theAll.' Such persons are called Mahat­mas, who have already expiated theirsins by such prayers as this:

completelyGive unto

o God. 0 Father.sweep away all our sins.us that which is good.j

The highest education, accordingto Tagore, is that which not onlygives us information but also makesour life in harmony with all existence.'WIlen there came the separation oftile intellect from the spiritual andthe physical, the school education

:i: f~~Cfrfrr ~Cf .qf-:rff~~ f~r-rTf'l Cf~T~Cf, If·~+r;.-·

d~Cl ;;r~~cr I ~~, ~,'t,~X

• rfl1: ~t=~rqTlf-t:f +rlf)+TGfllT~ ~i1: ~~~TlT;q

l1~Cf)~r~:q ~1=f: f:rrerTlf :q f~Gfff~TlT :q,

tT~o ~cc.){~

t .,T~ ~~+rf~a-, ~~T?ter ~~~, ~t~)o

\9,~~,€.

Good And Evil

The modern mind, in-its rush overthe miscellaneous, ransack cheap mar­kets of curios which mostly aredelusions. Lacking leisure and labour­ing under the delusions of sex-psycho­logy and drug-stores of moral viru­lence, some modern writers fail to seeluxuriant nature and express their'feeli ngs that are usual in a form thatis unique. and yet not abnormal.'Tagore believes that 'the vision ofParadise is to be seen in the sunlightand the green of the earth, in thebeauty of the human face and thewealth of human life, even in objectsthat are seemingly insignificant and

. "u nprepossessi ng,

'Pain is the feeling of our finiti­ness; it is not a fixture in our life.'Nor is it an end in itself, as joy is.·As in intellectual error, so in evil ofany other form, its essence is irn per­manece, for it cannot accord with thewhole.']

appreciate a modern writer who hasdescribed 'the coming out of thestars in the evening' as 'sudden erup­ti011 of disease in the bloated body ofdarkness'? Laborious pursuit of a spu­rious novelty in manner and matteris 'the symptom of old age' in litera­ture. For a 'reaction against a parti­cular mannerism is liable to produceits own mannerism in a militantfashion.' 'The same herd instinct isfollowed in a cult of rebellion as itwas in the cult of conformity.'

( 63 )

put entire emphasis on intellect andthe physical side of man.' Rabindra­nath trusts the instinct of thepupil and the atmosphere of theasram for the kindling of the spiri­tual aspiration and the developmentof the spiritual life.

It is desirable that regional langu­ages should be the mediu m of educa­tion. 'It cannot seriously be con­tended that English should becomethe common language of the whole ofIndia. Even if it is possible, it maynot be desirable. We cannot hopeto develop any great literature in theEnglish tongue.'

The educated class of t he presentday is characterized by superficiality,lack of originality and drawback ofbilingual thinking. To insist on learn­ing English in the early years is tocut at the root of sound education.Such Insistence generates a tediumand weariness instead of cheerfulnessinto the daily routine. Dr. Radha­krishnan further tells us that Tagorew ro te all his works in Bengali andlater translated some of them intoEnglish. The educated men of todayfeel as if they were a class apart.Their traditional ideas are not settled.Their religious belief is weakened, Itis because they have acquired a Eura­sian mentality.

To revive the harmony of art andindustry, beauty and use, the recoveryof the religious spirit is necessary.Machinery is now displacing Indianindustries. 'While Tagore believesthat industrialization must come toIndia and should come, he considers

that India need not pass through theevils of industrialization: such asslum -Tife, unemployment, liquor­traffic, prolonged labour, gross vul­garity. bad manners, bestiality of art.embittered life, stunted faculty.Beauty, life and soul-power havegiven place to cheapness, utility andtrade-instinct. Modern India is,therefore, forgetting the function cfart in life,"

Men's Religion

Tagore had the religion of an artist.He says, 'Our religion is the innerprinciple that comprehends these en­deavours and expressions and dreamsthough which we approach Him inwhose image we are made.' Civiliza­tion is 'the product of the art ofreligion'. 'We stop its course of cor.­quest when we accept the cult cfrealism and forget that realism is theworst form of untruth, because itcontains a minimum of truth.' 'Therealism in man is the animal in hirr ,whose life is a mere duration of time:the hurnan in him is his reality whichhas life everlasting for its background'.

Union with the Reality 'has itssignificance not in the realm of tohave but in that of to be. T 0 gaintruth is to admit its separateness, butto be true is to become one withtruth.' 'The Infinite is love itself:~~) ~ ~:' So 'enjoy Him throughsacrifice', "covet not;" for greeddiverts your mi nd to that illusion in

·(if)~~) f~r crT~llf+r~ ri lf~~~ ~ifcllt \iTlJ1a-., (lfffi'i ~~T~r ~T ~~: cpflff~;[;:r~ I'

( 6t )

you which is your separate self anddiverts it from truth in which yourepresent the parama purushah, the'Supreme Person'.

Message to the wor'ld

'The western civilization is moremechanical than spiritual, more poli­tical than religious, more mindful ofpower than of peace. This politicaltendency is expressing itself in manyways. The problem of the woman isone symptom of it as the EuropeanWar is another'i l The woman oftoday 'does not feel that her vocationlies at home. She is restless. Shefears marriage and maternity" andstruggles against man's monopoly ofbusiness. She unsexes herself byworking in shops and stations, facto­ries and offices, and tries to imi tateman and make life artificial and un­natural. S11e now 'craves to acquire

man's character and position inpublic life'. But 'true woman willhave neither the desire nor the capa­city for it.'2

'The war is a sign that moderncivilization is not alive'.3 YetRabindranath Tagore, all optimist ashe is, hopes that there will be a changeof heart, which will effect 'the re­construction of the world on a spirit­ual basis'.4 It will happen when allare disgusted with the cruelties ofwar. Tagore condemns, in strongterms, the selfish nationalist spirit ofthe West.5

Tagore, therefore, holds to theworld the two torches of sympathyand love, for the East and the Westto unite.

* The whole section on Education and theMessage to the World are based on Dr.Radhakrishnan's exposition of Tagore'sthoughts.

At midnight the would-be ascetic announced :

"This is the time to give up my home and seek for God. Ah, who hasheld me so long in delusion here I"

God whispered, "I", but the ears of the man were stopped.With a baby asleep at her breast lay his wife, peacefully

sleeping on one side of the bed.The man said, "Who are ye that have fooled me so long 1"The voice said again. "They are God," but he heard it not.The baby cried out in its dream, nestling close to its mother.God commanded, "Stop, fcol, leave not thy home,"

but still he heard no'God sighed and complained. HWhy does my servant wander

to seek me, forsaking me 1"

The Gardener: LXXV

( 65 )

'T here be of them that h-ive left a name behind them.'(Eclesiastes. VII-I,

'They shine along with the Pole-Star­A delight to the heavens.'

Gandhiji to Gurudev

(a) In common with the thousandsof his countrymen lowe much to onewho by his poetic genius and singularpurity of life has raised India inthe estimation of the world.

(b) Gurudev's soul is immortaland he lives though dead. Gurudevlonged to serve the world throughIndia and breathed his last whiledoing so. His experiment is unfinish­ed. His mortal remains are no morebut his soul is immortal like ours.Taken in this sense none perishes ordies. None is born. Gurudev livessignificantly. His tendencies wereuniversal, mostly heavenly throughwhich he will be immortal. Shanti ne­ketan, Srineketan and Visvabharti­all these are manifestations of hisaction. They were for his soul forwhich Deenabandhu Andrews left hisworld, followed by Gurudev. Ourtrue homage would be to maintainthese institutions which he is watch­ing from wherever he may be.

Mrs. Sarojini N aidu to Gurudev

.........He always had a universalquality. And India, always universal

in her appreciation of all knowledge.the reception of all science, her reac­tion to all beauty, no matter fromwhere the gift of beauty comes, foundher last, her latest, her most lovelyinterpreter, her most lovely embodi­ment, her most lovely prophet, hermost lovely affirmation in Rabindra­nath Tagore, who before he died, withthe knowledge of his coming deathsaid, "I have tasted the hidden honeyof a lotus." The hidden honey of teelotus was ultimate vision of this seerand out of the lotus of his own lyricgenius, as was that, he drew the hiddenhoney with which he went, sweetupon his tongue, to greet the immortalin the world of poets, his fellow poetsbelonging to the world of song.

A 1bert Einstein to Gurudev

You saw the fierce strife of crea­tures, a strife that wells forth fromneed and dark desire. You saw thewithdrawal in calm meditation andin creation of beauty. Cherishingthese, you serve mankind all througha long and fruitful life, spreadingevery where a gentle and freethought in a manner such as the seersof your people have proclaimed as theideal. "

( 66 )

My Mistress of the LineGURUDEV

The tree pursues a purposeIn its flowers and fruits,But never at all in the heiroglyphLimned on its chequered shadeWhere butterflies imitateThe flitting of the yellow leavesAnd a swarm of lines and curves quiver on tile grass.

My Mistress of Speech in the pride of her rich inheritanceRules with a rod.She rarely allows wild vagaries of the wayward;But the Line smiles at my extravaganceAnd never raises her warning finger at the foolish.Thus I fear not to widen gaps between my tasksThrough which to run out to the boundless realm of the

Inconsequential.And to litter all my time wi th all irrelevant caprice of forms.

Fondly indulgent is My Mistress of the Line to the errantin the poet

Whose truancy is not to be checkedBy the curbing rein of reputation,For his proud name, acclaimed by the marketIgnores the painter's brushLeaving it free to follow its pathFree as is the Spring with his paint-box."

(Reproduced from A rt and A est hetics .

Pages 87-Sa)

(67 )

prirnarily dlle to "the trend in paint­ing" that prevailed in the countryat that time. for one whole gene­ration the poet's nephew, Abanindra­nath Tagore and his pupils, had beenproducing "works of art" which wererecognised in respectable circles as thevery acme of Indian national splen­dour and the beginning of a renai­ssance of the arts. The authority ofthis new movement, known as the"Bengal School of Painting", hadrapidly spread in the art schools allover India.

It was against sucha backgroundthat Tagore started .painting, And.no wonder, the local critics, seeped inthis newly emerged movement, ear­nestly frownd upon Tagore's paint­ings, which were highly imaginativeand original in line, form and colour,and were in strong contrast withthe wishywashy colours of the newschool.

But it S0011 became clear that thisneo-Indian school was essentially revi­valist, with its imitation of the Mug­hal and the Rajpu t schools a nd theAjanta style of painting. People beganto talk openly of the feebleness of tra­ditionalist art, with its anearnic line,elongated eyes and long finger nails.It merely served old wine in newbottles.

Tagore had been a sympatheticwitness of this movement. But hewished strongly that some new' bloodbe infused in Indian painting to gi vevigour and vitality to it. He seemedfrustated a t helplessly watchingIndian painting heavily grooved in

traditional sty les, for he wrote to hisdaughter from America : " I hadhoped that from .01Ir Vichitra Society"would flow a great stream of artfertilizing the whole country: butthere was nobody capable of dedicat­ing himself to the. cause. I wasprepared to do all that was in mylimited power, but I found no res­ponse. I am no painter myself or Imight have shown what was to bedone. However, someday someonewill arise and hew the pathway forthe swift progress of the artistictalent that lies scattered allover thecountry. "

WIlen he wrote these lines, littledid he know that he was to, consci­ously or unconsciously, "hew thepath way" himself, and that the newrevolution in Indian painting wouldflow from his brush.

Setting all tradition aside he gaveart a new birth. With the boldnessof a creative genius he painted in hisow n original style, and thereby blazeda new trail of his own. His art issomething new. something conceivedin his own u nique vision expressibleonly through colour. His art has alanguage of its own, whose mysterywe have yet to master completely.

(B) T'agore, the Painter

Tagore's early attempts at paintingseem to have been frustrating. It waseasier for him to create poetry. Hisearliest paintings occur in one of the

* Vich itra Society was started at his [arosankoHouse in Calcutta in 1916.

( (-)9 )

faim ily books, In 1909, he secretivelyshowed some head and figure studiesto the painter, Mu.kul Dey, In 1920,he contributed some of hi'S pictures,done in his, firm and fine strokes. toan art exihibicion held at Shanti­niketan, Though it was not till 1928that he actually started his brushwork, -there was a constant urge inhim to-paint. He wrote.r H .• I watchedhis (Abnindranath's) with an enviousmood of. self-diffidence, 'being tho­roughly convinced that myfate hadrefused me passport across the ·bound­aries of letters." This urge, however,remained latent in him. When hefinally started painting in 1928, thislatent talent ·blossomed forth into asplendour of. colour. Lines and formsseemed to flow from his brush like aspring.

A latent genius ·was asleep; thatis made plain by the sureness of thedesign, the beauty of tone, the senseof ornament..For almost a .life timethis geniushacl been kept in theshadow. One fine day it revealeditself in painting and -the 'poet feltanother person was being manifestedin him.

This new form of creation whollyoccupied him hereafter...He .developedan intense love for painting. Hewrote in 1930 {Paris)': "As- a matterof fact, my flow of writing has al­ready stopped altogether.. WheneverI find time I paint," "Painting is thelove of myoId age", he used to say,"she possesses me like an addiction."This object of his love he wanted tokeep protectively away from thecritics,

(C) Tagore's preliminary Training

Tagore had no early training inpainting technique, as such, but hewrites: "The only training I had in myyoung days was the training in rhy­thm, rhythm in thought, the rhythmin sound." For rhythm gives realityto that which is' "insignificant in it­self, he would say.

His poetry and art were bothmarked by rhythm, The inner techni­que of both poetry and pain ting isthe same. He had no need to learnany technique of painting, for he hadalready mastered the art of conveyingfundamental rhythms. hence Tagorecould :easly mature into a painter.For after all "art is not truth; it isnor-nature; it is pattern or rhythm ofdesign that we i.npose on nature,says P. Theore, ~ ,

With his innate originality, heevolved his own peculiar techniqueof painting.

(D) Tagore's manner of Painting

His manner of painting was pecu­liar ly his own, he never followed anyparticular method. Devoid of an ear­lier training, he fell upon his own'originality and genius and devised hisown style of painting,

'" ·'My pictures are versification in Jines. Ifby chance they are entitled to claim recogn.­tion. it must be primarily for some rhythmicsignificance of form which is ultimate andnot for any interpretation of an idea orrepresentation of a fact.It

0n Art and A esthetics : p, 98

( 70 )

When inspiration carne, he wouldpaint with whatever came handy, abroken piece of pencil, using oldscraps of paper and different oils.His niece writes:" The drawings takepossession of him and once begun,leave him no peace, until they arefinished. They are done at a sittingand in a short time without a singlemistake of the pen.

He never conceived a plan as tohow and what 11e would paint. Hewrites: "When I take my pen thereis no prev ious plan present ill mymind--as the pen starts moving thepicture emerges at the tip.":"

He used all kind of paints andpigments. He would paint with easeon all sorts of paper, even a news­paper sheet, when ordinary sourcesfailed him. Some subtle effects inhis masterpieces, depend on his useof peculiar media, such as juices offlowers, different oils -coconut,mustard etc.

(E) Tagore's rise as a Painter;

. From his writings it is evidentthat Tagore made an acutely self­conscious entrance into the world ofart. That was chiefly because of hislack of training in painting. He oncewrote · "·1 know I can write, there Iam quite sure about my own powers;but as regards painting I have neverbeen able to shake off my diffidence.

* Read; My MIstress of the Line on Page 67

You see I never learned to paint.like Nand Lal and Aben."

Despite his hesitant debut, hequickly gained confidence in his paint­ing. He held his first painting exhi­bition in Paris in 1930. His works werehighly praised by Andre Gide antiothers. He wrote from Paris. "Con­noisseurs assure me that these pic­tures are of first rank."

His next exhibition was held atBerlin, where again the critics ac­claimed his works,

His modesty prevented him fromadmitting to himself his greatness asa painter. Says Comresse de Noailles :"Tagore is timid before his owncreation. We praise him quite natu­rally, as for him, he doubts, questions,hesitates and smiles."

(F) "Tagore, the Experimentalist

In his poems Tagore was a Iyricist,in his pictures he was a fearless scient­ist. Nature's primitive forms he sawwith the eyes and mind of a scientist.In an effort to "hew the pathway"for the Indian painting, he experi­merited with lines, forms and colours.And from the experience gainedthereof "he discovered one fact thatin the universe of forms there is aperpetual activity of natural selectionin lines, and only the fittest surviveswhich has in itself the fitness c fcadence. "

( 71 )

di ffe ren t from the real animals wesee: it is almost as if the artist's eyesaw through the physical outline thevery form of the animating impulse.For instance, fr0111 his bullock-Iikecreature emerges SOUle primevalcreature of nature, and Comtesse deNoailles has deseribcd it as "a hungrygreedy, cursed animal." It is reallyan animal of his own creation. Herethe artist has followed his creativebent. Similarly, his picture of thetiger shows v iolent greed. Eventhough there is no physical realitywith the original, the character ofthe tiger remains fixed in li nes of hisdrawing.

Those who are accustomed to see­ing things from their 'meaning' willfail to enjoy these pictures aestheti­cally.

(c) Landscapes:

Turning to his landscapes one seessplashes of bright colours. The ques­tion may arise. why catr these daubsof paint landscapes? TIle answeris that in these pictures of nature hehas not followed the rules of lineand perspective; rather he has mani­pulated the vibrations of light andshade, in va negated colou rs.Synthesis of light and shade, his pic­tures are often a play of the meetingand parting of black and white.

(ii) The Composition of hisPaintings

He displays masterly skill as re­gards composition. Once he deter­mines the subject of his picture, the

outline and spacing comes off spon­taneously, without any faltering orindecision. The work progresses witha series of ,sweeping. movements andthe balanced composition remainsintact. The lines are drawn with asure hand.

What strikes most In a Tagorecomposition IS Its primeval intensity.Apparently there is no attempt atorganization. But the inner rhythmis obvious enough. The drawing andthe colour scheme being untu toredare inevitably naive. The· use ofcolour is entirely emotional. But theyhave a plasticity that a few profes­sionals achieve in there life time.

(iii) Classification of his Paintings:

As a matter of fact, it is notpossible to place these pictu res in anydefinable category. They expresssuch a basic truth of creation asdefies codification; they are meantonly to be enjoyed.

Whatname shall we give to thesequeer shapes, arising from the un­plumbed sub-conscious mind? They areat once personal and universal. Hispainting al ways remained his privateamusement.

One who tries to affix a label -tothe poet's composition, such as codingthem under this 'ism' or that in pain­ting, can never understand them.His paintings exist in their own rightindependent of all modernistic stuff.

Tagore, however, unwittinglvseems to have affiliations with the

( 73 )

3-I-

Fig. 2.Fig. 4.

Imaginary AnimalAlankar

Fig. 3. From FantasyFig. 5. .Natkiya

4-+

5-1-

~The artist is the lover of Nature, therefore he is herslave and her master.'

Stray Birds : XLVI

x x x

'In the playhouse of infinite forms I have had my playand here have I caught sight of him that isformless.'

Gitanjali: LV'"

x x x

·God finds himself by creating.'

Stray Birds: CCLXXVII

powerful imagination seeing thingsin line and colour. They tempt usinto the regions of dream far fromour mundane existence. They appearas sub-conscious products created inmoments of subjective trance, whenhis adult personality took rest tomake room for his child personalityto romp and play. His was an effortto transcribe his visions directly onpaper without adulteration as theycarne.•

(c) Their aesthetic appeal

His pen-and-in k portraits areveritable masterpieces, t Though insome the design is deliberate aberrationfrom natural forms, in others rhereis an exquisite handling of line andform in which human figures, deri vetheir beauty from the quality of lineby which these figures are expressed.

Of his painting, many dependwholly for their visual satisfactio.ion colour. Some of these are of

lie "The drawings and paintings of the poethad richly traced the extra-ordinary innerjourney of a complex individual throughthe ecstatic affirmation of existence, mani­fest as rhythm-articulate inherent in formself-referent, towards, to the convincedcognition of individuaced Imagery as dramaticcharacterization of concepts and associations,being the total fantasy c f the emotionalworld.

A remarkably dual apprehension of theuniverse of man."

Prithwish Neogy(Introduction to Drawings

and Paintings ofRabindranathTagore-Lalit Kala Akademi)

From the Revlew of Tagore's paintings byKainnes-Smrth.

astounding power for their very deeptones and wonderfully harmonioussequence which produce a strikingeffect of rhythm.

(d) Their universal appeal

His sensitive paintings U11d dra­wings are profoundly universal intheir appeal in spite of "their Indianthemes. They represent the core ofthe poet's humanism.

(vii) The "distor tions" In hispictures.

Tile distortions seen in 11 is 11i ctures,which seem almost deliberate, standout against "the harmony of hispoems", He tried to extend theIndian idea that harmonv in art andliterature should include roth sym­metrical beauty and ugly distortion.The realization that hat mony mustinclude disharmony, per haps, carne tohim particularly in transit icn frompoetry to painting. III seeking totransform forces of blind impulsionin his pictures, he must have facedthe problem of the irrational in hisown being and the distorticns inreverie, images and dream life. (causedby painful experiences)' And theseirrational urges, he felt, could onlybe beautified and civilized by paintingthem out of his system.

(viii) Special message to youngpainters.

Tagore's work should be of specialsignificance to the young painters oftoday. His art has some uniquepoints of merit. Firstly. his work

( 7) )

never dates. Secondly, its strengthlies not in other peoples' convictionsbut in his own. Thirdly, it is notonly creative but communicativealso, despite its abstract look. Fourth­ly, there is an inner harmony andrhythm, though apparently devoid ofdesign and structure.

(ix) .Tagore and purpose ofdrawing."

His paintings are' like his poetry,thought-provoking and mysterious.His drawings constrain us to pauseand ask ourselves anew., 'What is thepurpose' of drawing, of painting. ofart generally.' Is it to be a prettytoy to amuse and flatter us, or is it toconvey the deepest feelings from soulto soul?

The popular artist. like the popu­lar preacher. is careful never tooffend our prejudices, or to call us tomake any great mental or spiritualeffort, while the true poet or thepainter, Ilke Tagore, asks us to seewhat we have not yet seen.

Tagore's drawings prove that thepoet though a master of use of words,feels that certain things can be betterexpressed, or perhaps only expressed,in the language of line, tone andcolour. These things are not out­ward facts such as those of anatomyand perspective and tile rules thatcan be taught in the academies whichoften become a hindrance to thefreedom and vitality of imagination.

• From the Review of Tagcre's paintings byJoseph-SouthaJ.

His drawings are the work of apowerful imagination.

But there is more than this; thereis a deep feeling and apprehension ofthe spiritual life and being of menand animals, expressed in their fea­tures, their movements. line andcolour.

Can one describe all this in words?Can one say this drawing means thisand that means that? Certainly notfor if anyone could say it, the poethimself could do so, and if he couldsay it, then why draw or colour?

We look and look silently andimmerse ourselves into his picturesand thus here and there, if we arehumble enough, we may learn abouttheir profound significance.

A whole generation has passedsince Tagore's death and perhaps heis just beginning to be understood.

References:

(1) Gurudev's Paintings by PratimaTagore

(2) Marg: issue on Paintings ofRabindranath Tagore by MulkRaj Anand

(3) Tagore as Painter by KrishnaChaitanya (article in the States­man)

(4) Drawings and Paintings 0 fRabindranath Tagore. Introdu­ctionby P. Neogi (Lalit KalaAcademy, New Delhi)

(5) Rabindra Chitralekha by ShriManoranjan Gupta.

( 76 )

MUI~T.L~ - DHARA*By R. K. Sud

(A play of abiding significance and historical interest):"

~~fifT ~~ \3I"q ~~r~ ~)(=f) ~ \i1'qT'iT if I

if~~ 9;Jr~ft ~ ~'t cpT ~1 +tf\i~ ~Tij"~T'iT f{ II

(~~~~)

"MUKTA-Dhara, from which theplay of Gurudev, entitled the

Muhia-Dhara. takes its name, is amountain spring whose waters, rush­ing down the slopes of Uttrakut, ir­rigate the plain of Shiv-tarai, whosepeople are held in subjection to theking of Uttrakut, King Ranajit. Inorder to enforce this subjection moreeffectively, the king of Uttrakutdesires to control the source of theireconomic well-being, and to that endhas had a great dam erected to pre­vent the waters of Mukta-Dharafrom reaching the plains below. Itwas a difficult and hazardous task,but the skill of the royal engineerBibhuti, utilizing the resources ofmodern science and technique andwith the help of conscripted labour,has at last successfully achieved thefeat, though with considerable loss oflife." For example, the death ofSuman, the only son of poor, heart­broken. madwoman Amba of Ianaivillage, leaves her roaming over theplace calling for her son who heedsher not. Needless to say that such a

sacrifice of human life goes waste. III

the words of Batuk, the mendicant inthe play, "when no life springs fromthe life laid down when death is theonly fruit of death It is utter loss.Bhairava (i.e, Lord Shiva) will neverendure it." Building dams is perfectlylegitimate but not as a means of stif­ling life and enforcing death and ser­vility. Bibhuti's creation is markedby a mighty engine-tower, out-soaringthe trident of the Temple of Shivaon a mountain peak. It is not only achallenge to man but also ·an insult tothe gods. How callous, how proudand how cruel-hearted he is! Hiswords make it clear. "The purpose ofmy dam was that human intelligenceshould win through its goal, thoughsand and stone and water all cons­pired to block its path. I had no timeto think of whether some farmer'spaltry maize crop would die." To (thefolk of Shiv-tarai) the gods gaveonly water; to file they gave powerto imprison the water, .. '" That is tosay, to him the gods gave the powerto smother life and inflict death.

• From Three Plays: Mukta-Dhara, Natir Puja, Chandalika translated by MarjorieSykes (Oxford University Press) with Appreciation by K. R. Kripalani.

•• Specially written for the young readers who were born durtng the post-Non-Ce­operation period.

( 77 )

What a colossal misuse of the know­ledge and the power of modernscience, Man defying the will of theCreator : replacing life by death.Needless to say that generations ofman have lived on 'paltry maize'grown here and there but not onsights of wonder-inspiring heights ofengineering and mechanical skil l, orfor the matter of that, even themasterpieces of art, literature andarchitecture.

The play opens with the King andthe citizens of Uttrakut preparing toparticipate in a religious festival inhonour of the new god-the god ofBibhuti's machine, What greatertravesty of truth could there be : anaffront to God and to man's faith inbenevolent godhood. The King andhis people are very proud of thedevilish machine and quite confidentthat the poor and defenceless peopleof Shiv-tarai will now for ever be attheir mercy. When Bibhuti arriveson the scene they acclaim him withthunderous applause, which trium­phant Caesar might have envied, andbreak forth into a deafening chorusin praise of the infernal god, theMachine,

HAll hail, Machine, we worshipthee,

\ve bow to thee, we honour thee,Machine, 0 Lord Machine.

Thy flames and thunders rend thesky,

And all thy fumbling wheels replyIn swift and sonorous majesty;

We bow to thee, Machine.

Thou grim magician, binding still

TIle very elements to thy will,All hail to thee, Machine."

This, is the very devil's incanta­tion; the death's-head dance; themockery of gods and man alike! Butpower-intoxicated men are no betterthan robots and robots have no soulor sense of humanitv. Neither therecurring wail of the poor demented,sonless mother, Amba :-hHe is thelight of my eyes, my Suman, thebreath of my life They took himaway somewhere 1 had gone toworship in the temple, when I cameback they had taken him." ; northe warnings of the simple god-fearingfolk, who presage ill for such colossalpride, greed and lust for power, touchtheir hearts. In vain does the Pilgrimsay:" Ugh: It looks like a demon'shead, lying in wait to devour yourcity in its sleep. To have it beforeyour eyes night and day will dry upyour souls like dead wood." A nd theMessenger warns them:" The god ofdestruction does not always travel bythe highway. The cracks that awaithim are seen by no human eye.""

It is the Crown Prince Abhijit,the ruler of Shiv-tarai on behalf ofKing Ranajit, however, who professesopen sympathy for the people ofShiv-tara! and vehemently protestsagainst Bibhuti's soulless achievementand nefarious designs. But who caresfor the tiny protests of good-inten­tioned men. more so if they are justyoungsters. King Ranajit's Ministerwas the only person who smelt dangerahead and read in the words of thePrince the writing on the wall. Hesaid to the King:" We should not

( 78 )

despise the young in matters ofaovemment, When things get into­lerable. the young by the power oftheir suffering grow greater than.their elders." Prince Abhijit is thedarling of the people of Shiv-taraiand the pupil of the King's eye. Hehas won the hearts of the people ofShiv-tarai by his love and devotionto their welfare instead of by fear,show of force and exploitation'practised by the King and his officers.He stands for freedom and sympathiz­es with the poor folk of Shiv-tarai ...as does the water of Mukta-Dhara.Imprison its free and life-giving flowand you deprive it of its destiny: itssweet and refreshing water must flowunimpeded for ever on and on to thearid lands and through them to thefar distant sea where alone it fi ndspeace. Likewise Prince Abilijit, too.understands his destiny; the purposeof his life, the meaning of his birth ..nay, the significance of all humanIi fee This ~ ecomes clear to himwhen he learns that he IS not a princeby birth but a foppling picked up byKing Ranajit from near the bank ofMukta-Dhara ; in fact, he is the sonof a vagrant mother who left him tohis fate on the bank. Once he 11asheard the call there is no going backfor him. To Rajku ma r Sanjaya hesays; ~'I know it is my destiny onearth; my river of life must run freeoverleaping the palace-walls .Somewhere or other ill' the externalworld, God writes for lIS the secretmystery of each man's spirit. Mukta­Dhara is His word to me, bearing thesecret of my inner being. When herfeet were bound in the iron fetters,I was startled out of a dream. I realiz-

ed the truth--the throne of Uttra­kur is the dam which binds my spi­rit. I have taken the road in orderto set it .free." To his uncle KingVisvajit, when he' 'visited him (theKing) earlier in the course of theeventful year, Prince Abhijit said, H

I see roads, that are not yet made,the roads of the future across thoseforbidding passes, roads that willbring the distant near." True tohimself he decides to give IIp all royalprivileges, cast his lot w ith thepeople of Shiv-tarai, and fight againsttyranny and injustice that stiflefreedom and deny life. "Does heseek glory ill austerity?" asks PrinceSanjaya. "Has the grace of life novalue for him?" Prince Abhijit rep­lies,"What is true must be defended­-even by life and all that it maymean.' Should not the people ofShiv-rarai surrender perpetually toKing Ranajit of Uttr.ikut and therebylive in peace and plenty?" asksUdhav. the Captain of Gllards. whokeeps a watch on the prisoner-Prince."No." replies Prince Abhijit." I can­not bear to see a poverty that dependson charity." ·Put Gandhiji in placeof Prince Abhijit and every wordsounds true,

The struggle begins. The peopleof Shiv-tarai find a leader-an apos­tle of non-v iolence-r e-e-e--in VairagiDhananjaya. His source of strengthis j 11 his faith in God, in the justcause of the people of Shiv-tarai, inthe ultimate victory at Truth: Satya­meb iayate nanritam, His weaponis non-violence: the 'Sword of theSpirit.' The songs that he sings speakfor the man he is. It is the self-reliant

( 79 )

and fearless spirit of these songs thatinfuses a new spirit into the heartsof the people of Shiv-tarai : the hith­erto dumb-driven nothings awake allof a sudden into a new consciousnessof being, alive and human, havinginviolable rights and privileges essen­tial for honoured and honourableliving. Life with honour and free­dom or else death with glory asmartyrs: such is their resolve and noterror or force or threat can dissuadethem from it. 111 Vairagi Dha nanjayawe meet a replica of Gandhiji.

A hurricane of tempest,A sea of sorrow wide,

In fearless, proud assuranceMy fragile boat shall ride.

Hearing Thy word, and liftingTorn sails that scorn the seas,

My boat shall reach the haven.Cool shadows of Thy trees.

Who t11l1S my soul desireth,He shall my Pilot be;

My only part, the fearless mindThat puts my boat to sea;

And landing in the sunset,To bring an offering meet:

Red lotus of my sorrowing days,For mercy to Thy feet.

These words are couched in thetrue Gandhian spirit. Those whofight the battle of Truth need notfear even the worst of tyrants. Whatmatters is not beatings given bu tbeatings received without retaliationand ill will. "Can't you show him(the bully) what not-beating is ? Thatneeds too much strength, I suppose:Beating the waves won't stop thestorm. But 1101d your rudder steady,

and you win," says Vairagi Dhanan­jaya to Ganesh, a fire-brand residentof Shiv-tarai, We did not lack thesefire-brand fighters in the cause of curliberty. The non-violent resisters,the Satyagrahis as rhey were calledthen, must have no angry look orangry hearts but march forth with asong .on their lips: a song of daringand sacrifice for the sake of Truthand Iustice:

Strike yet again, my Lord,Strike a strike on .

Shrinking, I hide from thee,Fear drives me on.Wrest thou my all from me .

Do what thou wilIest do,Let the blow fall ;One of us, you or I,Goes to the wall.

I've played in the haunts of menGay through the years.Shall all your buffetingForce meta tears?

What shall Vairagi Dhananjayademand? Kingship? uNo:' replieshe. "Kingship is crippled, if it .isthe King's alone, and notthe people's,"They and the people of Shiv-taraimust demand the people's kingship...and that too in the name of God.""No claim to the, throne can stand;neither the K.ing'snor t lie people's,if you do 110t recognize it to be his.A throne is no place for gettingpuffed up, hut for folding the handsin prayer." This is Gandhiji's politi­cal ethics and the basis of what hecalled Rama Rajya. "Politics divorced

( 80 )

from religion" was for Gandhiji, "acorpse, fit only to be burned."

Vairagi Dhanajayagives the firstcall for the battle of freedom; thepeople of Shiv-tarai will .not paytaxes to the King of Uttrakut. Thiswas the first plank in Gandhiji'sstruggle against the British Govern-ment in India. "W~ cannot give youwhat is not yours," he told KingRanajit, " ..our excess food is yours;the food of our hunger is not .. Whatyou seize by violence can never beyours for ever, Clutch at it and it isgone." He, however, is not happy thatthe people of Shiv-tarai look uponhim as god. "They think," he says toKing Ranajit, "that I am greater tha nthe gods ... So they shut their eyes andhang on to me....Yes, they stop shortat me, so they never reach their trueGod. He could have guided them fromwithin, but 1 from the outside haveblocked his way . If I could run awayfrom it all! They spend all their wor­ship on me: inwardly they are bank­rupt ... ·, But he cannot leave thepeople yet lest they should behaveviolently and thereby injure them­selves and the righteousness and thesacredness of their cause,' His fearsare exactly the same as those ofGandhiji's during the thick of .ourfight for' freedom. It takes time tounderstand the efficacy of the weaponof Non-violence and Satyagraha.

King Ranajit threatens to lock upthe Vairagi behind the bars if he willnot stand aside. But the prison is noterror for him.

"Nor stony tower, nor walls of

beaten brass,Nor airless dungeon, nor strong

links of iron,Can be retentive to the strength

of spirit; ... "

wrote Shakespeare. T4e Vairagi isfirm like a rock and the' battle for therights of the people gathers increasingmomentum every day that passes. Thegreater the oppression by the all tho­rities the greater is the stiffness ofresistance and the zest for it. As ithappens at such moments leaders arecriticized, misunderstood and evencalumnized. What is still worse,motives are attributed to them. EvenPrince Abhijit is not spared: ,he ismaligned by a few silly women whoare simply incapable of appreciatingthat men live for ideas and ideals andnot always for power and wealth, theusual loaves and fishes of office, Butthe Prince knows better : "Whatwould he want with the throne whenhe has won the whole nation's heart!'Did we not, too, during the early daysof the Non-eo-operation movementcall Ga ndhiji the 'Uncr owned King cfIndia' ? ..

As days roll by all misgiv-ings and misunderstandings vanishand the silliest of the silly and themost incredulous of the incredulouscome out to praise and .trust theirselfless leaders. They 'are' simplycarried away by the swelling tide oftheir enthusiasm and are vying withone another to sacrifice themselvesfor the nat ion : their bodies, hearts,souls and possessions ... a1l are dedicatedto the service of the country. Theircause is the cause of Truth, justice,

( 81 )

Right and Freedom, In one word, it isthe cause of their personal andnation's honour. And when honouris at stake nothing else matters.

This is the stage when the wholenation of Shiv-tarai is, as it were,electrified: the spark has travelledfrom the hearts of the leaders tothe hearts of the people and be­come a conflagration, that no powerknown to man can extinguish.

King Ranajit has still one wayopen to him: to plead with or coercePrince Abhijit to give up his resolu­tion. But he fails, as he is bound to.Not only that, even Prince Sanjayathrows his lot with Prince Abhijit :"I have followed him all my life, letme follow him to prison also," sayshe to the King's Minister. "One manalone is not a whole, buta half. Heis only made whole by union withanother. My union with the Yuvarajais like that." The reply of theMinister cleariy shows that thoughhe is in the royal pay he is, like thepeople and Prince Sanjaya, for PrinceAbhijit. Not a few officers of the Gov­ernment sympathized with Gandh iji'sfight for freedom of the country.He too breathes tile same atmosphere.Accordingly he says to Prince Sanjaya.·"v.. where true union exists. there isno need to be outwardly united.The cloud in the sky and the waterin the sea are one; their outwardseparation only perfects their unity.The Yuvaraj is seen in you to-daythough he himself is absent:' EveryIndian in the days of tlle struggle forfreedom was poten tially and effecti­vely a Gandhi and a jawahar. This

was how they felt whenever Gandhijiand other leaders were in prison. "Hiswords are in the very air we breathe;I use them, but I forget whether theyare his or mine-s-it is his work I shalldo while we are separated," saysPrince Sanjaya to the Minister. Thisis the spirit that Gandhiji's persona­lity and example infused into ourhearts who were of your age then.

Bliss was it in that dawn to bealive,

But be young was very heaven!

The Indian nation became overnight,as it were, a nation of fearless heroesbelieving as their forefathers had be­lieved, in the great truths of the Gita:

(a) ~;:f fu~~(f rJ~~rf~ ;:f~ ~~aT qTq-Cf): I

'1 ~;:f ~~lf~~q) ;:r ~i1tSf4fa ~r~Cf: II

( b) 97~altcrlferCf)T~~ ~T tO~ cnG"r:q;:r I

In the fight for India's freedomIndia not o nly :gained political free­dom but her lost soul. Our emanci­pation was not simply political butalso a spiritual regeneration.

The people of Shiv-tarai haveheard the call: they are waiting for thelight. Let the moment come and Gaelt11~ repository of Satyam, will show. ')1 t .

o Master Minstrel. 'neath Thyhand

The strings aretaut and true;The tuned harp waits for Thy

command-s-c--

Hast Thou no more to do ?

( 82 )

If Thou wake not the music pentWithin the sleeping strings,Mute shame shall mar Thine

instrument --Touch it, and 10, it sings.

Thy hand alone the song can free;The strings are taut and true,The tuned harp waits Thy

minstrelsy-Hast Tholl no more to do ?

"When all seems lost, then Histime is at hand," Prince Abhijitchooses to lay down his, life for hispeople. He is seen by the madwomanAmba going all alone on the road indarkness. Where is he going and whyin darkness and that too all alone? Tobreach the dam and to liberate thewater of Muktadhara : the Mother ofhis soul. "The Prince has broken thebonds of Muktadhara," reportedPrince Sanjaya to King Ranajit afterthe death of Prince Abhijit. Andthe King replied, "And in her free-dom he has found his own " In

despair the people of Shiv-tarai tellone another : "We shall never findhim now." No, they are wrong.Dhananjaya says to Ganesh, "Nay,you have found him. He is yours forever now:' He does not exaggerate:he only talks in the language of theparable: in giving yourself shall yefind yourself! All of them haveimbibed the spirit of Prince Abhijitand thus found him in themselves.Henceforth to be true to themselvesthey must be true to the Prince andvice versa. TIle theme of the Mukta­Dhara may be summed up in Tagore'soft-quoted wordsrLife is given us, weearn it by giving it." "We gainwhen the full price for our right tolive is paid." "Only that remainswhich is utterly given away."

The Mukta-Dhara is Gurudev'severlasting testimony to our non­violent struggle for freedom and ourfaith in God, humanity and the in­trinsic values that constitute the warpand woof of our existence.I

-~~-

t Life finds its wealth by the claims of the

world, and its worth by the claims of love.

Stray Birds: XXXIII.

+ + I

I

"The mighty desert is burning for the love

of a blade of grass who shakes her head and

laughs and flies away."

Stray Birds: V.

( 83 )

~~T;:[ ;rr~ oT~~ cpr 5I"f(l~r ~~r;) ~~T

~T I Cf)fqCTT, 'iTccp, Cf)QT~T, ~;:lfmTf~ f~~

~ if ~~~).;:r ~{q;:ft :q~rf \3"~ ~ ~~. ~(i­

~cf ~~CfT f~, ~fcr ~~ enT ~~rfT ep')

~Tf(i tTrnt~~ ~ ~Ta-1 ~ :uq-;ft ~qmlir Cf))

q-~:q ~f ~r I ~;:~).~ ~ffi~~T, ~~r ~TT

~~Tf(1CfiT ~~ ~;ptfCllll"T· ~T~T ~qT~ t?~

fq~q cpT ;r~~ ~T~ ~GT~ ~~~ f~lf ~ I 5f~¥

~~ if \3"" ~ ii"rr~T .,rc-Cf; '~ffi 91crT' ~ fQi~T

'l~q~ ~T~ep~~· etr~ CfiT \ifnmT ~ ~

~;:~).;:r 'AT\if cF ifT.,cr Cf1)-~ cr~~d: ifT~ffT ~T

;r~). 91) ~~ CP\ mfacn ~T~.,)· ~T

5frfC([ it ij"'SftSf f.,~a- ~ ~T~ 1=fTqCfT* ~~~ ~~tTT·

~ q-~t~{?f ~) ;r~i ~ ~ ~T1 ~~~ f~lfT ~ ,

'~r~ if)~~' anr ~f81cc; Gp~T'iCf," ~ J'f

~Cl)f~ ~ •••.••••. lle1 'J;~T ~T n:~ 7T~r

~ "31") ~~r(f 5fr~r ~ ~q- it ~r~'1 ;:p~;;r

~ I ~q~ ~rij"'i ff ~ifT~ Cf:r 5l~ltCfi" cr~ ­

velfICfcn, lf3f~~, ~Jf;~q~~r'len, 'J:~T~~Tm~,

+T~ m~ ~~s ~ ~rf~1 ~ cn~ :q~ ~QT ~ I lr~~ ~q-~)ay:~ ~lff¥r irq~ ~T~~ ~r\Jfr CfiT ~~')

'f~1 ~ q-r~ r:r) +it lr R ~~ ~ ~ ~cf ~TffCf;

ij- ~rfffii qTCfl~ f'i~'fr~ ~~ ~o ~ I lfwfer~ if ~ \iftq;:r if ~~a-Tq ~ef fq[T~ en) ~qrfYfr

f!fTt:1" c:r;~ -~~arT~Cf) ~T" ~~T srfrT~ f~

5f~T~Cf) - ~r~ Cf)Jf~ 5fCt)r~;:r f({~(1T I

W1rrar ~~~T ~ aT ~ft it ~cti ~;:refi~ J;f\f.,r ~TCR1Il~ Cf)~ ~~ ~ r

~~ ~~ ~~ qr~fCf~~ if ~~t o~ ~

ozrRm:cr Cf)f cpTf if~q .,~ 9;ffCf~ ~*r

qf~:qr;:r~~lfr~ ~q- if~)oT~-(~ij- 9;fr~~ Ef)mif ~T~ ;:rn:r etr ~~r ~R ~, ~(fr<.YT if~f~ ~~ ~ ~r~T \ifffiT ~ I) Q:ij- ~~-~~qT~~ if m(1 ep~ (~T~ ~~) ~ ~fffCfl ~

~ if ~en rfru CfIT 5I"~~ ~r ~ f~ij"~T ;rTtr ~

'1~?::;:ft, ;rl:-~ q~¥: JfT;rq- cpT ~(f'1T ~t7

~~~(f Cf1T 5f(ffep ~ I ~ij"~ irTrr::r;r lir~ ~

~q-fa" ~81'!ft it ~~ ~~~ ~~(Wf if:q ~rm ~ I

u:ey; ~l1'-r U:ij"T ~T maT ~ ~ ~ij" ;;:r~1 ~r

~~~7l ~T1f~ ~T\ifT ~f .,~G'fr ~ sr~Tq it ~ie,

er;~, ~., ~;:~;:ff ctiT f'iA"ft qQ fGflf f.,~;[ ~T,

;:;)~ ~r ~ ~j~ ~r~ ~T(lT ~ I ~~Cf~ ~ef ~

~;r; ~~ ;rr(irq~~ cpr ~::qT~ ~Tcrr ~ I ij"~ ~rlT

~q fGfrq~ tJ:cf ~~ ~~ qTa-rcr\~ ~ ~fffi Cfra- ~ I

~~ if If)~<1 Cf)~a-r ~ ref) '~r~ ot>~" ~r(1

~)5T'1T ~T flf5Tr~ ~ I

~r~ Clrr IIr;:r;:r qT'icrcrrarT~ ij-~a ~~... C'\

~TCf,'~ ij"t~fCfCf7 ~~ra-~ ~ ~r ~~ fq~~~

~~ Wfir ~ ~T~ +fTfffCfl tiTtT;:ff Cf;T ~T~ ~;:~~.

~)~ q I~ l1f'iq- ~ ~ra-~ ij"~\if ~~T CliT m~~enT1 ~~~T ~C9" g) tT~ g t m.~r~ ~q~q- q~

"WI '... ".

( 84)

~~-f~C~T, ~~~, ~~r6ef) .,lq.,r ~T 5T ~q-~

\ilTcrrf ~T :q~~11 ~a:lf ~T"{ ~ (If l1f.,~'~ $f~a--... ..;.J

'lT291" ~ ~~ ~1SeT ~m ~ ~~ ij{;-G:;ft ~+rTelJl1 ij- ~~ :Jf~T 5f~f(f EflT 9;fl~ ~~~~ ~)~ opr~~a fCf:lTl ~ q~t ~~T ~ ~·f~~ ~ l1TelT~ ~

;rT~q ~.,T tzcf ~~~faCf) ~~lfT CfiT q~:qA;r et)T

~~ f'l~ ~T fCf)lfT ~ ;rTeCfl ~ fqf+1"l q-T~T it~T~ qTa-T~Tq- ~~ ~t:!: ;:rF~~T ~ ~~ 5T~r~ ~

~itCf) a~lfT cpT ~q~T~~~ fCf)lfT ~ f$'1~ ~

U:~T~ ~~l~'"{~ lfi2T m::w; fCf)lfT 'ifrir ~ I

~~ff ;:rT~ it ~T\jfr ~~lf~ ~·Tf it Cf)~ '161~TCJT \1tfCfiT ~Ta 5TTlf: ~q~lf (q~ ~ cft~) ij" 61Cfi~Tt iii ~ I ~q-~ ~ ~"~if) it fif~~' ~T~TCfi)'if;G~T 51"1 ilfuCfi" ifT'i writ CfiT ~cti sT~~T

~(lT ~ urI fCfi" ~~ sr~R ~-

"q~ ~)~~ ~Cf) fGlt~ 9;lT1t ~ :q~ ~Tif,

~T~, ~lit I

:ST~T ~ ffi~ ~~~ ~T'5f qTef)T ~~ ~f~,

~TlT. ~TlJ, ~ II

q~ ~~~ g~T ~~T ~ 'AT ~m, ~T ~T9;l) I

'A~ ~~ Cf)T ~f~liT tf;~~ ~ ~~ ~f ~ I ~T~

~ ~~lf ~ij"T ~~~ ~ I 'iTe6f: Cf:T ~a- ~T ~~T

q~ ij' f~lfT ~lI"T ~ I

~~T STCf)T~ 'If;~;fT it 5fflT~ ~ >r~lfq(f fq~

c;f;:~'lr ~ 5T~Tq if ~TCJ)~ er,~ ~o~T g--

~rm~ +rTqifT aT ~~ fl1~,

~Tl1T~ ~~ tfi qTCfl f~ I. ....

a-)lf~ 'Citl:feT ~~ ~T'Ar,'" -....J

~T9;ft ~rf~~ Tfr~ q~r~ ~it I

It\T ~T~T f~·~'tJ: ~oT ~; i:t~r ~~ ~~ q')~

"{~ \ifllt I ~11 ~q;:rT ~.~2: @'l~ GT, J;fCfifT 'lf~

~or Cf)~ ~~) ~T~ 9;fqifT ~~iT ~ ~ srT~

~l:;~Tf~ ~~~) I

~ff Sl"Gf)R" sr~~(f '1T2Cf; ~ ~~T ~Gf; iT)~

l1T;rcr Cf)) ~~T~ ~~~ f~c:JT ~ Cf~T ~cftiS:: ctfrCf)fqCfT CliT ~T~TG .ft srTC(f ~)(fT ~ I q~~:

~~T ~cft;~ Ef)T Mouthpiece-character

Cf)~T \ifT'fT ~f~~ f\;f~ ~ llre:lT~ il Cf)far ~ ~~far~T~T Cf;T ~f+fetffq:;; efiT ~ I ~~ ;:rTC-en Ef)T tz~

5fdTef) ~~ +iT ~ f\ifij' 'lT2:et=: etT ~fi:r;PT it ~li

~;:~R etr:ai fCf)lTf ~ ~~~ r -.rr 1jfe1~ ~~~

~~ ~1~ ~ ~~~~ if ij"~rlfet7 ~ I ~ ~

~T1Tr ~Tl1-~lGf~ ~~ ~) ~trf~llT CflT ~~ ~1

~T ~fq~ GT qifT ~T ~4 ~I I ~1 11 ~ffl ~~'"lRfr

'-IT cr~' ~r 5ffff-f;rf~ ~T ~T~ ~Tq~ ~·\iffcrfff

crq et=:r srfm;:rf~ I Uq~;:r ~~ ~flt CJ~T ~ srf~­

f~rfq 7Jlf en) ~f:[ (ij"Ta-T) lfT q:qqeT (~T;r­

GfiT 5[~')~) ~ ~~rlJr a) ~ij" ~ft(fT (~~f~) ~ ~r

~T~~ ~Tq~ ~T fGlifl~ g~T \3"~ f~ifr~ fi~rGf~ et)T m~ fCf+ft~~ (ij"~ ~f:[ CfiT srd')~)-.rr

Cl)T ~~lf ~Tl1 rqT I ~~~ ~ ~~ ;;Te~ it 7l~­

~T ~ ~T~T Cf)) ~rq(!J Cf;r ~q fG:liT ~ ~i~

'irc~ cpT ~TfJf(i qhf~ ~ Cf)T~(!T ~~ ~,\ifT ~

-.rrcr~ ~(tI~lIfa) fq~ft~ fqWqT~ ~ I '1~~T

et)r lfe1~~T it St~~ ~TffT Cf;T ~epT~~T if >r~~

!iTlf: ~et7 ~ifT;:r ~ I ~Ta-T ~rqnJ ~ fq;;roCfiT Cfi~(!J il'fT ~T~ 'ff;G"~ft ~~ ~l~r erT ~Tf:;:;Cf}

~q ~if ~)~ +TR;rr ~ fq;;r~ opT Cfi"r7_~ ~.:fT I

~11T r;!?:lf QCf7 SfCfTCf> ~ ~r:r it lT~T ~~T 61~q)~(fT ~ S1fu"qTR(f f~lfr iflTT ~. I ij-~Tq- it{(1T(1" ep~~' 'ffe;P ~~~lf tJ:er Cf)~ Tff~r ~f~(fT ~

~l~~T~ etT Efto ~ ~Cf; ~(lf;(f ~ +r~r1 ~Gf

~ q:)~ ~fr; ~. I

( 85 )

THE 'CHILD' POETRY OF TAGOREBy Miss Aruna Bhattacharya, M.A.

Rabindra nath Tagore has been al­most universally 'hailed as one of thegreatest exponents of 'child' poetry.Although it is an exaggeration tosuppose that the interest of literarymen in the composite mind of thechild came first with Tagore, it iscertainly a fa.ct that before Tagorewe find no regular and systematictreatment of the subject. Referencesto "the child" we find as early as inthe poetry of Sappho, Homer, the au­thor of the Bhagwad and later on inChaucer, Shakespeare, Walter De laMare and Bridges. But whereas thesepoets are content to dwell merely onthe beauty, playfulness and affectionof the child it is Tagore who firstmakes any serious attempt at grasp­ing its' psychological essentials: i.e.the working of the child mind.

The first question is from wherethe child comes. Is he just 'borri'and no more? Or is he somethingmore besides ?

"Where have I come from, wheredid you pick me up", the baby askedits mother.

She answered, half crying, half­laughing, and clasping the baby to herbreast.s-v''You were hidden in myheart as its desire, my darling.

You were in the dolls of my child­hood's games; and when with clay I

made the image of my god everymorning, I made and unmade youthen.

You were enshrined with ourhousehold deity, in his worship Iworshipped you.

In all my hopes and my loves, inmy life, in the life of my mother youhave lived.

In the lap of the C:eathless Spiritwho rules our home you have beennursed for ages.

When ill girlhood my heart wasopening its petals, you hovered as afragrance about it.

Your tender softness bloomed inmy youthful smiles. like a glow ill

the sky before the sunrise.

Heaven's first darling, twin-bornwith the morning light, you havefloated down. the stream of theworld's life, and at last you havestranded on my heart.

As I gaze all your face, mysteryoverwhelms me : you who belong toall have become mine.

For fear of losing you I hold youtight to my breast. What magic I1a5ensnared the- world's treasure in theseslender arms of mine T'"

* The Crescent Moon: The Beginning

( 86 )

The mother and the child fulfileach other's destiny in the most mira­culous manner. A, soul yet-unbornand a woman-not-yet...a-mother-areboth incomplete. To be a 'mother',to be called 'mother" are as preciousrewards for a woman as to have amother is for anyone of us. Therelationship between the mother andthe child is not biological butspiritual. Do we not love t acall our country. "Bharat Mata'".our Motherland!

TIle ch ild lives in a fairy world­an enchanted world of dream andsong, built up from the lilting tunesof the mothers' voice, the jingling ofher bracelets and the beautiful ex­pression in her long dark eyes brim­ming with love, The sleep that flitson the babys' eyes comes from thefairy village where among shadows ofthe forest dimly lit wi th glow-wormsthere hang two shy buds of enchant­merit", The smile that flickers onhis lips while he sleeps comes fromthe "pale beauty of a crescent moontouching the edge of a vanishingautumn cloud." The sweet softfreshness that blooms on his limbsis the tender and silent mystery oflove, hidden in the heart of themother of all these. The mothersings clasping the baby to her breastwhile the stars glimmer between thejack fruit trees and the crescentmoon smiles through the branchesof the golden Kadam.

"The world of the child," Tagoreseems to say, "is a magic world of

* Ibid: The Source

songs and laughter where ruling inglory as the' queen of the realm is theMother."· Nowhere else in litera­ture do ;"'~ fi nd this deep consciollS-'

. ness of the bond between mother andchild'. Hbw',minutely Tagore recordsthe child's observation .of his mother,as she smiles down on him from theopen windows, as shereturns fromthe river with her brimming potbalanced on her hips, her wet hairhanging down her back; or as shestands on the threshold clapping herhands. while 11e dance; or as she sitsby the windo\v reading her Ramayana,t he shadow of the Champa tree fall­in~ on. 11~f lips and hair. She is hissweetest and dearest companion andthe wealth of her love at once mysti­fies him with a feeling of securityand warmth. She is-as it were-theaxis bn· wh'i'th the whole life revolves.He cannot leave her for a moment­"but when in the evening you wentto the cow-shed with the lighted lampin your hand, I should suddenlydrop on to the earth again and beyour own baby once more and begyou to tell me a story.?" The motheris the source of all his knowledge."Leave off your work, mother: sithere by the window and tell m ewhere the desert of Tepantar ,in thefairy-tale' is; t She is the confidanteof his joy-the solace of his. miser­ies ---the eternal fount of love."Baby has a heap of gold and pearlsyet he came like a beggar on to theearth-e-e-sthis dear little mendicantpretends to be utterly helpless so that

1: Ibid: The Baby's Way** Ibid: The Champa Flowert The Land at the Exile

( 87 )

he may beg for mother's wealth of1 .. ,.ave.

Perhaps Lewis CarolI alone hasrivalled Tagore in his delineation ofthe absurdity of the child's mind andimagination: "Suppose I became achampa flower" just for fun, and grewon a branch high up that tree, andshook in the wind with laughter anddanced upon the newly budded leaves,would you know me, nlother?:~......"If I were a little puppy. notyour baby, mother dear, would yousay 'No' to me if I tried to eat fromyour dish:"] How fantastically thechild mind is revealed in the beauti­ful poem: The Flower School.

"When storm-clouds rumble inthe sky and June showers comedown,

The moist east wind comes march­ing over the heath to blow itsbagpipes among the bamboos,

The crowds of flowers come outof a sudden, from nobody knowswhere. and dance upon the ~rass

in wild glee.Mother. I really think the flowers

go to school underground.They do their lessons with doors

shut, and if they want to comeout to play before it is time,their master makes them standIn a corner.

When the rains come they havetheir holidays.

lit Ibid: The Baby's Way.f'o The Champa Flower+t Ibid: Sympathy

Branches clash together in theforest, and the leaves rustle inthe wild wind, the thunder­clouds clap their giant hands andthe flower children rush out indresses of pink and yellow andwhite.

Do you know. mother, their homeis in the sky, where the starsare.

Haven't you seen how eager theyare to get there ? Don't youknow why they are in such ahurry ?

Of course. I can guess to whomthey raise their arms: they havetheir mother as I have my own."

The essential difference betweenthe imagination of Tagore's .ch ild' andthat of LeWIS Caroll's is that whereas Alice (in Alice in Wonderland andAlice in a Looking-glass) finds her­self lost in the world of fairy- tale.Tagore's 'child' forgets himself in theworld of Nature.

One of the strongest desires of thechild, as seen by Tagore, is the desireto grow up to be like his father. Heexpresses peevish resentment at beingscolded for picking up father's pen orpencil and writing upon his book.After all why should he be scoldedwhen his father spends day after dayspoiling sheets and sheets of paperwith black marks ? "One fine dayeven he will grow up and no oneshall find fault with him any more,

* Ibid: Authorship

( 88 )

HI am small because I am a littlechild. I shall be big when I amas old as my father is. My tea­cher will come and say. 'It islate, bring your slate and yourbooks.' I shall tell him, 'Do younot know I a m as big as father ?And I must not have lessons anyIl1ore.'l't·

And again,

'~I shall dress myself and walk tothe fairwhere the crowd isthick. My uncle will come rusll­i ng up to me and say, "you willget lost, my boy; let me carryyou. 'I shall answer, 'Can'r yousee, uncle, I am as big as father.I mut go to the fair alone."

The desire for recognition is oneof the primary instincts of the child.He imagines he is travelling with hismother and passing through a strangeand dangerous country. Suddenlythere is a fearful yell and figurescome running in the darkness. Thebearers, shaking in terror, hide them­selves in the bush but the little heroshouts, 'Don't be afraid. mother' andvanquishes them single-handed. Themother presses her child to her bosomand says, ~ I don't know what I shoulddo if I don't have my boy to escortme." And the villagers say in amaze­ment :~t.Was it not lucky that the boywas with his mother?'t

When a child is 'recalled' as manyare because of heaven's false economy,it is the poor, llnfortllnate mother

• Ibid: The Little Big Man ;; ibid; The Hero;

who misses the child the most of all.Her grief cannot be described for whocan measure the unfathomable depthsof the sea. Tagore in his inimitablemanner pictures the desolate heart ofthe mother who longs for the child whohas gone to return no more.

"The night was dark when shewent away, and they slept.

Tile night is dark now, and I callfor her. 'Corne back, my darling:the world is asleep; and no onewould know, if you came for amoment while stars are gazingat stars.'

She went away when the treeswere in bud and the spring wasyoung.

Now the flowers are in high bloomand I call, 'Come back, mydarling.

The children gather and scatterflowers in reckless sport. And ifyou come and take one littleblossom no one will miss it.'

Those that used to play are play­ing still, so spendthrift is life.

I listen to their chatter and call,'Come back, my darling, formother's heart is full to thebrim with love, and if you cometo snatch only one little kissfrom her no one will grudgeit.':"

By minute observations Tagorcis able to penetrate into the recesses ofthe child's mind: its visualizing ten­dencY--0>4its sensitiveness to certain

* Ibid: The Recall

( 89 )

kinds of impression. He delineatesfaithfully and accurately the child'sjoys and fears, hopes and desires---itsendless questioning and absorbmgaffection." But above all he finds inthe child an image of the GreatMaker, a spark.of that divine creativespirit that is .God's, The child is apoet of Nature gazing at the beautifulworld, created by Him. Regardless ofthe tempestsc.that rock the earth andstorms which .rend .the sea, the child­ren meet on the' "seashore of endlessworlds and' play",f for the world ofthe child is one .·of happiness and love:of joy that creates life and of lifethat creates jOj-. He is the symbol ofEternal life that laughs in the faceof death. He is ·the perpetual remin­der and proof positive that theCreator delights in his Creation, not­withstanding whatvMan makes ofman. How true: and meaningful arethe words of Gurudev: "Every childcomes with the: .rriessage that God isnot yet discouraged of man."t

No wonder· that Gurudcv gives tothe child his c , benediction and hisgifts.

"Bless the little heart, this whitesoul that has won the kiss ofheaven for our earth.

He loves the light of the sun, heloves the sight of his mother'sface.

He has not learned to despise thedust, and to hanker after gold.

Clasp him to your heart and blesshim.

He has come into this land of anhundred cross-roads.

I know not 110w he chose you fromthe crowd;' 'came' to your door ..and grasped your hand to askhis way ..

He will follow you, laughing andtalking, and not a doubt in hisheart.

Keep his trust, lead h irn straightand bless him.

Lay your hand on his head I andpray that though the wavesunderneath grow threatening.yet the breath from above maycome and fill his sails and wafthim to the haven 'of peace.

Forget him not in your h urry, lethim come to your heart andbless him. t"

For him are meant the songs ofGurudev: "his fond arms oflove around hirri."]

t++

Ibid: The Astronomer, The Sailor,

The Further Bank, and The Merchant.

The Seashore.

Stray Birds: LXXVI I

( 90 )

t++

Ibid: Benediction

Ibid: My Song

-eNE of the few, the immortal names,

That were not born to die."

(Tributes)

The Gre.at Sentinel

DR. RABINDRANATH Tagorewas not only the greatest poet

and artist of modern India butwas also a great sentinel of Indiawhose high moral pnnciples stoodout uncompromisingly on all occa­sions. For fifty years and morehe was a great teacher-the Gurudevas he was lovingly called-of India.He is gone but he has left behindenough of immortal value for Indiaand for the world to give them lightin their hours of trial. We neededhis presence today more than everbefore when the affairs of the worldare in a topsy turvy condition.

(Dr. Rajindra Prasad)

'Most dear to all the Muses'.

In all his writings of great diver­sity and depth, he expressed thequality of the individual spirit that isindestructible. In his best poemsthere are things which move theheart and fill the mind and whichwill live for long. As for each man'swork, 'everything will pass away'said Tolstoy, 'money, great posses..

sions, even kingdoms, all are doomed.But if in our work there remains onegrain of true art, it will live for ever.'

jayanti te sukrtino rasasiddhahkavisvarah

nasti yesam yasah kayejaramaranajambhayam.

(Dr. S. Radhakrishnan,)

A Modern Rishi

He was in line with the rishis, thegreat sages of India, drawing fromthe wisdom of the ancient past andgiving it a practical garb and a mean­ing in the present. Thus he gaveIndia's own message in a new languagein keeping with the Y'u gadhorma. thespirit of the times.

This great and highly sensitiveman was not only a poet of India, butalso a poet of humanity and of free­dom everywhere, and his message isfor all of us. More particularly thatmessage is for his O\\7n people. Evenas he tried to create an atmospherein his schcol at Shantiniketan, so hetried to produce that atmosphere inthe whole of India. I earnestly trustthat that living message will always

( 91 )

be with us, guiding us in our life andour endeavours.

(Shri J awahar Lal Nehru.)

A World Poet.

Tagore stands to us for purebeauty, for the universal, because hewas not involved in politics. Hispoetry, his poetic prose reached deepand far, because he spoke to us of mindand soul, leading the human spirit to­wards God. No narrow God createdby man, but the spirit of the universeitself, creative, broad, and deep,transceneli ng for .nal religions andface.

In a very real sense, he was aworld poet. His words-the toolswhich he used-t-are words of beauty,sensuous but not sensual, compre­hending not only love of God andrelationship between man and Godbut human love. The profound senseof beauty pervades Tagore's work andennobles that and makes it under­standable to every heart. The worldneeds such poets.... His eyes werefixed upon the future of mankind,when goodness and beauty shall flowerout of inspired love. But he lived inthe present and his words are validfor the present.

He spoke out of his own soul,mind and heart, To him beauty iseternal and invincible, the indispens­able source of refreshment for thesoul, the mind, the heart of mankind.This truth is instinct in the greatpoet whose cen tenary we celebrate.

(Mrs. Pearl s. Buck)

Noble and Harmonious thinker

Tagore, the Goethe of India, givesexpression to his own personal ex­perience that this is the truth (lifeaffirmation) in a manner more pro­found, more powerful and morecharming than any man has ever done'before him. This completely nobleand harmonious thinker belongs notonly to his people but to humanity.

(Dr. Albert Schwitzer)

A Spring of Inspiration

... As our thoughts dwell lovinglyon your noble and wise work, we arelifted to a higher level of effort anddevotion. To realize the meaning ofyour message of friendship and co­operation' is to deepen the furrowsfrom which shall spring richer har­vests of inspiration.

(Miss. Helen Keller)

In the Galaxy of Immortals

(vii) The name of Tagore takesits place in the galaxy of immortality:in achievement worthy of comrade­ship of the masters of unforgettableimaginative utterances of Kalidasa.Shakespeare, Goethe .and Hugo, andtheir kindred, but with a vision andpurity of ideal and speech that sethim in deep intimacy with the littleband of supreme prophets of thespiritual ascension and destiny ofhumanity, with Blake and Shelley.

(Dr. Ja111es H. Cousins)

( 92 )

Deshbandhu College, Library

BOOKS ON SHELVES

By TAGORE, RABINDRANATH

1. Flight of Swans

2. Centre of Indian Culture

3. Religion of Man

4. Talks in China

5. Vision of India's History

6. Fruit-gathering

7. Sadhana

8. Gardener

9. Lover's gift and Crossing

10. Stray Bjrds

11. Sacrifice and other Plays

12. Three Plays

13. Re .l Oleanders

14. Wreck

15. Farewell my Friends

16. Home and the World

17. King of the dark Chamber

18. Glimpses of Bengal

19. Sheaves

20. Poems

21. Reminiscences

22. Gora

23. Hungry Stones

24. Collected poems and Plays

25. Gitanjali

26. One hundred poems of Kabir

27. Towards universal Man

28. Personality

29. My boyhood Days

30. More stories from Tagore

31. Drawings and Paintings of Rabindra­nath Tagore, Centenary 1861-1961(Lalit Kala Academy)

32. Syarnali

33. Creative Unity

34. On art and Aesthetics, a selection oflectures, essays and letters edt byPrirhevish Neogi

35. Later poems of Tagore, edt by AmiyaChakravarty

36. A Tagore Reader. edt by Amiya Chakra­varty

37. Wings of death, the last poems ofRabindranath Tagore translatedfrom Bengali by Aurobindo Bose

38. A visit to Japan translated from Bengali

by Shakuntala Rao Sasrri

( 93 )

BY\TAGORE, RABINDRANATH

1. Tagore, Rabindranath, 9. Maitraye Devi

On the edges of Time Tagore by Fireside.

2. Sengupta, S. C. 10. Dewan Ram Prakash Ed.

The Great Sentinel, study of Rabindra- Tagore Centenary Souvenirnath Tagore

11. Kripalani. Krishna3 Thompson, Edward Tagore, a life.

Rabindranath Tagore, poet andDramatist. 12. Narasimhem, R. Ed.

4. Visva Bharti (Pub.)Gurudev Tagore

Twenty five portraits of Tagore 13. Elmhirst, L. K.

5. Maitrye Devi Rabindranath Tagore, Pioneer

The great Wanderer. 14. Lakhot ia R. N.

6. Banerji, Haranmay Tagore as a Humorist

How singest thou my Master. 15. Bhattacharya, Vivek

7. Radhakrishana, S. Tagore, the Citizen of the World

The philosophy of Rabindranath16. Tangrhe, L. H.

Tagore

8. Sahitya Academy (Pub.)Tagore and his view of Art

Rabindranath Tagore, a centenary 17. Mukerjee, Hiren

volume 1861-1961 Himself a true Poem

( 94 )

-We come nearest to the great when we are great In humility.'(Stray Birds: LVII)

A~KNOWLEDGM,ENTS

(A) We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness to the under­mentioned Publishers and Authors for material reproduced from theirpublications:

1. Mahatma and other Poems: Hamayun Kabir (Asia PublishingHouse)

2. Collected Poems and Plays of Tagore (Macrni llan Co, Ltd.)

3. Three Plays Translated by Marjorie Sykes (Oxford Univer­sity Press)

4. The Wings of Death Translated by Aurobindo Bose (JohnMurray)

5. A Tagore Reader Ed. Amiya Chakravarti (Macmillan Co, Ltd.)

6. Tagore by Fireside: Maitraye Devi (Rupa)

7. Poems of Rabindranath Tagore (Viswa-Bharati)

8. Syamali : Tagore (Vis\va-Bharati)

9. The Later Poems of Tagore ; Sisir Kumar Ghose (Asia Publi-shing House)

10. Fireflies: Tagore (Macmillan Co, Ltd.)

11. Towards Universal Man: Selections (Asia Publishing House)

12. The Great Wanderer; Maitraye Devi (Grantham)

13. Creative Unity: Tagore (Macmillan Co, Ltd.)

14. The Philosophy of Tagore : Radha Krishnan (Good Companions)

15. Art and Aesthetics: Tagore (Orient Longrna ns Ltd.)

16. Introduction to Drawings and Paintings of RabindranathTagor~: Pr ithwish Neogy (Lalit Kala Akademy)

17. Tagore: A Life: Krishna Kripalani (Malancha)

18. Rabindranath Tagore : 1861-1961, A Centenary Volume(Sahitya Akademy)

19. Tagore Souvenir Volull1e : Diwan Ram Parkash (TagoreMemorial Pubiications)

( ~j5 )

(B) We are obliged to the following Ladies and Gentleman forreproducing their pictures of Gurudev :

?-'.3,

1.

11.

Shri S.P. Gwandl: Photograph with the caption 'The Sagewho knows love's utter wisdom". 'Mrs. Ananda Coomarswamy : Photograph with the caption:'Sweet is the world, sweet the dust of it.'Shri Narender Sharma, Old Student: Pencil drawing withthe caption: 'Have you not heard his silent steps? He comes,comes, for ever comes.'

4. Shri Krishna Kripalani: Gitanjali: No. XXXV (From BookJacket)

5. Messrs. Photo Service, New Delhi: Photograph with the linesby Dr. R. D. Bharadwaj,

6. Shri Ashit Sanyal, Old Student: Pencil Sketch with thecaption 'At whose touch silence flames into music'.

7. Kumari Nirmal Sud: Reproductions on the Title Cover, BackCover and on Pages 36 and facing page 40.

8. Shri Suraj Sadan: Profile of Gurudev reproduced from TheHindustan Times, New Delhi.Lalit Kala Akademy: Reproductions of Tagore's DrawingsThe Marg, Bombay: Reproduction of Tagore's Doodling onPage 72. .'Shri V. Dutta : Photograph of Tagore's Illuminated Poem onPage

9.10.

(C) We are indebted to the following contributors for theirmost esteemed articles :

1. Miss Aruna Bhattacharya M.A. Ex-Lecturer in English.2. Shri Adarsh Deepak M.Sc. Ex-Lecturer in Physics.3. Shri Ashit Sanyal B.Sc., Old Student.4. Dr. R.D. Bharadwaj M.A , Ph. D., D. Litt,. Lecturer in Hindi.5. Shri R.C. Pillai M.A. Lecturer in Political Science.6. Shri Om Prakash Kohli M.A., Lecturer in Hindi.7. Shri Ram La! Verma M.A., Lecturer in Hindi.8. Shri J.K. Jain M.A., Lecturer in Englisll.

(D) We also owe a word of thanks to Shri Gya n Chand Mahajan,Proprietor of The Mahajan Press, Connaught Place. New Delhi, and hisStaff for printing the Supplement in its present form and get-up.

x x x X'Let this be my last word, that I trust in thy love.'

(Stray B:rds : CCCXXV)

( 96 )

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff Editor

Student Editor

Staff Editor

£dito'Cial BOI1'Cd

Editor-in-ChiefShri Radha Krishna Sud

English Section

Shri Y. P. DhawanSurish Gopal & Rajat Batra

Hindi Section

Mrs. Raj Kumari ParshadPurshcttam Lal Vij

Sanskrit Section

Shri Manohar Lal ChaudhriKumari ]agdish Sood

Punjabi Section

Shri C. L. KumarParbhat Kumar Scad

Sindhi Section

Shri S. M. Jhangiani

Thakur Bhatia

Urdu Section

Shri V. N. Pasricha

Statement about ownership and other particulars as required by

Clause 19-D of the Press and Registration of Books Act:

1. Place of Publication:

2. Periodicity of its publication:

3. Printer's Name:Nationality and address

4. Publisher's Name, Nationalityand address :

5. Editor's Name, Nationalityand address:

6. Name and addresses ofindividuals who own thenewspaper and partnersor shareholders .

Kalkaji, New Delhi -19

Quarterly

Radha Krishna Sud; Indianc/o Deshbandhu College,Kalkaji, New Delhi 19.

Same as (3) above.

Deshbandhu College. Kalkaji.New Delhi-19.

I. Radha Krishna Sud, hereby declare that the particulars given aboveare true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

(Sd) Radha Krishna Sud

Printer and Publisher

Date: 4th February, 1962

In front lies the ocean of peace,

Launch the boat Helmsman.

You will be the comrade ever.

Take. 0 take him in your lap.

In the path of the Infinite

will shine the Dnruva-tara.

Give r of freedom, your forgiveness,

your mercy

will be wealth inexhaustible

in the enternal journey.

May the mortal bonds perish,

May the vast universe take him in its arms,

And may he know in his fearless heart

The Great Unknown ,-

* Poems : No. 130

Homage to Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore

Edited by R. K. Sud.

Printed at the Mahajan Press, Connaught Place, New Delhi.

DESK

DESHBANDHU COLLEGEKALKAJI. N~W DELHI

Vol. X

DESHJanuary-June. 1962

CONTENTS

f Nos. 3 a: 4

Editorial Suresh Gopal & Rajat Batra 3A Flower B. L. Nagalakshmi 4The Punjabi Tapestry Shri R. K. Sud 5Snobbery Incorporated Suresh Gopal 17The College Canteen Rajinder IKhuller 18Knitting Needles Roop Lal 19The Autobiography Of A Rough Notebook Lily Baweja 20Indian Standard Time K. V. S. Ramani 22-He-who-rises-Iate R. M. Kalyanj 24Ashta graha koota Padma Avadhani 25The Rakhi 27Shri Brij Krishna ji Chandiwala-A pen-portrait 28College or The Confessions of a Loafer Rajindcr Khuller 10'A Tale of Goval Tila R. Batra 32Hollywood (India) Un-Ltd Rajat Batra 34.To Invigilators Dr. R. D. Bharadwaj 36Returns of Philosophy Dr. R. D. Bharadwaj 37Blood Groups and Heredity Shri V. N. Pasricha 39My Companion Asoka Raina 42When is that Bright Morrow? Sujata Verma 44·My First Book R. Kanaka 47Armed Forces Beckon You R. S. Bagga 49Blooms and Blossoms Shanta Butani 51Poems Shri J. K. Jain 53:List of Prize ..Winners (1961-62) 55·Annual Report (1961-62)

By Suresk Gopal & Rajat Batra.

HULLO every body. Nice to bewith you all again, and to see

that look of confidence on your faces(real or apparent:) which comes afterbeing in college for six months. \Alethank you for your contributions to'Desh', and hope the same spirit willprevail on an increased basis, both inquality and quantity.

Well, the fi rst half of the term isover, and an air of seriousness seemsto have come over the college. Itseems that everyone has started tostudy in earnest for the end-of-termexarninations.. We wish you all thevery best.

There has been a lot of. activityin the college since we last metthrough these pages, and a very goodthing it is too, that so many of youhave shown such a keen interest inthe various functions arranged by thesocieties and the College Union.

The College Union held a varietyshow in aid of the Prime Minister'sFlood Relief Fund, and we are glad tosay that it was all unqualified success.The items put up were of a highstandard, and everyone, participantsand spectators, were at their way best.

The Philosophy Association too,put lIP a variety show, with lecturesby American and Canadian diplo­mats, who showed us a very infor-

DESH

mative film on the American univer­sity life. There was light music too,provided by some local artists. Theentertainment was very good and weare sure that a good time was had byall. We wish that more functionson the same line were arranged moreoften.

As in all other spheres. the collegeseems to be making its mark in sportstoo, due to our athletes who secured aposition in the Inter-Varsity Sportsmeet. 'Keep it up'.

Debating seems to be on theincrease, and we are proud to say thata student from this college won thebest speaker's prize at the Inter­college debate held in the CollegeHall. Our heartiest congratulationsto him.

Our Principal, Dr A. N. Ban­erji, left us in December, and weare sure that all of us were very sadto see him go. W e wish him goodfortune in all he does during his retir­ed life.

There is a proposal to bring out aspecial Science Supplement of 'Desh'in September next. All students,present and those who will be passingout in April, are invited to contributegenerously.

A special mention must be made of

3

the newly formed English LiterarySociety. We hope that those trulyinterested in the beauties of EnglishLiterature would join this society anddo their utmost to make its effortsa success.

We bid farewell to all those who

will be leaving us this year and wishthem all the very best in whateverthey may do in future. To thosewho will be remaining behind, we askthat they continue to maintain thegood name and' traditions of thecollege. Once again, 'Good luck' toyou all in the coming examinations.

4

B. L. N agalahshmi; B. A. Final.

The chuckling breeze of the early morn,cheers you up from dreamy slumber,Does the bright sun bring so welcome a message,that thou bloom in beauty and fragrance full?

Here thou dance in thick green shade,tossing thy head in cool field-breeze,A show of grace and a haunting pose,A scene so common" yet unseen.

Thou sing a song, heard yet unheard,a song with the bee, of touching melody,To bid good-bye to the setti ng sun,and to greet him' again in the next bright Morn.

Moon-lit night. full of scent"thy flowery bed looks a milky way,a symbol of beauty, devotion, and purity,a messenger of men to the great Almighty.

DESH

(The Punjabi Character as revealed in the early writings of Khushwant Singh)·

By ~'hri R. K. Sud

I

TH E Punjab. the Happy Land ofthe Five Rivers, has never lacked

poets and chroniclers to write aboutits beauties and grandeurs: its lovelyand picturesque hills and its heroiccharacters both in the fields of loveand war. It was, however. left tomodern writers with the progressiveoutlook 'to write on its humbler folk,their simple, unsophisticated andhumdrum but quiet way of living;their excited momer..ts that breakwith a bang the harmcny of relation­ship between the various village

communities; the disasters, naturaland otherwise, and the brave resis­tance put up by them; their child-likefaith in God, Karma and the so manymoral virtues; their addiction todrink, vice and litigation; theirimperviousness to change, be it politi­cal, social or economic; their fear ofthe authorities, the brute and thepowerful bully; their love of festi­vities and celebrations of all sorts;their instinctive reliance upon elders,platitudes inherited by a son fromhis father. rigid hold of rituals; theirfondness for the open air, feats ofstrength, choral singing; their love of

* (I) The Voice of God and other Stories.(2) The Train to Pakistan.

1'* II My decision to become a writer was made by the head and not the heart. Thedecision about what I should write was equally unemotional. I argued within myselfthat in the highly competitive world of writing the only chance of recornlrlon wasto be an expert in one subject--....even an obscure one like the sex of snails. I had avast and unexplored field before me and I chose to make the history and religion ofmy own community my subject of study and proposed to confine even my fiction tothe Sikhs of the Punjab. ,.

The Illustrated Weekly of India, Bombay.November 20, 1960.)

***" I want to write about the villages of the Punjab- They are where I was born andbred. They're marvellous, you should go there, Dom, to the villages, anywhere really,though the ones I know best are in the Punjab; they are the last outposts of clvillzatlonin this country. The peasants are great rough Sikh labourers and artisans, and theytalk in a picturesque, highly coloured kind of speech, and swear very variously andfrighteningly well. They are like peasants were suppcsed to be in the Ireland of Syngeand lady Gregory. II

(Khushwant Singh to Dom Moraes in Gene Au'av)

DESH 5

the land, the animals and the neigh-bours ; in short, of the vastmajority who constitute the breathand strength of the Punjab. Hereand there you meet amongst theseprogressive writers a genuine writer-one who is fully qualified to write.Not only does he know his trade buthe is sincere in his approach, exactin his observation, sympathetic andunderstanding in his outlook andall-comprehending in his grasp. Sucha one is Khushwant Singh. Hisknowledge of the people of thePunjab is first hand. He has anex ceptional skill of portraying charac­ters. His narrative style is markedby 'sardonic wit", playful irony, luci­dity, gripping humour, and occasionalgrimness and" rustic vulgarity. Hehas an artist's sense of natural andphysical beauty and his descriptionsof scenes of villages. river banks andrivers in spate, the idyllic dak bunga­lows where the Government officerscome for a holiday, the bridges thatspan the rivers; the railway trainsand the busy railway platforms..... .all these are as delightful and engag­ing as his descriptions of musculara nd hefty peasants and the villagebelles, at once luscious and bewitch­ing. He has created a few caricaturesand a few immortal characters. Thewonder is that even his caricaturesare so true to the types of persons intheir respective genre in the Punjabbefore the Partition that his contenl-'poraries can easily name their proto­types in flesh and blood. Thesecaricatures are the creation of hissatirical wit and sardonic humour towhich all that was fake, pretentious,swaggering, snobbish, hoax, bullying,

6

foppish, vulgar, mean. bigoted, autho­ritarian, dogmatic, communal orsectarian, licentious or coarse, brutal,unjust and unfair, delinquent etc etcwas easy grist to the mill. He cannotjust tolerate them. On the contraryhe has sympathy for the ignorant,good-meaning peasants who, if left tothemselves, believe in living in ab­solute harmony. Their ignorance tothem is nothing short of bliss. Butthe pity is that they too are willy­nilly drawn into the vortex and theswirling whirl of communal riots andparty propaganda and being humanare not unoften led astray from theircherished path. They have theirblack sheep and villains but these tooobserve a code of loyalty to thevillage and the community. In theevenings when they are free and sitround to talk and listen to oneanother it is at that time that theyreveal themselves in their true charac­ter. That again is the time for themischief-maker to sow the seeds ofdissension and distrust. At the deadof the night, in his sweet dreams, theyouthful peasant chases his sweet­heart and in his nightmares he springsupon his sworn enemy who sharesthe same water channel with him orwho killed his father or reported himto the police. Nevertheless, whendanger stares them in the face, thatis, the village and the community.he disregards all the pettinesses thatdivide him from his neighbours andenemies and rushes to their aid andwillingly sacrifices his life. It is thisside of the Punjabi peasant's charac­ter that Khushwant Singhadmires and extols. An other endear­ing trait of this character is its open

DESH

hospitality, pity and instinctivecharity. To the strangers and friendsalike he is kind and helpful. Hebelieves everyone to be good unlessand until proved to be the contrary.And not unoften he is deceived byhis guests. He prefers to be deceivedand cheated to deceive and cheatothers. He does not betray those whorepose their trust, secrets and faithin him and those whose friendshipand loyalty he has tried he grapplesthem to his soul with hoops of steel.If he dreads authority it is not becausehe is a coward but because he trusts itas the custodian of law and orderwithout which his peaceful andessential avocation cannot go on. Inthe stars, the rains, the storms andfloods he reads his destiny. Hereveres the apostles of hIS church aswell as those of his neighbours be­cause in his eyes all of them directhuman beings to the worship of thesame Father in Heaven and the ob­servation of the same virtues. Hehas his moments of madness tau.When his passions are excited he isworse than a beast and lets himselfgo with a vengeance, It may bedrink, revenge, filthy and abusivelanguage or a woman who has ravish­ed his fancy ..... he forgets himselfand like a mad bull or wild a maniacgoes all out for his objective.Khush want Singh has not eitherblurred this seamy side of his pea­sants' character or exaggerated it.He has simply described it as hefound it. To a puritan or a prigthese patches in his writings maysmack of deliberate vulgarity or por­nography introduced by way of aconcession to the taste of his Western

DESH

readers----a pandering to the tasteof the readers of books like TheBhowani Junction--bllt in my viewwithout them his portrayal of thePunjab character would have beenpartial and one-sided.

IIThe small volume of stories, 1 he

Voice of God and other Stories is rich incharacters. These fall into two broaddiv isions : the peasants and the town­dwellers.

I n the Voice of God we meetGanda Singh, a toady, and im­moral gangster who rules over thevillage with awe and terror becausehe enjoys official patronage. He is apersonal friend of the Deputy Com­missioner whose word is law in thevillage, He is a ready teol in theha nds of the rulers to sway thegeneral elections. The villagers' civicsense is not yet developed and as theycannot distinguish between a genuineworker and time-servers; their choiceof candidates for the LegislativeAssembly is controlled by GandaSingh. His counterpart from thetown is Seth Sukhtankar whose onepassion in life is making money andmore money. Till a few days ago hewas an ardent champion of the Briti­shers and of the' British goods but henow advocates the boycott cf theimported stuff. Why ? Because heis a manufacturer and stands to bene­fit by the boycott of the importedgoods. Nationalism is only a smokescreen for his rapacious appetite formoney. Nobody bothers about whatBaba Ram Singh, otherwise held ingreat esteem, says about the needs ofthe Kisan and his anxiety to serve

7

their cause. The poor dear loses hissecurity in the election for want ofpolling the requisite minimum ofvotes. Such, alas, is the fate of manya . good-meaning public servant whobelongs to no organized party.

Sir Mohan Lal and his wife, LadyMohan Lal, a contrasted couple,occupy our attention in the story,Karma. Sir Mohan La1 belongs tothe middle-class gentry and has beeneducated abroad. He is thoroughlyanglicized in his speech and man­nerisms. As the author remarks heis more in love with his college tiethan his country or even his wife.His wife he tolerates as having beentagged 011 to him by a dirty trick ofhis Fare, that is, Karma. This sketch,though based in parts on some well-known originals in the Pre-partitionPunjab, is at best a caricature whichdelights the readers immensely. Wehave a saying: 'The crow danced tothe steps of the peacock and forgotits own.' Sir Mohan Lal is as hide­ous as a crow and struts like apeacock. His attempts at playingthe burra sahib are ridiculous. 1'ewould have amused Moliere. Hiswife, Lachhrni, is every inch of her­self a typical Lalayain. She is asgross in her corpulency: an amusingmass of human protoplasm, 'She hasnever bothered to know if she hadany rights other than conjugal andwas blissfully satisfied with her betel­leaf-and-chapati existence.' I wonderif she understood what it meant to beLady Mohan Lal. In common par­lance in our country every marriedwoman of a well-to-do family is alady. Notwithstanding his title and

anglicisms Sir Mohan Lal was treatedlike a nigger by the British soldierswho threw him out of a first classcompartment of a running train bagand baggage. Look at the mockery offate: he was spat at by Lady MohanLal who sat in an inter class com part­.nent in the rear of the train.

In the Mark of Vishnu the interestcentres round Ganga Ram, the super-sr itious man, who worships thedeadly cobra and feeds him on milkevery night. He does not care twohoots about the sceptical remarks ofthe urchins of the house in which heserves but carries on with his worshipin full faith. In the end he is stungto death by his God-cobra. He musthave died fully satisfied in a state ofbliss. Such is the strength of faithof Ganga Ram.

In the character of Ramesh Chan­dra alias Charles in The BuiterilyKhushwant Singh lets himself goand brings all the shafts in hisarmoury to hit his target with. Hissarcastic wit, his pungent satire, andridicule are combined with his play­ful humour and the result is Charlee- _. a product of College education,who by turns is an Indian Christian,a lady- killer, a terrorist and a com­m u nist worker and whose desire isto be noticed as the leader of thepoor and the down-trodden, the tongadrivers of Lahore. The suprememoment in his lite came when heheld the party flag in his hand andshouted to the routed tongawallas :'Comrades. Comrades, to the barri­cades r .... 'Barricades of hearts andsouls.' 'No,' says his creator. The

DESH

real moment of triumph for Charleswas when in the hospital he saw apretty nurse and said to her: "Thename is Ramesh Chander. Charlesfor short. Pleased to meet you.' Atheart he was a fop: a butrerful lyshowing off its wings.

In The Portrait of a Lady we seethe typical grand old lady of a well­to-do village landlord's family deserv­ing respect. She is sweet, affec­tionate, simple-minded, strong infaith, ful 1 of piety and prayers,charitable and amiable of disposition,In her old age she had resigned her­self completely to the will of theLord and spent her time in lookingafter the young children and feedingthe sparrows that frequented thehouse, Her spare time she devotedto her praye rs: a saintly figure whowas missed by her sparrows when shedied. How touching is the scene ofher death and how simply it is told."In the evening', writes KhushwantSingh, 'we went to her roomwith a crude stretcher to take her tobe cremated. The sun was settingand had lit her room aud verandahwith a blaze of golden light. Westopped half-way in the courtyard.All over the verandah and in herroom right up to where she lay deadand stiff wrapped in the red shroud,thousands of sparrows sat scatteredon the floor. There was no chirpi ng.We felt sorry for the birds and mymother fetched some bread for them,She broke it into crumbs, the way mygrandmother used to, and threw it tothem. The sparrows took no noticeof the bread. When we carried. mygrandmoth er's corpse off, they flew

DESH

away quietly. Next morning t hcsweeper swept tile bread crumbs intothe dust bin.' It is anybodys guessthat the portrait is drawn from lifeand with full reverence and admi­ration. It is really more in the natureof a tribute and a memorial to all

honoured name and a sweet memory.

In Death comes to Daulat Ra111 agourmet cum gourmand makes hisappearance. It is Daulat Ram, a manof means who cannot help over-eatingand drinking even though the familyphysician has warned him to bemoderate. He had trouble with hisgall-bladder. Uncannily enough hedied true to the family superst irionamongst the members of his familyall of whom had arrived earlier. Hisson, Ranga, who had been sum mo nedfrom the Coffee House in haste hadseen the premonition of his grand­father outside on the drive to the pal­atial house. Such premonitions andsuperstitions are too well-known tothe Pu njabi men and women.

III The Insurance Age~,t, Mr.Swami, the omnipresent and omnisci­ent insurance agent, is a masterpieceof Khushwant Singh's humour.As you make his acquaintance-r-andyou ca nnot evade his eye even in theprinted page-you instantaneouslyfall under his spell and when youcome to the end of his exploits,though they are not as many as youwill like them to be, you burst w ithlaughter and remark: 'What a re­markable mari !' His motto shouldbe inscribed in bold letters on theouter gates of all Insurance Companyoffices: 'God is great and provides

9

for his creatures but it is also man'sduty to provide against the future.God gave him brains to do that.'

In A Puniabi Fastorale both theseamy and the bright sides of thepeasant families are highlighted.Moola Singh, a large hulking man ofsixty years of age, who in his sobermoments commands the voice of thevillagers, is dead drunk and feels notonly repentant but ashamed of him­self when greeted by his guestsfrom th e town. 'You come to myhouse,' he says to Mr. Hansen, theChristian Missionary, and I amstupidly drunk. If you forgive methis time and promise to come again,I will not touch drink any more.We can easily guess that even thoughthe Punjabi villager may get drunkat times he does not like to behavelike a fool in the presence of hisguests and thereby ruin his fairname. He must do nothing that maybring a slur on his name. His daugh­ter, slim, pretty and young is theredeeming feature in his house. 'Sheis like a flower in the desert, anddesert flowers always smell sweeter.They have to make up for the desert.I could write a poem about her .. _. 'I

This is what Khushwant Singhfeels about her. The Punjabi womenare always working and working veryhard without a grudge or a murmurand irrespective of the fooleries oftheir men.

The Rape makes grim reading.Dalip Singh shows what a Punjabipeasant youth, whose passions areexcited-t-in this case by lust-can do.To say the least 11e behaves worse

10

than a beast, though he may repentafterwards. For the moment all hisenergies are diverted to sensual enjoy­ment. Youthand the moon conspireand they play havoc with two younghearts almost sim altaneously : thehearts of Dalip Singh and the neigh­bour's daughter, Binda. In the landof Sohni-Mahiwal and Heer-Ra njhathere is no dearth of love-lorn andlove-stricken men and women butwhereas with the city-d wellers loveand love-making is a pastime anddilly- dallying, with the country folkit is something very serious. DalipSingh's defence in the court of lawwas that Binda had come to him ofher own free will. When she wasquestioned in the course of the crossexamination Binda had the courageto confess that she had. How manyof the women in the cities woulddare to be as truthful in a matter ofthe heart as Binda? The Punjabipeasant abhors telling a lie and forthe same reason does not tolerate one.

H ow true the above statement isbecomes clear in The Man with aClear Conscience in which a Sikhtaxi driver in Calcutta beats a Bengalithief to pulp. Had the Bengali con­fessed his guilt most probably theSikh driver would have let him offwith a shower of abuse. But as heinsisted upon telling one lie to coveranother he was beaten.

Little Man .. }'OU had a busy Dartakes us to the Civil Secretariatwhere Sundar Singh, a Punjabi youth,working as a stenographer along witha Madrasi and a Bengali, engages curattention. He is a jolly good fellow,

DESH

gets easily excited and grumbles a lot,laughs at his little jokes, roars andgesticulates, mimics his superiorofficers, feels that the Civil Secre­tariat is ru n by the stenographers, isenergetic, believes in no work butloves taking tea and sports. Playinga volley-ball match is more importantto him than the work in the office,international politics or domesticfeuds, In the excitement of the gamehe even forgets the rebukes he hadbeen administered earlier in the dayfor being late.

Niranjan Singh of Hoshiarpur, theall-in-all wrestler Nanjo of Torontofame, is the last star in the galaxy ofcharacters in The Voice of God andother Stories, We make his acquain­tance in Sikh meets Sikh. His loveof the la nd in the far dis tan t Pu njabis as great as that of the Chinesepeasant in Pearl Buck's novel: TheGood Earth. For making a living-­'all for the belly', as he himself said­-he had migrated to Canada. Thatshows the adventurous spirit of thePunjabi Sikh who shares the honour,with the Parsies and the Sindhis, ofestablishing business centres andfarms in foreign countries. NiranjanSingh knows that he has to compro­mise with his adversaries in thewrestling ring and connive at theunfair awards of the referees and then1anagers--'all for the belly." Whenhe is asked by a compatriot he says:'All for the belly. But when I havemade enough I will show you whatI can do, I'll floor the incestuous ..the whole bloody lot of them. ThenI will go to Hoshiarpur and till theland. I want to show n1Y village to

[)ESH

my wife.. . . 'Little did he worryhimself to know that the' 'buxomblonde with a grin that bared severa1gold teeth' and vigorously chewedgum might travel with him to hisvillage on a pleasure trip but was sureto return by the first available plane.'She was a part of the game that hewas called upon to play every dayof his life in Canada--all for thebelly. How innocent and ignorantof the ways of the western world thisPu njabi peasant is !

If you want to see how humorousand cosmopolitan a Punjabi, like ShriKhushwant Singh, can be you haveonly to read the story called Posthu­mous. It speaks for his large-hearted­ness which prompted him to dedicatethis book of stories not to his Hiriduand Sikh friends, the Judge or theProfessor, but to Asghari and ManzurQadir and the beloved city of Lahore,The Sikhs and Hindus were simplyhounded out of Lahore. I said inthe beginning that a Punjabi, be hea Sikh, a Hindu or a Muslim, willnot desert or betray his friends. Itis, indeed, a pity that these 'friends"in the story did not constitute theGovernment of the undivided Punjab,Had it been so, Khushwant Singhwould have been spared the agonyand the pain of writing his novel,The T1~ain to Pakistan. (1956)

III

The Train to Pakistan, a highlydramatic novel, provides an insightinto the close ties of loyalty whichbind indiv idual villagers to thevillage corn mu nity and vice versa .

II

ties wh ich transcend all other COl1­

siderarions.

The individual loyalty is seen atits best in. Iuggat Singh, the notoriousdacoit : like father. like son. He hasmany defects; he has his virtue also.He has a code of honour and heabides by it. He is loyal to thosewith whom he lives, who help himand who love him. As long as helives in his village Malli and hisgang of dacoits dare not look in thatdirection. Of late he has severed hisconnections with his comrades ofolder days and warned them that thepresent times of disturbed communalstrife in the wake of the Partitionwere not suited to dacoity. Hisreason was that they were likely toarouse inter-communal suspicion anddestroy harmony of ·relationship inthe village. He is sensitive and doesnot tolerate anyone who speaks eitherabout his love affair with Nooro, thedaughter of the Muslim Mullah, orpasses strictures against his dari ngand courage. W11en his passions arearoused he behaves in an infuriatedmanner .....Dalip Singh in The Rapeseems to be an understudy for him .... and when he comes to avenginghimself on his enemy, Malli, he ismore ferocious than a fighting bull.He is a terror to the police and darescut the most vulgar jokes with themif they chance to touch him on thesore POi11t of his affection for Nooro,that being something very sacred tohim. It makes hirn very loyal to herand possibly, on that account, to herkith and kin, the Muslims of ManoMajra, his village. When he isreleased from the jail his first

12

thought is of her. He is sure shemust have gone to his mother andasked for protection (and he wasrigllt)(and if she was turned away 011

false religious grounds he would notspare his mother. On arriving at thevillage he learnt of the sinister designof t he desperadoes and Malli andCoru pa ny to kill the Muslim refugees,amongst whom was his belovedNooro, when they left Mana Majraby train for Pakistan. He lost notime and showed 110 hesitation incoming to the right decision ..... adecision that would not only redeemhis name but would bring credit toMano Majra and glory to mankind ..to save the poor victims of slaughter.He gave his life and saved the lifethat was dearest to him and inciden­tally the lives of all the Muslimresidents of. the village who were sovery dear to Nooro. Did 110t she carrywithin her womb his child? A greatcharacter, indeed! It is conceivedon a colossal scale and superblyexecuted.

Before going to the railway bridgeIuggat Si ngh came to the Gurdwara toseek the Almighty Guru's benediction:to have the Scripture read out to himby Bhai Meet Singh.

"He who made the night and dayThe days of the week and the

seasons,He who made the breezes blow,

the waters run,The fire and the lower regions,Made the earth ..the temple of law.

He who made creatures of diverskinds

DESH

With a multitude of names,Made this law ..By thought and deed be judged

forsooth,For God is True and dispenseth

Truth.There the elect his court adorn,And God Himself their actions

honours;There are sorted deeds that were

done and bore fruitFrom those that to action could

l1ever ripen.This, 0 Nanak, shall hereafter

happen."(Verse 34, Jupji)

The law -By thought and deed bejudged forsooth--r-jugat Singh obeyed.He had in him the making of a hero;he had only to follow the law andthe right road. He must dedicate hislife and might to a noble purpose andnothing could be nobler than to laydown his life for the sake of hisfriends. This is the practical faithof a Punjabi -of a Sikh; so simpleand yet so endearing· and elevating.Love physical becomes love trans­cendental.

The character of juggat Singh IS

contrasted with two different charac­ters: those of Iqbal, the Westerneducated Communist and the DeputyCommissioner, Hukum Chand. TheDeputy Commissioner sought relieffrom official responsibili ties in thecompany of a Muslim dancing girl butsacrificed her when he could haveeasily saved her. He had his ownreasons. If the people had come toknow of his association with her itwould have been a blot 011 his 'fair'

DESH

name. Iqbal too was faced with theproblem : should he address his'message' to the villagers of ManaMajrar No, he must think of himself.'In a state of chaos self-preservationis the supreme duty . .. The point ofsacrifice .... is the purpose. For pur­pose, it is not enough that a thing isintrinsically good; it must be knownto be good The doer must do onlywhen the receiver is ready to receive.Otherwise, the good is wasted ..... Itis both cowardly and foolhardy tokowtow to social standards when onebelieves neither in the society nor inits standards. Their courage is yourcowardice, their cowardice is your cou­rage.It is all a matter of nomenclature.One could say it needs courage to bea coward. A conundrum, but a quo­table one. Make a note of it .." Thusthought Iqbal and continued to drinkthe whisky that he carried with himtill he felt asleep and let the situationin the village take care of itself.Iqbal is an elaboration of RameshChander, Charles, in The Butterfly.Kukam Chand is a hybrid product:a cross between Daulat RC1m. in Deathcomes to Daulat Ram and Sir MohanLal in Karma with a lot of flunkeysand upstarts thrown in as catalyticagents for WhOlTI Khushwant Singhhas acquired a special allergy.

The character of Bhai Meet Singh--the Sikh priest at the Gurdwara---has been drawn with great consi-deration an ! thought. He is a lovablefigure representing as he does theBhais of the pre-Partition Era, whomade no distinction between religionand religion. This race is fast dyingout. He greets every visitor who

13

seeks shelter at the dhararnshala withthe customary greeting: 'Sat Sri Akal'and offers ready hospitali ty by way offood, tea and a charpoy. He adheresto the rites and the rituals laid downby the Gurus. For example, whenyou go in near the Holy GranthSahib you must t .ke oft' your shoesand c over your head. He has a longbeard ---that lends him grace anddivinity -and he combs it with hishands too often while talking. Obvi­ously, it helps him to concentrate histhoughts and put them in conciseterms. He sincerely belie..ves that'everyone is welcome to his religion' :he to Sikhism and brother ImamBaksh to Islam. He attaches greatimportance to morali ty and detests theWest because of its lack of moralvalues in daily life. Much of thecommunistic talk of Iqbal is claptrapto him and much that goes by thename of important happenings oratrocities and the like stuff a matterof no significance. 'Corruption' and'exploitation' are beyond his grasp.What he understood was the Punjabicode: "Truth, honour, financial inte­gri ty were all right, but these wereplaced lower down the scale of valuesthan being true to one's salt, to one'sfriends and fellow villagers .. ' Accord­ingly, he condemned ]uggat Singh'smisreported murder of Hukam Chandon the ground that he had murdereda fellow villager and not because hehad committed a murder. JuggatSingh must have risen in his esteemby his heroic efforts to save his fellowbrethren and his sacrifice. Judge aman by his deeds but confine them tohis narrow confines of the villagecommunity. He has a number of

14

platitudes in his repertoire and thesecome handy to him in discussions,especially when arguments fail. Asfor example, his saying to Iqbal aboutjuggat Singh 'jugga had been goingstraight for some time. He ploughedhis land and looked after his cattle.He never left the village, and report­ed himself to the Lambardar everyday. But how long can a snake keepstraight.' Likewise the Holy Text andthe sayings of the Gurus are cited byhim to decide weighty matters. Asfor example,' during the discussionabout the future of the Muslims inMano Majra he came out with GuruGovind Singh's injunction: 'No Sikhwas to touch the person of a Muslimwoman.' He is essentially a man ofpeace. 'I am an old Bhai:' he wouldsay, ·1 could not lift my hands againstanyone- - fight in battle or kill thekiller ' When he could not holdground against the fiery youth whohad come to work up the villagers tokill and loot the Muslims, he said,'The train will have Mana MajraMuslims on it. 'What then? It wasBhai Meet Singh's duty to lead theprayer for the success of the deadlymission against which he had beenprotesting in vain. This was theprayer he read :

In the name of NanakBy the hope that faith doth instil,By the grace of Gcd,We bear the world nothing but

good will,TIle Sikh will ruleTheir enemies will be scatteredOnly they that seek refuge will be

saved;

DESH

He expressed his deep concern anduneasi ness to Iqbal w hen he returnedto the dharamshala after his releasefrom the jail. When asked by Iqbalwhy he could not ask the villagers tobe reasonable and sensible, he replied,'Who listens to an old Bhai? Theseare bad times, Iqbal Singhji, very badtimes. There is no faith or religion.All one can do is to crouch in a safecorner till the storm blows overHe heaved a sigh and wiped a tearwith the scarf on his shoulder andwent on to say:' I have done all IcOlIId. My duty is to tell people whatis right and what is not. If they insiston doi ng evil, I ask God to forgivethem. I can only pray.' the rest is forthe police and the magistrates. 'Late in the night juggat Singh cameto him and asked for the Scripture tobe read ou t to him by way ofbenediction. Bhai Meet Singh hadlaid the Holy Granth to rest for thenight and must not break the rule.He, however, agreed to read a piecefrom the morning prayer for he mustbe true to his vocation of praying foreveryone. When at the end of theprayer Juggat Singh asked,' Is thatgood?' Bhai Meet Singh replied,' Allthe Guru's word is good." What doesit mean?' asked juggat Singh. BhaiMeet Singh said,' What have youto do with meaning? It is just theGuru's word. If you are going todo something good, the Guru \\7 illhelp you; if you are going to dosomething bad, the Guru will standin your way. if you persist in doingit, He will punish you till you repent,and then forgive you." 'Sat Sri A kal,'said juggat Singh. the dacoit turnedhero, and he was gone to rna ke the

DESH

supreme sacrifice. Such is the talis­man in the Holy word and Bhai MeetSingh administered it to the village, sof Mario Majra.' We read today thegospel hut Meet Singhs are no longeramongst us. How sad; how unfortunate!The pages of Khushwa nt Singh'snovel will bear testimony, if thecoming generations should need it,that men like Bhai Meet Singh didexist in flesh and bleed for if they didnot Shri Khush want Singh could nothave portrayed one from imagination.

A word must be said about Nooro,the Muslim girl. She is a wild cat andis as daring and defiant as the manshe woos and flirts with. On a nightwhen none except her paramour'Iuggat Singh dare stir out of the vill­age she kept her tryst with him. Shepretends to be coy but is a thoroughflirt deeply immersed i 11 all tricksthat endear women of ill reputeto men. Once she had made herchoice of a mate she dared defythe entire village and the slanderoustalk and carried on her love affair.But her happiness was doomed to beshort-lived. Before she could inducejuggat Singh to wed her -- she hadonly to turn a Sikh - the Partitiontook place and she had to go toPakistan with her father. But she didnot want to go. When she was askedby her father to get up things for thenext day's march to the RefugeeCamp in transit to Pakistan shereplied: Go away? Where 7" -r don'tknow ..... Pakistan.', replied ImamBaksh. She sat IIp with a jerk. 'Iwill not go to Pakistan,' she saiddefiantly. When she was told that ifshe did not go she would be thrown

15

out, she said,' Who will throw us out.This is our village. Are the policeand the government dead?' She knewthat in this desperate hour her onlyhope was juggat Singh. Thinkingthat he might have been released fromthe jail along with Malli and Companyshe went to ]uggat Singh's mother.Little did the old woman realize thatthe heart had its own reasons. Hadshe not brought so much disgrace toher son? No no. no; She had tamedhim and brought him happiness. Shecarried his child withi D her womb.Did her father know it? No, if hedid he would marry her off to someone or else murder her. juggat Singhwas sure to get her as soon as he wasout of the prison. But Fate delayedit and poor Nooro had to go toPakistan. Before leaving the villagefor good she came to juggat Singh'shouse to say' Sat Sri Akal' to himand if she failed to find him there shewould ask his mother to say it to himwhen he came home. If Heer hadfollowed har Ranjha, Sassi her Punnuand Sahiban her Mirza. fain wouldhave Nooro followed her juggat Singhtill the end of her days. But cruelFate had willed it otherwise.

The path of love, they say, is sel­dom smooth: it is tragic. Here in thepeges of Train to Pakistan is recordedone of the many tragedies of love thatoccurred during the days of theholocast in the history of the Punjab,nnw called the Partition. True were

the feelings and the sentiments whichwere sought to be conveyed in thefilm, Lahore:

'Baharain phir bhi aiyaingi magarham tum judaa honge.

juggat Singh could not retainhis Nooro with him but he senthis heart to beat with her heart.The two hearts were to beat with thethird heart - And did..... .and .. ? Who knows! Thecreator of Nooro and juggat Singhdropped his pen with the words:' Theengine was almost on him (juggatSingh.) There was a volley of shots.The man shivered and collapsed. Therope snapped in the centre as he fell.The train went over him, and wenton to Pakistan.'

juggat Singh and Nooro and BhaiMeet Singh shall always live and weare thankful to Khushwant Singhfor it. I do not know if he knew ajuggat Singh or a Nooro in life; but Ianl sure it is as difficult to reconstructBhai Meet Singh from imagination asto create the Grandmother (in ThePortrait of a Lady )or, for the matterof that, Khushwant Singh (inPosthumous.) These characters andtheir creator are true specimens of thePunjabi character, the romantic andthe heroic; the great and the noble. Itis true, as ever before, that truth isstranger t ha n fictio n. ~

In

* A brief version of this article was published in the Annual Number of The Punjab;Cultural Association, Poona, in October. 1958.

DESH

Snobbery IncorporatedBy Suresb Gopal B. Se. lInd Year

SN O BS to the right of you, snobsto the left-of you, snobs in front

of you, snobs everywhere. A worldof snobs.

A race by themselYes. A creed bythemselves. Beings, who are some­thing more than mere human beings.(so they think)

According to the Chamber'sTwentieth Century Dictionary a 8110b

is described as :-

Snob: n, A vulgar person, esp. onewho apes gentility, a tuft hunter;a shoemaker; a workman, whoworks for lower wages than hisfellows, a rat, one who will notjoin a strike.

How complimentary really to becalled a rat! Yes, I suppose it istrue. Everyone cannot be a rat oract at being 011e. It is the snob'sspecial attribute. He has slowly andpainfully over the long years learnedthe art of being a rat, in order thathe can affix the distinguished titleof a snob to his name. How verypraiseworthy is his effort.

You can recognise a member ofthis race a mile away. He literallystin ks of his snobbery. His way ofwalking, sitting or talking,-all exhibithis special quality or superiority.From every pose of his body andmind, snobbery oozes out. And, myword, what an ooze.

DESH

Snobs, consider it most unsnobbishto be friendly to a member belongingto the other race, that is, the undis­tinguished common race of humanswho are not rats like themselves. Itis below their dignity (!) to showany friendliness to a non-memberof their exclusive club. It is notdone according to their code ofconduct.

See a snob in action. You wouldreally be impressed with his exclusiveways of behaviour. That disgustedlook, or that supercilious tone, allsuggest a being from outer space oreven beyond outer space-s-space stillu ndiscov ered.

I wonder at times why they don'tprefer to call themselves slops insteadof snobs. For one. there would beone more word in the dictionary, andfor another it would be more in keep­ing with their ethics.

The best part of this drama is thatyoung people consider it a very greatthing to be called snobs. They apethe behaviour of these slops, and ifanyone calls them a snob they are inthe seventh heaven. It is their salva­tion. They have made their mark inthis world, and possibly in the nexttoo (i f there is one l)

All said and done, the more yousee of snobs tile more you would beapt to exclaim like Alice did, 'Curie­ser and Curiouser l'

17

The College fjanteen.*Rajinder Khuller, Prep Arts.

TH E canteen, is the breeding groundof 75% of the flies of Kalka ji.

Once within 100 yards of our canteen,a peculiar buzzing sound is heard.Itgrows louder as one approaches andrises to a crescendo at the canteendoor. Upon arrival at the door it isdiscovered that the buzzing is notthat of machinery, but is the buzzingof---FLIES. At least they contri­bute 80% of the noise,

To enter, one opens a wire-gauzeanti-fly door and then finds a formid­able barrier confronting him-FLIES.Having clawed blindly for approxi­mately 5 yds through a thick curtain ofthese insects. you find yourself insidethe ca nteen, and, after digging fliesfrom your ears, nose and clothes, youpeer through a smoke-screen to see ifyou know anybody. Having foundsome one you know, you settle downto add to the empty tea-cups andthicken the cloud of smoke. Oneha nd has to be kept free to swat flieswith an exercise book.

In winter you can only find a fewscattered flies, buzzing around. tryingto find something worth eating (adifficult task in our canteen). Butin summer you find them at theirbest.

The Food! Food. did 1 say? Sorryfor the mistake, I meant well,

it's just indescribable. During therecess, ravenous hordes descend uponthe canteen, who dish out stuff thata blind man with his eyes shut wouldcarry to the nearest garbage-can,holding his house.

But the "hordes' are obviouslyeither too hungry to notice or areblind men with blindfolds and darksun-glasses over closed eyes, as theyfinish it as fast as it comes, Takingan example, a bun-and-samosa combi­nation. This is served to you aftermany minutes, curses and threats tothe bearer. along with a watery fluid.red in colour, which resem bles nc­thing that resembles anything. andgoes under the magic word "sauce'(for which one is charged on extra5 n. P.)

After much distribution upon thefloor around one of cigarettes buttsand empty tea-cups, the sound of thecollege bell is heard above the clam­our, flies buzzing, shouts of "Ku ndan,chai lao!" and "cigarette lao!" and soon. Bills are paid (some are not), andthe "Ordeal by Flies" at the door isonce more undertaken.

Fresh air! Ah ! to be free (of flies,at least), oh joy! but wait, happi nessdisappears as fast, if not faster, thanit came, we still have the class toattend, (Groan I),

lR

* More of fiction and less of fact (Ed.)

DESH

Knitting NeedlesBy Roop Lal, Maths (Hons) Final

K NITTING1 irrespective of itsquality, seems to be an essential

ingredient of the womanly virtues ofa modern lady. No lady, having anyself-respect what so ever, can affordto part with her knitting needles. Itis her incumbent duty, her life-longmission to which she is whole-hearted­ly devoted, day and night. Whethershe is sitting beside her hearth orwalking in a fashionable shoppingcentre her fingers go on playing nim­bly. and I am sure, she is much aheadthe clock in the achievement of hertarget during the third five yearplan.

It IS difficult to conjecturewhether these sacred needles owetheir origin to some philosophy ofour living saint, Vinoba, Bhave orsome other divine inspiration, but itis indeed hard to reconcile with theview that the carze for knittingevery where had its birth in mereostentation and self-justification forbeing useful citizens of free India;perhaps it is the growing awareness ofthe precious time among the fair-sexbut ladies are reputed to devote noless than half-a day for decking theirpersons, Anyway it has definitelyposed a number of major problemsbefore our country. It is easy toforesee some casualties in future insome of our fashionable shoppingcentres or in some theatres andCinema house or even in Colleges

DESH

where the 'Eve in fury' would pin heradversalry down with the sharp-edgedneedles. As a result, the Govern­ment may deem it fit to ban theproduction of the knitting-needles inthe country and the unemployedlabour may bring about some bloody­revolution. What a disaster? Butwhat worries me most is the girlstudents (myself being a student),who prefer going to the College with'needles' in their hands in place ofbooks. I fear, they may not, some­day, take their knitting needles tothe examination hall too, instead oftaking their pens and pencils, Godforbid: if it so happens, poor invigi­lators would be in a perilous state andthere would be an additional burdenon the National Exchequer for main­tenance of a special police reserve.A more serious threat that has beenlooming large these days is the dis­solution of many a happy married life,Wives busy with knitting at all oddhours (conscientious as they are)find it hard to spare any time fortheir husbands who have come "afterplodding a weary way homewards"and feel slighted and prefer to have adivorce. How horrible the conse­quences !

What appears ever more tragic IS

that these useful and harmless 'need­less' may betray their own worshippersone day, A gentle, virtuous lady,absorbed in her sacred duty, may

19

stumble against a stone while walkingalong a roadside and expose herselfto hazardous accidents either (If thetraffic or with some road Romeo.

Would it not be desirable thatsome immediate steps should be takento check the ensuing disaster facing

us by time and place for the noble jobof knitting? The mighty needlesmay feel offended on this suggestionof limiting their territory, and nowonder, I may have to face the nextwinter un-aided but it is their interestthat is weighing heavy on my heartand I wish them a bright future.

The Autobiography Of ARough NotebookBy .Miss ui. Baweja B.A. I Year

TH ERE was a loud thud as I foundmyself flung into a corner, with

a pile of other books as unfortunateas myself. I had been expecting thisfinal dismissal for quite some time,hut of course as always, these thingscome. unexpectedly, and have thepower to move us inspite of ourselves.

This I thought sadly was the end­I had been discarded. How final itsounded but hope dies hard, andsometimes not at aIL for as long asthere is life. there must be hope evenif it is born of despair.

Having lain there for a month,and with revulsion watched thelayers of dirt increasing, on whatremained of my once new and cleancover I knew that, could do no suchthing and as always reason asserteditself, and my spirits returned, notbubbling over as they had once beenbut in a calm and peaceful way. Whenwe are young nothing has the power

20

of distressing us for long but then Iwas not young any more. And Iresolved that si nee I could not be ofany use actively, I could at least putdown a part of the vast, va rred andcolourful adventures that befall mykith and kin and that which I ex­perienced also.

I am as you must have guessed,what those huge living creatures.called human beings, call a'note book'.They, of course, do not credit us withany feeling saying that we are inani­mate objects. Little do they know,that, we, whom they use with suchcarelessness: unless we are text books­are as much capable of feeling asthey are. And, often, we manage toconjecture the very thoughts of ourrespective owners, having got so usedto their scribbling, ore once in a while,doing some thing serious on us.

I can well recollect the day, whenI used to look around me and wonder

DESH

at this exciting, yet in some ways,frightening man-made world. Foryou must know that I was compiledin a parer factory and contained 250pages. I used the past tense, fornow I am certain I cannot containmore than 200 pages.

And it does not take much stret­ching of imagination to know whathappened to the rest. Having beenput together, I was piled into atruck with a lot of others. Duringthe drive, I met a number of othercopy books and after some preliminaryformalities, for not unlike the humanbeings we are also very formal, webegan making polite conversation andsoon we were revealing Ollr secrets.Thinking back I can now understandhow young I must have been tostill idealistically be thinking, thatI would probably belong to a girlwith a lovely hand writing, and havemy pages decorated with good orexcellent words etc.

The ride came to an end, andwith many wishes of good will, andhopes that we may meet again, I,with some other cornpaninions, tookour leave. We were put into alarge clean shop and then afterwardswere put on one of the shelves.

I had been in a shop for a weekand enjoyed my stay there, watchingthe steady flow of customers whopoured into the shop. I also sawthem passing the time pleasantlychatting to other occupants of thestore,

One day In came a very young

DESH

person, pigtail~ flying and a veryworried expression on the face. Iwas harriedly exchanged for 10annas. I fou nd myself thrust .into abag hurridely. This was done soquickly that I practically wentthrough a history book which was soworn out that it could not havewithstood such an attack a secondtime. I hastily apologized and aftersome jostling we settled down quitecomfortably. Then I was feelingterribly excited wondering anxiouslywhat I would be subjected to next.

We arrived at the school onlyfifteen minutes late. We soon settleddown there, and then to my horrorI learnt that I was to be a rough.copy book. The indignity of it appall­ed me, but being helpless I accepted it.

After that of course my life wasfull. Notes of different kind onvarious subjects were scribbled downand home work was hastily done.Pages were being continually tornout, for some purpose which hasremained a mystery to teachers andwill remain that way.

My mistress was a scatterbrain.She could not remember to bring theproper books, inspire, of the fact thatmy very first page was there to remindher as the time table was written onthe first page of the copy book. Shewould giggle in the class. A nd I wasoften seen aiding and abetting her,in the crime of passing messages backand forth in the class. Then againpages would be spent in writing outtalks like. : ~I must not talk in class, Imust not steel out my tongue, I must

21

who invites you to dinner is likelyto add "Burmese time" after namingthe hour. The Japanese, expert hostswho are a1ways prepared for anycontingency, provide a geisha whogiggles and chirps "Japanese time"to the foreigner who innocentlyarrives ahead of others-often aheadof the host himself.

Your host in Colombo gleefullyrefers to "Ceylon standard time"which is from a half to three quartersof an hour behind the clock.

Coming back to India, peopleknow better than to take a personliterally when he names a time for arendezvous. When you feel youare tardy-say about an hour and ahalf-you might venture a smile ofguu-dc.i apology r- "have you beenwaiting long?" Even though theother person might have arrived halfan hour before, he will reply cour­teously, HNo I just got here:'

So in our country the propermoment for arriving for a socialappointment is generously in arrearsof time as it is recorded by mechani­cal contrivances. But there is nolack of mechanical time-telling devic­es in India. Since ancient eras, wehave developed ingenious methods ofgiving the 110ur. 'The contemporaryIndian is rarely without his automa­tic, waterproof, shock-resisting, anti­magnetic. I8-jewel wrist-watch. Infact, the watch is often his symbol ofsta tus,

Where the watch is consideredsuch a necessary accessory to man,

DESH

if you ask me -it is relatively un­important as a working instrument.Time, in fact, is not yet a rigidlymeasurable dimension in Asia. Indiansappreciate the time, like everythingelse, in a relative matter. In 1905, Ein­stein produced his Relativity Theory.The mathematical formulation ofthis theory tells us that the question"when" has no absolute meaning.Einstein is supposed to have beenthe first to outline this theory; yetin our country. it has been under­stood in essence by everyone andput into practice for ages. So Ein­stein was Johnny-come late, rela­tively speaking.

At the risk of being accused ofrationalizing an illogical situarion,we must suggest that it is all a matterof philosophical attitudes. TheWesterner lives by the clock; theIndian does not allow lime to rulehis life.

We, in India, are bemused by thepicture of a Westerner standing on astreet corner impatiently looking athis watch. For us, late arrival signi­fies hectic activity and a man whoobserves punctuality is an idler. Theonly operations of punctuality inIndian life can be traced in the lifeof teenagers, that is to say the malehalf of the teenage population. Per­haps, you may not believe me whenI say this; but all you have to do isto visit the various restaurantspopular among teenagers, to see a rowof anxious faces bending down everyfew seconds to look worriedly at theirwatches.

23

'11'e •w~o • rtses ·lat~

R. M. Kalyani. Pre. i\1edical II Year.

NO V EM BER -a pleasant monthindeed to spend in the Capital.

Warm days and cool nights invitevisitors from all parts. As the wintersets in slowly everyone longs to liein the bed as long as possible. Butfor me, and other students?

Our parents become aware of theDecember Exams. much in advance.Warnings start in a nl ilder form inthe first half of the month. The firstlot when I talk of a film-is, HAre notyour exams. commencing from thesecond week of December ?" I cando nothing but to sneek away fromthat spot to seek the help of somebook or the other. What should I donow? What do my parents expectme to do? Should I sit late at thetable with a flask full of tea beforeme? No, no tea can stand before thesleep that is induced by the thoughtof the warmth of the bed. ... Oh f

It is 10 o' clock now. I can go to bed.

In keeping with the weather, thewarnings also become severe as De­cember approaches. Seeing me getup at 7 A. M., my father greets mewith these words "He who rises latewill never be wise". I cannot helpcursing the poet, for telling such atrightning thing to my family. Hasno great poet sung the pleasure ofsleep? Probably they have neverexperienced the enjoyment of lying,hal f asleep, in the bed, dreaming

24

everything to happen exactly in theway we want. Any how, I shouldlike to be wise and not otherwise.

It is the last week of Novembernow. I must start the revision. I shouldlie with the lamb and rise with thelark. Obviously, the first half iseasier to follow. I can go to sleepwith the hope of getring up early thenext morning. What shall I readthen ? Yes, English poetry will beideal for that hour. Let me havethe book and the time-piece at mybedside.

Trring Is it four so soon lThis silly time-piece has disturbedmy dreams. I feel like giving thatinnocent thing a strong blow with (1

hammer. Thank heavens! I neednot come out of the heap of rugs totake the book.

As I open the book my eyes atedrawn towards the lines of Shelley:

Of neither would I ask the boonI ask of thee, beloved Night-

Oh! At last- Shelley agrees withIne. He is the great poet I was look­ing for. Beautiful lines: 'I ask ofthee, beloved

"He-who-rises-late '" Whatis this? Am I dreaming? Why isfather quoting this when I have got

DESH

up at four? Why are all the eldersand youngsters chuckling ? Yes, yes,where's Shelley'? He will certainlycome to my rescue now.

U Daddy! Shelley has told --". ·0£neither would I ask the boon I ask ofthee, beloved Night".

"But, listen my dear! There arehardly fifteen days left for yourexams. Still you have not under­stood th.it he longs for the night to

enjoy the beauty of nature in silence.It shows that you have never readthe previous line- 'Death will comewhen thou art dead".

My goodness! I'm rendered help­less. I have to accept my defeat.Now, at this juncture, the only thingthat I can do is to suggest, on behalfof the student community, that if atall exams. are necessary they shouldbe planned with due consideration tothe climatic conditions.

By Padma Avadhani. B. A. Final

TH IS would sound like gibberishto those who do not know Sans­

krit. But all the world must, bynow, be familiar with the combi­nation of the eight planets of whichthe astronomers spoke much andastrologers spoke much more. Eventhose who did not usually botherthemselves, with the two branches ofastral study could not but sit up andtake notice of things when they wereinformed that the world, includingthemselves, would cease to exist bet­ween the third and fifth of Feb. 1962.As it happens, nothing occurred, tojustify the doleful prognosticationsof our male Cassandras. As the finalhours of the dire period approach, Iam inclined to take a flippant viewof things, though I assure you, I

DESH

would not have done so two days ago.The two days and a quarter beginningfrom the afternoon of Friday, the3rd February, to I the evening ofMonday, the 5th, were days of anxiousheart-searching and fatalistic pre­monition, It was a hectic period forothers too. Everyone was involved init on one way or the other; eventhose whose professed aim was toscoff' at the credulity of others.Many spent the time in prayers toGod to avert the expected calamitiesabout which they had lurid descrip­tions from many astrologers, Theseastrologers were a motley crowd. Theywere fat and well ..fed astrologers andlean and hungry astrologers. Therewere pious astrologers and hereticastrologers. There were sirn ple astro-

2~

lagers and there were schemingastrologers who prophesied a doomfor everyone. I believe, long beforethe planets met, the astrologers met.They decided how to capitalize onthis combination of planets. Theyraised the cry that the Gods must bepropitiated, How to do it? Whata question ? You can propitiate Godonly by feeding the piois men. Andso the cry went forth through thelength and breadth of this ancientland. And all the pious men gather­ed whenever hosts were availableand satisfied their scandalous appetites,at all events to their entire satis­faction. Whether the gods werepleased or not, it is not certain. Butperhaps, they were also pleased, as isseen by the absence of dire catastro­phies in our land.

For a month before the crucialperiod men of initiative, young andold-our so-called astrologers, startedtheir campaigns. First they purchasedbound note-books. Then they feign­ed divinely inspired looks and mar­ched to the houses of the commonpeople to claim their share in thecommunal loot.

Not in a crowd, mind you, butalone and each by himself, HWe are

arranging Puja and Kirtan to pleasethe planets, will you make a contri­bution? Please". Out came thenotebook, in went the contributions,till both the' notebooks and pocketswere full. I cannot easily forget thewhimsical Collector who demandedeight rupees to please the Eight pla­nets. For once I was glad there wereonly eight planets to cope with.

And finally when the hour arrivedbon-fires were built and the piousmen and the fires vied with each otherin consuming cooked rice and gheeand what not in enormous quantities.

So when all is said and done, allare satisfied. The householder issatisfied that the fateful days passedoff without trouble. The Sadhu ispleased that he had good meals forthree days. The pious men are pleas­ed because the gods are appeased.The contributor is pleased because hewas let off with a small contribution.The small children are pleased becauseonce in their lives their parents askedthem not to go to school. So there isall round satisfaction.

But thank God this combinationcomes once in five hundred years.

DESH

T.H~~ RAKHIA HI that "Rakhi day" for which I

had been waiting even more anxiouslythan a Kindergarden student waitsfor the summer vacation. I was allthe more happy because my only bro­ther had come from America aftercompleting his studies that very year.I was over-brimming with joy almostto the point of madness. A day he­fore I went to purchase the bestrahhi according to my taste. Alongwith my dearest friend Nimmi. I visit­ed many shops, one after the otherbut all of them could not make meappreciate anyone of the rakhies.Nimmi said, "Well, I think you cannot get such rakhis anywhere exceptin your imagination." But at last Ifound one which was really a rakhiof my dreams. I returned hOlnehappy and proud and when my Papaasked me to show him my proud pur­chase, I put him off by saying. "Papa,you would better see it on brother'swrist tomorrow." Had 1 shown it atthat time, there would not have beenso much charm left for the morning.Don't you agree?

The whole night I could not havea wink of sleep. I was anxiously andexcitedly waiting for the morning butcertainly not for the gift of money.At length. the day followed thetedious night and I was out of bedmuch earlier than usual, I got readyin no time and went to my brother'sroom who was drinking his bed teawhen I appoached him.

DESH

"It is Rakhi, brother, hurry up andget ready. H "What ?" he said ratherbrusquely.

"Dear brother, let me have tilepleasure of tying a rakhi on yourwrist. I had been weeping and alltime dismayed on this day every yearwhen you were in America. But nowthe cheerful day has come. PIe a s eget ready." I said. my heart throb­bing with emotion. "Well, I don'tbelieve in Rakhi and all that sort, andfurthermore I was alone to bear theheaps of difficulties till now and nowthat I have become a man of position,you have come to regard me as ~ ourbrother r"

Who could tell my brother that Iwas too young to divide his sorrowsand that now he was giving a blow tomy tender feelings of affection. ButI sobbingly said, UNo more of itplease! it is sufficient. Now thatyou have gained the position thisis how you care for me! You fightshy even of accepting a rakhi fromme: O! what a pity." I felt chokedwith emotion. I was so miserable.What was left for me except sheddingtears and sobbing on [he pillow. Ifelt as if my heart would break.Suddenly an idea flashed into mymind ---I must find a brother-Imust celebrate the day.

Next to our door had been stayinga young gentleman. He was very

27

gentle but poor. Most of the personsof our colony liked him very muchbut I never dared to tie a rakhi on hisarm. But now that my real brotherhad refused to accept me as his sisteror my rakhi, I became furious onthis world and its custOIT1S and man­ners, who produced no humanityeven for their sisters. So I went tohim. he was looking quite sad, may behe had no sister. I asked him if hecared for a rakhi from me. He wasastonished and said.r'Me and that, too,from you Madame! Isn't it also one ofthe many cruel jokes poi nted atpoverty,"he stammered out nervously.

Nay, Brother-I wish to have thehonour of being called your sister;not of poking fun at what you callpoverty, It is rather a defeat ofvanity and a call to humanity, Pray,accept me as your sister. lI'

"Even if what you say is true,your gesture appears nothing shortof mockery, But you have a good,nice brother, so finely placed, haven't

?"yot: .

Oh ! please don't talk of him. Herefused to accept me as his sister. Hehas no regard for tender feelings.Please, don't delay it any more let filetie it on your wrist." I tied the rakhion his riaht arm and he gracefullysmiled and soon there was a bloom onhis face. He said that he felt veryproud but I told him I felt more thanproud. He gave me a book as a ges­ture of love and regard for me. Thevalue of that book could not bemeasured in coins for me I carriedit home with great pride and mirr.h.At the gate I met my step brother (1must say that now) with a suspiciouslook in his eyes" but I never caredfor him after that day.

(A pen-portrait )

S' H R I Brij Krishna ji is one of the and even extinct like it. If that werenoblest souls in Delhi whose to happen. the apprehensions of Ein­

presence amongst us brings back the stein would prove to be true. Hesoul and heart of dear beloved Bapu, wrote about Gandhiji that in thethe Father of the Nation, in the generations to come scarcely wouldphysical form. As time rolls on men anyone believe that such a one as heof his calibre and character are ever walked the earth i n flesh andgetting rarer. No wonder in the blood. We are lucky that we havecourse of the next few years they may still with us living embodiments ofbecome as rare as the proverbial dodo, Gandhiji and l1is ideals Clnd thoughts,

* From a speech of welcome delivered on 20 Jaruary, J 962, by Shr. R. K. Sud.

28 IJESH

his way of living and his approach. towards problems, national and i nter­

national. Bhaiji lived with Gandhiji,worked with him and in this wayacquired the best in him. In his bookAt the Feei of Bapu, Bhaiji hastraced his ear liest associations withBapu --fron1 the days of his student­ship at the local St. Stephens'College when Deenabandhu C. F.Andrews was there and the' lovers ofIndia's freedom were looked upon assuspects and potential enemies of theBritish Raj. Chapter one of thisbook, in a very simple but revealingmanner, ShO\\TS how that ~reate~t

man. born within living memory,exercised his silent magic influenceon all those who came into contactw ith him. It also shows that SOt11s

of persons like Bhai ji which werenaturally attuned to that soul feltbound to it with ties pre-natal ormysterious. For how else could aStephenian be transmuted into·Gandhiji·s Gowala' and think himselfblessed. The link between Gandhijiand Bhaiji was the link ot the soul :of the Atma.

How to measure a man? The poettells us the way :

Were I so tall to reach the poleOr grasp the ocean with my span,I must be measured by my soul:The mind's the standard of the man.

The measure of the soul is somethingelusive and not within the compre­hension of the average man. Itsphysical counterpart" or the reflex,is deed. We usually evaluate a manby his deeds : even his professions

DESH

are not enough .

We live in deeds, not years; inthoughts, not breaths;

In feelings, not in figures on a dial.We should count time by heart

throbs. He most livesWho thinks most, feels the nob­

lest, acts the best.Where imperfection ceaseth,

heaven begins.

By words, deeds, thoughts and C011­

duct Bhaiji deserves the respect andveneration which are epitomized inthat endearing title. Persons, duringthe course of years, come to acquireshort titles of affection which hang totheir names as aroma around flowers.Bhaiji loves his fellow-men as hisbrethren and that sympathy and senseof fellow ship with the poorest andthe humblest will earn him a placewith those whom the Lord has bles­sed. Who does not know of Bhaiji'sservices for the Bharat Sewak Sarnaj ...services which are the passion of hislife. His service to the sick and theailing is reflected in his donation ofthe well-known hospital in Kalkaji,called the Cheshire Home. His ser­vice to t he cause of education we seetoday in the shape of the jankidev iMahavidyalaya which he started acouple of years ago in the piousmemory of his mother. If furtherproof be required of his nobility andsimplicity you find it in the words ofDr. Rajinder Prasad which he -wrotein the Foreword to Bhaiji's book: Atthe Feet of Bapll :-

"Shr i Brij Krishna Chandi wala isone of those quiet unassuming men

who serve and wait without makingor allowing others to make them andtheir service known..... MahatmaGandhi had innumerable followersand even more admirers, But a fewonly imbibed and tried to live whathe taught and stood for. Anythingin the form of personal experiencesand reminiscences coming from onesue h has a lasting value of its own.At the Feet of Bapu will be read wi ththe interest which naturally attachesto such a book." These words are

not just praise of a Gandhite by an­other Gandhite : they are a true testi­mony to the intrinsic worth of Bhaijiby one who knows him and his worth.Most of us did not have the goodfortune to meet Gandhiji : we canmeet him in and through Bhaiji. Thisexample is sure to inspire us to doour duties in the college and outsidewith the same zeal, earnestness andspirit at dedication as Gandhiji orBhaiji.

COIIECE, or THE CONfESSIONS 01 a lOAfER.Raiinder Khuller, Prep Arts.

A H college! At last I'm a collegian!I've grown up! These are the

first thoughts that enter the head ofa student on his or her first day incollege. But after a month or so,the thoughts (at least mine) runsomething like this-Ah college (avery different tone this time). Whenam I getting out? What a bore!

If one decides to enjoy life incollege, skipping off to fllrns everynow and then, going to Co nnaughtPlace or sitting in the canteen, eatingdrinking (I mean tea), and talking,with an "Oh, I don't feel like attend­ing this class" attitude. it seems fine

~ at the time; but at the end of theyear Ah woe is lIS. Weforgot the attendance! In March,we find ourselves running around incircles worrying, having. enquired at

30

the office and finding 30<j~ in thissubject and 45~~ in that subject.Outwardly it is a case of HOh, whocares. I'll know the course betternext year.", but inwardly.. Exam,certificate, censored, what is goingto happen at home? You stand atthe office, Iistening to the clerkreading out your attendance, wishingthat the ground would open up andswallow you.

While in college, most of thetime is spent sitting in the canteen,discussing "Terrific film, 'junglee',I seen it twice, I'm probably goingto see it again to-morrow.", and"Misfits? Oh. great, only seen itonce though. To-day? Sure, I'Il ringup 110me and say that I've got a lateclass or a debate or sornerhing.' Andoff we go, to arrive home at 6-30 or

DESH

A TALE OF GOYAL TILA.By R. Batra, B.A. I. Year

11- had rained during the night andthe valley looked like a washed

sari put out to dry. My tenth dayin the Kangra Valley found meleaving Palampur behind and cyclingsteadily towards Sujanpur. I passedthrough the village of Bhavarna.Gaily dressed shepherds jostled eachother on either side of the street.

When I had pedalled anothereleven miles, I found myself at the­Mohal Khud, People from theneighbouring villages came here for adrink of Lugri, a special home brew.I asked for a glass of water, and wasgiven a pat of goat's milk. It had asuspicious taste suggestive of alcohol.As I sipped it. I was informed thatone of the nearby hills, the GovalTila, was worth a visit, I forced acoin on the shephered who had offer­ed me the milk and moved 011.

I left my bicycle at the foot ofthe hill and climbed up. Tile hill wasbrown and bare except for an occa­sional patch of shruh. The top of thehill was flat, and as I sat down toregain my breath, I looked down atthe valley. There were green fieldsand mango trees all around. In thedistance the picturesque little water­mills of Chimbalhar made the whole­scene look like the Indian version ofa Dutch painting.

Something stirred beside me, and

12

I turned to see a goat grazi ng Iazily.A little way off sat the goat's mistressa girl in her teens. She wore ashabby dress, and there was nothingunusual about her except that shewas a solitary figure.

She was looking at me appraising­ly. I, not to be out done. staredback. I soon weakened under hersteady gaze, however, and avertedmy eyes. She gave a gay little laugh,like a stream of quick silver running,down a tilted surface. It pierced myheart like red-hot steel, and I knewI was in love again. There was noth·ing unusual about this, because duringmy nine days in Kangra. I had fallenin love with every girl I had met.

I felt an irrepressible urge to talkto her. I asked her why the hill wasso famous. She seemed amazed atmy ignorance and asked me if I hadnot heard the story of the. Gov.rl­Tila.

"The sun (she began) was sinkingslowly behind the hills. The mango­scented breeze caressed the wheatcrop and made the fields a swayingsea of green. Every living thing wasmaking its way horne, and even thebirds had stopped chirping in thetrees. But the YOlIOg shepherd saton, alone, unheeding. playing on hisflute while his flock grazed aroundhim.

DESH

From the distant temple came thesound ofa bell, The shepherd laidaside his flute. In the silence, thatensued, he heard the tinkling of silveranklets. He turned.

The first thing he noticed was theindescribable grace with which shewalked, her swaying shirt of homespun cotton sharpening the poetry ofmotion. Then he noticed the muslinveil draped carelessly around hershoulders. It was a bright red andenhanced the pallor of her milk whiteskin. Her eyes were the darkestthat he had ever seen. A large goldnose-ring dangled above her red lips.

He had never seen her before.As she walked past him, he wonderedwho she could be.

She had almost reached the edge ofthe plateau. His heart beat fasterand he had a feeling of im pendingloss -a sure sense of its utter fi nality.He knew that if he did not do some­thing to hold her now, he wouldnever see her again. He said thefirst words that came to his tongue."0 beautiful rnaidem, I love you."

The girl turned. A radiant smileformed on her lips. He heard a voicesweeter than ethereal music say,'Gallant youth, to show me depthof thy love wilt thou leap from thecliff r

The shepherd was intoxicatedwith his new-found love. The onlything he wanted from life now wasto be accepted by the maiden. Evenwhile her voice lingered in the air,hehad run to the cliff and leapt.

It happened more swiftly thanthe girl could act or even understand,

DESH

She stood dazed as the horror of itcame upon her mind. Hardly ableto recollect what evil im pulse hadmade her say those words in jest,she moved" with mechanical steps" tothe edge of the cliff. She peereddown. Her heart was filled withremorse. How could she live therest of her life under the shadow ofthis guilt? But what could she donow?

It came to her in a flash. Shepaused awhile and jumped. The veilunclasped itself from her shouldersand floated gently down after her .

The sun had set. Little twinklinglights appeared in the valley and onthe hillside. The sheep had collectedround the stone on which lay theshepherd's reed flute.

They found them the next day,lyi ng together under the red muslinveil, ."

The story was as old as the hills,but something in the girl's manner ofrellina it gave me a heightened aware­ness of the situation. I looked at hersituation. I looked at her afresh.She was by no means beautiful. huton her tear-stained face was a senseof personal tragedy, which made herunaccountably attractive. Not wish­ing to interrupt her thoughs, I mademy way quietly down the hill. Hold­ing my cycle I looked back and sawher standing exactly as I had left her.,looking vacantly into space.

As I stepped on the pedal, itstruck me that I would meet heragain and that she would havecarelessly draped round her shoulders,a red muslin veil .

Holly-wood (India) Unlltd.B)' Rajat Batra B. A. I Year.

I F the inventor of the cinemaro­graph were to see one of those in­

digenous films, we would have anothersuicide to ponder. I know it is putt­ing it pretty strongly, but as one whohas sat through scores of them, I havehad plenty of provocation.

The gentlemen connected with theIndian film industry never weary oftelling us that we produce, next tojapan. the largest number of picturesin a year. I don't doubt the statisticsof it, but what puzzles me is whyanyone should be proud of such astate of affairs, least of all peopledirectly responsible for it. A manwith a large family generally hides(or tries to hide) his achievementunder a bushel and although ournational fecundity is second to thatof the Chi nese only, no one, so far asI know; has said that it is somethingto rejoice over. On the contrary, theheavy accent on farn ilv planning inour Fi ve Year Plans tells a differentstory.

The themes continue to he asstock as ever. There is the poorfamily confronted by the villain, themoney-lender, who demands his mo­ney at the exact moment the fatheris dead and the son has lost his job.Of course, the family did not borrowthe money, it is all a diabulical plan011 the part of the moneylender. Inthe end-yes, you are dead right there-

o

:

3-1

and one of the remarkable things­about Indian pictures is that theymove to an utterly predictable de­noument-the bania becomes poor.the family becomes rich, the son ispromoted, and all is well. . Then thereis the eternal triangle-the rich girl.the poor boy and the belligerentfather. In one picture I remember,not only did the above mentionedrich girl make love to the gardener..but did it in such an audacious waythat had I been in the gardener's place,I would have made the necessaryalteration in the direction of theegarden hose which was watering theplants. That brings us to the subjectof love-scenes.

I did not know loving a womanwas such an exact science; but havingseen a number of pictures, I haveenlightened myself. I believe thetull moon has some effect on the in­sane, but it apparently has some sortof an effect on screen couples too, asill every love scene I have noticed afull moon. I wonder what preciselyis the effect that a cardboard mooncan produce except perhaps when thestring support.inr .i t snaps. The maincriterion in courting seems to bestamina, as the hero usually runsafter the mischievously elusiveheroine for some distance, and inhorne cases it develops into quite across cou ntry chase It all dependson the endurance of the hero and the

DESH

cost of raw film. No one, however,would object to the cost of loving onthe Indian screen, high as it is, whatwith the acute shortage of raw filmand all that, were it not for the airof unreality surrounding it. It beatsone how a heroine with multiplechins and a figure which, to say theleast, has not been made with briskmovement in view, could possiblylead a chase to the hero, infatuatedas he is. I agree most of our heroi nescould do with a gruelling cross COUll­

try run as part of an intensifiedslimming course, and if that afterall is the purpose, the spectator shouldbe taken into confidence. Then, youhave the vine to which the hero,exhausted by the chase, clings chew­ing a piece of straw-the song, thefountain, the goats or calves whichappear mildly surprised, the inevitablerose that is thrown to and fro, andthe sudden appearance of the thirdparty, the irate father, for instance,giving appropriate cause for the cul­mination of the song. One thingthat is usually lacking in this sceneis the blush. The heroine never blu­shes as one would expect her to­perhaps, a functional defect peculiarto actresses.

Talking of songs-well the troublewith songs in Indian films. is that theyare there. There is the 'Tonga song'which is usually sung by the herostanding on the vehicle. This song issung immediately after the heroinesays to th e hero, ~'I love you", orwhen she is sitting behind in thetonga and is about to say so. Thenthere is the song which is SUl1g aftersome tragic event has taken place.

])ESH

Pillars for the hero and swings forthe heroine are provided at conve­nient distances so that they may leanon or swing on them.

Humour in Iridian films is so vasta subject that I can do no more tha 11

touch the fringe of it. The humoristis either tall and thin or short andfat. A man or woman lugging about afew hundred pounds of flesh is for somereason regarded as an extremely comicobject, and when the aforesaid objectslips, say on a banana peel, humouron the Indian screen reaches itsapotheosis. Then there is of course"that inexhaustible fount of humour­the mother-in-law. I can swallow allexcept the mother-in-law. To mymind, she is too serious a subject tobe amusing, That every woman endsup as a mother-in-law is one of life'sinexorable tragedies. Shakespeareknew it and kept her alIt of hiscomedies.

I should have mentioned thedetective film earlier. The detectiveis usualy so cool-headed that he wearsan overcoat, especially when corpsesare present, the scene of the crimebeing places like Nagpur in summer.The villain generally looks like one ofthose characters that no dog wags itstail at. Then there is the classicmurder for which the hero is blamed.The police inspector is true to type­a man with a big moustache and agruff voice. The accused; no doubt,discovers the real murderer with thekind assistance of the heroine, who,incidentally, is in love with him, andthen they "marry to live happily, everafter.

35

If I have given the reader theimpression that Indian films deal onlywith crime and love. I apologise andhasten to correct it. Some of ourhigh-minded directors at times have ashot at purposive pictures when intrial scenes the learned members ofthe country's judiciary are treated tomarathon speeches (some unfairly, Ithink) by progressive actors on thesubject of what society owes to itsunfortunate sections and on similaruplifting themes.

The ending of the film is quitean affair. It generously ends on anote of orgiastic self-reproach,everyone forgiving everyone else andblaming himself for all that hadhappened. Quite often the denoue­ment is brought about by purelymechanical means. I don't know ifanyone has thought about it-theprofound indebtedness of the Indian

screen to the Internal CumbustionEngine. The alacrity with which ithas helped many a harassed storywriter out of a tight corner speakshighly of the machine, though not ofthe picture. The drums beat, theshehnais are in full throttle, the bridereluctant and in tears is seated beforethe holy fire, and the villain is aboutto clinch the whole affair by tying thesacred thread. Another forty secondsand you would have on your handsanother of those ill-fated marriages.But 110. The true lover is tearingalong at 60 m. p. h. on his jeep andhe descends on the scene just in timeto expose the villain and claim whatis rightfully his. The marriage pro­ceedings, so abruptly interrupted, areresumed, the hero substituting himselffor the villain, and all is well thatends with a marriage. A t least itshould be.

T() INVIGII....A'I~ORS.

(Dr. R [J. Bharadwaj)

By noise so loud, by words so high,From lips so wise, from hearts so nighThe hall is feeling ill at ease;So hold the peace, dear friends, do please.

Ye gods of learning and saints of wisdom"Why should you throw your jewel at randomRight into the hall to the boys who writeTheir answers poor to the best of their might?

When you, dear friends, flock deftly at the door,Away from your beat for a while to 'museAnd fondly lose in talks that rise and roar,The candidates rejoice to get their clues.

36 [)ESH

Returns of Philosophy.By Dr. R. D. Bharadwai

WHENEVER I ask students whythey offer commerce, economics,

geography or mathematics for thecollege courses, they reply that itproves lucrative and helps them obtaina ministerial post or a governmentjob. Boys but represent the menta­lity of the grown-up. This is 110W

most people think of the world andits manifold relations in terms ofmoney. There is little doubt thatmoney is a very important factor inone's life. But it is also a fact thatit is not the only thing. A personhas body and soul together. Herequires money to keep the former intact; but money alone will not conduceto the enjoyment of health. Supposingone were monarch of a mountain ofgold in golden surroundings and weredeprived of one's friends and relativesand other human beings, would he notfeel sad like Midas, the king of GreekLegendry? I f I just speak of a res­pectable millionaire as a 'mass ofwealth' or a 'bag of money', howwould he take the remark? Perhaps,he would resent it. And rightlywould he do i t. For a man, to besure.. is much more than his wealth,He has sentiments, duties and obliga­tions to his father and mother, bro­ther and sister, friends and relations,and also to his neighbours and coun­trymen. If money were the onlyconsideration ill the world nobodywould ever like to resign his belong­ings and possessions. But there are

I)E5H

people whc have done it. King. HarishChandra, for example, voluntarilychose to be slave to a scavengerrather than be dishonest. Bhartarenounced the throne he was offeredand King Yudhishtra retired to theHimalayas in his old age. Edward VIrhave up his kingdom and a vast empireto keep his sweet heart. There havebeen so many martyrs who have laidtheir lives for the service of huma­nity. If money were the only consi­deration, how could they do it ?

Whenever one loses a belovedfrom one's midst one is grieved andbegins to inquire about the problemsrelating to life and death. What canbest attempt to solve one's problems?It is philosophy. Recently there hasbeen a great advance in psychology, abranch of philosophy -for it helpspeople in so many ways. A course inpractical psychology will help one tomaintain better relations with one'srelations and friends in one's neigh­bourhood or abroad. This sciencetreats physical disease and curesmental maladies. Ii one is sad, it canenliven one's spirit. If one has lostall hopes, it can bring back one's self­confidence. It can make one a moreintegrated man than one already is. Ittel Is how to train li ttle children andeducate adults, and also to control biglabour in huge concerns. It tells amerchant how he can prosper in histrade a nd thrive in his business, It

37

tells a conversationalist how to influ­ence the person whom he is addressing.

Ethics again is a branch of philo­sophy and teaches us how to be good;good at home, good at school, andgood to the world at large. Do weknow why Mahatma Gandhi loved tobe honest and sincere in politics ?It was because it paid him. Canthere be an appreciation of his philo­sophy of ahimsa in politics withoutthe help of philosophy? Surely phi­losophy and politics are rwi ns, thoughstrictly speaking. the latter is abranch of Ethics. Ethics judges ourconduct in general, politics judges itin relations to the body politic asalso the relation of one state to an­other-aIl with a view to the generalgood of all. So if one should wantto be a really sound politician, states­man or leader, one must studyphilosophy.

A world on Logic, which too is abranch of philosophy. It tells man

'}10W to think or reason correctly. Inevery department of life one mustreason correctly -in la w, business,trade, politics, service. You cannotdo without reasoning. If you canreason correctly, it will help you inyour goal. People sometimes remark,'Well, one ca n reason correctly wi th-

out the help of logic'. To this Iwould reply that people can and dodigest food without the least know­ledge of physiology, anatomy, biology,dietetics physics or chemistry. Stillyou cannot deny the value of thesesciences. You often see that richpeople are not always literate. Thisdoes not mean that a study of econo­mics, or commercial geography has novalue whatever. In the same waylogic helps one to know how to reasoncorrectly. There is no science or artwhich has nothing to do with correctreasoning. So Logic has been calledthe science of sciences and the art ofarts.

Philosophy ennobles your lives,equips you for our occupation what­ever it is, makes you a worthy andgood citizen. It tells you how to dogood. Philosophy consoles you inyour bereavements, it helps you to tra­nscend physics and chemistry. It tellsyou what becomes of man after death.It tells you whether it is better tostrive or sit idle in the battle of life.Philosophy is the guide of a lawyerand a politician. and the last resort ofa scientist. 'Philo' means love and'sophia' means wisdom. So philosophymeans 'love of wisdom' and as such ittries to seek the Reality. Philosophyis life and life is philosophy.

'0 philosophy, life's guide! 0 searcher-out of virtueand expeller of vices! What could we and every ageof men have been without thee? Thou hast producedcities; thou hast called men scattered about into thesocial enjoyment of life.'

(Cicero)

DESH

Blood Groups and HeredityBy Shri V. N. Pasricha, M. Se.

DA Y and night blood flows throughour veins and arteries, giving

nutrition to each and every cell ofthe body and disposing of the wasteproducts of the cells. If ever thereis a stream of life, it is blood. 'Bloodis juice of rarest quality.' 'Blood" ithas been said, 'is thicker than water'.It is undoubtedly so, but the phrasesome how implies that there are typesand types of blood and ·one·s bloodmay be superior to another's. Modernscientific researches have shown thatsuch is not the case and that blood assuch has nothing to do with heredity.I n other words, the notion that bloodis the carrier of hereditary traitsthat are transmitted to one's· descen­dants is false. There is nothing like'nobl e blood', 'pure blood', 'blue blood'or 'royal blood', nor there is any dif­ference between the blood of a Jew,a Muslim or a Buddhist, The off­sprmg of a king has no special bloodin them as distinguished from theblood of a common man. If at all theking's children have inherited certaintraits from their parents (as any childwould do), it is not through theagency of blood. If a waterman mar­ries a negro woman the child wouldnot have the so called "adulterated'blood1'. In fact, it is wrong for all

individual to say even that ill hisviews the blood of his forefathers isflowing. The blood of a criminal isas good or bad as the blood of a per­son of the so-called noble. birth. The

DESH

belief that at conception the bloodof the mother mixes with that of thefather is erroneous, and so also thebelief that the blood of the pregnantmother is transmitted, to the fetus(the child in the womb).

The transmitters of heredity-mater-ials out of which characters aredeveloped are the genes which lie inthe chromosomes of the reproductioncells, the ovum of the mother and thespermatazoon of the father. A singlemale cell and a single female cellunite to give rise to a zygote. whichdevelops into a new being and it isthe genes carried in these cells whichare the only parts of the organizationthat transmit the genetic materialswhich permit the development ofthe organism's character. Blood hasnothing whatsoever to do with thetransmission of heredity, It is strangeand rather deplorable that many per­sons object to the "pollution" of theirblood by the injection of negro bloodinto them whereas they do not mindan injection of serum derived froma monkey or a horse. There is noground for such a belief, and for anypurpose the Negro blood is similarto that of all human beings. Theobjection to negro blood is of coursebased on the ancient misconception,baseless and unsound, that the bloodis the ca~rier of the hereditary charac­ters and that the negro possessesracially in ferior character wh ich

39

might be transmitted to the receiverof the transfusion.

The blood of all human beings isin every respect the same except forminor differences in chemical compo­sition which may vary from indivi­dual to individual. A population ora group may have certain chemicalcomponents of the blood not presentin others. The differences are them­sel yes expressions of the genes whichare differentially carried by suchgroups and populations, and are in noway the carriers of hereditary traitsthemselves.

Blood has many constituents eachof which is genetically determined,and the interaction of these consti­tuents gives rise to characteristics ofthe blood which are widely andvariously distributed among theethnic groups of mankind. (An ethnicgroup is an arbitrarily recognisedpopulation which is distinguishedfrom other populations within thesame species on account of more orless distinctive assemblage of physicaltraits through common heredity).Broadly speaking there are tourprincipal blood groups and theirknowledge is essential from trans­fusion point of view. The red bloodcorpuscles of an individual containtwo different chemical compoundscalled antigen A and antigen B. Aperson may have both of them, one,or more of them. thus gi ving rise tofour possibilities viz. AB, A,B, and O~

he nee the four blood-groups. A per­son of blood-group 0 completelylacks these antigens. When incom­patible bloods are m ixed in trans-

40

fusion the red blood cells are aggluti­nated or clumped, and this mightresult in the death of the receiver.The plasma of an individual type Acontains the agglutinin for the typeB and vice versa but the plasma ofany of these two types cannot haveagglutinin for its own type otherwisethe blood of the individual willclump automatically. Type 0 bloodhas no antigens in red blood cells buthas both types of agglutinins in theplasma. It is thus clear that such ablood may safely be added to anyblood type as its red blood cells cannever be agglutinated. The type 0is, therefore, called the universal do­llar. Conversely type AB blood hasboth antigens but none of the agglu­tinins. As such blood of any typecan be added to it without clumpingof the foreign red blood cells. Thetype A B is therefore called a uni­versal recepient. AB type blood can­not be transfused to any other typeexcept AB, and 0 type blood cannotreceive any other type except O.

Three genes are responsible forthe four blood-groups. If they aredenoted by a. band 0 the possiblegenic combinations in an individualcan be aa, ab, ao. bb, bo and 00. Thegene 0 is a recessive gene and there­fore the first and third combinations(aa and ao), make the blood type A;bb and bo make the type B; ab combi­nation gives rise to the type AB, and00 to the type O.

The knowledge of these bloodgrou ps sometimes helps ill solvingcases in which paternity of a child isi n question. For example, if mother

DESH

ASOKA RAINA Pre Med. 1st Year.

TH E station was left far behind,I returned to my seat and took

out the book I had begun. I had juststretched myself comfortably when Inoticed that I was not alone. I lookedup at my companion and was she ~

beauty? I stared at her for quitesome time but then 1 leoked away soas not to embarrass her.

I was all Act II of Romeo andJuliet and I must have forgotten onceagain that I was not alone for I beganto read aloud.

See, how she leans her cheek uponher hand!

0" that I was a glove upon thathand

That I may touch that cheek !

"Beautiful lines ar'nt they ?H-Shegave me a" start when she spoke. butwhen I looked at her she was smilingand looked towards me. Her red lipsmatched the white sari she wore, herblack hair matched her fair complex­ion. Behind her the sun was settingand a reddish glow covered her. As thetrain rounded the hill. the setting sunrays fell on her" changing the colourof her sari to a lovely rosy hue. Icould not just help staring at her.She wore dark glasses and I could notsee her eyes though I wanted to. "Is'ntit Romeo and Juliet you are reading ?"she asked. "Yes", I said, I wanted to

·J2

know more of her. My mind wasracing hard to find a suitable topicfor conversation, but I could notthink of anything. She rested herface on her hand and the lines I hadjust read flashing back to me Ithought how these lines suited themoment. To break the silent barrierI had created I spoke to her "Areyou going to "'Delhi ?". "Yes, I am"."You stay there '?". She smiled andher lips parted showing flitteringwhite teeth. "No, I will be going toBombay after a few days", she replied.

I wondered why I had not seenher in Simla. May be, I thought wecould have been friends and may benot.

HWas this your first VISIt toSimla", I asked. "Yes". "Did you goarou nd seeing places"? Just then thesun was going out of sight behind thedistant hills. "Look at the sunset", Isaid. "Isn't it beautiful l' She justlooked up and paused for sometimeand said, "Yes, it is". She looked awayin a pensive mood and reclined herhead against the seat.

I did not want to disturb her so Icarried on with my book, but somehow my eyes kept on drifting towardsher. I closed my book and got up.Opening the Compartment door Istood there looking away as the dark­ness slowly crept on.

DESH

I turned facing her now aniopened my mouth but no words cameout. It seemed she read my thoughtsjust then for she spoke, "Why don'tyou sit down, standing near the doorof a moving train is dangerous", Ismiled at her concern and not wantingto hurt her I sat down. How far arewe from Kalka I", I looked at mywatch and said, "I suppose we shouldbe there in another half hour.".Another half hour I thought andthen I may never see my beautifulcompanion again. I looked at her.'What's your name', I said. "Whyshould you want to know. You hardlyknow me". "Well we could "befriends", I said ':No. I am afraid not"."Please don't take it wrong, I don'twant to be rude," she said. Angerflared up in me and I wanted to say,"You can go to hell for all I care",but some how, I did not to say so.

The lights of Kalka station sud­denly flashed into view and the trainslowed down. As the platform came

I got up to walk out. Since theplatform was on her side of the com­partment, I got up and went towardsher. hGood bye," she said and I lookeddown at her. As she was sitting shelooked more beautiful than ever.

As the train finally stopped. shestood IIp still with the smile on herface. I gazed at her, I was lost in theworld of "fantasy. She resembled agreen Goddess. She straightened herhair with her hands. "Could we havedinner together:' I asked for the lasttime wondering if she would acceptthe invitation. She did not look atme but said, HI am afraid not. Goodbye!" Then some one came for her;an elderly man by his looks. He help­ed her down from the train and theywalked' away.

Then I suddenly realized she wasBLIND! I ran after them but sheseemed to have melted away in thecrowd. I stood there looking like afool with the book still in my hand!

'These eyes, tho' clearTo outward view of blemish or of spot,Bereft of light, their seeing have forgot,Nor to their idle orbs doth sight appearOf sun, or moon, or star, throughout the year,Or man, or woman. Yet I argue notAgainst Heaven's hand or will, nor bate a jotOf heart or hope; but still bear lIP and steerRight onward.'

(Milton)

DESH 43

WHEN IS THAI BRIGHT MORROW 1By Suiat« Verma, .B.A. H0115 (English) I year

The river was flowing calmly afew yards away.My village was on theother side of the river. I would haveto cross the river and .from there Ihad to travel another eight miles inbus to reach home.

Everytime I camehorne there hadbeen some one to travel with me.This was the first time I was comingalone and I shuddered at the thoughtof travelling in a boat all alone.Didn't they get. my telegram or werethey deliberately putting my courageto test? The shadows were nowlengthening. Labourers and farmerswere walking horne frem the distantpaddy fields. A group of women,with bundles of .hay on their headspassed by my ..side.. Some had theirchildren on their .hips and were walk­ing rhythmically, gossiping andgiggling. While passing they gaveme an amused look. I coul.l verywell read the curious expression intheir eyes. . They .were shocked tosee a~gi·rl.al1 alone. in such a place "atsuch an hour. Inspire of my annoy­ance I could not help smiling at theinnocence of these country folks.

WE were nearing the village june­. tion. I peeped through the

window to see whether anyone hadcome to meet me. The bus stoppedjust in front of the big Peepal tree,An old woman with a big bundle inher hands was seated under. the tree.But there was no sign of any of mypeople.

I· got down with a sinking heart.The conductor handed my suitcaseover to me. I ran my eager searchingeyes all around. There was a tea shopopposite to the bus stop. I had aglimmer of hope. My brother mightbe there. Perhaps, he did not hearthe bus coming and was sitting therepondering, sipping some tea.

I crossed the road and. approachedthe boy who was sitting behind thecounter. No, I was not lucky. Theboy had not seen any gentleman eitherin the shop or any w here near.

I came back and putting my suit­case down sat on it. Lplaced the bigdoll, I had brought for ..my . niece,carefully beside me arid looked at mywatch. It was four in the evening:I could wait one' more hour.T thought. It was past five and I knew theIf nobody turned up by then I would last bus would Ieaveat 5:.30. I couldhave to continue the journey by not possibly waste time in waitingmyself. and hoping.

_. , '_4_~ . _---------- .- - --

• This st iry WJn the first prize in the Shortstory writing contest organizedby the English Literary Society,

44 DESH

I dejectedly walked to the shore.Boats were tied to the pole in a row.An old man was sitting there givinga final touch to his 'Pan'. I decidedI would travel in his boat.

The old man in spite of his fragilebody was energetic. He took thesuitcase from me and flung it down tothe boat and stepped in. I thoughthe would help me into the boat, be­cause when I see water I am alwaysat a loss, knowing that I can notswim and fearing that I may getdrowned. But the old man was al­ready there at the head of the boatwith the paddles in his hands. Well,I was too proud to let him know ofmy terror. With a silent prayer onmy lips I managed to scramble in.

The boat slowly drifted along aS4I remembered, one of my friends, apoet, would call it, like the crescentof the moon gliding through the bluesky. My friends do not consider mevery much sensitive or romantic. Yetthe beauty of the evening sky andthe musical murmur of the waterrunning beneath me held me spell­bound. I could see far in the horizongreen meadows merging into the sky.Behind a golden cloud the sun wasslowly disappearing. It is certainlya bliss to be alive, Lthought in such awonderful evening. The cool breezesent a shudder of joy through me.

I looked at the boatman, who wasvery busy with his work. His headwas bowed and his eyes were fixed onthe water. I had never meant totalk to him. But the setting sun,the cool breeze and the quiet land-

DE~H

scape had made me a new person. Iwas gay and wanted the wholeworld to share with me my delight.When nature was smiling radiantlylike this even the boatman had noright to feel depressed.

I leaned forward and looking atthe side of the old man said, "You arereally lucky to have lived all yourlife here, out in the river with yourtiny boat, watching the sun shiningand ° fading, the moon playing hideand seek behind the clouds, gazing atthe twinkling, stars illuminating thestill waters. '0, I really envy you"I exclaimed.

I was expecting an encouragingsmile from the old man in responseto my joyous feelings. But to myhorror I found him frowning. Heturned his face and eyed me with acold look. His stony eyes did notreveal anything to me and I startedfeeling rather uneasy.

Still looking at me, he began in aclear voice. 'So you envy Ole, tohave had the proud privilege of wat­ching the sun, the moon and thestars. Then let me tell you, n1Y child.you would never have known thisthrill, this joy if you had an emptystomach, if your mouth were dry, ifyour limbs were tired. How longcould you live, simply by gaping atthe beauty of the sunset, by singingthe glory of the moon light ?H

Somewhere in my heart I felt aprick of pain. You fool, why shouldyou vex yourself? If the devil ofthe boatman has no sensibility, no

45

sensitiveness it is none of your busi­ness. Cheer LIp. cheer up, I told my­self. But it was of no use. I had toadmit reluctantly that the boatmanwas not simply babbling. There wassome truth in his words.

But surely I was not going to spoilmy joyous mood, My brother had afriend. a boatman's boy. He usedto sing folk songs at our request andI knew ordinarily a boatman feltflattered at such requests.

Surely the old man would sing ifI asked and the gloominess gatheredaround him, which was really getri ngon my nerves, would be dispelled,

The old man did not tur Ll downmy request. But it was not a merryboat song. The theme was tragic­about an old woman who was drown­ed on a stormy night-the tu ne wasfull of pathos.

Again I felt my heart tighteningin some unknown sadness.

~Was that old woman yourmother P, I heard myself asking.

'What if she \\Tere my mother.This is what awaits all our mothers,and where are we sons drifting; ofcourse, to the same inevitable desti ny.'

0, he was impossible. Only Ithought I would help him in lighten­ing his burden. But he was not givingway tc anything.

'You rich people ask us to laughand smile. What right do you have

·16

to demand us to be happy, when youcan't wipe a single drop of our tear?

When my daughter fell ill I tookher to one of the doctors of your city.The' doctor was very busy. Whenat last he found time to listen to mywailing, my child had bidden fare­well to the world. He laughedloudly as a cynic.

I sat amazed hearing such greatwords of philosophy from the mouthof this boatman. I could do nothingbut listen.

Pointing, to the doll I had, hewent on 'your children have such toysto play with and what do our child­ren have'. They do and u ndo toysof clay. The srones and wooden piecesare their dolls. YOlI who are in themansions. how can you realize ourmiseries. You say that the world ischanging for the better. But I knowit is for the worse. You preach thatthe poor are being uplifted. But W~.

the poor are doomed ?'

'Happiness is not ours. not ours',he murmured.

Not knowing what to do I lookedaway. To my relief I found thatthe boat was nearing the shore. Igot out and hurriedly paid him oft...

I walked to the bus stop with mysuitcase. I felt annoyed with myself.I could not forgive the old Ulan tohave damped my spirit, to have chil­led the thrill of my home comingwith the exasperating pessimism orhis. Yet my heart went out to him.

DESH

He was right how could I, who havemeals and snacks a day, realize thepassionate call-of hunger in him?

I stopped and looked back, hearinga cry of delight behind me. 0, Iheaved a sigh of relief. My brotherand niece had come at last to fetchme.

They did not get my telegram andthe letter which I had sent two daysbefore had reached them only by theevening mail.

My brother was astonished to seeme taking his explanations so calmlyand quietly. He did not know that

by coming at the proper moment,they had just saved me from being apessimist.

My' niece had already snatchedthe doll from me and she was nO\\Thunting in my bag. She picked up achocolate and gulped it down.

Suddenly the old man's voicecame back to my ears. Perhaps, hischildren are now crying for a mou th­ful of rice. I tried my best to banishhim from my memory. But morevividlv than ever I saw the wrinkledface of the old man with a mockingmurmur 011 his lips: 'When is thatbright morrow?'

MY FIRST BOOI(By R. Kanaka, Pre-Med. II year

I never thought about it before.The first book which I read, when

I was in a High School, was "TheAdventure of the River" by EridBlyton. Then I read a number of hisbooks. At night I used to dream ofthe dog which is the main characterin his books. After that I completelylost interest in reading books.

One day a new girl was adrn ittedto Illy class. I became a close friendof hers. She, whenever we talked,used to refer to some of the bookswhich she had read and persuadedme to read them all. Then I too start­ed reading the "Kidnapped' by R. L.

Stevenson to satisfy her. But thesurprising thing was that I grew moreand more interested in reading suchnovels. I began to feed my hungerfor reading books. vigorously. I readSherlock Holmes. I enjoyed the excit­ing book so much that I used toforget illy lunch even. Then I turnedto Agatha Christie and StanleyGardner's detectives. How I longedto be a detective who can guess andprove before law who the real mur­derer is! I would never forget "Anappointment with Death" which inmy opinion is her masterpiece.

But when one of my teachers sa \\7

DESH

This essay won the first prize in the Essav Contest Creaniz edby the English Liierarv Societv-r-Ed.

47

me reading detective fiction, he ad­vised me to cultivate my mind byreading Tolstoy, Dickens and others.The story "Where love is God is" byTolstoy is the one I liked very much.From that day onwards I decided todo a good deed atleast once a day.Then I read some of Charles Dickens.I genuinely enjoyed the book"Pickwick Papers" for there weretwo very interesting characters, Mr.Pickwick and Sam Weller. Sam isthe most amusing character and I stillremember some of his proverbialremarks. I finished "Oliver Twist"and The "Tale of two Cities" also.

Mrs. Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom'sCabin" gave me a picture of slaveryand I came to learn how people suffer­ed from it. I believe that "The Millonthe Floss" by George Eliot, is one ofthe greatest pieces of literature. Itis an absorbing story of a gifted girland her suffering. "Tile W oman inWhite" is the most fascinating storywhich I had ever read, and I wouldnever forget Miss. Katherine, thelovely brave woman.

To-tell the truth I do not quitelike Shakespeare, for his plays arewritten in such a tough language thatI had to carry the big dictionarywherever I went. Still the prose ver­sion of 'Macbeth' was the one whichI read with interest.

I have had the opportunity ofreading some of the stories by ourIndian authors also. The incidentsand characters in R. K. Narayan's"Next Sunday" interested me so muchthat it made me eager to read his

48

latest "The Guest", an award winner.Tagore's "Kabuliwala' and "HomeComing" have left a permanent markon my mind.

I have some interest in poetryalso. I enjoyed "The last Rose. ofSummer"' and began imagining howdeserted the world would look whenall of us have died. I liked the poems"Yussouf" and "Death the Leveller"by]. R. Lowell and James Shirelyrespectively. Particularly the lines,HAs one lamp lights another, norgrows less, So nobleness enkindlethnobleness," stirred my inner feelingsand made me resolve to conduct mylife in such a way that I find satisfac­tion in helping others and thus help­ing myself, The principle underlyingJohn Masefield's poem "Laugh andBe Merry" attracted me very much.

I had to read a few Hindi novelsalso in the course of my studies. TIlereal enjoyment of literature is pcs­sible only when one knows the langu­age well. In my case it was unfor­tunate that I did not get pleasurefrom my reading of Hindi Iiteraturedue to my inadequate knowledge ofthe language.

As far as Tamil literature is con­cerned, I love it. I had read some ofKalki's novels. These gave file anidea about what village life is. andalso about the habits and customs ofpeople in the South. The descriptionsof the historical cities and the situa­tions in the family life of South Indiahad given me a glimpse of the condi­tions prevalent then. The five greattreasures of Tamil liretarure, namely-

DESH

'Kundala-Kesi', 'Jeevaka Chintaman i','Silappathikaram', 'Manimekalai' and'Valiapathi' have been perennialsources of inspiration for me.

In conclusion, I would like to

mention that reading of literature isa great source of acquiring knowledgeof the past, present and future andwill inspire noble deeds and right con­duct of life,

Armed Forces Beckon YouBy R. S. Bagga, Old Boy

With the third world warknocking at the door of world peace,India as well as the rest of the world,need her armed forces to bestrengthened. India is a vast counry,as large as Europe, minus Russia, andtherefore she requires a large numberof able personnel for her defence.Only young and energetic men can doit.

We find that one of the mainprob lem confronting the parents thesedays is the choice of a career fortheir wards. There are variousprofessions offering opportunitiesfor advancement in life, but unlesstheir ward shows a definite aptitudeor inclination of his mind theparents can't take any firm decisionregarding his future, Parents havetheir own dreams and thoughts andthey are liable to misjudge his talentsand may put him on a careerwhere he will be a square peg in arou nd hole all his Ii fee

The Defence Services offer a brightcareer for all those young and energe-

DESH

tic mer: who are mentally andphysically fit and .are ready to passan active and well-disciplined life onland, sea and air. They are paid ahandsome salary and there are alsovarious recreation centres for DefenceServices personnel. The net-workof military hospitals throughout thecountry provides them the mostmodern medical aid. The variousbranches of Canteen Stores Depart­ment (India) makes available essentialcommodities to them and theirdependents at fair prices. And inseveral cases their families are aidedafter their death.

There are experts to select themthrough several tests. They try tofind out whether the candidatepossesses the fundamental virtues ofan officer; for exam ple, courage, co­operation, clear thinking, command.resourcefulness, hard work, irritiative,determination and ability to hold onin the face of all odds. Thesequalities are screened by a SelectionBoard.

49

There are several institutions forthe entry into the commissioned ranksof the Indian Armed Forces. TheNational Defence Academy, whichis the best institution of its kindin Asia and the second best in theworld, is the main chan nel for thesame. The Indian Military Academyat Dehra Dun for entry into Army,the Naval Training Centre at Cochinand Vaishakhapattarn for Navy andthe Air Force Flying College,Jodhpur for Air Force are other suchinstitution sin I ndia,

Entry into all these places is basedon an academic test of different qua­lifications for different places held bythe Union Public Service commission,twice a year. Qualified candidatesare called upon by the S. S. B.'There they are tested for three daysin three different ways i.e. psysolo­gically, practically and personally bydifferent officers. Finally a meritlist is prepared by the U. P. S. c.and the candidates are finallyselected merit-wise according to thevacancies available.

50

Special comrmssions are also~iven through N. C. C. in the form ofOfficers Training Unit and after doingCerticate 'C' into different branchesof the Armed Forces. Every term acandidate is also selected for the Co­mmission into regular Navy throughT. S. Dufferin.

The latest idea invoked by theGovernment for the production ofworthy officers is the various SainikSchools, These schools start trainingstudents academically with a militarybias at a very tender age i. e. the 9thyear or so.

Leaving aside all that, life of theofficers in the Armed Forces is happy,disciplined and adventurous, It is asort of national service in the bestmanner. It is the duty of all theIndian nationals to keep up theprestige of the Indian Republic,

Thus it is evident that there is noother career where one can kill twobirds with one stone. The DefenceServices therefore beckon' you to haveone stone for killing two birds.

DESH

BLOOMS AND BLOSSOMSBy Shanta Bhutani, B.A. Hans (English) I ))ear

(I) Dad and The Vegetable-Seller

0, this old vegetable-seller!He holds his basket with his skinny handsIn mist or dew, shine or rain,He comes every morning to our door.0, this old vegetable-sellerShouts at the pitch of his voice: 'Sindhi Raja'.

So my dad knowsThe vegetable-seller has at last come.0, this old vegetable-sellerIs a sigh of relief for my Dad;For Dad knows. mummy will shout"Go, and get vegetables from the market"And he will be late for office.One day the vegetable-seller did not comeDad had to go to the marketAnd missed his bus of 9 0' clock.The Boss asked "why are you late ?""Sir, the vegetable-seller ,.. "

(II) 'My Boy Friend'

My 'boy friend' diverts my attentionWhenever he sees me with book.He asks sweetly :

'Am I not attractive ?Why is it that you never bother to look at me?'Then I feel ashamed of neglecting him

DESH 51

Because he does look prettyWith his cricketer's hat and a pocket fountain-pen.He has sparkling dark eyesThat look real sometimes;His smiling face makes everyoneSmile all the time.I pity my 'boy friend'For sitting on the stool all the timeAlways thinking with his hands foldedThat he is deserted by his sweetheartAnd left alone, all all alone, alone in a wide wide world.

• (A poem written on a 'Humpty Dumpty' toy placed ona stool in our drawing room.)

(III) That Innocent Face

That innocent face in Grandma's lapThat innocent face half-hidden in Grandma's lapThose big dark eyes looking everywhere,That smile which cannot be compared,The cheeks blooming,Give grandma a thrill in the heart.That innocent face looked straight in grandma's eyes.Grandma kissed. its pure white cheekAnd went to bed.But she could not sleep.She looked and looked at the innocent faceTill after midnight.That innocent face was her joy, her sorrow.Whenever he was not wellShe did not take meals.Such was the love of Grandma's for that innocent face.

DESH

DESH

POEMSBy Shri J. K. Jain, M.A.

(I) Spring in Delhi

The leaves that are born anew

on the jamun trees

glisten in a mellow sun;

Stir like a lake in a breeze,

Like the feet of beings unearthly,

Like hopes and dreams in the human heart.

Crows and sparrows-gay and festive.

Squirrels scurry about

eating and making merry.

Homes of straw are resting high.

Phloxes, Cannas, Bougainvillias

in flaming exuberance r

Hard dry cakes being showered on the roads.

jumping, leaping, blown about

to be accepted and embraced;

Fall exhausted by a spasm of effort;

Crushed by rolling wheels and moving feet

into a yellow dust,

or swept off and burnt.

Dry trunks with branches (like withered human flesh)

forking off-

abandoned, out of place,

in their naked crudity.

53

54

(II) Genes

Out of sullen grey mass,

that stormed and scowled,

were hewn

individual cloudy shapes

with liquid outlines.

(A dark covering against evil stare.)

Glowed in white purity..

Rested serenely

In the arms of tender blue infinity,

Kites sailed round them

In holy circles.

A keen gale from the hills

sang in the blood,

shivered through the leaves

(fresh like shirts from a laundry)

In apocalyptic sunshine.

A screaming, groaning, metallic monster

shot away-the veritable vision

of speed and ugliness-

disappeared leaving

no trace behind-the Lord be .thanked l

DESH

List of Prize-Winners

(1961-62)

(A) ACADEMIC

Roll of Honour:

Surinder Singh

Prizes for University Examinations :

Madhu BaIaSushma PaulRajinder SinghSurinder SinghBhuwan Prasad GargRishi Raj

Distinction in B. . (General) Exam.

B. A. (Pass) 1 in CollegeB. A. (Hons) Hindi I in CollegeB. A. (Hons) Maths. I in CollegeB. Sc. (General) I in CollegePre-Medical- I in CollegeQualifying--I in College

Academic Prizes (House Examinations) :

Purshotam Lal VijGobind Kumar BhatiaManju Mathur

Tarsaim Lal GoyalChetan Prakash MehtaBeena MathurSulakshna Kumari

Vinod Kumar BeatejaAnimas ChakravartyInderjeet Malhotra

DESH

B. A. (Hons) III year

Hindi (Main) IEconomics (Main) IMathematics (Main) I

B. A./B. s-, (Hons) II year

Maths. (Main) IHindi (Main) IPol. Science (Main) IPol. Science (Main) I

(on II year basis only)Pol. Science (Subs.) IEconomics (Subs.) IChemistry (Subs.) IIHistory of Science-I

55

Gurcharan Singh

Sudhir ChandrSharda BahlRajeshwar Nath KaulC. V. S. GO\\1riRam Ratan ChaudhryArun MadanSudesh Sharma

Jagdish Saod

Satya Prakash U preti

Supti Rai Chaudhry

Sukbir Singh Verma

Asha SharmaShanta Bhutani

Prinder Nath DuggalHar Mohan MainiMaheshwar Prasad

Shanti Swarup Madan

56

B. A./B. Set (Hons) I year

Maths. (Main) IPhysics (Subs.)-IHindi (Main) IEconomics (Main) I (Br.)Economics (Main) I (Br.)Pol, Science (Main)-IEconomics (Subs.)-IHistory (Subs.)-IHindi (Subs.)-I

B. A. (Pass) III year

Aggregate-IPol. Science-ISanskrit-IHindi-I

Bt A. (Pass) II year

Aggregate-IHistory-IPhilosophy - I

B. A. (Pass) I year

Aggregate-ISanskrit-IAggregJte-IIEnglish-IHindi-IEconomics-IIPolitical Science-IPhilosophy-I (Br.)Elect. Hindi-I

B. Se. (General) III year

Aggregate-IChemistry-I

DESH

Ramesh Chand Bahl Mathematics-e-IUma Rani Agrawal Zoology-ISantosh Prabha Botany-IR. S. Mani Physics-I

B. se. (General) II year

Mahesh Chander Gogia Aggregate-IChemistry-I

Balbir Saran Aggarwal Hindi-IRaj Kumari Khurana Maths.-IISuresh Chand Gupta Physics-IPrem Lata Dhawan Botany-I

B. s, (General) I year

Krishin Lal Iuneja Aggregate-IMaths.-I

Gautam Banerji English-I

Shabnam Sehgal History of Science - I

Krishan Lal Chemistry-I

Ram Chandra Lal Zoology-IBotany--I (Br.)

Hardev Kaur Botany-I (Br.)

Pre-Medical II year

A. Andal Aggregate-IPhysics-IChemisiry-IBiology-I

Ashok Kumar Marwah Aggregate-IIPhysics-IIBiology-II (Br.)Chemistry-II (Br.)

Champa S. Bhatia English-I

DESH 57

G. L. Revathv Chemistry-II (Br.)Biology-II (Br.)

Gayatri Aggarwal English-Susham Lata Soad Physics-IRaj Kumar Bhatia Chemistry-IRoshan S. Talreja Biolagy-I

Pre-Medical I year

Arun Kumar Sood Aggregate-IChemistry-IBiology-I

Chandra Chaudhry Enplish-IVeena Pandey Physics-I

Qualifying

S. Rama Durai Aggregate-IEnglish-IIMaths.-I

Harish Kumar Saxena Aggregate-IIAdd. Maths.-I

Sumer Sehgal English-IAmar Nath Shukla Hindi-IJanak Raj Kohli Ps:~cbology-I

Hindi-IIChandru S. Bhojwani Sindhi-IAnil Bajaj Physics-I

Chernistry-IPran Nath Physics-IISom Nath Theraja Chemistry-IIPrakash Lal Badlani Maths.-IIBhagwanti Bhambhani Civics-IRamesh Verma Civics-IIMalika Malik Economics-IMahindra Pal Singh Economics-IIIoginder Aidan History-IChandra Kanta Sanskrit-e-I

58 DESH

Yog Raj

Kalyan Jain

AjayVijay K. Kumar

Mohini RainaTej PalRajinder SinghK. V. S. Ramani

(B) UNION PRIZES

Hindi Debate-IHindi Recitation-ISpecial PrizeUrdu Recitation-I (Br.)Special PrizeHindi Debate II (Br.)English Debate-ISpecial PrizeHindi Debare-II (Br.)Urdu Recitation-I (Br.)Panjabi Recitation-v-ISpecial Prize

Harish Chandra Medal for best acting Savita Nagpaul

Snap Shot Competition Damodar Morarka

(C) GENERAL KNOWLEDGE PRIZES

Senior Group: Ashni Kumar Deb: -Pol. Sc. Hons. II yearJunior Group: Harish Kumar Saxena: Qualifying Science

(D) Inter-Class One-act-PlayCompetition Trophy

Special Prize (awarded byMiss Madhu Malti)

B. A. (Honours) Classes

Usha Bhardwaj

(E) CERTIFICATES

Inter-Class One-act-PlayCompetition Certificates

Inter-College Youth Festival, Certificates

DESH

Ashok Trikha to receive

Veena Dar to receive

59

Hobbies Exhibition CertificatesSocial Service LeagueSindhi Society

Sudhir Kumar SaxenaRamesh Vohra to receiveThakur Bhatia-Essay Camp. ISundri Khalsa " " II

Men's Events

1. Narinder Singh

2. Lalit Kumar Ohri.

SPORTS PRIZE WINNERS

First in Putting the Shot (new record).First in Discus Throw.First in Javelin Throw.First in High Jump.First in Broad Jump.Second in 200 MetersSecond in Hop-Step & Jump.All round Best Athlete of the Year

from amongst Boys.

First in 100 Meters.First in 400 Meters.First in 800 Meters.First in 1500 Meters.First in 5000 Meters.

3. Satish Kumar Mahajan

4. Kanwal Nain Bahl

5. Vijinder Singh

6. Mohinder Chopra

60

First in 200 Meters.First in Hop-Step & Jump.Second in High Jump.

Second in Putting the Shot.Second in Hammer ThrowSecond in Discus Throw.

Second in 1500 MetersSecond in 500 Meters.

Second in 100 Meters.Second in 400 Meters,

DESH

7. Charan Singh

8. Nand Kishore

9. Mool Chand Sharma

10. Mahesh Chander Sharma

11. Gulshan Kakar

12. Ram Pal ChopraL. K. OhriSurinder SawhneyMohinder Chopra

Women's Events

1. Tripta Sehgal

2. Santosh

3. Savita Nagpal

4. Swaran Prabha

5. Harwant Magoo

6. Versha Capoor

7. las Bir Kaut

DESH

Second in Pole Vault.Second in Broad Jump.

First in Pole- Vault.

FIRST in Hammer Throw

Second in Javelin Throw

Second in ·800 Meters

First in Relay Race.

First in 50 MetersFirst in Obstacle RaceSecond in Broad Jump.Second in 800 Meters WalkingAll round best Athlete of the year

from amongst girls

First in Obstacle RaceSecond in 50 MetersSecond in 500 Meters

First in Putting the ShotFirst in Discus Throw

First in 100 MetersSecond in Obstacle Race

First in Higll Jump.First in Broad Jump

First in 800 Meters Walking

First in Slow Cycling

6·1

8. Chandra Dawani

9. Brijinder Anand

1. Man Singh2. Tara Chand

First in High Jump.

Second in. Putting the Shot.

Subordinrte Staff Race

FirstSecond.

Administrative Staff (Musical Chair Race)

1. Amar Nath2. R. C. Mehtani

FirstSecond

Teaching Staff (Musical Chair Race)

1. Shri S. P. Kapoor2. Shri M. L. Sanduja

Men's Events:

s. K. MahajanSurinder Sawhney

First.Second

GYMKHANA EVENTS

Potato Race:

FirstSecond

Pillow Fighting:

Ram Pal Chopra & Mool Chand SharmaMohinder Kumar & Kanwal Nain Bahl

FirstSecond.

Wheel dl Barrow Race:

Subhash Gulani &. Subhash Kukreja FirstSatish Mahajan & Surinder Sawhney Second

Women's EventsChatti Race

Harwant MagoaKamlesh Kapoor

:B"irstSecond

DESH

Three Legged Race

Tripta Sehgal & Harbans KaurSushma Salani & Versha Kapoor

FirstSecond

WinnerRunner-up

WinnersRunners-up

Winners

WinnersRunners-up

WinnersRunners-up

WinnersRunners-up

WinnersRunners-up

DESH

BADMINTON

Men Singles

Suresh ChuganiSarvjit Singh

Men Doubles

Deepak Khosla & Davinder KakarSuresh Chugani & Ravi nder Pal

Mixed Doubles

Deepak Khosla & Miss Achla

Lucky Doubles

Deepak Khosla & Sarvjit SinghD. S. Mann & Davinder Kakar

TABLE-TENNIS

Men Singles

Harsha VIlalMahesh Tawakley

Mixed Doubles

Harsha Ullal and Indra SharmaDavinder Kakar and Tripta Sehgal

Lucky Doubles

Davinder Kakar and Vijay ShardaMahender Berri and Karu n

63

WinnersSurinder Pal

Damodar Murarka

INTER-CLASS TOURNAMENT

B. A. ClassesGeneral Captain

Sports Phatography

First

N. C. C.

Cadet Captain

Sgt. Roshan Lalc. S. M. Ram Pal ChopraLie P J. Raghwan

64

Harish Malhotra:Best Cadet of the Year Naval WingBest Cadet of The Year Artillery WingBest Cadet Of The Year NCe Rifles.100 % Attendance in Parades

DESH

Deshbandllu College~ Kalkaji,NEW DELHI.

ANN£JAL I~EPOR'l~

t 9 (-) '1-6 2

TIle first decade ill the Iife-history of the College is over and westand on the threshold of the second. Institutions. like nations, no doubt,grow slowly. But to be good and useful i nst i tutions they must grow steadily;from 1110re to more and from good to better. To wish that it were so is notenough; we have to strain ourselves to the best of Ollr ability and capacity.We have to guard against setbacks coming in either to stultify progressalready achieved or to retard the process of growth and development of theinstitutiou. If eternal vigilance is the price of liberty it is equa lly true ofa good administration. Complacency or indifference or selfishness on thepart of those who are connected with the institution call work havoc withits future. The close of the year is the t i me when we take stock of ourachievements, shortcomings and shortfalls in comparison with t hc precedingyears. The Principal's Annual Report is, really speaking, meant to be areport to the Board of Administration of the College on the work doneduring the year under report.

Dr. A. N. Banerji, Principal of the College, was all deputation wi tlius. He remained at the helm of affairs in the College for ahout three anda half years. On the expiry of his period of Jeputation I1e rejoined hisparent department. I took over train h i m as officiating Principal witheffect from the afternoon of the 2nd of December, 1961.

I understand that the proposal to tra nsfer the adrninist r ation of theCollege to the University of Delhi is under consideration. But no finaldecision has been arrived at by the Ministry of Education so far.

We have outgrown ou r present accom moda tion. Our requirementsare very many and to meet them we need funds. I need not repeat theoft-repeated list of our immediate needs; a wel l or a tube-well: more roomsfor lectures, seminars and Heads of De partrncurs: a ful ly furnished Hall­cum-Auditorium: a new Library Block; Common ROOlllS for boys and girls;rooms for in-door games; the N. C. C. Block; play grounds, quarters for the

DESH 1

Principal, Staff and other employees and many more things besides. Allthese have been reported to the Administration year after year. In somecases, even blue prints were made by the C. P. W. D. and funds provided.But actual work was postponed every t irne because of the impending decisionto transfer the administration of the College.

The Staff

The following changes in the Staff took place. Shri Adarsh Deepak,Lecturer in Physics, and Mrs. Manik Khanwalker, Lecturer in Botany,left. Shri N. K. Mansukhani, Lecturer in Political Science, Shri KrishanChandra Mathur and Shri S. N. Mehra, Lecturers in Chemistry, joined theCollege during the final term.

Shri S. P. Malhotra, Lecturer in Chemistry, proceeded on two years'study leave for advance research at the University of Chicago. Shri K. C.Kanda and Shri C. L Nahal resumed their duties in the Department ofEnglish on return from study leave. I an glad to report that Shri K. C.Kanda obtained the degree of M. A. in English from the University ofNottingham for his thesis: 'The Poetry of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, 1840-1912'and Shri C. L Nahal obtained the degree of Ph. D. from the same Universityfor his thesis: 'D. H. Lawrence.' Shri S. K. Goyal, Lecturer in Economics,was awarded the degree of Ph. D. by the University of Delhi for his thesis:'Some Aspects of Co-operative Farming in India with special reference tothe Punjab~. These three gentlemen brought laurels to the College. Icongratulate them on their achievement. Dr. K. S. Rai, Head of the Depart­ment of Botany, failed to rejoin the College after the expiry of his threeyears' study leave. His services had to be terminated under rules of theUniversity. His case for re-appointment is under consideration of the Boardof Administration.

During the course of the year the following Lecturers were con­firmed in their posts :-

2

1. Shri S. P. Malhotra2. Shri R. L. Verma3. Shri C. P. Malik4. Shri S. K. Jain5. Shri R. C. Pillai6. Shri O. P. Kohli7. Shri L. M. Sharma8. Shri V. P. Girdhar9. Shri Y. P. Dhawan

Lecturer in ChemistryLecturer in HindiLecturer ill BotanyLecturer in MathematicsLecturer in Pol. ScienceLecturer in HindiLecturer in HindiLecturer in EconomicsLecturer in English

DESH

10. Shri J. K. Jain

11. Dr. M. M. Ahluwalia

Lecturer in English

Lecturer in History

One case of confirmation is still pending with the Board of Administration.

We have a number of Lecturers who were appointed in a purelytemporary capacity. Their appointments will have to be regularized accord­ing to the rules of the University.

Dr. R. D. Bharadwaj, Lecturer in Hindi, and I delivered lectures tothe M.A. classes in Hindi and English respectively at the University.

Members of the Staff published the following papers:

1) Shri R. K. Sud

(Unpublished)

(a) Angry Young Men-Kingsley Amis

(b) Sarojini Naidu-The Peoples' Poet

(c) Tagore, the Poet of Effulgent Joy

(d) 'Mukta-Dhara'

(e) The Punjabi Tapestry: Punjabi Character &Characters in the Early Writings ofKhushwant Singh.

(f) Edited the 'Homage to Tagore' Number of The Desh,

2) Dr. C. L. Nahal

(a) The Watch-a short story

3) Shri R. L. Verma

(a) Lahey - Ek Wishleshan: A critical studyof Prasad's Laher

(Radio Talk)

(Radio Talk)

(Desh)

(Desh)

(Desh) .

(Though t)

4) Shri C. P. Malik

(a) Comparative account of Cytology and morphologyin Tephrosia villosa Pens Complex (Genetica: Netherland)

(b) Cytology of some Anixema species Qytox (Argentina)

(c) Cytology of some Ophiopagon species Qyton (Argentina)

DESH 3

5) Shri S. K. Jain

(a) Remarks on Prime Rings

(b) On the Existence of Identity.

6) Shri B. P. Saxena

(a) 011 the Palatal organs of Lafeo-dera

Extension Lectures

Lecturer-in-Charge: Sbri R. C. Pillai

(Revisro Di Mathematica)

(National Academy otSciences).

The utility of extension lectures no one will question. Liberaleducation at the Universit y does not end with teaching and reading a fewtext books and taking the examination at the end of the academic term andobtaining a degree. It, on the contrary, aims at extending the horizons ofthe mind, at enlarging the sympathies of the heart, at giving a catholic tasteand outlook on life and things and, last hut not least, at producing good andgentle-hearted citizens. The profession of teaching is accordingly an honour­able a nd a time-honoured profession and we who belong to the fraternityof teachers feel proud of it. But to be good teachers we must keep our ownminds and hearts replenished and fresh, our lamps always lighted and ourvisions unblurred. The best of lIS are likely to feel bored and stale unlesswe come into touch with m i nds other than those whom we meet everyday.It was with this idea that we star ted the series of extension lectures formembers of the Staff ill addition to extension lectures for students. S11riBrij Krishna Chandiwala, a well-known associate of Gandhiji, spoke on tile'Life, methods and principles of Gandhiji.' Prof. Dilip Kumar. Lecturer inEnglish, at the College of Engineering at Hauz Khas, spoke to us on Tagore'sconcept of the Universal Man. Shri Brij Krishna Cha ndiwala installed aportrait of Grndh iji and Prof. Sanyal that of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore.These portraits, I am sure, will serve as beacon's light to members of theStaff to dedicate themselves to their duties.

Shr i K. C. Kanda delivered all extension lecture to students andStaff. His talk was based on his personal e xperie nces and understandingof the English life and society. The second instalment of his lecture relatingto his co nti ne ntal tour and Dr. C. L. Nahal's lecture on Life at the Univer­sity of Not ti ngham are on the programme.

DESH

The College Office

Shri D. S. Bhalla, Lecturer in English, was appointed the CollegeBursar in place of Shri V. P. Girdhar, Lecturer in Economics, with effectfrom 9th January, 1962. Shri M. L. Rustagi was appointed Accountant inplace of Shri Sri Bhagwan, who left to join the Oil and Natural Gas Com­mission. Shri R. C. Gupta was appointed Senior Clerk. Shri P. P. Tyagiwas reposted to the Library in his substantive post of Library Assistant(Junior). Shri R. C. Mehra ni, Stenographer to the Principal, went on3-months' leave and Shri J. K. Suri ,:\7a8 appointed temporarily in his place.

N umber of Students

The number of students on the rolls was 1159 in August, 1961,(Boys 802 and women 357). This number has come down to 1061 (Boys725 and WOOlen 336).

l have a word to say about tile admissions, During the last 2 or3 years we have been admitting students beyond our capacity and accordingto no plan. In certain cases studen ts have been forced on us. This createdmany admi nistrative difficulties. The wear and tear of furniture, booksand equipment in the college has been beyond replacement. Departmentsdid not have the requisite staff. The present building is just sufficient for700 or 800 students. If the admissions have to be maintained at 1000 morerooms, adequate staff and facilities should be provided.

University Examination Results

The University Examination Results for the years ]959-60 and1960-61 are as follows :

Qualifying ScienceQualifyi ng ArtsPre-MedicalB. A. (Pass)B. A.(Honollfs)B. Se. (General)

1959-60

63.7(:'046.5~/:)

68.3~,.~

82.9~~.,

1960-61

50.5~·~

42.6~~)

68.4~{-,

62.3~/~)

63.1 ~<)

73.8~/o

Surinder Singh B. Se. (General) obtained the 3rd position In theUniversity.

DESH 5

TIle above figures show that as the number of students rises moreundeserving students are admitted. There is no short cut for passing theexamination other than working hard throughout the course of the yearright upto the final examination. If here and there a few indifferent studentsmanage to pass the examinations with the aid of cheap bazaar notes orGuides or Refresher Courses these are exceptions to the rule. Flukes arenot miracles.

Fee-concessions and Stipends

Concessions in fees and stipends were granted as under rules" 20~'~ toBoy students and 25% "to Women students. Accordingly Full Fee-concessionswere granted to 99 students, Half Fee-concessions to 114 students and Sti­pends to 33 students. The total amount thus disbursed was Rs. 28,000/­approximately.

Quite a large number of concession-holders lose their concessionsbecause they fail to do well in the house examination in December. It ispainful to see parents try ing to justify that poverty and not merit should bethe criterion for awarding fee-concessions. Students take their studies mostcasually and consequently the examinations most non-seriously. A TestMatch or a Film Festival is good enough excuse for cutting the examinationsand studies. The number of applications for exemption of fine for absenti ngthemselves from examinations has been abnormal this year. What is sur­prising is that these applications are supported by medical certificates. It ismore than a coincidence that majority of students fall ill near about theexaminations and that too especially if the dates fall within close proximityto a Test Match. Parents are hardly aware of what their wards are doingall the time they are at college. They probably believe in the age-old adage:where ignorance is bliss it is folly to be wise,

The College Library

Librarian: Shri B. B. Saxena

Our Library is growing though not as fast as it should.of books since the last report has risen from 11600 to 14768.of newspapers and periodicals has risen from 110 to 120.

The numberTh"e number

The growth of the library should, normally, be a matter of pleasureand pride. But the growth of our library poses a serious problem whichrequires immediate attention. The space for Readers .is being graduallyencroached upon by the almirahs holding the increasing stock that itself

DESH

needs readers, This paradox has got to be resolved by providing for expansionof floor space.

The College Magazine : The Desh

The 'Desh', the College Magazine, has six sections: English, Hil1di,Sanskrit, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. It was printed thrice this year, includinga Special Supplement: 'Homage to Tagore', published to mark the BirthCentenary of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore. We find it increasinglydifficult to publish the Magazine even twice in the year. Some of rhesections may have to be closed for want of contributions from' students.It will be a sad day for the College when this happens.

The Editorial Board consisted of the following: Shri R. K. Sud(Editor-in-Chief), Shri Y. P. Dhawan and Surish GopaI & Rajat Batra(English); Mrs. R. K. Parshad and Purshottarn Lal Vij (Hindi);' iShri M.~L..Chaudhri and Kumari Jagdish Scod (Sanskrit); Shri C. L. Kumar and ParbhatKumar Sood (Punjabi); Shri S. M. jha ngiani and Thakur Bhatia (Sindhi)and Shri V. N. Pasricha (Urdu).

The College Union

Shri D. S. Bhalla, Lecturer ill English, resigned the advisership of theCollege Union soon after the election of the Office-bearers in August last.Till November, there was no Adviser. Dr. S. K. Goyal was appointed theAdviser on 29-11-61 and has continued since then to look after the affairsof the College Union. As a result of elections the following Office-bearerswere elected to constitute the Union Executive :-

Roop Lal

Vas Dev

Madan Satija

Ram Pal

B. A. (Hans) III year

B. A. (Pass) II year

B. Sc. (Gen.) III year

B. A. (Hons) II year

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Asstr, Secretary

The College Union had a busy programme. Shri N. Sanjiva Reddy,President'[of the All India Congress Committee, inaugurated the Unicn on20th September, 1961. Dr. Richa.rd Gaudind (an American Full brightScholar) addressed the students of the College on 'The American ClassStructure' on 25th October" 1961. The outstanding events in the year'sprogramme were tIle Inter-College Debate for the Deshbandhu Trophy heldon 10th February, 1962.. and the Inter-College Declamation Contest for theMehr Chand Khanna Trophy held on L'Zth February, 1962. The Deshbandhu

DESH

Trophy was awarded to the St. Stephen's College, the First and the Secondprize were \VOIl by Shri Swami Malhan of the St. Stephen's College andMiss Rita Ratna of the Indraprastha College. The Mehr Chand KhannaTrophy went to the St. Stephen's College. The First Prize was awardedto Shri S. Sridhar of the Hans Raj College arid the Second Prize to ShriPartap Chirayta of the St. Stephen's College.

In addition to these i tem s in the programme the Union arranged aHindi Debate, a Poetical Recitation Contest and a Film Show for thedelectation of the students.

Our speakers did well in debates held outside Delhi. Kalyan Jain,B. Sc. (Hans) III year Class, and Yog Raj, B. SCI III year Class, won theFirst Prize in the Hindi Recitation Contest held at the D. A. V. College.Ambala City. Shri K. V. S. Rarnani, B. A. (Hans) II year class, and ShriVijay K. Kumar, B. A. (Pass) II year, won a Debating Trophy at the HinduCollege, Sonepat, and Shri Vijay K. Kumar also won the Special Prize. Inthe debates organized in the College Yog Raj, B. Sc. III year; Mohini Raina,B. A. II year and Ajay , B. Sc. II year, won the First and the Second Prize(Bracketed) respectively in the Hindi Prize Debate for Freshers. Yog Raj,B. Sc. III year, won the First Prize in Hindi Recitation; Kalyan Jain, B. Sc.(Hons) III year, and Tej Pal, B. A. III year, won the First Prize (Bracketed)in Urdu Recitation and Rajinder Singh Bhutani, B. Sc. II year, won the FirstPrize in Punjabi Recitation. Vijay K. Kumar, B. A. II year, was awardedthe First Prize in English Debate.

The Union Executive also arranged a Variety Show for raising fundsiI1 aid of the Bihar Relief Fund in response to an appeal made by the Vice­Chancellor, Late Dr. N. K. Sidhanta. It collected over a thousand rupees.

The College Annual Picnic was dropped this year because of theunwieldy number of students 011 the rolls and the consequent difficulty inmaking proper arrangements, Instead the various Tutorial Groups tooktheir student-members on picnics. This e xperirnent proved to be qui te sue­cessful. The students and their tutors enjoyed themselves. It is proposedto hold more frequent Social Functions next year so that the Tutors andtheir wards may have more opportun ities of coming close to one another.

The hall-functions of the Union were poorly attended. It is a sadreflection on our students that they elect the Office-bearers and cease takinginterest in the functions of the Union. The Adviser and the Union Com­mitree must devise ways and means of attracting students to the functionsof the Union.

DESH

College Societies, Associations and Clubs

The College maintains a number of Societies, Associations and Clubswhich contribute to the social, cultural and literary activities in the College.Incidentally they help to break the monotony of the routine of teachingand lectures. The success of their functions depends upon the enthusiasmof the Advisers and the confidence which the Office-bearers are inspiredto repose in them. These meetings can be useful if they help their membersto shake off their shyness and participate in them with their full heart.I have attended some of the functions arranged by these Associations,Societies and Clubs during the past few months and I can say withoutexaggeration that their activities were really praise- worthy. They broughtlife to college. The credit for it goes to their respective Advisers andstudent Office-bearers. I arn grateful to all of them and congratulate themon their performances.

The Hindi Parishad

AdviserPresidentVice-PresidentSecretaryJoi nt-Secreta ry

Shri Om Prakash KohliSubhash Verma, B.. 'A. II year ClassChandra Mohan, B. A. II year ClassGopal Arora, B. A. II year ClassKul Bhushan Bhasin, B. A. I year Class

The Parishad was inaugurated this year by Shri Gurudat ta, thefamous Hindi novelist. In the Inter-class Hindi Debate the Trophy waswon by B. Sc. II year Class. Ajay Kumar, B, Sc. II vear Class, stood Firstand Aridaman Kaur, B. A. II year, and Kalyan Jain, B. A. Hans. III yearClass, were placed bracketed Second. The Annual Inter College Debate forthe jodha Mal Kuthiala Trophy was held in November last. Thirteen teamsfrom local colleges took part in the debate. The Trophy was awarded to theIndraprastha College, the First Prize to Shri Narendra Braharnchari of theHindu College, and the Second Prize to Miss Sushma Paul of the Indra­prastha College. .The Nirala Jayanti was celebrated in February last. ShriPrabhakar Mach we, a leading writer and Asstt. Secretary of the SahityaAkademy, Delhi, was the Chief Guest of the Evening. last week theParishad organized a Kavi Goshthi in which six local Hindi poets: SarvshriMadhur Shashtri, Kailash Bhaskar, Atu l, Lalit joshi, Rarnesh Gaur andRamavtar Tyagi, participated.

The Sanskrit Parishad

DESH

Adviser Shri M. L. Chaudh i y

9

President

Vice-PI esident

Joint Secretary

Malti, B. A. (Hons) II year Class

Ravindra Sharma, B. A. I year Class

Kaushalya, Preparatory Class.

The Parishad was inaugurated by Dr. N. N. Choudhuri. Head of theDepartment of Sanskrit, University of Delhi. Dr. R. V. Joshi was theChief Guest. The Kalidasa Jayanti was celebrated in November last. Thelife and. works of the great poet and dramatist were highlighted. The AnnualFunction comes off later this month The functions of the Parishad includeitems in Sanskrit only; thereby providing opportunities to its members tolearn to speak Sanskrit with some degree of accuracy and fluency.

In the Sanskrit Essay Contest Purushottam Lal, B. A. (Hens) III yearClass.. and Malti, B. A: (Hans) II year Class, won the First and the SecondPrize respectively. Veena Dar, B. A. III year Class, and Shashi _Prabha,B. A. III year Class, took part in various Shloka-Recitation Contests in thelocal colleges. Shashi Prabha won the Second Prize at the Institute ofPost-Graduates (Evening), University of Delhi. In a contest held in thecollege Shashi Prabha got the First Prize and Veena Dar won the SecondPrize.

Veena Dar and Shashi Prabha (B A. Pass III year) won the TrophyIn t he Inter-College Shloka-Recitation contest in Sanskrit, held in the S. D.College on Friday, the 2nd March, 1962. Veena Dar got the second prizealso in the-above-said contest.

The Sindhi Literary Society

Adviser

President

Secretary

Joint-Secretary

Shri S. M. Jha ngiani

Push pa Davani, B. Sc. III year Class

Tikrtffi Chabria, B. Se. III year Class

Lakhmichand Tewari, B. Sc. III year Class.

Notwithstanding tile small membership of the Sindhi Associationit is one of the busiest ~ssociat~on~. During the year under report it organiz­ed a number of meetings, pIcnICS and get-together functions. The out­standing event was the presence of Miss Drupati, Editor of The J agriti, aSindhi Weekly of Bombay, which brought out a special issue containing afull report on the activities of the Sindhi Society of the DeshbandhuCollege.

10 DESH

In the Annual Sindhi Essay Competition the First and the SecondPrize were awarded to Thakur Bhatia, B. A. III year Class, and SundriKhalsa, Qualifying Class, respectively.

The Annual Meeting was presided over by Dr. G. F. Lakhani, DeputySecretary, Ministry' of Scientific Research' and Cultural Affairs, Govt. ofIndia. The programme consisted of a One-Act-Play: N eelam, written byShri Jiwan Gursahani, songs and Laddo, the Sindhi wedding song. Themost active among the members are Ramesh Choithani, Ashok Raisinghani,Sham Rajmala ni, Ram Masand, Kamlesh Balchandani,Mira Rajani, Asha Bij­lani, Shewi Bhambani, Bhagwati Bhambani and -Maya Aswani.'

The Bengali Association

Adviser

Secretary

Joint-Secretary' \

Treasurer

Shri A. K. Po ldar

Ratna Lahiri, B. A. II year Class

Kalyan Bagchi, B. A. (Hons) III year Class

Purnima Chatterji, B. A. II year Class.

The Association celebrated the Tagore Birth Centenary in a befittingmanner. The programme included a rich fare of Rabindra Sangeet andDances. Mrs. Shanti Kabir was the Chief Guest of the evening. The Asso­ciation also provided items of interest from Tagore's poems and songs onthe occasion of the installation of Gurudev's portrait in the Staff Room.It presented a One-act-Play in the Inter College Bengali Drama CCIT petitionand won the Second Prize. Dilip Saha was awarded the Best Actor's Prize.

The English Association

Adviser

Secretary

Shri J. K. jain

Sujata Verma, B. A. (Hons) I year Class

The English Association was formed recently with a view to awakenstudents to the beauties of English literature and to provide the Honoursstudents with a forum to express themselves and discuss literary topics withtheir teachers. In the inaugural function' a tape-recorded version ofColeridge's poem: 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner', was played. In thesecond meeting Sujata Verma read out her translations of her own storiesin Malayalam.

The Society is holding Essay and Short-StcryWriting Contests.

DESH 11

The Science Association

Adviser

President

Secretary

Joint-Secretary

Shri P. A. Shiromany

Mahesh Kumar, B. SCI II year Class

B. N. Swarup, B. SCI III year Class

Arun Kumar, Pre-Medical I year Class.

The Association presented two variety shows. It arranged a tripof over 120 students to the National Physical Laboratory, the Delhi MilkScheme and the Hindustan Breakfast Factory. It also arranged two filmshows of scientific interest.

The History Association

Adviser

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Joint-Secretary

Shri B. B. Saxena

K. Ganesh, B. A. II year Class

K, Dewan, B. A. II year Class

Raj Kumar, B. A. I year Class

B. S. Mittal, Preparatory Class.

The Association organized historical trips to the Qutab, Agra,Fatehpur Sekri, the National Archives and the Museum and the Achaeolo­gical Centenary Exhibition. These trips were led by the Adviser and Dr.M. M. Ahluwalia. A debate was held under the auspices of the Associationon the subject: 'Life in ancient India was happier than life in modern India'.V. K. Kumar, B. A. II year Class was awarded the First Prize.

The Political Science Association

AdviserPresidentSecretary

Shri V. N. KhannaInderjit Grover, B. A. (Hans) II year ClassS. Kumar Bhardwaj, B.A.(Hons)II yee r Class

The Association held the 5th Annual Inter-college debate for theKathpalia Jain Trophy. The subject of the debate was that 'The IndianOperation Vijaya in Goa was not inconsistent with the declared policies ofthe Govt. of India and the principles of the United Nations'. TIle trophywas won by the Lady Shri Ram College for Women. The First and theSecond Prize were awarded to K. V. S. Ramani, B. A. (Hans) II year, of theDeshbandhu College and Shri Sudhir of the St. Stephen's College respectively.

12 DESH

Dr. Harnam Singh, Reader in Political Science, University of Delhi,gave a talk to the members of the Association on 'The Concept of Libert y',The talk was followed by an informal discussion on 'Federalism in India',

The, Planning Forum

Adviser

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Joint-Secretary

Shri S. P. Kapoor

Charanjit, B. A. II year Class

Kul Bhushan Bhasin, B. A. II year Class

Harbans Ahuja, B. A. II year Class

Mohinder Pal Singh. Preparatory Class.

The Planning forum participated in the celebrations at the Universityin connection with the National Plan Week. It invited Dr. Ashish Boseof the Institute of Economic Growth to address the members on 'The Censusof India - 1961'.

The Philosophical Discussion Group

Adviser

President

Secretary

Mrs. M. Thomas

Dinesh Joshi, B. A. III year Class

Padma Avadhani, B. A. III year Class

The Philosophical Discussion Group had a Lecture by Shri V. N.Pasricha on 'Heredity'. Mr. M. Kroeger of the American Embassy andMr. Wisheneyer of the Canadian Embassy showed films on educational lifein their countr.es, Some music was provided by friends of the Association.

Dinesh Joshi. B. A. III year class, read a paper on 'Dreaming as partof a Symposium' in the Dyal Singh College.

The United Nations Students' Association (U. N. S. A.)

Adviser

President

Secretary

Shri R. C. Pillai

Kalyan Jain, B. Se. (Hons) III year Class

Satish Kumar, Pre-Medical II year Class

The lJNSA was inaugurated by Shri R. K. Nehru, Secretary General,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Govt. of India. He addressed the members on

DESH 13

the 'Significant Role played by India in the sphere of International Politics'.In addition to this meeting the UNSA held many other meetings.

The Inter-College Youth Festival

Adviser R. K. Parshad

Our College participated in 5 items: One-act-Play, Group Dance,Group Songs, Light Vocal Music and Mono-Acting. Our Group Song wasadjudged the Second best and our Group Dance was placed third.

Th~ Dramatic Club

Adviser

President

Secretary

Mrs. R. K. Parshad

Miss Savira NagpauL B.A.(Hons) III year Class

Ashok Trikha, B. A. (Hons) III year Class.

I am happy to report that this year the College Dramatic Commit teedecided to revive the Inter-Class One-act-Play Competition for which wehave a Silver Trophy presented to us by Messrs. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.Three Groups participated in the competition: Pre-University Group,B. A. Honours Group and B. A. Pass Group. The Trophy was annexed bythe B. A.Honours Group. Savita Nagpaul was awarded the Harish ChandraSilver Medal for the best acting and Usha Bhardwaj, B. A. (Hans) I yearClass, got the special prize offered by Miss Madhu Malti, Programme Exe­cutive; AJI India Radio, New Delhi.

TIle Music Club

. Adviser

President

Secretary

Shri C. P. Malik

Tej P~J, B. A. III year Class

Bhopal Singh, B. A. II year Class

The Club has been fairly active, In addition to the three mainsessions held by it, it organized, in collaboration with the College Union,theAnnual Inter-College Music Competition for the Gayatri De vi BanerjiTrophy. Five teams from local colleges participated in the competition.The Trophy went to the Indraprastha College. Miss Sarveshra Sen of theMiranda House won the First Prize in Instrumental Music, Shri Badola ofthe Kirori Mal College claimed the First Prize in Classical Vecal Music andMiss Bijlani Biswas got the First Prize in Light Music.

14 DESH

The Hobbies Exhibition

The Fine Arts Club, now defunct, used to arrange the AnnualHobl ies Exhibition, usually synchronising with the Prize-giving-Function.I am obliged to Shri V. N. Pasricha, Lecturer in Physics, for undertaking toorganize the Exhibition this year. The exhibition is on at the moment inthe Botany Laboratory. The exhibits displayed show that some of ourstudents are interested in hobbies and art. I have all along been of the viewthat every college must provide full opportunities for the development ofinnate artistic talent of young boys and girls. Art, it need not be said, addsnot only beauty and refinement to life but also makes it wor thl iv ing,

The Social Service League

Adviser

President

Vice-President

Secretary

Joint-Secretary

Shri S. M. jhangiani

Ramesh Vohra, B. A. (Hans) III year Class

Vasdev Gursahani, B. A. II year Class

Rajat Batra, B. A. I year Class

jagdish Kumari Sood, B.A. III year Class.

The members visited the local Cheshire Home for Invalids twiceand entertained them with songs, titbits, sweet and fruit. They helped toraise funds for the Home and the Mati Lal Nehru Centenary Cornm itteeby selling tickets and badges. A few articles lost and found by the memberswere restored to their owners. Tne Society is building up a Bock Banksolely for the benefit of poor students in the College. The response is yetdiscouraging. The members prove very hel pful in maintaining order in theHall meetings.

Hans Raj B. A. (Pass) II year Class, jumped into an eighteen feetdeep Water Tank and rescued an outsider-girl, who slipped in to the tank, atthe time of the picnic held at the Buddha jaya nti Park on 9th February, 1962.

Games and Sports

Our students are seriously handicapped in games and sports for wantof good play-grounds and proper coaching facilities. In the absence of geedathletes and players on the teaching staff of the College it is imperative toengage coaches in the major games, to give regular practice and training toour athletes and players. Expenditure on this acccunt appears to me to hequite legitimate. The enthusiasm of our students for games is evinced inthe Inter-Class Tournament held every year on the League System. The

DESH ]5

Students' Trophy for Inter-class Tournament was annexed this year by theB. A. Classes, the Preparatory Classes were the Runners-Up. Our teamsdid not do well in the University Tournaments excepting the Women'sBadminton Team which went up to the Semi-Finals. Our best athlete,Narinder Singh, B. Sc. II year Class, who holds the University and theCollege Record in Shot Put. stood second in the Inter-University Meet.In the College Annual Sports, Narinder Singh and Tripta Sehgal wereadjudged the best athletes from amongst Men and Women students.

The Physico-Medical Examination

The Physico-Medical Examination of students could not be completedas the appointment of our Medical Officer, Shri S. P. Rastogi, was madelate in the year. The parents of all those students, who were found to bedeficient in health, were informed to take early steps to get the same treated.In the absence of a gymnasium it is not possible to "follow up' cases ofwrong posture and weak constitution,

The N. C. C.

The College has three wings of the N. C, C. : the N. C. C. Rifles, theA rtillery and the Naval Wing. All the three wings have been active duringthe year. The Annual Camp of the Naval Wing was held at Vazagpatnarnand that of the Artillery at Khanpur, Delhi. Three. of our Cadets: U/0Harjit Singh, C. S. M. Ram Pal Chopra and CPL Sushil Kumar were selectedfor advanced leadership course held at Pahalgarn, Kashmir. CSM Ram Palgave a very good account of himself in Bayonet Fighting. Surinder KumarSawhney, an O. T. U. Cadet of our College, was selected for the RepublicDay Parade. Tilak Raj Malik has been selected in the 0, T. U.

Our NCCR Cadets appeared in the Band C: Certificate Examinationsfor the first time. Our results were the best among the Delhi NCCR units,The credi t for all this goes to our P. 1. Sta ff.

Lt. D. S, Chaudhry, our D. P. I., looks after the N. C. C. units inthe College. The N. C. C. must 11a~ e the rooms for which blue prints weremade and approved by the Government architect last year.

Thanksgiving

This brings me, Sir to the end of my Report but to its sweetest part.I shall pe failing in my duty if I did not express my thanks to my studentsfor their love, my esteemed colleagues for their unstinted co-operation andthe Members of the Board of Administration for their guidance at every

]6 DESH

step during the period of officiation. I must acknowledge my gratefulnessto the Ladles and Gentlemen who responded to our invitation and acted asJudges in our Inter-college debates, declamation contests and the Inter-classOne-act-play Competition, They are Mrs. M. Koshy, Principal, Lady ShriRam College; Dr. R. R, Sethi, Principal Kirori Mal College; Shri HarishChandra. our ex-Principal; Dr. Miss Utram Singh of the IndraprasthaCollege; Dr, Amrik Singh of the Institute for Post-Graduates (Evening):Dr. A. M. Khusro of the Institute of Economic Growth: Mrs; ChandraRajan of the Lady Shri Ram College, Prof. P. C. Sood of the Hindu College,Prof. Indra Narain Bharnagar of the Hans Raj College, Mama Warerkar andMiss Madhu Malti of the All India Radio.

To you, Sir, I am indebted in more than one way for friendship,guidance and trust. My colleagues and I are obliged to you, Sir, for havingaccepted our invitation to give away the prizes in the Annual Prize-giving­Function today. We know how very busy you are but we also know thatyour love for the College and students is stronger than the call of youraugust office. Ties of affection and adoration hold us together. You, Sir,may well look upon the concemplated transfer of administration of theCollege as an administrative matter; but to us, call it sentimental, if youplease, this will be nothing short of severance of an old relationship. Inthis context your presence amongst us today will serve as a perpetual remin­der and assurance that you came to us as the Chairman of the Board ofAdministration who suckled the College w ith parental devotion and foste­ring care.

With these words, Sir, I beg to request you to give away the prrzes,certificates, medals and trophies to the winners of the year.

Radha Krishna Sud

Offg. Principal

DESH 17

may do it again.

over India were entered for this competition. 'Desh'

Who knows with luck and grace we

'Desh' that its English Section received the Second

Magazine Contest organized by Baring Union Chris-

us in a mood to do still better and compel further

has a right to feel proud of its achievement. This

recognition of our efforts by others will, I hope, put

Prize in the Best English Section of the All India

tian College, Batala this ~ear. According to the

recognition.

information supplied to file 160 Magazines from all

~

",,",)~~~,"""~~AI!9":::!_~~)~,..,..,~...,..,~,..,..,~--~ ~~,-~_~'-~..,;i;'~'-~'..,;i;'~_~""",~..,;;o;~,.;>I' ~

Editor-in-ChiefShriRadha Krishna Sud

English Section

Staff' Editor.Student Editor

Staff"Edi~orStudent Editor

.Staff Editor

.Student Editor

Staff EditorStudent Editor

Staff -Editor­

Student Editor

Staff Editor

Hindi Section

....Sanskrit Section

Punjabi Section

Sindhi Section

Urdu Section

Shri Y.P. DhawanSurish Gopal & Rajat Batra

Mrs. Raj Kumari ParshadPurshottam Lal Vij

Shri ManoharLal ChaudhriKumari Jagdish&>od

Shri C. L.-- KumarParbhat Kumar Sood

Shri S. M. JhangianiThakur Bhatia

Shri V-.N. Pasricha

Pt~·.at the Mahaian Press, Connaught Place, New Delhi and Published byShri Radha Krishna Sud M. A. for Deshbandhu ·College,Kalkaii, New Delhi