DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Pandit Lalit Mohan Sharma

Government Post Graduate College Rishikesh (Autonomous College)

(Affiliated to HNB Garhwal University Srinagar, Garhwal)

Syllabus

For Postgraduate Courses

2018-2019 (Under Choice Based Credit system)

This syllabus will be prospective and will be enforced at the entry level from the academic year 2018-19

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Details of Papers, distribution of Marks and Syllabus of Post graduate Courses

Department of Physics

Pandit Lalit Mohan Sharma Government Post Graduate College, Rishikesh

M.Sc. Semester I (July-December)

Course Code Course Title Credit L+T+P

Maximum Marks

External Evaluation

Internal Evaluation

Total

I PH -211 Mathematical Methods of Physics

4+1+0=5 70 10+10+5+5=30 Sessional I & II +Assignment +Attendance

100

II PH-212 Electrodynamics 4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

III PH -213 Elements of Quantum Mechanics

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

IV PH-214 Electronics 4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

V PH -215 Laboratory Course I General lab

0+0+4=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

VI PH -216 Laboratory Course II Electronics lab

0+0+4=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

Total Marks: 600

M.Sc. Semester II (January-June) Course Code Course Title Credit

L+T+P Maximum Marks

External Evaluation

Internal Evaluation

Total

I PH -221 Statistical Mechanics


100

II PH -222 Atomic and Molecular Physics I

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

III PH -223 Condensed Matter Physics I

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

IV PH -224 Nuclear Physics 4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100


0+0+4=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

VI PH -226 Laboratory Course II Electronics lab

0+0+4=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

Total Marks: 600

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M.Sc. Semester III (July-December)

Total Marks: 600

Note: One self-study course of 2 credits is must in III Semester, which is only of qualifying nature.


Maximum Marks

External Evaluation

Internal Evaluation

Total

I PH -231 Quantum Mechanics


100

II PH -232 Classical Mechanics & Astrophysics

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

III PH -233 Condensed Matter Physics II

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100


0+0+4=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

Elective Paper: Any one

IV a PH -234a Communication Electronics

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

IV b PH -234b Advanced Condensed Matter Physics-I

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

IV c PH -234c Advanced Spectroscopy-I

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

IV d PH -234d High energy Physics-I 4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

VI PH -237a Laboratory Course II Advanced Elective lab

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

VII PH-SS-235 Self Study Course 2+0+0=2 70 10+10+5+5=30 100

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M.Sc. Semester IV (January-June)


Maximum Marks

External Evaluation

Internal Evaluation

Total

I PH -241 Atomic & Molecular Physics- II


100

II PH -242 Nuclear& Particle Physics

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

III PH -243 Advanced Quantum Mechanics

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

Elective Papers: Any one

IV a PH -244a Advanced Electronics

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30 100

IV b PH -244b Advanced Condensed Matter Physics-II

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30 100

IV c PH -244c Advanced Spectroscopy-II

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30 100

IV d PH -244d High Energy Physics-II

4+0+0=4 70 10+10+5+5=30 100

V PH -245 Advanced Laboratory Course I

0+0+4=4 70 10+10+5+5=30 100

VI PH -246 Dissertation 0+0+4=4 70 10+10+5+5=30

100

Internal evaluation will be based on 02 Continuous Comprehensive Evaluations of class tests, seminar, attendance, performance etc. Evaluation of Dissertation will be done at the time of practical examination by external and internal examinations. Dissertation is compulsory for all students.

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Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G. College, Rishikesh (Autonomous College)

Name of the Department: Physics

Self- Study Courses Maximum Marks

Paper Code

Paper Credits External Evaluation

Internal Evaluation

Total

PH –S-231 Quantum Electrodynamics 2 35 15 50

PH –S-232 Physics of Liquid Crystals 2 35 15 50

PH –S-233 Atmospheric Physics 2 35 15 50

PH –S-234 Biophysics 2 35 15 50

PH –S-235 Physics of Nano Materials 2 35 15 50

PH –S-236 Environmental Physics 2 35 15 50

PH –S-237 Plasma Physics 2 35 15 50

PH –S-238 Reactor Physics 2 35 15 50

One minimum 02 credit course shall be mandatory in III semester, but not to be included while calculating the grade.

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1. M.Sc. Semester: I 2. Subject Code: PH-211 3. Course Title: Mathematical Methods of Physics 4. Credit: 05 (04 L + 01 T) 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course outcomes: Students who have completed this course become familiar with the main mathematical methods used in physics. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.

Unit Particulars Lecture Hours

I. Special Functions Legendre’s polynomial, Rodrigues formula, generating functions, recurrence relations, Orthogonality, Bessel’s functions, Gamma and Beta functions, Hermite and Laguerre polynomials.

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II. Curvilinear Coordinates and Tensors Curvilinear Coordinates and various operators in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical co-ordinate systems, Co-ordinate transformation (Two dimensional rotating co-ordinate system), classification of Tensors, Rank of a Tensor, covariant and contra-variant tensors, symmetric and anti-symmetric Tensors, Kronecker delta symbol, Contraction of Tensor, metric Tensor.

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III. Complex Analysis Analytical functions, Cauchy-Riemann conditions, Line integrals, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy integral formula, Derivatives of analytical functions, Taylor’s theorem, Laurent’s theorem, residues and Cauchy’s residue theorem, evaluation of residues and definite integrals (simple cases excluding branch points).

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IV Integral transforms & Group Theory Laplace transform of elementary function (Dirac delta & Green’s function). Solution of simple differential equations. Definition of groups, Subgroups, Classes, Characters of representation.

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Total 60

References: 1. Complex Variables and Applications – J.W.Brown, R.V.Churchill, Mc-Graw Hill (7th Edition) 2. Complex Variables – Seymour Lipschutz 3. Mathematical Physics - B. D. Gupta 4. Mathematical Physics - H. K. Das 5. Mathematical Methods of Physics: Mathews & Walker, Pearson Edition (2nd Edition) 6. Laplace Transform - Seymour Lipschutz, Schaum Outlines Series 7. Group Theory-Cottom 8. Mathematical Physics –Charlie Harper

9. Mathematical Physics – B.S. Rajput

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Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G. College, Rishikesh


1. M.Sc. Semester: I 2. Subject Code: PH -212 3. Course Title: Electrodynamics 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: Students who completed this course should have a deep understanding of the theoretical foundations of electromagnetic phenomena and be able to solve the Maxwell equations for simple configurations. They have a working knowledge of relativistic electrodynamics. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Maxwell’s equations and Electromagnetic Wave Equation of Continuity, Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, Poynting theorem, Electromagnetic Wave equation, Propagation of Plane Electromagnetic Wave in free space, conducting and non-conducting medium and ionized gases.

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II. Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter Boundary Conditions for the Electromagnetic field vectors, Reflection and Refraction at the boundary of two conducting and non-conducting media, Propagation of Electromagnetic wave between parallel conducting plates, Basic concept of Wave Guides, Scattering by a free and bound electron.

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III. Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic vector and scalar potential, Lorentz and Coulomb Gauge, Lienard-Witchert potential, Electric and magnetic fields of a charge in uniform motion and concept of virtual photon, Radiation from an Accelerated Charge: Larmor’s formula and its relativistic Generalization, Bremstrahlung, Cerenkov radiation.

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IV Relativistic Electrodynamics Minkowski space, Four vectors, Lorentz transformation of space and time in four-vector form, Transformation of electromagnetic potential, Invariance of Maxwell’s field equations in terms of four-vectors, Electromagnetic field tensor, Maxwell’s equations in covariance four tensor form, Lorentz force, Lorentz transformation of electric and magnetic field. Invariants of the electromagnetic field.

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Total 60

References: 1. Electrodynamics –D.J. Grifiths 2. Classical electrodynamics – J.D. Jackson, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi 3. Classical theory of fields – Landau and Lifshitz, Pergameon Press 4. Electromagnetic field Theory - Thide 5. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media - Landau & Lifshitz 6. Electrodynamics: Gupta Kumar, Singh

7. Principles of Electromagnetics: Sadiku

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1. M.Sc. Semester: I 2. Subject Code: PH - 213

3. Course Title: Quantum Mechanics- I 4. Credit: 04

5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Semester): 70

7. Course Outcome: Upon completion of this syllabus the students will be able to

understand the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators, the

Schrodinger equation and its applications to solve simple problems. The students will also

understand the concept of angular momentum and spin as well as the rules of quantization

and addition of these. 8. Note: the question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice,

each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked

from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth

question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two

parts of it.

Unit Particulars Lecture

Hours

I. Wave Mechanics in one dimension

Review of Schrodinger equation, probability and current densities, physical

interpretation of wave function and Principle of superposition, continuity

equation, orthogonality of eigen functions, wave packet, normalization,

parity transformations, applications to potential well (reflection and

transmission coefficients) and one dimensional harmonic oscillator.

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II. Wave Mechanics in Three dimensions

Schrodinger’s equation in three dimensional cartesian and orthogonal

curvilinear coordinate systems, centrally symmetric square well and harmonic

potentials, harmonic oscillator and its wave functions, hydrogen atom.

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III. Operator formulation of Quantum Mechanics

Eigen values and eigenvectors of matrices and diagonalization, state vectors

and operators in Hilbert space, eigen values and eigen vectors, hermitian

unitary and projection operators, BRA and KET Notations, postulates of

quantum mechanics, co-ordinate, momentum and energy representations,

dynamical behavior, Heisenberg, Schrodinger and interaction pictures.

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IV Theory of Angular momentum

Definition of angular momentum operator, eigen value and eigen functions,

orbital angular momentum operator, space quantization, spin angular

momentum, Pauli’s spin matrices, addition of two angular momentum;

Clebsch-Gorden coefficients.

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Total 60

References: 1. Quantum Mechanics – L. I. Shiff

2. Quantum Mechanics – B. S. Rajput

3. Quantum Mechanics – V. K. Thankppan

4. Quantum Mechanics – Nouredine Zettili

5. Quantum Mechanics – Loknathan & Ghatak

6. Quantum Mechanics - Paul Roman

7. Principles of Quantum Mechanics – I.S. Tyagi

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Name of the Department: Physics 1. M.Sc. Semester: I 2. Subject Code: PH-214 3. Course Title: Electronics 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: The objective of this syllabus is to give deep knowledge of semiconductor devices including combinational circuits, sequential circuits and operational amplifiers. It will also help the students for preparation of NET, Gate and other research oriented entrance examinations. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.

References: 1. ‘Electronic Principles’- A.P. Malvino, TMH Publishing Company Limited.

2. ‘Digital Fundamentals’- T.L. Floyd, Universal Book Stall, New Delhi.

3. ‘Digital Principles and Applications’- A.P. Malvino and D.P. Leach, TMH Publishing

Company Limited.

4. ‘Digital Design’- M. Mano, PHI Private Limited.

5. ‘Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits’- R.F. Coughlin and F.F. Driscoll,

PHI Private Limited.

6. ‘Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits’- R.A. Gayakwad, PHI Private Limited.


I. Semiconductor devices: Diodes, junctions, transistors, field effect devices, homo- and hetero-junction

devices, device structure, device characteristics, frequency dependence and

applications, optoelectronic devices (solar cells, photo-diode, LEDs, opto-

coupler).

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II. Combinational Circuits: Boolean algebra, canonical forms of Boolean functions, simplification of Boolean

functions (K-map method, tabulation method), don’t care conditions. adders &

subtractors, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, digital to analog

and analog to digital converters.

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III. Sequential Circuits:

Memory element: RS (using NAND and NOR Gate), clocked RS, JK, JKMS, D-

type, T-type and edge triggered flip flop; Registers: right, left and left-right both

type shift registers; Counters: asynchronous & synchronous counters, binary &

non binary counters (use of K- maps), shift counter (Johnson counter), ring

counter.

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IV Operational Amplifier (OA):

Differential amplifier & CMRR, operational amplifier, circuit type of OA 741,

effects of offset, inverting and non-inverting amplifier, summing and difference

amplifier, voltage follower, integrator, differentiator, OA as log and antilog

amplifiers, multiplier, comparator, sample and hold circuit, IC 555 timer,

waveform generator, instrumentation amplifier, active filters (first order only),

PLL.

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Total 60

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1. M.Sc. Semester: I 2.Subject Code: PH -215 3. Course Title: Laboratory Course I (General lab) 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 6 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. Students have to perform one experiment in the End Semester Examination. List of Experiments

1. To calculate Cauchy’s constant. 2. To verify Hartmann formula. 3. Calibration of Constant deviation spectrograph (CDS) 4. To determine the wavelength of laser with Fabory Perot interferometer. 5. To determine the wavelength of Sodium light with biprism. 6. To find Planck constant. 7. To verify the Malus law. 8. To find refractive index for ordinary and extra ordinary rays using calcite prism. 9. To determine the wavelength of sodium light using Michelson interferometer. 10. To determine the wavelength of laser with Michelson interferometer.



1. Semester: I 2. Subject Code: PH-215 3. Course Title: Laboratory Course II (Electronics lab) 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 6 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. Students have to perform one experiment in the End Semester Examination. List of Experiments

1. Study of double stage RC coupled amplifier. 2. Study of double stage transformer coupled amplifier. 3. Adder and Subtractor using universal gates. 4. Multiplexer-Demultiplexer 5. Analog to digital and Digital to analog 6. R-S, D-, J-K, J-K Master Slave Flip-flop 7. Encoder-Decoder 8. Counter

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1. M.Sc. Semester: II 2. Subject Code: PH - 221 3. Course Title: Statistical Mechanics 4. Credit: 05 (04 L + 01 T) 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: After completion of this course students will have deep understanding of statistical mechanics and will be able to solve the problem related to classical and quantum statistical mechanics. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Statistical Description of System of Particles: Microscopic and macroscopic states, density of states, micro-canonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles, Postulates of statistical mechanics, Liouville’s theorem.

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II. Classical Statistical Mechanics : Maxwell Boltzmann distribution law, Perfect gas in micro canonical ensemble, Gibb’s paradox, Partition function and its correlation with thermodynamic quantities for different ensemble. System of linear harmonic oscillators in the canonical ensemble.

16

III. Ideal Bose System : Bose –Einstein distribution, Photon gas – i) Radiation pressure ii) Radiation density iii) Emissivity iv) Equilibrium number of photons in the cavity. Einstein derivation of Planck’s law, Bose-Einstein Condensation, Specific heat, Photon gas – Einstein and Debye’s model of solids.

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IV. Ideal Fermi System: Fermi-Dirac distribution, Fermi energy, Gas degeneracy, Mean energy of Fermions at absolute zero, Fermi energy as a function of temperature, Electronic specific heat, White – Dwarfs, Compressibility of Fermi gas (electron gas in metals).

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Total 60

References: 1. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Phys - F. Reif, McGraw Hill, Int Ed (1985) 2. Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics- B.B. Laud, New Age Int Publ (2003) 3. Statistical Mechanics- R.K. Pathria, Bufferworgh Heinemann (2nd Edition) 4. Statistical Mechanics- K. Huang, John Willey & Sons (2nd Edition) 5. Statistical Mechanics- Satya Prakash, Kedar Nath Ram Nath Publication (2008) 6. Statistical Mechanics - Loknathan and Gambhir. 7. Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics- David Chandler, Oxford Univ Press. 8. Statistical Mechanics- R. P. Feynman, Addison Wesley. 9. Statistical Physics- F. Mandl, Wiley. 10. Elementary Statistical Physics- C. Kittle, John Willey & Sons.

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1. M.Sc. Semester: II 2. Subject Code: PH -222 3. Course Title Atomic and Molecular Physics I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: After completion of this course students will be able to: (i) understand and describe the atomic spectra of one and two electron atoms and (ii) explain the behavior of atoms in externally applied electric and magnetic field. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


Hours

I. Atomic Spectra: Fine structure of hydrogen spectrum and many electron system, L-S and

j-j coupling, Spectroscopic terms, Lande’s interval rule, Hund’s Rule, Pauli

exclusion principle, Helium atom spectrum. Spin-orbit interaction and

fine structure in alkali spectra. Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect,

Paschen Back effect, Stark effect, Hyperfine structure (qualitative)

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II. Molecular Models: Born oppenheimer approximation, Heitler London theory of Hydrogen

molecular ion and Hydrogen molecule, Theory of Molecular orbitals,

Molecular electronic states. Symmetry classifications, Selection rules.

14

III. Molecular Spectra: Molecular spectra of diatomic molecules, elementary idea of quantization of rotational and vibrational energy, rotational spectra for rigid and non rigid rotators, Vibrational spectra (harmonic and anharmonic), intensity and selection rules and molecular constants.

14

IV Raman spectra & Electronic spectra: Atomic polarizability, Raman Spectra, quantum theory of Raman spectra. Determination of molecular structure, Electronic spectra, band system, progression and sequences, Band head formation, condon parabola, Franck condon principle, Dissociation energy and its determination.

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Total 60

References: 1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy - C. B. Banwell 2. Spectroscopy (Vol. I, II, & III) - Walker and Stranghen 3. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy - G.M. Barrow 4. Spectra of diatomic molecules – Herzberg 5. Molecular Spectroscopy – Jeanne L McHale 6. Molecular Spectroscopy - M. Brown 7. Spectroscopy - Rajkumar 8. Modern Spectroscopy - J. M. Holias

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Name of Department: Physics 1. M.Sc. Semester: II 2. Subject Code: PH - 223 3. Course Title: Condensed Matter Physics I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course outcome: After completion of this course students will be able to understand the structure of crystals, experimental methods to determine the structure with interpretation. Students will also have theoretical knowledge of bonding, elastic properties and lattice vibration in crystals. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of four units in syllabus, fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Elements of crystallography Crystalline and amorphous material , unit cell, two and three dimensional lattice type, primitive and non-primitive lattice, bravais lattice, Miller indices, symmetry operations, crystal structure and packing fraction of bcc, hcp, fcc lattice with examples of sodium chloride, cesium chloride, diamond, zinc sulphide (zinc blende and wurtzite structure), Wigner seitz cell, elementary idea of point group

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II. Reciprocal Lattice Concept of reciprocal lattice point, calculation of reciprocal lattice point of SC, BCC. FCC and hcp lattices, Concept of Brillouin Zones, Diffraction condition and structure factor with examples of bcc and fcc, Bragg’s law, Ewald construction, X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction, Methods of X-ray crystallography: Laue method, powder method, single crystal rotation method, Elementary idea of advance methods of x-ray crystallography.

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III. Bonding in Solids and Elastic constants Different types of bonding in solids, ionic, covalent, metallic, Vander Waal & hydrogen bonding, Madelung constant of ionic crystals, cohesive energy. Elastic compliance and stiffness constant, Elastic waves in cubic crystals with examples of [100] and [110] direction, Experimental determination of Elastic constants

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IV Lattice Vibrations Concept of dispersion relation, quantization of lattice vibrations (Phonons), longitudinal and transverse modes of vibration, modes of vibration of monatomic and diatomic lattices, Phonon momentum and Scattering by phonons, thermal properties of solids: lattice specific heat, Einstein and Debye model of specific heat

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Total 60

References: 1. Solid State Physics - S.O. Pillai

2. Introduction to Solid State Physics - C. Kittle

3. Crystallography for Solid State Physics - Verma & Srivastava

4. Solid State Physics - Aschroft and Mermin

5. Solid State Physics-Structure and Properties of Materials - M.A. Wahab

6. Introduction to Solids - Azaroff

7. Solid State Physics - Saxena, Gupta, Saxena

8. Solid State Physics - R.L. Singhal

9. Solid State Physics - A. J. Dekker

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1. M. Sc. Semester: II 2.Subject Code: PH -224 3. Course Title: Nuclear physics 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: On completion of this course Students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the factors affecting the stability of the nucleus, nuclear forces, interactions, nuclear models and radioactivity decay.

Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Rutherford scattering and Nuclear Properties Rutherford Scattering of alpha particles, Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom, Nuclear Size, Shape, charge distribution, spin & parity statistics, iso spin, angular momentum; magnetic dipole moment; electric quadrupole moment, binding energy, semi-empirical mass formula

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II. Nuclear Models Experimental Constitution of the nucleus: neutron-proton hypothesis, Liquid drop model, evidence for shell effects, Shell model, Magic numbers, Spin orbit coupling, Single particle shell model-its validity and limitations; collective model.

14

III. Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Interactions General characteristics of nuclear forces, Ground level of the deuteron, Low-energies neutron - proton and proton - proton scattering, Effective range theory of neutron – proton scattering, Meson theory of nuclear forces, Spin dependence of nuclear forces, Simple discussion about Exchange and Tensor forces.

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IV. Radioactive Decay Basic understanding of , and - decay, Radioactive equilibrium,

Gamow’s theory of alpha decay, Fermi theory of beta decay, selection rules in -decay, Neutrino hypothesis, Parity violation in beta decay, Orbital

electron capture.

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Total 60

References: 1. Nuclear Physics – W. E. Bercham 2. Nuclear Physics – Ervin Kaplan 3. Nuclear Physics – Roy Nigam 4. Atomic and Nuclear Physics – S. N. Ghoshal 5. Nuclear Physics – H.A. Enge 6. Nuclear Physics –R.D. Evans

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1. M.Sc. Semester: II 2.Subject Code: PH -225 3. Course Title: Laboratory course-I (General Lab) 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 6 Hours 6.Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. 1. Designing and study of new experiments related to mechanics, optics, electricity, heat

and thermodynamics etc. 2. Designing and study of experiments related to electronics such as ‘npn transistor’,

‘pnp transistor’, ‘FET’ etc.



1. M. Sc Semester: II 2. Subject Code: PH-226 3. Course Title: Laboratory course-II (Electronics Lab) 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 6 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments

1. Hartley Oscillator 2. Wein Bridge Oscillator 3. Phase shift Oscillator 4. Colpit Oscillator 5. Collector tuned oscillator 6. Study of RC and LC circuit with an AC source using phase diagrams. 7. To plot frequency response curve of series LCR circuit. 8. Study of CRO. 9. Network theorems 10. Study of Negative feedback amplifier.

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1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH –231

3. Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-II 4. Credit: 05 (04 L + 01 T)

5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Semester): 70

7. Course Outcome: After studying this syllabus, the students will become familiar with the

approximations used in quantum mechanics and will understand the time dependent and

time independent perturbation theories. They will also understand the identical particles and

quantum statistics involved, symmetries and conservation laws.

8. Note: the question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice,

each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked



parts of it.


Hours

I. Approximation Methods and Time independent perturbation theory

The quasi classical approximation (WKB method), connection formula

and boundary conditions, Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule, penetration

of potential barrier using WKB approximation, Stationary perturbation,

first and second order corrections, variation method and its application to

the ground state of helium atom and harmonic oscillator, degenerate

states, Stark effect in Hydrogen atom.

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II. Time Dependent Perturbation Theory

Time dependent perturbation theory, Fermi golden rule, harmonic

perturbation, sudden and adiabatic approximations, radiative transition in

atoms, Einstein’s A and B coefficients and spontaneous emission of

radiation.

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III. Identical Particles

Exchange degeneracy; Symmetric and anti symmetric functions for many

particle systems; connection between spin and statistics; Pauli Exclusion

Principle; Excited state of Helium atom, Hartee- Fock approximation,

Thomas-Fermi Model.

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IV Symmetries and Conservation Laws

General notions of symmetry in quantized systems, conservation laws and

invariance, spatial translations and conservation of momentum, temporal

translation and conservation of energy, rotational invariance and

conservation of angular momentum.

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Total 60

References: 1. Advanced Quantum Mechanics – Paul Roman

2. Quantum Mechanics – L. I. Shiff

3. Quantum Mechanics – B. S. Rajput

4. Quantum Mechanics – V. K. Thankppan

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1. M. Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH -232 3. Course Title: Classical Mechanics and Astrophysics 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: After successful completion of the course students will be able to describe and understand the motion of rigid bodies and motion of a mechanical system using Lagrange and Hamilton formalism. Understand the formation, evolution and death of solar system and stars. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.

Unit Particulars Lect. Hours

I. Lagrangian Formulation: Mechanics of system of particles ,Type of constraints on dynamical system, Generalized co-ordinates, D’ Alembert principle, Lagrange equation and its applications, Lagrangian for electromagnetic field Generalized momentum, cyclic co-ordinates, and conservation laws, Hamilton’s principle from D’ Alembert principle.

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II. Hamiltonian Formulation: Hamilton’s equations of motion and their physical significance, Applications of Hamilton’s equations of motion, Principle of least action, canonical transformations, Hamilton-Jacobi theory, Poisson and Lagrange bracket and their Properties, Poisson theorem. The angular momentum Poisson bracket relations, The equation of motion in Poisson bracket notations.

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III. Central Force Problem and Rigid Body Dynamics: Reduction to one body problem, equations of motion, differential equation for the orbit, Kepler problem-inverse square law of force, scattering in central force field-Rutherford formula, Virial theorem, rigid body dynamics, moment of inertia tensor, non-inertial frames and pseudo forces, Euler’s equations, small oscillations.

16

IV The Sun and Stellar Evolution: Origin of Solar system, Heliocentric theory, constitution of the Sun, Photosphere, Chromospheres and Corona, Sun spots and solar cycle, Basic idea of planet’s ring, asteroids, meteors, and comets, Luminosity of stars, Saha’s equation of thermal ionization, Hertzprung- Russel diagram, Energy generation in stars-gravitational contraction, pp chain, CN cycle, Sun/stellar life cycles- Premain sequence, main sequence, giants, white dwarf etc, Chandrashekhar mass limit.

14

Total 60

References: 1. Classical mechanics – Goldstein, Wiley/Narosa. 2. Classical mechanics - Rana & Jog, Tata Mc Graw Hill. 3. Classical Mechanics – Bhatia, Narosa 4. Classical Mechanics – Biswas, Allied. 5. Classical Mechanics - Gupta Kumar 6. Classical Mechanics - JC Upadhyay 7. An Introduction to Astrophysics - B.N Basu 8. The Physical Universe - F.H. Shu

18


Name of Department: Physics

1. M. Sc. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH-233 3. Course Title: Condensed Matter Physics II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course outcome: After completing the course students will have theoretical deep knowledge about defects in crystals, energy band, magnetism and superconductivity. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of four units in syllabus, fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Defects in Crystals: Point defect, impurities, vacancies, Frenkel defects, Schottky

defect, intrinsic vanancies, concentration of Frenkel defects, extrinsic vacancies,

Diffusion, colour centres, F-centre, v-centre, line defect, edge dislocation, screw

dislocation, Burger vector, plane defects

14

II. Free electron theory and Energy Bands: Free electron theory and electronic specific heat, response and relaxation phenomena, Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity, Hall effect and thermoelectric power, Energy Bands: Origin of the energy

gap, magnitude of the energy gap, Bloch function, Bloch theorem, Kronig penny model,

Number of possible wave function in a band, crystal momentum, the concept of effective

mass, concept of holes, difference between metal, insulator and semiconductor on the

basis of band theory.

16

III. Magnetism: Magnetism- Dia, para and ferromagnetism, Langevin theory and quantum theory of paramagnetism, ferromagnetism- Weiss molecular field theory, domains, anti-ferromagnetism-Neel’s theory, two sublattice model of anti-ferro magnetism, exchange interaction, ferrite, Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and Energy Loss.

14

IV. Superconductivity: Experimental survey, occurrence of superconductivity, destruction

of superconductivity by magnetic fields and temperature, Meissner effect,Type-1 and

Type-2 superconductors, Isotope effect thermodynamics of superconducting transition,

London equation, coherence length, BCS theory, cooper pairs, Josephson superconductor

tunneling, AC & DC Josephson effect, high temperature superconductors ,critical fields

and critical currents, Superfluidity,

16

Total 60

References: 1. Solid State Physics - S.O. Pillai 2. Introduction to Solid State Physics - C. Kittle 3. Crystallography for Solid State Physics - Verma & Srivastava 4. Solid State Physics - Aschroft and Mermin 5. Solid State Physics: Structure and Properties of Materials - M.A. Wahab 6. Introduction to Solids - Azaroff 7. Solid State Physics - Saxena Gupta Saxena 8. Solid State Physics - R.L. Singhal 9. Solid State Physics - A. J. Dekker 10. The Physics of Quasi crystal - Steinhardt & Ostulond 11. Introduction to Liquid crystals - Shri Singh

19



1. M. Sc. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH -234a 3. Course Title: Communication Electronics 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: After completing this course students will be able to understand the physics behind the communication (electronic and optical both). Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.

Unit Particulars Lect.

Hours

I. Transmission Lines & Propagation of Radio Waves: Types of transmission lines, transmission line as a two conductor system, transit time effect, calculation of line parameters, voltage and current relation on radio frequency transmission line, propagation constant and its physical significance, line distortion and attenuation, characteristic impedance, reflection coefficient, loss less, distortion less and low loss transmission lines, line termination by (i) zero load or short circuit line, (ii) infinite impedance, (iii) some resistance, (iv) complex impedance, voltage standing wave ratio. Ground wave, space wave and sky wave propagation (ionosphere & it’s different regions, Eccles-Larmor theory, magneto ionic theory, Appleton-Hartree formula, skip distance and maximum usable frequency).

16

II. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation and Receiver & Transmitters: Need for modulation, type of modulation, amplitude modulators (square law diode & collector modulation methods), amplitude demodulators (square law & envelope detectors), DSB-SC system (balanced modulator and synchronous detector), SSB-SC signal (frequency & phase discrimination method of modulation and demodulation), VSB signal (filter & phase discrimination method of modulation), AM receivers (TRF & superheterodyne, AGC), AM transmitter.

15

III.

Antenna : Radiation, flared transmission line, magnetic vector potential and electric scalar potentials, different electric and magnetic fields generated by Hertz dipole, near and far fields, power radiated by Hertz dipole, radiation pattern, Directivity, gain of the antenna, dipole antenna, HF antenna, Yagi antenna, loop antenna, reflector antennas.

15

IV.

Fiber Optics: Evolution of fiber optics, advantages and classification of fibers, acceptance angle, numerical aperture, propagation of light waves in step index and graded index fibers, optical fiber modes and configurations, attenuation in optical fibers, light sources, detectors and their characteristics, optical communication system, optical fiber sensors: intensity modulated and interferometric optical fiber sensors.

14

Total 60

References: 1. ‘Fundamentals of Fiber Optics in Telecommunication and Sensor, Ed.- B. Pal, New

Age International (P) Limited.

2. ‘Optical Fiber Communications, Principles and Practice’, J.M. Senior, Pearson Education 3. ‘Optical Fiber Communications’, G. Keiser, TMH Publishing Company Limited. 4. ‘Antennas and Wave Propagation’, J.D. Kraus, R.J. Marhefka and A.S. Khan, TMH 5. ‘Communication Systems: Analog & Digital’, R.P. Singh and S.D. Sapre, TMH 6. ‘Antenna & Wave Propagation’, K.D. Prasad, Satya Prakashan, New Delhi.

20


Name of Department: Physics

1. M. Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH -234b 3. Course Title: Advanced Condensed Matter Physics-I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course outcome: The course is designed to impart advance knowledge of dielectrics, energy band models, transport properties of solids and ordered phase with elementary idea about liquid crystal and quasi crystal. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of four units in syllabus, Fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Insulators:

Macroscopic description of dielectric constant, static, electronic and ionic polarizability

of molecules, orientational polarization, internal Lorentez field, static dielectric constant,

complex dielectric constant, dielectric loss and relaxation time, optical absorption.

15

II. Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics:

Polarization, Macroscopic electric field, depolarization field, local electric field aty an

atom, fields of dipoles inside cavity, dielectric constant and polarizability, electronic

polarizability, structural phase trasitions, ferroelectric crystals, classification of

ferroelectric crystals, displacive transition, soft optical phonons, Landau theory of phase

transition, second and first order transition, antiferroelectricity, ferroelectric domains,

piezoelectricity, ferroelasticity, optical ceramics.

15

III. Energy Band Models:

Nearly free electron model, one dimensional free electron case, nearly free electron case,

energy bends in one dimension, tight binding approximation, energy surfaces, wigner

seitz cellular method, orthogonalized plane wave(OPW) method, pseudo potential

method, limitations of band theory (Mott transition).

15

IV. Transport Properties of Solids and ordered phase: Boltzmann transport equation, resistivity of metals and semiconductors, thermoelectric phenomena, Onsager coefficients, Ordered phases of matter: translational and orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order. Quasi crystals.

15

Total 60

References: 1. Solid State Physics - A. J. Dekker 2. Solid State Physics - S.O. Pillai 3. Introduction to Solid State Physics - C. Kittle 4. Crystallography for Solid State Physics - Verma & Srivastava 5. The Physics of Quasi crystal - Steinhardt & Ostulond 6. Introduction to Liquid crystals - Singh Shri 7. Solid State Physics - Madelung 8. Introduction to Solids - Azaroff 9. Solid State Physics - Aschroft and Mermin 10. Solid State Physics - Saxena Gupta Saxena 11. Solid State Physics - R.L. Singhal

21

Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G. College, Rishikesh

(Autonomous College) Name of the Department: Physics

1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH -234c 3. Course Title: Advanced Spectroscopy and Laser-I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: This course aims at providing a broad introduction to major type of lasers and modern spectroscopy. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


Hours

I. Basic principles: Basic principles and theory of absorption and emission of radiation, Einstein’s coefficients, line-broadening mechanisms, rate equations for three and four level laser systems, population inversion, theory of optical resonators, laser modes, spatial and temporal coherence,

16

II. Types of lasers: Gas lasers, He-Ne, argon ion, N2, CO2 lasers; dye lasers, solid state, Semiconductor lasers: Ruby, Nd:YAG and Nd:glass lasers, Fabrication technology of lasers, diode lasers, colour centre and spin flip lasers, laser spikes, mode locking Q-switching, CW and pulsed lasers.

16

III. Non linear optics: Theory of non linear phenomenon, second and third harmonic generation, phase matching, parametric generation, self focussing,

12

IV. Laser spectroscopy: Laser fluorescence spectroscopy using CW and pulsed lasers, Single photon counting, Laser Raman apectroscopy, multiphoton processes, photo accoustic and photon electron spectroscopy, stimulated Raman spectroscopy, Coherent antistokes Raman spectroscopy.

16

Total 60

References:

1. Lasers - Ghatak and Thyagrajan.

2. Principles of Lasers - O. Svelto.

3. Lasers – Silvfast.

4. Lasers - B.B. Loyd.

22



1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH-234d 3. Course Title: High Energy Physics-I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: Upon the completion of this course, students will be able to understand the applications of quantum mechanics to atomic, nuclear and high energy physics. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Classical and Quantum Field Equations, Coordinates of the field, Classical Lagrangian Equation, Classical Hamiltonian Equations, Quantum Equations for the Field, Fields with more than one component, Complex Field, Quantization of the Non-relativistic Schrodinger Equation, Classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Equations, Quantum Equations, The N-representation, Creation and Destruction Operators, Number Operators, Anticommutation Relations, Equations of Motion, Physical Implications of Anticommutation, Representation of Anticommuting operators

18

II. Quantization of fields: Quantization of neutral and complex scalar fields, U (1) Gauge Invariance, Quantization of Dirac field covariant anticommutation relations, Quantization of electromagnetic field. Interaction Lagrangian for the fields, QED Lagrangian.

14

III. Scattering Matrix and Feynman Rules: The S-Matrix reduction of S- Matrix chronological product, Wicks theorem Furry’s theorem Covariant perturbation theory interaction lagrangian for QED, Feynman Diagrams and Feynman rules for QED in configuration and momentum space, Electron- Positron scattering, Coulomb scattering of Electrons, electron – positron annihilation , Compton scattering.

16

IV. Renormalization of QED: Self energy correction, vacuum polarization and vertex correction, classification of Divergences, Renormalization of mass and charge, wave function renormalization .

12

Total 60

References:

1. Theory of photons and electrons - J.M. Jauch and E. Rohrlich 2. Relativistic Quantum field - J.D. Bjorken and S. D. Drell. 3. Quantum electrodynamics - A.I. Akhiezer and Berestetski 4. Quantum Electrodynamics - Walter Greiner

23



1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH-236 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory course-I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments (General experiments):

1. Dispersion relation of mono-atomic and di-atomic lattice. 2. G.M. counter. 3. To find dielectric constant of solid and liquid. 4. To verify uncertainty relation using laser. 5. To find numerical aperture, transmission loss and bending loss of optical fibre. 6. To find energy band gap. 7. Frank-Hertz experiment. 8. To find susceptibility of FeCl3 by Quinke’s tube 9. Holography 10. e/m by Zeeman effect



1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH-237a 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory course-II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments (Advanced Electronics Practicals): Design and study of 1. Gates using diodes 2. Gates using transistors 3. Amplifiers 4. Negative feed-back amplifier 5. Half wave rectifier with and without filters 6. Full wave rectifier with and without filters 7. Regulated power supply 8. Various Oscillators 9. Multivibrator (Astable)

24



1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH-237b 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory course-II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments (Advanced Condensed Matter Physics Practicals):

1. Determination of elastic constant of crystals by optical methods 2. Study of fluorescence spectra of a given compound 3. Study of colour centers 4. Determination of lattice parameters using powder method. 5. Determination of hall coefficient using Hall effect 6. Determination of Energy gay of a semiconductor by four probe method 7. ESR 8. Dielectric constant



1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH-237c 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory course-II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments (Advanced spectroscopy and Laser Practicals):

1. Study of the vibrational levels of Iodine. 2. Measurement of the fluorescence spectra of Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate. 3. Determination of the intrinsic life time for a dye molecule. 4. Determination of change in dipole moment in excited state using Solvatochromic

shift method. 5. Measurement of non radiative decay rate for a known sample. 6. Determination of the quantum yield of known samples using steady state

spectroscopy. 7. Study of electro optic effect 8. Study of Acousto-optic effect

25



1. M.Sc. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH-237d 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory course-II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments (High Energy Physics Practicals):

1. Characteristic curve of a GM Detector and Absorption coefficient of a using aluminum GM Detector.

2. Energy spectrum of gamma rays using gamma ray spectrometer. 3. Absorption coefficient of aluminum using gama-ray spectrometer. 4. Characteristics of Scintillation Detector. 5. Study of gama-gama unperturbed angular correlations. 6. Study of particle tracks using a Nuclear Emulsion Detector. 7. Classification of tracks in interaction with Nuclear Emulsion and determination of

excitation energy. 8. Mossbauer spectrometer.

26



1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH-241 3. Course Title: Molecular Spectroscopy and Laser 4. Credit: 05 (04 L + 01 T) 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: After completion of this course students will be able to (i) understand and explain the molecular spectra of polyatomic molecules and (ii) explain the requirements to achieve Lasers. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Rotational Spectra Rotational energy level populations, linear, symmetric, spherical and asymmetric top molecules, rotational selection rules for linear molecules, Stark effect in molecular rotation spectra, Molecular rotation – nuclear spin coupling, Positive and negative character of the wave functions of linear molecules.

16

II. Vibrational Spectra Vibration spectra of poly atomic molecule, coupling of rotation and vibration, perpendicular and parallel bands, Normal modes of vibration and their analysis in Cartesian coordinates, normal coordinates and their internal coordinates, calculation of vibrational frequencies and force field of H2O and CO2 molecules.

14

III. Electronic Spectra: Polyatomic molecules, transitions localized in bonds or group, electronic transition and absorption band, conjugated and aromatic systems, free electron model, spectrum of C6H6 molecule, Emission and decay mechanism: radiative and non-radiative processes, Jablonski Diagram, fluorescence life time and quantum yield.

14

IV. Lasers: Einstein’s quantum theory of radiation, Life time. Theory of some simple optical processes, Kinetics of optical absorption, Stimulated emission, laser pumping, three and four level scheme, Threshold condition, different types of lasers, gas lasers: He-Ne, N2 and CO2 , dye lasers, solid state lasers, Nd-YAG, semiconductor lasers. Holography and its applications.

16

Total 60

References: 1. Laser and non linear optics - Laud B.B, Wiley Eastern 2. Laser and Applications - Thyagrajan & Ghatak L 3. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy - C. B. Banwell 4. Spectroscopy Vol. I, II, & III - Walker and Stranghen 5. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy - G.M. Barrow 6. Spectra of diatomic molecules - Herzberg 7. Molecular Spectroscopy - Herzberg Jeanne L Mchale 8. Molecular Spectroscopy - J. M. Brown 9. Modern Spectroscopy - J. M. Holias

27



1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH -242 3. Course Title: - Nuclear and Particle Physics 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: After studying this course the students will become familiar with various nuclear reactions, detectors and accelerators. They will acquire the updated knowledge of elementary particles and quark model. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter Stopping power of heavy charged nuclear particles, range and straggling, Stopping power and range for electrons, absorption of gamma rays: photo electric effect, Compton effect and pair production.

14

II. Nuclear Reactions Types of nuclear reactions, Conservation laws, Energetic of Nuclear reaction, nuclear cross-section, Reaction yield, Nuclear transmutation, Reaction induced by alpha particles, proton and deuteron, compound nucleus, continuum theory of nuclear reaction, Nuclear fission, Chain reactions, Nuclear fusion, Thermonuclear reactions.

15

III. Nuclear Detectors and Particle Accelerators Basic principle of particle detectors, Ionization chamber, Proportional counter, Geiger-Muller Counter, Scintillation counters and semiconductor detector, Cloud chamber; Bubble chamber, Van de Grraff electrostatic accelerator, Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Betatron , electron and Proton synchrotron.

15

IV. Elementary Particles and Quark Model History of elementary particles, Classification of elementary particles, Fundamental interactions, Lepton and Baryon number; Isospin, Strangeness, Hypercharge, Symmetries and conservation laws, Parity, Time reversal and charge conjugation,

Parity violation, CP violation in 0 mesons, CPT invariance, Basic idea of SU(2)

and SU(3) symmetries, Quark model, Elementary idea of charm, bottom, and top quarks, Quantum electrodynamics (QCD), Basic idea of standard model.

16

Total 60 References: 1. Introduction to high energy Physics – P. H. Perkins 2. Atomic and Nuclear Physics – S. N. Ghoshal 3. Introduction of Elementary Particles: Griffiths 4. Nuclear Physics –R.D. Evans 5. Elementary Particles: Hughes 6. Nuclear Physics – Ervin Kaplan 7. Nuclear Physics – Hari M. Agrawal 8. Particle Physics – M.P. Khanna 9. Nuclear Physics – W.E. Berchar

28


Name Of The Department: Physics

1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH - 243

3. Course Title: Advanced Quantum Mechanics 4. Credit: 04

5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70

7. Course Outcome: Upon completion of this unit the students will be able to understand the

need of relativistic quantum mechanics in theoretical formulation for high energy physics.

The students will also become familiar with the Dirac equation and quantum field theory.

The implication of quantum theory in scattering is discussed in last unit.

Note: the question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each

of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked



parts of it.

Unit Particulars Lect.

Hours

I. Foundation of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Discrepancies faced by

Schrödinger equations, Klein-Gordon equation and its drawbacks, Dirac’s

equation for a free particle, Dirac matrices, covariant form of Dirac equation,

Probability and current densities, Free particle solutions of Dirac equation, Non

conservation of Orbital Angular momentum and idea of spin, Interpretation of

negative energy and hole theory.

16

II. Dirac Equation in Electromagnetic Field: Dirac equation in electromagnetic

fields, Magnetic moment of charged particle, Gauge invariance of Dirac equation

in electromagnetic fields, Symmetries of Dirac Equation, Lorentz covariance of

Dirac Equation, Parity, Time reversal and charge conjugation, Bilinear

covariants.

14

III. Quantum Fields Theory: Classical Fields, Schrodinger’s action principle,

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian densities, Field equation, quantum structure of free

fields and the particle concept, Quantization relations, Quantization of non

relativistic Schrödinger matter field, System of identical bosons and fermions,

Commutation and anti-commutation relations, Occupation number

representation, creation and annihilation operators, Application to linear

harmonic oscillator.

16

IV.

Quantum Theory of Scattering: Scattering Theory, Scattering cross section,

method of partial wave analysis, phase shift, Optical theorem, scattering length,

effective range; low energy scattering Resonance, scattering from a square

potential well and a rigid sphere, Born approximation, Validity of Born

approximation, Born approximation through time dependent perturbation, its

application to square well potential.

14

Total 60

References: 1. Quantum Mechanics Vols. I & II : Messiah

2. Advanced Quantum Mechanics: Rajput B. S.

3. Advanced Quantum Mechanics: Roman

4. Quantum Mechanics: Trigg

5. Quantum Mechanics: Thankappan

6. Quantum Mechanics: Sakutai

29



1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH -244a 3. Course Title: Advanced Electronics 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: After completing this course the students are able to understand the processes through which the integrated circuits (chips) are made. Also from this course the students will understand that how microwave communication could be done and how the sophisticated power supplies and advanced power supply (SMPS) works. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Integrated Circuit Technology: Classification of IC’s, crystal growth and wafer preparation, monolithic IC processes: oxidation, photo and fine line lithography, wet and dry etching, diffusion and ion implantation, epitaxial growth and metallization, fabrication of IC components: resistors, capacitors, diodes and bipolar transistor.

15

II. Power Supply Regulation: Load regulation, line regulation and output resistance of a power supply, shunt & series regulators and their short circuit protection, monolithic linear regulators: classification, LM78XX & LM79XX series, regulated dual supplies and adjustable regulators, current boosters and their short circuit protection, unregulated DC to DC converters, switching regulators: buck, boost and buck-boost regulators, Precision rectifier.

15

III. Microwave production and Microwave Communications: Microwave frequencies, advantages of microwaves, limitation of conventional electronic devices at UHF, microwave measurements devices and instrumentation, measurement of power, principle of velocity modulation, two cavity klystron, reflex klystron, transferred electron devices (TEDs), Gunn-effect diodes (GaAs diode only): RWH theory, mode of operation. Satellite communication.

15

IV. Modulation Techniques: Angle modulation (PM & FM), relation between PM & FM, FM generation (direct, varactor diode & reactance tube methods), frequency demodulators (slop & balanced slope method), pulse modulation (PAM & PWM) and demodulation, discretization in time and amplitude, concept of quantization, pulse code modulation (PCM), basic idea of digital telemetry and digital signal processing.

15

Total 60

References: 1. ‘Electronic Principles’- A.P. Malvino, TMH Publishing Company Limited. 2. ‘Microwave Devices and Circuits’- S.Y Liao, PHI Private Limited. 3. ‘Microwave and Radar Engineering’ - M. Kulkarni, Umesh Publications. 4. ‘Integrated Circuits’ - K.R. Botkar, Khanna Publishers. 5. ‘Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fabrication’ - G.S. May and S.M. Sze, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6. ‘Communication Systems - Analog & Digital’, R.P. Singh and S.D. Sapre, TMH

30



1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH - 244b 3. Course Title: Advanced Condensed Matter Physics-II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: The course is designed to impart advance knowledge of energy band models, dielectrics and ferroelectrics, superconductivity and nanomaterials. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.

Unit Particulars

Lecture Hours

I. Nano material Science: History, Origin, quantum dots, Synthesis, Applications and advantages, quantum wires, quantum well & application, Fullerences, carbon nanobuds, carbon nanotubes as quantum wires,

14

II. Nanoparticles- Synthesis and Properties: Method of Synthesis: RF Plasma Chemical Methods, Thermolysis, Pulsed Laser Methods, Biological Methods, Synthesis using micro-organisms, Synthesis using Plant Extract, Metal Nanoclusters, Magic Numbers, Modeling of Nanoparticles, Bulk to Nano Transitions.

16

III. Nano Technology: Areas of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, nanoeletronics, nanobiotechnology, nanofabrication, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

14

IV. Techniques of Material Characterization: Elementary idea about principle, working and analysis in :X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Tunnelling and Atomic Force Microscopy, Field Ion Microscopy

16

Total 60

Books Recommended 1. Introduction to Nanotechnology: Poole and Owners 2. Quantum Dots : Jacak, Hawrylak and Wojs 3. Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology : Nalva (editor) 4. Nano Technology/ Principles and Practices: S.K. Kulkarni 5. Carbon Nanotubes: Silvana Fiorito 6. Nanotechlongy: Richard Booker and Earl Boysen 7. Materials Characterization Techniques: S.Zhang, Lin Li, Ashok Kumar (CRS Press) 8. Materials Characterization: Yang Leng (wiley)

31



1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH - 244c 3. Course Title: Advanced Spectroscopy and Laser -II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: The course is designed to impart knowledge of electro-optic effects, optical sources and detectors, fibre optics and holography. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


Hours

I. Electro optic effect: longitudinal and transverse phase modulation, consideration of modulator designs and circuit aspects, acousto optic effect, Raman Nath and Bragg regimes, acousto optic modulators, magneto-optic effect, integrated optics, optical directional couplers and optical switches, phase modulators.

14

II. Optical sources and detectors: Laser devices, radiation pattern and modulation, LED structures, light source materials, liquid crystal diodes, photoelectric, photovoltaic and photconductive methods of detection of light, photodiodes: structure, materials and working, PIN photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes, microchannel plates, photodetector noise responsivity and efficiency, photomultipliers, image intensifier tubes, Videocon and CCD.

16

III. Fibre optics: Basic characterstics of optical fibres, fibre structure and fundamentals of waveguides, step and graded index fibres, signal degradation in optical fibres, absorption scattering, radiation and core cladding losses, Design considerations of a fibre optical communication system, analogue and digital modulation, optical fibre amplifiers.

16

IV. Holography: Basic principles, construction and reconstruction of holograms, applications of holography, laser interferometry, laser applications in industry and medicines

14

Total 60

References:

1. Optical Electronics - Ghatak and Thyagrajan

2. Optoelectronics - Hawks

3. Optical fibre communications - Keiser

4. Introduction to fibre optics - Ghatak and Thyagrajan

5. I.P. Csorba: Image tubes

6. Photoelectronics - Ed. L.M. Bibermman and S. Hudelman :

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1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH - 244d 3. Course Title: High Energy Physics-II 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: This course provide an insight into symmetries and conservation laws, electroweak unification theory, color gauge invariance, QCD and Grand Unified Theory. Note: The question paper consists of five long answer questions with internal choice, each of 14 marks. Student has to attempt five questions in all. Two questions will be asked from each unit, from which one to be answered. In case of 4 units in syllabus fifth question will have four parts, one from each unit and examinee has to attempt any two parts of it.


I. Symmetries and conservation laws, Noether’s Theorem, U (1) Gauge Invariance, Baryon and Lepton number conservation, The concept of gauge invariance; Global and Local gauge invariance, spontaneous Breaking of Global gauge invariance, Goldstone Bosons, the Higgs mechanism, Generalized local gauge invariance- Abelian and non Abelian gauge invariance.

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II. Weinberg- Salam theory of electroweak unification, The matter fields, the gauge fields, the gauging of SU (2) XU (1), The vector bosons, The fermion sector, Helicity states, parity, charge conjugation Fermion masses, Fermion assignments in the electroweak model, spontaneous symmetry break down, Fermion Mass generation, The color gauge theory of strong interactions.

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III. Color gauge invariance and QCD, The standard model of fundamental interaction, general mass terms, Cabibbo Angle, Kobayashi- Maskawa matrix and CP violation, The SU (5) Grand unified theory, The generators of SU (5), The choice of Fermion representations spontaneous breaking of SU (5) symmetry Fermion masses and mixing angles.

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IV. The classic predictions of SU (5) Grand Unified, Theory, quark and Lepton masses, The SO(N), The SO (10) Grand Unified Theory, Fermion Masses in SO (10), Neutrino Mass in SO (10).

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Total 60

References: 1. A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics - Riazuddin and Fayyazudin. 2. Modern Elementary Particle Physics - G. L. Kane (Addison- Wesley 1987). 3. Grand Unified theories - Graham Ross. 4-Gauge Theories of Strong, Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions -C. Quigg (Addison – Wesley) 5-Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics, T.D. Cheng and Ling Fong Li (Clarendon Oxford)

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1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH – 245a 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory course-I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments: Advanced Electronics Practicals

1. Op amp differentiator and integrator 2. Op amp adder and subtractor 3. Op amp Off-set 4. Op amp IC 555 timer 5. Multivibrators (Astable, monostable and bistable) 6. Study of DIAC, TRIAC and UJT 7. Microwave experiments 8. Modulation & demodulation

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1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH – 245b 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory course-I 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem. Exam): 70 7. Practical Hours: 120 Note: At least eight experiments are to be done. In the semester examination, the candidate will have to perform one experiment. List of Experiments: Advanced Condensed Matter Physics Practicals

1. Determination of elastic constant of crystals by optical methods 2. Study of fluorescence spectra of a given compound 3. Study of colour centers 4. Determination of lattice parameters using powder method. 5. Determination of hall coefficient using Hall effect 6. Determination of Energy gay of a semiconductor by four probe method 7. ESR 8. Dielectric constant

Advanced spectroscopy and Laser Practicals (Subject Code: PH – 245c)

1. Study of the vibrational levels of Iodine. 2. Measurement of the fluorescence spectra of Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate. 3. Determination of the intrinsic life time for a dye molecule. 4. Determination of change in dipole moment in excited state using Solvatochromic

shift method. 5. Measurement of non radiative decay rate for a known sample. 6. Determination of the quantum yield of known samples using steady state

spectroscopy. 7. Study of electro optic effect 8. Study of Acousto-optic effect

High Energy Physics Practicals (Subject Code: PH – 245d) 1. Characteristic curve of a GM Detector and Absorption coefficient of a using

aluminum GM Detector. 2. Energy spectrum of gamma rays using gamma ray spectrometer. 3. Absorption coefficient of aluminum using gama-ray spectrometer. 4. Characteristics of Scintillation Detector. 5. Study of gama-gama unperturbed angular correlations. 6. Study of particle tracks using a Nuclear Emulsion Detector. 7. Classification of tracks in interaction with Nuclear Emulsion and determination of

excitation energy. 8. Mossbauer spectrometer.

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1. M.Sc. Semester: IV 2. Subject Code: PH - 246 3. Course Title: Advanced Laboratory Course-II (Dissertation) 4. Credit: 04 5. Examination Duration: 6 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: This course is designed to promote research orientation in students. After completing the dissertation student will have knowledge of undertaking research work and will also develop writing skill to prepare project report.

Project Work for All Specializations

This course will be based on preliminary research oriented topics both in theory and experiment. The teachers who will act as supervisors for the projects will float projects and any one of them will be allocated to the students. Internal assessment will be based on the research reports submitted to the supervisor. At the completion of the project by the semester end, the student will submit Project Report in the form of dissertation, which will be examined by the examiners. The examinations shall consist of presentation and comprehensive viva-voce.

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1. Semester: III 2. Subject Code: PH –SS-235a 3. Course Title: Quantum Electrodynamics 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks (End Sem Exam): 70 7. Course Outcome: Note: The question paper consists of ten long answer questions, each of 7 marks, from which student has to attempt any five questions.

Quantum Electrodynamics Dirac equation properties of Dirac matrices, projection operators, traces, Feynman’s theory of positron. Second quatisation of Klein Gordon field, creation and annihilation operators, commutation relation. Quantisation of electromagnetic field, creation and annihilation operators, commutation relation. Fock space representation, interaction fields, Dirac (interaction) picture, S-Matrix and its expansion. Ordering theorems, Feynman graph and Feynman rules. Application to some problems like Rutherford scattering and Compton scattering, calculations of cross sections using Feynman graphs. Reference Books:

1. Bjorken and Drell : Relativistic Quantum Fields

2. Muirhead : The Physics of Elementary Particles

3. Schweber, Bethe and Hoffman : Mesons and Fields

4. Sakurai : Advanced Quantum Mechanics

5. Mandal : Introduction to Field Theory

6. Lee : Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory

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Name of the Department: Physics 1. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH –SS-235b 3. Course Title: Physics of Liquid Crystals 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks: 35+15 (CCE)

Note:The question paper consists of ten long answer questions, each of 7 marks, from which student has to attempt any five questions.

Introduction:States of matter, Liquid crystals, Symmetry, structure and order, Mesogenic molecules, Liquid crystals ofachiral and chiral molecules, calamitic, disc shape and polymer liquid crystals. Physical Properties:Order parameters, measurement by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Optical anisotropy, refractive index,Dielectric anisotropy, dielectric permittivity, Diamagnetic anisotropy, magnetic susceptibility;, Transportproperties, Elastic constants, continuum description. Statistical Theories of Nematic Order:Landau-de-Gennes theory, hard particle, Maier saupe- and van der Walls type theories. Nematic-Smectic A transition: Phenomenological description, McMillan theory, polymorphism in smectic A Phase. Chiral liquid crystals:Chirality in liquid crystals: chiral nematic phase, optical properties, field induced nematic-cholesteric phasechange, distortion of structure by magnetic field; Blue phase. Chiral smectic phases, origin of ferroelectricity:Structure, symmetry and ferroelectric ordering in chiral smectic C phase; Antiferroelectric and ferroelectricchiral smectic C phase. Application of Liquid Crystals Reference Books: 1. Liquid Crystals: S. Chandrasekhar. 2. The Physics of Liquid Crystals: P.G. de Gennes and J Prost. 3. Liquid Crystals, Fundamentals: S Singh.

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Name of the Department: Physics 1. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH –SS-235c 3. Course Title: Atmospheric Physics 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks: 35+15 (CCE)


Atmospheric Physics

Introduction to Atmosphere : Atmosphere and its composition; Physical and Dynamical processes on layer formation Troposphere, Stratosphere and ionosphere; Vertical variation of temperature, Ozone and its spatial and temporal variation; Measurement of ionization density,Ozone Density; Temperature, pressure and wind distribution in the atmosphere and general Circulation. Mathematical and Statistical Methods : First and second order differential coefficientsand their applications to atmospheric variabilities. Autocorrelation theory, standard statisticaldistributions ( Normal, binomial, gamma, students t, x2). Application of Auto – correlation and autoregressive processes applied to atmospheric variabilities.Error Analysis, Sampling and Test of Hypothesis, Analysis of variance. Interpolation andextrapolation techniques, Gridpoint interpretations. Harmonic analysis and Spectral analysis and theiruse in atmospheric science. Observational Techniques leading to understanding of the atmosphere : Working principle, application and circuit descriptions in blocks of the system: Ionosonde, Rdiosonde, Ozone sonde, LIDARS, DIAL, SODARS, AWS, weather Satellites, Doppler Radar, ST Radar and MST radar. Atmosphere and their role in wave propagation: Super and sub refraction conditions and mm/cm propagation. Rain attenuation of waves in atmosphere, Ionosphere and its role in brief on radio propagation. Atmospheric Thermodynamics and radiation budget : Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere, aerosol scattering ( Rayleigh, Mie ), Role of aerosols and atmospheric dust in radiation balance; Calculations of radiative heating and cooling and energy balance.Energy exchange processes through waves and instabilities. Reference Books:

1. H.G. Houghton: Physical meteorology 2. J.M. Vallace and P.V. Hobbs: Atmospheric Sciences : An introductory survey 3. R.R. Rogers: A short course on cloud Physics 4. J.R. Holton: An introduction to dynamic meterology 5. S.L. Hess: Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology 6. T. Beer: Atmospheric Waves 7. Chapman and Lindzen Riedel: Atmospheric Tides

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1. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH –SS-235d 3. Course Title: Bio Physics 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks: 35+15 (CCE)


Bio Physics

Introduction to biophysics: Molecular organization, different levels, organization of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. Osmosis, diffusion and Donnan Equilibrium.- Conformational analysis: Nucleic acids and their organization in living cells; Interactions of nucleic acids. Methods in biophysical analysis: CD, ORD & fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy. Separation and characterization of biomolecules using centrifugal, electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. Absorption and emission spectroscopy – principles and applications of Visible, UV, IR, AAS, NMR, ESR and MS spectroscopy. Characterization of macromolecules using X-ray diffraction analysis. Use of analytical microscopy in elucidating the structure-function relationship in prokaryotes: Electron microscopy, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Radio isotope techniques: Detection and measurement of radioactivity, Geiger Muller counters, Scintillation counting, Autoradiography and RIA; Applications of isotopes in biological studies. Reference Books

1. David Freifelder : Physical Biochemistry:. 2. Willard, Merrit, Dean and Settle : Instrumental methods of analysis 3. D.R.Browning : Spectroscopy 4. Wilson and Walker : Principles and techniques of practical Biochemistry 5. D.A.Skoog : Instrumental methods of analysis

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Name of the Department: Physics 1. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH –SS-235e 3. Course Title: Physics of nano-materials 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks: 35+15 (CCE)


Physics of Nano– materials Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Properties: Method of Synthesis: RF Plasma Chemical Methods, Thermolysis, Pulsed Laser Methods, Biological Methods: Synthesis using micro-organisms, Synthesis using Plant Extract, Metal Nanoclusters, Magic Numbers, Modeling of Nanoparticles, Bulk to Nano Transitions. Carbon Nanostructures: Nature of Carbon Clusters, Discovery of C60, Structure of C60 and its Crystal, Superconductivity in C60, Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Electrical and Mechanical Properties. Graphene: Discovery, Synthesis and Structural Characterization through TEM, Elementary Concept of its applications. Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots: Preparation of Quantum Nanostructures, Size Effects, Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality, Properties Dependent on Density of States. Analysis Techniques for Nano Structures/ Particles: Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPM), Diffraction Techniques, Spectroscopic Techniques, Magnetic Measurements Bulk Nanostructure Materials: Methods of Synthesis, Solid Disorders Nanostructures, Mechanical Properties, Nanostructure Multilayers, Metal Nanocluster, Composite Glasses, Porous Silicon. Reference Books: 1. Introduction to Nanotechnology: Poole and Owners 2. Quantum Dots : Jacak, Hawrylak and Wojs 3. Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology : Nalva (editor) 4. Nano Technology/ Principles and Practices: S.K. Kulkarni 5. Carbon Nanotubes: Silvana Fiorito 6. Nanotechlongy: Richard Booker and Earl Boysen

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Name of the Department: Physics 1. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH –SS-235f 3. Course Title: Environmental Physics 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks: 35+15 (CCE)


Environmental Physics Essentials of Environmental Physics:- Structure and thermodynamics of the atmosphere. Composition of air. Greenhouse effect. Transport of matter, energy and momentum in nature. Stratification and stability of atmosphere. Laws of motion, hydrostatic equilibrium. Solar and Terrestrial:- Physics of radiation. Interaction of light with matter. Rayleigh and Mie scattering. Laws of radiation (Kirchoffs law, Planck’s law, Wien’s displacement law, etc.). Solar and terrestrial spectra. UV radiation. Ozone depletion problem. IR absorption Environmental Pollution and Degradation:- Elementry fluid dynamics. Diffusion. Turbulence and turbulent diffusion. Factors governing air, water and noise pollution. Air and water quality standards. Waste disposal. Gaseous and particulate matters. Wet and dry deposition Environmental Changes and Remote Sensing:- Energy sources and combustion processes. Renewable sources of energy: Solar energy, wind energy, bioenergy, hydropower, fuel cells, nuclear energy. Global and Regional Climate:- Elements of weather and climate. Stability and vertical motion of air. Horizontal motion of air and water. Pressure gradient forces. Viscous forces. Inertia forces. Reynolds number. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect. Global climate models. Reference Books: 1. Egbert Boeker & Rienk Van Groundelle: Environmental Physics (JohnWiley) 2 .J.T. Hougtion: The Physics of Atmosphere (Cambridge University Press, 1977) 3 .J.Twidell and J. Weir: Renewable Energy Resources (Elbs, 1988) 4 .Sol Wieder: An Introduction to Solar Energy for Scientists and Engineers (John Wiley, 1982) 5 .R.N. Keshavamurthy and M. Shanker Rao:The Physics of Monsoons (Allied Publishers,1992). 6 .J. Haltiner and R.T. Williams: Numerical Weather Prediction (John Wiley, 1980)

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Name of the Department: Physics 1. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH –SS-235g 3. Course Title: Plasma Physics 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks: 35+15 (CCE)


Plasma Physics Plasma Physics: Elementary Concepts: Plasma Oscillations, Debye Shielding, Plasma Parameters, Magnetoplasma, Plasma Confinement, Firt, Second, and Third Adiabatic Invariants (Pinch Effect, Magnetic Mirrors), Formation of VanAllen Belt. Hydrodynamical Description of Plasma: Fundamental equations, Hydromagnetic Waves: Magnetosonic and Alfven Waves, Magnetoconvection and SunSpots, Bipolar magnetic Regions and Magnetic Buoyancy, Magnetised Winds (Solar Wind). Wave Phenomena in Magnetoplasma: Polarisation, Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, Cut-offs, Resonance for Electromagnetic Wave Propagating Parallel and Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field Propagation at Finite Angle. Reference Books: 1. W.K.H. Panofsky and M. Phillips: Classical Electricity and Magnetism 2. A Bittencourt: Plasma Physics 3. F.F. Chen : Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 4. J.D. Jackson : Classical Electrodynamics

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1. Semester: III 2.Subject Code: PH –SS-235h 3. Course Title: Reactor Physics 4. Credit: 02 5. Examination Duration: 3 Hours 6. Maximum Marks: 35+15 (CCE)


Reactor Physics

Interaction of Neutron with Matter in Bulk: Transport and diffusion equations, transport mean free path, Solution of diffusion equation for a point source in an infinite medium and for an infinite plane source in a finite medium, extrapolation length and diffusion length- the albedo concept. Moderation of Neutron: Mechanics of elastic scattering, average logarithmic energy decrement, slowing down power and moderating ratio of a medium Fermi’s age theory, solution of age equation for a point source of fast neutrons in an infinite medium, slowing down length, Fermi age. Theory of Homogeneous Bare Thermal Reactor: Critical equation, material and geometric bucklings, Neutron balance in a thermal reactor, four factor formula, typical calculations of critical size and composition in simple cases. Heterogeneous Natural Uranium Reactors: Advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous assemblies, various types of reactors and a brief discussion of their design features. Problems of reactor control and maintenance: Role of delayed neutrons, inhour formula, temperature effects, fission product poisoning, use of coolants and control rods. Power reactors: Fast breeder reactor, dual-purpose reactors, concept of fusion reactors. Reference Books :

1. Glasston & Edlund: The Elements of Nuclear Reactor theory 2. Murray: Introductions of nuclear Engineering.

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