The Arabidopsis peptide kiss of death is an inducer of programmed cell death
Death Case
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Transcript of Death Case
Death Case
SEORANG LAKI-LAKI 42 TAHUN DENGAN PNEUMONIA KOMUNITI PORT 142 GROUP IVB KELAS RISIKO V DGN SEPSIS BERAT
DAN ARDS
Pagi Jaga 3 : dr. Helena Jaga 2 : dr. Bobby dr. Wahyu dr. Dicky Jaga 1 : dr. Naefarat dr. Artrien dr. Muha
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Tim Jaga Selasa, 12 Maret 2013
Malam Jaga 3 : dr. Abu Bakar Jaga 2 : dr. Diaz dr. Lusi dr. Popy Jaga 1 : dr. Ida dr. Ita dr. Yusniar
• Nama : Tn. M • Umur : 42 Tahun • Alamat : Klayu, Jekani, Mondokan
Sragen • Rek. Medis : 01183XXX • MRS : 12 Maret 2013, pk. 12.00 WIB • Meninggal : 12 Maret 2013, pk. 23.45 WIB
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Jan’13 • Sakit gigi sampai bengkak hilang timbul, berobat ke PKM
Feb’13
• 18/02 : Berobat gigi ke RSDM • ± 3-4 hr kmdn mondok ± slm 1 mg di RS Amal Sehat krn sakit gigi, makan
susah • Di rumah, sesak, smkn lemas, makan susah
4 hr SMRS
• Sesak semakin memberat disertai batuk dengan dahak warna putih, darah (-)
• Demam (+) • Dibawa ke RS Amal Sehat (08/03)
SMRS • Rujukan dari RS Amal Sehat dgn D/ TB dgn infeksi sekunder, high voltage
EKG • Penurunan kesadaran dgn sesak yg semakin memberat
• R. Pekerjaan : Buruh penggergaji kayu ± 7 th • R. Asma : (-) • R. OAT : (-) • R. Kontak dgn unggas : (-) • R. DM : (-) • R. Hipertensi : (-) • R. Sakit jantung: (-) • R. Mondok : 1. Bulan Feb’13 di RS Amal Sehat
karena sakit gigi 2. 08 Mar’13 di RS Amal Sehat
karena sesak napas R. Merokok : (+) 5 – 10 btg/hari, selama ? 5
• Kesadaran : Koma, E1M1V1 • Keadaan Umum : Tampak sakit berat • Berat badan :50 Kg • Tensi : 100/60 mmHg • Nadi : 135 x/mnt • RR : 40 x/mnt • Tempertatur : 36,5°C • Sat O2 : 68 % dgn O2 10 lpm MNR
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Toraks: retraksi (-)
Pulmo
I : PD ka=ki
P : Fr sulit dinilai
P : Sonor/Sonor
A : SDV +/+, RBK +/+, Wheezing -/-
BJ I & II intesitas normal, regular, bising (-)
Supel, nyeri tekan (-), hepar/lien tidak teraba
Lidah kotor
Akral dingin dan edema tidak didapatkan
JVP tidak meningkat, KGB tidak teraba
membesar
Konjungtiva anemis -/- Sklera ikterik -/-
Lab 08/03/13 • Hb : 10,1 • Ht : 30 • AL : 12,8 • AT : 65 • LED I/II : 60/75 • E/B/N/L/M :
1/0/0/82/4/13 • GDS : 75 • OT/PT : 19/23 • Ur/Cr : 70,5/1,6
Lab 10/03/13 • Ur/Cr : 51,9/1,4 • Bil Tot : 2,2
Lab 12/03/13 • Hb : 9,9 • Ht : 32 • AL : 42,6 • AT : 45 • AE : 3,41 • GDS : 303 • OT/PT : 23/37 • PT/APTT : 18,1/25,8 • Ur/Cr : 72/0,8 • Na/K/Cl : 130/3,9/96 • HBsAg : Non reaktif
AGD II pk.20.00 O2 10 lpm ett • pH : 7,170 • PO2 : 54,0 • PCO2 : 68,0 • HCO3 : 20 • BE : -4,7 • SO2 : 76 • FiO2 kor : 0,85 • AaDO2 : 260,28 • HS : 96,42 Kesan : Asidosis respiratorik
mix metabolik + gagal napas tipe II akut
AGD I pk. 12.35 O2 10 lpm MNR • pH : 7,130 • PO2 : 53,0 • PCO2 : 97,0 • HCO3 : 31,4 • BE : 0,9 • SO2 : 72 • FiO2 kor : 0,83 • AaDO2 : 225,03 • HS : 94,64 Kesan : Asidosis respiratorik
terkompensasi tidak sempurna + gagal napas tipe II akut
Ekspertise : Klinis : Abses mandibula e.c. Molar 3 Tampak carries PM 1 kanan bawah Tampak litik PM 2 kanan bawah Tak tampak erosi / destruksi tulang Tak tampak soft tissue mass/swelling Tampak fr. Prosesus coronoideus os. Mandibulla kiri 13
Konsul Anestesi di IGD u/ penatalaksanaan airway Pada prinsipnya setuju penatalaksanaan airway pada pasien tersebut.
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Konsul Kardiologi di IGD u/ menyingkirkan kemungkinan pembesaran jantung Tidak didapatkan riw HT, pd pmrx PF tidak didapatkan pelebaran jantung, tidak didapatkan tanda-tanda kardiomegali
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Konsul Interna di IGD u/ penatalaksanaan bersama Pneumonia dgn sepsis, MODS, susp DIC. Dx/ Severed sepsis e.c. dd/ CAP, ISK asimptomatik
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Ass : Severed sepsis e.c. Dd/ CAP, ISK asimptomatik Th/ : - O2 3 lpm - Pasang NGT & DC - IVFD NaC; 0,9 % 20 tpm - IVFD Haes 1 fl / hari - Inj Metronidazol 500 mg/8j - Inj Dexamethason 1 amp/8j - Inj Ceftriaxone 2 gr / 8 jam - Vit B com 3 x 1 - Asam folat 2 x 1 Plan : - KUVS / jam - Obs progresivitas sepsis sepsis hipotensi syok sepsis - Bila TD < 100/80 lapor jaga interna pro obat vasoaktif
Pneumonia komuniti PORT 142 group IVB kelas risiko V dengan sepsis
berat dan ARDS
Masalah : Anemia ringan, hiperglikemi, hiponatremi, hipokloremi
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• Indikasi ICU • O2 10 lpm dgn ETT • IVFD HES / 24 jam
NaCl 50 cc + NE kec 3,5 cc/jam • Inf Ciprofloxacin 200 mg/12 jam • Inj Ceftazidim 1 g/12 jam • Inf Metronidazole 500mg/8 jam • Inj Methylprednisolone 20 mg/8jam • Inj Ranitidin 50 mg/8 jam • Parasetamol 3 x 500 mg/NGT
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• AGD ulang pk. 20.00 • KUVS / 15 mnt • Balance cairan / 24 jam = (+) 100 • Kultur darah • Sputum Mo/G/K/R • Bagging • Cek Diff Count, Ur/cr ulang, Elekt ulang, GDS ulang • Suction / 2 jam • NGT (dialirkan)
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Jam TD N RR t °C Sat O2 % Ket
12.00 100/60 135 40 36,5 68 Th/O2 10 lpm MNR IVFD HAES /24 jam IVFD NaCl 0,9% 20 tpm Inj Ceftriaxon 2 g/24 j Inj Gentamycin 160 mg/24 j Inf Metronidazole 500mg/8 j Inj Methylprednisolone
20mg/8 j Inj Ranitidine 50mg/12 j
12.15 100/70 137 42 36,5 70
12.30 100/70 137 40 36,4 70
Pasien Apnea RJPO
12.45 100/70 140 42 36,5 Bagging
Pasang ETT Apnea RJPO Pasang ETT + suction
13.00 177/100 150 40 36,5
13.15 150/100 144 40 77
13.30 130/83 142 42 36,6 79
13.45 121/68 138 40 83
14.00 114/66 131 43 36,7 83
14.15 116/67 135 35 82
14.30 118/66 133 33 36,6 85 23
Jam TD N RR t °C Sat O2 % Ket
14.45 117/64 135 30 86
15.00 119/61 134 28 36,7 85
15.15 112/63 138 30 82
15.30 104/60 140 31 36,6 79
15.45 98/54 141 30 77
16.00 92/53 142 31 36,8 72
16.15 105/58 144 33 84
16.30 95/42 145 34 37,0 83 Loading 750 cc NaCl 0,9%
16.45 94/50 146 35 99
17.00 89/45 144 36 36,9 91 Loading 750 cc NaCl 0,9%
17.15 88/47 142 35 87 NaCl 0,9% 50 cc+ 1 amp NEkecepatan 3,5cc/ jam
17.30 85/48 142 34 37,2 82
17.45 71/49 141 35 77 24
Jam TD N RR t °C Sat O2 % Ket
18.00 96/42 139 36 37,5 78
18.15
18.30 76/38 136 36 37,5 82
18.45 Suction
19.00 90/50 136 36 37,6 88
19.15 80/41 137 41 37,8 92
19.30 82/39 136 42 38,8 93
19.45 80/40 135 40 38,6 85 NE kec 4,5 cc/j
20.00 99/40 137 41 38,5 83
20.15 71/36 132 43 38,8 82
20.30 72/37 128 41 38,6 89
20.45 74/39 124 39 38,1 93
21.00 65/40 126 40 38,1 91 NE kec 5 cc/j, NGT 25
Jam TD N RR t °C Sat O2 % Ket
21.15 70/40 123 41 38,2 64
21.30 70/40 121 36 38,2 79
21.45 70/40 125 39 38,2 81
22.00 70/45 124 40 38,2 93
22.15 65/40 140 42 38,2 89
22.30 65/40 140 44 38,3 75
22.45 63/45 107 38 77
23.00 50/30 90 42 52
23.15 40/palp 40 26 30
23.30 Tdk terukur
30 - - RJPO, SA 1 ampul + Epinefrin 1 ampul
23.45 - - - - Pasien dinyatakan †
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• Penyebab langsung Syok septik
• Penyebab antara Sepsis, ARDS
• Peyebab dasar Pneumonia komuniti PORT 142
Group IVB Kelas risiko V
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Community Acquired Pneumonia
D/ pasti : Pada foto torak tdpt infiltrat baru atau infiltrat progresif, + ≥ 2 gjl :
- Batuk bertambah - Perubahan karakteristik dahak - Suhu tubuh ≥ 38 °C / riw demam - PF : tanda konsolidasi, suara nafas bronkial &
ronki - Leukosit ≥ 10.000 atau < 4.500
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Pneumonia Patient Outcome Research Team (PORT)
• Laki-laki : 42 • Perubahan status mental : 20 • RR ≥ 30x/menit : 20 • Nadi ≥ 125 x/menit : 10 • pH < 7,35 : 30 • Glukosa > 250 mg/dL : 10 • PO2 ≤ 60 mmHg : 10
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142
• Group IV B Rawat ICU dgn risiko P. Aeruginosa (P’obatan kortikosteroid > 10 mg/hari, antibiotik spektrum luas > 7 hari pada bulan terakhir)
• Kelas risiko V PORT > 130, rawat inap
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Kriteria Pneumonia Berat (ATS)
Satu atau lebih dr kriteria di bawah ini : Minor : • RR > 30x/mnt • HS < 250 mmHg • Foto torak menunjukkan kelainan bilateral • Foto torak > 2 lobus • Sist < 90 mmHg • Diast < 60 mmHg
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Mayor : • Membutuhkan ventilasi mekanik • Infiltrat bertambah > 50% • Membutuhkan vasopressor > 4 jam (syok septik) • Cr serum ≥ 2 mg/dl atau ↑ ≥ mg/dl (pd pdrt
gagal ginjal)
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Indikasi Ranap CAP Mnrt PDPI
• Skor PORT > 70 • Bila ≤ 70, di + salah satu dari kriteria minor
(ATS) • Penumonia pengguna NAPZA
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Kriteria Rawat Intensif
Salah satu dari : • Membutuhkan ventilasi mekanik • Membutuhkan vasopressor > 4 jam (syok
septik) Atau dua dari : • HS < 250 mmHg • Foto torak menunjukkan kelainan bilateral • Sist < 90 mmHg
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AGD
Asidosis respiratorik terkompensasi tidak sempurna + gagal napas tipe II akut
• pH : 7,130 • PCO2 : 97,0 • HCO3 : 31,4 • AaDO2 : 225,03 (> 60) ggn difusi (alveoli terisi infiltrat) • HS : 94,64 (≤ 200) ARDS
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Sepsis
Suatu sindroma klinik yang terjadi oleh karena adanya respon tubuh yang berlebihan terhadap rangsangan produk mikroorganisme.
• Ditandai dengan panas, takikardi, takipneu, hipotensi dan disfungsi organ berhubungan dengan gangguan sirkulasi darah.
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LPS bp CD 14
IL 6
TNF -
IL -1
IL 8
APC
CD 4+ TCR IFN -
S.ANTIGEN
IL - 10 IL - 4 IL - 5 IL - 6 Ig
NO ICAM -1
α
γ
IMUNOPATOGENESIS
TH - 2 TH - 1 β-CEL
CD 8+
LPS IMUNO.COM
SEPSIS
MOD
SHOCK
SEPTIC
IL-2
CSF
Comp. N ∅
NK
(Guntur, 2000)
C3a, C5a
PGE 2
- Bakteri gram (-) : 60 – 70% - Terdapat : LPS (lipopolisakarida) - Didalam LPS : Lipid A - LPS : bertanggung jawab : peradangan
jaringan; demam; sepsis syok septik - Bakteri gram (+) : 20 – 40% eksotoksin yang dapat merusak integritas
membran sel imun. - Virus, parasit; jamur
PENYEBAB SEPSIS :
(Guntur, 2000)
Derajat Sepsis 1. SIRS, dengan ≥ 2 gejala sbb:
– Hyperthermi / Hypothermi (> 38,3° C / < 35,6° C ) – Tachypneu ( resp > 20 / mnt ) – Tachycardi ( pulse > 100 / mnt ) – Leukocytosis >12000/mm atau Leukopenia < 4000/mm – 10% > cell imature
2. SEPSIS SIRS + infeksi 3. SEPSIS BERAT Sepsis + MODS/MOF, hipotensi, oligouri /anuri 4. Sepsis dengan hipotensi Sepsis + hipotensi (sist < 90 mmHg atau ↓ sist > 40 mmHg) 5. Syok Septik subset dari sepsis berat, sebagai hipotensi yang
diinduksi sepsis & menetap wlu telah mendapat resusitasi cairan , & disertai hipoperfusi jaringan.
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Fluid Assessment
• Input – ( Urine Output + IWL) 1500 – ( 300 + 145 ) = 1055 • N urine 0,5-0,1 cc/kg/j 25-50 cc/j 300 cc dlm 7 jam 42,85 cc/j • Osmolalitas = 2 (130 + 3,9) + 303/18 + 72/6 = 296,63 • Fluid Deficit = (296,63 - 295)/295 x 0,6 x 50 = 0,15 L = 150 cc
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Resusitasi cairan
• Initial resuscitation : at least 30cc/kg crystalloid within 3 hours
• NaCl 0,9% 50 cc + NE mulai dari 3,5 cc/jam. Bila MAP msh < 65, naikkan 0,5 cc/jam. Bila stabil, dosis tetap.
• HAES max 2 kolf (2 x 500 cc)/24 jam awal : 10-20 cc infus pelan u/ melihat ada syok anafilaktik atau tidak. Selanjutnya dosis 20cc/kgBB/hari infus pelan.
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Terapi Antibiotik
• Inj Ceftazidim 1 g/12 jam Chepalosporine gen 3, active againts P.
aeruginosa • Inf Metronidazole 500 mg/8 jam u/ kuman
anaerob (infeksi gigi) • Inf Ciprofloxacin 200mg/12 j gol
fluorokuinolon anti pseudomonas
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Kortikosteroid
Pemberian Kortikosteroid dosis rendah pada sepsis : • Mengurangi respon inflamasi sistemik • Vasopressor • Menghambat prod sitokin pro inflamasi • Menghambat prod mediator2 inflamasi • Menurunkan adhesi leukosit ke endotel
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ARDS AECC (1994)
Acute onset of hypoxemia (arterial partial pressure of O2 to fraction of inspired O2 [PaO2/FiO2] ≤ 200 mmHg) with bilateral
infiltrates on frontal chest radiograph, with no evidence of left atrial hypertension.
Within 1 week of a known insult or new or worsening respiratory symptoms
Bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, lobar/ lung collapse, or nodules
Respiratory failure not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload . Need objective assessment to exclude hydrostatic edema if no risk factor present
Mild : 200 mmhg < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg with PEEP or CPAP ≥ 5 cmH2O Moderate : 100 mmhg < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mmHg with PEEP ≥ 5 cmH2O Severe : PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 100 mmHg with PEEP ≥ 5 cmH2O
Cause of ARDS
PNEUMONIA ASPIRATION
SEPSIS SEVERE
TRAUMA
PULMONARY CONTUSION
FAT EMBOLISM
CARDIOPULMONARY
DISORDER DRUG
OVERDOSE
D I R E C T L U N G I N J U R Y
COMMON UNCOMMON
I N D I R E C T L U N G I N J U R Y
Most common causes ARDS
• Pneumonia (34%) • Sepsis (27%) • Aspiration (15%) • Trauma (11%)
– Pulmonary contusion – Multiple fractures
ARDSnet NEJM 2000 342 1301 8
Pathophysiology
Occurs in stages 1. Exudative ( Acute Phase) 2. Proliferative 3. Fibrotic 4. Recovery
Exudative phase (Acute Phase)
• Alveolar-capillary barrier is formed by microvascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium
• Under normal conditions epithelial barrier is much less permeable than endothelium
• Epithelium is made up of type I and II cells • Type I cells are injured easily and Type II cells
are more resistant
Exudative Phase
• In ALI/ARDS – damage to either one occurs resulting in increased permeability of the barrier
• influx of protein-rich edema fluid into the alveolar space
• Injury of Type I cells results loss of epithelial integrity and fluid extravasation (edema)
• Injury of Type II cells then impairs the removal of the edema fluid
Exudative Phase
• Dysfunction of Type II cells also leads to reduced
production and turnover of surfactant which leads to alveolar collapse
• If severe injury to epithelium occurs – disorganized/insufficient epithelial repair occurs resulting in fibrosis
• In addition to inflammatory process, there is evidence that the coagulation system is also involved
Fibrotic Phase
• After acute phase, some patient will have uncomplicated course and rapid resolution
• Some patient will progress to fibrotic lung
injury • Such injury occurs histologically as early as 5-7
days
Fibrotic Phase
• Intense inflammation leads to obliteration of the normal lung architecture
• Alveolar space is filled with mesenchymal cells and their products
• Reepithelialization and new blood vessel formation occurs in disorganized manner
• Fibroblasts also proliferate, collagen is deposited resulting in thickening of interstitium
• Fibrosing alveolitis and cyst formation
Proliferative Phase
• With intervention (mechanical ventilation) there is clearance of alveolar fluid
• Soluble proteins are removed by diffusion between alveolar epithelial cells
• Insoluble proteins are removed by endocytosis and transcytosis through epithelial cells and phagocytosis through macrophages
Proliferative Phase
• Type II cells begin to differentiate into Type I cells and reepithelialize denuded alveolar epithelium
• Further epithelialization leads to increased alveolar clearance