Dairy Topics - International

Volume 16 Number 4 (2017) Practical information for progressive dairy professionals

International

DairyTopicsHEAT STRESSIts impact on milk componentsand somatic cell counts

SILAGESurvey suggests role for greaterfocus on preservation

MYCOTOXINSThree ways to reduce theirimpact on milk profits

MANUREMANAGEMENTSeparation systems how to spin manure into gold

FORAGE ampFEEDINGWe look at options from around the world

SKIN CAREChelated copper and zinc tocombat udder cleft dermatitis

Where is research takingus Have the scientistsmade all the major

discoveries that will be made Arewe providing adequate or inadequate funding for researchRather than answer these specific

questions let us consider the veryrecent announcement on researchinto Parkinsonrsquos disease in man Itnotes that α-synuclein (α-s) theprotein implicated in Parkinsonsdisease and other forms of neuro-degenerative diseases is releasedwhen an infection occurs in theupper GI tract (the oesophagusstomach and duodenum) inducingan immune response as part of thebodys innate immune system Theresearchers say that these findingssuggest that frequent or chronicupper GI infections couldoverwhelm the bodys capacity toclear α-s leading to diseaseAnimal studies have further shown

that microbes in the GI tract caninduce formation of toxic aggregates in the enteric nervoussystem which can then travel to thebrain The α-s can use the nervesconnecting the GI tract to thebrainstem as an escalator traffickingα-S from the gut to the brain and

chewingthecudspreading within the central nervous system Too much α-s from multiple or

chronic GI infections becomestoxic because the system that disposes of α-s is overwhelmednerves are damaged by the toxicaggregates that form and chronicinflammation ensues which couldbe the start of Parkinsonrsquos diseaseand other entities Damage occursboth within the nervous system ofthe GI tract and the brainThus the homeostasis of the gut

flora by interventions with productslike probiotics may well provide thebasis for the prevention or treatment of this disease in thefutureReturning to the dairy farm what

other substances are beingproduced by the microbiota of theGI and what are their effects in thecow or calf There could be effectson performance reproductionweaning stress and virtually everybiological function in the cowrsquosbody ndash a better understanding ofwhich could impact on theeconomics of production There is as much need today if

not a greater need for well fundedresearch n

3International Dairy Topics bull Volume 16 Number 4

Cover Picture Efficient herd management(Photo courtesy of Pearson International)

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Nigel Horrox nehpositiveactioncouk

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Colin Foster cfpositiveactioncoukTim Brown tbpositiveactioncouk

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PRODUCTION

Sarah Dove sarahamnehcouk

DESIGN amp DIGITAL

Matthew Baker baccaamnehcouk

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Sally Walker swpositiveactioncouk

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Anne Smith accountspositiveactioncouk

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International Dairy Topics (ISSN 1745 7785) is published sixtimes a year (January March May July September andNovember) by Positive Action Publications Ltd and

distributed in the USA by UKP Worldwide 3390 Rand RoadSouth Plainfield NJ 07080 Periodicals postage paid at

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worldfocusAn executive summary of key international issues

The Berlin airlift in reverseThe Saudi-led blockade of Qatar has resulted in that country preparing an audacious plan toairlift thousands of dairy cows from Germany the US and Australia to address its domesticmilk shortage Based on the plan a specially configured transport plane would deliver 140German cows to air-conditioned hangars in the desert Every two or three days thereafterthere would be more planes and more cows until 4000 animals have been brought to thisarid kingdom where temperatures are regularly around 46degC This is probably the biggestairlift of livestock ever attempted An official said ldquoIf the price of Qatarrsquos independence isto airlift every single pint of milk then we will do sordquo

Qatar

An lsquoAct of Godrsquo or a foreseeable problemThe recent Californian heatwave has caused an increase in cattle deaths prompting officialsto take emergency action with various areas declaring local states of emergency Demandfrom Tulare and other counties for rendering services to dispose of the animals exceededcapacity The problem was exacerbated when the local rendering facility had a mechanicalbreakdown that halted pickup and processing of dead animals Tulare county alone hasmore than half a million dairy cows It is thought that some 4000-6000 cattle died in thelast month While one has sympathy with the farmers for their losses surely someoneshould be asking whether such losses can be justified in 2017 Is this a welfare issue

California

New ways of looking at mastitisUsing innovative technologies scientists at the Moredun Institute Edinburgh and theUniversity of Glasgow have measured 570 proteins and 690 metabolites in milk for the firsttime in the same milk samples Among these potential biomarkers of mastitis have beenidentified These could become the basis of rapid diagnostic tests to be used with the cow togive farmers real-time information on the health status of their animals and allow fortargeted therapy Key findings from the analysis of milk during mastitis showed a largeincrease in proteins such as cathelicidin and haptoglobin that are known to have naturalantimicrobial activity

Scotland

International Dairy Topics bull Volume 16 Number 4 5

The targeted technical publicationfor progressive dairy professionals

who are seeking the latestinformation from around the world

SUBSCRIPTIONS

International Dairy Topics is published 6times a year and your subscription

includes a free digital edition

Subscription rate1 year ndash poundUK60

2 years ndash poundUK90 inclusive of airmail

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Continued on page 9


Heat stress is a common andgrowing concern in dairycows and we are now fully

aware that even at low levels it cansignificantly impact herd productionand welfareFor several years now Lallemand

Animal Nutrition has been focusingon identifying and monitoring indi-cators to assess rumen efficiencyon-farm and help producers managetheir herd for optimum productionand welfare (Fig 1)

by Aureacutelien PironLallemand AnimalNutrition Francewwwlallemand

animalnutritioncom

This approach has allowed thou-sands of data to be gathered fromdifferent regions and productionsystems which reveals the impact ofheat stress beyond experimental trials in real-life conditionsData obtained from dairy farms in

multi continents under moderate tosevere stress were compiled (Fig 2)indicating that during heat stressvarious indicators were affectedl Milk fat and fatprotein ratioappears significantly lower com-pared to other seasons (milk fat379 in summer vs 395 on averageduring other seasons milk fatprotein ratio 115 in summer vs 118on average during other seasons)highlighting reduced rumen effi-ciency

l The percentage ofcows in good bodycondition islowerl The percentage ofclean cows isreducedl Manurescreeningshowsreduceddigestionefficiency theoccurrence ofmanure withmore than oneundigested butprocessed grain isincreased

l Somatic cells count in milk is sig-nificantly increased (an indicatorwhich is partially affected by poorrumen conditions but also impairedantioxidant status)Lallemandrsquos rumen audit

approach which is based on objec-tive and measurable indicators ofrumen efficiency on farm is verymuch in line with current trendsacross the industryFor example a recent study from

Penn State Extension reveals a clearcorrelation between heat stresslevel (THI) daily rumination timeand milk productionAccording to this study it is esti-

mated that for 10 points increase inTHI daily rumination could bereduced by one hour and dairy pro-duction by 27kgday Rumen efficiency is clearly

affected by heat stress and besidesthe use of heat abatement methodsLallemand recommend focusing onensuring optimal rumen function byadapting the rationThe main objective is to improve

feed efficiency to compensate forreduced feed intake while protect-ing the rumen environment fromacidosis risksl Increase the energy density ofthe diet

l Feed high quality aerobically stable and highlydigestible forage It has beenshown that heifersrsquo DMI candecrease by up to 1kgdaywith unstable corn silage l More starch or added fatcan be useful Fat is not fermented in the rumenhence does not releaseheat during digestion l High quality fibre sourcesin the diet are essential foroptimal rumen efficiencyespecially for high-producingherds receiving high starchdiets

l Take care of the mineral elec-trolytes balance since excessive

Heat stress significantlyaffects milk componentsand somatic cells

Fig 3 Effect of rumen specificyeast Levucell SC on energy corrected milk yield in dairy cowsunder moderate heat stress THI63-73 (Fustini et al 2013)

30

28

26

24

22

20Control Levucell SCEn

ergy correctd milk (kgday)

261

278

plt005

+65

40

39

38

37Out ofsummer(low THI)

Summer months(high THI)

Milk fat ()

120

115

110

105


Summermonths(high THI)

Milk fatprotein ratio

300

250

200



Somatic cell count (x1000ml)

plt001 plt001 plt006

Fig 2 The impact of heat stress on milk components and somatic cells count in farm conditions (Lallemand Animal Nutrition internal data)

Fig 1 Identifying the indicators to assess rumen efficiency on farm

International Dairy Topics bull Volume 16 Number 48

sudation or panting leads to lossesof sodium and potassium l Adapt the feeding strategy Gofrom once to twice-a-day feedingConsider feeding less in the day andmore (60) at night when it iscooler with regular push-upsl Make sure clean fresh water isfreely available at all times (espe-cially after milking) l Finally heat stress puts extrapressure on the animal antioxidantdefences (consequences on immu-nity SCC in milk and reproduction)It is essential to ensure an extraantioxidant supply in order to helpmaintain the antioxidant status ofthe animals In addition field data and research

trials in institutes have alreadydemonstrated that under manyconditions rumen specific live yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 (Levucell SC) has a positiveimpact on dairy performance duringheat stress episodes helping to alle-viate the heat stress challenge forthe rumenWell-controlled trials with this

live yeast supplement show thefollowing benefits on rumen efficiency indicatorsl Rumen pH is improved The detri-mental effect of heat stress onrumen pH is reduced The numberof cows in the herd under acidosisis reduced by 4-5 timesl Rumination is improved which isa good indicator of digestive com-fort and welfare Under heat stressthe number of cows achieving opti-mal rumination time (400-500 min-utesday) is increased by 25 withthe live yeast This increased rumination will

induce and increase saliva produc-tion helping the animal to maintainoptimal rumen pH

l Feed efficiency is improved byaround 7l Fibre degradation is improvedl Consequently milk yield isimproved +65 Energy CorrectedMilk Yield equivalent to an extra17kg ECMday (Fig 3)

Worldwide survey undertaken at farm level

In order to evaluate the real risks ofheat stress Lallemand AnimalNutrition has also conducted aworldwide survey at farm level

under various climate conditions byrecording in real-time THI variationswithin animalsrsquo environments Adding to external climate

recordings this allowed them tobuild a world map of heat stressrisks (Fig 4) aimed at helping pro-ducers anticipate summer problemsand be prepared even in areas notprimarily associated with hot cli-mates such as Northern and CentralEuropeIn conclusion heat stress risk is a

reality for dairy producers undervarious latitudes Heat stress represents a challeng-

ing period for the animals puttingpressure on rumen condition andefficiency and the animalrsquos antioxi-dant status as shown byLallemandrsquos recent survey Risk monitoring (for example use

of a hygro-thermometer to recordTHI in the barn) planning ahead andadapted barn and herd managementpractices are essential to optimiseproduction and help overcome heatstress challenges n

References are availablefrom the author on request

Continued from page 7


Fig 4 World map of heat stress risk representing the amount of time spent under each stress level per 24hours and estimation of associated dairy production losses (Lallemand internal data)

represents regions for which external weather records were used

THI lt68

THI 69-71

THI 72-79

THI gt80



Silage is one of the most cost-effectivefeeds available for dairy cows Butthere is room for improving the way it

is made according to survey results fromVolac the makers of Ecosyl silage additives

by Jackie BradleyRegional Product Manager

Volac International Ltdwwwvolaccom

Silage is a highly cost-effective feed Sofor dairy farms looking to minimise costsand maximise output producing the bestpossible silage makes a lot of senseMoreover making silage is nothing new

So you would think by now everyoneinvolved in silage-making would know howto make top-quality materialBut is this the case Results suggest not In

our most recent survey conducted amongmore than 100 UK dairy farmers a massive78 thought they could make better grasssilage Most producers simply did not feelin full control of the process Just 19 of respondents said they felt

completely in control of how well theirgrass silage turns out once they had sealedthe clamp ndash with 85 in a further questionsaying they would like to feel more incontrol When we dug deeper we foundsome concerning gaps in the silage-makingmethods being used

Efficient fermentation

Although 90 of respondents said theyrolled continuously when consolidatingsilage in the clamp ndash which is important forsqueezing out air to achieve an efficient

fermentation and minimise aerobic spoilagendash only 38 said they normally filled theclamp in layers no more than 15cm thickThis is significant because 15cm is themaximum forage depth that can beconsolidated effectively Also only 17 said they achieved a grass

dry matter density of 250kg per cubic metewhen consolidating which is the optimumfor grass at 30 dry matterWorryingly the process of fermentation

seemed to be poorly understood Only halfof respondents realised that crop drymatter at harvest has a big impact on grasssilage fermentation Science tells us that during fermentation

beneficial bacteria convert crop sugars intoacids which pickle the forage Yet only afifth (21) of respondents recognisedfermentation was a process whereby forageis pickled in acid

Some 28 of respondents also thought agood silage fermentation was largelydependent on the bacteria naturallypresent on grass It is perhaps not surprising therefore that

many producers did not feel completely incontrol of how well their grass silageturned out

Beneficial bacteria

While there will almost certainly be somebeneficial bacteria naturally present ongrass if you rely solely on these you do notknow if they are present in sufficientnumbers Nor indeed if they are the besttype to carry out a fast and efficientfermentation needed for optimum nutrientpreservation

Continued on page 13

Surveys suggest role forgreater focus on silagepreservation

Do you thinkyou can makebetter grasssilage

Yes 7823

No 0

No I think I already make thebest grass silage I can

1452

Do not know 726

Which of thefollowing doyou do whenconsolidatinggrass in yourclamp

Fill the clamp in layers no more than 15cm thick

3826

Achieve a grass density of 250kg dry matter per cubic metre

1739

Roll continuously 8957

Other 261

Results from Ecosyl grass silage survey of UK dairy farmers



There may also be unwanted microbespresent ndash such as enterobacteria clostridiayeasts and moulds ndash which can result inpoor fermentation spoilage and wastednutrientsBy comparison we know that a qualitysilage additive can apply as many as onemillion beneficial bacteria per gram offorage treated when used correctly More to the point these bacteria willhave been specially selected to be highlyefficient at fermentation And the follow-on benefits of adding these beneficialbacteria can be substantial They include reduced dry matter lossesimproved silage ME and improveddigestibility Most importantly we haveseen clear improvements in milk yieldAcross a range of forages milk yield wasincreased by an average of an extra12lcowday in trials using Lactobacillusplantarum MTD1 ndash the bacterium invarious Ecosyl products If anything provides a compelling reasonfor including an additive in silage-makingimproved milk yield should A provenadditive represents a small investment for alot of additional peace-of-mind

Preserving maize

However it is not just when making grasssilage that there seems to be room forimprovement An earlier survey weconducted among 70 UK dairy farmerssuggested similar results for maizeWhile 71 of respondents ratedpreventing aerobic spoilage as the biggestchallenge faced when preserving maizesilage not all respondents were fullyutilising all the available preventativemethodsOnly 60 said they used goodconsolidation And while three quarters(75) said they used tight sealing only athird (32) used fast filling of the clamp orfilling in thin layers (35) Yet we know thatall these steps are vital for minimising air inthe clamp and therefore minimisingspoilage organisms

Similarly at feedout only around half(54) of respondents were using a blockcutter or shear grab to keep the face tidywith fewer than a third (31) moving theface back quickly Both of which are key forminimising air ingressEqually only around half of surveyrespondents (54) included an additive tocounteract maize aerobic spoilage One of the reasons that some of thesecrucial steps were not being used whichwas hinted at by the survey was that not allfarmers fully appreciated the damage thataerobic spoilage can causeRoughly a third of respondents did notrecognise it as causing losses in feed qualityor risk of mycotoxins Also only around ahalf of respondents (54) identified thataerobic spoilage leads to lost dry mattertonnageIn reality we know that dry matter lossesin maize can occur both as a result of poorfermentation and aerobic spoilage ndash withthe greatest losses likely to come from thelatter So it is important to target bothcauses It is perfectly possible to do thisusing an additive combining efficient

fermentation bacteria of Lactobacillusplantarum MTD1 with another beneficialbacterium L buchneri PJB1 that inhibitsyeasts and moulds ndash for example with theproduct Ecocool which is available incertain parts of the world

Conclusion

Ultimately with the importance ofmaximising milk from home-producedforage understanding the scale of losses infeed value and dry matter that can occur insilage ndash whether maize grass or any othercrop ndash is crucial But what is also importantis to understand what causes them ndashwhether poor fermentation or aerobicspoilage or a combination of bothWithout this information milk producersdo not know how much focus to put onpreventing them or the silage managementtechniques and types of additives thatshould be used Using good silagemanagement plus a proven additive andpaying attention to the details will putfarmers in greater control n


How important ismaize silage in helping to maximisemilk from forage

Extremely important 5000

Very important 3382

Fairly important 1618

Not important 0

What is the biggestchallenge you facewhen preservingmaize silage

Achieving a good fermentation 3235

Preventing aerobic spoilage 7059

Other 294

Which methodsdo you use to minimiseaerobic spoilage ofmaize silage

A narrow clamp 3824

Fast filling 3235

Filling in thin layers 3529

Good consolidation 6029

Tight sealing 7500

Moving the face back quickly at feedout 3088

Using a block cutter or shear grab tokeep face tidy

5441

Keep the sheet off silage face at feedout 2794

Use of an additive 5441

Experiences in China

Experience gained last season has pointed to additive use becoming an integral part ofsilage-making on farms in China striving for maximum nutrients from forage It is anapproach that other parts of the world would benefit from

ldquoAs the people of China look to consume more dairy products there is clearly a need forefficient milk productionrdquo Derek Nelson Ecosyl global product manager toldInternational Dairy Topics

ldquoHaving presented research findings on Ecosyl ndash including results on reduced dry matterlosses improved silage quality and animal performance ndash we saw the additive beingroutinely adopted to preserve maize silage across multiple Chinese farms last seasonThese farms formed part of a leading Chinese dairy business

ldquoMaize silage was made at 30-35 dry matter So the preservation objectives were verysimilar to those in the West It was also fed in a total mixed ration along with grassalfalfa and concentrates to year-round-housed cows

ldquoWith the quest for efficient milk production this is a really good example of leavingnothing to chance when it comes to getting the best out of silagerdquo Derek concludes

Results from Ecosyl maize silage survey of UK dairy farmers



Due to their high feed intakes andhigh concentrate forage ratios indiets high producing dairy cows are

at risk for negative impacts of themycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on milkquality and component yields

by Gwendolyn Jones Anco AnimalNutrition Competence

wwwanconet

The extent of the negative response canbe managed by nutritional means throughthe use of certain phytogenic substancesfor more consistent milk component yields

Variation in milk component yields

Increasingly the levels of protein and fat inmilk are being recognised as majordeterminants of milk price As a result milkcomponent levels are important factors inherd management and directly impact farmincomeProduction of milk fat and protein canvary a lot from one herd to another USstudies showed that herd average milkprotein ranged from 157-466 with anaverage of 305 Milk fat ranged from 177-598 with an average of 376 Thisindicates that many herds are producingcomponents below average for their marketand their breed which presents anopportunity to improve componentproduction and income from milk sales

Principally the yield and the content ofmilk fat are influenced by the digestion offeed in the rumen Provided the rationcontains adequate levels of digestible fibreand the cow efficiently digests that fibrethe acids produced in the rumen willsupport efficient milk fat synthesis bringingresponses in both fat yield and contentBut in many cows the rumen may be lessefficient than we believe DON the mostprevalent mycotoxin in animal feedstuffsglobally has been shown to have a negativeimpact on rumen efficiency Scientificstudies reported that DON negativelyimpacted certain aspects of rumenfermentative capacity especially reducedacetate and propionate production

Impact of DON on milk parameters

Ruminants are regarded as quite resistant toFusarium toxins such as deoxynivalenol(DON) because of the detoxifying potentialof rumen microbes However thedetoxification capacity of rumen microbesdepends on a functional rumen Highproducing dairy cows with high feed intakesand high levels of concentrates in theirration are more susceptible to the negativeeffects of DONThis is because on the one hand itincreases the passage rate in the rumengiving the microbes less time to degrademycotoxins and on the other hand reducesrumen pH which has a negative effect onDON degradation in the rumen The data inFig 1 shows that DON is degraded at aslower pace in the rumen with high starchlevels in the diet compared to diets withhigh levels of celluloseScientific literature reveals that unlikeaflatoxin there is very little carry-over fromDON in dairy rations into milk HoweverDON in rations for dairy cows has beenshown to decrease milk fat and increasesomatic cell counts (SCC) DON is known toincrease oxidative stress which in dairycows has been related to oxidativemammary tissue damage and increased SCC There is further evidence that DONaffects rumen fermentation and microbial


Three ways to reduce theimpact of DON on milkprofits

40

35

30

25

20One Three Six

Incubation time (hours)

n Corn starchn Cellulose

DON (ppm

)

Fig 1 Difference in DON degradation rate in the rumen in response to two differentcarbon sources (adapted from Jeong 2010 et al)

16 International Dairy Topics bull Volume 16 Number 4

protein yield which can again affect feedefficiency and milk component yields

Managing the response to DON

Traditionally feed additives have beendeveloped to attack mycotoxins in theanimalrsquos digestive tract directly tocounteract harmful effects frommycotoxins in the animal However bothmycotoxin binders and mycotoxindeactivators have their limitationsIt is well known that adsorption is not an

effective strategy for most mycotoxinsOnly certain bentonites work well with

aflatoxins and some yeast cell wallcomponents have been proven to bindzearalenone based on specific structuralfits For other types of mycotoxinsparticularly DON binding strategies do notwork effectivelyBiotransformation of mycotoxins is

another strategy that directly attacksmycotoxins to transform their structureinto non-toxic metabolites Again thisstrategy is very specific to certain targetmycotoxins On top of that it takes time tocomplete the biotransformation ofmycotoxins and time to do so in thedigestive tract is limited particularly whenfeed passage rate is high The question ishow does the animal deal with themycotoxins left untouched by the highlyspecific feed solutions mentioned above A third and more cost effective strategy

to counteract mycotoxins focuses ondisarming mycotoxins by supporting theanimalrsquos resistance to the harmful effects ofmycotoxins This strategy empowers animals to adapt

to difficult mycotoxins such as DON andreduces the extent of the stress reactionsgenerally seen in response to them Thereare ways to increase the resistance in cowsto DON by nutritional means (Table 1) Forinstance adding plant extracts with highanti-oxidative capacity to the diet thateither scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) or upregulate and protectendogenous antioxidant defences haveshown to enhance ROS detoxifyingcapacity in animals thus reducing oxidativestress in response to DON Several bioactive substances derived from

herbs and spices have also been shown tohave high anti-inflammatory properties Others are known for their ability to help

maintain efficient rumen fermentation andhigh feed intakes So there is scope for nutritional means to

optimise the response of cows tomycotoxins such as DON in favour ofconsistent milk component yields with anoptimal combination of plant extractssuited to the cow and the challengespresented by DON n

Continued from page 15Stress reaction to DON Impact on milk quality

and component yield Mode of action plant extracts

Reduced feed intakeDecreased milkcomponent yield

Plant extracts known to attenuatethe negative impact of DON onappetite regulation can help tomaintain high feed intakes

Impaired rumen fermentation andmicrobial protein synthesis

Decrease in milk fat andmilk protein

Certain plant extracts are provento support efficient rumenfermentation

Increased production ofReactive Oxygen Species (ROS)ndash oxidative stress

Leads to inflammatoryresponses in the mammarygland and increased SCC

Plant extracts from herbs or spiceswith high antioxidative capacitycan reduce ROS

Table 1 Three ways to disarm DON with plant extracts fed to dairy cows


Somatic cell count (SCC) is the totalnumber of cells per millilitre of milkand is one of the main indicators of

milk quality in dairy cows Somatic cells aremade of 2 mammary gland cells andaround 98 white blood cells ndash leucocytesthat are immune cells produced by thecowrsquos immune system

By Dr Valentin NenovGlobal Ruminant ManagerPhileo Lesaffre Animal Carewwwphileo-lesaffrecom

As SCC are immune cells the numberfound in the milk increases as a response toan immune challenge in the udder Thischallenge is usually caused by pathogensand leads to inflammation

The most important factor affecting theSCC for an individual quarter andeventually at herd level is the mammarygland infection known as mastitis Otherfactors involved in raising SCC are minorand insignificant compared to mastitis sothis allows us to use SCC as an indicator forsubclinical mastitis

While mastitis is the most common andexpensive disease in dairy farms SCC givesus the opportunity to monitor subclinicalcases on an individual and herd level usingvarious SCC tests such as the CMT(California Mastitis Test) or digital on-farmcounters Mastitis is considered the greatestthreat to the dairy industry from threeperspectives economic hygiene and legal(EU Directive 4692 modified by Directive7194)

Mechanism

Mastitis is caused by a variety of micro-organisms the majority of which arebacteria that enter the mammary glandthrough the teat canal Mastitis itself isinflammation of the mammary gland inresponse to the infection caused by thesepathogens and in rare cases to chemical ormetabolic factors

Appropriate immune function is essentialfor host defence against intramammaryinfections The first and most common line

of defence is the innate immune systemwhich triggers a proinflammatory responseIt is a known fact that the mammary glandimmune system is compromised duringdrying-off and around calving the twoperiods representing the highest risk ofmammary infection

The mammary gland has a number ofdefence mechanisms including differentimmune cells that react immediately to apathogen challenge and form the first lineof defence Despite these mechanisms ithas been suggested that the mammarygland is immunocompromised whencompared to other parts of the body

To stop infection additional immune cellsmigrate to the mammary gland raising theSCC and reducing milk secretion due to theincreased inflammation

The first immune cells that are recruitedand migrate into the mammary gland arethe neutrophils (PMNs) which form animportant line of defence

The primary function of PMNs is to engulfphagocytise and destroy foreign materialincluding invading bacteria In a perfectsituation the action of these neutrophilswould eliminate the bacteria causing theinfection When the immune system isfunctioning properly the problem shouldbe rapidly resolved with a short andtransient increase in SCC

However this is not the case for mostcows especially around calving and drying-off and during periods of stress when theimmune system is suppressed

In these cases the number of matureneutrophils is limited and insufficient but

the bone marrow continues to producelarge numbers of immature neutrophils thatare mobilised to the area of inflammation

Several important functions are not fullydeveloped in immature neutrophilsincluding those related to phagocytosisintracellular killing and chemotaxis

These immature neutrophils make upmost of the SCC during clinical orsubclinical mastitis being recruited into themammary gland in increasing numbers butthey are unable to reduce the pathogenload

The solution is to reduce the level ofbacteria using antibiotics that directly killthem or to stimulate the immune systemto increase the proportion of matureneutrophils capable of destroying thepathogens

Economic impact of somatic cellcount on milk production

Somatic cells are not only a scientificconcept but they are also of great practicalimportance to farmers High SCCs arerelated to a milk premium or penalty andalso directly affect milk production SCCrises in response to mammary glandinfection causing inflammation andreducing the ability of the mammary glandtissue to produce milk

The symptoms of acute mastitis areclearly visible and the reduction in milkproduction is well defined Financial lossesarising from a case of mastitis are related to


How nutrition can be usedto improve health andSCC prevention

Table 1 Relation between SCC and estimated loss of milk production Based on 6300-6800kg averagecowyear (Philpot and Nickerson 1991 Mastitis Counter Attack)

Bulk milk somatic cell count(cellsmL)

Estimated loss of milk production (cowyear)

Estimated loss of milk production (kgcowyear)

le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635


treatment discarded milk and hidden costssuch as reduced milk yield during theremainder of the lactation period and therelated culling The earlier the mastitisoccurs in the lactation period the higherthe costs A case study in five large dairy herds inNew York State found that an average caseof clinical mastitis had an estimated cost of$179 This was composed of $115 for milk yieldlosses $14 for increased mortality and $50for treatment-associated costs The estimated cost of clinical mastitis washighly dependent on cow traits it washighest ($403) in cows with high expectedfuture net returns (young high-yieldingcows) and lowest ($3) in cows that wererecommended to be culled for reasonsother than mastitisThe cost of clinical mastitis in a cow inthe first 30 days of lactation was estimatedat $444 These are obvious clinical cases ofmastitis that require treatment and specialcare but most mastitis is subclinical andgoes undetected by the farmer and is notregarded as a potential economic loss We can use the SCC as an indicator toevaluate losses from subclinical mastitisMost farmers will consider the SCC in asimilar way to fat and protein as just ameasurement for milk premium or penalty

Many studies show that changes in SCC arerelated to economic losses that go farbeyond the milk premium An increase in SCC has several effects

l Reduces milk production over the entirelactationl Increases the risk of clinical mastitisl Increases culling rate due tounacceptably high SCC and mastitisAn increase in bulk milk SCC to over100000 affects milk production (Table 1)Similar numbers were produced by meta-analysis of a large number of referencestudies from the USA Canada UKGermany and many other Europeancountries According to this meta-analysis whenbulk milk SCC is above 100000 the farmloses about 3 of its milk production As well as reducing milk production ahigh SCC increases the risk of clinicalmastitis and related culling rates

l Reducing SCCIf we take into account the reduced milkproduction and increase in cases of clinicalmastitis and culling rates we can estimatethat a farm with 100 cows and average yieldof 8000kgcowyear could actually gainaround euro4000 per year by reducing SCC byfrom 200000 to 100000 depending onmilk price Investment in reducing SCC can increasedairy farm profitability Several methods

can be considered when building a strategyfor SCC reduction

l CullingIt is recommended that cows with very highSCCs for a prolonged length of time areculled as they are more prone to clinicalmastitis and fertility problems Howeverculling should be carried out according toan established breeding program and incollaboration with a vet

Prevention throughmedication

The most common method used to fightsubclinical mastitis and prevent clinicalcases is the use of intramammaryantibiotics Most cows on commercial dairyfarms will be treated with intramammarydry cow antibiotics before drying off This issupposed to prevent bacterial infectionsduring the dry period

Prevention through hygiene andmanagement

Improving hygiene to reduce mastitis iscrucial for udder health and ultimately forsuccessful dairy farming It is simply keepingthe udder clean and free of the pathogenicbacteria that cause mastitis Major teatcontamination can be avoided byeliminating mud and preventing theformation of puddles in the cowsrsquo walkingareas Keeping bedding dry and clean

Milking practices

Cleaning and disinfecting the milkingmachines and the udder before and aftermilking Correct vacuum regulation Highervacuum levels cause the teat canal toremain open for longer after milkingallowing pathogens to enter the udder Increasing the number of milkings per daymay also help reduce SCC as the bacteriaare expelled from the udder more often

Dry cow management

The risk of intramammary infection isgreatest during the early and late dryperiod In the early dry period pathogensremain from the lactation period but theyare no longer flushed out by daily milking Most cases of mastitis in fresh cows arecaused by bacteria remaining from the dryperiod Cows should be dried off when individualSCCs are below 200000 to reducepathogen levels during the dry periodCows with higher SCCs should be treatedbefore drying off If cows are not properlydried off mastitis can occur during the dryperiod tooDry cows should be monitored for signs



of mastitis such as redness and swelling ofthe udder and treated accordingly

Nutritional management

Nutrition is involved in maintainingimmunity and insufficient energy and otherdeficiencies affect the cowrsquos resistanceNutrient deficiency may lead to negativeenergy balance and immunosuppressionWell-balanced diets with sufficientnutrients may help support a fullyfunctional immune system helping reduceSCC When supplied in the diet certainprobiotics and prebiotics have also provedbeneficial to the immune systemsupporting a satisfactory immune responseand contributing to SCC reduction Someimmune modulation has been documentedwith some strains of live yeast such asSaccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 (Actisaf)and selected yeast parietal fractions suchas Safmannan

How does probiotic yeast helpreduce SCC

The small intestine is the largest immuneorgan in the body and is rich in immunecells (macrophages and dendritic cells)These cells are in constant contact withdifferent pathogens and native flora in theintestinal lumen and their role is to triggerthe immune system by providinginformationWhen the immune system is prepared for

a pathogen challenge it reacts quickly andefficiently with less inflammation andenergy expenditure When the diet issupplemented with Actisaf yeast probioticand Safmannan they can interact with thebeneficial microflora in the intestinepromoting their growth and strengtheningthe gutrsquos resistance to pathogens The specific structure of the yeast

fraction also enables it to lsquocommunicatersquodirectly with the immune cells locatedthroughout the intestinal mucosa and helptrigger a positive and satisfactory immuneresponse This interaction increases thecapacity of the immune system to recruit

mature and differentiated neutrophilswhich can identify and reduce pathogensfaster and with less inflammation

Australian trial

With its unique metabolic effect Actisafcan support the beneficial microflora in thesmall intestine and enhance the immuneresponse helping to maintain a low SCCA trial was carried out on an Australian

dairy farm with 800 lactating Holsteincows 88 cows in early lactation were splitin two groups a Treatment group whichwas fed a basal diet supplemented with5gcd Actisaf and a Control group whichwas fed the basal diet only Milk yield andmilk fat were seen to increase significantlyand SCC reduced significantly by more than44 (Fig 1)

Satisfactory immune response

To complement the effects of Actisaf yeastprobiotic the selected yeast parietalfraction Safmannan which has a specificsurface structure thanks to its controlledproduction process can interact withimmune cells helping to trigger a strongand satisfactory immune responseIn an in vitro study on LPS-challenged

macrophages Safmannan demonstrated astrong and swift immunomodulatory effectmeasured by the levels of TNF-a producedby the macrophages (Fig 2)

In comparison non-purified dead yeastwhich has similar components but adifferent surface structure does not triggerany immune response The immune response from Safmannan is

stronger when faced by a challenge like LPS(lipopolysaccharide an endotoxin producedby Gram-negative bacteria such as E coli)stimulating a more appropriate reactionfrom the immune system and reducinginflammation

Dutch trial

When Actisaf is combined with Safmannanat 8gcd it reduces SCC even more EightDutch dairy farms that had been feedingActisaf for a long time supplemented theircows with an additional 8gcd Safmannanfor a trial period Three milk samples weretaken from each farm before Safmannansupplementation and three samples afterThe SCC decreased over the trial periodfrom an average of 280000 per farm tobelow 200000 (Fig 3)

Conclusion

The SCC is predominantly made up ofimmune cells which are present in theudder as a response to infection High SCClevels are related to subclinical mammarygland infections ndash mastitis Reducing theSCC in bulk milk has been shown toincrease dairy farm profits significantly andis very often the difference betweenprofitable farms and farms which make aloss There are many ways to work towards

reducing a herdrsquos SCC including usingpharmaceuticals changing management andhygiene practices and using modernprobiotics and prebiotics to prime theimmune system No single method issufficient in isolation and a good programthat combines different practices can helpreduce SCC and optimise milk performance Whatever program is set up on the farm

to reduce SCC adding probiotics to thediet that modulate the immune responseincreases the likelihood of success n

Fig 2 The immunomodulatory effect of Safmannan

5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1

Compounds concentration (microgml)

n LPS alone n Dead yeast +LPS n Safmannan +LPS

TNF-a(pg

ml)

Fig 3 Dutch trial results

290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

n Actisaf n Actisaf + Safmannan

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005

Fig 1 Australian trial results

The sidewall plastic clamp fromEbbers Metalworks is an easy locksidewall plastic During ensiling itstays on the bunker wall during thefilling of the bunker

ebbersmetalworksnl

The plastic remains intact thanksto the unique rounded edges and itis very easy to place the plasticstanding on the floor of the bunkersilo with one hand This means thatone person is able to place the plas-tic over the wall of the bunker silo

After ensilage it is easy to removefrom the wall and it offers a longlifetime by using high quality stain-less steel

During feed-out you can keep thesidewall plastic near the wall and noplastic gets in the silage Due to theflat construction of the sidewallplastic-clamp you can drive closeto the bunker wall with a machine

Protect your silage with an easy locksidewall plastic clamp


The Biomin BioStabil product rangeis tailored to meet your needs byoffering a total package for ensilinga full variety of forage crops over arange of dry matter content

biominnet

Its proprietary formulation com-prises strategically selected lacticacid bacteria for silage inoculationThese bacteria produce lactic acidand acetic acid in a balanced ratiofor an improved fermentationprocess and longer aerobic stability

The rapid drop in pH value anddirect effects of acetic acid inhibitgrowth of spoilage micro-organismsthus preserving the nutritive valueand feed safety of the silage

Biomin BioStabil increases qualita-tive and nutritional value of thesilage and provides superior aerobicstability Biomin BioStabil productscan be used during harvest or duringpreparation of silage

Total package to preserve theenergy in your silage

As an integral part of making consistently better silage profes-sional farmers return to Ecosylsilage additives year after year

ecosylcom

Not only has the specially-selected MTD1 strain ofLactobacillus plantarum bac-teria contained in Ecosylbeen shown to deliver fastersilage fermentation but alsohigher dry matter intakesand improved digestibility

And that is just the start Ithas also been proven todeliver the most importantbenefit of all improved milkyield Across a range of crops

and dry matters milk yield wasraised by an average of an extra 12litres of milk per cow per day fol-lowing treatment with Lactobacillusplantarum MTD1

Moreover this was not researchby Ecosylrsquos manufacturer Volac

This was found across 15 indepen-dent dairy trials

There are now Ecosyl addi-tives available for conven-tional and higher dry mattersilages baled and clampsilages and for grass maizewholecrop cereals andlegumes No wonder thenthat Ecosyl has been trustedto help farmers take greatercontrol of silage-making for

more than 30 years

Improved milk yield is a key benefitfrom silage additive

Automation of feeding plays a cen-tral role for farmers in increasingbusiness profitability as up to 70of the operational costs on a dairyfarm is related to feeding

geacom

The automated feeding philoso-phy of GEA is completed by theirnew GM bunker series whichincludes the familiar GM17 as wellas the new GM23 and GM20 hori-zontal feed bunkers for loose mate-rial

The feeding bunkers support thefarmerrsquos feeding strategy by ensur-ing high quality conservation and

accurate weighing of the feedThanks to a unique stainless steelbottom chain the feed is gentlymoved towards a number of rollerswhich in turn accurately distributesit to a conveyor belt mixer or feedwagon

The GEA GM bunker series is acomplete concept that enables thehandling of several types of rawfeed materials It also comes in dif-ferent volumes The GM bunkerseries is made of stainless steel for along lifespan and the design reducesthe accumulation of feed in criticalparts Service and regular mainte-nance is simple thanks to easyaccess to the required areas

Complete concept for handling rawfeed materials


With herd numbers expanding andlabour becoming an issue in thedairy industry farmers are nowlooking to technology for ways toincrease efficiency on the farmFeeding systems are something thatis becoming more and more popularwith every installation

pearson-internationalcom

The time taken to feed cows in aparlour can be utilised to give pre-cisely controlled quantities of mealPearson Milking Technology offers

a range of feeding systems from lowlevel easily fitted manually oper-ated systems to fully automaticelectronically controlled systemsand out of parlour feedersThe out of parlour system acts as

a lsquovending machinersquo for cows Cowscan be fed throughout the day usingEID tags All automated and con-trolled using a feed managementprogramme Whatever the system the price of

meal demands that feeding must becarried out with the utmost accu-racy A recent case study from afarmer in southern Ireland showsthe benefits of having an in parlourfeeding system The feed systemprovides accurate feed distributionaccording to cow lactation stage ormilk yieldOne customer John Phelan uses

the feed to yield system and hasseen an increase in milk volumewithout increasing the amount offeed purchased He has also noticedbetter cow flow in the parlour

Increase milk yield with controlledfeeding

Mold-Zap is Alltechs line of uniqueblends of acids consisting predomi-nantly of buffered propionic acid

alltechcom

Together this combination ofacids forms a powerful non-corro-sive and safe mould inhibitor fortotal mixed rations and storedfeeds To enhance the stability ofthe total mixed ration Mold-Zapcan be added during the prepara-tion stageMold-Zap is designed to reduce

heating in stored feeds and inhibit abroad spectrum of mould speciesThe citrus flavour improves the

palatability of the total mixedration This results in improved feedintake reduced feed waste and anoverall reduction in animal produc-tion losses The addition of Mold-Zap to total mixed rations andstored feeds helps to maintain ani-mal performance

Powerful non-corrosive and safemould inhibitor

forage amp feeding

A demand for longer auger spiralcoils became apparent to supportbusinesses having trouble cuttingauger coils to fit the length of theirhouses Technical Systems a pro-ducer for over 20 years providedthe simple answer make the coilslonger supply equipment to mea-sure and cut then install

technicalsyscom

The Infini-T Auger is the worldrsquosfirst continuous auger coil length inexcess of 3000m per coil This coreless auger manufacturing

process has been registered forpatenting and is pending underapplication no 201601623The benefits include

l No welded coils This minimiseslabour and reduces the risk of prod-uct defectl Coils in excess of 3000m to max-imise containersl Cut auger coil lengths exactly towhat is requiredl Minimum wastel Automatic Recoiling System con-sisting of a de-coiler a measuring

device to calculate exact lengthsand a coiler to add value to youroperation for ease of handling theInfini-T Auger SpiralTechnical Systemsrsquo product range

consists of over 60 different modelsof auger conveyors from pipe diam-eter 45 55 75 90 125mm cateringfor pan auger feeding as well as silo-to-house and Fatiqless cross augerconveyors for bend applications

Feed efficiency through continuousnon-welded auger spiral

The optimal preservation and qual-ity of silage can help leverage feedcosts Lallemand Animal Nutritionhas developed a new mobile appli-cation LALSIL to support silagequality in the field Its aim is to helpfarmers and entrepreneurs controlsilage quality in their day-to-daypractice

lallemandanimalnutritioncom

The app main functions can helpl Prepare next yearrsquos harvestaccording to the silo audit con-ducted during the ongoing year(density pH temperature) The aimis to detect the margins of improve-ment on the farm and help farmersoptimise their forage qualityl Understand the composition ofan inoculantl Adjust the inoculant applicatoron the harvesting equipmentl Calculate the silage return oninvestment a calculator that allowsfeed cost to be optimised based on

the combination of a forage milkpotential and the farm silage prac-ticesAdditional services include

l Local weather forecastl Information on the portfolio ofsilage additives developed underthe LALSIL brand detailing the spe-cific formula and benefits for differ-ent types of silageMore functions are being devel-

oped such as specificity to otherforages and assessment of othertechnical parametersThe app is available free of charge

on iOS platform and on Androidfrom this summer

Optimise your forage quality withthe mobile silage expert

PathologyFollowing injury to the mucosal lining of the intestines malabsorption maldigestion and loss ofprotein and fluid occurs A secretory component to the diarrhoea contributes to further electrolyteand fluid loss Infections caused by Salmonella dublin can have respiratory signs

Factors that adversely affect the normal enteric flora tend to favour the growth of salmonellawhich are often present in very low numbers in the gastrointestinal flora of normal or carrieranimals These animals can infect their calves

Birth transport concurrent disease and feed or water deprivation which in turn reduces immunityandor can cause shifts in the enteric flora can cause a proliferation of salmonella In calvesantibiotics can cause shifts in the enteric flora and cause the proliferation of salmonella

Once a carrier cow is stressed large numbers of salmonella bacteria are shed and calves especiallynaiumlve ones are at risk This risk is magnified if crowding poor sanitation house location use ofcommon feeding implements concurrent disease or stress is present Calves with persistent BVDvirus infection are at a higher risk of succumbing to salmonellosis

Clinical signsCalves with salmonellosis typically have fever and diarrhoea Fresh blood and mucus in the faecesare also common In addition if the salmonella infects a certain part of the body swollen leg jointsand lameness (arthritis) nervous signs (meningitis) or pneumonia may be seen Salmonellosis canoccur sporadically in individual animals or endemically In calves it typically occurs between 2-8weeks of age If newborn calves deprived of their colostrum are brought together at one locationfrom different farms salmonellosis may appear as early as three days of age

A great variation in clinical severity occurs because of variation of the virulence ad infecting dose ofthe salmonella and the age immune status and concurrent diseases in the calf

Young calves have a greater risk of death because of septicaemia and fluid loss via diarrhoea whichleads to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

The peracute form of the disease may cause death before diarrhoea is seen These calves have anabdominal distension as a result of rapid fluid loss into the small and large intestines and sometimesthe stomach They often die from a secondary bacteraemia and endotoxaemia for example causedby E coli

Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26

Salmonellosis in calves IIBytesBytesYour own reference source on dairy health

Dairyhealth

copy Positive Action Publications Ltd


Many of us remember the childhoodfairy tale of Rumpelstiltskin asmall man who helped a young

lady in distress spin straw into gold tosatisfy a king We can picture the woodenspinning wheel and large pile of goldenstraw and realise that this is impossible

by Andy Lenkaitis PEProduct Manager-Manure Management

GEA Farm Technologies Inc USA wwwgeacom

How can a wasteful product like straw beturned into gold Many producers lookover their animals and operation with prideand clarity but when it comes to theirmanure system they may have the samehelpless feeling as the young millerrsquosdaughter sitting at the spinning wheel witha room full of strawThe difference between the origins of the

fairy tale and the reality of today is that wehave the technology to turn a once difficultto manage product like manure into alsquogoldenrsquo product for plants Manurecontains vital nutrients organic matter andbacteria that can be extremely beneficialwhen used properlyThe advances in soil testing predictive

forecasting and precision agriculture have

created a beautifully detailed picture ofnutrient levels field conditions andmanagement opportunities In addition ourunderstanding of nutrient conversion plantnutrient uptake and yield impacts provideus the knowledge and motivation requiredto better manage our manure andagronomic relationship

Manure separation

Primary separation of coarse particles andfibres has been used for various reasons ondairy farms Often the liquid effluent afterseparation is used back on the dairy foralley cleaning or stored in a lagoon to bespread through an irrigation system Whileprimary separation has a minimalinvestment the effectiveness of separatingnutrients into the liquid fraction is quitelow Over 90 of the nutrient valueremains with the liquid effluentFurther separation steps are required to

partition nutrients into different usablestreams One critical component ofseparation is to evaluate the cost and valueof creating a separate nutrient stream Wecannot expect to be profitable by goingthrough a process that takes one manurestream into multiple streams that wehandle in the same mannerThe system must create a solution to a

problem not create new ones Additionallywith any separation system nutrients arenot created or destroyed from the processthe same amount of land is needed to makeproper agronomic use of the nutrientsgenerated on the dairy One specific example is nitrogen some

systems reduce the amount of nitrogen lostto the atmosphere and as a result createadditional nitrogen to be accounted for in anutrient management plan This balanceactually works well since nitrogen is oftenthe limiting factor in corn yield however ifnitrogen and other nutrients can bestabilised and exported off the farm it cangenerate revenueCertain manure derived products can be

an excellent substitute for mined mineralnutrients such as phosphorus andpotassium There are a few companiescurrently installing systems that can providesaleable nutrients through fertiliserdistribution channels

Goals and outcomes

The sheer volume of material coupled withthe logistics of hauling have led producersto consider advanced separation systems Insome cases the motivation is regulatoryenforcement or environmental compliancedriven In addition to historic casesinvolving negligent use of manure nutrientsfrom livestock farms there are landmarkcases pending against traditional row cropnutrient practices that will lead to wideradaptation of cover crops and split nutrientapplication practicesRegardless of the motivation here are

some common goals of installing a systeml Concentrated nutrients in less volumebull Reduced manure hauling costs byspreading more liquid close to home

Spinning manure intogold managementseparation systems


bull Impact of reducing the number of heavyloads on the roadbull Ability to maintain nutrient distributionacross farm ground by cost-effectivelyspreading nutrients on fields further awayl Reduced time to agitate manure storageand homogenise nutrientsl Removal of large particles for nozzle ormicro-drip irrigationl Manure-to-water systems that reducethe volume to haul or storel Nutrient partitioning to match cropneedsbull Timing of nutrient application (have aproduct available to land apply)bull Split nutrient streams into crops individualneeds

An investment to thoroughlyconsider

When evaluating a system a properbusiness case is critical to determine thesuccess and complexity of a system Capitaland operational costs of systems can bequite expensive and often inversely relatedto each other Certain filtration systemsmay be less expensive initially but can havehigh operational costs due to daily polymercosts cost to clean the equipment andpower consumptionMoreover some additional farm

equipment may be required to make use ofthe different streams from the processSome of the cost benefits of a system

cannot be measured directly and need acareful pencil to account forl Increased crop yieldsbull By timely nutrient applicationbull By being able to plant sooner or doublecropbull By reducing compaction on fields by nothauling during wet conditionsl Neighbourhood benefitsbull Reducing traffic during hauling season onthe roadbull Potential for reduced odourbull Environmental responsibility by betternutrient managementl Opportunity to create a saleable productfrom manure nutrientsl Potential for reducing manure storagerequirements (Manure-to-water systems)l The freedom to consider and chooseyour system before regulations are put inplace

System building blocks

Several advanced manure separationsystems are in operation across the globeLike manure from a farm each system isunique in design and operation Manysystems use technology adapted from thewaste water treatment industry withvarying levels of success Equipment mayincludel Slope screen separatorsl Gravity belt thickeners

l Screw pressesl Decanter centrifugesl Micro and vibratory screensl Dissolved Air Filtration (DAF) systemsl Membrane filtrationl Ammonia strippingl Reverse osmosisSystems are comprised of different

building blocks of equipment from theabove list designed to work together forthe best performance and cost At this timesystems are installed and designed forcontinuous operation Mobile systemstraditionally do not have the throughputcapacity to meet the needs of modern farmsizes Building a modular system is beneficial as

farms grow and regulations progresscreating different performance standardsover time Some master planning needs tobe done in the beginning but systems caneasily be added on to as needs and financeschange

Conclusion

As the equipment solutions provider andthe livestock producer look to design asystem the first step must be to establish apartnership understanding The livestockproducer needs to understand thatseemingly small management changes inthe barn can have detrimental effects tothe operation of the separation systemFrequency and amount of bedding cow

cooling and ration changes can change therecipe of the product to the separationsystem Additionally the separation systemneeds to be adaptable to changes in themanure and create products thateconomically fit into the farmsrsquo croppingsystemA functional manure separation and

nutrient partitioning system comes withmany benefits but those benefits comewith costs Unlike the millerrsquos daughter who had to

make a deal with a small man who helpedher turn straw into gold we do not have toguess Rumpelstiltskinrsquos name or be forcedto give up our firstborn childWe as in the equipment solutions

providers and farmers however do have theopportunity to partner up in spinningmanure into gold while benefitting thelivestock operation the neighbours and theenvironment n


Since 1929 the Antoniades familyfarm in Pissouri Cyprus has main-tained an international reputationfor successful selective breeding ofCyprus Damascus (Shami) goatsOver the past 70 years this pro-

gram has been developed as a semi-intensive production system with anemphasis on strengthening thegenetic line that favours productionand adaptability

cyprusshamigoatscom

Genetic strength has beenachieved by ensuring a large pool ofanimals to support frequentreplacement of breeding stock We have already established solid

export markets all over the MiddleEast Gulf States and North Africaand are developing export and part-nership breeding opportunities withseveral new partners elsewhere

The Cyprus Damascus (Shami) goatis a highly adaptive and prolific ani-mal that is recognised as the ulti-mate goat in either dual or singlepurpose production systems The Antoniades herd produces an

average litter size of 25 kids perpregnancy with kids averaging birthweights of 45kg The newborn kids feed from their

mothers for the first two days toensure that they receive adequatecolostrum They are then separatedfrom their mothers and feed fromartificial kid feeders supplementedconcentrates until 49 days By four months of age females

achieve an average weight of 30-32kg and males an average of 35kgAdult weight ranges between 60-90kg and bucks 90-130kg At four months animals selected

into their production system areseparated from the remaining herdand enter an intensive immunisationand veterinary surveillance programfocused on enhancing reproductionFemales are presented to the

bucks at the first oestrus (between220-270 days) and continue breed-ing for an average of six years afterwhich they are sold to other localfarms or used for meat Does that are used for meat pro-

duction can achieve three gesta-tions in 24 months while those inthe milk production system arepresented to the Buck at 215 dayspost partum The company aim to milk for 305

days unless they are pregnant whenthey remove them from the milkproduction system three monthsbefore their expected delivery date Their bucks begin mating from

nine months and remain in the pro-duction system for a maximum of

Successfulbreeding ofShami goats inCyprus

two years and they minimise consan-guinity by separating them fromfemales until the decision to breedwhen they only permit crossesbeyond third degree relativesMilk production reaches a maxi-

mum at three days post-partum andaverages 4-5kg a day with manygoats achieving more Their selection criteria for genetic

improvement includesl 1000kg in a single lactationl lactation 305 daysl 2-3 kids per pregnancyAnimals may be sold from their

farms locally at any age However experience has shown

that does selected for export arebest withheld from their productionsystem since they have found thatachieving first pregnancy in theirdestination country maximises theirproduction The Cyprus Damascus (Shami) goat

is an excellent highly adaptive andhardy goat Experience locally and in export

countries confirms that it can beused as a purebred or in cross for

milk andor meat production sys-tems surpassing the production fig-ures of equivalent animals inintensive semi-intensive or exten-sive systems The company already have experi-

ence exporting Cyprus Shami overthe last 20 years in more than 15Middle East and Gulf StatesEverywhere that they send theCyprus Shami it reproduces theseamazing production figures Detailed studies in Libya demon-

strate that these figures are main-tained in pure bred or cross-matedF1 generations with equivalentbreeds in destination countries aswell as local animalsThe company recommends these

goats for private breeders who wishto raise a pure herd as well as forrural agricultural development pro-grams internationally It is also ideal to support genetic

research programs that aim to estab-lish robust income generation pro-jects at the same time as improvingproductivity in local genetic linesthrough cross-breeding

Since 1998 Neogenrsquos GeneSeekoperations has grown to be one ofthe leading global providers of DNAtesting for agribusiness and veteri-nary medicine with capabilities inplace to provide high throughputgenotyping solutions

neogeneuropecom

Today its laboratories processapproximatelytwo million sam-ples per yearacross two loca-tions in AyrScotland and LincolnNebraska USAAs one of the

worldrsquos leading facil-itators of SNP geno-typing for geneticevaluation Neogenserves AI companiesgenetic evaluation cen-tres breeding compa-nies breedassociations and

research institutions in over adozen countries across six conti-nents Neogenrsquos long standing expe-rience and extensive network ofimport permits allows samples tobe accepted from all over the worldseamlessly and effortlessly Neogenrsquos GeneSeek Genomic

Profiler (GGP) Custom Chips areroutinely used in the SNP genotyp-ing and genomic evaluation of dairycattle Neogen regularly submitgenotypes to genetic evaluationcentres globally on behalf of cus-tomers to facilitate their genomicevaluation requirements and canprovide many different test resultsfrom a single sample Neogen Igenity Dairy heifer pro-

files are based on US CDCB predic-tions thestreamlinedgenomic profiles areexcellent decisionmaking tools forboth breeders andcommercial dairyThey provide highlyreliable results at asignificant value forcost-conscious pro-ducers and arepowered by a low-density chip withcustom content

World classgenomicsolutions


Spermex GmbH is the export mar-keting company of seven AI centresin Southern Germany The AI organi-sations connected with Spermexprovide the whole genetic varietyof all present bovine breeds inGermany

spermexde

As well as a small but very effi-cient Holstein program strongfocus is laid on Fleckvieh and BrownSwiss the major breeds in southernGermany Both have proven their outstand-

ing qualities in performance fitnesstemper and adaption under a widerange of production conditions inall parts of the world to the utmostsatisfaction of the breeders The large populations of more

than 12m Fleckvieh and 180000Brown Swiss cows efficient breed-ing programs and the exact andindependent German recording sys-tems with more than 87 undermilk recording ensure highly reliableproofs in every important trait forall bulls The total merit index of the

German Fleckvieh ndash the mostimportant dual-purpose breedworldwide ndash expresses the idealbalance of milk plus beef plus fit-ness In the current situation of lowmilk prices you can profit and cre-ate a second income from both thegood beef prices and the goodprices for calves

Spermex can offer a wide range ofbulls thus you can select the onesthat best fit your farming systemand your personal breeding targetsSpecial benefits of the German

Brown Swiss breed are proteinpower strong feet and legslongevity and excellent adaptationto all climatic conditions combinedwith a nice temper and easy han-dling cowsBrown Swiss milk has an excellent

quality with a high share of A2A2and Cappa-Casein BB and is knownas the cheesemakerrsquos choice Therobust Brown Swiss cows last longin the herd thus many farmers cansell heifers on auction sales or forexportDue to their distinctive qualities

Fleckvieh and German Brown Swissare a profitable choice in pure- andcrossbreeding systems The sum ofthe positive characteristics supportsthe farmers to work both flexiblyand profitably under various marketconditions Additional advantages of these

breeds are reduced veterinary costseasy handling cows and an incomesurplus by either additional moneyfor beef and calves or by higherprices for milk qualityClients in more than 50 countries

around the world are proof of theirreliability and the steadily growingdemand for their genetics

Strong focus onBrown Swissgenetics

A global pioneer in animal geneticsGenus ABS provide genetic progressand advances to animal breedingthrough the application of biotech-nology and placing their customersat the forefront of everything theydo

absglobalcom

Available in over 75 countriesworldwide Genus ABSrsquo sales com-prise of semen embryos and breed-ing animals with superior geneticsto those animals currently in pro-ductionGenusrsquos customersrsquo animals pro-

duce offspring with greater produc-tion efficiency and quality and areused to supply both the global dairyand meat supply chain The busi-nessrsquo competitive edge has beencreated from the ownership andcontrol of proprietary lines ofbreeding animals the biotechnologyused to improve them and its globalsupply chain technical services andsales and distribution network

Genus ABS also sells added valueproducts for livestock farming andfood producers Andrew Rutter European Breeding

Programme Manager commentsldquoGenusrsquo breeding programme is oneof the largest in the world anddelivers high quality genetics in thegenomic and daughter provenworld We source genetics from allover the EU and North Americawith the advantage of accessingmany varied bloodlines and beingable to ensure we have geneticsolutions for whatever any farmer islooking for regardless of his futureplans management system andwhere his milk goes and what it isused forrdquo

Global pioneer in animalgenetics

Seagull-Bay Silver ndash one of GenusABSrsquo most high profile interna-tional bulls

OHG the nucleus breeding popula-tion for Holsteins in Germany iswell known for their exceptionalHolstein sires as well as their stronggenetic progress and innovativeGeneScan program

With gRZM 162 actually Cicero(photo) is the highest availableEuropean Holstein sires on the RZGscale He is the only sire with abreeding value for milk gt+3000kgand the number one for protein kg

ohg-geneticde

Due to his positive values for themanagement fitness and conforma-tion traits Cicero is used interna-tionally as sire of sons If you require reliable daughter

proven genetics the company rec-ommend the use of the popular top

improver BOSSWith gt9900kg milk

4 fat and 34 proteinall milk recorded OHGcows produced in 2016by far the highest aver-age lactation yield (305days) in Germany OHGHolstein semen andembryos are distrib-uted in more than 50different countriesworldwide

ExceptionalHolstein sires for stronggenetic progress

Please mention

International

Dairy Topicswhen sourcing further information


Livestock Improvement (LIC) is aNew Zealand farmer-owned co-operative that provides a range ofservices and solutions to improvethe productivity and prosperity ofdairy farmers all around the world

licnzcom

Their purpose is to empower live-stock farmers throughl Genetics and information to create superior livestockl Information to improve decisionmaking to enable superior livestockperformancel Hardware and systems toimprove productivity and decisionmakingl LIC International ndash adding valuefor dairy farmers world-wideWith a proud history dating backover 100 years they have pioneeredsome of the biggest innovationsthat help provide todayrsquos farmerswith a competitive edge includingthe systematic testing of milk qual-ity long last liquid (fresh) semenDNA technology to genomicallyidentify and help select elite siresand more recently a short gestationbull team bred to deliver offspringup to 10 days early Today theirproducts and services include dairygenetics herd recording softwareherd testing DNA parentage verifi-cation farm advisory services inte-grated shed automation systems

and milk testing sensorsl Three out of four New Zealanddairy cows are sired by an LIC bulll Over 10 million milk samples areanalysed by LIC each year and infor-mation is added to proof of sirel Over four million straws of freshsemen are dispatched for insemina-tion to cows all over New Zealandduring the spring mating periodl Around one million frozen semenstraws were sold internationally inthe 2016-2017 seasonl They export to over 20 countriesworldwidel Their head office is in NewZealand and they have officesdis-tributors all over the world includ-ing the UK Ireland Australia USABrazil South America South AfricaPakistan Japan and Chinal Around 11 of revenue is investedback into the research and develop-ment of new productsWhatever the challenges of thetimes or the marketplace LICrsquos jobremains the same to develop inno-vative solutions that ensure farmerscontinue to enjoy a competitiveedge It is a job on which theythrive

Innovativesolutions for acompetitiveedge

The Irish economy is booming againwith growth projected at 4 for2017 compared to the Eurozoneaverage of 17 Unemployment hasplummeted from almost 15 in 2010to 64

genetic-austriaat

Meanwhile the dairy industry isexpanding very rapidly Dairy cownumbers are up 15 over the lasttwo years Total Irish dairy output isexpected to grow by more than50 between 2015 and 2020Challenges to this growth includea shortage of labour especially inthe spring calving season as theIrish production system is very sea-sonal taking advantage of cheapgrass during Irelandrsquos long grazingseason Post quota prices are fluc-tuating a lot Many Irish farmersreceived only 22 Euro Cents litrethroughout much of 2016 For the last 10 years or morethere has been a trend towardssmaller lighter framed cows andfarmers with these cows really felt

the loss of calf sale value and cullcow value last yearFarming couple Gerard and AngelaBrickley anticipated these issueswhen they were selling their sucklerherd to start milking in time for theabolition of the EUrsquos milk quotas in2015 They opted for a Fullwoodrobot to milk the cows and havesince moved to introduce AustrianFleckvieh adding calf and cull cowvalue as well as strength and hardi-ness to their original Holstein herdUnusually for Ireland the herd isindoors with grass cut and broughtin once daily

In winter only grass silage is avail-able together with straw and con-centrates The first of the AustrianFleckvieh heifers are in their secondlactation now They averaged justover 5300 litres in the first which isgood in Irish conditions and bothfat and protein were 02 above theherd average The 10 took just 12 AIstraws to go in calf and are mostlyup 25-50 in yield in their secondlactationCurrently just under 50 of themilking herd is pure Fleckvieh andall replacement stock are eitherpure or crossbred Fleckvieh Thecalf value is a huge benefit for theBrickleyrsquos ndash they averaged euro313 fortheir Holstein x Fleckvieh bull calvesat four weeks old this spring

Fleckvieh androbotics inIreland

Positive Action Publications LtdPublishers of international magazines in the pig poultry

dairy food safety amp meat production sectors

Editorial Library

The global technical leader

Our newly designed article library allows you to download previous articles from all of our titles

It is fully searchable and available FREE

wwwpositiveactioncouk


Udder cleft dermatitis (UCD) in dairycattle is a serious skin conditionmainly located at the front junction

of the udder and the abdomen and inbetween the front udder quarters

by Gerwen Lammers Carly Vulders and Robbert van Berkel

Intracare BV The Netherlandswwwintracarenl

The affected skin has a moist and redappearance may be covered with a crustand this is often accompanied by a foulodour In the global shift to more intensivefarming systems udder cleft dermatitis is aworldwide growing problem A farmertypically only detects the severe casesmaking the incidence often higher than hethinks

The disease leads to a decreased welfareand milk production premature culling andeven death of the animal The Dutch AnimalHealth service reported that udder cleftdermatitis was present on 80 of 20randomly investigated dairy farms with aprevalence ranging from 0-15 They

reported an association with udder shapeproduction level and the use of a footbath However the exact cause of thedisease is still under investigation

Although the primary cause of the diseaseis still under investigation the secondarycolonisation of the wound by opportunisticbacteria hamper the natural healing processof the compromised skin It has beensuggested that the Treponeme bacteria thatcause digital dermatitis may play a role butthis has been disproven by others

Treatments including sprays containingantibiotics or conventional zinc aredisappointing The use of antibiotics isfurther problematic because of thedevelopment of antibiotic resistance andthe risk of antibiotic residues in the milk

The goal of this study was to investigatethe effect of a spray containing bactericidalcopper and skin regenerating zinc both inchelated form on the healing of severecases of udder cleft dermatitis

Non-antibiotic spray

Intra Repiderma is a non-antibiotic aerosolspray that is based on copper and zinc for

which no MRL value is applicable and thusno withdrawal period Copper isbactericidal and stimulates the formation ofnew blood vessels which is an importantfeature of the wound healing process

Zinc supports the natural regenerativecapacity of the skin and stimulates the


Chelated copper andzinc to combat uddercleft dermatitis

Easy treatment of udder cleft dermatitiswith a spray containing chelated copperand zinc

Severe udder cleft dermatitis lesion before (left) after two weeks (middle) and two months (right) after intensive treatment with aspray containing chelated copper and zinc


growth of epithelial cells that form the toplayer of the skin The originally inorganicmolecules Cu2+ and Zn2+ are covered(chelated) with an organic layer thatprovides unique propertiesIn a recent randomised clinical trial on 231

severe DD lesions in dairy cows on sevendifferent farms it has been demonstratedthat Intra Repiderma has a cure rate of868 and is with half as many treatments19 times more effective than antibioticspray Because of these positive results of the

spray on bacteria-infected digital dermatitisskin lesions additional pilot studies wereperformed on a couple of severe cases of

udder cleft dermatitis in Germany TheNetherlands and Canada

Case studies in different countries

l Germany In Germany the spray was evaluated on afarm located in the Leipzig area that wassuffering with a large numbers of affectedanimals Spraying was performed once a week for

multiple weeks on 20 animals The disease-specific odour significantly reduced afterthe first treatment The appearance of the lesions also

improved and the treatment protocol

resulted in partial healing but no completere-epithelialisation was observed It was therefore concluded that a more

intensive treatment schedule was requiredfor this severe cases of udder cleftdermatitis

l The NetherlandsIn The Netherlands four animals withsevere chronic udder cleft dermatitis weretreated daily for two weeks Three of thefour animals demonstrated completehealing the size of the wound of the otheranimal had decreased by approximately80

l Canada In Canada one animal with an extremelysevere chronic case of udder cleftdermatitis was also treated daily with thespray Due to the severity of the lesion thiswas for a duration of two months Withintwo weeks the area changed to a more dryand quiet appearance After two months the skin had almost

closed No adverse effects were observedduring any of these tests

Practical considerations for use

Before the first spraying it was found to bevery important to carefully clean thewound with water and afterwards dry itwith a piece of paper Then start with covering the affected area

and the surrounding tissue by spraying oncein the morning and once in the eveningfollowed by spraying once a day Copper and zinc are exempted from

residue studies but do not use the milkwhen spraying in close proximity to theteats because of the presence of strongcolouring agents

Conclusion

Cases of udder cleft dermatitis only changeat a very slow rate Natural recovery ispossible but was found to be three timesless likely for severe than for mild lesionsThe cases treated in this report fell in the

worst category since farmers are typicallyonly willing to test new treatment optionson chronic cases that do not have anyhealing options leftThe primary cause of UCD still requires

further investigation but the positiveresults obtained on these severe casesjustify the further investigation of zinc tostimulate skin regeneration and copper toeliminate secondary wound infections incases of udder cleft dermatitis Intra Repiderma is an effective and safe

alternative for antibiotic spray for thetreatment of udder cleft dermatitis n




Antibiotics are one of the mostimportant therapeutic discov-eries in medical history They

have contributed to reducing mortality and morbidity from bacterial disease in mankind live-stock and pets Today althoughantibiotic resistance is not a newphenomenon there is internationalconcern around the rise in drugresistant infections and public recommendations to restrain theuse of antibiotics

Correct use on the farm

The answer to preserve theseimportant therapeutics is not tosimply reduce the volumes used Itis about implementing their judi-cious responsible and correct use indaily veterinary routines on thefarm Combating resistance requiresa lsquoOne Healthrsquo approach integratingamongst others animal health public health food and the envi-ronment

These were the opening words onthe programme for the symposiumentitled Aim Before You Shootwhich was recently hosted byHuvepharma in BulgariaOne of the practical papers was

entitled Antimicrobial treatment ofbovine respiratory diseases and waspresented by Irish veterinarianMichael Sexton He comes from a 13veterinarian group that has a 50cattle base of which 95 (approxi-mately 300 herds) is dairy Irelandhas more cattle than people (642

vs 475 million) There are some17000 dairy herds which is a markedreduction from the 144000 thatthere were in 1975A typical Irish dairy farm has 70

cows which calve between Januaryand April Typically most cease milkproduction in November and arehoused from November to Marchtherefore their milk productioncomes from grassThe common disease syndromes

seen by Michael are shown in Table1 and their aetiologies involve RSVPI3 IBR and BVD (all viruses) thenematode parasite Dictyocaulusviviparous and various bacterialinfections (often secondary infections)Common bacterial isolates

include Mannheimia haemolyticaPasteurella haemolytica andMycoplasma bovis Laboratory based diagnostic tools

are infrequently used for the following reasons Most infections are mixed viraland bacterial ones Most decisions for drug choiceare experience based Most post mortems show pasteurellosis which is seldom the primary cause Swabs may not detect all theviruses present

Antibiotic choice takes intoaccount the duration of the treat-ment and the route of administra-tion Antibiotic treatments fall intothree categories One off administrations Theseinclude certain macrolide and sometetracyclines Periodic repeated doses such asflorfenicol Daily treatments including tetra-cyclines quinolones and amoxicillins

Then there are the criticallyimportant antibiotics which areassociated with resistance problemsin man and should not be usedThese include the fluoro-

quinolones the third and fourthgeneration cephalosporins and col-istin When it comes to supportive

therapies the main drugs used areanti-inflammatories such as NSAIDSand steroid based products

Where hoose is a factor an appro-priate wormer is used Also used arediuretics mucolytics and bronchodilators

Michael feels that it is importantto have a treatment strategy forfarms This should centre around Isolation of sick animals Elimination of chronic non-responders Having a policy for purchased animals- Quarantine where possible- Administration of a long actingantibiotic- Administration of ananthelmintic- Vaccination

When it comes to treatinganimals he is strongly against treat-ing the whole group but prefers aprevention approach that focuseson the following Good prevention strategies Good stockmanship Smaller groups Good housing- Good air quality and circulation- No chilling draughts- Correct environmental temperature- Correct stocking density- Dry bedding- Correct roof height

Vaccination

However he would treat theremainder of the group when Other animals show clinical signs The initial clinical case is severe If the condition is acutechronic If there is a high animal density In situations where managementis deficient

Preventing disease is all about prevention management and keypoints here are Adequate housing Not turning calves out too early Appropriate anthelmintic use atgrass Correct weaning strategy Correct timing of housing Management of purchased stock Good biosecurity practices

The disease prevention or prophylaxis part of this is importantand centres around A neonatal calf vaccination programme A re-weaningpre-housing vaccination programme Vaccination for IBR Anthelmintics for primiparouscows calves and weanlings Very selective use of antibiotics

As far as the future is concernedhe sees the following trends emerging Earlier detection with automaticfeeders More neglect on bigger units Some good drug developmentsover the next 15 years Better housing is the single mostimportant factor Better use of vaccination programmes ndash problems with neonatal BRD

Ireland now has a National ActionPlan on Antimicrobial Resistance for2017-2020To help achieve the targets set

there is a need to focus on anti-microbial resistance and a need to

Bulgarian symposiumfocuses on antimicrobialresistance on the farm


Disease Typically occurs

Calf pneumonia April

Hoose (husk) July ndashSeptember

Housing pneumonia

October ndashNovember

Primiparouscows June

Coughing cow August onwards

Table 1 Common disease syn-dromes seen in Irish dairy cattle

reduce it This focuses on the correct use of antimicrobials by allparties including Avoiding under dosing Always administering by the correct route Using for correct treatment times Reviewing the wisdom of retreat-ing non-responders Controlling off label and unlicensed uses

In a five year plan is a world with-out antibiotics a reasonable goalProbably not but we can go a longway towards it with better controlof Johnersquos disease better use ofanthelmintics better housing bettervaccination and a more prudent useof antibiotics

Neonatal enteritis

A presentation entitled Anti-microbial treatment of neonatalenteritis in calves was given by DrIngrid Lorenz from the BavarianAnimal Health ServiceIngrid considers neonatal gastro-

enteritis to be a multifactorial disease in which the calf interactswith its environment its nutritionand viruses bacteria and protozoaand is a major cause of mortality inyoung cattle under six months old

Its causes include enterotoxigenicE coli which produce various tox-ins various viruses some of whichcan destroy epithelial cells liningthe gut and substances that act likeenterotoxins the parasite cryp-tosporidium which damages entericvilli causing malabsorption and ultimately resulting in severe diarrhoea and dehydration

When it comes to treatmentsIngrid stressed the importance ofthe following The replacement of fluids byusing electrolytes and buffers

Oral electrolytes should only beused when calves are still drinkingand lt8 dehydrated Intravenous fluid therapy Continuous milk feeding Use of anti-inflammatories suchas NSAIDs

When it comes to using antibiotics she highlighted that sickcalves with diarrhoea have anincreased risk of developing E colibacteraemia or septicaemia andthat calves with enteritis due to salmonella can be assumed to be

bacteraemic Therefore treatmentshould be aimed against Gram nega-tive bacteria in the blood and thesmall intestines and such treatmentshould preferably be parenteral Two further points were that

faecal bacterial cultures and AMRsusceptibility testing is not a usefulexercise in calves with neonataldiarrhoea and in casesoutbreaks of diarrhoea due to salmonella treatment should be based on susceptibility testing resultsThe first choice antibiotics for ill

calves with diarrhoea where it isthought that infection has spreadinto the body are ampicillin amoxicillin or a potentiatedsulphonamide Fluoroquinolones and third or

fourth generation cephalosporinsshould not be used and if they arethey should only be used under veterinary direction If there is noevidence of systemic illness the calfshould not receive antibiotics andthey should be monitoredPrevention is always better than

cure and this can be centred on vaccination of the mothers and thepossible use of halfuginone Finally remember the 1-2-3 of

colostrum ndash use colostrum fromthe 1st milking for the 1st feed andgive it within 2 hours of birth ensur-ing that each calf gets at least 3litres of colostrum n



Timothy Walsh from the University of Cardiff reflected on the globalspread of antibiotic resistance He gave some interesting observations

If antimicrobial resistance is not tackled soon by 2050 the human deathrate could be one death every three seconds That is in 2050 there willbe 10 million such deaths compared to 700000 today

Meropenem a carbapenem antibiotic which is used to treat multi-drugresistant infections in man can be bought online without prescription

A comprehensive resistome analysis published in 2016 revealed a highprevalence of multi-drug resistant E coli carrying the MCR-1 gene inChinese poultry production

We should not underestimate the role of wildlifewild birds in theglobal transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes

Animals in the USA consume 70 of medically important antibiotics forman

A major contributor to antimicrobial resistance is poor governance andcorruption


Milking systems for sheep and goats This Swiss review (Forum Klein-wiederkaumluerPetits Ruminants 10 6-7) looked at some of the guide-lines for an effective milking systemfor sheep and goats Some of the factors that can

impact on milk quality included thecondition of vacuum pumps noisevibrations the electrics and theoverall condition of both theanimals and milking equipment

Nasal schistosomiasis inmurrah buffaloesThis Indian study (Buff Bull 36 143-145) found the incidence of thenasal worm Schistosoma nasale tobe 8 among healthy animals and92 in animals diagnosed withschistosomiasisBuffaloes showing reduced water

intake reduced milk yield normalbody temperature and normal feedintake should be suspected of beinginfected with Schistosoma nasale

NEFA BHB and reproductiveperformance This Algerian meta-analysis(Theriogenology 93 99-104)included the results from36 differ-ent statistical models from 14papers It evaluated the associationbetween elevated non-esterifiedfatty acids (NEFAs) andor β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)

This meta-analysis failed toclearly conclude on an associationbetween oestrus cyclicity and highnon-esterified fatty acids or β-hydroxybutyrate

This work allowed a new overviewon the association betweenhyperketonaemia and reproductivedisorders and performance Itconcluded that this topic requiresfurther epidemiological studies

Mammary gland developmentduring pregnancyIn the mammary gland genetic circuits controlled by oestrogenprogesterone and prolactin act inconcert with pathways regulated bymembers of the epidermal growthfactor family to orchestrate growthand morphogenesis during pubertypregnancy and lactation

American work (PLos Genetics 13(3) e1006654) has identified the CUBand zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) whichis expressed in mammary ductal andalveolar epithelium as a novelmediator of mammary glandproliferation and differentiationduring pregnancy and lactationThis coupled to other work

suggests that CUZD1 plays a criticalrole in prolactin inducedJAKSTAT5 signalling that controlsthe expression of key STAT5 targetgenes involved in mammaryepithelial proliferation anddifferentiation during alveolardevelopment

Reproductive behaviour undertropical conditionsIt is widely accepted that the selec-tion for high milk yield negativelyaffects reproductive performanceAfter calving cows experience anutritional imbalance due to an

Of the total sample 219 wereseropositive to caprine arthritisencephalitis virus and had clinicalarthritis

These results suggest that caprinearthritis encephalitis virus could beone of the main reasons for theoccurrence of clinical arthritis in thestudied herds

Omission teat preparationThis Irish study (Irish J of Aric andFood Res 55 169-175) was under-taken to investigate the effect ofomitting teat preparation prior tomilking on the bacterial levels in themilk immediately after milking andafter a period of storage (0 24 48or 72 hours at 4degC)The total bacterial count of the

milk was not affected by teatpreparation prior to milking

Toxoplasma gondii in EstoniaIn this Estonian study (Vet Parasit236 137-143) sera from 3991 animalson 228 farms were studiedThe animal level seroprevalence

was 1862 with at least oneseropositive animal occurring on6886 of farms

The seroprevalence rateincreased with cow age Whetherthe farm was dairy or beef did notinfluence the level of seropositivityfor Toxoplasma gondii The odds of finding at least one

animal seropositive for T gondiiwere higher on the larger thanaverage farms

Claw disorders and subclinicalmastitis This Egyptian clinical study (VetWorld 10 358-362) was undertakento study the associations betweeninfectious and non-infectious clawdisorders and subclinical mastitisand involved 43 cowsA cow was considered to have

subclinical mastitis if at least onequarter gave a positive Californiamastitis test result The results are summarised in the

table belowIt was found that the occurrence

of claw disorders had a significantcorrelation with subclinical mastitis

asynchrony in the occurrence oflactation and dry matter intake Inthe tropics this scenario is exacer-bated due to poor quality and dietshortagesThis Colombian study (Arquiv

Brasil de Med Vet e Zootec 69 1-9)looked at the nutrition andbehaviour of cross bred cows (Gyr xHolstein) in their second to fourthparities according to their calving tofirst service intervalsThe group where the calving to

first service interval was less than50 days had a positive nutritionalbalance and an optimumreproductive performance whereasthe group where it was greater than50 days had a negative energybalance and more open days Thus it was shown that adequate

levels of protein and energy arerequired to ensure normal uterineinvolution and start to ovarianactivity postpartum

Somatic cell countThis Costa Rican study (Agro Costa40 7-18) evaluated the effect ofgenetic and environmental factorson somatic cell counts It used198685 daily records from 43535 lactations involving 23749 cows in237 herds of three breedsA consistent downwards trend

was seen in somatic cell countsbetween 2004 and 2015 A non-linear pattern to somatic cell countsthrough lactation starting at 37 witha marked decrease to 31 at 60 dayspostpartum and then increasing to amaximum of 39 around the 365thday postpartumReliabilities in breeding values for

cows and bulls were 040 and 044respectively indicating thatbreeding could play a role inimproving somatic cell countsalongside cow culling

Mastitis and arthritis in Alpine goatsIn this Croatian study (Vet Arhiv 87121-128) the prevalence and aetiology of subclinical mastitis wasevaluated in goats that wereseropositive for caprine arthritisencephalitis virus The connection to the occurrence

of clinical arthritis was studied in543 goats from intensive productionfarmsSome 508 of goats were

seropositive caprine arthritisencephalitis virus and subclinicalmastitis was found in 523 of thegoats Both findings were present in 30

Various reasons are put forward to support the continuous housing of dairycows yet the welfare of dairy cows is typically perceived as being better inpasture based systems This review (Animal 11 261-273) compares the healthand welfare of cows in these two systemsWelfare is reviewed under the headings of health behaviour and

physiology Regarding health cows in pasture systems had lower incidenceof lameness hoof lesions hock lesions mastitis uterine disease andmortality Pasture access also had benefits for cow behaviour in terms ofgrazing improved restinglying times and less aggression When given achoice been the two systems the pasture based one was favoured by thecows However the review highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of

cow preference and behaviour Potential areas of concern for the pasturebased system include physiological indicators of more severe negativeenergy balance and in some situations the potential for compromisedwelfare due to exposure to unpredictable weather conditions Overall it was concluded that there are considerable animal welfare

benefits from pasture access

Welfare of housed cows

focusonresearch

Condition Prevalence ()

Infectious clawdisorder

814

Non-infectiousclaw disorder

326


Zoetis Inc are to receive a US$144 million grant from the

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundationover the next three years to developveterinary diagnostic networks andanimal health infrastructure inEthiopia Nigeria and UgandaThe grant will enable Zoetis to

develop veterinary laboratory networks and outreach services toincrease the availability of local veterinary medicines and servicesimplement sustainable disease diagnostics and strengthen localveterinary expertiseldquoWe believe the combination of

Zoetisrsquo leadership in animal healthand experience in forging broad col-laborations in emerging markets willallow us to accelerate the advance-ment of animal health in the regionrdquoJuan Ramoacuten Alaix Chief ExecutiveOfficer of Zoetis told InternationalDairy Topics ldquoAccess to medicines and technol-

ogy will help farmers raise healthieranimals and secure more sustainablerevenue which is critical to the eco-nomic development of the regionand well-being of its populationrdquoAs one of the most rapidly devel-

oping regions in the world Sub-Saharan Africa is also home to someof the largest livestock populations

in the world ndash and the highest density of impoverished livestockfarmers Livestock are an essentialasset to rural communities and thehealth of livestock is critical toachieving food security in areas ofexceptionally high animal andhuman disease incidence

This program funded by the foun-dation will be called the AfricanLivestock Productivity and HealthAdvancement (ALPHA) initiativeZoetis will collaborate with

governmental authorities local veterinary associations national andinternational NGOs farmer associa-tions and the private sector to maximise its ability to positively impact the region Over the courseof three years Zoetis will use theprogress made and key learnings towork towards a longer-term sustain-able business model and animalhealth infrastructure

zoetiscom

Advancements in Africa

New acquisition for IMV

French group IMV Technologies hasacquired ECM (Echo Control Med-ical) one of the world leaders in thedesign and manufacture of portableand ultra-portable ultrasound scan-ners for farm animalsECM designs high-performance

devices that are distributed world-wide through 60 distributors Itsequipment is used by veterinariansand ultrasound technicians to perform scans in farms in the bestpossible conditions The robust systems are equipped

with innovative features such as asimplified display of functions on

the tactile screen voice commandor management via a tabletFor IMV Technologies this acquisi-

tion is in line with its strategy towiden its product offering whichhad historically been focused on insemination to the entire repro-duction management sectorIn 2016 the company had already

added Alphavision to its range avideo-assisted insemination systemthat makes insemination more reli-able The acquisition of ECM under-lines the intensification of thischange to an integrated offeringwhich will now include ultrasoundscanning for pregnancy controlexaminations

imv-technologiescom

Russia Dominican Republic andPanama and there are area repre-sentatives in Belarus Ukraine Qatarand The Philippines

livistocom

Productivity portfolio enhanced

Church amp Dwight Co Inc the parentcompany of Arm amp Hammer AnimalNutrition has acquired Agro Bio-Sciences Inc of Wauwatosa Wiscon-sin USA ndash a leading microbialbiotechnology company with an innovative platform to providenovel science-based products foranimal and agricultural production With the integration of these two

entities Arm amp Hammer Animal Nutrition now becomes a world-wide leader in providing both microbial and nutrition solutionsand services supported by un-matched research and development

ahanimalnutritioncom

Big changes for theLivisto brand

The Livisto Group made up of aniMedica Invesa lhisa and treihave been through a number of bigchanges since their launch at theend of 2016 Due to the large num-ber of trademarks the Group madethe strategic decision of unifying allof them into one unique name The Livisto name comes from the

sentence lsquobecause life is better livedtogetherrsquo that clearly expresses thefeeling of proximity complicitywarmth empathy and reliancewhich defines the solid relationshipof the company with its partnersand customers Livisto manufactures and commer-

cialises high quality pharmaceuticaland nutraceutical products for farmanimals The Group is now presentin more than 130 countries all overthe world with headquarters andfactories in Spain Germany Switzer-land El Salvador and ItalyCommercial offices are in Poland

The Pearson ProFarm management system is proving verysuccessful with reports showing improved profitability better milk quality improved life style and animal welfare

Pearson ProFarm provides the user with data storage and analysis toolshelping dairy farmers make the right decisions for more efficient farmingThis management system works with various components of your dairyfarm from your parlour drafting system feeding to your activity system



wwwgpsdairycom

Harvesting high quality alfalfa hayAlfalfa preserved as hay requiresabout 2-4 days or more of fieldwilting depending on weatherconditions Faster drying allows forhigher quality and reduces thethreat posed by rain Of the initialavailable protein in the standingcrop 28 can be lost under goodconditions and 46 when rainedon Additionally reducing thelength of time the swath stays in thefield allows for faster re-growth ofalfalfa

Dry matter and quality lossesduring harvest and storage of alfalfahay can be large Dry matter lossesfor the full process are typically 15-25 for hay made under gooddrying conditions and 35-100 forrain damaged hay Mechanicallosses account for nearly one thirdof total dry matter losses Mowingraking and baling shatters leavesand disassociates some small stemparticles Raking accounts for thelargest losses when compared to allfield operations Dry matterconstituents with the highestnutritive value for cows (leaves) aremost susceptible to losses

e following managementpractices improve the quality of thealfalfa hay by speeding up dryingand minimising leaf lossbull Cut forage into a wide swath thatcovers at least 75 of the cut areabull Keep a cutting height greater thantwo inches so air flow increasesunderneath the windrow bull Rakemerge swaths into awindrow when moisture content inthe forage is above 40

Hay producers have a wide varietyof equipment options to rake andmerge swaths or windrows Rakesand mergers can be evaluated basedon field losses drying rateswindrow shape ability to movelarge swaths and ability to create awindrow free of rocks soil andother debris Selecting the properequipment and adequate operationensures high quality hay

New data evaluating the effect ofrake-type on ash content of alfalfahay were presented at the lastMinnesota Nutrition Conferenceis study was conducted by aresearcher from University ofMinnesota on first cutting alfalfahay fields located in MinnesotaPennsylvania and Wisconsin Twoswaths of mowed hay wereconsolidated with a wheel rakeside-delivery rake rotary rake or amerger Hay merger consistentlyproduced bales having the leastamount of ash (114 98 and 92ash as percent of dry matter inMinnesota Pennsylvania andWisconsin respectively) while thewheel rake produced bales with thegreatest amount of ash (146 11195 ash in MN PA and WI)

Since ash content of alfalfa greaterthan 8 indicates hay has beencontaminated with soil theseresults suggest farmers looking toreduce ash content of hay shouldconsider using a hay merger whencombining swaths

by Fernando Diaz (DVM PhD)Independent Dairy Consultant

dairy news from around the world

ersrsquo focus from making animalshealthy to keeping them healthyIncreasing the vaccination rate and

therefore the immunity againstpathogens calves and adult cattleare generally exposed to allows im-proved productivity general healthand animal wellnessldquoVaccines are indispensable tools

to prevent potentially dangerous infectious diseases maintain animalwelfare and optimise productionrdquoadded Dr Catharina Berge of BergeVeterinary Consulting BVBA rdquoToday only about 20 of farmers

in Europe vaccinate for some of themost common diseases identifiedon farms If more did so we wouldsee an industry that could reach impressive production goals withstrong return on investment andpossibly the elimination of diseasesrdquoThe program which features farm-

ers providing their stories abouthow they manage disease will rollout in countries throughout theyear Testimonials trainings and realtime connections will provide a newway of thinking for many farmerswhile giving them a chance to learnfrom peers who understand exactlywhat it takes to keep herds produc-tive

timetovaccinatecom

MSD Animal Healthhave announced theEuropean launch of

Time to Vaccinate a new programdesigned to help farmers better appreciate the benefits of vaccinat-ing their cattle Vaccinations as part of an overall

prevention program can greatlycontribute to the reduction inseverity and frequency of infectiousdiseases including the need forsome medicines like antibiotics totreat infectionsldquoWe are excited to introduce Time

to Vaccinate an initiative focusedon connecting farmers who want tolearn more about a preventive approach to managing their herdswith farmers who utilise a vaccina-tion protocol on their farmsrdquo KlaasOkkinga marketing director GlobalRuminants Biologicals told Interna-tional Dairy Topics ldquoKeeping animals healthy is at the

core of everything we do at MSDAnimal Health and making peer-to-peer connections plays a vital rolein learningrdquoDespite information showing the

benefits of vaccination as part of apreventative plan farmers oftenwait to vaccinate until clinical dis-ease occurs The goal of the Time toVaccinate initiative is to shift farm-

Time to vaccinate

World first in technology

Global animal safety companyNeogen has formed a distributionpartnership with cutting-edge Australian innovator automed toprovide a world-first piece of tech-nology for producers medicatingtheir livestockNeogen will be the primary global

supplier of the automed automaticlivestock medication system whichhas been on the market since early2016 and is already making a namefor itself in the United StatesCanada Asia and EuropeThe automed system comprises of

both hardware and software formedication delivery recording vali-dation as well as inventory manage-ment Designed for ease of use andwith compliance and traceability inmind the system has an open inte-gration platform designed to com-plement and work with existingmanagement software

automedio

Stimulate the rumenfor faster growth

Hamlet Protein has launched a newdocumented specialty protein thateases the development of a healthyrumen in young calves speeding upgrowth and reducing productioncosts Added to pre-starter feed HP

RumenStart is proven to help rearing calves reach their slaughterweight earlier and to give heifersthe best start to their life as a productive dairy cowHP RumenStart is the latest

addition to the Hamlet Proteinrange of specialty soy proteins foryoung animal nutrition Outstandingfor its low content of anti-nutritional factors it is rich in highquality highly digestible protein andbioavailable mineralsSeveral feeding trials confirm that

the specialty protein contributes tohigher calf growth as early as fourweeks after weaning

hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4

GENTLE MILKING ACTION

Beat Mastitis ndash Reduce SCCEliminate Antibiotics ndash better milk qualityLonger cow life ndash humane milking action

The sun never sets on CoPulsation ndashevery second of every day a CoPulsation

unit is being attached to a cow

wwwFacebookcomCoPulsationwwwyoutubecomCoPulsationUS amp other countries 1-607-849-3880

Antibiotic residuetest validated

DSM Food Specialtiesrsquo Delvotest Tantibiotic residue test for milk hasreceived its latest validation by anexternal laboratory with the publi-cation of a new report by FinnishFood Safety Authority Evira Based on extensive tests in theEvira microbiological laboratory thereport confirmed that Delvotest T isa reliable robust and easy to usetest eminently suitable for detect-ing antimicrobial drug residues inmilk It is a broad-spectrum test thatidentifies the widest range of anti-biotics at European MRLs (MaximumResidue Levels) with particularlyhigh sensitivity for tetracyclines In the Evira validation studyDelvotest T was evaluated as towhether the achieved levels of detection in the laboratory were thesame or at acceptable levels ofMRL compared to the original validation The study concluded that it is sufficiently robust to provide farm-ers dairy companies and controllaboratories with an effective toolfor routine residue analysis

delvotestcom

Genus becomes soleowner of IVB

ABS Global Inc a division of Genusplc and operating in the UK asGenus ABS recently became thesole owner of In Vitro Brasil SA (IVB)In 2015 ABS purchased 51 of thecompany focused on in vitro fertili-sation (IVF) of bovine embryos Thenegotiation of the remaining shareswas completed in MarchldquoWith IVB as a full part of theGenus family we can advise andhelp customers around the worldwith genetic improvement on boththe male and female sides of theirherdrdquo Nate Zwald Chief OperatingOfficer ABS Global told Interna-tional Dairy Topics ABS Global is a world leader inbovine genetics reproduction services and artificial inseminationtechnology with operations in morethan 70 countries Based in BrazilIVB operates in 17 countries includ-ing the United States ColombiaMexico Mozambique and RussiaJoseacute Henrique F Pontes IVBfounder and CEO will continueoverseeing the company within ABS

genusplccom

Global palm oil short-ages have increasedthe cost of rumen-

protected fats by up to 40 in thepast 12 months Unless steps have been taken toreduce reliance on protected fats itis adding as much as pound900monthto the feed bill for a typical 200cow herd claims KW nutritionist DrMatt WittEl Nino weather patterns inMalaysia and Indonesia last year cutthe palm oil production by 39 mil-lion tonnes (mt) against a back-ground of rising global demandMatt told International Dairy Topics Production is expected to re-

bound 5-6mt this year but globalstocks will not fully recover until atleast 2018rdquo he addedIn terms of feed choice addinghigh sugar liquid feeds such as Molale will boost both rationpalatability and rumen microbial activity while switching to slowerfermenting starch feeds like soda-wheat can improve rumen condi-tions and fermentation efficiencyAdding supplements designed toenhance digestion and raise intakescan also be highly effective The plant extract-based OptiPar-tum-C for example can be usedweight-for-weight to reduce pro-tected fat in the diet by half with-

out any reductions in milk yieldmilk quality or fertility yet costs upto pound350t less

kwalternativefeedscouk

Building bridges in Brazil

The Austrian feed additive companyAnco Animal Nutrition CompetenceGmbH is expanding its globalgrowth to the Brazil market Thecompany has chosen Sao Paulo asthe location for the subsidiary AncoBrazil which is currently in theprocess of being founded The sub-sidiary will be operational in 2017and headed by Marcelo Blumer

anconet

Reliance on protected fats

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Boot cleaner

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calving is an excellent strategy That is because it can helpprevent a rapid decline in blood calcium around calving andimprove cow health and performance in the subsequentlactation This approach helps reduce metabolic challenges likehypocalcaemia (clinical and subclinical) This is beneficial becausecows with hypocalcaemia often experience a depressed immuneresponse and are also susceptible to reduced skeletal andsmooth muscle function This predisposes cows to displacedabomasum metritis mastitis and other challenges

Interestingly when it comes to DCAD lower is not necessarilybetter Recent research conducted at the University of Florida hasfound that it is not necessary to reduce ration DCAD levels inprepartum diets beyond -12

DATA DETAILSThe study shows that pushing DCAD levels beyond -12 did notshow any positive effects on cow health and performancemeaning it only becomes an added expense During the studythe researchers fed prefresh Holstein dairy cows a ration with anegative DCAD of either -7 meq100g ration DM or -18meq100g ration DM for either the last 21 days or 42 days ofgestation They found that feeding a more negative DCAD diet ndashregardless of duration ndash adversely affected key metabolic andperformance parameters of blood base excess and dry matterintake Specifically data showed that reducing the level ofnegative DCAD from -7 to -18 meq100g ration DM

bull Reduced prepartum dry matter intake by 14-22kg per daybull Induced a more exacerbated metabolic acidosis prepartum

ldquoThe negative DCAD diet reduced dry matter intake prepartumas expectedrdquo explains Dr Joseacute Santos research foundationprofessor University of Florida Department of Animal SciencesldquoThat is an anticipated response based on all the literatureavailablerdquo

Ultimately the data suggest that there is no apparent reason whyyou should feed a negative DCAD diet more than -12meq100gration DM and DCAD of -8 to -10 appear to do the same job

DOES TIMING MATTERThese latest data reinforce previous research and indicates thatdairies can feed negative-DCAD diets longer than 21 dayswithout any negative effects Again no differences in energycorrected or fat corrected milk was observed in the cows fed thenegative DCAD diet for the 42-day dry period

In the long run all cows benefited from the negative-DCAD dietregardless of how long it was fed The data offer compellingevidence that dairies that are unable to group cows separately orfeed multiple rations during the dry period can still benefit froma negative-DCAD ration

References are available upon request

wwwAHanimalnutritioncom

Ration basics prepartum negative-DCAD recommendations

To learn more visit wwwAHanimalnutritioncom

Evidence shows that feeding a ration withnegative dietary cation-anion difference(DCAD) of -8 to -12meg100g ration drymatter for the last three weeks prior to

by Dr Elliot Block Senior ResearchFellow and Director of TechnologyArm amp Hammer Animal Nutrition

IBM and Cornell University a leader indairy research have

announced a new collaborationusing next-generation sequencingcombined with bioinformatics designed to help reduce thechances that the global milk supplyis impacted by safety breaches With the onset of this dairy pro-ject Cornell University has becomethe newest academic institution tojoin the Consortium for Sequencingthe Food Supply Chain a foodsafety initiative that includes IBMResearch Mars Incorporated andBio-Rad Laboratories IncThrough this partnership withCornell University we are extendingthe Consortium work to a broaderrange of ingredients leveraging artificial intelligence and machinelearning to gain new insights intohow micro-organisms interactwithin a particular environmentJeff Welser vice president and director IBM Research - Almadentold International Dairy TopicsThe opportunity for improvingfood safety is large the US Depart-ment of Agriculture estimates thatAmericans consume more than600lb of milk and milk-based prod-ucts per person per year Fresh foodsuch as meat dairy and producerepresent a great risk for food safety

incidents While many food produc-ers already have rigorous processesin place to ensure food safety hazards are managed appropriatelythis pioneering application of genomics will be designed to enablea deeper understanding and charac-terisation of micro-organisms on amuch larger scale than has previ-ously been possible Consortium researchers will conduct several studies comparingthe baseline data of raw milk withknown anomalies to help createproven models that can be used foradditional studies They will continue to provideinnovative solutions that can potentially minimise the chancethat a food hazard will reach thefinal consumer and provide a toolto assist against food fraudThe research project will collectgenetic data from the microbiomeof raw milk samples in a lsquoreal worldrsquoscenario at Cornells Dairy Process-ing Plant and farm in Ithaca NY The facility is unusual in that itrepresents the full dairy supplychain ndash from farm to processing toconsumer This initial data collec-tion will form a raw milk baselineand be used to further expand existing Consortium bioinformaticanalytical tools

ibmcom

Keeping global milk safe

Malic acid salt andcassava chip diets

Cassava chips (CC) have a strong potential as an energy source for ruminants in tropical areas How-ever it is a source of quick ruminal- fermentable energy therefore itleaves risk for subclinical acidosisMalate has shown to be effectivein preventing acidosis as it increasesruminal pH and decreases lactateKhampa et al performed two ex-periments to evaluate the benefitsof malate in CC diets The first experiment was carriedout with dairy steers receiving ahigh CC (70) concentrate diet withvarious levels of malic acid salt andad libitum urea as well as treatedrice straw roughageMalate showed changes on drymatter intake increased and sta-bilised ruminal pH increased ammo-nia-nitrogen blood urea nitrogenand total volatile fatty acids It also changed the proportion of

fatty acids in favour of propionateresulting in more available energy The second experiment was car-ried out with lactating dairy cowsreceiving high CC concentrate (70and 75) with various levels of ureaand malate Malate improved the digestibility of organic matter crudeprotein and fibre In addition higher doses of malateresulted in lesser ruminal lactic acidand faecal nitrogen Microbial nitrogen supply also increased along with malate doseFinally the study showed thatmalate improved rumen ecology

norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017

Lanka Livestock20-22nd JulyColombo Sri Lankawwwlankalivestockcom

Dairy Tech India28-30th AugustBangalore Indiawwwdairytechindiain

WAAVP4-8th SeptemberKuala Lumpur Malaysiawwwwaavp2017klorg

SPACE12-15th SeptemberRennes Francewwwspacefr

Livestock Taiwan28-30th SeptemberTaipei Taiwanwwwlivestocktaiwancom

Sommet de lrsquoEacutelevage4-6th OctoberClermont-Ferrand Francewwwsommet-elevagefr

World Dairy Expo3-7th OctoberMadison WI USAwwwworlddairyexpocom

European Buiatrics Forum4-6th OctoberBilbao Spainebfall-is-eventcom

Ildex Indonesia18-20th OctoberJakarta Indonesiawwwildex-indonesiacom


APPOINTMENTS

Marcos Teixidoacute Pancosma Global Sales Directorwwwpancosmacom

Glenda LeongChr Hansen APAC Sales Director for Animal Healthwwwchr-hansencom

Jeroen De Gussem Nutriad Marketing Director wwwnutriadcom

Joke Van De Velde Nutriad Marketing CommunicationsManagerwwwnutriadcom

Roman Krikovtsov Nutriad Key Account Manager Russiawwwnutriadcom

Dawid Kolacz Pancosma Area Sales Manager Central and Eastern Europewwwpancosmacom

Dr Marcin KorczyNski Pancosma Technical Support ManagerCentral and Eastern Europewwwpancosmacom

Martine Snels GEA Group Executive Boardwwwgeacom

Latest generation of teat dilators

For many decades teat dilators andother companion products havebeen used by veterinary medicine totreat mastitis stenosis injuries orfor surgery on the teat canal Although antibiotic treatmentssaw the development of new prod-ucts for dilators there was hardlyany advancementeco-type have now managed tooffer a whole generation which isbased on most recent findings Significant improvement could bemade in the product safety for theuser with regard to the raw materi-als used and guaranteed certifiedsterilisation of the products All their products are singlepacked in a container for easy cleanand break free removall Teat suppository wax With morelength this high wax compositiondoes not harm the mucosa Thenewly designed head ensures betterhandling l Silicone implant The special rawmaterial selection ensures goodflexibility The length ensures that itcan not slip out of the teat canalThe moulding of the handle makesthe implant easier to handle and in-sertlMilking tube The ergonomicallydesigned handle prevents slipping

when applying or removing A thirdinlet at the tip supports better milkflow and the application of medica-tion Test tubes as closed packagingprovides additional benefits forsimultaneous use for milk sampling Thanks to this generation of teatproducts the innovation and prod-uct quality are now state-of-the-artand ensure improved provision

ecovetde

New distributor inVietnam

LinkAsia Partners has announcedthat Lam An Trading (LAA Co Ltd)has been appointed as distributor ofActiBeet in Vietnam following therecent successful registration of theproduct in the country ActiBeet is produced by Agrana aleading sugar producer in Centraland Eastern Europe The product isextracted from sugar beet molassesand is a natural source of betaineused extensively in animal nutritionldquoWith ActiBeet registered in Viet-nam and this new partnership withLAA Agrana is well positioned todrive business growth in the highpotential Vietnam marketrdquo DavidSaunders CEO of LinkAsia Partnerstold International Dairy Topics

agranacom

Milk fever (hypocal-caemia) is caused bycalcium deficiency

which arises when the dairy cow hasjust calved and now has to producelarge amounts of milk It mainly hitscows in third or greater lactationswhere approximately 8-12show clinical symptomsand up to 50 of thehigh yielding dairy cowscan have subclinicalhypocalcaemia Dairy cows suffering frommilk fever have a high risk for otherdiseases such as retained placentainfections ketosis or mastitis In thetime period shortly before and aftercalving large amounts of calciumare removed from the blood to themilk and the rapid drop of calciumand the failure to increase calciumabsorption fast enough may resultin milk fever with symptoms such aslack of appetite low body tempera-ture and muscle tremors

CaliBol from R2Agro is formulatedin a unique bolus form which pro-vides 40g of highly bioavailable calcium as a combination of cal-cium chloride and calcium propi-onate The calcium bolus is rapidlydissolved in the rumen fluid and

subsequently the calciumsalts are released di-rectly to the rumenfluid and absorbedinto the blood The benefits ofCaliBol include

l Easy quick and clean administra-tionl Highly bioavailable calcium supplementl Rapid dissolving in the rumen l Non-corrosive to the mucousmembranes of the rumen l No risk of misswallowing and hydrothorax ndash and no waste l No unpleasant bitter taste likegels and pastes

r2agrocom

Milk fever hits dairy cows

01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad

07 Heat Stress - Lallemand (Page 01)

08 Ads


10 Ads

11 silage Volac (Page 01)

12 Ads


14 Ads

15 Reduce impact of DON (Page 01)


17 SCC Phileo (Page 01)



20 Options (Page 01)


22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26

24 Manure to gold GEA (Page 01)


26 Breeder Review 2017 (Page 01)



29 Udder cleft dermatitis - Intracare (Page 01)


31 Huvepharma conf (Page 01)


33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad

Where is research takingus Have the scientistsmade all the major

discoveries that will be made Arewe providing adequate or inadequate funding for researchRather than answer these specific

questions let us consider the veryrecent announcement on researchinto Parkinsonrsquos disease in man Itnotes that α-synuclein (α-s) theprotein implicated in Parkinsonsdisease and other forms of neuro-degenerative diseases is releasedwhen an infection occurs in theupper GI tract (the oesophagusstomach and duodenum) inducingan immune response as part of thebodys innate immune system Theresearchers say that these findingssuggest that frequent or chronicupper GI infections couldoverwhelm the bodys capacity toclear α-s leading to diseaseAnimal studies have further shown

that microbes in the GI tract caninduce formation of toxic aggregates in the enteric nervoussystem which can then travel to thebrain The α-s can use the nervesconnecting the GI tract to thebrainstem as an escalator traffickingα-S from the gut to the brain and

chewingthecudspreading within the central nervous system Too much α-s from multiple or

chronic GI infections becomestoxic because the system that disposes of α-s is overwhelmednerves are damaged by the toxicaggregates that form and chronicinflammation ensues which couldbe the start of Parkinsonrsquos diseaseand other entities Damage occursboth within the nervous system ofthe GI tract and the brainThus the homeostasis of the gut

flora by interventions with productslike probiotics may well provide thebasis for the prevention or treatment of this disease in thefutureReturning to the dairy farm what

other substances are beingproduced by the microbiota of theGI and what are their effects in thecow or calf There could be effectson performance reproductionweaning stress and virtually everybiological function in the cowrsquosbody ndash a better understanding ofwhich could impact on theeconomics of production There is as much need today if

not a greater need for well fundedresearch n


Cover Picture Efficient herd management(Photo courtesy of Pearson International)

PUBLISHED BY

Positive Action Publications Ltd

PUBLISHER amp EDITOR

Nigel Horrox nehpositiveactioncouk

MARKETING TEAM

Colin Foster cfpositiveactioncoukTim Brown tbpositiveactioncouk

Alison Burdass abpositiveactioncouk

PRODUCTION

Sarah Dove sarahamnehcouk

DESIGN amp DIGITAL

Matthew Baker baccaamnehcouk

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Sally Walker swpositiveactioncouk

ACCOUNTS

Anne Smith accountspositiveactioncouk

The copyright for material appearing in International Dairy Topics is held by Positive Action Publications Ltd

Production of editorial material in whole or part from this publication requires written permission of the copyrightholder Positive Action Publications its editors and the contributors accept no liability for the contents of

International Dairy Topics and the views expressed in it are statements and opinions of the authors and do not

necessarily constitute representations of fact

The publishers accept no liability for late or non-delivery No refund can be made after fulfilment has begun Positive Action Publications Ltd reserves the right to

use email addresses supplied to it for promotional activities

International Dairy Topics (ISSN 1745 7785) is published sixtimes a year (January March May July September andNovember) by Positive Action Publications Ltd and

distributed in the USA by UKP Worldwide 3390 Rand RoadSouth Plainfield NJ 07080 Periodicals postage paid at

Rahway NJ and at additional mailing offices Postmaster Send address changes to

International Dairy Topics Positive Action Publications co 3390 Rand Road South Plainfield NJ 07080



Qatar


California


Scotland




SUBSCRIPTIONS











England Tel +44 1377 241724 Fax +44 1377 253640





Continued on page 9






animalnutritioncom














30

28

26

24

22



261

278

plt005

+65

40

39

38



Milk fat ()

120

115

110

105




300

250

200

























THI lt68

THI 69-71

THI 72-79

THI gt80



















Beneficial bacteria





Yes 7823

No 0


1452

Do not know 726



3826


1739


Other 261





Preserving maize




Conclusion





Very important 3382


Not important 0




Other 294


A narrow clamp 3824

Fast filling 3235



Tight sealing 7500



5441















wwwanconet









40

35

30

25

20One Three Six



DON (ppm

)
































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad



Qatar


California


Scotland




SUBSCRIPTIONS











England Tel +44 1377 241724 Fax +44 1377 253640





Continued on page 9






animalnutritioncom














30

28

26

24

22



261

278

plt005

+65

40

39

38



Milk fat ()

120

115

110

105




300

250

200

























THI lt68

THI 69-71

THI 72-79

THI gt80



















Beneficial bacteria





Yes 7823

No 0


1452

Do not know 726



3826


1739


Other 261





Preserving maize




Conclusion





Very important 3382


Not important 0




Other 294


A narrow clamp 3824

Fast filling 3235



Tight sealing 7500



5441















wwwanconet









40

35

30

25

20One Three Six



DON (ppm

)
































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad

Continued on page 9






animalnutritioncom














30

28

26

24

22



261

278

plt005

+65

40

39

38



Milk fat ()

120

115

110

105




300

250

200

























THI lt68

THI 69-71

THI 72-79

THI gt80



















Beneficial bacteria





Yes 7823

No 0


1452

Do not know 726



3826


1739


Other 261





Preserving maize




Conclusion





Very important 3382


Not important 0




Other 294


A narrow clamp 3824

Fast filling 3235



Tight sealing 7500



5441















wwwanconet









40

35

30

25

20One Three Six



DON (ppm

)
































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad



















THI lt68

THI 69-71

THI 72-79

THI gt80



















Beneficial bacteria





Yes 7823

No 0


1452

Do not know 726



3826


1739


Other 261





Preserving maize




Conclusion





Very important 3382


Not important 0




Other 294


A narrow clamp 3824

Fast filling 3235



Tight sealing 7500



5441















wwwanconet









40

35

30

25

20One Three Six



DON (ppm

)
































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad



















Beneficial bacteria





Yes 7823

No 0


1452

Do not know 726



3826


1739


Other 261





Preserving maize




Conclusion





Very important 3382


Not important 0




Other 294


A narrow clamp 3824

Fast filling 3235



Tight sealing 7500



5441















wwwanconet









40

35

30

25

20One Three Six



DON (ppm

)
































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad




Preserving maize




Conclusion





Very important 3382


Not important 0




Other 294


A narrow clamp 3824

Fast filling 3235



Tight sealing 7500



5441















wwwanconet









40

35

30

25

20One Three Six



DON (ppm

)
































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad






wwwanconet









40

35

30

25

20One Three Six



DON (ppm

)
































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad































Mechanism























le 100000 3 180

200000 6 360

300000 7 450

400000 8 540

500000 9 590

600000 10 635












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad












Milking practices


Dry cow management












Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad










Australian trial








Dutch trial


Conclusion





5000

4000

2000

1000

0100 10 1



TNF-a(pg

ml)


290270250230210190170150

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6


SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Control Actisaf

SCC (x

1000

cellsml)

238

132-445

plt005



ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad


ebbersmetalworksnl







biominnet






ecosylcom







more than 30 years



geacom
















alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad











alltechcom





forage amp feeding


technicalsyscom























Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad









Milkplan

Vettec

R2Agro

Holland Animal Care

CID Lines

Boumatic

Norel

Jefo

CCPA

Ambic

Arm amp Hammer

GEA

Diamond V

Number 26


Dairyhealth











Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad










Manure separation






Goals and outcomes















Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad












Conclusion









cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad




cyprusshamigoatscom


























neogeneuropecom









spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad



spermexde













absglobalcom









ohg-geneticde






Please mention

International




licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad



licnzcom





genetic-austriaat







Editorial Library










































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad






































Conclusion


























Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad




















Vaccination












Housing pneumonia







Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad



Neonatal enteritis





























































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad








































focusonresearch



814


326











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad











zoetiscom









imv-technologiescom


livistocom













wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad


wwwgpsdairycom














timetovaccinatecom







Time to vaccinate





automedio






hamletproteincom

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad

Volume 16 Number 4








delvotestcom



genusplccom








anconet



Boot cleaner

Sidewall








wwwinterdamocom




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad




















ibmcom





norelnet

Please mention

International


Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad

Diary2017











APPOINTMENTS












ecovetde



agranacom






r2agrocom


01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad

01 Cover

02 Ceva Ad

03 editorial

04 DSM Ad

05 World focus

06 BCF Ad


08 Ads


10 Ads


12 Ads


14 Ads








22 WDE Ad

23 Dairy Bytes 26










33 research

34 news (Page 01)

35 news (Page 02)

36 news (Page 03)

37 news (Page 04)

38 news (Page 05)

39 Livisto Ad

40 Chr Hansen Ad

Dairy Topics - International

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Transcript of Dairy Topics - International