Archaeometry

47

, 1 (2005) 13–29. Printed in Great Britain

* Received 9 March 2004; accepted 25 June 2004.© University of Oxford, 2005

Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.Oxford, UKARCHArchaeometry0003-813X© University of Oxford, 2005February 2005471

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Cooking and painted ware from San Giusto (Lucera, Foggia)E. Gliozzo et al.

COOKING AND PAINTED WARE FROM SAN GIUSTO (LUCERA, FOGGIA): THE PRODUCTION CYCLE, FROM

THE SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS TO THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF PRODUCTS*

E. GLIOZZO, C. FORTINA and I. MEMMI TURBANTI

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Siena, Italy

and M. TURCHIANO and G. VOLPE

Department of Human Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy

Archaeological excavation at the San Giusto site (Lucera, Italy) has unearthed a Late Antiquekiln that was most certainly dedicated to the production of cooking ware. An archaeometricstudy of numerous specimens of cooking and painted ware found at this site was carried outusing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-raydiffraction, X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass and optical emissionspectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The integration of historical–archaeological data with archaeometric data has revealed that these specimens can beattributed to the San Giusto site. Furthermore, the production cycle of this ware can thus bereconstructed: from the diversified supply of raw materials (fluvial and marine sediments),to the relatively complex preparation of the paste, to firing at variable temperatures (600–750

°

C for cooking ware; 850–1050

°

C for painted ware).

KEYWORDS:

COOKING WARE, PAINTED WARES, APULIA – SAN GIUSTO, OM, XRD, MICRO-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, SEM, XRF, ICP–OES, ICP–MS, INAA

* Received 9 March 2004; accepted 25 June 2004.8 University of Oxford, 2005

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

Unknown until a few years ago, the San Giusto site (Figs 1 (a) and 1 (b)) was discovered acci-dentally during the construction of a dam on the Celone river in 1995 (Fig. 1 (a)). Initialemergency operations in 1995 were followed by four seasons (1995–9) of stratigraphic exca-vation. Archaeological excavations covering an area of 5000 m

2

enabled the reconstruction ofthe main phases of settlement at this site (Volpe 1998, 2002 and references therein), whichwas undoubtedly one of the most important rural settlements in southern Italy. The 1999excavation campaign revealed important artisanal activities linked to the economy of the villa,such as the washing and treatment of wool and hides, and the production of cooking ware(Figs 1 (c) and 1 (d)). With its subcircular layout and central pillar, the kiln corresponds toboth type I /a of Cuomo di Caprio’s typology (Cuomo di Caprio 1971–2, 1985) and type I Ain Le Ny’s classification (Le Ny 1988) (Figs 1 (b) and 1 (c)). It was found to contain numerousfragments of cooking jars that had been fired prior to the kiln’s definitive abandonment (Leoneand Turchiano 2002).

14

E. Gliozzo

et al.

Figure 1 The San Giusto site (a, b), overlay, section and photograph of the kiln (c, d). Drawings of the typical typeof cooking jar found inside the kiln (e) and of the ‘Calle-type’ basin found at the San Giusto site ( f ).

Cooking and painted ware from San Giusto (Lucera, Foggia)

15

MATERIALS

The cooking jars (Fig. 1 (e)) have similar characteristics: everted rims with a groove for thelid, globular bodies with grooved surfaces, and convex bases. Most specimens have very smallhandles that stem from and project directly down from the rim. Thirty-eight samples of thisware (35 from cooking jars and 3 from lids) were collected.

The second group of studied ceramics includes cooking ware, uncoloured ware and painted warefound outside the site of production. The cooking ware (19 specimens) includes cooking jars,polished cooking jars, baking dishes and pots, polished cooking pots, polished handles and lids.The painted tableware and food storage vessels (13 specimens) consist of small amphorae, bowlsand basins. The latter include samples of ‘Calle-type’ basins (Fig. 1 (f )), for which the onlyproductive site known previously was Calle di Tricarico (Di Giuseppe 1998). Excavation of thearea adjacent to the kiln also unearthed a dark, deep red aggregate. This was studied in order todetermine its composition and to decide if it may have been used to produce ceramic coatings.

GEOLOGICAL AND RAW MATERIAL SAMPLING

The San Giusto area (Balenzano

et al.

1977; Bonardi

et al.

1988) is characterized by a vastplain (Ricchetti and Pieri 1999) with outcropping Plio-Pleistocene clastic sediments (Jaco-bacci

et al.

1967). The archaeological site lies in the Celone river valley. Fluvial deposits areavailable on site, while Pliocene marine deposits—schistose clays, grey–blue clays and clayeysands—outcrop some 100 m north and south of the river. Sixteen samples of fluvial andmarine sediments were collected from 11 different locations around the San Giusto site.

Samples of the terraced fluvial sediments (Fig. 2) were collected along the banks of theIorenzo (SGA 3, 9a–c), Celone (SGA 1, 2, 8a–c, 10, 11) and Vulgano (SGA 7a–b) rivers.However, since the alluvial sediments outcropping along the river-banks are younger thanthose outcropping along nearby scarps and terraces, additional sampling was conducted atrelatively higher elevations. Marine sediments were sampled at the Mount Ripatetta locality(SGA 4a–b), where the presence of an active quarry allowed the identification of greyer levelsof clay (SGA 4a) beneath more yellowish levels (SGA 4b).

SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Analysis of ceramic finds, the cooking floor of the kiln and the aggregate

Optical microscopy (OM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for mineralogical analysis.Further textural and chemical investigations were performed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM–EDS). Micropalaeontological analysis involved observation of thin sections under theoptical microscope and SEM. Instrumentation consisted of a Philips PW 1710 diffractometerwith a copper anode operating at 45 kV accelerating voltage and 25 mA sample current, and aPhilips XL30 SEM equipped with a Philips EDAX-DX4 energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS).

Chemical analysis involved the application of different analytical techniques. Inductivelycoupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) was used to determine major elementand Ba, Sr, V, Y and Zr contents. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS)revealed Ag, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contents. Instrumental neutron activation (INAA) wasused to determine As, Au, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Ir, Mo, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Ta, W, La, Ce, Nd, Sm,Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, U and Th contents. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) revealed Nb and Rb contents.

16

E. Gliozzo

et al.

Figure 2 A geological map of the San Giusto area and the locations of the clay samples.

Cooking and painted ware from San Giusto (Lucera, Foggia)

17

The XRF, ICP–OES, ICP–MS and INAA analyses were completed at Activation Laboratories(Ontario, Canada). Loss on ignition was determined by heating samples to 1050

°

C for 2 h(for details of sample preparation, instrumental characteristics and detection limits, seeGliozzo and Memmi 2004).

Statistical methods were used to process chemical data using major, minor and trace ele-ments as variables (except P

2

O

5

, whose content is affected by post-depositional processes).Data were processed using principal component analysis (based on the covariance matrix withno rotation of the axes) and cluster analysis (Average Linkage, based on the quadratic Euclideandistance and values rescaled from 0 to 1).

Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to study the coating of the painted ware and to analysethe aggregate. Instrumentation consisted of a Jobin Ivon Ltd integrated LABRAM confocalspectrometer equipped with a CCD detector, an Ar

+

laser (

λ

= 514.5 nm) and Notchholographic filters. The spectral resolution was 1.5 cm

−

1

.

Analysis of sediments and granulometric fractions

Bulk sediment samples were investigated using mineralogical (OM, XRD) and chemical(ICP–MS, ICP–OES, INAA and XRF) analytical techniques. Granulometric fractions of sam-ples SGA 1–4 were then separated by sieving. The sieves had 200

µ

m, 75

µ

m and 33

µ

mmeshes that yielded a coarse fraction (sand), an intermediate fraction (coarse silt) and a finefraction (fine silt and clay). Chemical and mineralogical investigation of these fractionsinvolved the same analytical techniques as applied to bulk sediment samples.

RESULTS

X-ray diffractometry

Ceramic finds

Diffractometric analyses were made for a total of 52 samples: 36 samples ofcooking ware (24 found inside the kiln and 12 from its immediate area) and 16 samples ofpainted ware. The obtained spectra revealed the presence of phyllosilicates (mainly illite andmuscovite), quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, hematite, calcite and pyroxene (mainly augite, butalso hypersthene and, in the painted ware, diopside). These results do not distinguish betweencooking ware found inside and outside the kiln, as their spectra are quite similar.

Structural elements

In both the cooking floor and the walls of the kiln, diffractometric analysisrevealed the presence of phyllosilicates (mainly illite and muscovite), quartz, K-feldspar,plagioclase, hematite, pyroxene (augite and hypersthene) and amphibole.

Sediments

Diffractometric analysis of 16 whole-sediment samples and of the three granulom-etric fractions (coarse, intermediate and fine) of samples SGA 1–4(a–b) revealed the presence ofthe following mineralogical phases in all samples: illite, muscovite, chlorite, quartz, calcite, K-feldspar, plagioclase and pyroxene (augite and/or hypersthene). Quartz and calcite were the mainmineralogical phases in both sediments and fractions. Feldspars consisted of K-feldspar and pla-gioclase, whereas pyroxene peaks corresponded to augite and, less frequently, to hypersthene.

The aggregate

Diffractometric analysis revealed the presence of hematite, calcite, quartz andclay minerals.

18

E. Gliozzo

et al.

Mineralogical and micropalaeontological analysis by optical microscopy

Ceramic finds

The entire ceramic context was characterized by a serial texture, a low degreeof sintering and mainly elongated porosity. It was divided into three main groups (A, B and C)according to the skeleton/matrix ratio and mineralogical composition. The skeleton of groupA samples (

∼

15–20%) contains predominantly subrounded grains (< 0.5 mm) of quartz, K-feldspar (mainly sanidine), plagioclase, calcite, ortho- and clinopyroxenes (the latter is pleochroicgreen and frequently twinned or zoned), amphibole (hornblende) and minor quantities ofmuscovite, biotite, garnet, opaque minerals, polycrystalline quartz and lithic fragments of volcanicorigin. Secondary calcite is diffuse in the pores and cavities of microfossil remains. Micro-palaeontological analysis revealed that group A samples are either sterile or contain varyingquantities of foraminifers, mainly traces (SG 6, 73) or benthic (SG 75, which also contains a frag-ment of calcareous algae), or rare mollusc fragments (SG 22, 24, 27–30, 37, 41, 45, 47).

The skeleton of group B samples (

∼

10–15%) contains angular and subrounded grains (aver-age diameter 0.2 mm) of quartz and feldspars, muscovite, biotite, small pyroxenes, primaryand secondary calcite (within pores or microfossil remains) and opaque minerals. Lithic frag-ments include polycrystalline quartz, meta-arenites and extremely rare fragments of volcanicorigin. Micropalaeontological analysis revealed that group B samples are rarely sterile (SG 15,63) and frequently contain variable quantities of either planktonic (SG 16, 51–54, 58) orbenthic (SG 61) foraminifers and their traces (SG 55, 59, 62), or bear both planktonic and benthicforaminifers (SG 56).

Group C differs from the other groups in that it has a greater skeleton/matrix ratio, mainlyangular grains with an average diameter of 0.5 mm and a higher degree of sintering. The skeletonconsists of quartz, feldspars (plagioclase and sanidine) and minor quantities of muscovite,biotite, rare small fragments of ortho- and clinopyroxenes (sometimes twinned) and amphiboles(hornblende), secondary calcite and opaque minerals. Lithic fragments include meta-arenites,polycrystalline quartz and, in one sample, fragments of volcanic origin. Micropalaeontologicalanalysis of group C samples indicates that they are sterile.

Structural elements

The mineralogical composition of the cooking floor is similar to that ofgroup A ceramic bodies. A lithic fragment within the skeleton of the cooking floor samplecontains planktonic foraminifers that may be ascribed to the Early Cretaceous period.

Sediments

Fluvial sediments (SGA 1–3) consist of a quartzose–feldspathic skeleton (

∼

20–25%), with mainly subrounded grains up to 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter. The sediments alsocontain muscovite, calcite, pyroxenes, opaque minerals and, subordinately, amphiboles. Lithicfragments, as meta-arenite polycrystalline quartz and fragments of volcanic origin, are lessabundant. Sample SGA 10 shows a high compatibility with both group A samples and thesample taken from the cooking floor of the kiln. The skeleton (20–25%) contains mainly sub-rounded grains (with an average diameter of 0.5 mm) of quartz, K-feldspar (mainly sanidine),plagioclase, ortho- and clinopyroxenes, sometimes zoned, amphiboles such as hornblende,biotite, muscovite and opaque minerals. Lithic fragments include carbonatic rocks, fragmentsof volcanic origin and rare polycrystalline quartz.

The skeleton of marine sediments (SGA 4–5) is not very abundant (10%) and consistsmainly of subrounded grains with an average diameter of 0.2 mm. The identified phases, inorder of abundance, are quartz, feldspars, muscovite and opaque minerals. The skeleton alsocontains primary calcite and polycrystalline quartz.

Cooking and painted ware from San Giusto (Lucera, Foggia)

19

The sampled fluvial and marine sediments from the surrounding area contain variable quan-tities (rare to abundant) of both planktonic and benthic foraminifers. The foraminifers in fluvialsediments were obviously derived from older reworked marine deposits.

Scanning electron microscopy

Ceramic finds

The analysis of 14 representative samples yielded the chemical compositionof mineralogical phases. The main phases identified in cooking ware are biotite, illite, musco-vite, quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, calcite, augite, aegirine-augite, hypersthene, hornblende andpargasite. With respect to their stoichiometric composition, micas are constantly richer in Feand Mg and poorer in K. Sanidine, the overwhelmingly prevailing feldspar, sometimes con-tains small amounts of Ca (

∼

0.15 wt%). Numerous K-feldspar and plagioclase crystals showfrequent zoning and exsolution textures; that is, there are crystals with an albite compositionin the core and K-feldspar composition in the rim or vice versa, and K-feldspars with plagi-oclase exsolutions or vice versa. Zoning and exsolutions are primary, and feldspar crystalsgenerally show no textural modifications that may be attributed to the firing process. Augite,the most abundant pyroxene, is present as isolated, frequently zoned crystals. The rim compo-sition of zoned crystals is that of an aegirine-augite. Hypersthene is rarer than augite andshows no zoning. The chemistry of amphiboles resembles that of hornblende and pargasiteand, less frequently, that of Fe-hornblende or Fe-pargasite.

As for the painted ceramics, although the mineralogical phases (mica, quartz, feldspars,pyroxenes and amphiboles) and their chemistry are no different from those of the analysedcooking ware, their relative abundance varies (e.g., pyroxenes are abundant in most cookingware but are rare to extremely rare in painted ware). No reaction margins were observed incrystals from these samples.

Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the description of microfauna obtained by opticalmicroscopy. In contrast, the chemistry of mineralogical phases provided no additional criterionfor the subdivision into three groups of ceramic bodies defined by optical microscopy.

Structural elements

Analysis of the cooking floor sample revealed the same mineralogicalphases as identified in the cooking ware.

XRF, ICP–OES, ICP–MS and INAA

Ceramic finds

Table 1 reports chemical data for 70 analysed ceramic samples. Au, Ag, Cd,Bi, Ir, Nb, Mo, Se, Ta, W and Tb contents are not reported, as they were below the detectionlimit. Data were processed by principal component and cluster analyses.

Principal component analysis reveals that the first three components account for 92.82% ofthe total variance (57.27% for the first, 20.88% for the second and 14.67% for the third). Thetwo-dimensional diagram in Fig. 3 (a) shows the correlation among variables. SiO

2

and Al

2

O

3

are negatively correlated with CaO, MgO and Sr. Ba has great weight on the first principalcomponent (positive) and is negatively correlated with CaO and Sr. Lastly, it is interesting tonote that most minor and trace elements affect the first principal component (positive) and donot represent discriminant variables for the examined context. Using samples as variables, the dif-ference between cooking ware and painted ware was particularly marked.

The chemical data were further processed through cluster analysis (Fig. 3 (b)). Theresulting dendrogram highlights four major groups of ceramics.

20

E. Gliozzo

et al.

Group 1 is characterized by high MgO contents (1.96%), intermediate CaO contents (6.27%)and minor element contents that are generally higher than in groups 2 and 3. The lid sample(SG 77) does not cluster closely with the other samples, due to minor, trace (Ba, Y, Zr, As, Cr,Cs, Rb, Th, U, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Pb) and some major element contents (Al

2

O

3

, Fe

2

O

3

, MgO).Group 2 is heterogeneous but is generally characterized by high SiO

2

(63.5%) and modestCaO (3.95%) contents. The inter-sample distances and the overall standard deviation arehigher than in group 1. Samples SG 72, 75 and 74 tend to form a rather inhomogeneoussubgroup, and their Cr and Ni contents differ from those of the remaining 13 samples.

Modest SiO

2

(48.8%), Al

2

O

3

(12.7%) and Fe

2

O

3

(4.8%) contents and high CaO (15.61%)contents characterize the production of group 3 cooking ware and food storage vessels.

Lastly, group 4 is characterized by modest CaO contents (3.06%) and high concentrationsof Al

2

O

3

(17.4%), Fe

2

O

3

(6.05%) and some minor elements, such as Zr, Co, Cs, Hf and Rb.

The aggregate

The major components of the aggregate are Fe

2

O

3

(33 wt%), CaO (22 wt%) andSiO

2

(11 wt%). Al

2

O

3

, MnO and MgO represent only 7%, and Na

2

O, K

2

O, TiO

2

and P

2

O

5

only2% of its total weight (Table 1). The high loss on ignition is linked to the high calcite content.

Sediments

The chemical composition of bulk sediment samples and their respective granulo-metric fractions (Table 2) reveals that fluvial and marine sediments (except for sample SGA 10)

Figure 3 A statistical elaboration of the chemical analysis through (a) principal component and (b) cluster analyses.

Cooking and painted w

are from San G

iusto (Lucera, Foggia)

21

Table 1

Chemical analysis performed on 70 ceramic samples and on the aggregate (SG 3). Oxides are expressed in wt%, and minor and trace elements are expressed in ppm

Sample SiO

2

Al

2

O

3

Fe

2

O

3

MnO MgO CaO Na

2

O K

2

O TiO

2

P

2

O

5

LOI Ba Sr Y Zr Be V As Br Co Cr Cs Hf Rb Sb Sc Th U La Ce Nd Sm Eu Yb Lu Cu Ni Pb Zn

SG 6 61.55 18.19 6.34 0.16 1.99 3.41 1.18 3.80 0.74 0.14 2.48 751 258 32 276 6 114 19 3 18 97 18.6 7.9 237 1.9 15.0 25.8 3.3 75.1 121 41 9.7 1.8 3.9 0.58 27 39 35 92SG 7 60.29 14.84 5.12 0.15 2.15 7.65 1.24 3.15 0.63 0.19 4.59 613 294 24 186 4 108 19 15 19 101 10.1 6.6 151 1.1 14.8 16.8 2.6 51.2 83 28 6.9 1.5 2.8 0.42 21 34 26 78SG 8 62.62 18.35 6.32 0.16 2.06 2.80 1.25 4.16 0.75 0.14 1.40 776 268 33 282 7 117 19 6 20 103 16.5 8.3 232 1.8 15.0 25.2 3.3 74.4 119 44 9.5 2.0 3.6 0.54 31 38 30 91SG 9 61.41 17.39 5.99 0.16 1.80 3.44 1.21 3.66 0.71 0.15 4.08 746 289 32 273 6 116 36 8 21 92 15.7 8.6 252 1.7 14.6 23.8 3.3 69.5 109 39 8.9 1.9 3.6 0.54 26 40 44 96SG 10 61.32 18.17 6.25 0.17 1.98 4.24 1.17 3.70 0.74 0.16 2.10 764 267 32 278 6 113 19 7 18 86 18.1 8.7 232 1.7 14.5 25.1 3.4 74.4 115 44 9.4 2.0 4.0 0.60 28 43 36 102SG 12 60.35 14.89 5.16 0.15 2.18 7.00 1.27 3.28 0.63 0.19 4.89 619 316 26 182 4 113 19 16 17 107 10.3 6.1 149 1.0 14.6 16.8 3.4 52.0 84 34 7.0 1.4 2.7 0.41 22 39 25 83SG 13 65.99 16.36 6.33 0.09 1.72 1.91 1.72 2.99 0.79 0.12 1.96 579 222 36 262 3 106 18 7 23 414 12.2 8.6 172 2.9 15.7 22.1 3.7 63.9 92 37 8.0 2.0 4.0 0.60 28 153 30 83SG 14 71.25 15.10 5.23 0.14 1.03 1.46 1.13 2.91 0.56 0.07 1.11 597 137 23 177 4 101 21 5 18 80 10.3 5.6 189 1.2 14.1 15.3 2.7 42.3 76 26 6.5 1.6 3.0 0.44 22 29 26 65SG 15 47.97 13.38 5.29 0.12 2.39 17.40 1.01 2.52 0.59 0.32 9.01 510 553 22 113 2 97 17 5 16 117 7.4 3.9 141 1.0 14.3 10.5 5.9 36.5 54 22 5.3 1.1 2.2 0.32 55 37 29 61SG 16 48.55 10.96 4.08 0.11 1.76 16.59 0.96 2.21 0.48 0.29 14.02 539 427 18 111 2 76 18 4 13 84 4.9 3.8 124 0.8 11.7 9.2 2.0 32.4 49 19 4.8 1.0 2.2 0.35 21 33 6 64SG 21 60.42 14.86 5.19 0.15 2.19 5.84 1.38 3.71 0.64 0.21 5.40 788 327 28 209 4 111 14 8 15 85 7.1 4.4 112 1.1 12.7 17.2 2.2 43.8 85 33 6.1 1.4 2.8 0.42 31 46 29 105SG 22 58.36 14.22 4.94 0.14 2.21 4.99 1.21 3.48 0.61 0.19 9.65 756 298 24 197 3 109 12 4 14 86 8.8 4.6 140 0.5 12.4 12.6 2.5 39.8 76 33 6.0 1.3 2.3 0.36 26 34 24 73SG 23 61.58 15.37 5.41 0.15 2.22 6.79 1.30 3.34 0.66 0.20 2.99 610 287 28 203 4 118 18 5 15 90 8.7 5.1 146 0.9 13.3 16.9 2.6 44.1 83 34 6.2 1.5 2.7 0.42 31 47 35 99SG 24 58.94 14.70 5.06 0.16 2.04 5.63 1.15 3.24 0.64 0.17 8.27 657 303 26 214 3 111 17 7 15 94 9.1 4.5 130 0.6 13.1 13.4 2.9 41.2 80 33 6.2 1.4 2.2 0.35 24 35 22 73SG 25 60.96 14.92 5.18 0.14 2.14 7.22 1.28 3.35 0.64 0.20 3.96 621 298 27 204 4 108 15 12 16 85 8.4 4.9 160 0.7 12.9 16.1 3.0 43.2 83 41 6.0 1.5 2.6 0.40 30 43 32 96SG 26 59.81 14.92 5.18 0.15 2.28 7.05 1.41 3.65 0.64 0.19 4.72 597 299 27 204 3 108 13 6 15 86 8.4 4.5 132 0.7 12.7 12.9 2.3 41.8 79 34 6.3 1.4 2.3 0.35 22 33 24 67SG 27 61.59 14.93 5.21 0.15 2.11 6.16 1.28 3.36 0.65 0.21 4.35 664 297 27 203 4 110 19 9 16 86 7.9 5.2 151 1.2 13.2 16.5 2.8 42.4 83 34 6.0 1.4 2.7 0.40 32 44 32 99SG 28 60.22 14.55 5.08 0.14 2.17 5.90 1.26 3.46 0.63 0.19 6.40 621 297 26 202 3 109 15 10 15 86 7.9 5.0 133 0.9 12.3 15.8 2.2 42.1 82 34 5.8 1.5 2.6 0.39 32 44 30 92SG 29 58.56 14.11 4.73 0.13 2.19 5.85 1.22 3.13 0.62 0.18 9.30 596 269 26 189 3 112 12 6 16 82 8.2 4.8 144 0.9 12.2 14.8 2.3 39.2 76 32 5.7 1.3 2.3 0.35 43 40 34 93SG 30 59.56 14.60 5.09 0.14 2.09 5.81 1.25 3.25 0.62 0.17 7.42 654 297 26 197 3 107 13 5 15 75 7.1 4.6 87 0.7 12.1 15.4 2.6 39.6 75 31 5.6 1.4 2.5 0.37 35 43 33 106SG 31 58.45 14.23 4.95 0.13 2.07 6.36 1.23 3.31 0.61 0.19 8.47 608 292 26 193 4 110 12 8 17 85 7.1 4.8 109 0.7 12.1 15.6 2.4 39.5 79 28 5.6 1.3 2.4 0.38 34 40 23 84SG 32 60.92 14.79 5.14 0.14 2.09 5.77 1.28 3.34 0.65 0.19 5.70 638 312 26 196 3 109 14 7 15 87 7.4 4.9 145 0.8 12.3 15.8 2.3 42.7 82 33 5.9 1.5 2.5 0.37 37 43 28 89SG 33 62.29 18.07 6.32 0.17 2.00 3.14 1.27 3.81 0.74 0.15 2.05 733 254 36 291 9 112 25 5 19 80 13.4 6.7 209 1.2 13.4 24.9 3.6 62.5 126 47 8.3 2.0 3.5 0.52 34 46 42 99SG 34 58.95 14.47 5.06 0.14 2.16 6.57 1.25 3.33 0.63 0.19 7.24 748 338 25 201 3 108 16 14 15 99 8.5 4.6 134 0.6 13.0 13.6 2.4 42.9 83 37 6.3 1.3 2.4 0.36 22 32 25 69SG 35 62.36 15.64 5.45 0.15 2.27 6.07 1.33 3.41 0.67 0.21 2.43 599 282 30 211 4 114 13 7 17 88 8.7 5.4 148 0.7 13.4 16.1 2.2 44.7 85 36 6.2 1.5 2.8 0.42 32 47 30 95SG 36 60.86 15.19 5.28 0.14 2.19 7.08 1.30 3.42 0.65 0.22 3.66 609 287 28 212 4 109 19 8 14 85 8.9 5.7 145 1.0 13.3 14.3 1.9 48.3 88 33 6.2 1.4 2.7 0.41 31 44 33 94SG 37 59.76 14.72 5.13 0.14 2.18 5.77 1.33 4.17 0.62 0.19 5.98 668 320 26 209 4 116 17 16 16 85 8.9 5.1 151 0.7 12.6 13.5 2.1 44.0 83 31 5.8 1.3 2.6 0.39 31 42 26 86SG 38 61.99 18.37 6.33 0.16 2.05 3.03 1.25 3.81 0.74 0.15 2.11 758 260 36 301 6 115 13 5 18 79 13.8 6.0 184 1.1 13.0 21.2 3.5 65.6 119 46 8.2 1.9 3.4 0.52 33 43 45 99SG 39 60.98 14.91 5.18 0.15 2.41 6.70 1.55 3.79 0.64 0.20 3.50 759 332 27 214 4 111 14 12 15 80 6.5 4.7 133 0.7 12.4 13.7 1.6 46.3 83 32 4.8 1.4 2.4 0.38 27 40 29 85SG 40 61.48 18.34 6.29 0.17 1.98 3.54 1.14 3.70 0.74 0.15 2.48 750 262 34 291 7 110 14 5 17 75 15.4 6.6 174 1.1 13.2 20.9 2.1 61.5 115 48 8.8 1.9 3.0 0.46 27 36 39 81SG 41 59.10 14.37 5.07 0.15 2.15 5.57 1.23 3.33 0.61 0.18 8.23 693 296 25 199 3 110 14 7 16 94 7.2 4.7 123 0.6 13.0 14.0 2.7 44.5 85 38 6.3 1.4 2.5 0.37 22 38 25 76SG 42 61.65 18.34 6.27 0.17 1.99 3.28 1.14 3.75 0.74 0.14 2.53 752 258 35 305 6 113 15 6 18 82 15.7 6.4 195 1.0 13.3 20.4 3.6 62.4 118 51 8.9 1.8 3.0 0.46 32 37 37 91SG 43 62.03 15.37 5.37 0.15 2.23 6.55 1.33 3.41 0.66 0.21 2.68 620 303 30 204 3 116 16 18 16 93 8.0 4.8 150 1.9 13.5 14.1 2.1 47.5 86 33 6.2 1.5 2.6 0.40 29 39 33 80SG 44 65.07 16.35 5.72 0.09 1.64 2.01 1.79 3.07 0.75 0.21 3.32 629 252 34 273 3 101 14 6 19 316 9.0 7.0 129 1.6 13.0 18.4 3.4 55.5 95 36 6.5 1.5 3.1 0.46 29 136 33 83SG 45 59.15 14.49 4.99 0.15 2.10 5.60 1.22 3.43 0.62 0.18 8.07 728 320 24 199 3 106 12 6 15 90 8.6 4.8 123 0.5 12.9 12.9 2.3 40.7 80 37 6.2 1.3 2.4 0.36 25 34 27 73SG 46 60.83 15.18 5.29 0.14 2.21 7.06 1.34 3.67 0.67 0.21 3.39 607 294 26 215 4 113 16 10 15 86 8.1 4.4 131 1.3 12.6 13.3 2.5 44.4 80 31 6.0 1.4 2.6 0.41 25 42 29 82SG 47 58.57 14.46 4.95 0.14 2.20 5.54 1.25 3.37 0.63 0.19 8.71 622 279 26 202 4 111 12 7 15 76 9.4 4.3 147 1.2 11.9 15.1 2.2 43.3 80 32 5.4 1.3 2.4 0.37 35 43 25 84SG 48 61.38 17.46 5.96 0.16 1.98 4.36 1.20 3.73 0.74 0.15 2.87 702 270 33 284 5 116 15 4 18 81 12.5 6.3 188 1.5 12.9 20.3 2.8 61.6 111 47 7.9 1.8 3.3 0.51 28 44 39 93SG 49 60.60 17.25 5.89 0.15 1.78 2.82 1.21 3.82 0.73 0.14 5.61 793 299 32 285 6 110 15 5 18 71 10.0 6.2 188 0.9 12.5 22.2 2.8 61.9 115 43 7.7 1.8 3.2 0.46 30 43 39 92SG 50 60.80 17.22 5.87 0.16 1.75 2.75 1.21 4.02 0.72 0.12 5.38 691 302 30 288 6 112 15 4 19 70 10.2 6.5 152 0.9 12.1 20.8 3.3 60.0 111 44 7.7 1.6 3.2 0.48 30 44 40 91SG 51 42.52 9.92 3.60 0.09 2.28 19.59 0.89 2.17 0.44 0.19 18.32 377 497 18 125 1 77 13 2 10 61 4.0 3.0 59 0.6 8.7 8.1 2.8 24.8 46 20 3.8 1.0 1.8 0.27 22 30 32 69

22

E. G

liozzo

et al.

SG 52 48.00 10.78 3.84 0.11 1.57 17.87 0.93 2.16 0.47 0.28 13.99 578 442 19 120 1 82 22 4 13 64 4.5 3.2 100 0.7 9.4 8.8 2.8 26.2 49 18 4.1 1.0 1.9 0.30 26 33 20 73SG 53 48.66 11.68 4.30 0.09 2.11 17.75 0.95 2.33 0.52 0.28 11.33 434 413 21 122 2 86 71 3 12 82 5.6 2.7 92 0.4 10.5 8.7 2.9 28.3 50 20 4.3 1.0 2.0 0.31 29 40 17 78SG 54 42.51 10.27 3.59 0.10 2.11 19.29 0.87 2.17 0.46 0.26 18.36 649 558 20 124 2 75 13 2 11 59 4.2 2.6 81 0.5 8.9 7.5 3.6 24.8 44 17 3.8 0.8 1.7 0.25 26 33 18 78SG 55 49.33 13.42 5.16 0.09 2.17 15.99 1.10 2.54 0.61 0.40 9.18 387 431 23 133 2 115 23 4 13 95 6.9 3.3 104 0.8 12.5 10.7 6.3 33.9 59 30 5.2 1.2 2.4 0.35 29 49 19 103SG 56 47.63 11.91 4.49 0.11 1.77 15.36 0.98 2.39 0.53 0.25 14.59 607 397 24 130 2 91 12 3 13 81 4.7 3.3 88 0.7 11.0 9.9 4.0 30.7 57 26 4.6 1.0 2.3 0.35 29 42 20 81SG 57 53.44 14.27 5.13 0.09 2.23 12.24 1.13 2.82 0.65 0.37 7.62 516 366 25 157 2 126 26 3 13 98 6.8 3.7 128 0.7 13.1 12.0 2.8 35.3 64 33 5.3 1.0 2.6 0.36 25 42 22 99SG 58 49.12 13.13 5.03 0.11 2.39 16.19 0.93 2.79 0.58 0.31 9.42 452 421 23 127 2 81 15 2 13 94 5.5 2.9 108 0.7 12.2 9.8 2.5 30.4 55 22 4.7 1.1 2.3 0.35 24 49 15 88SG 59 55.14 14.62 5.59 0.10 2.46 10.70 1.08 2.91 0.66 0.37 6.37 424 329 26 153 2 115 15 3 14 92 6.7 3.4 101 0.6 13.1 11.4 2.8 34.6 62 28 5.3 1.2 2.3 0.35 28 42 11 103SG 60 51.67 15.25 5.46 0.07 2.40 13.72 1.01 3.04 0.68 0.29 6.40 635 480 24 129 2 126 10 2 13 107 7.8 3.1 142 0.9 13.9 11.7 3.1 35.6 64 28 5.3 1.1 2.3 0.35 28 46 18 98SG 61 55.69 13.62 4.95 0.10 1.98 12.89 1.10 2.59 0.61 0.23 6.22 416 360 26 163 2 90 9 3 15 84 5.8 4.1 103 0.6 12.0 11.1 3.0 33.4 61 26 5.2 1.1 2.3 0.35 31 43 8 90SG 62 51.07 13.41 5.07 0.12 2.35 14.90 1.03 2.66 0.60 0.36 8.43 476 385 25 140 2 86 8 2 13 84 6.0 3.2 87 0.8 11.9 10.1 2.6 32.1 57 25 4.9 1.0 2.2 0.33 29 45 18 88SG 63 52.88 14.04 5.23 0.11 2.41 13.62 1.02 2.78 0.65 0.42 6.85 465 358 26 150 2 101 7 3 14 96 6.2 3.9 97 0.5 12.8 10.7 2.0 34.3 61 25 5.3 1.2 2.2 0.33 27 47 17 96SG 64 66.07 14.39 4.76 0.07 1.22 2.59 1.48 3.17 0.55 0.22 5.48 516 186 32 195 5 98 29 0 14 71 5.9 4.4 121 0.8 10.6 14.6 2.2 42.5 84 31 7.1 1.6 3.1 0.48 24 36 22 79SG 65 57.91 13.92 4.69 0.09 1.34 7.93 1.20 3.09 0.57 0.21 9.05 689 351 24 179 4 90 12 4 12 70 8.2 4.2 131 0.7 10.1 14.8 2.8 40.0 74 30 5.8 1.3 2.6 0.39 33 34 26 85SG 66 67.18 15.76 5.27 0.09 1.46 2.76 1.51 3.36 0.65 0.13 1.84 534 193 27 212 4 102 10 3 14 80 9.4 4.5 156 0.8 11.4 15.2 2.5 39.6 71 30 6.0 1.2 2.8 0.41 50 35 27 83SG 67 65.13 16.05 5.18 0.09 1.07 2.65 1.25 3.55 0.66 0.11 4.27 803 237 26 236 4 87 13 3 12 62 9.7 5.3 158 0.7 10.7 18.3 3.5 43.6 80 33 6.2 1.4 2.4 0.36 22 26 40 80SG 68 64.90 13.45 4.36 0.09 1.01 5.81 1.21 2.97 0.50 0.14 5.57 574 218 20 165 3 76 12 3 14 51 6.3 3.7 128 0.7 9.4 12.6 1.7 31.8 68 27 5.1 1.2 2.0 0.30 23 26 23 62SG 69 64.16 15.69 5.27 0.07 1.17 2.66 1.53 3.46 0.69 0.19 5.11 740 274 26 249 4 101 22 0 15 64 8.9 5.5 149 0.9 10.7 18.1 3.0 44.6 83 33 6.2 1.4 2.6 0.39 29 27 37 78SG 70 66.47 15.90 5.05 0.05 1.39 3.45 1.34 3.37 0.67 0.13 2.18 533 214 24 239 4 102 9 2 12 68 10.8 5.1 209 0.8 10.9 17.8 3.2 41.2 77 32 5.7 1.3 2.5 0.37 21 25 26 83SG 71 63.05 15.79 4.83 0.11 1.30 5.65 1.29 3.20 0.62 0.21 3.97 602 248 30 252 5 90 8 3 13 63 13.0 5.0 178 0.9 10.0 20.2 2.8 50.9 94 35 6.8 1.5 2.6 0.40 24 29 36 86SG 72 51.47 13.16 4.65 0.06 1.59 11.90 1.48 2.86 0.61 0.26 11.97 874 337 25 183 3 90 17 4 15 245 9.8 4.7 115 1.3 10.0 17.9 3.4 41.0 73 29 5.2 1.2 2.3 0.35 25 124 30 83SG 73 60.28 17.85 5.99 0.17 1.11 2.04 1.18 3.44 0.69 0.16 7.10 830 288 34 292 6 102 23 3 15 62 12.1 6.3 197 1.0 10.8 25.1 2.0 68.3 113 46 8.9 1.7 3.0 0.46 25 38 43 82SG 74 66.92 14.88 4.12 0.04 1.26 1.91 2.04 3.08 0.60 0.18 4.97 652 324 23 223 3 73 17 2 14 260 6.6 5.4 119 1.0 9.3 19.2 2.4 46.1 63 23 5.6 1.1 2.2 0.34 26 96 48 70SG 75 60.94 14.87 5.25 0.06 1.70 4.74 1.71 3.15 0.68 0.24 6.66 754 303 29 219 3 100 23 3 16 298 9.8 4.9 112 1.3 11.4 20.1 4.2 49.9 71 35 6.2 1.3 2.7 0.41 21 143 34 76SG 76 63.97 15.90 5.21 0.06 1.20 2.25 1.33 3.32 0.60 0.21 5.95 697 233 25 246 4 100 20 2 12 54 9.8 5.4 163 0.7 10.5 20.1 2.1 44.9 75 33 6.6 1.3 2.4 0.36 21 24 32 73SG 77 59.31 16.37 5.67 0.13 1.76 5.70 1.24 3.56 0.71 0.24 5.31 881 290 30 244 4 112 24 6 15 75 11.8 5.2 177 0.7 12.2 19.1 3.2 54.0 86 42 7.6 1.5 2.6 0.40 29 40 33 80SG 78 67.24 15.84 5.10 0.09 1.36 4.09 0.92 2.78 0.51 0.13 1.95 458 162 25 208 5 89 18 3 10 60 14.0 4.2 157 0.8 10.1 17.8 3.1 47.4 67 30 6.2 1.2 2.0 0.32 22 34 34 83SG 79 64.95 15.33 4.66 0.09 1.16 1.95 1.51 3.35 0.53 0.14 6.35 769 209 30 229 6 86 13 3 12 46 9.9 4.5 164 0.8 8.7 17.1 1.7 54.9 81 34 7.0 1.3 2.4 0.37 29 28 31 69SG 80 66.83 17.04 5.63 0.04 1.25 1.35 1.41 3.24 0.71 0.08 2.43 579 170 21 280 4 106 15 2 10 70 13.6 5.9 204 0.9 12.2 19.1 4.1 38.7 55 27 5.2 1.1 2.0 0.34 25 27 34 75SG 3 11.29 3.57 32.95 2.19 0.81 22.12 0.10 0.61 0.16 0.66 25.53 412 240 17 33 2 87 43 5 4 23 2.0 1.0 25 1.0 6.0 3.0 1.0 17.0 29 14 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.00 16 12 0 15

Sample SiO

2

Al

2

O

3

Fe

2

O

3

MnO MgO CaO Na

2

O K

2

O TiO

2

P

2

O

5

LOI Ba Sr Y Zr Be V As Br Co Cr Cs Hf Rb Sb Sc Th U La Ce Nd Sm Eu Yb Lu Cu Ni Pb Zn

Table 1

Continued

Cooking and painted w

are from San G

iusto (Lucera, Foggia)

23

Table 2

Chemical analysis performed on fluvial and marine sediments, and on the granulometric fractions. Oxides are expressed in wt%, and minor and trace elements are expressed in ppm

SiO

2

Al

2

O

3

Fe

2

O

3

MnO MgO CaO Na

2

O K

2

O TiO

2

P2O5 LOI Ba Sr Y Zr V Co Cr Rb Th U La Ce Ni Pb Zn

Sediments as receivedSGA 1 42.03 10.58 3.98 0.12 1.50 17.82 0.48 1.77 0.52 0.14 21.09 396 511 21 143 80 14 69 106 9 2 32 49 30 8 67SGA 2 43.93 9.47 3.67 0.16 1.54 18.89 0.69 1.83 0.50 0.20 19.03 504 563 22 179 75 15 56 92 9 2 30 53 33 7 54SGA 3 50.91 12.46 4.51 0.12 2.08 11.33 1.04 2.62 0.61 0.23 14.24 626 399 25 166 102 14 70 145 12 2 39 60 33 30 76SGA 4a 47.69 11.37 4.19 0.08 2.42 13.07 1.13 2.10 0.52 0.15 17.64 262 309 20 132 91 10 77 102 8 2 27 43 20 13 72SGA 4b 47.12 11.86 4.23 0.09 2.23 14.00 0.80 2.09 0.55 0.15 17.08 247 330 21 124 98 11 85 105 8 2 29 49 30 27 90SGA 6 47.36 12.06 4.47 0.09 2.54 12.70 1.08 2.23 0.54 0.14 16.79 240 305 19 117 95 9 105 122 9 2 34 52 19 20 60SGA 7a 42.59 8.45 1.85 0.12 1.52 22.21 0.41 1.49 0.36 0.13 20.72 324 515 19 130 46 11 59 59 5 1 16 46 27 18 39SGA 7c 45.57 10.87 2.83 0.12 1.82 17.36 0.39 2.03 0.49 0.20 18.15 446 442 21 149 72 8 74 84 10 1 20 36 34 25 57SGA 8a 41.37 9.78 2.33 0.11 1.47 20.36 0.32 2.05 0.40 0.21 21.47 435 278 17 132 61 7 54 98 7 3 23 36 25 26 43SGA 8b 38.15 8.63 1.90 0.09 1.15 22.80 0.28 1.83 0.34 0.22 24.50 403 270 15 116 50 12 42 86 8 2 17 27 20 22 40SGA 8c 35.58 7.53 1.56 0.07 0.99 24.83 0.24 1.62 0.28 0.21 26.97 354 256 13 99 41 9 37 78 6 2 22 42 17 20 37SGA 9a 40.48 9.52 2.33 0.09 1.37 20.79 0.29 1.85 0.39 0.17 22.59 341 342 16 116 66 7 61 74 8 1 14 29 28 21 46SGA 9b 40.02 8.98 2.13 0.08 1.24 21.99 0.27 1.64 0.38 0.15 23.01 285 356 16 107 59 7 65 63 5 1 13 21 28 18 44SGA 9c 44.55 10.61 3.07 0.07 1.53 18.56 0.36 2.04 0.47 0.12 18.50 257 251 19 101 81 6 82 80 6 3 14 37 35 20 57SGA 10 55.20 17.20 5.35 0.15 2.29 4.99 0.58 3.85 0.71 0.27 9.17 991 400 28 253 116 12 55 209 21 5 59 103 33 46 72SGA 11 45.09 11.86 3.11 0.12 1.80 16.55 0.39 2.51 0.51 0.29 17.59 571 375 21 158 80 8 62 119 13 3 28 72 31 29 63

SandSGA 1 31.19 3.80 1.28 0.14 0.75 34.15 0.48 1.35 0.12 0.09 26.84 447 850 11 45 23 8 19 53 3 2 16 22 19 24 0SGA 2 39.65 5.30 2.10 0.18 1.05 27.03 0.68 1.82 0.21 0.16 21.90 546 768 12 56 43 13 25 78 4 2 18 33 20 27 18SGA 3 47.66 9.67 3.47 0.14 2.03 17.12 1.27 3.31 0.43 0.26 14.28 940 656 16 103 95 13 42 129 8 2 29 45 18 25 38SGA 4a 57.42 6.25 1.69 0.07 0.81 16.31 1.27 2.19 0.12 0.06 13.70 408 345 8 30 17 3 23 90 2 1 7 12 9 8 34SGA 4b 56.57 5.92 1.40 0.08 0.79 17.44 1.22 2.14 0.11 0.06 14.52 432 351 8 18 11 4 15 90 2 1 7 11 11 7 16

Coarse siltSGA 1 44.65 4.89 1.26 0.20 0.76 24.98 0.93 1.46 0.20 0.12 20.23 471 626 14 125 23 17 28 58 4 2 17 33 26 75 16SGA 2 48.49 6.45 2.14 0.15 1.24 20.51 1.10 1.84 0.32 0.18 17.64 524 563 19 167 42 11 40 89 6 2 21 38 21 44 39SGA 3 55.16 9.47 2.85 0.15 1.65 13.33 1.46 2.40 0.48 0.21 13.08 636 433 21 180 71 12 50 109 9 3 29 48 31 38 45SGA 4a 55.90 7.05 1.70 0.08 1.52 15.90 1.58 1.78 0.31 0.13 14.16 289 307 19 166 25 4 40 73 5 2 18 29 14 21 38SGA 4b 54.96 7.11 1.86 0.09 1.55 16.15 1.51 1.72 0.29 0.12 14.49 285 311 19 135 26 5 38 77 5 1 16 28 19 45 60

Fine silt and claySGA 1 43.84 12.84 4.91 0.09 1.84 13.80 0.47 1.89 0.66 0.16 18.91 339 409 24 160 100 12 88 115 12 2 39 60 44 0 90SGA 2 43.82 13.24 5.29 0.14 1.96 13.80 0.50 1.97 0.67 0.19 17.83 445 421 25 174 106 19 100 105 12 2 42 66 49 61 91SGA 3 47.47 14.12 5.01 0.10 2.27 10.68 0.69 2.51 0.67 0.18 15.95 484 322 27 159 114 14 93 178 13 2 42 65 35 33 87SGA 4a 44.95 13.24 5.34 0.09 2.90 13.15 1.02 2.04 0.64 0.17 16.71 217 315 24 133 117 14 107 97 9 2 33 54 48 0 89SGA 4b 45.21 13.52 5.19 0.09 2.56 13.35 0.65 2.09 0.63 0.16 16.26 221 324 23 121 119 2 13 106 8 3 33 53 44 17 93

24 E. Gliozzo et al.

are particularly rich in CaO. The latter sample (bulk fluvial sediment) is compatible with thecomposition of cooking ware, whereas the remaining samples (especially those found in marinesediments) are also compatible with the ceramic bodies of painted ware. The compositions ofgranulometric fractions are apparently incompatible with those of cooking and painted ware.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy

Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the coating of painted ware and to studythe aggregate found near the kiln.

Raman spectra of five samples of painted ware (Fig. 4 (a)) and of the aggregate (Fig. 4 (b))show characteristic peaks at 223, 289.5, 407.6, 493.7, 607 and 1313.7 cm−1. These peakscorrespond to those of red ochre.

DISCUSSION

The results of chemical analysis and optical microscopy match perfectly (Table 3). Indeed,mineralogical group A corresponds to chemical groups 1, 4 and part of 2, mineralogical groupB corresponds to chemical group 3, and mineralogical group C corresponds to the rest ofchemical group 2.

Group A includes 41 ceramic samples (32 found within the kiln and nine from the site) of cookingjars, polished cooking jars, polished cooking pots, lids, baking dishes and a polished handle.Characterized by the infrequency of microfossil remains, this group sometimes contains rareremnants of molluscs or foraminifers and can be further subdivided into three chemical groups:group 1, group 4 and part of heterogeneous group 2. Group 1 comprises most cooking jar samplesfound within the kiln and one sample of a lid found within the archaeological site. Group 4includes 13 samples of cooking ware (cooking jars and lids) from the kiln and one sample of acooking jar found within the archaeological site. Group 2 includes many types of ware (four cookingjars—of which one was found within the kiln—one polished cooking jar, two cooking pots, onepolished cooking pot, one polished handle, four baking dishes, one lid and the clibanus) andis therefore more complex than the other groups. Some samples are ascribed to mineralogical

Figure 4 Raman spectra of the painted ware (a) and the aggregate (b).

Cooking and painted ware from San Giusto (Lucera, Foggia) 25

Table 3 A sample list summarizing the find sites of the sherds—asterisks (*) indicate samples from the kiln—thearchaeological typology (AT), the shape of the vessel (SV), the mineralogical group (MG), the micropalaeontological

group (MPG) and the chemical group (CG)

Sample AT SV MG CG

SG 7* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 12* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 21* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 22* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 23* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 24* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 25* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 26* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 27* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 28* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 29* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 30* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 31* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 32* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 34* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 35* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 36* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 37* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 39* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 41* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1 Either sterile or with varying

quantities of foraminifers, mainly traces (SG 6, 73) or benthic (SG 75, which contains a fragment of calcareous algae), or rare mollusc fragments (SG 22, 24, 27–30, 37, 41, 45, 47)

SG 43* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 45* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 46* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 47* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 1SG 77 Cooking pottery Lid A 1SG 66 Cooking pottery Baking dish A 2SG 69 Cooking pottery Polished cooking pot A 2SG 70 Cooking pottery Polished cooking pot A 2SG 71 Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 2SG 72 Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 2SG 75 Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 2SG 76 Cooking pottery Polished jar A 2SG 80 Cooking pottery Polished handle A 2SG 6* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 8* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 13* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 33* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 38* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 40* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 42* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 44* Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 48* Cooking pottery Lid A 4SG 49* Cooking pottery Lid A 4SG 50* Cooking pottery Lid A 4SG 73 Cooking pottery Cooking jar A 4SG 82 Cooking floor – A –SG 9* Cooking pottery Cooking jar – 4SG 10* Cooking pottery Cooking jar – 4

26 E. Gliozzo et al.

SG 14* Cooking pottery Cooking jar C 2 SterileSG 64 Cooking pottery Baking dish C 2SG 65 Cooking pottery Baking dish C 2SG 67 Cooking pottery Baking dish C 2SG 68 Cooking pottery Cooking pot C 2SG 74 Cooking pottery Cooking jar C 2SG 78 Cooking pottery Lid C 2SG 79 Cooking pottery Clibanus C 2

SG 62 Common ware Basin B 3SG 63 Common ware Jar B 3SG 15 Painted pottery Basin B 3SG 16 Painted pottery Basin B 3 Rarely sterile (SG 15, 63) and

frequently contain variable quantities of either planktonic (SG 16, 51–54, 58) or benthic (SG 61) foraminifers and their traces (SG 55, 59, 62), or bear both planktonic and benthic foraminifers (SG 56)

SG 51 Painted pottery Basin B 3SG 52 Painted pottery Basin B 3SG 53 Painted pottery Basin B 3SG 54 Painted pottery Basin B 3SG 55 Painted pottery Basin B 3SG 56 Painted pottery Basin B 3SG 58 Painted pottery Small amphora B 3SG 59 Painted pottery Small amphora B 3SG 61 Painted pottery Small amphora B 3SG 57 Painted pottery Bowl – 3SG 60 Painted pottery Small amphora – 3

Sample AT SV MG CG

Table 3 Continued

group A and others to mineralogical group C. In any case, this internal differentiation refers toformal types and not the use of these products, which implied exposure to a source of heat.

Group C comprises eight samples of cooking ware (seven found on site and one within thekiln) from cooking jars, lids, baking pans, cooking pots and the clibanus. As mentioned earlier,this group, which is characterized by the absence of fossil remains, is chemically part of group 2.

Group B comprises 13 samples (all found outside the kiln) of painted ware (basins, smallamphorae, cooking jars and a bowl) and common ware (a basin and a jug). Characterized bythe frequent presence of variable quantities of planktonic or benthic foraminifera and theirtraces, group B falls entirely within chemical group 3.

Comparison with the results of sediment analysis reveals the excellent chemical and minera-logical compatibility of cooking ware with fluvial sediments and of painted ware with Pliocenemarine sediments.

CONCLUSIONS

Stratigraphic excavation of the productive site, the typological study of materials associatedwith the productive activity of the kiln, and the chemical and mineralogical–petrographiccharacterization of the ceramic context and of sediments outcropping in the San Giusto area haveenabled the creation of a reference group and reconstruction of the entire productive cycle forcooking jars found inside and outside the kiln. Investigation has also allowed a preliminarycharacterization of the painted ware found at San Giusto.

Cooking and painted ware from San Giusto (Lucera, Foggia) 27

Supply of raw materials

It is likely that fluvial deposits were used in the production of cooking ware. This is based onthe following considerations: (1) the mineralogical and micropalaeontological composition of thecooking ware is compatible with that of fluvial sediments; (2) the mineralogical compositionof the cooking floor matches that of the cooking jars, and there is reason to believe that thecooking floor was made from local raw materials; and (3) the chemical composition of fluvialsediment SGA 10 is compatible with that of the cooking ware. Although the CaO content ofmost analysed sediments is much higher than that of cooking jars, this difference can easily beexplained if one considers the extreme compositional variability of fluvial sediments withrespect to marine sediments. Indeed, fluvial meandering and erosional phenomena create aheterogeneous context that probably does not coincide with that of antiquity (see also Eramoet al. 2004). Furthermore, the mineralogical composition of the cooking ware is not compatible—qualitatively, quantitatively or texturally—with that of marine sediments. Pliocene marinesediments do not contain the minerals or the abundant lithic fragments of volcanic originfound in the cooking ware. Indeed, the last pyroclastic eruptions of Mount Vulture date to themid-Pleistocene era (Peccerillo 1985; De Fino et al. 1986; La Volpe and Principe 1999). Suchdeposits are therefore absent in Pliocene sediments.

Marine deposits outcropping north and south of the San Giusto site were also used for the pro-duction of painted ware. The analysis of sediments from the Ripatetta and Monte Croce localitiesrevealed the perfect chemical, mineralogical–petrographic and micropalaeontological compat-ibility of sediments with the studied ware. The production of ‘Calle-type’ basins, along with thatof other types of examined painted ware, may therefore be ascribed to the San Giusto area.

Preparation of the paste

The preparation of pastes for cooking and painted ware was extremely simple, with little needfor processing, and did not involve the addition of elements extraneous to the sediment, or theseparation of particular granulometric fractions. Differences between pastes ascribed to minera-logical groups 1 and 3 may perhaps be due to the use of more or less sandy sediments ratherthan to the deliberate addition of sand.

Application of the coating

Micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed the perfect compositional compatibility of the coatingwith the aggregate found near the kiln. Chemical analysis of the aggregate revealed that itconsists of silica, calcium and hematite, which corresponds to the composition of red ochre, ashas been indicated by Raman spectroscopy.

Functionality of artefacts

The choice of raw materials for the production of cooking ware was perfectly suited to thefunction of the artefact. Indeed, this class of ceramics was formed from pastes with little plasticity,consisting of prevalently sandy matrices that are rich in quartz and iron oxides and poor inlimestone and flux (Cuomo di Caprio 1985).

The selected raw materials were suited to the functionality and aesthetic requirements ofpainted ware. Indeed, the production of painted ware required a much finer paste than that

28 E. Gliozzo et al.

used for cooking ware. It should be noted that the sediments available in the area could haveproduced fine tableware (albeit through time-consuming preparation of the paste) and thatthere are no technical limitations linked to the characteristics of raw materials.

Firing technology

For the cooking ware, the following points suggest a firing temperature of 600–800°C: thelow degree of sintering of the ceramic bodies, the absence of reaction margins in crystals, thepresence of primary calcite not modified by firing, the presence of illite and the absence ofclay minerals.

As for the painted ware, its mineralogical characterization indicates a firing temperatureof 850–1050°C. The presence of primary calcite in a good number of samples suggests atemperature of around 850°C, while the absence of this mineralogical phase in the remain-ing specimens indicates higher temperatures. The presence of newly formed minerals suchas diopside and gehlenite in the latter samples suggests a temperature range of about 850–950°C.

Production and commercialization

There are few elements that can be used to reconstruct the relationship between the San Giustoworkshop and markets, or the commercialization and diffusion of products. Due to the limitedavailability of materials from contemporary productive centres (Herdonia, Posta Crusta,Agnuli, Celone Valley, Siponto and Canosa), and the few local examples of these ceramics, itis difficult to analyse systematically the geography of diffusion in other consumer sites andhypothetical distribution channels.

It is likely that the Celone river not only guaranteed a supply of water, but was also indis-pensable for all types of manufacture—ceramics, textiles and tanning—as well as ensuring thetransport of finished products. A road that probably dates back to pre- and protohistoric periodsran alongside the river. This gained greater importance during the Roman period and, inparticular, during the Late Antique period. The road linked Aecae and Arpi to the port ofSipontum. It is therefore possible that production was destined not only for local consumptionbut also for limited regional or inter-regional commerce throughout the nundinae network.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr Valentino Romano for his indispensable assist-ance during sediment sampling, to Dr Damiano Damiani for the micro-Raman analysis and toDr Luca Foresi for the micropalaeontological study. This work was carried out with the finan-cial support provided by Siena University (PAR) to Isabella Memmi Turbanti.

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