CONTRACT LAW - Assets - Cambridge

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-43527-7 — Contract LawKenneth Yin , Simon Kozlina , Kelly Green , Luca Siliquini-Cinelli , Emmanuel Laryea , Lisa Spagnolo FrontmatterMore Information

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CONTRACT LAWCASES AND MATERIALS

Contract Law: Cases and Materials presents a selection of well-chosen cases and

illuminating commentary ideal for introducing students to the study of contract law

in Australia. Developed to accompany Stewart, Swain and Fairweather’s Contract

Law: Principles and Context (‘Principles text’), this casebook maintains the acces-

sibility of the Principles text while providing the depth and analysis of topics

required to learn contract law.

Following the structure of the Principles text, this text explores areas not

traditionally covered in other casebooks, such as resolving disputes, preparing

to make a contract, preliminary agreements and interpreting contracts. Each

chapter also briefly explores contracts in international contexts.

The hallmark features of this casebook are its:

• coverage and choice of cases, with succinct summaries and clear and concise

extracts

• considered and relevant analysis and commentary

• coverage of international law

• extensive internal pedagogy including flowcharts and numerous review

questions.

Contract Law: Cases and Materials takes a practical approach to student

learning and integrates rich pedagogy to build critical thinking and analysis skills,

making it an invaluable resource for contract law students.

Kenneth Yin is a lecturer at Edith Cowan University.

Simon Kozlina is a lecturer at Western Sydney University.

Kelly Green is a teaching scholar at Deakin University.

Luca Siliquini-Cinelli is a lecturer at the University of Dundee.

Emmanuel Laryea is Associate Professor at Monash University.

Lisa Spagnolo is a Senior Lecturer at Monash University.

www.cambridge.org/9781108435277

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Cambridge University Press acknowledges the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the traditional

owners of Country throughout Australia.

Cambridge University Press acknowledges the Maori people as tangata whenua of Aotearoa New Zealand.

We pay our respects to the First Nation Elders of Australia and New Zealand, past, present and emerging.


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CONTRACT LAWCASES AND MATERIALS

Kenneth YinSimon Kozlina

Kelly GreenLuca Siliquini-CinelliEmmanuel Laryea

Lisa Spagnolo


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CONTENTS

Table of cases page xxviii

Table of statutes xxxix

Acknowledgments xlvii

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1 Some basic questions 3

1.1 Overview 4

1.2 What is a contract? 4

1.3 The relevance of contracts in market societies 8

1.4 The functions of contract law 12

1.5 The origins, development, and sources of Australian contract law 17

Cullen v Trappell 19

Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd 21

Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker 22

Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh 23

1.6 International perspectives 26

1.7 Review 27

2 Themes and perspectives 28

2.1 Overview 29

2.2 Contract in practice: inequality of bargaining powers and

the (ir)relevance of contract law 29

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Pt IV s 45 32

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Pt IV s 45DB 32

2.3 Post-classical and contemporary developments in (Australian)

contract law 33


2.5 Review 51

Tips for applying the law in practice 52

Research question 52

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3 Resolving contractual disputes 53

3.1 Overview 54

3.2 Self-help/agreement 54

3.3 Assisted dispute resolution 56

TCL Air Conditioner (Zhongshan) Co Ltd v Judges of the Federal Court of Australia 57

Commercial Arbitration Act 2011 (Vic) ss 34–36 58

3.4 Taking disputes to court 61

Warman International Ltd v Dwyer 62

Australian Building and Construction Commissioner v Construction, Forestry, Mining

and Energy Union 65

Australian Consumer Law ss 229, 230, 232(6), 236, 237, 243(b), (d), 247, 260 69

Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) s 21 72

Supreme Court Act 1935 (SA) s 17 72

Limitation Act 1969 (NSW) s 14(1)(a) 72

3.5 Choice of law 73

Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay 73

Service and Execution of Process Act 1992 (Cth) ss 15, 20 75


3.7 Review 77



PART II MAKING A CONTRACT 79

4 Preparing to make a contract 81

4.1 Overview 82

4.2 Preparing and settling the terms 82

Petersen v Moloney 88

Venuti and Venuti v Toop Real Estate Pty Ltd 89

Franklins Pty Ltd v Metcash Trading Ltd 91

Alstom Ltd v Yokogawa Australia Pty Ltd (No 7) 94

4.3 Pre-contractual obligations to disclose information 95

Taylor v Johnson 98

4.4 Anticipated contracts that fail to materialise 102

Sabemo Pty Ltd v North Sydney Municipal Council 103

Leading Edge Events Australia Pty Ltd v Kiri Te Kanawa 104

E K Nominees Pty Ltd v Woolworths Ltd 107

British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd 112


4.6 Review 115

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Problem questions 117

Research questions 117

5 Formation 118

5.1 Overview 119

5.2 Intention to create legal relations 119

Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v K S Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd 120

5.2.1 Determining intention 122

Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc 122

Rose & Frank Co v J R Crompton & Bros Ltd 124

Administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea v Leahy 124

Balfour v Balfour 125

Evans v Secretary, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services

and Indigenous Affairs 126

5.3 Establishing agreement 128

5.3.1 Offer 128

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 129

Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd 130

AGC (Advances) Ltd v McWhirter 131

Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council 133

Byrne & Co v Van Tienhoven & Co 134

Dickinson v Dodds 136

5.4 Acceptance 138

Empirnall Holdings Pty Ltd v Machon Paull Partners Pty Ltd 139

R v Clarke 141

Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd 142

Bressan v Squires 144

Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahl-Warendhandelsgesellschaft mbH 146

Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) ss 5, 14, 14A, 14B 147

5.5 Conditional contracts 149

Meehan v Jones 150

5.6 Consideration 155

Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v Commonwealth 156

Beaton v McDivitt 157

Roscorla v Thomas 159

Pao On v Lau Yiu Long 159

Coulls v Bagot’s Executor and Trustee Co Ltd 162

Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd 163

Woolworths Ltd v Kelly 164

Wigan v Edwards 165

Glasbrook Brothers Ltd v Glamorgan County Council 166

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Popiw v Popiw 167

Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace 169

5.7 Certainty and completeness 170

Upper Hunter County District Council v Australian Chilling and Freezing Co Ltd 171

Whitlock v Brew 172

Godecke v Kirwan 174

Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace 175

Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth 177

5.8 Capacity 179

5.8.1 Minors 180

Goods Act 1958 (Vic) s 7 180

Supreme Court Act 1986 (Vic) s 49 180

Minors (Property and Contracts) Act 1970 (NSW) ss 19, 30–31 180

Minors Contracts (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1979 (SA) ss 4–6 181

5.8.2 Mental incapacity 182

Gibbons v Wright 182

5.9 Formalities 184

5.9.1 Contracts relating to land 184

Instruments Act 1958 (Vic) s 126 184

5.9.2 Contracts of guarantee 185

Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 59 185

5.9.3 Consumer contracts 185

National Credit Code ss 14, 18 185

McBride v Sandland 185

Regent v Millett 187

Ogilvie v Ryan 188


5.11 Review 190




6 Preliminary agreements 193

6.1 Overview 194

6.2 Intention and completeness of terms 194

Factory 5 Pty Ltd (in liq) v Victoria (No 2) 194

6.3 Agreements to agree 196

Masters v Cameron 197

Stirnemann v Kaza Investments Pty Ltd 199

Godecke v Kirwan 199

Baulkham Hills Private Hospital Pty Ltd v GR Securities Pty Ltd 201

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6.4 Agreements to negotiate 203

Coal Cliff Collieries Pty Ltd v Sijehama Pty Ltd 203

United Group Rail Services Ltd v Rail Corporation New South Wales 205


6.6 Review 207


Problem question 208


7 Protecting reliance: The doctrine of estoppel 209

7.1 Overview 210

7.2 Elements of equitable estoppel 212

Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher 213

Sidhu v Van Dyke 220

7.3 Measure of relief 222

Giumelli v Giumelli 222

Sidhu v Van Dyke 224


7.4.1 CISG 225

7.4.2 UNIDROIT Principles 225

UNIDROIT Principles art 1.8 (Inconsistent behaviour) 226

7.5 Review 226




8 The parties to a contract 229

8.1 Overview 230

8.2 Identifying the parties 230

Coulls v Bagot’s Executor and Trustee Co Ltd 231

8.3 Benefits conferred on third parties 233

Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Brothers Pty Ltd 234

8.4 Avoiding privity through agency arrangements 238

Port Jackson Stevedoring Pty Ltd v Salmond & Spraggon (Australia)

Pty Ltd (The ‘New York Star’) 239

8.5 Statutory reform of the privity rule 241

8.5.1 Australia 241

Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Cth) s 48 241

Property Law Act 1969 (WA) s 11 242

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Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 55 242

Law of Property Act 2000 (NT) s 56 243

8.5.2 Overseas 244

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 (UK) s 1 244

Contracts (Privity) Act 1982 (NZ) s 4 245



UNIDROIT Principles art 5.2.1 (Contracts in favour of third parties) 246

8.7 Review 246




PART III CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 249

9 Terms and obligations 251

9.1 Overview 252

9.2 Incorporation of written terms 252

9.2.1 Types of incorporation 253

9.2.2 Signed acceptance 253

L’Estrange v F Graucob Ltd 253

Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co 256

9.2.3 Is electronic acceptance a signature? 258

eBay International AG v Creative Festival Entertainment Pty Ltd 258

9.2.4 Reasonable notice 263

Parker v South Eastern Railway Co 263

Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay 265

Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd 268

9.2.5 Onerous or unusual terms 271

Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (‘Mikhail Lermontov’) 271

Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd 275

9.2.6 Prior course of dealing 278

Henry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd 278

9.3 Treating pre-contractual statements as express terms 280

9.3.1 Determining the status of pre-contractual statements 281

9.3.2 Warranty or representation? 281

Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams 281

JJ Savage & Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney 284

Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd 285

9.3.3 The parol evidence rule 287

Goss v Lord Nugent 287

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Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Glengallen Investments Pty Ltd 288

State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Heath Outdoor Pty Ltd 291

9.3.4 Collateral contracts 293

Hoyt’s Pty Ltd v Spencer 294

9.4 Terms implied in fact 297

9.4.1 The tests for implication in fact 297

Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd 298

9.4.2 Establishing necessity 301

Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales 302

9.5 Terms implied by custom and practice 306

9.5.1 Establishing custom and practice 307

Con-Stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v Norwich Winterthur Insurance

(Australia) Ltd 307

9.6 Terms implied by law 311

9.6.1 Implied terms as default rules 311

9.7 Statutory obligations for the supply of goods and services 312

9.7.1 Terms implied by statute 312

Sale of Goods Act 1923 (NSW) ss 17–20 312

9.7.2 A different approach: consumer guarantees 313

Australian Consumer Law ss 2–3, 51–64A, 259–273 314


9.8.1 Incorporation of terms: CISG and UNIDROIT Principles 327

9.8.2 Statutorily implied terms and the CISG 327

9.9 Review 328




10 Interpreting contracts 331

10.1 Overview 332

10.2 How courts ascertain meaning 332

10.2.1 The objective approach 333

Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd 333

10.3 Admissible evidence in interpretation disputes 334

10.3.1 The parol evidence rule and its effect on interpretation 335


10.3.2 Exceptions to the parol evidence rule 338

Giliberto v Kenny 339

Bacchus Marsh Concentrated Milk Co Ltd (in liq) v Joseph Nathan and Co Ltd 340

State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Heath Outdoor Pty Ltd 340

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10.3.3 The rise of ‘commercial construction’ 342

Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd 342

10.3.4 The relevance of surrounding circumstances 344

10.3.5 Codelfa and the ‘true rule’ 345

10.3.6 Royal Botanic and the High Court’s puzzle 345

Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust v South Sydney City Council 345

10.3.7 A ‘gateway’ requirement for surrounding circumstances

evidence? 346

Jireh International Pty Ltd v Western Exports Services Inc; and, on appeal,

Western Export Services Inc v Jireh International Pty Ltd 347

10.3.8 Post-contractual conduct 348

Agricultural and Rural Finance Pty Ltd v Gardiner 349

10.3.9 Admissible evidence: the position summarised 349

10.4 Principles of interpretation 350

10.4.1 The canons of construction 350

10.4.2 Considering the whole of the contract 350

Metropolitan Gas Co v Federated Gas Employees’ Industrial Union 351

10.4.3 Absurdity and unlikelihood 352

Australian Broadcasting Commission v Australasian Performing

Right Association 352

10.4.4 Resolving ambiguities 352

10.4.5 Other maxims 353

SCN Pty Ltd v Smith 353

Goldsbrough, Mort & Co Ltd v Tolson 354


10.5.1 CISG—contractual interpretation 356

CISG arts 8–9, 11 357

10.5.2 UNIDROIT Principles: contractual interpretation 358

UNIDROIT Principles arts 4.1–4.3 358

10.6 Review 359




11 Limiting or extending liability 361

11.1 Overview 362

11.2 Exemption clauses 362

Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd 363

11.3 Interpreting and applying exemption clauses 365

Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia Pty Ltd 366

Wallis, Son & Wells v Pratt & Haynes 367

Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young 368

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Council of the City of Sydney v West 369

Thomas National Transport (Melbourne) Pty Ltd v May & Baker (Australia) Pty Ltd 372

11.3.1 Excluding liability for negligence 374

White v John Warrick & Co Ltd 375

Davis v Pearce Parking Station Pty Ltd 376

11.4 Statutory controls on exemption clauses 378

Australian Consumer Law ss 64, 64A 378

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) s 139A 379

11.5 Guarantees 380

Ankar Pty Ltd v National Westminster Finance (Australia) Ltd 381

11.6 Indemnities 382

Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd 383


UNIDROIT Principles art 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) 386

11.8 Review 386




12 Performance of contractual obligations 388

12.1 Overview 389

12.2 Time of performance 389

Canning v Temby 390

12.3 Order and completeness of performance 392

12.3.1 Entire contracts 393

Automatic Fire Sprinklers Pty Ltd v Watson 393

Cutter v Powell 394

12.3.2 Divisible contracts 395

Mersey Steel & Iron Co (Ltd) v Naylor, Benzon & Co 396

12.3.3 Apportionment legislation 397

Supreme Court Act 1986 (Vic) s 54 397

12.3.4 Partial performance 397

Luna Park (NSW) Ltd v Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd 397

12.3.5 The doctrine of substantial performance 399

Hoenig v Isaacs 399

Bolton v Mahadeva 401

12.4 Co-operation and good faith 402

12.4.1 The duty of co-operation 403

Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker 403

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12.4.2 The requirement of good faith 404

Burger King Corporation v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd 405

Vodafone Pacific Ltd v Mobile Innovations Ltd 406

Virk Pty Ltd (in liq) v YUM! Restaurants Australia Pty Ltd 408


12.5.1 Concurrency of obligations, time for performance, cure

and Nachfrist 410

12.5.2 Obligation to perform with remedies of damages and

price reduction 411

12.5.3 The right to suspend performance 411

12.5.4 Good faith in performance 411

12.6 Review 412




PART IV ADJUSTING A CONTRACT 415

13 Varying terms 417

13.1 Overview 418

13.2 How a contract can be varied 418

13.2.1 Methods of variation 419

Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) v Sara Lee Household & Body Care

(Australia) Pty Ltd 419

Quinn v Jack Chia (Australia) Ltd 420

13.3 The requirement for fresh consideration 422

13.3.1 Performance of an existing legal duty: a history 423

Stilk v Myrick 423

Hartley v Ponsonby 425

13.3.2 Contractual modification and the concept of practical benefit 427

Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd 427

13.3.3 Practical benefit in Australia 429

Musumeci v Winadell Pty Ltd 429

13.3.4 Part-payment of debts: the rule in Foakes v Beer 433

Foakes v Beer 433

13.4 Statutory powers of variation 436

13.4.1 Key examples of statutory variation powers 437

National Credit Code, National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009

(Cth) Sch 1, ss 72, 74 437

Independent Contractors Act 2006 (Cth) ss 3–5, 12–17 438

Independent Contractors Regulation 2016 (Cth) reg 7 442

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CISG art 29 443

13.6 Review 443




14 Transferring rights and obligations 445

14.1 Overview 446

14.2 Assignment of contractual rights 446

14.2.1 The use of assignments 447

Pacific Brands Sport & Leisure Pty Ltd v Underworks Pty Ltd 447

14.2.2 How contractual rights can be assigned 452

Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) s 12 452

14.2.3 Rights that cannot be assigned 453

Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd 453

Devefi Pty Ltd v Mateffy Perl Nagy Pty Ltd 458

Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Haxton 464

14.2.4 Transferring responsibility for performance 469

Tolhurst v Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers 469


14.4 Review 473




15 Impossibility and change in circumstances 475

15.1 Overview 476

15.2 Frustration 476

15.2.1 The impact of post-contractual changes 477

15.2.2 Absolute obligations and the doctrine of frustration 477

Taylor v Caldwell 477

Sale of Goods Act 1923 (NSW) s 12 479

15.2.3 The consequences of frustration 479

15.2.4 The role of contract planning 479


15.2.5 Contracts which are impossible to perform 483

Tsakiroglou & Co Ltd v Noblee Thorl GmbH 484

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15.2.6 Frustration of common purpose 486

oOh! Media Roadside Pty Ltd v Diamond Wheels Pty Ltd 486

Brisbane City Council v Group Projects Pty Ltd 490

15.3 The effects of frustration 494

15.3.1 The common law rules 494

Frustrated Contracts Act 1978 (NSW) ss 5–15 494

Frustrated Contracts Act 1988 (SA) ss 4, 6–8 498

Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012 (Vic) ss 35–38, 41 500


15.4.1 CISG 502

CISG art 79(1) 502


UN I D RO I T Principles art 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship) 503

15.5 Review 503




PART V ENDING A CONTRACT 507

16 Termination of contracts 509

16.1 Overview 510

16.2 Essential terms 511

16.2.1 Termination for breach of an essential term (ie a condition) 512

16.2.2 Classification of terms as essential (conditions) by statute 512

16.3 Classification of terms as essential (conditions) by express

statement of the parties and by the courts 512

16.3.1 Classification of terms as essential (conditions) by express

statement of the parties 513

L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd 513

16.3.2 Classification of terms as essential (conditions) by the courts 514

Luna Park (NSW) Ltd v Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd 514

Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks 518

16.4 Termination for breach of an intermediate term 520

Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd 520

Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land Council v Sanpine Pty Ltd 523

16.5 Termination for repudiation 526

Carr v J A Berriman Pty Ltd 527

Progressive Mailing House Pty Ltd v Tabali Pty Ltd 529

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16.6 Termination for delay 530

Laurinda Pty Ltd v Capalaba Park Shopping Centre Pty Ltd 531

16.7 Relief against forfeiture 535

Tanwar Enterprises Pty Ltd v Cauchi 535


CISG art 25 538

16.9 Review 538




17 Consequences of termination 541

17.1 Overview 542

17.2 Accrued rights 542

McDonald v Dennys Lascelles Ltd 543

17.2.1 Total failure of consideration 547

17.3 Deposits 547

Bot v Ristevski 548

17.4 Restitutionary claims for work done 550

Steele v Tardiani 551



17.6 Review 554




PART VI VITIATING FACTORS AND UNFAIR CONDUCT 557

18 Misinformation 559

18.1 Overview 560

18.2 Misrepresentation 560

18.2.1 Puffs 562

Mitchell v Valherie 562

18.2.2 Statements of intention or opinion 563

Edgington v Fitzmaurice 563

Bisset v Wilkinson 563

18.2.3 Statements of law 564

Smith v Land and House Property Corporation 564

Public Trustee v Taylor 565

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18.2.4 Conduct and silence 566

With v O’Flanagan 566

Jones v Dumbrell 567

18.2.5 The element of inducement 568

Gould v Vaggelas 568

Holmes v Jones 569

Redgrave v Hurd 569

Byers v Dorotea Pty Ltd 570

18.2.6 The remedy of rescission 571

Ivanof v Phillip M Levy Pty Ltd 571

18.2.7 Bars to rescission 572

Alati v Kruger 572

Brown v Smitt 573

Coastal Estates Pty Ltd v Melevende 574

Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell 575

Seddon v North Eastern Salt Co Ltd 575

18.3 Damages for misrepresentation 576

Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Ltd 577

Derry v Peek 578

Palmer Bruyn & Parker Pty Ltd v Parsons 578

L Shaddock & Associates Pty Ltd v Parramatta City Council (No 1) 579

Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd v Peat Marwick Hungerfords 580

18.4 Statutory prohibitions on misleading or deceptive conduct 581

18.4.1 The requirement of conduct ‘in trade or commerce’ 583

Shahid v Australian College of Dermatologists 583

Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson 584

Williams v Pisano 585

Houghton v Arms 586

18.4.2 ‘Misleading or deceptive’ 587

Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Ltd 587

Hornsby Building Information Centre Pty Ltd v Sydney Building

Information Centre Ltd 588

18.4.3 The victim(s) of the deception 589

Butcher v Lachlan Elder Realty Pty Ltd 589

Campomar Sociedad Limitada v Nike International Ltd 589

18.4.4 Silence 590

Demagogue Pty Ltd v Ramensky 590

Miller & Associates Insurance Broking Pty Ltd v BMW Australia Finance Ltd 591

CCP Australian Airships Ltd v Primus Telecommunications Pty Ltd 592

18.4.5 Representations as to the future 592

Australian Consumer Law s 4 592

Digi-Tech (Australia) Ltd v Brand 593

18.4.6 Opinions 594

Johnson & Johnson Pacific Pty Ltd v Unilever Australia (No 2) 594

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18.4.7 Promises 594

Accounting Systems 2000 (Developments) Pty Ltd v CCH Australia Ltd 594

Futuretronics International Pty Ltd v Gadzhis 595

18.4.8 Relaying information 596

Yorke v Lucas 596

Google Inc v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 596

18.4.9 Damages 597

Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd 597

Murphy v Overton Investments Pty Ltd 598

Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL 599

18.4.10 Causation and contribution 599

Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia 599

Marks v GIO Australia Holdings Pty Ltd 600

18.4.11 Exclusion of liability 600

Bowler v Hilda Pty Ltd 601

Butcher v Lachlan Elder Realty Pty Ltd 601

18.5 Mistake 602

18.5.1 Mutual mistake 603

18.5.2 Unilateral mistake 603

Lewis v Averay 603

Papas v Bianca Investments Pty Ltd 604

18.5.3 Common mistake 605

McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission 605

Australia Estates Pty Ltd v Cairns City Council 606

18.5.4 Non est factum 607

Petelin v Cullen 607

Saunders v Anglia Building Society 607

18.6 Rectification 608

Simic v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation 609

Leibler v Air New Zealand Ltd (No 2) 609


18.7.1 CISG 611


UN I D RO I T Principles arts 3.2.1–3.2.2 611

18.8 Review 612




19 Undue pressure 614

19.1 Overview 615

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19.2 Duress 615

19.2.1 Types of duress 616

19.2.2 Rationale of duress at common law 617

Occidental Worldwide Investment Corporation v Skibs A/S Avanti

(The Siboen & The Sibotre) 617

Crescendo Management Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation 617

19.2.3 Illegitimate pressure 618


Beerens v Bluescope Distribution Pty Ltd 620

19.2.4 The scope of economic duress 621

Australia and New Zealand Banking Group v Karam 622

19.2.5 Causation 622

Barton v Armstrong 623

Crescendo Management Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation 624

Dunwoodie v Teachers Mutual Bank Ltd 624

19.2.6 Remedies 625

North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co Ltd

(‘The Atlantic Baron’) 625


19.2.7 Statutory duress 627

Australian Consumer Law s 50 627

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v McCaskey 627

19.3 Undue influence 629

19.3.1 Actual undue influence 630

19.3.2 Presumed undue influence: special classes of relationship 630

Westmelton (Vic) Pty Ltd (rec and mgr apptd) v Archer & Shulman 630

Hartigan v International Society for Krishna Consciousness Inc 631

19.3.3 Presumed undue influence: relationships of influence

established by evidence 632

Johnson v Buttress 632

Thorne v Kennedy 634

19.3.4 Rebutting the presumption of undue influence 635

Badman v Drake 635

Westmelton (Vic) Pty Ltd (rec and mgr apptd) v Archer & Shulman 637


19.4.1 CISG 637

CISG art 4(a) 638

19.4.2 UNIDROIT Principles: Threat 638

UNIDROIT Principles art 3.2.6 (Threat) 638

19.4.3 UNIDROIT Principles: Gross disparity 639

UNIDROIT Principles art 3.2.7 (Gross disparity) 640

19.5 Review 640


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20 Unconscionability and unfairness 642

20.1 Overview 643

20.2 Unconscionable bargains 643

Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd 646

Tanwar Enterprises Pty Ltd v Cauchi 646

Blomley v Ryan 647

Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio 648

Louth v Diprose 650

Bridgewater v Leahy 651

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v C G Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd 652

Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd 653

Thorne v Kennedy 655

Micarone v Perpetual Trustees Australia Ltd 657

20.3 The ‘special equity’ for married women 658

Yerkey v Jones 659

Garcia v National Australia Bank Ltd 660

Narain v Euroasia (Pacific) Pty Ltd 661

20.4 Statutory prohibitions on unconscionable conduct 662

Australian Consumer Law ss 20–21 664

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Samton Holdings Pty Ltd 664

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Radio Rentals Ltd 666

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Seal-A-Fridge Pty Ltd 666

Attorney-General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd 667


Australian Consumer Law s 22(1), (2) 669

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Keshow 671

Kobelt v Australian Securities and Investments Commission 672

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Excite Mobile Pty Ltd 673

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Seal-A-Fridge Pty Ltd 674

Robert McGill Freier v Australian Postal Corporation (No 2) 674


20.6 Review 676




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21 Illegality and public policy 679

21.1 Overview 680

21.2 Introduction 680


Brooks v Burns Philp Trustee Co Ltd 682

Venus Adult Shops Pty Ltd v Fraserside Holdings Ltd 683

21.3 Statutory illegality 684

Gnych v Polish Club Ltd 685

Yango Pastoral Co Pty Ltd v First Chicago Australia Ltd 686

Unlawful Gambling Act 1998 (NSW) s 56 689

Zurich Australia Insurance Ltd v Metals & Minerals Insurance Pty Ltd 689

Life Insurance Act 1995 (Cth) s 230 690

21.4 Public policy and the ex turpi causa principle 691

Holman v Johnson 693

FAI General Insurance Co Ltd (in liq) v Sherry 694

Wilkinson v Osborne 695

Maxcon Constructions Pty Ltd v Vadasz (No 2) 696

Campbell’s Cash and Carry Pty Ltd v Fostif Pty Ltd 696

Barac v Farnell 697

Materials Fabrication Pty Ltd v Baulderstone Pty Ltd 698

Hooper Bailie Associated Ltd v Natcon Group Pty Ltd 699

Brown v The Queen 699

Commonwealth v Verwayen 700

A v Hayden (No 2) 701

Fitzgerald v Leonhardt Pty Ltd 701

Carney v Herbert 703

McFarlane v Daniell 704

Strongman (1945) v Sincock 705

Miller v Miller 705

Bowmakers Ltd v Barnet Instruments Ltd 706

Nelson v Nelson 706

21.5 Restraint of trade 708

Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns & Ammunition Co Ltd 709

Lindner v Murdock’s Garage 709

Amoco Australia Pty Ltd v Rocca Brothers Motor Engineering Co Pty Ltd 711

Peters (WA) Ltd v Petersville Ltd 711

Australian Capital Territory v Munday 713

Geraghty v Minter 714

Herbert Morris Ltd v Saxelby 715

NE Perry Pty Ltd v Judge 716

Pearson v HRX Holdings Pty Ltd 717

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21.7 Review 719




PART VII REMEDIES 721

22 Enforcing a contract 723

22.1 Overview 724

22.2 Specific performance 724

Wight v Haberdan Pty Ltd 727

Adderley v Dixon 728

Pianta v National Finance & Trustees Ltd 729

Loan Investment Corporation of Australasia v Bonner 730

Semelhago v Paramadevan 732

Dougan v Ley 732

Wenham v Ella 733

Verrall v Great Yarmouth Borough Council 734

J C Williamson Ltd v Lukey 735

Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Australia 736

Cannavo v FCD (Holdings) Pty Ltd 737

Price v Strange 738

Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd 739

Green v Sommerville 740

Mehmet v Benson 741

Wedgwood v Adams 742

Fitzgerald v Masters 742

Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd v Australian Retail Freeholds Pty Ltd 743

Slee v Warke 744

Lamshed v Lamshed 745

Lindsay Petroleum Co v Hurd, Farewell & Kemp 746

22.3 Injunctions 747

Corporate Transport Services Pty Ltd v Toll 748

Australian Broadcasting Corporation v O’Neill 749

Dalgety Wine Estates Pty Ltd v Rizzon 749

Lumley v Wagner 750

Page One Records Ltd v Britton 750

Curro v Beyond Productions Pty Ltd 751

22.4 Recovery of debts 751

Young v Queensland Trustees Ltd 752

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White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor 753

Bot v Ristevski 754

22.5 Liquidated damages and penalty clauses 755

Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd 756


Arab Bank Australia Ltd v Sayde Developments Pty Ltd 758


22.7 Review 760




23 Damages for breach of contract 762

23.1 Overview 763

23.2 Types of damages and compensable losses for breach of contract 763

Robinson v Harman 765

Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd 765

McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission 766


Sale of Goods Act 1923 (NSW) s 53 768

Wenham v Ella 768

Bain v Fothergill 769

Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) s 54B 769

Bellgrove v Eldridge 770

Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd 771

Chaplin v Hicks 772

Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL 773


Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd 775

Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young 775

23.3 Restrictions on recovery 776

Reg Glass Pty Ltd v Rivers Locking Systems Pty Ltd 778

Lexmead (Basingstoke) Ltd v Lewis 778

Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corporation Ltd 779

Hadley v Baxendale 780


Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd 781

H Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd 783

British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v Underground Electric

Railways Co of London Ltd 783

Simonious Vischer & Co v Holt & Thompson 784

Burns v MAN Automotive (Australia) Pty Ltd 785

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23.3.1 Contributory negligence 786

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1965 (NSW) s 9 786

Indresco Pty Ltd v Hawker Noyes Equipment Pty Ltd 787

Hungerfords v Walker 788

Hardie v Shadbolt 789


23.4.1 CISG 789


23.5 Review 790




24 Restitutionary remedies 792

24.1 Overview 793

24.2 Money claims 793


David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia 796

Roxborough v Rothmans of Pall Mall Australia Ltd 797

Ford v Perpetual Trustees Victoria Ltd 797

Freedom v A.H.R. Constructions Pty Ltd 798


24.3 Claims for services rendered 800

Pavey & Matthews Pty Ltd v Paul 802

Renard Constructions (ME) Pty Ltd v Minister for Public Works 803

Lumbers v W Cook Builders Pty Ltd (in liq) 804

Sumpter v Hedges 806

Lampson (Australia) Pty Ltd v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (No 3) 807

Appleby v Myers 809

Sabemo Pty Ltd v North Sydney Municipal Council 809

24.4 Explaining restitution and its rise and fall 810


24.5.1 General 812

24.5.2 CISG 812


24.6 Review 813




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PART VIII INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OFCONTRACT LAW 815

25 Contract in the international context 817

25.1 Overview 818

25.2 Choices of law in international contracting 818

25.2.1 Choice of law in courts 820

25.2.2 Choice of law in arbitration 820

25.2.3 Party negotiation for choice of law and neutral laws 821

25.2.4 Choice of soft laws/rules 822

25.3 CISG and UNIDROIT Principles 822

25.4 Application and effect 823

25.4.1 Applicability of the CISG 823

25.4.2 Effect of the CISG 825

25.4.3 UNIDROIT Principles: application and effect 825

25.5 Interpretation 826

25.5.1 Implementing legislation 826

Playcorp Pty Ltd v Taiyo Kogyo Ltd 826

Goods Act 1958 (Vic) ss 86–87 827

25.5.2 Autonomous interpretation 828

25.5.3 Approaches to internal and external gaps 829

25.5.4 Good faith 830

25.5.5 Interpretation of party intent, extrinsic evidence and the parol

evidence rule 830

25.5.6 Merger/entire agreement clauses to limit extrinsic

evidence 832

25.5.7 Relevance of usages and practices 833

25.5.8 General interpretive principles 833

25.6 Formalities 835

25.6.1 Freedom of form 835

25.6.2 Party agreement on form and no oral modification clauses 835

25.7 Formation 836

25.7.1 CISG—offers, withdrawal and revocation 836

25.7.2 CISG—acceptance and modified acceptance 837

25.7.3 CISG—standard terms and battle of the forms 839

25.7.4 CISG—consideration 839

25.7.5 CISG—exemption and limitation clauses 839

25.7.6 CISG—usages and practices 839

25.7.7 UNIDROIT Principles—offers, withdrawal and revocation 840

25.7.8 UNIDROIT Principles—acceptance and modified acceptance 840

25.7.9 UNIDROIT Principles—standard terms and battle of the forms 840

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25.7.10 UNIDROIT Principles—consideration, mistake, gross disparity

and validity 841

25.7.11 UNIDROIT Principles—exemption and limitation clauses 842

25.7.12 UNIDROIT Principles—usages, practices and supplemented

terms 842

25.8 Rights and obligations 842

25.8.1 CISG—seller obligations: conformity, delivery, ownership

and third-party rights 842

25.8.2 CISG—buyer obligations: inspection, notice of non-conformity,

payment of price 843

25.8.3 CISG—public permissions and standards 843

Bundesgerichtshof [Federal Supreme Court] [BGH] Germany 8 March 1995 844

25.8.4 UNIDROIT Principles—time for performance 845

25.8.5 UNIDROIT Principles—currency 845

25.8.6 UNIDROIT Principles—public permissions 845

25.8.7 UNIDROIT Principles—good faith obligations: negotiations,

performance and enforcement 846

25.8.8 UNIDROIT Principles—confidentiality 846

25.9 Remedies 846

25.9.1 Cure 846

25.9.2 Additional period for performance 847

25.9.3 Performance 847

25.9.4 Termination 847

25.9.5 Anticipatory breach and suspension 849

25.9.6 Damages, price reduction, agreed sums and mitigation 849

25.9.7 Interest 850

25.9.8 Restitution 850

25.9.9 Excuse 851

25.9.10 Preclusion of reliance on breach and contributory harm 852

Index 853

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TABLE OF CASES

A v Hayden (No 2) (1984) 156 CLR 532, 701

Accounting Systems 2000 (Developments) Pty Ltd v CCH Australia Ltd (1993) 42 FCR 470,

594–5

Adderley v Dixon (1824) 57 ER 239, 728–9

Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [1909] AC 488, 775

Administration of the Territory of Papua New Guinea v Leahy (1961) 105 CLR 6, 124–5

AGC (Advances) Ltd v McWhirter (1977) 1 BPR 9454, 132–3

Agricultural and Rural Finance Pty Ltd v Gardiner (2008) 238 CLR 570, 348–9

Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v K S Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1985) 2 NSWLR 309,

120–1, 338, 830

Akai Pty Ltd v People’s Insurance Co Ltd (1996) 188 CLR 418, 819

Al Azhari v 27 Scott Street Pty Ltd [2017] VSC 600, 83

Alati v Kruger (1955) 94 CLR 216, 55, 572–3

Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corporation Ltd (1987) 9 NSWLR 310, 779–80

Alstom Ltd v Yokogawa Australia Pty Ltd (No 7) [2012] SASC 49, 94–5

Amoco Australia Pty Ltd v Rocca Brothers Motor Engineering Co Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 288,

711

Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 424, 383–5

Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2012) 247 CLR 205, 755–6

Ankar Pty Ltd v National Westminster Finance (Australia) Ltd (1987) 162 CLR 549, 381–3

Antov v Bokan [2018] NSWSC 1474, 96

Appelby v Myers (1867) LR 2 CP 651, 809

Arab Bank Australia Pty Ltd v Sayde Developments Pty Ltd (2016) 93 NSWLR 231, 758

Associated Newspapers Ltd v Branks (1951) 83 CLR 322, 518–19

Astley v Austrust Ltd (1999) 197 CLR 1, 786

Attorney-General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd (2005) 63 NSWLR 557, 667

Attorney-General of Botswana v Aussie Diamond Products Pty Ltd [2010] WASC 141, 826

Australia Estates Pty Ltd v Cairns City Council [2005] QCA 328, 606, 612

Australia and New Zealand Banking Group v Karam (2004) 64 NSWLR 149, 622

Australian Broadcasting Commission v Australasian Performing Right Association (1973)

129 CLR 99, 352

Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199, 646

Australian Broadcasting Corporation v O’Neill (2006) 227 CLR 57, 749

Australian Broadcasting Corporation v XIVth Commonwealth Games Ltd (1988) 18 NSWLR

540, 348

Australian Building and Construction Commission v Construction, Forestry, Mining and

Energy Union (2018) 262 CLR 157, 65–9

Australian Capital Territory v Munday (2000) 99 FCR 72, 713–14

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Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v C G Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd (2003)

214 CLR 51, 652–3, 663, 677

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Excite Mobile Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 350,

673

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Keshow [2005] FCA 558, 671–2

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Maritime Union of Australia (2001)

114 FCR 472, 627

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v McCaskey (2000) 104 FCR 8, 627–8

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Radio Rentals Ltd (2005) 146 FCR 292,

666

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Samton Holdings Pty Ltd (2002)

117 FCR 301, 664–5

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Seal-A-Fridge Pty Ltd (2010) 268 ALR

321, 666–7, 674

Australian Vintage Ltd v Belvino Investments No 2 Pty Ltd (2015) 90 NSWLR 367, 57

Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424, 5, 156–7

Automatic Fire Sprinklers Pty Ltd v Watson (1946) 72 CLR 435, 393–4

Bacchus Marsh Concentrated Milk Co Ltd (in liq) v Joseph Nathan & Co Ltd (1919) 26 CLR 410,

338, 340

Badman v Drake [2008] NSWSC 1366, 629, 635

Bain v Fothergill (1874) LR 7 HL 158, 769

Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571, 125–6

Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (‘Mikhail Lermontov’) (1991) 22 NSWLR 1, 271–5

Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (‘Mikhail Lermontov’) (1993) 176 CLR 344, 275, 774–5, 799–800

Barac v Farnell (1994) 53 FCR 193, 697–8

Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104, 623

Baulkham Hills Private Hospital Pty Ltd v GR Securities Pty Ltd (1986) 40 NSWLR 622, 201–2,

207

Beaton v McDivitt (1987) 13 NSWLR 162, 157–9

Beecham Group Ltd v Bristol Laboratories Pty Ltd (1968) 118 CLR 618, 749

Beerens v Bluescope Distribution Pty Ltd (2012) 39 VR 1, 619–21, 623

Bellgrove v Eldridge (1954) 90 CLR 613, 770–1

Beximo Pharmaceuticals Ltd v Shamil Bank of Bahrain [2004] 1 WLR 1784, 825

Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace (1988) 15 NSWLR 130, 169–70, 175–7

Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177, 563–4

Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council [1990] 1 WLR 1195, 133–4

Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362, 647–8

Bolton v Mahadeva [1972] 1 WLR 1009, 401–2

Bonython v Commonwealth (1950) 81 CLR 486, 819

Bot v Ristevski [1981] VR 120, 548–9, 754

Bowler v Hilda Pty Ltd (1998) 80 FCR 191, 601

Bowmakers Ltd v Barnet Instruments Ltd [1946] 1 KB 65, 706

BP International, Ltd v Empressa Estatal Petroleos de Ecuador, 332 F.3d 333, U.S. Court of

Appeals (5th Cir.), 11 June 2003, 825

BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire Council (1977) 180 CLR 266, 297

Bradman v Drake [2008] NSWSC 1360, 635–6

Brenner v First Artists’ Management Pty Ltd [1993] 2 VR 221, 103

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Bressan v Squires [1974] 2 NSWLR 460, 144–5

Bridgewater v Leahy (1998) 194 CLR 457, 645, 651–2

Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahl-Warendhandelsgelleschaft mbH [1983] 2 AC 34, 146–7

Brisbane City Council v Group Projects Pty Ltd (1979) 145 CLR 143, 490–3

British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd [1984] 1 All ER 504, 103,

112–14

British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v Underground Electric Railways Co

of London Ltd [1912] AC 673, 783–4

Brooks v Burns Philp Trustee Co Ltd (1969) 121 CLR 432, 682–3, 720

Brown v Smitt (1924) 34 CLR 160, 573–4

Brown v The Queen (1986) 160 CLR 171, 699–700

Burger King Corporation v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd (2001) 69 NSWLR 558, 405–6

Burns v MAN Automotive (Australia) Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 653, 785–6

Butcher v Lachlan Elder Realty Pty Ltd (2004) 218 CLR 592, 589, 601

Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd [1979] 1 WLR 401,

143–4

Byers v Dorotea Pty Ltd (1986) 69 ALR 715, 570–1

Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd (1995) 185 CLR 410, 298–301, 311, 739–40

Byrne & Co v Van Tienhoven & Co (1880) LR 5 CPD 344, 135–6

Caito Roger v Société française de factoring, Cour d’appel, Grenoble, France, 13 September

1995, 844

Campbell’s Cash and Carry Pty Ltd v Fostif Pty Ltd (1986) 229 CLR 386, 696–7

Campomar Sociedad Limitada v Nike International Ltd (2000) 202 CLR 45, 589–90

Cannavo v FCD (Holdings) Pty Ltd [2000] NSWSC 304, 726, 737–8

Canning v Temby (1905) 3 CLR 419, 390–1

Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525, 575

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256, 129–30

Carney v Herbert [1985] AC 301, 703–4

Carr v J A Berriman Pty Ltd (1953) 89 CLR 327, 527–8

CCP Australian Airships Ltd v Primus Telecommunications Pty Ltd (2005)

ATPR }42-042, 592

CGU Insurance Ltd v AMP Financial Planning Pty Ltd (2007) 235 CLR 1, 96

Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786, 772–3

Chapmans Ltd v Australian Stock Exchange Ltd (1996) 67 FCR 402, 351, 353

Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87, 163

Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority v 34 Players [2014] VSC

635, 57

Claudia v Olivieri Footwear Ltd, 1998 WL 164824, 5-6 (SDNY, 1998), 831

Clifford v Vegas Enterprises Pty Ltd [2011] FCAFC 135, 97

Coal Cliff Collieries Pty Ltd v Sijehama Pty Ltd (1991) 24 NSWLR 1, 203–5

Coastal Estates Pty Ltd v Melevende [1965] VR 433, 574–5

Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR 337,

302–6, 336–8, 345–6, 480–3

Coke Case, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Award No. 7565 of 1994, 825

Coles Supermakets Australia Pty Ltd v Australian Retail Freeholds Pty Ltd (1996) 16 WAR 282,

743–4

Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447, 96, 645, 648–50, 652, 677

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Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) v Sara Lee Household & Body Care (Australia) Pty Ltd (2000)

201 CLR 520, 419–20

Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64, 765, 767–8, 781

Commonwealth v Verwayen (1990) 170 CLR 394, 700

Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker (2014) 253 CLR 169, 22–3, 97, 403–4

Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Smith (1991) 42 FCR 390, 96

Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594, 584–5

Con-Stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v Norwich Winterthur Insurance (Australia) Ltd

(1986) 160 CLR 226, 307–11

Corporate Transport Services Pty Ltd v Toll (2005) 215 ALR 644, 748

Coulls v Bagot’s Executor and Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460, 162–3, 231–3

Council of the City of Sydney v West (1965) 114 CLR 481, 363, 369–71

Cox v Phillips Industries Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 638, 774

Crescendo Management Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corporation (1988) 19 NSWLR 40, 617–18,

622, 624

Cullen v Trappell (1980) 146 CLR 1, 18–21

Curro v Beyond Productions Pty Ltd (1993) 30 NSWLR 337, 751

Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co [1951] 1 KB 805, 256–8

Cutter v Powell [1775-1802] All ER Rep 159, 394–5

Dalgety Wine Estates Pty Ltd v Rizzon (1979) 141 CLR 552, 749–50

Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 500, 353, 366–7, 564

David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1992) 175 CLR 353, 564, 796, 811

Davis v Pearce Parking Station Pty Ltd (1954) 91 CLR 642, 376–7

Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council [1956] AC 69, 479–80

Demagogue Pty Ltd v Ramensky (1992) 39 FCR 31, 97, 590–1

Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337, 577–8

Design of Radio Phone Case, Hof van Beroep [Court of Appeal] Gent, Belgium, 15 May 2002,

839

Devefi Pty Ltd v Mateffy Perl Nagy Pty Ltd (1993) 113 ALR 225, 458–64

Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd [1965] 1 WLR 623, 285–6

Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 Ch D 463, 136–7, 190

Digi-Tech (Australia) Ltd v Brand (2004) Aust Contract R 90-196, 593

Dougan v Ley (1945) 71 CLR 142, 732–3

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd [1915] AC 79, 757–8

Dunwoodie v Teachers Mutual Bank Ltd [2014] NSWCA 24, 623–5

E K Nominees Pty Ltd v Woolworths Ltd [2006] NSWSC 1172, 103, 107–12

eBay International AG v Creative Festival Entertainment Pty Ltd (2006) 170 FCR 450, 258–63

Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459, 563

Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd [2013] WASCA 36, 619–20,

625–7

Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251 CLR 640, 342–4, 346

Empirnall Holdings Pty Ltd v Machon Paull Partners Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 523, 139–41

Engel v Adelaide Hebrew Congregation Inc (2007) 98 SASR 402, 825

Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Glengallen Investments Pty Ltd (2004) 218 CLR 471, 289–90

Equuscorp Pty Ltd v Haxton (2012) 246 CLR 498, 464–9, 680–2, 720, 794–5

Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95, 122–3

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Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd v Peat Marwick Hungerfords (1997) 188 CLR 241, 580–1

Evans v Secretary, Department of Families, Housing and Community Services and Indigenous

Affairs (2012) 289 ALR 237, 126–8

Factory 5 Pty Ltd (in liq) v Victoria (No 2) [2012] FCAFC 150, 194–5

FAI General Insurance Co Ltd (in liq) v Sherry [2002] SASC 431, 694–5, 720

Filanto S.p.A. v Chilewich International Corporation, 789 F Supp. 1229 (SDNY, 1992), 831

Filanto S.p.A. v Chilewich International Corporation, 984 F 2d 58 (2nd Cir, 1993), 831

Fitzgerald v Deloitte Services Pty Ltd [2017] NSWCA 139, 97

Fitzgerald v Leonhardt Pty Ltd (1997) 189 CLR 215, 701–3

Fitzgerald v Masters (1956) 95 CLR 420, 742–3

Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605, 433–6

Ford v Perpetual Trustees Victoria Ltd (2009) 75 NSWLR 42, 797–8

Franklins Pty Ltd v Metcash Trading Ltd (2009) 76 NSWLR 603, 84, 91–4, 346, 348

Freedom v A.H.R. Constructions Pty Ltd [1987] 1 Qd R 59, 798–9

Futuretronics International Pty Ltd v Hadzhis [1992] 2 VR 217, 595–6

Garcia v National Australia Bank Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 395, 659–61, 677

Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 1, 597–8

Geraghty v Minter (1979) 142 CLR 177, 714

Gibbons v Wright (1954) 91 CLR 423, 182–3

Gibbons Holdings Ltd v Wholesale Distributors Ltd [2008] 1 NZLR 277, 348

Giliberto v Kenny (1983) 57 ALJR 283, 338–9

Ginza Pty Ltd v Vista Corporation Pty Ltd [2003] WASC 11, 843

Giumelli v Giumelli (1999) 196 CLR 101, 222–3

Glasbrook Brothers Ltd v Glamorgan County Council [1925] AC 270, 166–7

Gnych v Polish Club Ltd (2015) 255 CLR 414, 685–6

Godecke v Kirwan (1973) 129 CLR 629, 174–5, 199–201

Goldsbrough, Mort & Co Ltd v Tolson (1909) 10 CLR 470, 353–5

Google Inc v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2013) 249 CLR 435,

596–7

Goss v Lord Nugent (1833) 110 ER 713, 287–8

Gould v Vaggelas (1984) 157 CLR 215, 568–9

Green v Sommerville (1979) 141 CLR 594, 740–1

H Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd [1978] QB 791, 783

Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 156 ER 145, 774, 780–1, 791

Halpern v Halpern (Nos 1 and 2) [2008] QB 195, 825

Hamlin v Great Northern Railway Co (1856) 1 H&N 408, 774

Hannaford v Australian Farmlink Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1591, 849

Haque v Haque (No. 2) (1965) 114 CLR 98, 819

Hardie v Shadbolt [2014] WASCA 175, 789

Hartigan v International Society for Krishna Conscience Inc [2002] NSWSC 810, 631–2

Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 119 ER 1471, 423, 425–7

Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd (No 1) (1988) 39 FCR 546, 97

Henry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31, 278–9

Herbert Morris Ltd v Saxelby [1916] AC 688, 715–16

Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos (1932) 43 LJ L Rep 359, 353

Hoenig v Isaacs [1952] 2 All ER 176, 399–401

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Holman v Johnson (1775) 1 Cowp 341, 693–4

Holmes v Jones (1907) 4 CLR 1692, 569

Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 1 All ER 474, 520–3

Hooper Bailie Associated Ltd v Natcon Group pty Ltd (1992) 28 NSWLR 194, 699

Hornsby Building Information Centre Pty Ltd v Sydney Building Information Centre Pty Ltd

(1978) 140 CLR 216, 588

Houghton v Arms (2006) 225 CLR 553, 586

Hoyt’s Pty Ltd v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133, 294–6, 338

Hungerfords v Walker (1989) 171 CLR 125, 763, 788–9

Indresco Pty Ltd v Hawker Noyes Equipment Pty Ltd [1999] WASCA 60, 787

Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young (2010) 78 NSWLR 641, 775–6

Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young (2011) 243 CLR 149, 368–9

Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1989] QB 433, 275–8

International Air Transport Association v Ansett Australia Holdings Ltd (2008) 234 CLR 151,

346

Investors Compensation Scheme v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] AC 896, 344

Ivanof v Phillip M Levy Pty Ltd [1971] VR 167, 571

J C Williamson Pty Ltd v Lukey (1931) 45 CLR 282, 735–6

Jireh International Pty Ltd v Western Exports Services Inc [2011] NSWCA 137, 347, 352

JJ Savage & Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435, 284–5

Johnson v Buttress (1936) 56 CLR 113, 630, 632–3, 635

Johnson & Johnson Pacific Pty Ltd v Unilever Australia Ltd (No 2) (2007) ATPR }42-136, 594

Jones v Dumbrell [1981] VR 199, 567–8

Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd (2013) 250 CLR 392, 645, 653–4, 677

Kobelt v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2018) 352 ALR 689, 672–3

Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land Council v Sanpine Pty Ltd (2007) 233 CLR 115, 510, 523–6

Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740, 486

L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235, 348, 513–14

L Shaddock & Associates Pty Ltd v Paramatta City Council (No 1) (1981) 150 CLR 225, 579–80

Lam v Ausintel Investments Australia Pty Ltd (1989) 97 FLR 458, 96

Lampson (Australia) Pty Ltd v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (No 3) [2014] WASC 162, 807–8, 811

Lamshed v Lamshed (1963) 109 CLR 440, 727, 745–6

Langley v Foster (1906) 4 CLR 167, 353

Laurinda Pty Ltd v Capalaba Park Shopping Centre Pty Ltd (1989) 166 CLR 623, 531–4

Leading Edge Events Australia Pty Ltd v Kiri Te Kanawa [2007] NSWSC 228, 103–7

Leibler v Air New Zealand Ltd (No 2) [1999] 1 VR 1, 609–10

L’Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394, 83, 253–6

Lewis v Averay [1972] 1 QB 198, 603–4

Lexmead (Basingstoke) Ltd v Lewis [1982] AC 225, 778

Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenestra Sludge Disposals Ltd [1994] 1 AC 85, 454–8

Lindner v Murdock’s Garage (1950) 83 CLR 628, 709–10

Lindsay Petroleum Co v Hurd, Farewell & Kemp (1874) LR 5 PC 221, 746

Lion Nathan Australia Pty Ltd v Coopers Brewery Ltd (2006) 156 FCR 1, 346

Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Ltd (1880) 5 App Cas 25, 577–8

Loan Investment Corporation of Australasia v Bonner [1970] NZLR 724, 730–1

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Louth v Diprose (1992) 175 CLR 621, 650–1

Lucy v Zehmer, 84 SE 2d 516 (1954), 830

Lumbers v W Cook Builders Pty Ltd (in liq) (2008) 232 CLR 635, 802, 804–6, 811, 813

Lumley v Wagner (1852) 42 ER 678, 748, 750

Luna Park (NSW) Ltd v Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd (1938) 61 CLR 286, 397–9, 514–18

Lym International Pty Ltd v Marcolongo (2011) BPR 29,465, 348

Maggbury Pty Ltd v Hafele Australia Pty Ltd (2001) 210 CLR 181, 345

Mainteck Services Pty Ltd v Stein Heurtey SA (2014) 89 NSWLR 633, 346

Malouf v Constantinou [2017] NSWSC 923, 83–4

Marks v GIO Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (1998) 196 CLR 494, 600

Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353, 150, 197–9, 207

Materials Fabrication Pty Ltd v Baulderstone Pty Ltd [2009] VSC 405, 698

Maxcon Constructions Pty Ltd v Vadasz (No 2) (2017) 127 SASR 193, 696

MBF Investments Pty Ltd v Nolan [2011] 37 VR 116, 346

McBride v Sandland (1918) 25 CLR 69, 185–6

McCann v Switzerland Insurance Australia Ltd (2000) 203 CLR 579, 353

MCC-Marble Ceramic Center, Inc v Ceramica Nuova D’Agostino, SpA, 114 F 3d 1384 (1998),

831

McDonald v Dennys Lascelles Ltd (1933) 48 CLR 457, 543–6, 754

McFarlane v Daniell (1938) 38 SR (NSW) 337, 704

McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission (1951) 84 CLR 377, 605–6, 766–7

Medical Marketing International Inc v Internazionale Medico Scientifica, 1999 US Dist LEXIS

7380, 844

Meehan v Jones (1982) 149 CLR 571, 154

Mehmet v Benson (1965) 113 CLR 295, 741–2

Mersey Steel & Iron Co (Ltd) v Naylor, Benzon & Co (1884) 9 App Cas 434, 396

Metropolitan Gas Co v Federated Gas Employyes’ Industrial Union (1925) 35 CLR 449,

351–2

Micarone v Perpetual Trustees Australia Ltd (1999) 75 SASR 1, 657–8

Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd (2012) 36 VR 456, 57

Miller v Miller (2011) 242 CLR 446, 705–6

Miller & Associates Insurance Broking Pty Ltd v BMW Australia Finance Ltd (2010) 241 CLR

357, 97, 591–2

Mineralogy Pty Ltd v Sino Iron Pty Ltd (No 6) (2015) 329 ALR 1, 97

Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273, 19, 23–4

Mitchell v Valherie (2005) 93 SASR 76, 562

Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd (2015) 256 CLR 104, 346

Murphy v Overton Investments Pty Ltd (2004) 216 CLR 388, 598

Mushrooms Case, Oberster Gerichtshof [Supreme Court], Austria, 26 January 2005, 825

Musumeci v Winadell Pty Ltd (1994) 34 NSWLR 723, 429–33

Narain Euroasia (Pacific) Pty Ltd (2009) 26 VR 387, 661

NE Perry Pty Ltd v Judge (2002) 84 SASR 86, 716–17

Nelson v Nelson (1995) 184 CLR 538, 701, 706–7

New Zealand Mussels Case, Bundesgerichtshof [Federal Supreme Court] [BGH] Germany

8 March 1995, 844–5

Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns & Ammunition Co Ltd [1894] AC 535, 680, 709

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North East Solutions Pty Ltd v Masters Home Improvement Australia Pty Ltd [2016] VSC 1, 97

North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co Ltd (‘The Atlantic Baron’) [1979] QB

705, 625–6

Nu Line Construction Group Pty Ltd v Fowler [2014] NSWCA 51, 103

Nurisvan Investment Ltd v Anyoption Holdings Ltd [2017] VSCA 141, 348

Occidental Worldwide Investment Corporation v Skribs A/S Avanti (The Siboen & The Sibotre)

[1976] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 293, 617

Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197, 73–5, 265–8

Ogilvie v Ryan [1976] 2 NSWLR 504, 188–9

Olivaylle Pty Ltd v Flottweg GmbH & Co KGAA (No 4) (2009) 255 ALR 632, 847, 849

oOh! Media Roadside Pty Ltd v Diamond Wheels Pty Ltd (2011) 32 VR 255, 486–90

Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370, 281–4

Pacific Brands Sport & Leisure Pty Ltd v Underworks Pty Ltd (2006) 149 FCR 395, 447–52

Pacific Carriers Ltd v BNP Paribas (2004) 218 CLR 451, 346

Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2015) 236 FCR 199, 97, 668

Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2016) 258 CLR 525, 18, 21–2,

668–9, 756–8

Page One Records Ltd v Britton [1968] 1 WLR 157, 750

Palmer v Turnbull [2019] 1 Qd R 286, 819

Palmer Bruyn & Parker Pty Ltd v Parsons (2001) 208 CLR 388, 578–9

Pao On Lau v Yiu Long [1980] AC 614, 159–62

Papas v Bianca Investments Pty Ltd (2002) 82 SASR 581, 604–5

Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 191, 587–8

Parker v South Eastern Railway Co (1877) 2 CPD 416, 263–4

Parker v The Queen (1963) 111 CLR 610, 18

Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Australia (1998) 195 CLR 1,

736–7, 761

Pavey & Matthews Pty Ltd v Paul (1987) 162 CLR 221, 185, 801–3, 811

Pavlovic v Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd (2015) 90 NSWLR 605, 83

Pearson v HRX Holdings Pty Ltd (2010) 205 FCR 187, 717–18

Petelin v Cullen (1975) 132 CLR 355, 607, 612

Peters (WA) Ltd v Petersville Ltd (2001) 205 CLR 126, 711–13

Petersen v Moloney (1951) 84 CLR 91, 83, 88–9

Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB

401, 130–1

Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827, 363–4, 386

Pianta v National Finance & Trustees Ltd (1964) 180 CLR 146, 729–30

Pizza Cartons Case, Lower Court Duisburg, Germany 13 April 2000, 833

Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth (1969) 121 CLR 353, 178–9

Playcorp Pty Ltd v Taiyo Kogyo Ltd [2003] VSC 108, 826–7, 843

Popiw v Popiw [1959] VR 197, 167–8

Port Jackson Stevedoring Pty Ltd v Salmond & Spraggon (Australia) Pty Ltd (‘The New York

Star’) (1978) 139 CLR 231, 239–41

Possehl (HK) Ltd v China Metals & Minerals Import & Export (Shenshen) Corporation,

Guangdong High People’s Court [Appellate Court], People’s Republic of China, 2005,

833

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Price v Strange [1977] 3 All ER 371, 726, 738–9

Probuild Constructions (Australia) Pty Ltd v Shade Systems Pty Ltd (2018) 264 CLR 1, 57

Progressive Mailing House Pty Ltd v Tabali Pty Ltd (1985) 157 CLR 17, 529–30

Public Trustee v Taylor [1978] VR 289, 565–6

Quinn v Jack Chia (Australia) Ltd [1992] 1 VR 567, 420–2

R v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227, 141–2, 830

Raffles v Wichelhaus (1864) 2 H & C 906, 603

Re South Head & District Synagogue (Sydney) (admin apptd) [2017] NSWSC 823, 825

Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1, 569–70

Reg Glass Pty Ltd v Rivers Locking Systems Pty Ltd (1968) 120 CLR 516, 778

Regent v Millett (1976) 33 CLR 679, 187–8

Regie Nationale des Usines Renault SA v Zhang (2002) 210 CLR 491, 819

Renard Constructions (ME) Pty Ltd v Minister for Public Works (1992) 26 NSWLR 234, 97,

803–4

Ringrow Pty Ltd v BP Australia Pty Ltd (2005) 224 CLR 656, 757

Robert McGill Freier v Australian Postal Corporation (No 2) [2012] NSWSC 61, 674–5

Robinson v Harman (1848) 154 ER 363, 763, 765, 791

Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234, 159

Rose & Frank Co v J R Crompton & Bros Ltd [1923] 2 KB 261, 124

Routledge v McKay [1954] 1 WLR 615, 284

Roxborough v Rothmans of Pall Mall Australia Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 516, 795, 797

Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust v South Sydney City Council (2002) 240 CLR 45,

345–6

RW Cameron & Co. v L Slutzkin Pty Ltd (1923) 32 CLR 81, 339

Sabemo Pty Ltd v North Sydney Municipal Council [1977] 2 NSWLR 880, 103–4, 809

Saunders v Anglia Building Society [1971] AC 1004, 607–8, 612

Scafom International BV v Lorraine Tubes S.A.S., Court of Cassation [Supreme Court] Belgium,

19 June 2009, 851

SCN Pty Ltd v Smith [2006] QCA 360, 353–4

Seddon v North Eastern Salt Co Ltd [1905] 1 Ch 326, 575–6

Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL (1994) 179 CLR 332, 599, 773–4

Semelhago v Paramadevan [1969] 2 SCR 415, 732

Shahid v Australian College of Dermatologists (2008) 168 FCR 46, 583–4

Shamil Bank of Bahrain EC v Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd [2004] 1 WLR 1784, 825

Shoalhaven City Council v Firedam Civil Engineering Pty Ltd (2011) 244 CLR 305, 57

Sidhu v Van Dyke (2014) 251 CLR 505, 220–1, 224–5

Simic v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation (2016) 260 CLR 85, 609

Simonious Vischer & Co v Holt & Thompson [1979] 2 NSWLR 322, 784–5

Slee v Warke (1949) 86 CLR 271, 744–5

Smith v Land and House Property Corporation (1884) 28 Ch D 7, 564–5

Spiliada Maritime Corporation v Cansulex Ltd [1986] 3 WLR 972, 74

St John Shipping Corporation v Joseph Rank Ltd [1957] 1 QB 267, 720

St Paul Guardian Insurance Company and Travelers Insurance Company v Neuromed

Medical Systems & Support, GmbH, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5096 (S.D.N.Y.), 26 March 2002,

825

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State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Heath Outdoor Pty Ltd (1986) 7 NSWLR 170, 291–3,

338, 340–2

Sté Ceramique Culinaire de France v Sté Musgrave Ltd, Cour de Cassation, France,

17 December 1996, 825

Steele v Tardiani (1946) 72 CLR 386, 551–3

Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317, 423–5, 433

Stilk v Myrick (1809) 6 Esp 129, 423–5, 433

Stirnemann v Kaza Investments Pty Ltd [2011] SASFC 77, 199

Strongman (1945) v Sincock [1955] 2 QB 525, 705

Sumpter v Hedges [1898] 1 QB 673, 806–7, 814

Surface Protective Film Case, Bundesgerichtshof [Federal Supreme Court](BGH), Germany,

25 November 1998, 825

Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd (2009) 236 CLR 272, 771–2

Tanwar Enterprises Pty Ltd v Cauchi (2003) 217 CLR 315, 535–7, 646–7

Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826, 477–9, 483

Taylor v Johnson (1983) 151 CLR 422, 96, 98–101, 603

Taylor v Taylor [2019] VSC 533, 720

TCL Air Conditioner (Zhongshan) Co Ltd v Judges of the Federal Court of Australia (2013)

251 CLR 533, 57–8

Thomas National Transport (Melbourne) Pty Ltd v May & Baker (Australia) Pty Ltd (1966)

115 CLR 353, 372–4

Thorne v Kennedy (2017) 263 CLR 85, 632, 634–5, 639, 645, 655–7

Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163, 268–71

Tolhurst v Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers (1900) Ltd [1902] 2 KB 660, 469–72

Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd (2004) 219 CLR 165, 333–4, 345–6

Traderight (NSW) Pty Ltd v Bank of Queensland Ltd [2015] NSWCA 94, 97

Tramways Advertising Pty Ltd v Luna Park (NSW) Ltd (1938) 38 SR (NSW) 632, 515

Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Brothers Pty Ltd (1988) 165 CLR 107, 234–7

Tsakiroglou & Co Ltd v Noblee Thorl GmbH [1962] AC 93, 484–6

United Group Rail Services Ltd v Rail Corporation of New South Wales (2009) 74 NSWLR 618,

97, 205–6

Upper Hunter County District Council v Australian Chilling and Freezing Co Ltd (1968)

118 CLR 429, 171–2

Venus Adult Shops Pty Ltd v Fraserside Holdings Ltd (2006) 157 FCR 442, 683–4

Venuti and Venuti v Toop Real Estate Group Pty Ltd [2004] SASC 23, 83, 89–91

Verrall v Great Yarmouth Borough Council [1981] QB 202, 734–5

Vetreria Etrusca Srl v Kingston Estate Wines Pty Ltd [2008] SASC 75, 820

Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd [1949] 2 KB 528, 781–2

Virk Pty Ltd (in liq) v YUM! Restaurants Australia Pty Ltd [2017] FCAFC 190, 408–10

Vodafone Pacific Ltd v Mobile Innovations Ltd [2004] NSWCA 15, 406–8

Voth v Manildra Flour Mills Pty Ltd (1990) 171 CLR 538, 819

W Scott Fell and Co Ltd v Lloyd (1906) 4 CLR 572, 96

Walford v Miles [1992] 2 AC 128, 97

Wallis, Son & Wells v Pratt & Haynes [1911] AC 394, 367–8

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Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1988) 164 CLR 387, 211, 213–20

Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia (1992) 175 CLR 514, 599–600

Warman International Ltd v Dwyer (1995) 182 CLR 544, 62–5

Wedgwood v Adams (1843) 6 Beav 600, 742

Wenham v Ella (1972) 127 CLR 454, 733–4, 768–9

Western Export Services Inc v Jireh International Pty Ltd (2011) 86 ALJR 1, 347, 352

Westmelton (Vic) Pty Ltd (rec and mgr apptd) v Archer & Shulman [1982] VR 305, 630–1, 637

Westpac Banking Corporation Ltd v Robinson (1993) 30 NSWLR 668, 96

White v John Warrick & Co Ltd [1953] 2 All ER 1021, 375–6

White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor [1962] AC 413, 375–6

White Urea Case, Civil Court Basel, Switzerland 3 December 1997, 833

Whitlock v Brew (1968) 118 CLR 445, 172–4

Wigan v Edwards (1973) 47 ALJR 586, 165–6

Wight v Haberdan Pty Ltd [1994] 2 NSWLR 280, 727–8, 730

Wilkie v Gordian Runoff Ltd (2005) 221 CLR 522, 346

Wilkinson v Osborne (1915) 21 CLR 89, 695–6

Williams v Pisano (2015) 90 NSWLR 342, 585–6

Williams v Roffey Bros & Nichols (Contractors) Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1, 427–9

Wire Rod Case II (Judgment) (Bundesgericht, Switzerland, Case No 4A_614/2014,

2 April 2015), 537

With v O’Flanagan [1936] 1 Ch 575, 566–7

Wood v Balfour [2011] NSWCA 382, 96

Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Constructions [1980] 1 WLR 277, 527

Woolworths Ltd v Kelly (1991) 22 NSWLR 189, 164

Yango Pastoral Co Pty Ltd v First Chicago Australia Ltd (1978) 139 CLR 410, 686–9, 720

Yardley v Saunders [1982] WAR 231, 547

Yerkey v Jones (1939) 63 CLR 649, 643, 659–61, 677

Yorke v Lucas (1985) 158 CLR 661, 596

Young v Queensland Trustees Ltd (1954) 99 CLR 560, 752–3

Zurich Australia Insurance Ltd v Metals & Minerals Insurance Pty Ltd (2009) 240 CLR 391,

689–90

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TABLE OFSTATUTES

Australia

Australian Consumer Law, 19, 252

ss 2–3, 314–15

s 4, 97, 592–3

s 18, 51, 97, 103, 115, 258, 327, 611, 832,

843

s 20, 662–3, 665, 677

ss 20–21, 664

s 21, 662–3, 666, 677

s 21(4), 663

s 21(4)(b), 677

s 22, 671

s 22(1), 667, 669–70

s 22(2), 667, 670–1

s 50, 627

ss 51–64A, 315–21

s 62, 390

s 64, 378

s 64A, 378–9

s 68, 327, 822, 843

s 229, 69

s 230, 69

s 232(6), 69–70

s 236, 70

s 237, 70

s 243(b), 71

s 243(d), 71

s 247, 71

ss 259–273, 321–7

s 260, 71–2

Australian Small Business and Family

Enterprise Ombudsman Act 2015, 56

Banking Act 1959, 686

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Part IV, 30

s 45, 32

s 45DB, 32–3

s 139A, 379–80

sch 2, 19, 378, 390, 832

sch 2 s 68, 822

Competition and Consumer (Industry

Codes—Franchising) Regulation

2014

sch 1 cll 8–11, annexures 1–2, 97

Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904–21

s 6, 351

s 6(a), 351

Corporations Act 2001

s 674, 97

Electronic Transactions Act 1999, 36, 838

s 5, 148

s 14, 148

s 14A, 148

s 14B, 148–9

Fair Work Act 2009

s 348, 65

s 545(1), 65

s 546, 66

Family Law Act 1975, 634

Federal Court of Australia Act 1976

Part IVA, 21

s 21, 72

Federal Court Rules

Part 28, 57

Independent Contractors Act 2006

ss 3–5, 438–40

ss 12–17, 440–2

Independent Contractors Regulation 2016

reg 7, 442

Insurance Contracts Act 1984, 19, 405

s 13, 97

ss 21–22, 97

s 35, 84

s 45(1), 689

s 48, 241

s 52, 378

xxxix


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International Arbitration Act 1974, 57

Part II, 57

Part III, 57

Life Insurance Act 1995

s 230, 690

National Consumer Credit Protection

Regulations 2010

regs 72–74, 97

National Credit Code

s 14, 185

s 16, 97

s 18, 185

s 72, 437–8

s 74, 438

s 191, 378

Service and Execution of Process Act

1992

s 15, 75

s 20, 75–6

Telecommunications (Consumer Protection

and Service Standards) Act 1999

Part 6, 56

Trade Practices Act 1974

s 51A, 258

s 51AA, 652, 654, 665

s 51AB, 671

s 51AC, 666

s 51AC(3), 667

s 51AC(4), 667

s 52, 97, 105

s 60, 627–8

s 74(1), 368

s 75B, 105, 586

Treasury Laws Amendment (Putting

Consumers First – Establishment of

the Australian Financial Complaints

Authority) Act 2018, 56

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

Civil Law (Property) Act 2006

s 205, 452

s 250, 397

s 253(2), 397

Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002

s 102, 786

Commercial Arbitration Act 2017, 57


Mercantile Law Act 1962, 182

Sale of Goods Act 1954

s 7, 180

s 12, 479

ss 17–19, 512

ss 17–20, 312

Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) Act 1987

s 5, 827

s 6, 827

sch 1, 822

NEW SOUTH WALES

Building and Construction Industry Security

of Payment Act 1999, 57

City and Suburban Electric Railways

(Amendment) Act 1967

s 11, 336

Civil Liability Act 2002, 775


Contracts Review Act 1980, 275, 436, 624–5

Conveyancing Act 1919

s 12, 452–3

s 54B, 769–70

s 55(2A), 548

s 144(1), 397

s 144(5), 397


Fair Trading Act 1987

s 42, 105

Frustrated Contracts Act 1978

ss 5–15, 494–8

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act

1965

s 9, 786–7

Limitation Act 1969

s 14(1)(a), 72

Liquor Act 2007, 685

Minors (Property and Contracts) Act 1970

s 19, 180

s 30, 181

s 31, 181

s 35, 181

s 37, 181


s 4(5), 512

s 12, 479

ss 17–19, 512

ss 17–20, 312–13

s 53, 768

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s 5, 827

s 6, 827

sch 1, 822

Unlawful Gambling Act 1998

s 56, 689

NORTHERN TERRITORY

Commercial Arbitration (National Uniform

Legislation) Act 2011, 57

Electronic Transactions (Northern Territory)

Act 2000, 36, 838

Law of Property Act 2000

s 56, 243–4

s 182, 452

s 212(1), 397

s 213(2), 397

Miscellaneous Provisions Act

ss 15–16, 786


s 7, 180

s 12, 479

ss 17–19, 512

ss 17–20, 312


s 5, 827

s 6, 827

sch pt 1, 822

QUEENSLAND


Electronic Transactions (Queensland) Act

2001, 36, 838

Property Law Act 1974

s 55, 242–3

s 59, 185

s 199, 452

s 232, 397

s 233(2), 397


s 5, 180

s 10, 479

ss 15–17, 512

ss 15–18, 312


s 5, 827

s 6, 827

sch pt 1, 822

SOUTH AUSTRALIA



Frustrated Contracts Act 1988

s 4, 498–9

ss 6–8, 499–500

Law of Property Act 1936

s 15, 452

s 64, 397

s 68, 397

Minors Contracts (Miscellaneous Provisions)

Act 1979

s 4, 181

s 5, 181

s 6, 181

s 7, 182

s 8, 182

Retail and Commercial Leases Act 1995

s 12, 97


s 2, 180

s 7, 479

ss 12–14, 512

ss 12–15, 312


s 4, 827

s 5, 827

sch pt 1, 822

Supreme Court Act 1935

s 17, 72

TASMANIA

Apportionment Act 1871

s 2, 397

s 7, 397


Conveyancing and Law of Property Act 1884

s 86, 452


Minors Contracts Act 1988, 182


s 7, 180

s 12, 479

ss 17–19, 512

ss 17–20, 312

Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) Act

1987

s 5, 827

Table of statutes xli


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Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) Act

1987 (cont.)

s 6, 827

sch 1, 822

VICTORIA

Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading

Act 2012

ss 35–38, 500–1

s 41, 501


ss 34–36, 58–61

Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000,

36, 838

Frustrated Contracts Act 1959, 500

Goods Act 1958, 826

s 7, 180

s 12, 479

s 16(2), 514

ss 17–19, 512

ss 17–20, 312

s 86, 327, 827, 843

ss 86–87, 537, 827

s 87, 327, 827, 843

sch pt 1, 822

Instruments Act 1958

s 126, 184


s 49, 548

s 134, 452

Sale of Land Act 1962

Part II div 2, 97

Supreme Court Act 1986

s 49, 180

s 53(4), 397

s 54, 397

Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure)

Rules 2005

r 7.05, 819

Wrongs Act 1958

s 23B, 383

s 26, 786

WESTERN AUSTRALIA


Construction Contracts Act 2004, 57


Law Reform (Contributory Negligence and

Tortfeasors’ Contribution) Act 1947

ss 3A–4, 786


s 11, 242

s 20, 452

s 131, 397

s 134(2), 397


s 2, 180

s 7, 479

ss 12–14, 512

ss 12–15, 312


s 5, 827

s 6, 827

sch 1, 822

Brazil

Code of Civil Procedure

art 25, 820

Law of Introduction to Brazilian Legal

Norms, Brazilian Introductory Law

(LINDB) (Decree No 4,657/1942)

art 9, 820

art 11, 820

France

Code of Civil Procedure

art 1511, 820

New Zealand

Contracts (Privity) Act 1982

s 4, 181, 245

People’s Republic of China

Contract Law of the People’s Republic of

China National People’s Congress,

15 March 1999, 825

Switzerland

Swiss Law on Private International Law

art 187, 820

United Kingdom

Arbitration Act 1996

s 46(1), 820

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Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act

1999

s 1, 244–5

Sale of Goods Act 1893, 19, 312

s 13, 368

Statute of Frauds 1677, 18

Statute of Frauds (Amendment) Act 1828,

182

Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873,

18

Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875, 18

United States of America

Uniform Commercial Code

§ 2-202, 344

§ 2-508(1), 847

European Parliament

Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the

European Parliament and of the

Council of 17 June 2008 on the law

applicable to contractual obligations

(Rome I) OJ L 177, 819

recital 13 art 3, 825

Hague Conference on Private

International Law

Principles on Choice of Law in

International Commercial

Contracts (adopted 19 March 2015),

819

International Instruments

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 23

Convention on the Use of Electronic

Communications in International

Contracts, 50, 190, 838

UNCITRAL Convention on the Recognition

and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral

Awards, 57

UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic

Commerce, 838

UNCITRAL Model Law on International

Commercial Arbitration, 57, 76, 820,

826

art 28, 826

art 35, 57

art 36, 57

s 28(1), 820

s 28(2), 821

UNIDROIT Principles of International

Commercial Contracts, 26, 206, 822–3,

825–6

art 1.1, 849

art 1.2, 358, 835

art 1.4, 286, 473

art 1.5, 849

art 1.6.1, 829

art 1.6.2, 830

art 1.7, 411, 675, 846, 849

art 1.7.1, 358, 830, 846

art 1.7.2, 830

art 1.8, 226, 840

art 1.9, 842

art 1.10, 840

art 2.1.1, 840

art 2.1.2, 840

art 2.1.3(1), 840

art 2.1.3(2), 840

art 2.1.4, 840

art 2.1.4(2), 840

art 2.1.6, 840

art 2.1.6(1), 840

art 2.1.6(2), 840

art 2.1.6(3), 840

art 2.1.7, 840

art 2.1.11, 840

art 2.1.15, 115, 846, 850

art 2.1.16, 846, 850

art 2.1.17, 115, 832

art 2.1.18, 115, 442, 836

art 2.1.19, 358, 834, 840

arts 2.1.19–2.1.22, 115

art 2.1.20, 327, 840

art 2.1.21, 358, 834

art 2.1.22, 840

arts 2.2.1–2.2.10, 115

art 3.1.1, 841

arts 3.1.1–3.3.2, 115

art 3.1.2, 841

art 3.1.3, 841

art 3.1.4, 841

art 3.2.1, 611, 841

arts 3.2.1–3.2.2, 115, 611

art 3.2.2, 611

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UNIDROIT Principles of International

Commercial Contracts (cont.)

art 3.2.2(1), 841

art 3.2.2(2), 841

art 3.2.5, 841

art 3.2.6, 638, 841

art 3.2.7, 639, 841

art 3.2.7(1)(a), 639

art 3.2.7(2), 639

art 3.2.8, 638–9

art 3.2.9, 638–9

art 3.2.11, 639

art 3.2.12, 639

art 3.2.14, 639

art 3.2.15, 115, 554, 812, 851

art 3.2.16, 850

art 3.3.1, 841, 851

art 3.3.1(1), 718

art 3.3.1(2), 718

art 3.3.1(3), 718

art 3.3.2, 718

art 4.1, 358, 831

arts 4.1–4.3, 358–9, 833

art 4.1.1, 832

art 4.1.2, 831

art 4.2, 358, 831–2

art 4.2.2, 831

art 4.3, 348, 358, 832–3

art 4.3(a), 832

art 4.3(b), 833

art 4.3(c), 832

art 4.3(d), 358, 833

art 4.3(e), 833

art 4.3(f ), 833

art 4.4, 358, 834

art 4.5, 358, 834

art 4.6, 358, 835

art 4.7, 358, 834

art 4.8, 842

art 5.1.3, 411

arts 5.1.4–5, 411

art 5.1.6, 840

art 5.1.7, 840

art 5.2.1, 246

arts 5.2.1–5.2.5, 245

art 5.3.4, 411

art 6.1.1, 411, 840, 845

art 6.1.4, 410

art 6.1.5, 845

art 6.1.6, 840

art 6.1.9, 845

art 6.1.10, 845

art 6.1.14, 845–6

art 6.1.15, 845–6

arts 6.2.1–3, 639

art 6.2.2, 502–3, 851

art 6.2.3, 502, 851

art 6.2.3(4), 503

art 6.6.10, 840

art 7.1.2, 411, 852

art 7.1.4, 411, 846

art 7.1.5, 411, 847

art 7.1.6, 386, 842

art 7.1.7, 502, 851

art 7.1.7(4), 851

art 7.2.2, 759, 847

art 7.2.4, 759, 847

art 7.3.1, 848

art 7.3.1(1), 537

art 7.3.1(2), 537, 848

art 7.3.1(3), 537

art 7.3.2, 537, 848

art 7.3.3, 411, 849

art 7.3.4, 849

art 7.3.6, 554, 812, 851

art 7.4.1, 411, 790, 850

art 7.4.2, 850

art 7.4.3, 790, 850

art 7.4.4, 790, 850

art 7.4.7, 852

art 7.4.8, 790, 850

art 7.4.9, 411, 850

art 7.4.13, 849–50

art 10.3, 849

chs 1–11, 823

United Nations Convention on the

International Sale of Goods, 18, 26,

206, 356, 473, 821–3, 826, 830, 834, 842,

845–6

art 1, 823

art 1(1), 19

art 1(1)(a), 76, 821, 823

art 1(1)(b), 76, 821, 823

art 2, 824

arts 2–5, 823

art 2(a), 327, 824

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art 3(2), 823–4

art 4, 19

art 4(a), 115, 638, 675, 718, 759, 824

art 4(b), 824

art 5, 824, 850

art 6, 76, 537, 823, 824, 832, 842, 848

art 7(1), 51, 411, 828

art 7(2), 829, 830

art 8, 356–7

art 8(1), 356, 553, 830–1

art 8(2), 356, 830–1, 833, 834, 837

art 8(3), 189, 348, 356, 357, 442, 831–3, 835,

843, 848

art 9, 357, 843, 848

art 9(1), 357, 833, 839

art 9(2), 833, 839

art 11, 189, 357, 442, 824, 831, 835

art 13, 838

art 14, 836

art 14(2), 836

art 15(1), 836

art 15(2), 837

art 16(1), 837

art 16(2)(a), 837

art 16(2)(b), 225, 837

art 17, 837

art 18(1), 838

art 18(2), 837

art 18(3), 838

art 19, 838

art 19(1), 838

art 19(3), 838

art 20, 837

art 21, 837

art 24, 837

art 25, 386, 537–8, 848

art 26, 537, 848

art 28, 759, 847

art 29, 442–3, 835, 839

art 29(2), 225, 836

art 33(c), 410

art 35(1), 327, 842

art 35(2), 327, 842

art 35(2)(a), 327, 842–4

art 35(2)(b), 327, 842, 844

art 35(2)(c), 327, 842

art 35(2)(d), 327, 842

art 38, 843

art 39, 843, 849

art 39(1), 843

art 39(2), 843

art 40, 843

art 41, 327, 842

art 42, 327, 842

art 46, 759, 847

art 47, 411, 847–8

art 48, 411, 846, 848

art 49, 848

art 49(1), 411

art 49(1)(a), 537, 848

art 49(1)(b), 411, 537, 847–8

art 49(2), 537, 553, 848

art 50, 553, 849

arts 50–52, 411

art 51, 849

art 51(2), 553

art 52, 849

art 53, 759, 843

art 54, 843

art 55, 190, 836

art 58, 411

art 59, 843

art 62, 759, 847

art 63, 411, 847

art 64, 553

art 64(1), 411

art 64(1)(a), 848

art 64(1)(b), 411, 847

art 64(2), 848

art 71(1), 411, 849

art 71(3), 849

art 72, 849

art 72(1), 849

art 72(2), 849

art 73(1), 553

art 74, 411, 790, 848–9

arts 74–76, 553

art 75, 790, 849

art 76, 790, 849

art 77, 790, 850

art 78, 411, 850

art 79, 502, 851

art 79(4), 502

art 79(5), 502, 851

art 80, 411, 852

art 81(1), 553

Table of statutes xlv


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United Nations Convention on the

International Sale of Goods (cont.)

art 81(2), 812

arts 81(2)–88, 553, 812

art 82(1), 553, 848

art 82(2), 553

arts 84–88, 848

art 84(1), 553, 812, 850

art 84(2), 553, 812

arts 85–87, 553, 812

art 88, 553, 812, 851

art 95, 189, 821, 823

art 96, 824, 835

s 59, 843

xlvi Table of statutes


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors and Cambridge University Press would like to thank the following for permission

to reproduce material in this book.

Extracts from UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (United

Nations publications, Sales No: E.10.V.14): © 2020 United Nations. Used with permission of the

United Nations.

Extracts from International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), Principles

of International Commercial Contracts (2016): reproduced by kind permission of the Inter-

national Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). Readers are reminded that the

complete text of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016 is com-

posed of both black-letter rules and accompanying Comments. The full text is available in

book form directly from UNIDROIT and is also available on the UNIDROIT website at https://www

.unidroit.org/instruments/commercial-contracts/unidroit-principles-2016. For select case law

and bibliography relating to the Principles, see www.unilex.info.

Extract from R Fells and N Sheer, Effective Negotiation: From Research to Results, (Cam-

bridge University Press, 4th ed, 2020): reproduced with permission from Cambridge University

Press.

Extract from Janet O’Sullivan ‘Rescission as a Self-Help Remedy: A Critical Analysis’ (2000)

59(3) Cambridge Law Journal 509–543: reproduced with permission from Cambridge Law

Journal.

Extract from Attorney-General’s Department, Improving Australia’s Law and Justice

Framework: A Discussion Paper to Explore the Scope for Reforming Australian Contract Law

(Attorney-General’s Department, 2012): © Commonwealth of Australia 2012, licensed under

CC BY 3.0 AU, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/.

Extract from M Giancaspro, ‘Is a “Smart Contract” Really a Smart Idea? Insights from a Legal

Perspective’ (2017) 33 Computer Law and Security Review 825–835: reprinted with permission

from Elsevier.

Extract from JN Adams and R Brownsword, ‘The Ideologies of Contract’ (1987) 7(2) Legal

Studies 205–223: © The Society of Legal Scholars.

Extract from L Mulcahy, ‘The Limitations of Love and Altruism—Feminist Perspectives on

Contract Law’ in Linda Mulcahy and Sally Wheeler (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Contract

Law (Glasshouse Press, 2005) 1–19: © Taylor and Francis.

Extracts from RA Barnett, ‘Contract is not Promise’, in Gregory Klass, George Letsas and

Prince Saprai (eds), Philosophical Foundations of Contract Law (Oxford University Press,

2014) 42–57; H Collins, Regulating Contracts (Oxford University Press, 1999); SA Smith,

Atiyah’s Introduction to the Law of Contract (Clarendon Press, 2005): reproduced with

permission of the Oxford University Press through PLSclear.

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Extract from P Vincent-Jones, ‘Contractual Governance: Institutional and Organizational

Analysis’ (2000) 20(3) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 317–351: © Oxford University Press and

reproduced with permission under STM signatory guidelines.

Extracts from John Gava, ‘Can Contract Law Be Justified on Economic Grounds’ (2006)

25(1) University of Queensland Law Journal 253–269; L Siliquini-Cinelli, ‘Taking (Legal)

Traditions Seriously, or Why Australian Contract Law Should not be Codified: An Unconven-

tional Inquiry’ (2015) 34(1) University of Queensland Law Journal 99–122: reproduced with

permission from University of Queensland Law Journal.

Extract from Q Zhou, ‘What Can Contract Lawyers Learn from Law and Economics?’ (2011)

30(1) University of Tasmania Law Review 157–173: reproduced with permission from Univer-

sity of Tasmania Law Review.

Extracts from the Australian Law Journal Reports (ALJR); Commonwealth Law Reports

(CLR); Federal Court Reports (FCR); South Australian Law Reports (SALR): reproduced

with permission of Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited, legal.thomsonreuters

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for New South Wales.

Extracts from Queensland Supreme Court: Court of Appeal (QCA) cases: reproduced with

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ernment law please go to https://www.legislation.gov.au.

Extracts from New South Wales legislation: © New South Wales Government.

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