(b\ebdlion in Prodt(I'

Conservation Biology Framework for the Release ofWild-Born Orphaned Chimpanzees into theConkouati Reserve, Congo

cAR()l.tNB E. (;. TUTIN,'$$ IIARC AN(iRENAZ,t l()R(;E I'AREr)tis.+M iRIANI vA(:HER-vAI-t-{s.$ CARNIEN v )AI-.* BEN()iT (;oossENs,ttNII(TIAEI- v. RRI IFoRI), i t AND AI-IETTE ]Ai\'IART++'( (nt ft' l nr.m nfxl .lr Rr. h(il tr.s \k!r( r l(s l( frnr(.r ill(. lJ I) _69. rm f.r \ illt. 1;tl, n] . rnd t)(fn.r nrcnr olItn )gnrlli ]lr r.( u lr S.idi.(s. I niv.rsn\ rn Sr'rling. SrirlinE tiKl) tt-A. S.orlrdlKiml)ihn$rn{hrn!!rrn(.inr{^trrnrrt,r,,ir(r.t,() ln)\ tt)!). !)o-r I si..trtrn. rihilr }lxtx\\ir+l' !r ilJ l{}l ( l, rXrr)t, Il(ri.o!tllil-Pl\l1iR\Afl()\Al-.:-ru((ln)i\lllm.h(,6lrlol,()nrdu(n:ir.ru,l.rr(c

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llltruduction

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J00", hcr$'.(n l.)9J in.l 199- (s(ddoo & 5oo ( 1999).It.lci*- olinnnili lnrn .xl)rnir! r,) drr s'ild i\ (oorir.x.rn.l. girLn thr P(xcdiixl n\k\, (I.('i\i(nrr Drusr hc mxdrcrrctirlh. Il)sl .tlorts h.\r hc.lr clir(.t(d l{rwrrd spc(i$ iar siich $il.l potuhrnnrs hrvc h((n criticrlh rcdu.d in si^ rtr ddr(n r() lxtindi,m in thr \rild. ln drc{.ur(\. r.l(at ,r'.i|rn. hrd inimll\ idl() \uiIrbL hrbir.r i. rlr''{)h ',1!nnr 'r r,rirjIF r',r iI \ru (.{h(n.I,)l dr( sp(.ics Iltxrttn(s (, ,,,ri,! progflnr5 ofreinri!(lu.lnnr o. iintarc(or(rn oi.riti.ilh crtdxn$(r(d sl).(i6 in.lud( d1os. tbcuscd on dx' Aftbirn ona (r)/.rat,/l.]r')r: sunlo lti(t lrli9). rhr l.lrd(o ln)u trmrir\t.etDn+i rc.!!s rostlilt: lilrint.n.t rl 198():Il((lict rll99l ). rh( blxck nxxed l.mr ( t/rsl.rd ,,trr{si (.lxrk199r. l9t)-). rnd thr r.d $(rl (ai ls [rrrs: l.x)fu &\Ihrl' l.r'lr. ll,r' I'tx"r.Ir.(,'r : \.,irliIj: ,'\rirn r., r rr.t.r.. bur (rn tir( rrlcrsr,, !.tlnnr n ir uxl\ br justifl(1lin \iturtions \.hrfu rhr spe.irs is nor uDd.r iDrnxllirt( thrtat of(\ r(tn[ nr th. sild:

lr',,, r,rri,*qlr(I l'.1!r.,1 l,,r(rrl. rr{n1l ,lr1r,,\istt (hrbi t ., )untri. s ). (rrforc(nr(a r i )l o{tn)ml rn.l int(rnxtnfrl lxrvs pi)!(.ri,,8.criiin lt(cies requitus dtr..onfis.xiion ol litr inior.li It is gcDcrxu\ ic.rpred thriiniornls li\nrg in lhcir.rturll hrhimt hx\e r brrrrr lii(,blrr xt su.h \\(lhr(' r,guorcnts suili(i.nt 11, iri\rih rit(Drprl ft, futu.,, crpri!. ir n(h'rli n) rhr wildi

i ilLiiIber,, hahi r (,{!n.der ik ft.nrA th. qucsd,i()l $'hil t) d() $ilh )outrg p.i,mrrs cxpnrred illctlll]'ii(rn thr sikl It is dilil(uh 11) pRxidr ciprn. c{rrdirnns drxt ill,rv dr(n spc.i(s n) cxptuss rhr rirli rlngr ol,l','ir r',rr'rr..l h(l \r,,h \(ltliri,{r.rl (,1I11,.\ir\,.....".ixr(rl wirh rh( iitt ol oqrun rp6 b..rui thrir L!,rutnrrxry Pnlxinrin tr, hun ns g(n(flrcs p.iticulrrh {nrrg(drprnr\ \i'h(d 2utln).iti(\ (,ntir-rrr voung xpcs. ir i\t(orpiing n) iq n) rcium dleor n) ti(r(l(nn '

\iucr thc l9()0\. s(!(ral hlurdft.l exprivr ori.Jaulrls\l.rtto l).tStltautsJ hr\c b.cn r.ldscd nnl) pr,)lr(r(dxr(as withnl dt spcci.s itrr8r nr Inlrdco rtr(l \(onrir.t nti,rhurit(h. no ditx rxisr r() quinriij dt( (tr'r(onr.s ,nrln (l(rs( fr)sr!nrs b.(iu\. nrDirorinB {nd rcportidtllu'!( hcrr poor It is h(licvcd. ho\'(!(r, thrt th( ole l1

lo\' (l.xgcr l.ra)-) Rcldsc {)i wild-ho {'rphitr (hiDrpiDr(cs (l\rt tro\Lnl)'tts) l1!\ tl$pror'.n dilti.llr (ll:lrrnih & IIc(irc\ l99l) Ir(rl,xvir)grll.rrls b) \\ild coollcl(r\. pi:rrs rr) r(lr.rsL orphuu.LlchnDprnTc(\ inn) nrtrn?l hxbinr nr srn(gil lvfc rhandorLrl h(.rur( ,)l (,n1((rn ih(ur dr( srt.r\ ()l rlt. .{.l(iscd nrli!idurl\ (ll.rt\ar l1)-ll) ( hiouin/(.\ hi\(bcen rel.ls(d otrl{) islan(ls. hut onl) on( (isc led lr} ihrenrblinnncnt of in .eol()8i.xlh srlt:suitl.irnl popnlitiotr (lhrncr 1985) ()th(r islxnd .ol(nic\ ol.hnnpinz((s jD Ahi( rttnaft d.peodenr (nr hu.Ins nr di.trnt'rpplcrli(nt\ rDd xft thus rul'rtribl. rt) stnrlarnnr rnLliN) k) pox.hiog il erl]kds irr unrbk to orxinrlnr a

pr!{1r.( dunnS }-.ir nl\ oJ .'i\ il $2r or uurcst 5u( h c\ (rtsxr(. urrJarunat(lr. ror urr.onnn{n' nr (hn plnT( hxbirar .ounrirs I h(( rr( cufftoth rr lc{st :Ol), xnd possihlt rs D n\ x\ ll)(x). (x|ri\r chiDrlln/((i in

^fij.a nnxth

houi.d nr diri..(nrntn ()loritliolhtloun ( l9tl:),)utlitr(rl thr t]\ r oprnnN rlailxblt li)r

orphin priDl.t.s: .trth1nrsii. usr ()i ho(lr {tr l!xh pifl\.(xBnt. (rprilin nrdrr hxbilrr.(rtrnn, {,f (,1(r\r n) rhcq jl,l \(l(,1 j,{'.,1,1 i' nr,{ xt,t,F,1ri.'k vnur i' t ti'rj,, \consnl(ftnm ol o nr ixet(,rs. r)st irr .isr sp(.rtic. n)DU 8.D{ril Suid(lirtrs (rr h( d(llrcd. f(r rp(5. driiiirrirL killing ,)i h(iltlr\ indnnhnls is crhi(rlll qucstnrribl(, rulirrL rtr,r ih( i.5t tl\o rrl Ilarcourr s filr oftnns.lhe drir(l otnn!) i\ (rnrrnlt(sial h(,_rur( (,rnDrrrcirl (xPon olaPCs hi|s h((o r orxj(r rlrrexr k) n)nrc wikl populrlnfls in tlx frsr Nrrn rl aDd int(.nrtnnrxl rcgrlxrnr)sno$ liorir r\p()rt. rnd. d$e n) iorpror(orcnrs in.ipri\(btu..li'rg and rcdu(c.lusr olrpcs nr bnrn.di.xl rcrxr.h.Iittle (\port d(o1rrd rcdrlin\. Iin'crprir( rp(J hril n)dr.ir .ount of o.ignr. ool) rh. lxsr rq1, oinnxrs .xp.ti\i.r nr coudrn or..l.r* t{) ttrc \!il(I. ciisr llrr is.(l..s( hack n) dr( ivikl l(:rsiblL or d$ifuhlc?

\\'c p'tsrDr r .xs. rruq innn rh( li(pLrlri( ot (inA{)rix usirg (nr rh. (hrir ofdecitn i thrt lrLl ro rh( r(intitdu.rirn oi orphn. .hinrprnze(s n) dre sikl \Vc argu(th t ii drt rinr! (ru{'r r}f thrcirs n) rhe sp.cies sunivxl.fu .Ll.lfuiscd ir rh( \r,n( tnn( is ihc lclllrr ol coDlilatcd n iridrrls. w(lnlR rDd _sprci(s(onsc xridrrl,p$a(hrs i) rlc.5( pr,,j(cts can find d,n.br anrItrlcr\( ,)f ciftnr hdivi.tkls ir .orrl(Nrr\ill, pxrfi.u'. ||\'Irl ..'i(... \l(fu \,U tn,nrl,,r ,",.,/ rl, '1r..., ilrrin. hc(iusc dtr( fr .l.f .isks xs s,Lll xs potcntirlIxarciirr. lt is thus inrl)lntlor h (Io(uDr(nt (l(xrlr rh(AflNLls uP,nr s hi(lr thr (l(isnnr r) rclcrst r)r|hxnr{l(lrn,rl'.,I^ r\ q(n h.,\t'tl ,,rrl'(\'r.rn'\ \ ,' \,,,rr',., n/,

lh( .c{rlt\ ol rhc rel.rs. (nrl! hricl\. bur wc fu,ir ro xscirs oi ).u.rr rs rhilr prcs(nr {nd xrahr( rhc darxcollr.tcd h(l1tr( in(l aft( rclci{

Conse.ation Slatus of Sild Chirrpanzees

( hnnl)rnzc(s hivQ bn,lrl s.rlsril)hi.rl di{rilrrirrr xnd,r.(un\ r \ r ring. r,l hibitirs ii filrlicdl {iin.l [\tidrxtls ot nrtil nuorb(rs atu xppro\iD rc. ringnrs ri(nnli i.i)01) k) 2;0.(X)0. bur rrunrb(r5 rrc d((hrins thilushour rhr sP(.ic\' ring. b((ru\! of hurring. Liirrurbm(c..Ir\l l,,rhjr,r t{,\rru(ri,rj,Irut\I\hr lrn'l' Ilr(,f(.r.\ r..hss{al r\ ( ndrngr.rd ( N , }rld ( l{nr\{\ a ti(m l DnD I 99lt)ln th. lw(ndrrh.rnrun. chiorpntrz((s disepr{tud ftrrri .i atric5. l!rc\ rfu.rnbkl!.ed highh (ndaogcrc.l iIIl) orhrrs. rnd in ,nrll 6 i,f th( 2l rcDr.nrnr8 h.birrrconnric\.rc B4n'litnrs .( rNnll(1| r-cur( (lrleki l1X9)'Ihrce gcogriIhi.ilh i\(llxtr(l \ h\Ilc(i(\ Ntr rccogoiz.Ll

xl x iirurrh h1r b(cn p,1,tr,\r.l (n thc bisis {rf grr(ri(,axl(r!,'"I{hh rl,rl l,/,-,. ltl,'tr.rltr.r rrr\Ur'rq'rn) .crliirr subrpccirs (,r t() t)(,lnritnDs $ithi \uh\l)c.i.\ .$Dlr in .tistin(r chnnpxnT.( (ulrurcs ( !thir(. ci all.)99). (;i1(n thc gcocri(. b(hiviorxl. a[.t ((ol,)gicxl diyersin ol /1rr t]!)!!ttlt,l6, i is nnp()rrxir tr, pi)t(er isn,io\ tofuhrnrrs rs Possihl..

lluoiinS or lvil{l itriDrils for ii)od is .,nnnxnr i(ross\\.$ intl (l(nrftl Aliicx Ir hrs i (.r.r\(d nr r...Dr \.drsi,r n$n r\. r,,y!-, 1,{,,{r'n lr(\{r1.r 1|t.,.\p. ,r.{,olcoonncrcixl hunting nr (i(ntftl Afri.i hrs.hrlvn atcntnu rr) thc utrsus(ritrrhl( (\pl(,itatior (tl nrxnrnlrls (lnl\rrnJor(s s P.ndr\ l99t): \\ilkic & (.xrlx1 d rr)99)I.r.sc\ (n sliuShrc.({l.hinrl)rDrccs.nd Sorilhs (Ircrr(cl9(r5) hrtc brouahr dris (hrnrnti( .orulxri(nr |rrbl.olt() llx rtr(ntnnr (, tlt g.n(iLl p(bli( AlrhouSh rpr\i(i)iiiiiit r Di.orir) (, rlL.()tt rak.. rlt.ir tr,$ fopulrrnr)d.D\iti(s. sl(,$ rcprodu(rnu. rnd.onr|l(x n)ciil,rs.ui

^tnnl rrrk( th(m |,uti.uhrlr lulnrrxhk.fi) hurrin$ (rr

irtmgt . sild irnlxlt .hnn|in/(( r'ill hivr (,rh Luror l\c {)rtipring during lrcr liia, an(l it)e, of}ou 8 ditl(iir! or.rurity ( Iifinr l99t]). lhir!ul $ihilir\. conrlr,',,1 \",1, rl!. rr.!..,.!,. (rli1r ,, \(l(,ri\, lutsai,,!.{,chimpaoT-rcs. whi.h.rcn in the.bs.D(c oi hunrirr$lGds l(, thlmltrrnnr (lccli|l(s (\\'hirc & Iurin 2(x)l). ef,poa's dr( rpr(ir\ k) siSniicanr rhtuxr\ I1)l\hrnm! xr(dc.lnrnrS ird bc.oDrnr8 in.tc$nr$l) ii.anrn!r(l N(n nrrh( .(nnrtrcs ol rlr. ( rnrlio ltisin ((..fi.nur, ti(publi.rlt (:tmgo. Equrnri.l(nrind. (;rb(nr. a d l)cnx).nti( RrIuhli ()t' ( ongo). \lhich hlrhor d1e o j()rir\ ot rrorinrinA sild popuhtnnrs (Intllnski -2o()l )

chnnprnree orphans

\\'h(n (himprnztts R hurtcd n)r n(.ii. (lcprodrnr \(rh18(()-5 \urs olxgc) rrc s,lD.ftn(s crpnjred rlirt.n kcpt.or n)ld.2s pcrs Ihrtrnrg *irh rh. sp(.ilic xnr) ol (ipt rin8 loroa chnnpxnz.ci :'lso o.(uA rir l(rl and rxporr

Nttut^t 1)l t hit! n:u otl)ht ^

t h !1) I 2i9

nrtrrk(rs. ItlnNgh rlr. lir(r hlr dlvindlrd rhxnks m int(rnnti(nrl ntnU(s itlrd nrti(rul lxrvs (.hinrpa Z(!s.trcl(grlh frcr..rrd ir {11 hrbirrr .,)L[r!ri$ I]frarts n) pr>t(cr dr.or .'.t\ nrcludc .onlis( nn, oi )rtrurgstch hoolrrndori ')r poxrl,r.\ tl, pk\(nr rrxtlr 'lhr di\rrr\\ rncil)turud lourllstcrs pnrvok(s 8rc?r s!nrt)i.h\ tir theorirs x r{lt. i 8i)!vnrE rurnh.r ol res(u( (c{(r1 {,. srn.mtrri.\ (,s (\isr in Afri.. ln tklirnnr. r nunrh(r ofzoo!rod x hrndri, ()f rcsca.ch insdrurnrrs hous( chimprnzc{r i lilhitxt (ounlrir:. (.hiniprnr((r hr( i)r ult n} 50\drs. n) it is cxpersnr k, pr(^id| rcc(ptible l(\cl\ ol.nr. i()r crpti'r nldilnluxls- rnd ciptirLs arc ru1o.fubl.tr) disrupdr) (n cr.(iiking nr th. drnr ol sl).irl up.

\\'. lkg.ur t(, xddtu\\ dr c,nDplrr qursrn r (on(.nring ih( far( oferprivt chirrprnz((! iD Afri(x nr 199, atrhr Ralu$r ol th( $orld (l( scnxtn,r I ui,nr (ll (lN),*hich sr\ nnll.ornring PR()(;E(:AP. rn inrtgr.red(,rr*n{rnrr xnd do(l{,trncnt p()jccr t'tnxlc(l h) rh((;l{,bil Invilrrnr(nt lricilil ((;rT (i{rgr, in the.(ukouxii lle{^c nr i!)rih$1st (imgo A (.( tj()tc{ n(rrgo\(rnDr.nkl orgrnizrridl.xllrd lllll,P (llibirir lr.r)logiqucci ljkna d(s I,.inrnt(s) hid. snr(. l9l.t9. \up})rt(d \rtrrrg.h ilnpxozecs conii* it(d I)) th( ( inlgrrc{ dudr )ri rirs ( l h.\\ ikllilr l)lparrD)rrr oi thc Uioi5rn ol lirux 11 I(,fan)'I-hr (l(.isiin oliknlg pi)((ss thit lcd ro the r.l.r{. (n$ildhorn orphir.hiDrl)xDz((s nrto th. (limkouxti Irxu.n l Rrs^e iovoi!(d (on\ (rxinu ol Nxnv nrrfr.lrr((l.Ircs&r]5 \i'( p(s(Dt this.& srldr th(ugh h.i(l (l(.s(ritnnnrs (,ftht |reprmrioD. hpl(orcnrrrnnr. rId hk)in,riDSoi th! rlciy,proSiun, xnd lvr ( rrsjdc r its h[)xdrrc(xr*nxtn)n nn1)li(tlf nnrs.

Chimpanzees of Help's Sanctuary

'I he objt(tilc ()i IIllLIr s ls. iioDr rh( ou[s(r, t() r(um thc.llnnprnzr.s i,r dr(ir (:lrc to tht rutrrnl cnliirnro{If ()ctob.r i99r, IIll.P hxd,i8 chnnpxoT.er in rh( \rnL-rurn (st.hlishrd on drc shor (,1dr. (inrk,Niti Ij,${rln,hodrrirS ll)( (ifkoua.i ll.*nr. lil) krrr n,)fth olP(JintcNi)i,a (Fig. l) s(rrtiDg io 1991. oryhiDs !v(e r(k.ls(drml,r thtut i(,'rsrrd iil,(rds (9. l-1, dLl 5t) lh) is -.n,ii:itth(\ h{d rc.o\cftal tt)or rhe ])hrsi.xlitrd 1)srthol(,8i.xlrxunrtrs',f .{ptur. ll\ 1991. i6 ol rhe i8.hinrl)rnz((sliv(d on rh. isho(ls. sh$c tho roinr.(i ti((l) hur rrnrxnrcd dclxlkleot on supplcor.nrxn lic(ftrs hr.rus.th. islnn.lr.l,, d(n prc\id( sulfi.icDr nirurl tixd. Th( ll\oun{r(st.hiotnrnz.(s ln(d in i nurs.ry gi}up xI rhcsrn.rurf, lnd sprDr thtir dxr-s lisiring nearb! lorcstfrr(hcs i((olrl,inird h\ (xr.rxkc.

'lhr Ii:(:N tuqucst.a! thi! *.. nrvcsrigxrc rhr ()t)rnnrslitr dr. l(rr$t(mr iiuur. ol drc.hnnl)rnzc(s it IItl.Pssxndrrrn ll(ldi r(, th( lvikl was *rn as rh. nr)s. dc

t a'o Rdet!1)l t.h "/)t,..r

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t'i!!n,? I tldt) sbt !in! tbe h)cntn ltt tha (irtkolnti R$art? nr.l i.ltktl.tt t$ahtit\1 ttlxs al tt)t' Ttitut!1.' PLnr! silt dttl its.nt,h1rts.

in?hl( .h()i.. t.rnn rh( rrcllirtu poini r)f r'1(*. bDt this.hoicc is crrnplicrt(d k(rusr ol dx. p{)!(ntial nski r()sil{ (hi,,rprlr(( t)opulrrnDs. hu.ri s_ rnd drt r.lu*din.lilnlurh \\. \t1rtr{l l)r (l(ll!ing rhr portoriil rirk\r,i,l ,.\\\i,r( r.r1r q,l),r' rlx rri,liltl'.,r .Ir, !r'i,\a,,nonri. lfum(\r{n-kof rlrr (imkrrlxti Ilcsnc,{r rhr sl|r(tnn.. it \\ rs ! ftu)rin ni tnsutu, thrt (rnrs(Nrdrnr hrs.fts Nr.r orrxinrizld r( n)crl. nrtn)nxl. n.d r.gnnhl lcrrl\ ll .r frr)gEDr (ould h. drligrrr(l l{) c(nriinr rislis.n(l{,lnihrih cinrsrniinn hcnrlirJ. di( n(\t \&? \r'xs nr.lxb(rrt( phns iir rhc ptuprflrnn xnd cx(.urnnr ()idreiakri(.'nd ro.l.fir( xpp()trirt( Dr(rllxls r() r)r,rn,n.

'rt (iic(t aIt{ r)Lrt(rn!cs. 'l hc ilrcrnxrirr r(} .cl(xsing rh.

Llrnrit,.n.1..\ $.i\ (, tc(p rh(,n {rr d)! inrrrh Ihr tit

j(r disidyinlis. oi this ofrnr $xs rhar rhc chiorl)xrl^rs$rNld hi\r i lili:l(ng dcpcndrn.r on huD{,rs nr lxxlrnd Pn)trcrnnr llc(nlnni. arauntnrs q(rr n{,r (rtrrsi(l.rtLl dc!i\j\(. b((.rust b()th oplirri\ rcquitu.l subji:iiiii.ill(nrg t( rnr iorcsnnrdr

Th( R.intrr{u.drr Sp(.iilist (;nn? (RS(i) oirlt, lt (l\fftnnL,r guntdin6 ritr d(.isi{m\ rh\rt th( dcsiribjlit\ olr.lHsirg (rl)tnc rninrxls t(i tlt( n ikl(\\rrld (im*^rrirnrI nnni 1998) 1-h( orrtridnra prnrcilr. is tl r dr( rclex-Druit nrili( i l!lsirir( ((nrrihutum il) rh. slr6ival rn th.\p((i(5 irt drr !\ild Ilr('R\(; rilso 5tr.\*s rlr..rnrrttdn]

()l thc issuc\ and rht hii<h,cvcls ol int(st ent.riquirtd ro

.orre(tl) .lrsign. trr$ittf. ,urcl Lt(tunent rn! p(,iecr rhrtnn(!l\1s rrlclsnrs.xpri\'( xonnals lru'ldnrg (nr ihis 80(rxl p.nrcilr(. \Pt.itt xnrl sitt 5txcilic tt.tl!'s nn'st b(nr.csrl,ird into rlrr llciJnu n Li'rir, Pn).tss

sP ,rN-sto(llt( (oNslDtjllr ois

(;i!.n ilrnl no prcccdrnr e\ist(d iitr .xptn( chi.rl)xo2(rs h(i,rs n,ccrssirll) rtld*d t() rcitrtnr.. *ikl popul,tnns it rvis .ssentirl tr, (stlblish \ h(thcr thctu wcrc.rAons r{) rei.ct rhc r.lcrs. optnnr hrs(d rnr knoflcdgcofchiorl)ar/cc nxruril hiir)n T{) xss.ss drt th(r)r(ti.alprohxl,ilir] {, su..(is, \!( d.rtr nrlbinrtnnr rnr rln-r{1n!,j.at .titJ hlrt\i,r(,f qild(hinit)xn/.( lnnn knr,at(nn ii.lLlsrudics (e.8.. (nlxlrtl l')li('l \iJhidr I99O; Iltltut * lVaqui r l9ri91 iuc(irc!\'rt rl 1996)

(:hnn|in7(es lir( irr .onnnurirics ol20 l(l(! individtr{ls siri(| irrclullt ippn)\n,ir.l! cqurI nttnrh.A ofrdultrnllts rn(l tar)rxlts. (,n\Uiirg PxIt.flN wirhnr tht .(nrnr$rir\ irt fl.xibl( (r\.cPt ii)r lhe hn)logi(rl trnit ol icnr|lls rrLl thrir d(pcDdtnr ()fiiprnrg). Young chnnPan7(cs trk-, \\'(rn((l IirD rhc xg( ()l 3 \tts hut (ll) ornbec(n( nuritnrulh ird(tkndtot udril rhc l)irdr ol x

ril)li,rg (rlarigr inrert)irth i|t(r\rl is 5.i \txr\) {ittr\'(initrg. jur(nilrs r.orxin \Yith their nr)rhtN tnr 5(r(n'ldrft )urs. Srtrduxll) itr.r.trsnr8 th(ir iitrl.pcnd.nc. durim r(lol( {1!r.( (- l2 ttrrs) Iht ihjorin of lcornlcs

rnnsicr n, i fleiShboring c{rnoNtin bciarc r.p(xtu.'IF hrr rrxl('\ irrLi'n R\nh1rl ,rr lltr rLrr.il ti{nrrnnrinrhrough(trrr dr.ir hcs.

'lhL hrrnc-ft|Lr siz( oi chiDrl)xnzt( conrnurliti.s nr

f(,.(sr hrhitrts is l rgc (: io krnr). xnd poPula(nxr d.rsir{\,.\r'.r8( lr'Is11'rritrt'.rkll, rrrrnllr lu..h'k ll,rrtrr,rrr8t \ t,: \, rr lxr'ra\ ,^t'1,t .'rrl . r

(rlh drfrn(l(d Fruit dooriorlcs th. (hiDPinT(( di.l. burs..ds.l(r!.r, pith. tt{*L('6. birk. n 'tn(h.rrrt. rnLl rert.h lrs rr( rho rxt(n S(v(n s[r.lits of thc di(t r)i lvildchnnpr Txcs rc.odcd ir x!(.trg. of 165 Plrnt inods(rxnSr 55-3.lll) In th( l-opa lt.s(tu nr c(lrlrnl (;r nr

(rl( nr( ,1,,\({ n, 1 .{,[' r.,(i s'|,,',' $'l.l tl'iIrlrlr^,.hr!( brc. strdi(d nr x snnilxr hibjrao. I: I li)( s $crerccordd. includhg 9 and i sP(cics oi inrtn(bratt and

!.rt(hrrtr pr.r. .estt.riv(l-! (Tutid & IidNnder l99J)'l hc dirr$e, oniui\uous di!t ill witd .hnnPan^ts ltrdsthcDr l(, tilrig. i,r i \.ri(1r ol vellc{ltirnl r\Pes x'1d .tquir.sr laryc rtu. r()nrcrr dreir\crrnurdLlicrir) n(((ls\\ihrn rruir is s(r((. .hinlpanT(e\ t\pk,il (ontnn(r$,\ariilxbl. ituirs luch xs dms. ,)l th. oil PalD (/l(a!,q,rrrc.rsr:s) r,r fllas (rnrlr sP ) rnd irrcrust ton\uDrftnnrolrhundn,rr nxis ofl()w(. nuri(nral\rlut. su.h.5 th(firh xnd )outr8l.xrts ol h(hs. lhc ci'1)ins.rfl.ir\ 1)l

. h{birit is tlrfh.(l h\ tlr( lvxilibilit\ ol th.J( illlhi.k

.,'rl {.i!}1, r,{(l! rl,.,r .,Fr., ,r . h,,r'l' rir^,\ ,lunrrL rir'n\,,l ,Ir:r \,,r!h ' k r).(-(1r(( ,,1 $,lJ,l. r,t,.r'r^.\ r.

tlt ousr rtli2blc ntli.xt,r of c(obgi.illl suitrhl( hibi

knrtr1.tr,/,tu:c(hlth,rht(. !/' 12i1

trr. bur n) r!oid .col()gi.xl (onrpttirnD. rclcrst ()lrd(lituDil iftlilntuals (tln he envisionc.lonl) iith. d(nsirl oldr( Nil(l pofdxrnn is b(l,,$ .1rn nr!:.iPx.it)

l hc so(irl hchr!n,r oichnnPrrrzt(s is (unPl.x: 3tutrii8s. iturnin8, rml rgonisti. bthx\i,)rs *fl! &i.\t,il!lislr xnd rr{ftlrnr relitnntstrits A doornurrr. hictar(lr}(ri\r\ iDrng id(rl! oulcs. Inltlr Dalts rnd li'or:'l(s shos'

nurk(d Prttcrcn((\ iirr pxrti(ulirr co,nPrrrirtrs lni{ u.tnms btt$ecn (rn Dtrnni(r ar. mre and. cx..pt iar th.r.,\( "l .kl,,l(\r,r i,,rrh' rr,\rrrL rrrr'i I ('ir'rriunir\.thr! xr. chrfl(tfi7.Ll b] cxtr(tr. aagrcssbn. lrrrrig ting tumrlcs ift lr .sJcd h) rcsnlcrt iilnrl.s hutpror((tcrl h! xdult Dul6. Atl h Dulcs tnl (d*.antdr{)lnrgnds ir( rht onAt lullcrahl. lo atid.k in nrt..(1n"nMii.-\ .n ouot(.\ Alk.kr ir( .rrtlu.ttd bl gn Ps 1,1

oralrr igri,rst l{n. nrtili.lurl\ or sDrll Pa.tits. xnd injuries infli(rtd c.rr h( i;rrxl

Allhough rh. rtlcis. olxtlolts((nt rtnrxlc\ miorics ih.nxtuftl pNtt(.n ol oot.or(ot h(IN(co crnnnntniricl, thc\ttroph()hic lxhxln{ (n orxl. chnnpanTtts Pt.l dtsthc rcl(i* ol nralcs. l here i\. howdtr. on( rxr( txccPri",r r,, rlk't(n(-.'l flrh'rrrxl( $1'k1r r'r..1(\ rt1rr..i'I n,

rhri. nnrirl .o.nnudit). Tlvi.t. du.in8 l(rr8 rtrn sMlitsol \\.illl .hnDpatr7x(s ir'Itnzrnii, {).Phrrcd itrv(nilc oriltsrc.oDrl)rn \ nrg rn ( rd(r .rdolc{. rri \istt. l \ ( I rJlr rt..rttlsuc.essfirllt nrtox nc\'.oDrntnliq ((ni)dall l9B()l Njshi.hl99O) lhe (onrfltxit) ol (hnn|xtr2tt sociil hcha\n).r(qnn$ rhir .iodntx((s tix rtl.ix' lt)s{'ss rhc tull sr'ci(s spt(ifi( (1rrtoift xDd shrw , xhnoflntl or inrrpnlpri.te pxtt(nrs of hrhxtntr.

snr-sPl]Crtl( coNsrDltr{Tl0r\s

Irnroiji.ai Nnd r).n)..ono.ric tun(] r (lltck.issdler li\|,,l'oko Ikon8x l99li l)ounr.o8c 199.2) r.!Ql rhe bnr

llisi.xl nDl)ortxn.( of rhc (hfikouiti Rtstn. .n(l th(gs)$,ing nr.r(i froN in(rcr huDrxn us( A\ r r.sl)lr{r{) thrs. rhrcxrs. rhc rcsr(c qxs onc or i!. iir(s s('l(trd li)r iiurdnlg unrl(r (;EF(,oog(), s(, lrom l99r n,1999 thc ll (.r! iDrlr(nr(rrtd an irl(gnlttll (oDsc$ntnnr

.,lld,l,a'.lup,rkrrr Pr,,1,11 ' li I)l', trrrdL'r rltr'.urrlnr.i '!l

th( v)rtd ltu1l Th( obic(n cs {n dr( I(.I)P trcre n) irr

rrodik sustainibl( ilri!irits rnd Prrri.iPxtor) rlrxr{g(rDrnt io tht rt\rr\c lYith tlr( iinl ol nnlxNi[li lnntgconditnnrs ol rh( tusnl(nis whilc r((lu.in8 thrttrts !(t

bn n($ir) l\i) \ilh8(\ li. s idrnr ntt rcstn(: tsr)orhers lir iusr (trrrs c ihc h(nrnda.itr (rig i). lh( Ix'

Soons xnd n!(rs .rc uscd (xttosilll] 1i). fishin8 rrdran\lxrt. -l hcrc rr no r.rds $'ithn1 rhc tus(6t. A,.lri

.ullural r(tilities 2.r llPi.rl ol th. rlgn r orxrb. iDdt,. .' ,.\ ,rj( ,lr( ',r,.r,jrr|\ ll'I'rnrF \\ill- \r'r',\ i\.oonnon. p.ni.ulxrh rnlurrd Plxnrxdnrs. rod sln)Iguns1r. n{d rcs!'Ilr rbr huDtn,s surdui tin (both Plxrri.ud rnior.l) is .\irorr(d t(, thc t^\D ol lr,,int. Noiit'l h( j{trrntr to l()$ tr is hrzard,trrs, xnd onlt i ta:\' tru(ks

t2t2 k(h rtl abn"lt !\'tblhtt\t"t.n,ts)

Dnkc the rrip ri.h \{erk ltur. rrr(xr and iish xr( r.rn.rnlh \l[,k(d prbr t,) rnrnsJx)n. [c\1 (mpn)\'rrr(nt oplrrrNririts crist. lr dr( l)rst, atr) )rrr$ p(oplr unnt.t rr)

I',r,rr. \,nr( trr *'xr(lr ,,r i.'lN \1,trr (r(,'rl\. (, rrrri(rc((r\nrr. coNbin(d r\ ilh Lh( ,rr!'t ol'rrDrr{l (onlroDrrriors brt\\'.'(n oppo\ir'B polirnil g(,up\. hxr rt\irs((ldris rrcn(l lhr i!)liti,nr ol (.{nrk,)riiri .lcr r Ihrr tttr'(co,x,ni( o|lx).tuuitics (\isr, rd )'orna or.n hxlc nnnr(lnr(r(isillgl! to hutrtin,r as i nt rs of(rroirrg (ash

ln r(flDs of br)ad ((msid(nrnns rbr th( p,isiblr rrtcr\- r, (hinpiln,,((s. hunrinS \'ir i ri$rill.xtrt thrcnrl{i counr(f this thrcrl. cif.(riv. l)ror(.tnnr r,f th( r(lcrsc sirr s()uld h( erwrrirl rnd *,nrld bc,rctil rrrn onl)tlr( c\Lrpti!(s bur rU innnih pRr1rl Attx(liin8 thcrtDr (ii(l!(\ of hu.rnrS \.rs xn i r(8ril pirr,,t rhe l( l)l' s

xc6iri(\ 'lhc sl).(iU. pmbl(rr of th< illeBrl p(t rrudr\1.s hrnr8 rddr(s*(l lhrouSh .tlkirnnr in(l rNrr(tr(\r(anrfriSn\ n1 Point( \{rift afld rhr(nrgh lr.hni(al x d l,!gisri('il i\\i5Iinc( tlr th( (-ongr,h\( \\'ikllita lkprrtdrcrllllrt x(riti(irsol dr'l(ll)P gtD(rrt(d soorr johr fir lr{rlpc(,I)l( ()rhcr. lr,o8(rtcrD p(,siriv( in.otir(s ii,r pro!(.rnr8 th( rc*n( !\eft in(*cn dlroush phns n, dc.(!)l) (eotourinr

^lth()utih thr r(rnr.on(nni( (onr.\t

rr (inrkonrri sas.r,t nltal. it Ni\ judg(d lhxr th( ri\\s()l clrin8 (hirnpuo/(es rould br rddrtss.d r\ pxrr ,n'

th( oog,,ina rnd l)Lrnnc(l .oDs(r\irnnr r(tiliti.s ol thcI(:l)t, iI rh( r(scn (

rD[r\1r$(lt0i ot trE xtn.r,,$[ sll.Ii

A rclc.\r (.o tx (ryisnrled onlt ilx \uilxbl( sitc r\istrA ruitxhl(' \itr rrru{ prr}!nlc sulU.i.nr .tsour.rr a(). dr(ful.is(d i,'dnnhrih rr'(l Frtr'ir tr(, rdv(r\r (ilr.rs,nrsl)((ic\ xl,ud) t)r(rnt. rithcr rhntrrgh (lcl)l(tnnr or k(rturt)ur.rs of orft'r (,nrn (r\ ,,r throush ,^crurPl,)irlrirD ol rc\.un(s thrt re(luLrs hrtll.! x\'lil.hil ] ln rddirnm r() jxn nrs rr\,)urccs. r r(lersr sir( trn'\t oftnr rrlixbl( I nrrtn tronr rhrcxts \u(h xs hantils rod t')$ging.unl ,Iun rx,r (\1,,^( Il( ,(l('.,\((l ,l'r,rl,.r"/((\ r., nr".rlnns (n (inrtlict q'nh hu'n$r ((.S. pr)xinrit\ r() !ilh8(s

Anxlrris of mxl)s of thc (inrlouati Rts(n( allow(drlr kl(rrr,rir.rrn{' ,,r r\', \irr'\ rlrrr .,pp(.rnrl lr,ms Fhas.d rnr thc r.on,8i(xl .rit(rnrr rn dr( nx,:ii. of r(t('rirnn ltp(s and lh( pi'.tical (ritcrix i)f rltrni\r t'a{ r)l

.'..tssxndibwt'('l)frillti!t(s(;r(,undrrid( (,1 (x(tr sit( itl ().(,b(r 199,. A !xri.l} ol driis(r! lollccrcd on \c$erati(nr od \isns ol p(s(n.c diorx!nnrils. pxrtiflrlxrh chidrl)rn/.!r and lao.illi\. InforNrrnrn rnr hunrxn ur( {,f rlr( \il(\ q'N rlv, (ollr(t(d(pr(sor(( of hunrntA.aorps. plantiti()ns, r(lled lrc(\.sr fcs. (rlridlt(.r{'s, rt)d |xihr) rnd \rt)lrolcnt(d l))nll(ni(\'\ $ith .(\id.nrs , )r' rdFhlarins \ illuS(s

(h. \n( i\as ({(ltiqu.nrh h\ k{il l)(t,l)l( f{,r(illc.$rl) hullting. ind nnrr l..gc t.(cs hid bcdr lrll(d ti)rth!.r,nsrru.rnxr oi hous(s ar(l dugrtr,i .inr,(s At rhis

sit(. c\riorat(s d rir[nnrlian d n dsin xnd (l(fisit! . b.{(|on tnr(ks nnd dth(r irdir..r si8trs, \!crc l{)s. xnd rhc($rft r!, \i8rs i, (lrtrnl)r,r/((\ 'llx !a, r(l {r( $.r.nx)tu prxnisirS. \nN.d thc Irixualr.'thisxrer oi taNl.:l tN: hid cltrr nrtu.il lnlu)d.rri(\: thr li8(iri iofln(drh( hx\(. rtrd a rir.r\plit ar th( rlxx oldr.'l.i.nal( nrr)tqr) h n.hcs rhrr il()srd iDt{, th( lxain. li)rnring rh.sid$ (l:i8 l) lnhnd liom rh.* h(trrtliri$, s(t l(!.ct!-ti,nr $'p(s (Pcmrurr$ilr and {i$nrall) fl(r (d lorcit,(\i\r((1. rnd rh.(( hl({ks o, lln ck}\.d{:rn(,t)\ Ii,r(\t\L(r. l(itrd flnh(r inhnd (nr \lir$th' hi,ah(r gnn'n(i'lh( rilcr ln)lnuarics (li(l nor inn.rc thc -l.ixnslc c(nn.plttcl) nun th( strrrrndnrg fi,r(st. bt.xus( trxturitlbrid8r\.xisrrd r(n)rr on( ,n th( rirr6 ti)nnrd b\ rncrhppirrF .rnopic! .i od rillcn 1..(\. lht lcios..)t itrho:Pirabl( s$.xorp ti)rcst di( 8(d lxretnrnni ht FofL.ho$'.!(r. A .xorl) (n {\'(n hous(s \?s l()(rlcd b6idrrhc l.Alur ar th( (xrlr lrtr( \'hdr dry ti,rc\r ,)(cuft.lls.irhio l(x) oi oldr( \horc. (hh l.'t cldcrh'p(oplc \(r(txrortrl(ot (snktrlr ol rh. (rDrl). illhrtrrtah .(laiiv(sjrrintrl theDr for *'rvrrit ,8ri(ulnrml i1)rk Aho(t lr liofrlx .,di.r(D' J^ ri,r(\i h/tl tirlr .n'rr ft ll.LI ri,. rn., n('plinixti(nrr. []$!h.R tu rh( lrirng]r rhcr( scrt l($'\isn\ ()l h urx r.riliries. ao(l tl)r nrFrl Rrrrltd x di\trsirl oi nrxnrnr.l slx(ics. ircludina chnnp.rnrr(s iur(lg{rillrs

lh,'lrNr $rr $,'\ r(,(a'l((1. l\u llI l-n.rn$h'.ilr'\'.r\jrklg((l lrotcnti.li\ liroiihl( lnr ihc ftlcrs( ,)l.himpxn7.es. lhnDrn ua ol dre sit( rv s on a ior.ll s.al(. trnd

hunring prcssur. l(trv. A wid( rxn8( (,f lnrgc nrxonnnlsu{d rhc sirr. and plrtrr sp(ck\ dn(rsit\ $xs hiah. lh(namn h{nrdarits $'... i gR'xl i$r bteu* thq s,(nrldall(^! .lctrr enllln:rinnr ol th. sitt ind prtnnUns t,,U rrn'l rlh's.rl u\''l'ltr nr(,\q.{rld.,lv,,li$n,n'rt',,Drrdixt.. \r'id( dispo\i,n of tul(xkd (hnnl)inz(s Ih(r.\ulr\ in rhe llr\r {rnr'r $1r( {r,ll( nlrrl\ (rnl,urrAidSnr t{rrriot titnher r(ttun \irrliing s'idr l(ril autl!,n.tirs, sirtl of rh. l(:l)P iscotxin.d thir lh( r(sidcnrs,)lth( (rnrf $ithin tlr('l-rixof,l. \'( r. willnr8 k) ,nor( t{}

r Ddrb\ \illaac sh(r( lritth {^icc \r$( a\rilxbl(Thcir r(l{ri&,n \\xr r.hi(rc(l h.rnnnrn)tl5l! br.itr{-thc (,nr(r.n(d prnies nrt't ftgtrhd) for r lirll -!crr trJ dirc s5 t(rDrs irud d(lirrr murunu) x..ePtnhlc coolptnsr

^{(otrrl 5un(\,,f tlr(l.irnal( aitcsaiund.nakLrr irr

llirch April l9q) l)it, Etr( (ollcctrd s)srcDuti(rll)on borh rh( utunr rnd florx (,1 th. sit('Ih( drnsir\'',1Nild.hinlprrz(.\ \'rs (rlcuhftd iroor n.sr coutrr\aldrtl titrrkcr lnr(s liral chnnp.rz(( Ix)ttulirn)t d(nris !\'rs r{nn rll ir l) l- r).ll nrdilidual\/knri dtuitrIrnr r,) uI Iri'8( i,l dfec li) rden siU (hnnpadr(c\usinL dr( sirc. \i ild .hnnpanz((s (ird Drxn) r)th(r nrrl)r.Duh) trr,vrd tf,r$((tr drc l nanBlc rnd rhc ri,turts ofd(.(*-6'c t(, drc nr,rlh uJnrs rl( narur.rl hridsG At lcr\t6l)i \pc.i(s ol high(. phot\ rr(tirrtd in rlrr'fnan8l.. itr.kklnrg rhour lr)0 knos'n lixxls ol wild (l'ntrpan^ci.

'l'h. drn\il\ ,,f i 1[,1cn nrri,r f:llhack lirtrls thrrt {rstxin(h rl)Jnlr. Ir'pul.rrn r\ (luriIF Ixri,d\,'l ln'n nrR'ir\$'.'\ t.'h''rl.'rrd ,,' LLln'R'r'r 1,.'lrr,'r nl)(\ h\ (,nnrrr Irquidrirs l)(nsnic\ ol th. \ orlrcd plafll\ NrqlRrt(r.h,r r r tln)\r nurl rt linrr (l) irn pin1.c itul) \itr ( \'rin8lunr (t rl. Ir9J) lh. ktr\ pofulirnnr (l(nsit\ r)i s.ikl.trnnp.n/((\- .onrhin(d $ilh rh( hi,.lh dnr.\ir\ lndrl)uodin(. (),.hitrrprrrT(! taod\. \ugs(srcd rhir r\r.a indnidualt ((tr d lt inrixhK.d q'irlhur r(,lxti!( (flcd\(nr tht rcsnl(nl liuni rDd r](,m.

Prcparalion for ltclea.€

'lh( r.l.ire fR)t.cr q1s plinn(d ,)t(r 2 rri.i irrd niroh.J i !ic5 ot i(ti, iri\. lilll .(\r,un...\isr xs uiput'lish(d (l)ons in IIII-1, x d rh( I(.1)f. t)R()(;U(tAPlllll.!' lt ( N ( li'fnl l99l/r. lt).)('. l1)t)lli Ar(r.ni/ (t al1995: Ar.ft1rx7 li)!Xr- 199-. 1+)n): l)idi(r lr)9L: l,.ndc\1998i vr(her\iillii 1998)

slll]r no^ olir{nnrDrlliil mR ir:ll;{il

A mil)r (rnrc(nr issGirt(d \\.ith rhc (lexsc of (t'prn'(il'dnidunl\ is tlhl rh() Nill.im dinin sirh drr pot(,riill t,) jcof.dizc rh. htxhh oiNil lit. or hrur.o\. A prc\(ntir( or(di.xl pn)Iinn s'A d(\igocd ri)r th. ht{lIh.nnrilori,'s {,a rlx' .himp.,r/ec .,ron} prn)r r,) fulcr\(\\'iIh thL rinr ol ptu!(ntio! thc nrtrodu(ri(n r)l (tis.r\(inn) th( r(a'n( A crnnl)l(rc (alical as!-\snrrnr (,tIllil.l, s chiorpaurei h!(l h((n u dtrtik(n in 1992 hr lt(rDr of (x])ens (!.r.rinfiu, tl(xtrlr- xtrd tcchni(iirs)iirD rlr. (.(ntre Itrr(nurnnr.l d( I{(.hr(h6llcdi.rl(\(l( l:i(rc(rillr ((lll{NIF) in nci8hbori,r$ (;ihinr lo 199i,an,nhff h(xkh 5un.!. irllludnU rnxh{.s aDd t)rurrdtrIi( inr.5(nrirnr\. s15 urxlcnil.o &) pr.t)xrc ntr r.l(i*'('Irhle I) li(suhr ofdrc nrcdi.rl inilll(s \ho!\((l dr.ltrh( .oIn]r \1'as ti(. of Drxlr prtlx)lrenr (An.turur ct rll1)t)i) I'({r chnnpitrTrl\ sith slighr ph\sicil nr.rpa.irk's ()r okl iniu-n \ *crc ju(lg.d nn*riribl( cxnilnlrtcs fitr

Aoorh(r eon...n rt.liu(\ to th( ph\ lt,g.(,griphi( (.rnpxtibilio ol dr!- rcl(irsed (himprnkrs. 'lh.rc is x pdrcn.

Nthrv',ll.ttrl,/ r\'t)l,h.th t (.o,F, l!5J

ri,rl risk,r'$enctic nrxladaptxti,ni n) krnl rovirorurcrtxl(,xrdnnnls il ih(r' .ondirnrrs ditli'r tirn th,,{ it thrpke( ol,rigtu. Alor)st ill rh( ,ntrran((l (hnnPn,'r((shxd b(D .iptur.d nr dr( liouil(,u lxpxnorol- lltr adDriri\trirri\( di\rri(r tlut in(lde s rht CotrkNrti R({fi..'li).ontrol ii,r il)( Lrnlikcl\ possibilitln nrhrrdi!\8. th(8('rcti( r(lxt(dn(\r of thr r.Lx{'d nrdi\nh'.h \r:r\ csriDrxt(alh\ :rMl)si\oll)\A tioo l)['.k.d hrirs. \mhsisol.10 nu(lcar nri.msrt(llite g(tr(tic rilrker. ro({l(d fi(} k-lrti\ (s tu th( oqrrrn l)pulxin)n ((;,x,\*r!\ cl xl l(IX))

'I'o hr\( x auxl (han(. ,)l Nnivxl ,o thr sild, (xa(lidnlc\ ia.,1l(is( orust b( ( nlx1(Dr {r li dn)B ft,(trIandi\,) nrg,rilual pr((lat,,6 A1l rhc (hnnproz((\ ,,)rxlcdr{n' niru.xl lixlls r,rd rr( hodr plunts a d inrerr(hrxte\.N.'ilihl( (tr' .hc i\hnds.

lr \'.6.1(rrl('J r' ( l(.,'( \u'r,,hl( (.tr(1,J.llr! nr .r {.d(roi rnrall gfi pr n) Drinn)riz( rh. inher.nr risk (,r'xn rnttsrcd I)rr(rdtrr( ind n) xU(N ri8or.nr\ F)\t.clcx!nx)nitliriIF lk(rns( of rlt'hthrvnr oith( sp(ci(s. xdrl(s.rDt ranril.\ rrc Or( orosr xppropriir(.xndnhr(\Ii,nunar(h. rh(R irxs r stnma trnrilr bixs in d)( IIFI-I,(hirnpan/r(s F()r rhc ,i.$ r.leis(, ti,ur tirnrlts *,(rc s(l!(t(d bas(d on (\isrnrS lntrkl\ (, trirndihip (rr(\du !a

otxl. N \ iddrd tt, tht rrlrx*- SnNl) nr th( hoF' rhrt hr$1^tld ln r...pltd ,is i 'urth.rirtrniug nisociltc 0l ih(Ittrr,rlcs.:rs hxd h((o obs(F(d {f,casnnrrlh a nr8 Nild(hnnpan/c(s Th( \tril ,n ll[Ur hrd inrnnir. kn(Nlrd8(,n thc (hxfl.fur rnd lthrvi,,r ol tx(h .hnDl).nzr(.$ti.h thr\ sanrd tonr daih oh{.n'xrn)n\ r^(r i lodsrri,f,l,,1riorr. I his tnr^\1(dsc wr\ us.(ltl) rtimnritt indiriduils hchi\n)mllr un{itxbl( tr)r relcisr d!)s( $h,)sh(trlcd (i lhtr c\cc\sirc .rrtichoko r orx&rcssnnr l(, hunurrs or \thr) \r$( noi i[rrl{rurd so.irlh ]rid t{) Unali^ th( .. )rn Frsitn xr ol\ubsroups tir rLI.x{.

Pt[P{l(1T10 $r R[uilJiri snr

A rntallrcrurch (rmp wis built iu$ ourstur'thc IrixnSl(xl th( af x. ind itrrl \trLtl \(r (cnrit((laod r incd b\th. \raf{)lllEl.P Rqulxr pitn)ls tr'(r nr.(l( il(nr,t thc riv(rs t() (xl)hin to l()ul peopl( thc plins iOr rtlcis( ofrh(

lhhle l . suhno.' ol puedur$ {or tBlth f,onhorina {trd sfttnlng ol lll:l.l' s ctrimpinze$,

l\t ftlenn t.r.. in!tt.)1t!.. It)t)6,' Rthats" p,tt,idh,/Ai$\s hrlv.(,nditn11

(.(,nrlu.r .lnri.al .\xm n[innrF\nnrin. n(!, nrnrlr(\ l()r

ki(1r it\' r uh( runlin. nD\' .(nurr r8rnbr trrh' & rrrrnus

.ond(' lr(nritnosicrl m(l nnrrd

.0ndu(I \'.ol()xi(rl {r( irulli)r rrtnr irns(5 lil()ri.ur.s.l'qdiri\ A S lr. hhr)d prnsnes

.\rnrinc hnrrsnnrpl(5 li)r 8(trtti.rnrlrsis rnd i.ditidul

aF.trr rnroFi(nl sctu.onrg

\x(durinrs il fl(d(dr.lnri niskr nr i(Lr nrs (n

!irxnnnr d(l,utribn,ti(s r\ofta dintn. nrdru.( rSrxrstsh ss ft li kaL \ uld(n'hilnr r)

'i-- tr,,",,t \,t,lt,t, trr q,qh\t tl\ rl11 h,1l nn,d'L \|\ l'l '

t25+ k&\tv.l6til't altrlthd , t. t,t:!'

.hnlpir/r'(\ rn(t tlr (hatrg( nr snlur of drc snc. I ht I iIxa) ( n'snl(nr nr rh(]iixnSl( s(rc nl{r.t(al l{, i n.r.h)viur!:r 'lh( ,rrtui'l hMdanrs,,r rh( Trixoli( and th.sorall nunrl)(r {,1p.(,1)l( who hud u*d dr! \it(' Dn& rlrr.tk,1:itnnr (rnrl).isn o(n r[h ]l]\\il)l( lrur \u((!\slul. I]\(n efti,n \is nnd( r,, ((nnFn\rrr k_8ulir iimrr u\rsofftt sir( h\ nxdxnrl)l(. pur(hrsnrg il\h und,,tLcrpr(>dr(( trnn the,n. hirnrg rh(ir nni((s. xn(l (\trhli\hin,l

I!)sirnc tuhrnrrshifs h\ p(^nlnr8 cDrr'}lcno ircdicil(rrt and $\istins io ()th(r \Dull\la\s su(h r\ providnrx(nnsF,fl xod mcdi(nr6 (tr ddnr.nrs l(l.eA

(;n rtrl r!(trk nr Lrc ltixngl( prnr k) drr tirst (lr:rs(()lchnnt)rtrzcrs nrv,n!(d.utdr8 i ncr*)rk (n r nx(L\,id(lrtil) irg inrportxtrr ,ruit pi(lu(ing rtu6 r.(l ourirorrrt,i lh\.r t)lklx,1.,j{n ..1 {rk un,r,.r ., d,n!,,1 lr,ririi{rirrs$\reor nr t)n)du(( ir((1rirt( rnlx ol thf titc. xnd onnrirfin8 dx' l)r(s(n.t xnd x.ti\iti(J of lxrgr o'ronnil\'lhr{. ir(!i\iti(s xlk)qral rhr pn,i(r srxff k, h(.oor( fiDiliar \tiIh the \it. xnd ir) inc.(ir\c hl.kgrouad kn{}!\'lr(tst (ll tus({r(( Irilihiln!

Pi€-Il€le$e Prfi€durt

R.,dn'rr,('Lx'8 \.A r\*1n,.J li lx,\r i(l(.h( rrxn,,r,'n'rF.rrdrF.i l((,llx6 $(fu (lr\isn(d b\ Itl()ui.\ lI( (i\$r.Ariz{nu'). vhich nunt})rired x hrcik.$.\ rr(rnnr rr)mnrnDi/( risl ( )f iritrr,tll xtnD l'h( rrld*- i.\()l\('d dt)lu.ins rh( (1x,fn .in(li(lir6 iinn dre iilxnd\...1 rflosl)l)ni,r8 th(!t' ((, rh. (luts( sirr lirrh( dran pk.nrg rlr!rDnDrh in crgts (iuring thc l.lnnrr h(,rl tril) k) tlrt sir(.N( d((i(lcd thxr nrxinrxininS th(rrr uDdrr:rt(sr[(Ji,sl)uld .iui- trss srr(\\ Thr.. lrrc.itrxrirtr\ irki rd xtrinr.lrr(hni(iirn. xll w!rh r\renrnr (\p.no.r sirh (hnnpln^.s. issist(d irr thi{ 5crns {,1dclicxt( r)t)(flti,rri.(irpiu..\ ,, .hidpi'rreei dr rlrr irlandr. Il,th li,r p...rckr\. h(xlth a,-.((trnrs ind nr rh. .cl(d{. q'ctu crirird i{tr ir ttcdnrS Iirn( h\ rd.riniJrcrinB rnsthrti( h\nuD rl itri(ctnnlr h\ N d{n lrool i bk)\'pitr'((l Vnhl(l.,1,,,,pul,h\ltraltt.u.r) lr,.(.{rrrj.'l r.,hr\(x,'t'\l),'ntnc((ll(.un lk.au{- rh( risks,,1(ln^\ onr8 (( I'inrl)iD7.(\Ncr. oh(n in rrrG (^crhirant8 dt lx8tln stcndrrrcd) xnd igSrcs\nnr k) huDriDs nrust bc ((nrtr)lled

'lh( xn(srhcdzrd (hnnpink(r Ntr( tmnslnxltd k,rh. lro.tmn lor nr(di.xl (\..rinxtnm. prr klu\r ttuxtdr(.r 0(l lirr4. r, L(ln{trlr\. rhq \(r'rhrn rratr\

l)ortc n) rl'! Iriinglr ii,r fu|.N. lhc pr(.k tulri*'{itc s'Ns (l!)vlr n, oftnni/. pn)\nnn\ n, dtrikri\r v,Lrr.!rol Nikl lix(l\ Du( rt) ilr( hiSh (r'$ of ndixl)lliN. nolxll nrdnnltkls N..( collfcrl. lndi\idu.l\ iot((l ii'r cithcrl(rdrr\lril) sllrtl\ ()r \(lrtrribilj$ *(r( fir(r(l !!itb .rdn>

Posr-releer. i[onirorin,t

'I hc.Innpinzccs trcrc i.rlo\r'cd {rr .r dtrih bi{is i1i(r ftrl.rsr. 'lh(\ sere l')(.t(d bt .x.h)tir.knr8 rtrd folh^v((l

rt disrin((\ ol5 100 or. d(p(nding on (ir(t'trrslrn(csDitu'.t (,ntx.t brr\'(n huorxor ind chinrprnzees N s

krpt r(, r DritrnDutrr. xnd Dr) supplr.rcnlxn lixd Nisgi!.r (nhcr drin nr (x(rplirnrxl (ir(unrsrnrr.rs. ()Ir\(r1trs d itrn.tiDrts irtftr(rl(( llr( Dro\(or(nti (r'rh( ru

lu{al indiriduxls b l$din8 dr.trr f() lruilins trc(s rrd.in dr. lir{ () RntIlt\. b\ di*rrx8ing lh(rrr tinn lrtr\iotlth( I'rixnal( rcrosr tlr(' trltunl hrnlg$.

Iinr h(h{rioid 'nkli.aron ol xd{pitirnr lo th( q'ild (olinrnncot strcd(hr(,tr*d,rr Lmslrd8(()f \rikl(hiu).PJ /,''\ lr.rlx i{r Iltr ,rr^(,rk1rr\..(1i\ir(\. ,urLl8n{rttn'xol tlru ltlqKl irnliliduals N(rc (rl(r(d h) scn rnrrlrrh ,,1 (hnnlun/rc u(kl s(kli$ ((i(x ill lqm). Pirtieulir xrr(lrtnnr \\'irs prid [r] iire(lnu. xnd Erttl)lr\ r]i illtir{ pl. rts \.R d,ll.cnd tOr \tb*q.k1rt id(nrili.xrnnrTh( llxx(DrcnN,n rh( (lqaIl (hnngJnTre\ n(l rh. l,(itunrs ol th.ir niSht n.{s \krt ptxred (nr(,) l.rg( *-ik'

P.,,j((r nal1 dnrirorcd rh( hcihh da nre .hi.rpitrr((!rlicr r(l(.rs( h\ oh\(.nirs th(i. ph)sicxl ((r itnnr rndlf,i.g alcft n) hchr\ir)nrl signs r,t' illncs$. Ir(rl srDrtr.rserc.ioll(cicd crln J oxmths to be rcs(rd i)r iot(stirrxl

Akhttrrsh thr Pr(ar(( o, rh( r.{.arch \tati,nr rnd dr(eonslint l)re{n(( rr'ob*r(ri itr rlrc'liirnElr cnsutulllrrort(iirnr ollh( \it(. *idcr cxtrrl)xigns ,,l l)(hlic !wir(trls\ \r(( (rxr(lnrir.(l drfl rrsh, nu rhe !q'ne b \r ,l r)lthr l(.1)1, l.({rl lxa)lnr's rtrit!(l(\ n! dlc relri{-proir.r!v(r. nnnrin)tud b! r(!$lar Dr(tnrgs. txnlt ii)irnxl and in

Relcase of ChimpaMees

-Ih( llrst chnnprn^cr llc,r rcles(d h l)(ccmb(r lt)9(,ilhrce l)thcr suhgrrlN qrrc rclris.'d nr.,inoin l9e_.)'ot(nrh(r 199-. ad.lanux^ l99i) fourt(cn of drr 2l)(l.rwl .hiorpinl.r\ $crt ilir. rnd $cll. i,kludnr$ rhrfirst5, I \c.rs rrier r(lqsc ('lrhl( 2) I-s!),)lthc (hinr

lr2D7!!s lic(l: t' jur(nil( n 1( qln, itc(l nnnlcdiitl:lv xf't(rrcle\e .nd sh,,\.\k(lrron $'r\ I((ir((l x w((k lx(r Jk.r ii,nn th( .rlriri( \it(. i'lld un nrlior sh() disnpltx((l5 mnrths rftcr h.nrg relraval qirh h(r D(,rh.r. A,r t.ncouitud orxlt disit)p.fcd xr lbrNr drc sxn'r ri'De x'r(l islrli(r(.| t{) ha\( di((t Tnrr( l.m2lrs r8((t kll\'(( (lind - \Qrs st(tr r(l(&d ,l( nnnr(diit(h r'rd s(ru.or r(kxnted .irh(r h(.tLus. th() d rr)t hxv. i i n!(,,lltrr (, I ) ,n h(cius( ,)l nrxltiltr(tirtrr ,,r k)ss ,)l drr(olli^ (tr 2). I-h(r( xn- rr.snis n, heli(r( thxi at lcr\t!nn( ot rhe*'lii xlts strn'ir(d- b(.xu{ rU \\'(.('ltrlihr r\t(n tnsr s(ttr

^ll thr(( \!'rrc rh) ,,f hu.r,rr\

and n is pdssihl( tlr.)' b((xnr( nrt(8i't((l nrto thc wil(lFltrtl rnnr lhus. (,niifln(d ox)rhliq rir( qas ll)\, A(ruxl rxr(rlir\ \'x\ l)ilhrbh h(rn'(n Ii'" itrd 20',,. xndcouhlI'rrr l{(tr xt high 15-t{)',

-I-hc (hiorpturk(s u?.. nat r(hr.rul,le intrnttlirl(l)iit(r h(nra (l(x{{ nno th( r(rv hahitir. All sho\\'r(l

T.ble.l. t:rre olrtrt chimp.us ftlt.lsed inx, drTrirntle si1e ala,trlouri li*ne. (nngo.

l.dt R./.rhr' \ittttkrt\A rl hitlh t ,,tthha\t) lll),

tt lMt 4 t.bol :e ttl'ha. ,t ..n'(r' t25t

hrlt ns*,.irttd kguhfl\ wirh $jld Drxl(s duriug l)(riodsof!stnr\. bur $rtu hir( h((n no lrirth\

Alrhouah s\sr(orili('lrcnsurrntnt,, tht((ol(,gi.al(tit.t ,)l rh. ftluk p(r'rd (lilfi(ult. rhcr. rtu n,, signs. J

lclrs rtt(r Rlcrs(, (,l r(8.tirc (tL(t\ rn nxi Phr)ts orslnrpxrrn t'unx. ltrdced. hc({{ ,)l rh( pr(n(ernf ordrt ii(.. (,b{'nrrnm\ {)i rnonlqs rmltl(phtnts h.!c incrcr{{ Prosre\\n cl)

Consenatiofl lmplication$

Fronr r Nrllxtu p(r\lf,.lir(. thr rclcr\( pn)jt(( h.s btcnr ru..$5 br(iu{ I r l- (hinrP.nzr(\ h{!e rtsiin(d dr(r'tu(d,n m lvhi.h rht) w(ru bom lhrnks ri) rhc tt1rt.ti\! p.rnr(nm i'l thr sil( :rnrl i(s (nlirons. th( pmjt(thxJpri^idcd nnlx).tanr l)(Ntit! t, s'il(l ehnnprn/ras nrrht t)nrlruri( l:runi. trtr(l n) thc \r{.(l,rti(rr ol rh( I.iirrtgl(. Sincc l)cccnrh(r tt)(X,. ,ro sigus oi poi.hing hxvcb(cr ,ir in rhr TrirtrSle. irrd dda..ttrli{ni hrrsr(l|I)Ld (xh(. n nr(t bttr.ir\ hrt( .oDr( liln or(dir(ov.fl8r ofdr( tulesr. in.hdn1s \evcml tillns tltrt hN(btr Dridc.n(lsho\rn,,n r(lcrisnu 'lhr1 8l, tlr.rt. ds

s(llx\ rhroush l)opuhr,lrli(l(s rtrd phor,)Srxphs in rhcpr(\\. ft( (-{nrkttrrxi Il.qac i\ li:tiling intcmxtnnil ('put(. lh( (fl(cr r, Drclliu c(trrris( \'ithiI rh( (ounlnh:rs h('(rr lnrrir(d bccaus! , )l , msoi,)F l)oliticxl in sttthilin .

h'r uln\ rnrl .trhr'r,un'rial .id he n*..d l(i'xlh and oa

tnnrllll) oa.. p(tr(( rnd (tr(lc. ftruflr'l(irnrl ol intcautionxl rolunr(.h ind rc!lrchcrs

s(,rkin8 $ith l,x.lh r(crnit(d :rs\isr:rars nnnrn,,r rh( (Ici*{ (hnnprnz(cr,rr r d il) hr\i\ 'lhc r nrirrs ol l-l,('il pr{}trc hx{ trot ooh pornk(l dr(m snlt (orplr,\nr(nt hut :rlv, chrngcd dr(ir xtritudcs, r()$xrd chnnpin.7((s in plrti('ul r rnd n:uur( Scncral 'l'hir inlonrrtrla!{xtutrt\\ ca.rl)iilld hx\ \urad h\ \ford ol l[Nth n'drr ii'D'ilics ind tii(trds,)l pF)it(t e'r)lr())r(s.

w! \lrc\s Li( (onrtrt\ir) of tlx nl(r* dpli,xr ii is

iorlr)(.rnr tr) sr.tc drit rhr (\trri(tr(r Slirrld rt (iril,{r.,r, F n, 'r(((\\.,ril\

(||(arh il)p1,,.,h['r,, rJfrtr(.hirDpnnz..i i. (nh.r Atn(xn san('rufi(s Ihc ohi((tit(of IIll-P iionr th( i,u1* $is r.l(xn- hrck n) thc Nikl. v,.oDri(r Nirh hurlins ${\ ttpr l(). Drnrn urrr rnd chiDrpxn/c.\ r'cr( plic.d nr 8u{rps drrl ti\(d i rrturxl vcg(titnnr on innrdi se!(ril !(nn h.li)( hring r(lcu*al l-hislrnr8 l)r.pirxtnrr rnd grxduil s(anins finn (nNrnnrxldcFld(nc( o! huDu,s i\ (\*alrirl l:i dnr8 in xpprl>

1lriI( \ni'n,r irk.,r'$rll .rl$Jr\ h( Ji'li'rlr, irr rrrur\.ls(s. r(l(rst (rrt(, irlxn(ls oti) h( th. Drosl rrpfr)l)rirl(solurnr. Bur rh( (i)nki{Rti ok'\ru(}. pi nlrlxrl-! drrxnit!\i\ofri\k\ itrd b(nriirs and rh( idetrti,i.xri(nr ol,ntstxcles t() rcl(!s(. mlt'h( ,, hroxdcr !rlu. t() conrnr.lnnr pr,(titn,)(rs lx.rd sirh.on,ls.rtcd xnnn:rl\ lnD(>\.tit( \olutnxB itr*r\nr8 tht des in c.p.nc n nidulinrro xrqs $hc.( thc slr(i(\ d(x-s n{,l Dxtui lr (f,(ur x('h(ira t(srcd in Kilinr lltrn s,irh i,rph2n.d ()r.o$utlns

'..t1! .,t tt.,ti l) 't\lttt.n lktht,t tltn nl rntk nr l'tah rrt)

rign\ 1, distr.si iirldln'S rh(n (l(N lx(Iri' {,1th(unlrorilixr nrrnNndnrgs rnd th( (xtxri.n(( r)l htn'girr(\thrrir(d lh( on,rr ohrn)us riga wxr l( r ol hu-ni \- in.ludnrg fornlcr (ir(.trk.r\ This nridr nrni.'lnrnrinlring ditli.ulr b((r({ rhe chinrPanT((\ tlld ot}r!r'.r\ in.t \r ghr fuiu8( in sivr l) li)fust \\'h(r. litd(nvxt sr\ n\xiluhle Rrral .)n c\"pcrien.( Sinul rh(fi.\i r'1..{. t)itr(dur(r $'rtu onrlili(d nr x xrl(mpl t(,nritrnnizr srrrss. t)(spir( rhrs( pftiiutnnrs. rr l(st otr(chnDp Drc( (li((l durir'g thc nnotdilk post r(l.rse p(riod ( lihl( .l) llflnrtr crDrnruc n,,n sr.\s ,'l integ.atins tr($ i,!dnirluxls ilirh.himlunz(cs Rl(i{al .xrli(rIh,'r. lx(,,11.'r.lt,tr((l (i{rli.rl ltr lx,\r r([',,{' xrrir,)rnrF b(xu{ r\.o th. laDrr{ ol (hnnpxDkr\ (rr br

't h. I r (hitrrl)xnkt! i('(n r.gulirh hr oh*6rr hl1.rll idrprcd r,) ii.( livnrs (,n irnnr\ 'lhr\ n( outriii(nli1l! nxl(p.nd.Dt rdd cil i sid( rx'rF( ,)f plilnl :rn(l aniorxl ,irxls (lU. \'i(h(rvt'ths rl .l- (rrpubli\hd dxr])The) inrsc thr(trrghuut lhc l-rixn8lc- rnd trr,st hi!(Ir,(t (\e"rj,{'\ jnt,! rk.jthh.,ri[,,1,i,r(.1\ 1-l'(rr,(lr\ilrbtr(lF(rs ft*-nn)l( rtrx',n $.ild (hirrl)atr7c(r. u\ d() th(ir8n trrl)nrg prtr(.trr ( l)idi.. I 99tt) ( nlkirlh . r h. relcx{rlindi\nluils h.rc cxpc.i!!..(d s,r he.,lth. xlrh,)!gh \.I

as\N r(.,n(n ir{nn nrjuri.! nr,li.r(d itr lishr\ (J. l'rrr(l(\ N (1. \' .1. unpuhlnhtd drlu). l-hc relcu\cd.hiorl).,r^\ \ l'.,rr' nr r rinl (,r,\tn1 iln \,{, r'r"r\'h1.Fi,n'\Ior(riLtnnr\ rnrq'nd rin,r( iionr iiShrs n, pcrcelul itr1(r rilgling lnniil (r)nh.rs nr(tt .d t\\t, r'\ere xtli.kr\1u n,lfl{.d (hnnprnlrrs (trnh nralcs) nrishr hrv(di((l \\'irhout !rt(rinrn ini(n(Dtnt. Rrlcixal tudrxlcs

t256 RrL n,d Ln]rqr.ttotltl\n: t" (n io

( II ]iiikscn, p(rvnil (o,nonnri(xtn)n) .n(l i'r rht (inrl.(,

rn(l Nr( ft..Drh itr southta\lcm (;iltnr silh gtrill.'s((l Ffld. ftrvnrl .( nD dnnr n'rtn nr ).

Altlr{^rgh sorrrc o ) xrlrut rhrr thc i:ttc ol rh(r \ounsrt,6 i!,, nrirxn ((rrccrn.otrui.d tt) rLr( Jrr( rrlrtnrxirrnrg s,ild pofuhrnnr\. ir is not in (irlr.r/or situxtnn l'he

o|Inrins arc th( risibl( \ictnns ol l)(,i.hnr8 rnd hrhimirlcstru(iirn. xnd (,)ll.trir tir th(ir wcliit nrc ltgirinrxt(. Ii rh. knrg tfnr. drt P(rsi\ttn.t ofrixhl( p()lNhtnn)s ofrprs drPcsdi ,nr lhc xtritules lnd 1(tirrls ol rhtp(,)de $ho shxrt th(ir httbitat rs w(llrs rll)\c \1ho.(rrributt hrnds r.l.xpcrfis( ibr.ooscn ti(rr ln hxbitilt(r\ rfrirs. rhc visihilit] ol orPhitr((l lPG crtr xnt th(c{us( ,r'(nrs.^arnm thr{NAh . scrits ol dn(r\( a.rir!.ies rh?t fli{ horh awrr(n.1s iod hrnds Ir is hc( drdr

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k,trriti Dtr\ lirn. ustiirl in plxnning for thc .(l{).{rn$ r)lsDull. noolixblt 8ri\tps (,r d1( rc\n)rdtn,n of crnnd()rs

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Acknowledgrnents

Mxn\ peoplr xn.l orailizxtn)ns ((,0t.iburcd n) thc su.c(s\ oi tlr( rcl..s( Pt)j(cr hr{ncixl ;issisrxncc (rni(lioDr IrR(x;[-(]AIr. iln inttAritd co.r(6xri(n ind d.!.1opm(olpn,j(t lnnd..l b) rh( (;kfixl llNirotrDient I'r(iliq ((;tif (l()\(i()) und{ th. ausPi((s ol l-h( \\orld Ilxnk.iid linn lh( \i(rld s{}.ien nr th( I'}ror(.&nr ofAniDMls. \\'( th ,k ill dr( f!,dc \lx) nr (lc ihis Poslihl(.n()txbl) \ (lhakut(: ah.tcktu. (l l)(,unrtrgt..l P(tlr.(.ind U lrtt. lh( (.cntrt lol(r xtnrral dt R((h(rch.sllarli.xl(sd( Iri rc!!ill(. (iahln. pnn .d l()gisticrl sol>

port arrd (aP.rtiv'li)r drc htahh ({nnrol\. xnil i('thnnkA (;(orgcr. li. l!tr)\. ao.l A Uhro,xngr nr rheir invrluxblr xssis o(c. I'] sitr pn)vnl<l unPx.rtl.l(.1 hota,ti.ll(xt.riisr duri,It th( 1996 su^c) (,f rht 'l.itrn$lt .1.J.

!i)r txnt i.li\ ( lrrr(roush oI h ii rnDc i( ) ]s ^ kl( rsse nlinl

supfl)rt nr I']onrtc Nonl- xnd s l)tscan)fs dnl th. sxni.in l, n(ri *irhrtrn (htir h(lt) llr( ltlcase Proic.t.dtr(looi harc h.ppcn.d. A lar$t nuorbtr ofcnonDou\l-\ dedi'

crt{'.| lxopl( .oDlribut((l t() dxr. (rrlcctnm b.lbrc xndrfi.r r.ldxs.. {nd $,e rxrto(l ll n*r to lhcnl P Auscel.

s l)idn'r. E l)ilxDrbaka. K.ljfnrlr.(; (nrn.s,., Nl ,(ri(i:S. l;(,xrr. _J.1,. nlikn.lr. 1 nli5!lx. A lux-\et, )\i trlout(,l.ro. S.I'! bo. A.'l1(). L l.hid.ng(,- rnLl l'. \ ichcr.

Rill$fl .lt 0ris\nr d ipfui rtLh qle l!trtr un

hrmpu's trris !' krn e(olo!.tri r ons. t,rlP-Plt()(;F( \P-l (:\.ll.rhur lllok)srlktr lrh{r Je\ l\s'a1ci l\ljnrt\|ilc

krIl).4 dt tis\i,rr J xlPnrre(lr.(l1r.l'ur lc \e(

onf rrlithrr Jr.hNnx k\ ilr lt sir. du lrir sk ltes.\r Jrlrft d( li (.otrkouxt (r)ng. lllll-P I'lt(x,r( 1I Lrl( \. Ilrl)irxr

lr.il)pl)n dt Nnn.n dxllur r.rhnnlut .tr'

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I'ltn(Llril)no rs l'irnrc\.rt i.ngol\.rrnr rl i rrRl* \'rr$itun rePononrhr

h.rlrh {-rccning ol l:t.l'5.hl rpxr^rs.ll l: l-P l1,ntr \.rt r:urso

Re.l lJ R.D G JikNrn.lrl l)itr/ I

rns lid lJ llenb.rslJr.l r99r L.ss.s lr.l rtlnrdtr..on i. nr.r"htl) h..ts i'attttt 1\'t)o lt,n

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^tnx r s.dr r|e\ tnftnr LrroionN llstrlhtr

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(n, r' tr ti., \1 li .l rii,dnft.l ( \n,l.:, roJ l).1 llrlnnI lr1)- a n.\ $ rn ,lfr'on ( hi'n0n7<. iult

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1<< thu h1)Arrttr$ tu'artl\n5)ll.nix Primfur.an r _l,l-- t8r)

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B.1r)nd (rlrire hr.rdlnSq,rrr ar,,(nd,rn rt($, ()\lard rr,1i.(r lii,rgdrnr

Ihc thnlm/&! or rhr Vrhxlr rnnn .nni lrn^.r

Prtd.\..1 ltDa Ih. rlllprxrur Dnn6i ol*rrn rlasd .lDnriinTR nrhrtGscn({i(-nlour (',nA, url.} I,ltrx,K,AP-l ( \l,rhlrJ rlolo{4tr..r l,rlx rd$ Pnn $, P.'nrc \oft (rons)

P4rt'...' l99i slrn*hr(r.fihrrF\ h.q rltrn,fnrrri'!rr.nrdusnndr\ounnA.{h,riAirrp.: \,tr|d\drrt rarr,tPri..baor

\ri .n. I' J rtur I ulithri. sutlrirtrrionr i" \ ikuitt rndflrirnr I.rie.s ( Inrrdrridr trn)l(l1.1 lJrL-- raI

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r^r() i.d rh.dri r, tuFnil l!ix5 Jr.2-Jil in l, i, rkhn. indl. I Mxntuiftlr rdirl'$ (rndtdiindinaLhinrpln7Ri llrf,1fl]t nik6ir\ l,r.s! (,rnlrrd*t r\fu5* lruirns

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ttfuikit:bi ltr! thltubr o t:ntUut 1257

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