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Kent County Council Minutes

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Archive Finding number: CC/M/1/17

Volume covering dates: Nov 1922-Aug 1924

© Copyright Kent County Council.All rights reserved.

Digital copy produced March 2011

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KENT COUNTY COUNCIL.

OF THE

FOR THE YEARS

REPORTOF THE

KENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE

FOR THE THREE YEARS

1920-23

TO BE PRESENTED TO THE

KENT COUNTY COUNCILAT ITS MEETING

ON THE 21st DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1923.

ATHENEUM PRINTING WORKS, REDHILL1923.

I.

KENT COUNTY COUNCIL.

KENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.

Sir MARK E. COLLET, Bt., Chairman.

Thu Right Hon. Lord SAC1iVILLE, Vice-chai.rmzn.

BARKER. W. COBBETTBERRY. Sir \'1'ALA'ER 1V., K.B.E.BROWN, SYDNEY

*CLARK, Mrs. H. Al.CORNWALLIS, Col. F. S. W., C.B.E.

(E:1;-0 , flicio), ellairmall of CountyC'o±<nci?.

DA]', WILLIAM*DEEp, Mrs. Al. M.*EDGAit, C. B.*EVANS. J.*FREEMAN, Miss L. H.*GALPIN, Rev. Canon, D.D.HANNEN. The Hon. H. A.

*HATFEILD, Mrs. M. H. S.HICKIN, Rev. Canon

*HOLLAND, B. H., C.B.HUGGINS, H.HUSSEY, E. W.

(Ex-officio). Chairman of CountyFinance Committee.

LARKIN, A. W.*LATTER, A.*LEE, H.LENEY, H.MANWARING, P.MARSHAM, G., C.B.E.MARSHAM, C. H. B.MITCHELL, J. LAWRENCENOBLE, B.PAYNE, F. W.PAYNE, H.PENFOLD, Col. Sir STEPHENPENNEY, A. J.RULE, W. N.SCOTT, P.STREETEN, F. 0.*TAIT, The Ven. DONALI)WAKELEY, R. M.*WATTS, H. T.WIGAN,. Miss E. J.WILFORD, J.

* Not members of the County Council.

HEAD Orrtc>;s : SPRINGFIELD, MAIDSTONE (Tel. 106).(Stores Dept: 2:3-25, Union Street, Maidstone).

Official Staff :

E. SALTER DAVIES, M.A. (Oxon.), Director of L'ducatioaz.CHOL. HARRISON, M.A., LL.B. G. F , DANIELL, B.Sc. (Lou(].), IA. C. ILICH3iOND,

(Cantab.), Assistant for Secondary and Uni- Assistant for Further EducationAssistant for Is'lernentaryEducatioar. reraity Education. and Juvenile 1Pelfare.

J. H. WA1tI), A.S.A.A.,Accountant.

E. CO1tBIL1Ul;li,Stores SupierinSeudeat.

G. 1VW. WHITE,Chief Clerk.

U. W. PACKWOOD CLA.ItIili,Juvenile Emptovmcnt OU"icer.

G. H. GA1tRAD, N.D.A., P.A.S.I.Agricultural Organiser.

W. H. ROBINSON, F.f;.:1rc., I Miss A. S. COOKE,Architect and 8LU•vcyor. I LiLrcrian.

School Medical Officer:ALl'1tEID GREENWOOD, M.D., B.Sc., D.P.H., 7larrister-at-Lau•.

Inspectors:

CHARLES BI1tCHliNOUGH, 1L.1. (Oxon.).ARTHUli, E. DEAN, 11.Litt., M.A. (Dunrlui).-lir^. B. BURTON-BROWN (Donie.+tic Suhjc.rts).

Triw.surers ;

S_171ON.1L PROVINCIAL _1:1) C'NIO?; BANK OF E.NGLA\l),(:1crrimit at 11aid<touw Bran ch).

V.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER 1.

GENERAL.rsan

Administration and Staff ........................................ ..... 1Advisorv Committee of Teachers ............ ....................... ..::.. 3:Chairmanship of Committee ................ ................................ . 1Committee of Enquiry .... ................................................. 2Compounding Agreements .................................................. 3District Committees ........ ........................................... . 2District Education Boards ................................................. 'iKent Education Gazette ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .... . . .. 3Local History ............................. ................................ 4Personnel of Committee .................................................... 1Scheme of Education ...................................................... `i

Survey of Voluntary Schools ............................................... . 3

C8_kPTER If.

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION.I3uilcling8 .. . ... .. ......................................... ....... 5Closures for Infectious Diseases ...... ....................................... 18Defective Children ......................................................... 11Educational Years .............................................. ..... 19Employment of Children ............ ....................................... 19Furniture ................................................................. 22Head Teachers .......................................................... 10, 22Holidays .... .. ............... .................................... 17Married Women Teachers ............... ................................. 9National Savings ................................................... .. 15Number on Roll ....................................................... .. 16Nursery School ........................................................... 7Practical Instruction ...... ... ................................ 15Prosecutions (School Attendance) ............................................. 18Reduction in Staff ................................................. . ...... 9Religious Instruction ......................................................Reorganization of Schools ................................... ... . 20School Attendance ........... ...................... . . ... .... .... .. ...... ...... .. 16School Canteens .... ................................. .. 13School Medical Service .............................. 11School Supplies ... .... ........ ......................................... 23Superannuation of Teachers ........................ ........ . ... ............ 7Teachers' Salaries ......................... 23Teaching Staff .............................................................7,10

CHAPTER III.

SECONDARY SCHOOLS.Advanced Courses .............................. . . ....... 26Ages of Pupils .................................................. ......... 26Aided School Buildings ..... ........................

..........27

Board of Education Inspections .. ...................Building Developments ....... ........ ... ....................... 25

Changes in Headships .. ................. .......... ........................29

County School Buildings .. . . . . . .. .......... ........................24

........................ 26Examination Successes ........... ......... .. . .. . 30Extra County Pupils .............................................. 31Fees ... .......

............................Salaries of Teachers ........................................................ 30

Staffing .................................................................. 24................................ 24

TABLES.TABLE I. Accommodation and number of Pupils . ......................... 33TABLE II. Number of Pupil-Teachers, Bursars, Student-Teachers, Exhibitioners,

Junior and Free Place Scholars and other pupils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34TABLE III. Average attendance ....... ............. 35LisT A. Aided Schools ........... ................. . . ...................36Lis1• B. Maintained SchooLs

................... 37LisT C. Other Schools recognised by the Board of Education .... ... .. .. ... 38

vl.

CHAPTER IV.

SCHOLARSHIPSPAGE

Free Place Scholarships ............ .,, .,............................... 39Junior and Senior Exhibitions ................................. ....... .

39Scholarships for Midwives ...... . . ........................................... "9Scholarships for the Blind, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J.... 39Special Exhibitions ...... . ... . . .......................... ............... 39

TABLES.

Dl

TABLE I. Number of Scholarships awarded . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 10TABLE II. Number of Scholars from Public Eleineiitary Schools lioldinJ Free

Place Scholarships ........... ............ ........... 41

C5:,1PTER V.

THE SUPPLY AND TRAINING OF TEACHEI.S.

Certificate Examination .. ............................................ 44Bursarships and Pupil-Tcachcrships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Grants to Teachers .............................:......................... 45Number of Teachers . . .... .. . .. ..................... . 44Preliminary Certificate Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44Qualified Teachers, . ....... ........ ........... . ... ............ 43Recruitment of Teachers ................. .... ...... .................. . 42Training Scholars .... . . ...... ............ ...................... 43

TABLES.

TABLE I. Appointment of Bursars, Pupil -Teachers, etc.etc........................ 48TABLE II. Training Scholarships and Exhibitions . ............:.............. 49TABLE 111. Goldsmiths' College, Examination Results ....................... 50

C.tAPTLR V.I.

LOANS AND GRANTS.

General ...... ........ . . . . e. . .. . .. . . .... . ,. . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . . ........... . :l

C.I APTliR VII.FURTHER EDUCATION.

Accommodation ...... ...... .... ....................... ..... ............. ...... 62,(4

Adult Education . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... ..... . .. .. ... ... ... . . . . . .. . ... ... . . . 07

Changes and Developments ........... .......................... .............. BU

Co-operation with Employers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... . .. . . : . .. . . • W

General ... ....... ......................... .. ........... .......... .. 56,Gt

General Remarks ..................... ..................................... 51;r^Grouped Courses ...................... ............ .........................

^i

..........•Junior Technical and Junior Commercial Schools . . . . . . . • • ^ • • • ^^New Developments . ................ ......., ......................... 61

59Occupations of Students ...................................................• ^5Rural and Adult Education ....... ....: ...............:................... U'Rural Community Council ......................................... ........ ^

Social Activities ....... .........:...:.:......................:... ......... ti•. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09

Statistics, Evening and Day Classes .. : . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. W I(i3

Statistics, Schools of Art .. ......................:.:............ ..... tiiVillage, County Town and School Concerts Association . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' ' ' ' ^. •,uWomen's Institutes . ..........: ............................ .......... b_

Workers' Educational A.ssociation : . : . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..TABLES.

TABLE I, Grouped Courses in Urban Centres . . . . . . . , . . 63'.CASLL II. Junior Technical and Junior Commercial Schools • • • • • • • • • ' 'TABLE III. Number of Class Hours and Student Hours (General) .......... 68TABLE IV. Previous Education of Students (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • 68TABLE V. Ages of Students (Technical Institutes, etc.) . . . . . . • • • '^^TABLE VI. Occupations of Students (General) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • ' • 71a'ASLE VII. Comparative Table shewing number of-Students, etc. . . . . . . . . . . 7 7TABLE VIII. -Number and Age of Students at Schools of Art .... ...... .... .TABLE IX. Occupations of ^Students at Schools of Art . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . • • • • 73TABLE X. Number of Students eligible to earn grant and average 'length of

School Life at Schools of Art ,..b ........:..............••• ^'TABLL XI. Douiestic, Technical and Evening Continuation Schools, etc.. ...••••

k,

W _Ii^

CHAPTER VIII.COUNTY EXAMINATIONS BOARD. PAGE

Statistics ............................................................... 77Handbooks... ....... ... ... .......... .... .... ................ .. ........ .. ... . 77Joint Examinations Council ......... ......................... .......... 77Scheme of Certificates .. ............................ .. .......... .. 77Constitution and Personnel ................................. .. ........, 78

TABLES.TABLE I. General Summary of Papers Assessed by each Section .......... 79TABLE II. Summary of Results of Internal Examinations (Urban Districts).... 80TABLr•. III. Summary of Results of Internal Examinations (Rural Districts) . 83

CHAPTER IX.

EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE WORK.Following-up Committee .................................................... 87Qeneral.. .. ............................................ 87Juvenile Employment .. .................................................. 85Juvenile Organizations Committees .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Statistics ................................. .... . ... 85Training for Industry ...................................................... 86Unemployment Insurance . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .. ... . .. .. 87Vocational Guidance Pamphlets ... . .. .. .... .... .... .. ......... ...... .... 86Stati..tics .. .. .......................................................... 89

CHAPTER X.

COUNTY LIBRARY.Beekeeping Centres . .. .................... . . 91Central Library for Students . . ....... . . . ... ...... 92Dramatic Library ............................................... ...........

. ..... ' 92

General ... ..................................

antern Slides .......:......................................... .......... 90

Teachers' Reference Library ... ...............•92

.......................... . . 91

TABLES. . • .Record of Issues , , , ,lumber of Pooks Issued . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . 91

.................................. ...... 91

CHAPTER XI. - ^ '

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.Agricultural Organiser in Denmark ... .......... . ..... .. . .. . .

.'''96

Artificial Farmyard lianure. . . . . . . . . .93

Uhec=emahing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 102

Clean Milk Competition ..................... ............ ............ . .

.98

County Produce Show ............... 95

Demonstration Allotment Plots .................... ....... 100

Destructicm of Chalk Weed and Charlock ^ • ^ ^ ^ ^ " • • • 101

Drainage Demonstration at Tonbridge 95

Educational Exhibits, '•••'•".••... .. 97

Eg^ Distribution Sclfeme . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . • 99

................................................ 101Par'), Institute Farm

Farriery; ..... ....... ..................................................... 93Ficlcl ]h•muastratio:j Plots .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Fruit 1'roscrvation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Slruic I'rm^in^ f'onference ................................................... 103

Cras>:lauc( Campaign. ........................... 100H^r,ic ultural Instruction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Iu>trrution in Thatching 100A-, „I Frrr ncr.s' Z'ntrn .Ionri:W . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 97Kent Milk Rccording Society ..............'...'."""""•'•'........... 97Le t;i res . ... 9(( )tlic•t•rs' Agricultural Training SchemeOrchards and Fruit Plantations Competition 93OrLanised hayCourses. """.•'•••••••••. •.... 100Pnultry kccl,ing.. ....... . . ..,

94Ital,lit Iicelring ' .............................................

.

11111,11 11'orl:crs' d.... ............................. ........ . 101

StafflS%eek-en School ................. .......... . 103

Ti ininr: of Disal• .. ...............

........... ..... .........98

`-i\it.; of Farmers :led Ex-Officers .. .. . . . . . . .. . ' . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 103' Clubs to

Cbllege Wye C'ollege. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' . •

• • . 94; ......... ... ............

...... . . ... . . .... 94

Viii.

CHAPTER XII.

STORES DEPARTMENT.PAGE

Organisation .................... ......... ....................Preliminary ..... . ................................................. ..... 105StafE .. .... ...................................................

...... 104

Summary of Work .. ................................................... 104

Various Special Items ............................................... ..." 105Books and Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' ^ 109

.......................................................... 111Coal"and Coke109

Financial .......... ...... ..............................................Printing and Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Second-hand Supplies, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • , . . . . ' • 110Source of Purchase ............: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_„ •• 113

111Comparative Return Showing Cost of Fuel ................................... 116

CHAPTER XIII.

FINANCE.

h:lementary. Education .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 117Endowments ............................... ............................124Higher Education .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

.TABLES.

Elementary Education :-Statements of Receipts and Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Comparative Statement of Receipts ...................................... 132Comparative Statement of Expenditure .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 133Statement of Outstanding Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 135

Higher Education :-Statements of Receipts and Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Comparative Statement of Receipts ........................................ 142Comparative Statement of Expenditure ........... .. .............. ........ 143Statement of Receipts, Maintained Secondary Schools.. . .................... 144Statement of Expenditure, Maintained Secondary Schools .................. 145Statement of Receipts, Aided Secondary Schools .......................... i46Statement of Expenditure, Aided Secondary Schools ...................... 148Statement of Receipts and Expenditure, Technical Institutes, Evening Schools,

Schools of Art, etc. .......... .... ... .. ............ . 150Statement of Receipts and Expenditure, Junior Technical and Junior Commercial

Schools ... ........... ... . ...... . . ..... ... 152Statement of Receipts and Expenditure, in *respect of other Evening Classes

(Urban) .............................. ........................ 153Statement, of Receipts and Expenditure in respect of other Evening Classes

(Rural), etc . ....... . . . .. .. .... .... .......................:. 154Hostel, Ashford County School for Girls... . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Hostel, Aberdeen Terrace, Blackheath . ................................... 1-6Hostel, Granville Park, Letwisham. ...... ... ................................... 15,Hostel, Springhill, B r o m l e y 158

Local Expenses of Administ•ration. . . .. ..... ....................... .............. . . 160160Grove End Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Outstanding Loans ...................... .: :.....:............... 1G1

1

CHAPTER I

GENERAL

Ch8ilmAnship.

Changes in Per-sonnel of Com-mittee.

Sir Walter W. Berry, K.B.E., who had been Chairman of theCommittee for eight years, felt it necessary, owing to increasingdemands of other public work, to relinquish the chairmanshipin January, 1921. His services to the cause of Educationduring that period, and previously as a member of the Committee,have been invaluable. During his tenure of office the workof the Committee had increased enormously in consequence ofnew legislation and of the many emergency measures whichwere necessary during the war period. The successful develop-ment and smooth working of education in the county are duein a large degree to his personal initiative and enthusiasm.Fortunately, although he has retired from the chairmanshiphe still remains a member of the Committee.

His successor is Sir Mark Collet, Bt., who had been Vice-chairman since May, z4ig.

A number of changes have occurred 'during the past threeyears in the personnel of the Committee. The following mem-bers, most of whom had served on the Committee for manyyears, have retired`:- °

Colonel d' Avigdor-Goldsmid,Captain Dampier Palmer.Mr. H. Fitzwalter Plumptre.Mr. W. Radcliffe.Mr. E. J. Reid.Mr. A. W. Tapp.Mr. C. Tuff.

d Office Ad-nistration.

The new members appointed during the period have been

Mrs. Foster Clark.Mrs. Deed.Rev. Canon Hickin.Mr. B. H. Holland, C.B.Mr. H. Huggins.Mr. A. J. Penney.Mr. E. J. Reid.Mr. P. Scott.Venerable Donald Tait.

The Committee have also to record, with much regret, thedeath of the Right Hon. Lord Northbourne, and also of Mr.A. J. Knight, both of whom had rendered valuable services asmembers of the Committee.

The additional accommodation that was required by otherDepartments of the'County Council Administration housed inthe Sessions House made it impossible for the Committee tocontinue to be housed in that building.

Fortunately the CountyCouncil were able to acquire the Springfield premises to which

A

Changes inofficial staff.

Scheme of Edu-cation for Kent.

District Educa-tion Boards.

Committee ofEnquiry.

2

they decided to transfer the Education Department. Thepremises are admirably adapted for Education Offices, and arewithin easy access of the Sessions House and. ot the railwaystations in the town.

The Financial Secretary, Lieut.-Col. J. G. Coulthred Thompson,D.S.O., who had been an official of the Committee since 1903,resigned his position in December, 1920, in order to take upimportant work under the Government. The Committee wishto express their appreciation of his valuable services. Theopportunity was taken of reorganising the work for which hehad been responsible, and by means of an adjustment in theduties of the Accountant and of the Chief Clerk to the Committeeit was possible to abolish the official post of Financial Secretary.

The scheme which the Committee, in accordance with sec-tions z-4 of the Education Act, 1918, were required to submitto the Board of Education in 1921, was completed early in 1921.It was formally received by the County Council at their meetingin February, 192I, and its publication was authorised. Theobject of the scheme was to " encourage each Local Authorityto make a comprehensive and systematic survey of the educa-tional needs of its area and to formulate a policy for the pro-gressive development and organisation of its own educationalprovision in relation to national as well as to local requirements."

Since the scheme was prepared the position has been pro-foundly affected by the serious financial position which nowprevails and by the decision of the Government that " exceptwith fresh Cabinet authority schemes involving expenditurenot yet in operation are to remain in abeyance."

When the schemes for these Boards were approved it wasgenerally anticipated that the Education Act of 1918 wouldcome into almost immediate operation, involving the establish-ment of new Central Schools, Day Continuation Schools, etc.Some such local machinery would have been essential if thedevelopment of educational facilities on the lines of the I918Act had not been arrested as a result of national financial diffi-culties. This new system of local bodies had been only partiallyapplied to the County, and in the changed circumstances result-ing from the postponement of the operation of the principalsections of the Act, the Committee decided early in x923 toabolish all. District Education Boards, except that in the MedwayArea, and to set up in their place as from ist August, I923,District Committees, appointed according to a simple constitu-tion and having somewhat curtailed powers.

In November, 1922, the County Council appointed a SelectCommittee of Enquiry, whose terms of reference were " toinvestigate and point out, if possible, methods of effectingeconomy, and so reduce the crushing burden of Local Rates,which is having a detrimental effect upon trade and is a causeof Unemployment."

The Enquiry extended to all departments of the Council'swork, including Education, and a searching investigation wasmade into all branches of the Committee's expenditure. Fora long period before this Committee was appointed the Educa-tion Committee had been taking steps to reduce their expendi-ture, and their whole policy had been directed towards meetingin as economical and efficient a manner as possible their statutoryand moral obligations in regard to the educational welfare ofthe children and young persons of the County.

3

The Report of this Select Committee, which was presentedto the County Council in May, 1923, dealt principally, so far aseducation was concerned, with the question of the salaries paidto teachers in Elementary Schools, with special reference to theagreement made with the teachers under which BurnhamScale 3 was, with the approval of the County Council, appliedto the whole of the County Area. The policy adopted by theCommittee during the protracted and complicated negotia-tions which led up to this decision is discussed at length in theReport.

Apart from expenditure on salaries, the Select Committeewere apparently generally satisfied that the Education Committeehad taken all reasonable steps in the direction of retrenchmentcompatible with efficiency and their statutory and moralobligations.

Commitee of The Committee decided early in 1921 to abolish the separateTeachers. Consultative Committees for Elementary, Secondary and

Further Education. In their place the Committee appointed,from the zst April, 1921, a single Consultative Committeeknown as the Advisory Committee of Teachers. This AdvisoryCommittee is composed of twenty-four members nominatedby various Teachers' Associations in the County. The Directorof Education, who is a member, ex officio, acts as Chairman,and the Secretaryship is held by a member of the Head Officestaff. The meetings are open to the Chairman of the KentEducation Committee and the Chairmen of the Sub-committees.

Kent Education The Committee started the publication of a monthly G;rzctteGazette.in ^ une, zg2o, as their official organ for the communicationto Local Committees, Managers, Teachers, etc., of official noticesissued by the Committee, and also of information in regard tospecial items of interest and new developments in the educationalwork of the County.

The Gazette has - passed the experimental stage and is nowfirmly established as an effective medium, not only of com-municating official instructions, but of enabling the generalpublic of the County as well as those directly connected withCounty Education to obtain at first-hand reliable informationconcerning the Committee's activities. Its usefulness has beenfurther enhanced by the publication in each monthly issue ofarticles on educational topics voluntarily contributed by well-known educationists, Kent Teachers, and the Head Office staff.aomnonnaing

At the invitation of the Committee the Managers of thirty-twoAgreements.Voluntary Schools have consented to enter into an agreementwith the Committee under which the Managers, in considerationof an agreed annual payment by the Committee, undertake tomeet the cost of cleaning and lighting the Schools. This arrange-ment has lightened considerably the work of the School Corre-spondents, and involves a slight saving also at the Head Office.The Committee would like the Managers of Voluntary Schoolsgenerally to enter into such agreements.

Survey of Since May, 1919, 315 surveys of Voluntary Schools have beenpiem^9eg. made.

Plans and reports have been prepared showing detailsof the premises, and schedules drawn up pointing out particu-larly urgent work.

After consideration by the Committee the reports and scheduleshave been sent to the School Managers, some of whom havetaken prompt action to remedy the defects of their Schools andto put the buildings into a more satisfactory state.

4

Some Schools have been equipped with new offices, others withnew cloakrooms, and in several instances a new classroom hasbeen added.

Eight schools remain to be surveyed and it is hoped thatthese will be completed shortly.

It should be remembered that when the survey was startedthe cost of materials and labour was very high and in the cir-cumstances the Committee were unwilling to bring pressureto bear upon the Managers to carry out their recommendations,except in matters which directly concerned the health of thechildren.

The Managers of many Schools have informed the Committeethat, when circumstances improve and prices fall, they will beprepared to proceed with those improvements which have beendelayed. In a few instances, however, it may be necessary topress the Managers to take the necessary steps to make theirSchool premises more suitable to modern requirements on thescore both of health and of educational efficiency.

Local History The Committee desire to foster the study of local history andSurvey of Plate-names in Kent. local lore, a rich mine of interest which hitherto has hardly

been sufficiently worked in the Schools of the county. Varioussteps have been taken with this object in view, and during thepast year one effort of the kind has taken shape in the organisedcollection of the place-names of Kent. At the request of Pro-fessor Allen Mawer, of Liverpool University, who is acting asDirector of the National Survey of English Place-names in-augurated under the patronage of the British Academy, theCommittee agreed to undertake the systematic collection andrecording of all place-names which appear on the 6 inch U.S.map of Kent, supplemented wherever possible by old local andtraditional names of fields, paths, woods, streams and so forth.Each name is recorded on a separate small slip together withany topographical or archTological notes, including old spellings,with references and dates, which might be of use to a linguisticexpert in interpreting the meaning of the name or in throwinglight on past conditions. The Committee asked for volunteersand over fifty workers, the large majority being teachers inElementary Schools, undertook to be responsible for one or morequarter-sheets of the 6 inch map. The County 6 inch O.S. mapcontains over 28o quarter-sheets and more than half of thesehave been covered by the K.E.C. workers, the remainder beingundertaken by the Kent Archzeological Society with whom theCommittee have co=operated throughout. It is hoped that thework will be completed during the present year and the massof raw material so collected should be of great service in thepreparation of the county volume on the place-names of Kentwhich will eventually be issued by the National Survey.

Mean-

while the investigation itself has started new interests and ina number of Schools has helped to vivify the history teaching.

5

CHAPTER II.

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION.

The number of Public Elementary Schools in the Committee'sarea on the 31st March, 1920, was 446. Of these 132 were CouncilSchools, 314 Voluntary Schools. The number of Schools onthe 31st March, 1923, was 439, of which 139 were Council, and300 Voluntary Schools. The number of School Departmentsis 605, as against 627 at the end of the last triennial period. Inaddition there were two special schools for Mentally Deficientchildren-one at Dartford and one at Tonbridge, but the oneat Dartford was closed at the end of the Summer Term, 1923.

When the Committee came into existence in 1903 there werego Council Schools and 342 Voluntary Schools. The changeswithin the three years covered by this Report are accountedfor by the closing of eight Voluntary Schools :-Bonnington,Toys Hill (Brasted), Sir T. Dunk's (Hawkhurst), Isle of Elmley,Otterden, Groombridge (Speldhurst), Ebony (Tenterden), andBorough Green Infants (Wrotham), the opening of two newCouncil Schools, namely, Welling Temporary Council (i3exley,)and Walmer Council School (formerly Walmer Marine School),the transfer of the Mixed Department of a Voluntary School(Upchurch C.E.) to the Committee and also the transfer to theCommittee of two Voluntary Schools (Eynsford C.E. andHalstead C.E.) which became departments of existing CouncilSchools.

The decrease in the number of School Departments is due tothe changes mentioned above, and also to the amalgamation ofdepartments which has been brought about during the periodunder review. The recognised accommodation provided in all thePublic Elementary Schools in the Administrative Countytogether with the average roll, the total average attendance andpercentage of attendance for each of the years under review isshown below. For comparative purposes the. figures for certainprevious years are given. The corresponding figures for the warperiod are not available.

Year.

1905zgio

191419191920

1921

1922

1923

Accommoda-tion.

97,85293,014

(revised basis)96,52197,42397,07797,07797J4396,689

Total aver-age No.on roll.

Total aver-age attend-

ance.

Percentageattendance.

86,10486,694

84,70780,82780,87481,01380,23377,437

74,33877,262

74,77567,65570,20471,27970,91568,930

86.389•i

88.283•786.887.988•389.0

GAs regards the provision of new Schools, the Committee have

been severely limited by the necessity for curtailing, expenditure.It has therefore been impossible to deal in any general way withthe provision of Central Schools for older or more advancedscholars such as was contemplated under the Education Act, 1g18.The Committee's consideration has therefore been restricted tocases in which there is a deficiency of accommodation, or inwhich the existing premises are in such a condition that newbuildings are indispensable. In dealing with the matter, how-ever, the Committee have kept in view the provisions of theirscheme under the Act, and its ultimate application when financialconditions become more favourable. The following proposalshave now been accepted by the Board of Education as beingurgent :-

(i) A new school at Welling (Bexley) for about 400 seniorscholars.

(2) A new school at Northumberland Heath in the parish ofCrayford for about 20o juniors and infants.

(3) A new school at Queenborough for about zoo children ;(q.) A new school at Sheerness for about 350 children ; and(5) A new school at Swanscombe for about 300 older scholars.

Enlargements have been carried out by Voluntary SchoolManagers at Eythorne C.E. School and Crockham Hill School(Westerham).

The new school at Welling is now completed, and was formallyopened by Lord Sackville on October 3oth. As regards the otherproposed new schools the Committee are negotiating for theacquisition or the purchase of suitable sites.

Although the new school at Welling was not opened duringthe period now under review a few particulars as to its characterand organisation will not be out of place in this Report. Inthe proposals which were originally submitted to the Board ofEducation provision was made for eight ordinary class-roomsand four special rooms, one for handicraft and metalwork, onefor domestic instruction, one for elementary science and onefor art. The school would have been a Central School in theproper sense of the term. Having regard, however, to financialconsiderations the Board of Education were unable to sanctiona school of the Central School type, and insisted upon the omissionof three class-rooms. The school, therefore, now consists ofnine class-rooms, three originally intended for handicraft, elemen-tary science and art having an area of 6oo square feet each, oneoriginally intended for domestic science having an area of about520 square feet, and five ordinary class-rooms having an areaof about 480 square feet each.

The Committee have accepted the decision of the Board thatthe school is not to be regarded for the present as one of a CentralSchool type, but they consider it essential that some provisionshould be made for practical instruction, and they are accordinglyurging the Board of Education to sanction the equipment ofone of the larger rooms for the provision of domestic subjectsand a second room for the provision of handicraft and metal-work and simple elementary science.

The children selected for the school will be the brighter childrenof eleven and over or roughly those in Standard V. and upwards,provision being made for the less bright or slow-moving childrenin another school in the district.

7

s n i The Nursery School, which was opened as an experiment inMay, 19ig, by Mrs. Broadwood, in her house at Singlewell, wasclosed at Easter, 1922. It was felt, in view of the small numberof children who attended the school, that it was impossible inpresent conditions, to justify the expense that would have beenincurred through the continuance of the experiment. Thethanks of the Committee are, however, due to Mrs. Broadwoodfor her generosity in providing the accommodation and for theassistance she rendered the Committee during the time theschool was open.

Sape:annustion. The School Teachers (Superannuation) Act, which was passedin 1922, required all Teachers to contribute a sum equivalent to5 per cent. of their salaries towards the cost of their pensions.Under the scheme previously in operation no contribution waspayable by the Teachers. It should be noted that the provisionin the 1922 Act with regard to contributions creates an appreci-able increase in the Committee's administration work, but doesnot afford any relief to the local Education Authorities and theratepayers, but to the taxpayers only, as the expenditure onpensions is met out of the National Exchequer.

Teaching Staff. The following table shows the number of Teachers in the serviceof the Committee on the 3oth September, 1923, as comparedwith the number in ig2o :-3

117en. 1920. 1923.Head Teachers . . . 283 267Certificated .. .. 193 238Uncertificated . .. 45 32

521 - 537Women.Head Teachers . . . 346 314Certificated .. .. 689 666Uncertificated . .. 563 450Supplementary . , 319 238

1917 i663

2438 2205

Special Subjects TeachersDomestic Subjects . . 38* 35*Handicraft

13 15No. of Vacanciesadvertised for adultteachers . . . . . go 20

The reduction in the number of Teachers is dile to severalcauses, the principal of which are:-

4) The closing of small schools and the amalgamation ofdepartments as circumstances have allowed ;

(2) The policy adopted by the Committee with regard to theadmission of children under five (referred to in another part ofthis report) ;

(3) The decrease in the number of children attending Schoolowing to the decline of the birth-rate during the war ; and

(4) Other measures of economy adopted by the Committee,or on their own initiative, or which have been insisted upon bythe Board of Education.

" Including Part-time Teachers.

8

The Committee have given special attention to the questionof staffing, particularly during the last year of the period underreview.

The first steps in the revision of staffing were taken by the Com-mittee in April, 1922. The Committee then expressed agree-ment with the principle which had been laid down by Mr. Fisher,then the President of the Board of Education, that it was notunreasonable to ask the Head Teachers of Schools of 45o andunder to make themselves responsible for a class. As a matterof fact, the Committee had generally required that Head Teachersshould be responsible for definite class-teaching in all Schoolswhere the numbers did not exceed 300. At the same timethe Committee intimated that, judging from a survey of staffwhich had been made, it would seem that there were a numberof Schools in which, owing to altered conditions, some economymight be effected without affecting the Committee's generalstandard of staffing. The Committee suggested to Managersthat they should in the first instance give careful attention tothis matter whenever vacancies occurred, with a view to effectingany reduction in the staff without impairing the efficiency of theSchool, and should call the attention of the Committee to anycases in which, owing to a reduction of the numbers in the Schoolor for other reasons, the staff was in their opinion greater than wasreally essential. The Committee recognised that any reductionsthat might be necessary would have to be effected by a gradualprocess but they felt bound to call the attention of Managersto the necessity for the closest scrutiny of the staffing of Schools.Teachers also were advised when they recognised in their ownSchools that from the new point of view the staff might beconsidered excessive, they would be wise to look out for transfersto other Schools.

In the following month, the Committee went exhaustively intothe matter and a further announcement was made in the Gazetteon the question of economy in School staffing, and the necessityof making such provision for the training and employment ofnew Teachers as would secure an ample supply of qualifiedTeachers in the future to maintain the educational efficiency ofthe Schools.

The following important decisions were then made :-(r) That when on economic grounds it is necessary to reduce

the staff of a School three months notice be given as a rule tothe Teacher or Teachers affected.

(2) That careful consideration be given to all proposals for there-organisation and amalgamation of Schools and departmentswhich can be carried out with economy and to the educationaladvantage of the children concerned.

(3) That, as a rule, the amalgamation of an Infant and SeniorDepartment be carried out only when there is a vacancy in theHeadship of the Infant Department.

(q.) That college-trained Teachers who are ` new entrantsbe appointed to vacancies caused by the resignation of un-certificated Teachers, the appointments to be reconsidered onthe expiration of a year.

(5) That in authorising the appointment of Teachers to fillvacancies the Committee lay down limits as to the number ofyears' experience a candidate should possess.

(6) That in any vacancy for a class Teacher in which a Teacherof experience has been allowed Managers be requested not to

9

appoint persons serving outside the County, and where newentrants are to be appointed, to select from the Committee'slist of college-trained Teachers.

The Committee also considered the question of the employ-ment of married women teachers. They were advised that theiraction was necessarily limited so far as Voluntary Schools wereconcerned, by the fact that marriage could not in itself be treatedas an " educational ground " for the dismissal of a teacher orthe withholding of the Committee's assent to the appointmentin the case of a Voluntary School.

For this and other reasons the Committee felt that no hardand fast rule should be established against the employment ofmarried women, but that the first consideration should be thegood of the children in the schools. They are of opinion thatin the employment of teachers the domestic circumstances ofthe employees cannot be regarded as of importance equal to,or greater than, their fitness for the post.

The Committee, however, wished it to be generally knownthat as regards new appointments they desired to avoid theappointment of married women whose husbands were in aposition to provide for them when suitable unmarried candidateswere available.

Later in the same year the Committee, in consultation withH.M. Inspector, went carefully into the staffing of every Schoolin the County and suggestions were made to the Managers in alarge number of cases for a reduction of the staffing.

The following table is interesting as showing the reductioneffected in the total number of teachers during the last eighteenmonths. It is gratifying to be able to record a proportionateincrease in the number of qualified Teachers as compared withthe number of what may be described as unqualified or lessqualified Teachers.

Class of TeacherHead Teachers

MenWomen ..

Certificated Assistants.MenWomen

Uncertificated Assistants.MenWomen

Supplementary Teachers. .

31/3/22. 30/9/23-

278 267337 314

238 238734 66

37 32544 450304 238

Various factors had combined to create a situation in whichthe supply of Teachers, at least temporarily, was in excess ofthe number of vacancies available for them. In these circum-stances Teachers whose resignations were enforced for reasonsof economy were in serious danger of finding themselves, throughno fault of their own, thrown out of work and unable to obtainre-employment.

At the same time a number of Kent studentswho had just completed their course of training were unableto find employment.

Under the Committee's Regulations the initiative in regardto the appointment of Teachers rests with Managers.

Therewas therefore an obvious danger that Teachers from outside thearea might be appointed to vacancies in the County which mighthave

been suitably filled by Teachers who had been displaced

10

from other Schools in Kent or by Kent Teachers who had justcompleted their training. For the time being therefore theCommittee desired it to be understood that they might refusetheir confirmation of any appointment of a Teacher from outsidethe area unless they were satisfied that the particular vacancyin question could not be filled suitably by the appointmentof a Kent Teacher. The Committee are pleased to report thatManagers have realised that the present position is quite excep-tional and that they have generally acquiesced in the measuresthe Committee have felt compelled to take in order to meet it.

It will be seen from what has been said that the Committeein effecting economies in staffing have kept in view the educationalefficiency of the Schools and endeavoured so far as possible tominimise the hardship caused to individual Teachers who havebeen compelled to vacate their posts.

Head Teacbers. Reference has already been made to the question of theteaching hours of Head Teachers. The Committee have notin the present circumstances laid down any precise regulationson this most important subject. At the same time they arestrongly of opinion that it is the duty of every Head Teacher tomake himself responsible for a substantial share of teaching andthat the intellectual tone of the School must suffer if the timewhich should be allotted to this most important duty is allowedto be, encroached upon unduly. Article 8 (b) of the Code nowrequires that in every School the Head Teacher shall take asubstantial and definite share in the actual instruction andwhere the Head Teacher of a School or department with anaverage of less than 250 is not in direct charge of a class theBoard will consider whether reasonable economy has been usedin the staffing of the School taken as a whole. The Committeein view of the steps that have been taken by them during thepast few months to review the staff of the Schools do not con-sider that it is necessary to formulate any further rules sincethey are satisfied that under present conditions Head Teachersare taking a substantial and definite share in the teachingwork. It has, however, come to the knowledge of the Committeethat in some areas the Board 'of Education have thought itnecessary through their Inspectors to press the matter on theattention of the Local Education Authorities with a view tothe adoption of a rule that will afford some guarantee of theobservance which the requirements impose. It is understoodto be the view of the Board of Education that the Head Teachershould map out for himself a programme of definite and sub-stantial work in accordance with the particular circumstancesof the School, and that a record should be kept of the extent towhich such programme has been carried out. With this view

the Committee are in accord. On the other hand, the Committeeare of opinion that it would be a mistake for the Head Teacherof a large School to allow almost the whole of his time duringschool hours to be occupied by class teaching. In such circum-stances, it is obvious that he would be unable to exercise thenecessary supervision over the work of his staff.

It is the desire of the Committee not only that the teachinghours of the Head Teacher should appear either upon the Schooltime-table or as a separate programme, but that every possiblecare should be taken to ensure that they are kept free frominterruption. The Committee have asked that effect be givenfrom the beginning of the next School year to these wishes.

'chool MedicalSe*vice.

DefectiveChildren.

11The School Medical Service is dealt with in the Annual Report

issued by the School Medical Officer. It is not necessary toenlarge upon this subject in this report except to urge upon.Managers, Teachers, and all concerned in the work of the Public.Elementary Schools to secure, so far as possible, that childrenwho are recommended for treatment by the Medical Inspectorsobtain the treatment that is recommended.

The Committee continue to make arrangements for Blindand Deaf Children in their area to attend certified Schools orinstitutions. The following table shows the number of childrenprovided for at the beginning of the Summer Term, I923, as.compared with the numbers at the time of the last report :-

Royal School for Deaf and Dumb1920. 1923-

Children, Margate. . . . . 47 54Brighton Deaf and Dumb Institu-

tion .. .. .. .. I IEdgbaston Institution for Deaf andDumb .. .. .. .. 2 I

Totals (deaf) . . . . 50 56

London Society's Home for Train-ing the Blind .. 8 17Brighton School for Blind

Barclay Home for Blind .. i 2Hants and Isle of Wight Home for

Blind

St. Vincent's, Pinner I

I c 111Cdon, N.

Totals (blind)19

In a number of instances, arrangements have been made formentally defective, epileptic and physically defective childrento attend Special Residential Schools or Institutions. Amongstthe last mentioned it has been found possible to provide forchildren suffering from ana^mia and debility, asthma, heart-disease, and such like complaints, who require a few months.treatment at an Open Air School.

Particulars of these are as.fol ws :-10 CRIPPLES.

Heritage Craft Schools, Chailey ., 1930. I263'St. Michael's, Clacton-on-SeaHalIiwick Win h -.- TT- r - I

13

EPILEPTIC CHILDREN.Lingfield Homes and Schools forEpileptics. .

Maghull Homes and Schools for 13Epileptics. .

30

Io

r

II

12

OTHER PHYSICALLY DEFECTIVE CHILDREN.

During the three years ended 31st March, I923, the number•of other physically defective children dealt with and the Institu-tions to which they were sent were as follows

Florence Emma Home, Kearsney .. .. 4Hamilton House, Seaford . . . . IClevedon, Broadstairs . . . . . . IEdgar Lee Home, Willesden .. .. .. I

Total . . .. 7

The length of stay by the children in these homes averagesfrom six to seven months.

Owing to restrictions imposed by the Board of Education, itis not at present possible to deal with tuberculous children^except in special circumstances. At present the Committee do-not maintain any such children in institutions.

MENTALLY DEFECTIVE CHILDREN.1920. 1923.

Besford Court, Worcester . .. I 3Western Counties Institution, Star-

cross, near Exeter .. .. 2 iHastings and St. Leonards Special

School .. .. .. .. I -Littleton House, Girton, Cambridge I IBeckenham Special Day School.. I -

6 5

Grand Totals 1920= 95.„ „ 1923=I26.

With regard to cripples, the Board of Education sanctionedin I920, certain arrangements made by the Committee for the,provision, in suitable instances, of surgical boots and apparatus,to enable children to attend Public Elementary Schools neartheir homes. This enabled the Committee to provide for the-education of suitable children without sending them to a special-school where far greater expenditure in fees is involved. InFebruary, 1922, however, the Board withdrew their sanctionto such expenditure, apparently on the ground that it might bemet out of voluntary funds.

In November, 1921, the Committee, at the request of the Erith.and Gillingham Education Authorities, called a conferenceof representatives of all the Education Authorities in the Countywith regard to the provision made for the education of defective,and particularly mentally defective children. The conference,after considerable discussion, passed a resolution expressing itsopinion that Schools for mentally defective children are needed.and co-operation is desirable between all the Local Authoritiesin the County.

Earlier in the same year the Committee were able to putbefore the Board a proposal for the purchase on very advantage-,ous terms of a building which could without great expense havebeen adapted to the purposes of a special residential Schoolreceiving a large number of pupils. The Board, however, for.reasons of national economy, refused their sanction to the scheme.

13

Towards the end of 1922, a local association of the Central.Association for Mental Welfare was formed to work over the.whole of Kent. The Committee supply to this Associationparticulars of all mentally defective children shown on their,records and inform them of all new cases as they are certified.The Association undertakes the visitation and general super-vision of the children, and where possible assists the Committeeby supplying reports on special cases or by finding vacanciesin the few special residential Schools which exist in the country..A grant of ^ioo has been made to the Association by the Com-mittee during the current year.

SchoolCanteens. School Canteens, which were started in the first place as awar measure, proved of such value to the healthy development.of the children that the Committee decided to continue them ona permanent basis.

The call for economy has, however, prevented them from,increasing to any extent the number of Canteens and theyrarely take action unless there is suitable accommodation alreadyavailable. In the establishment of new Canteens the first con-sideration is given to those Schools where children have to walklong distances from their homes.

The Canteen dinner consists of a hot meal of two coursesserved under conditions as pleasant as circumstances will allow.Emphasis is put upon orderly service and good behaviour attable, which have a distinct educational value.

Every step is taken to see that the food supplied is good,wholesome and nourishing. Suitable recipes based on foodvalues are supplied to the Local Canteen Committees. Theprice of the meal has never exceeded 4d. and is now 3d., with areduction to 22d. and sometimes 2d. in the case of large families.These prices to the parent of a meal are not greater than the costof the food that can be given to the child to take with it.

The Medical Inspectors visit the Canteens in their respectiveareas and report on the dietaries and on the general arrange-ments and the opinion of the School Medical Officers is soughtin cases of doubt as to the necessity for setting up a Canteen.

It is the desire of the Committee that each Canteen should beself-supporting,

The Local Canteen Committees are independentbodies upon which the Committee are represented and the Com-mittee indicate each year to what extent and to what objectsthey will contribute.

The scheme aims at giving the fullestscope to local self-help and initiative and the Committee wishto acknowledge the good work of the many voluntary workers,including Teachers.

In three areas, namely, Tonbridge, Dartford and Crayford,the Committee have been called upon to provide meals withoutpayment. In other areas free meals have been provided by theLocal Canteen Committees out of their own funds. It is theduty of the Local Committee and the Teachers to make allnecessary investigations in order to ascertain whether parentsare entitled to be relieved from the payment of fees.

A notable aspect of the work of School Canteens has beenthe improvement in school attendance where facilities areprovided for obtaining a hot mid-day meal at a reasonable price.This, coupled with the improved mental and physical capacityof the children may be regarded as one of the most importantresults of School Canteen work. -

14

Inquiries into various cases of alleged under-feeding havebeen conducted and suitable steps for relief recommended.

At the date of the publication of the last report, there were13 Canteens, and at the present time there are 27 Canteens,established in the County area. The number of meals suppliedduring the period under review is as follows :-

Year ended.31s

tMarch, Breakfasts.

1921 Free .. .. -For payment -

1922 Free .. .. I0,940For payment ioi

I923 Free .. .. 22,939For payment . 159

Dinners. Total.8,762 8,762

191,005 191,005199,767

91,735 I02,675172,166 172,267

274,94286,987 I09,926

161,595 161,754271,680

The average cost of the meal has been :-

1921. 1922. 1923.Food only .. .. 3d. 2.o51d. i.8d.Total cost . .. 3-875d. 3. 612d. 3-4d.

The number of individual children for whom meals wereprovided is estimated to be as follows :-

Free .. .. 380 556 541Payment (part or full) . 1161 1363 1138

1,541 1,919 z,679

The number of free meals provided by Local Canteen Com-mittees out of their own funds was as.follows :-

1923-

7,509

The following table shows the expenditure on Provision ofMeals :-

1921. 1922.Figures not .available. 4,786

Money grants toLocal Committeesfor the provisionof Free Meals . .

1921. 1922.^ s. d. ^ s. d.

1923.^ s. d.

,(Emergency Canteens) - 1,318 17 5 I,690 318 7Equipment (includ-

ing equipmentfor emergencyCanteens) andgrants to perma-nent Canteens .. 2,403 19 4 2,003 6 8 I,165 14 II

2,403 19 4 3,322 4 1

^^-2,856 13 6

15

The receipts of the Local Canteen Committees from parentswere :-

NationalSavings.

PracticalInstruction.

ReligiousInstruction.

I92I: 1922.

^ , s. d. s. d.2,312 2 412 2,268 11 5

1923.^ s. d.

2,017 15 7

The Committee have continued to encourage the formationof Savings Associations in their Schools. They are glad to knowthat the importance of training children in habits of thrift hasbeen so fully realised by the Teachers. Kent has well maintainedits position as one of the leading Counties in the purchase ofNational Savings Certificates, and this position may be ascribedin no small measure to the use of Schools as agencies for thriftand to the realization of those engaged in the work that themovement has an ethical as well as a financial aspect. There are6o8 Savings Associations in Kent ; 343 of these are associatedwith Schools, ioo with business firms, and the rest with clubsand societies.

The National Savings Committee have produced a greatlysimplified method of running School Associations. The scheme-known as Scheme 7-reduces the work to a minimum and ithas proved of the greatest value in the expansion of SavingsWork in the Schools.

Owing to the financial stringency during the period coveredby this report, the Committee have had to refrain from extendingthe provision for practical instruction in the County. With theapproval of the Board of Education, however, one or two newcentres have been started, and the equipment has been augmentedat centres previously existing in order to make the teaching morecomprehensive. In addition, an arrangement was entered intowith the Maidstone Education Committee for the provision atthe centres of that Authority of practical instruction for childrenattending Schools on the outskirts of Maidstone, and with theDeal Education Committee for provision for the children attend-ing Walmer Schools.

Instruction in Domestic Subjects is being given in 6o centresor School classes providing for girls from 155 Schools.

The corresponding figures for Woodwork are 46 centres orSchool classes providing for boys from ioz Schools.

In addition there are 175 gardening classes, 53 Schools wherea modified scheme of woodwork is carried out, and classes inbook-binding, bee-keeping, poultry-keeping, etc., at variousother Schools.

An important alteration has been made in the regulationswith regard to religious instruction and observances in CouncilSchools.

Under those previously in force there was a prescribedsyllabus.Under the new regulations no prescribed syllabus

is laid down but the Head Teacher is made responsible for thescheme of religious instruction in his or her School and is requiredto supply, where needed, suitable schemes for the guidance ofassistants.

The scheme is to provide for not less than twolessons a week to occupy a clear half-hour each.

Number onroll.

SchoolAttendance.

16

The following table shows the number of children on therolls of Schools on the 31st March, I923, classified according toage and sex :-

Age. Boys. Girls.

3 and under 44 55 66 77 88 99 10

10 IIII 1212 1313 1414 1515 1616 and over

75489

2,6474,1774,1564,4474,5474,3584,2654,1764,0301,287

722

38,728

59405

2,4363,9903,9454,3154,3644,2984,2403,9863,g82I,140

39I

37,200

75,928*

The number of children on the roll, which had declined steadily-since Igio; remained fairly stationary during the years ended31st March, zgZg, I92o, and Ig2z. In August, Ig2i, the Com-mittee, as a measure of economy, issued instructions that children:under five years of age were not in future to be admitted to,Schools in which, by such action, a reduction of staff couldeventually be effected.

For the month of July, Ig2I, the average number of childrenon the roll under five years of age was 3,546, and this numberhas been reduced to I,oi2 by the 31st March, I923. It is notprobable that there will be any further appreciable reductionfrom this cause.

The reduction in the number of children on the roll is further-accouinted for by the decreased birth-rate during the War years„I916 to Igig, which averaged 20 per cent. less than the average-birth-rate for the four years before the War. The full effect ofthis reduction will not be felt in the Schools until the end of thefinancial year I924-25, and will not be reflected in the Com-mittee's returns until the end of the year I925-26. This loss,.however, should be partly made up by increased admissions thatmay be expected during the year I925-26, following the increasedbirth-rate for the year I920, which was about 9 per cent. abovethe average for the four years before the War.

During the past few years many children who left School atthe age of 14 were unable, owing to the prevailing economicconditions, to obtain suitable employment, and the Committee,asked Head Teachers, when School conditions allowed, to en-courage children to remain at School after they had become^legally exempt from attendance. The result is that many more

' The difference between these figures and the figures shown on page 5 is due to thefact that the latter represent the average number of children on the roll for the wholeYear. whereas the former represent the total number of children on the roll on tiParticular date.

.

17

children are now remaining at S chool'until the age of 15 or over,and that the Board of Education have granted permission forthe retention on the roll of the names of many children untilthe end of the term in which they reach the age of 16. Achild may remain at School until the end of March next followingthe date on which he becomes 15 years of age, but if hedesires to remain at School beyond that date the special per-mission of the Board of Education must be obtained.

The average attendance for the year ended 31st March, Ig21,shows a considerable increase on that for the previous year. Theaverage attendance for the following years shows a decrease,due entirely to the reduction in the number of children on theroll. The loss in average attendance is minimised by the im-proved percentage of average attendance obtained which hassteadily increased each year since zgag. The improvement inthe attendance is due in the main to improved methods of work,and the more effective supervision of the work which it has beenpossible to exercise.

In April, 1920, the Committee approved a scheme for thereorganisation of the work of the School Attendance Officers,including the abolition, wherever possible, of part-time officers,and this scheme has been carried out so far as conditions havepermitted. School Attendance Officers' districts have beenre-arranged in view of the abolition of School Attendance Com-mittees, and the formation of new areas under District EducationBoards, and there have been many changes in the personnelof the Officers. A scale of salaries for School Attendance Officerswas adopted as from the zst January, zg2=, and one effect of theadoption of this scale has been that new appointments have beenfilled by a better type of Officer.

The Committee carefully considered what economies could beeffected in the administration of School Attendance, and modifiedthe scale of salaries as from the zst September, I922, by declar-ing part of the salary of each Officer to be bonus and subject tofluctuation.

They also decided to reduce the number of Officers as circum-stances allowed. Since this decision was made a number ofvacancies have been filled by the re-arrangement of the remainingOfficers' districts.

There are at present 41 School Attendance Officers in theemployment of the Committee of whom 35 devote the whole oftheir time to the work and six a portion of their time.

The question of further changes in regard to the administra-tion of the work of School Attendance and the enforcement ofthe Employment By-laws is under consideration.

The Board of Education made an order fixing the Ist July,I922, as the appointed day for the purposes of Section 8(i) and314 of the Education Act, 1918.

The result of the Order was toabolish the granting of exemptions under the age of ryears (or before the time at which a child is under Section g() fthe Education Act, zg18,* deemed to have attained

age)and to prohibit the employment of children in fa thatctories, work-shops, mines and quarries.

Every child is thus now underobligation to attend School from the end of the term in which itreaches the age of 5 years until the end of the term in which itreaches the age of 14 years.

Now Section 138 ( of the Act of 1921,

Prosecutions.(School Atten-dance)

Closures forIntectionsDiseases.

Holidays.

'18

The following table gives particulars of the prosecutionsundertaken for the past three years :-

Co>n-mittals to

No. of Attend- Fines Cases Cases Indus-Year ended. prosecu- ance in- Cases Dis- with- trial

tion.s. Orders flicted. adjd. missed. drawn. schools.made.

31st March,'21 479 21 304 107 .12 35 -'22 305 5 211 52 12 22 3'23 266 6 195 45 11 9 -

A satisfactory result of the improved attendance is the diminish-ing number of prosecutions found necessary. It is only afterrepeated warnings and when other methods have failed thatcases are taken before the Courts, and the Committee feel thatthe leniency which is sometimes shown to old offenders is oftenattended with unfortunate results. It is in the interestsof the child that regular and punctual attendance should berequired and the deterrent effect of a prosecution is lost if sym-pathy with a negligent parent is allowed to prevail and a merelynominal penalty is inflicted. A little severity in deserved caseswould no doubt cause a further diminution in the number ofprosecutions.

The appended statement gives particulars of the closure ofschools or departments on account of epidemic sickness for thepast three years :-

ScarletYl'hoop- Diph- Chicken Injlu- TyphoidYear ended. Measles. Fever. ing theria. Pox. Mumps. enza. Fever.

Cough. Total31st Mar., '21 ..38 7 13 8 0 0 4 0 70

„ „'22 .. 9 11 33 9 2 6 63 1 134„ „'23 ..87 9 49 1 0 2 2 0 150

The first nine months of the calendar year z 92z were particularly

free from epidemics, but there was a big increase in closures forthis reason towards the end of the year and early in 1922 a severeepidemic of influenza prevailed over the whole of the Countyand seriously affected the attendance. It will be noticed thatthere was a very considerable increase in the number of closuresfor the year ended the 31st March, 1923.

The Committee's Regulations formerly provided that Managersmight arrange the holidays, and provision was made for the fixingof uniform holidays in certain cases in consultation with the LocalSchool Attendance Committees. When the District EducationBoards were formed the regulations were amended so as toallow Managers, in the absence of any special directions from theCommittee, to arrange the holidays in accordance with certainprinciples laid down, provided that the Committee might, onthe advice of the District Board, fix uniform holidays for a groupor groups of Schools.

There has been a very considerable loss of attendances owingto children absenting themselves from School to go hop-pickingwhen the Schools have been open during the hop-picking season.Nearly 8o,ooo attendances were lost in the first two weeks ofOctober, 1922, on this account.

It has been a growing practice in hop-picking districts to beginthe holidays about the middle of August before the hops areready, with the result: that it has been necessary in many cases

19

to extend the holidays for a week, and in others to re-open theSchools before the hop-picking has been completed owing to theimpossibility of otherwise making the necessary number of open-ings to satisfy the minimum laid down by the Board of Educa-tion.

0

EducationalYears.

E-110ent of

Children.

The Committee have accordingly made a rule that holidays inhop-picking districts are not to be fixed in advance to beginearlier than the 25th August and that they may begin earlieronly if the managers are of opinion that if the Schools remainedopen until the 25th August, the attendance would be seriouslyaffected. The Committee hope by this means to insure that theperiod of hop-picking shall fall wholly within the holidays witha consequent improvement in the attendance.

The Committee decided in zgrg, after consultation with theTeachers' representatives, that it was desirable that the Educa-tion Year of all Schools should begin after the long summer holi-days and this decision was communicated to the Managers of theSchools in the County. It was not practicable, in view of thedifferent conditions which obtain in various parts of the County,and of the varying dates of the summer holidays, to fix a uniformEducational Year for all Schools.

Arrangements have now been completed with the Managersof all the Schools in the County for the Educational Year to beginin August, September or October.

The Education Act, 1918, amended the Employment ofChildren Act, 1903, in certain particulars and placed upon theLocal Education Authorities for Elementary Education the dutyof enforcing the provisions in regard to the employment ofchildren, formerly carried out by the County Council. In Kentthe work was done by the Police as officers appointed by theCounty Council for this purpose under the Act, and By-lawsregulating Street Trading were adopted as regards the UrbanDistricts of Dartford and Tonbridge.

The Committee obtained returns from the Head Teachers inthe County of all children employed in June, zgzg, togetherwith their observations as to the effects of employment on thechildren's attendance at School. They drafted By-laws regulat-ing the employment of children which were approved by theHome Office and came into operation on the zst April, Ig2I.

Special provision was made for the hopping and fruit growingdistricts by allowing children under twelve years of age to beemployed by their parents in hop-picking, and by withdrawingin the case of children employed in hop-picking or fruit-picking,the limitation that children shall not be employed for more thanfive hours on days on which the Schools are not open.

These By-laws include provisions with regard to Street Tradingapplicable to the whole of the area.

Local Officers and School Attendance Officers were appointedas Officers to enforce the provisions of the By-laws, and they haveperformed this duty since the By-laws came into operation.

The provisions of the By-laws are being generally compliedwith and it has been necessary to institute proceedings in veryfew cases.

Some difficulty was at first experienced in regard tothe employment of children to deliver newspapers and

milkbefore school hours owing to the varying by-laws in the autono-mous areas.

20

The following table gives particulars in respect of the numberof children regularly employed and young persons employed instreet trading.

01 Nature of Employment.

Sale or delivery of milkSale or delivery of news-

newspapers . .Carrying or delivering

goods or parcels .In (or in connection

with) any shop orstall

Agricultural workIn coal yardIndustrial work at homeDomestic workOther occupationsStreet Trading .

Total ..

No. of children and young persons employed.In June, 1919.*Before At otherschool times on On 30th On 31st On 31stHours. Sch. days. Sept.,'21. Mar.,'22. .1YIar.,'23

307 79 22 22 10

582 245 38 58

549 776 132 161

- - 20234 357 29

- - 3399 331 7418 109 12- Not known 27

2,089 1,897 357

29

109

30 1628 132 -7 3

70 2821 418 11

417 223

Reorganisation Alterations of an important character have been carried outof Schools in one or two districts in pursuance of the Committee's policy

of re-organising Schools as opportunity occurs, with a view tothe better classification of the scholars and the reduction of thenumber of school departments, with a consequential reductionin the cost of staffing.

At Bexley Heath the Committee in accepting the transfer ofthe Church of England School, found themselves for the firsttime in control of all theSchools in the area. They have takenadvantage of this position to re-organise the Schools so as toprovide at the Upland School for a Central Department for olderand more advanced scholars of both sexes with contributorydepartments of girls and infants at Upland, and boys and infantsat Graham Road.

At Chislehurst the Committee have been able to arrange forthe pooling, by voluntary arrangement between the Managers,of four departments for boys and girls at the two Church Schools.All boys now attend the School on the Common, and all girlsthe one at Prickend, provision being made for infants at bothSchools.

At Eynsford, two Schools, one formerly the Church of EnglandSchool (now transferred to the Committee) and the other theCouncil School, each taking scholars of all ages were re-organisedin January, 1922, one as a Senior School and the other as anInfants and Junior Mixed School.

At Tonbridge, the transfer to the Committee of St. Stephen'sSchools has allowed the Committee to re-organise by draftinginto the Girls Department at St. Stephen's Council School thesenior girls in the district and restricting the girls' department atBarden Council School to junior girls.

At Walmet, the Admiralty having decided to close the MarineSchool, the Committee were compelled to open a new CouncilSchool. This they did in part of the premises formerly occupiedby the Marine School and now let to the Committee for the Pur-pose. At the same time the Committee were able to make with

" Children who were employed both before School hours and at other times areincluded in both columns

0

El

21

the Managers of Lower Walmer Church of England School anarrangement under which the Committee took all the girls andinfants into their new School, leaving the Managers of the Churchof England School to provide for boys only. Arrangementswere also made with the Deal Local Authority for the ultimatewithdrawal of Deal children to attendSchools in their own area.

At Whitstable the infants department of the Oxford StreetCouncil School was closed in June, 1922, the children beingtransferred to the Westmeads Council School. The Committeewith the assistance of the District Board approached the Managersof the two voluntary Schools (the Endowed and St. Alphege)and in consultation with the Council School Managers arrangedfor a re-organisation on the following lines : the Oxford StreetCouncil School to become a School of two departments for seniorand junior boys, respectively, and the Endowed School to bea School of one department for girls the St. Alphege Churchof England School being restricted to infants and junior girls.Under this arrangement the Endowed School gave up its boys'department, and the Council School its department for girls.

The following table also shows the re-organisation that hastaken place in connection with other Schools in the County:-

School. Previous organisation. Present organisa-tion.Benenden C.E. .. Separate aepts. for girls and infants .. One dept.

Blean C. of E. .. One dept for scholars of all ages •. Restricted tofants.Borden C. of E. .. Separate depts. for mixed and infants One dept.Broadstairs Cl. .. Separate depts. for girls and infants One dept.

Chilham C. of E. .. Separate depts. for mixed and infants One dept.Eastry C. of. E. .. Separate depts. for mixed and infants One dept.Elham C. of E. .. Separate depts. for boys and girls with One dept.infants

Hawkhurst C. of E... 3 depts. for boys, girls, infants .. 2 depts. for boys

Highgate „, OnedepL forjuniorgirlsandinfants One ndeptfa91

forgirls and

,. Sir T. Dunks Onedept.forboys infantsCled.Hayes C. of E. . Separate depts. for mixed and infants One dept.Lynsted Cl. , , Separate depts. for mixed and infants One dept.Riverhead Cl.. .. 3 depts. for boys, girls and infants .. 2 depts. for

mixed andSt. Mary's, Romney

One dept. for scholars of allinfants.

Marsh ages Restricted toinfants and

depts.Sheldwich LeysSeparate depts. for boys and girls with One junior,

Sidcup C of E. infants

Sittingbourne Cl.Separate depts for mixed and infants One dept.Tenterden C. of E.Separate depts. for mixed and infan^s One dept.West Peckham andOne dept. forsclo:ars of all ages .. RestrictedtoOxenhoth

infants andjuniors.

It may be seen from these particulars that substantial progresshas been made in improving the organisation of schools.

The Committee, however, find that in taking steps of thissort they are severely hampered by the limitations of theirown powers and of those of the Board of Education, and by thenatural reluctance felt by Managers and parents to accept achange in their local School.

There are many areas in the County where, in the opinion ofthe Committee, improvements might be effected by the drafting

Headships

Furniture

. 22

of older children from one School to another, by the removalof boys from a small mixed School under a Mistress to a Schoolunder a Master, or by the re-classification of two mixed depart-ments into separate Schools for boys and girls.

Section 34 of the Education Act, 1921, seems to make pro-vision for such arrangements in the case of Voluntary Schoolsby allowing the Local Authority, with the approval of the Boardof Education, to re-classify Schools of the same denominationin the same locality.

It does not, however, appear that in present circumstancesthe Local Authority can obtain the approval of the Board ofEducation to a re-organisation which may involve expenditureon the part of the Managers of any of the Schools concerned,and it is found in practice that the Managers are often unwillingto lose such influence as they may have over any part of the childpopulation of their parish by agreeing to its transfer to a Schoolin another parish.

It is beyond the power of the Board of Education to enforcethe closure of a School if the average attendance exceeds 30.

In the case of Council Schools it is true that, subject to theapproval of the Board of Education, the Committee have a freehand but they feel that any alteration or re-classification thatmay take place will lose much of its benefit if it cannot be carriedout with the goodwill of the Managers and of other persons inthe ne ghbourhood.

During the past three years considerable changes have" takenplace in headships largely owing to the fact that existing Teachershave retired under the Superannuation Act. The Committeeare pleased to report that there has been a closer co-operationbetween Managers and themselves in the appointment of newHead Teachers and that Managers both of Voluntary and ofCouncil Schools have, with few exceptions, availed themselvesof the assistance which the Committee offer in selecting and inter-viewing candidates, and have expressed their appreciation ofsuch assistance.

The Committee are proceeding steadily, as far as financialexigencies allow, with the task of bringing the furniture of Schoolsinto line with modern requirements. Many Schools are still

handicapped through being furnished with old long desks withoutbacks. These not only are hygienically unsound, but tendalso to perpetuate a rigid system of class-teaching and to inter-fere with the freedom of movement necessary under modernconceptions of group teaching and individual study.

A survey has been made of the furniture existing in the Schoolsin the former District Board areas, and Schools have been arrangedin an order of priority in accordance with certain principles laiddown by the Committee, in order to secure as far as possible thatthe most urgent cases shall be dealt with first. Particular

attention is given to reports on furniture received from SchoolMedical Officers.

As a result of experiment and experience most Teachers nowprefer that for children of all ages desks should be replaced bytables and chairs. These are found to be much more satisfactoryfor various forms of practical work ; they afford maximum free-dom of arrangement in various formations to suit particularneeds and, being light and easy to move, they enable a freefloor-space to be secured in ordinary class-rooms whenever

desired. It has to be remembered, however, that not all rooms

M

23

are suitable in size, shape or arrangement for this new type offurniture. Tables and chairs occupy rather more floor-spacethan desks and cannot therefore be readily used in crowdedSchools. They are also unsuitable as a rule where the floorsare hollow or of uneven surface. Under such conditions dualdesks are to be preferred.

S:hool Supplies Constant attention is also given to the improvement of Schoolmaterials and equipment of all kinds, particularly the supply ofbooks. The fall in prices, together with the development of theCommittee's system of direct supply, has made it possible, toreduce the allowance per head for School supplies whilst stillpermitting Schools to improve and augment their supply ofreading material. The policy of encouraging Head Teachersto obtain single copies of books for supplementary reading andof building up gradually School and class libraries ofbooks of real literary worth and of more advanced text-books andbooks of reference is beginning to have very beneficial effects onthe work and outlook of the older boys and girls.

Early M1922 the Committee issued to all their Schools a newcatalogue of about S,ooo books of all kinds suitable for pupilsbetween 6 and 16 years of age. As new books are addedparticulars are announced in the Gazelle and the whole cataloguewill be revised from time to time. The requisition schedulesfor stationery, and other School materials have recently beenrevised and a catalogue of pictures suitable for school use willshortly be issued.

In this connection the institution of a Sample Room at theHead Office at Springfield, containing specimens of all booksin the Committee's catalogue, and of wall maps, stereoscopes,stationery, handwork materials and School equipment of allkinds, has proved of the greatest value. The Committee con-continue to pay the travelling expenses of Head Teachers forone visit a year to the Sample Room in connection with thepreparation of their main requisition.

Teachers'The main feature in connexion with Teachers' salaries duringSalaries.

the period under review has been the report issued by theStanding Joint Committee on Standard Scales of Salariesfor Teachers in Public Elementary Schools, popularly known asthe Burnham Committee.

The Committee had already, on the 26th January, 1920,adopted a new scale of salaries to operate as from the rst January,z920.

On the 26th July, 1920, the Committee concluded anagreement, which was duly ratified by the County Council, withthe Teachers to adopt Scale III. as from the zst January, 1921,the arrangement to be binding on both sides until October, =925,

24,

CHAPTER III.

SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

Changea inEeaBelripe.

Stalan6.

Salaries ofTeaobera.

Since the issue of the last Annual Report, the followingheadmasters and headmistresses have been appointed :-Maintained Sclaools.Mr. W. B. Thompson, Gillingham County New appoint-

M.A. (Cantab). School for Boys. ment.Miss H. G. Cannan, Ramsgate County vice Miss A. S.

B.A. (Wales) 2nd Cl. School for Girls. Merryman.Hons. in History.

Rev. F. H. Manser, Southlands Grammar New appoint-M.A. (Cantab). School, New ment.

Romney.Aided Schools.Miss D. Menzies, B.Sc. Canterbury, Simon vice Miss A. H.

(Lond.) 2nd Cl. Hons. Langton School Proudfoot.in Chemistry. for Girls.

Mr. S. E. Baker, M.A. Cranbrook Grammar vice the Rev.(Cantab) 2nd Cl. Hons. School. C. F. Pierce.Nat. Sci. Tripos.

Miss H. Fowlds, B.A. Faversham, William vice Miss M.(Lond.) Hons. in Gibbs' School for Frey.History. Girls.

Mr. A. B. Downing, Folkestone, Harvey vice Mr. H. A.M.A. (Cantab) ist Cl. Grammar School. Denham.Nat. Sci. Tripos.

The following table shows the number of teachers employedin Maintained and Aided Schools at the beginning of the AutumnTerm, 1923 :-

Maintained Secondary School.s.Non-

Graduate GraduateScale. Scale. Total.

HEADS 17 3 20ASSISTANTS -

Full-Time 228 71 299Part-Time 5 37 42Temporary 2 3 5

Aided Secondary Schools.Non-

Graduate GraduateScale. Scale. Total.

19 - 19

171 61 2321 45 46- 1 1

Total 252 114 366 191 107 298

The Committee received, in the Autumn Term, 1920, theReport of the Standing Joint Committee on Scales of Salariesfor Teachers in Secondary Schools and decided to adopt theProvincial Scale as set out in that Report.

Provisional payments have been made on the Scale inaccordance with the announced intention of the Committeeto bring all teachers to their correct positions on the Scaleas from the ist September, 1920, the Committee reservingthe right to make any necessary adjustments in the event of

Board ofEducationInspections.

25

the Board of Education refusing to pay full deficiency granton the Committee's expenditure.

The Committee have also introduced new Scales of salariesfor Head Masters and Head Mistresses in accordance with therecommendations contained in the Report of the Standing JointCommittee. These Scales provide for the payment to HeadMasters of minimum salaries of £6oo rising to a maximum of.Jz,ooo in the highest grade of the Scale, and to Head Mistressesof minimum salaries of £50o a year rising to ^8oo in the highestgrade of the Scale.

Since the introduction of these Scales teachers have beenrequired to contribute five per cent. of their salaries towardsthe cost of benefits under the School Teachers (Superannuation)Act, zqz8, and they have also agreed to a five per cent. abate-ment in their salaries payable under the full operation of theBurnham Scales in respect of service during the Summer andAutumn Terms, 1923, and the Spring Term, I924.

The question of full-time service, for the purposes of theSuperannuation Acts and of the Burnham Scales has now beendealt with by the Board of Education, who have recently issuedCirculars 1286 and 13xx setting out the principles they willapply in determining whether teachers have been employed infull-time teaching service.

During the School Years 1920-21, 1921-22 and x922-23inspections were held by the Board of Education at thefollowing schools :-

1920-2I.Beckenham County School for Girls.Bromley County School for Girls.Canterbury Simon Langton School for Boys.Canterbury Simon Langton School for Girls.Rochester Grammar School for Girls.Rochester Mathematical School.

1921-22.

Bromley County School for Boys.Faversham Grammar School.

Faversham William Gibbs' School.Folkestone County School for Girls.

Tonbridge County School for Girls.

Y922-23.

Cranbrook Grammar School.Sevenoaks Walthamstow Hall School.Southlands Grammar School.

The criticisms offered by H.M. Inspectors on various pointshave received the careful consideration of the Governors ofboth Aided and Maintained Schools, and in the majority ofcases it has been possible to give effect to the recommendationsof the Board.

Generally speaking the reports revealed a large increase inthe number of pupils and in the accommodation a markedadvance in the standard of the staffing and in the equipment of

i

Ages ofPupils.

Advancedcourses

County SchochBuildings.

26

the premises and satisfactory progress in the qualityo of thepupils' work.

The following table gives a comparison of ages of pupilsat Secondary Schools during the last two years :-

Ages of pupils in attendance at Maintained and Aided SecondarySchools :-

Autumn UnderTerm. 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1921 958 921 1373 1668 1755 1658 1243 542 231 301922 819 784 1360 1602 1726 1630 1309 632 220 48

Advanced Courses are at present recognised at the followingSchools in the County :-

Chatham County School for GirlsErith County School ..

Modern Studies.Science and Mathematics.Modern Studies:Science and Mathematics.Science and Mathematics.Modern Studies.

Gravesend County School for GirlsRochester Mathematical SchoolSandwich Grammar SchoolTonbridge County School for GirlsTunbridge Wells County School for

Tunbridge Wells High School forJoint Course in Science

and Mathematics.

Beckenham County School for Boys.-Extension providing

Bromley County School for Boys.-Extension providing addi-

tional class-room accommodation for 75 pupils.

Girls

Since the publication of the last Report, the Committee havepurchased and adapted the Elms, New Romney, for the useof the Southlands Grammar School. Prior to the AutumnTerm, 192Z, the School was aided by the Committee, but fromthis date it was taken over from the Governors as a MaintainedSecondary School. The School was transferred from the originalbuilding to, the Elms but is recognised as a new secondaryschool by the Board of Education.

At the beginning of the Autumn Term, 1923, a SecondarySchool for Boys was opened at Gillingham, with accommodationfor 200 pupils. The building is, however, planned to admitits extension to accommodate 45o boys.

Since August, 1920, the undermentioned new sites and build-ings have been acquired and extensions and, improvementshave been carried out as follows:-

special rooms for the Day Trades School and additional class-room accommodation for seventy pupils at the County School.Purchase of playing field of approximately 72 acres by theBeckenham Urban District Council, hitherto held on leaseand rented by the Committee.

Beckenham County School for Girls.-Conversion of special

rooms into class-rooms, providing additional accommodationfor 65 pupils.

Bromley. County School for Girls.-Extension providing addi-tional class-room accommodation for 6o pupils and also releasingaccommodation in the main building for an additional 25 Pupils-

Girls . .e Wells High School for

27

Provision of two huts for canteen purposes, releasing accommo-dation for 9o additional pupils in the main building. Additionalplaying field accommodation (5 acres).

Chatham County School for Girls.-Additional playing-fieldaccommodation (5 acres). Provision of hut, giving additionalaccommodation for 6o pupils.

Dartford County School for Girls.--Additional playing-fieldaccommodation (42 acres). Extension providing additionalclass-room accommodation for 55 pupils, together with a sciencelaboratory art room, cookery room and ibrary. Pro-vision of three huts, providing temporary accommodation forapproximately 77 pupils, thereby releasing accommodation inthe main building for 25 pupils.

Dover County Schools.-Playing field accommodation (72acres)-reinstatement after military occupation.

Folkestone County School for Girls.-Purchase of PenfoldHouse (formerly known as Praetoria House) and site (9 acres),and removal of School to the premises from Pelham House,providing additional accommodation for q.o Pupils-

Gillingham County School for Boys.-Site and playing-field( zo acres) and erection of new building to accommodate approxi-mately 200 pupils.

Gravesend County School for Boys.-Transfer of School ofArt to new premises releasing accommodation for 5o additionalpupils at the Boys' School.

Goldsmiths' College Hostels.-Purchase of No. Y, AberdeenTerrace, Blackheath, and adaptation for use as a new Hostelfor men ; purchase of Nos. 31, 33, 35 and 37, Granville Park,Lewisham, used as a Hostel for women (previously held on lease).

New Romney, Southlands Grammar School.-Purchase of theElms and playing-field (134 acres) ; adaptation for school pur-poses. Accommodation for 120 pupils.

Ramsgate County School for Boys.-Purchase of ChathamHouse, Ramsgate and playing-fields (io acres) and adaptationof part of the premises for approximately 280 pupils.

Ramsgate County School for Girls.-Temporary premisesaccommodating approximately so8 pupils pending transferof Boys' School to Chatham House.

Sheerness.-Siteand playing-field (71 acres) for proposed

new Secondary School for Girls.Sittingbourne County School for Girls.---Site

for proposed newbuilding and playing-field (6j acres)..Tonbridge County School for Girls.-Extension providingclass-room accommodation for 105 Pupils,

with a hall,cloak-room and increased sanitary accommodation.Tunbridge LVells County School for

Girls.-Provision of twohuts, providing temporary accommodation for approximately114 pupils.Aided seboots

Bafldines.With regard to Aided Schools a scheme of

amalgamationlgamationbeen carried out between the Faversham Wreiht's andFaversham Grammar Schools and the united school g are nowknown as the Faversham Grammar School.

A joint Committee of the Governors of Faversham Grammar

28

Wreight's and Gibbs' Schools Foundations have submitteda statement of policy with regard to the future development ofthe Schools. It is much to be desired that financial conditionsmay so improve as to make it possible to put into effect thescheme as outlined.

Extensions have been carried out by the Governors with theassistance of the Committee at the following Aided Schoolssince the issue of the last Report :-

Ashford Grammar School.-Provision of workshop and huts,giving additional accommodation for approximately 6o pupils.

Canterbury, Simon Langton's Boys' School.-Store-room con-verted into class-room providing permanent accommodationfor 2o boys, and erection of Army hut giving temporary accom-modation for 6o pupils.

Canterbury, Simon Langton Girls' School.-Provision of hutgiving additional accommodation for approximately 54 Pupils-

. Cyanbyook Grammar School. - Provision of hut, givingadditional accommodation for approximately 8o pupils.

Eltham College.-Provision of three additional class-roomsand an art room, giving accommodation for 9o pupils.

Faversham, Wm. Gibbs' School.-Increased sanitary accommo-dation.

Faversham, Grammar School.-Amalgamation with FavershamWreight's School.

Folkestone Harvey Grammar School.-Provision of additionalaccommodation for approximately 130 pupils.

Maidstone Grammar School for Boys.-Adaptation of roomsfor use as Head Master's residence. Purchase of additionalpremises providing net increased accommodation for 22 Pupilsand approximately r5 boarders.

Maidstone Grammar School for Giyls.-Provision of dining-room.

Rochester Grammar School for Girls.-Additional sanitary

and cloak-room accommodation. Additional playing accom-modation (6 acres).

Rochester Mathematical School.-(a) Conversion of art room

into laboratory ;(b) Erection of new art room ; (c) Conversionof wood-work shop into class-room providing additional accom-modation for 25 pupils.

Sandwich Grammar School.-(a) Acquisition of huts, providingtemporary accommodation for additional 6o pupils ; (b) Addi-tional sanitary and cloak-room accommodation.

Sevenoaks, Walthamstow Hall School.-Increased class-roomaccommodation for approximately 72 pupils.

Tonbridge, Sir Andrew Judd's Commercial school.-Additional

sanitary accommodation.The expenditure incurred on the extension of the school

premises of the Eltham College and Sevenoaks WalthamstowHall Schools has been met by the Governors.

Increased accommodation has also been provided for the

'urtherdevelopments.

29

Maidstone Grammar School for Boys by the purchase of Bruns-wick House by the Committee. These premises are, leased tothe Governors of the School.

Provision has likewise been made for additional accommodationfor the Folkestone Harvey Grammar School by the utilisationof Pelham House since the removal of the County School forGirls to Penfold House. Pelham House is used during theday by the Grammar School, and in the evening by studentsfrom the Technical Institute.

The Governors of the Dartford Grammar School have underconsideration plans for the proposed extension of the School.

In view of the increase in numbers, approval has been givento a scheme of adaptation of rooms proposed by the Governorsof the Faversham William Gibbs' School which will extend theclass-room accommodation.

The Committee have acquired a site in Sittingbourne consist-ing of 9; acres of land upon which it is proposed that a newSecondary School for Boys should be erected by the Governorsof the Borden Grammar School so soon as it is possible to pro-ceed with the proposal to use the existing School premises as aFarm Institute.

Apart from the provision of increased accommodation theCommittee have in many instances made grants to the Governorsof Aided Schools to provide additional furniture and equipment,improved systems of heating and sanitary arrangements, and tomeet other urgent requirements.

The following list of the proposals submitted to the Boardof Education include all substantial proposals for expenditureduring 1923-24 upon sites and premises which have not yet beensanctioned by the Board:-

ASHFORD.-Site for new building for Ashford County Schoolfor Girls.

BxoMr.Ey.-Preparation of playing-fields of the CountySchool for Girls.

DARTFORD.-Site for additional playing-field accommodationfor the Grammar School.

DOVER.-Site for new building for County School for Boysand playing-fields.

ERITx.-Site for new building for Erith County School andplaying-fields.

GRAVESEND.--New building for the County School for Girls.

PENGE.-Site for Proposed Secondary School.

RAMSGATE.-Further adaptation of Chatham House

SEVENOexs.-Extension of Grammar School.

SEVENOnxs.-Additional playing-field accommodation forGrammar School.

r

ExaminationSuccesses.

30

The following is a statement shewing the successes gainedduring the School Year, 1922-23, by scholars in attendance atMaintained and Aided Secondary Schools :-

First Examinations.London General SchoolCambridge SchoolOxford SchoolOxford & Cambridge

Joint BoardLondon iVlatricala.tion

not taken as firstExam.

Second Examinations..T.ondonHigher SchoolLondon Higher ,: chool

(with a view toInter. Arts or Science)

Cambridge HigherSchool

Oxford Higher SchoolIntermediate Arts or

Science (External)(not taken via HigherSchool Examination)

No. whoobtained No. of No. ofExemp- Honours distinc-

No. who No. who tion from obtained. tionssat. passed. Matric. obtained.

68410881

33

102

25

41

171

20

Other examinations.Cambridge Senior Local, Dec., 1922London School

CommercialRoyal Society of Arts (Intermediate)

„ „ (Elementary)Royal Drawing Society

Associated Board R.A.M. and R.C.M..Trinity College of MusicIncorporated Staff Sight Singing

College ..London Institute of Needlework

Pitman's Shorthand Exams. Speed..

Other successes obtained are :

462 18183 2954 10

25 18

22 28423 2313 1

56 1

32 - - 8

141

12

2

- 1 -

No. of No. ofcandidates No. who distinctionswho sat. passed. obtained.

4 3 -

2 1 -4 3 -

66 49 -362 successes, including 221 Honours

with 4 full certificates.72 66 -

3 successes.

30 26 9170 successes, including 1 complete

Honours (6 grades).9 6 -•

4 Open Scholarships at the Universities.= Exhibition (Caius College).2 Scholarship at Christ's Hospital.15 Pupils gained Certificate A (War Office).In reference to the London General School Examination, the

following comparative statistics are submitted :-I. (a) Percentage of total number of candidates who passed

70.9

(b) Percentage of total number of candidates who qualifiedfor Matriculation 33•7•

(c) Percentage of total number of candidates who obtainedhonours 4 8.

II. For Kent candidates the percentages were as follows(a) 67.5 ; (b) 26.4 ; (c) 3.2.

In the Autumn Term, zg2i, the fees in respect of pupils inattendance at Maintained Secondary Schools were, with a few

31

exceptions, ^9 3s. per annum for girls over 12 and £7 is. perannum for girls under 12, and &o zos. per annum for boysover 12 and £8 8s. per annum for boys under 12. From 1915the cost of education rose with the general increase in thecost of living, until in x92r the cost of education was aboutdouble what it was in 1914 ; and the proportion of the totalcost which was being borne by the parent was then only aboutone-third. In these circumstances the Committee found itnecessary to increase the tuition fees, and as from the beginningof the Autumn Term, zg2z, the fee for all new pupils admittedto Maintained Schools was raised to £i5 per annum, includinggames and the use of text-books. As regards existing pupils,the Committee invited the parents to pay the increased feesvoluntarily as from the beginning of the Spring Term, 1922.The Governors of Aided Schools, with the exception of certainSchools with large endowments, agreed to adopt the Com-mittee's revised scale of fees.

As the response to the Committee's invitation to pay theincreased fee voluntarily was not so general as was hoped,the tuition fee was raised to £z5 per annum in respect of allpupils at Maintained Schools, payable compulsorily by allpupils from the beginning of the Autumn Term, x922. TheBoard of Education approved of the increase in the tuitionfee, it being in accordance with the policy which they hadsuggested in their Circular Tz9o on Educational Expenditure.

The Governors of those Aided Schools who had not alreadymade the increased fee compulsory for all pupils were askedto adopt the Committee's revised scale of fees. The Governorsadopted the Committee's scale with slight variations in 7 Schoolsto suit local conditions.

The present scale of fees for each Aided and MaintainedSchool is given in Lists A and B on pages 36 and 37.

In order to obviate, as far as possible, any hardship whichmight arise through the increase in fees, the Committee madeprovision for assisting parents who, owing to their financialcircumstances, were unable to pay higher fees, by the awardof part-fee Special Exhibitions of a value not exceeding thedifference between the old fee and the new fee.

In consequence of the recent industrial depression, the Com-mittee are considering the effect of the increase in the scaleof fees, but they have not yet arrived at definite conclusions asto the extent to which the recent decline in numbers may beattributable to the increase of fees or to industrial depression ;or to both of these factors.

They propose, however, to examinethe question in closer detail when the entries for the AutumnTerm, z923, are available, so that they may be in a positionto decide whether or not it is desirable that some reductionin the fees should be made.

County As from the beginning of the Autumn Term, 1921, the feepupils.payable in respect of all new non-Kent pupils admitted toMaintained Secondary Scho I

pupils who were already ^nrattendndce at e1these SchooC2. Nort-Kentls wererequired to pay the fee of £ig per annum charged to Kent pupils.

As regards Aided Schools, the Committee asked the Governorsto fix the fee for non-Kent pupils entering

th so asto cover, as nearly as may be, the netste of Smaintenance

Kent, the correspondin h g e average cost per pupil infigure was selected as representin athhxed at ^3o a year. This

32

List ofsecondarySchools.

per head, i.e., the total cost of education in the school less theamount of the Board of Education substantive grant payablein.respect of each pupil, and less the appropriate share of theincome of a school from endowment or from sources otherthan grant and fees. The present scale of fees for non-Kentpupils at Aided Schools is given in List A, page 36.

Since the issue of the last Report the Committee have placedEltham College and Sevenoaks (Walthamstow Hall) Schoolson their list of Aided Schools.

This is in consequence of an agreement which has been enteredinto with the Governors for a period of three years, wherebythe Committee have undertaken to pay a capitation grantin respect of every Kent pupil in attendance at these Schools.The Committee have also agreed to pay the full tuition fee inrespect of every Kent pupil to whom they award a Free PlaceScholarship tenable at either School. Payment of grant issubject to compliance with the conditions under which grantis paid to other Aided Schools in the County. As regardsEltham College School, the London County Council have alsoentered into a similar agreement with the Governors to paya capitation grant in respect of London pupils attending theSchool.

There are at present in the County 56 Secondary Schoolsrecognised by the Board of Education as efficient, and of these39 are supported wholly or in part by the Committee. Of thelatter 20 Schools (6 Boys, 12 Girls and z Dual) are main-tained by the Committee, and i9 Schools 44 Boys and 5 Girls)are aided. Of the Aided Schools 9 take boarders. A com-plete list of the Schools, with the names of the respective HeadMasters and Head Mistresses, will be found in Lists A and Bon pages 36 and 37. List C on page 38 gives those Schoolswhich are recognised by the Board of Education, but are neitheraided nor maintained by the Committee.

33

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^^IrO

TABLE III.

SHOWING THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS IN ATTENDANCE AT SECONDARY

SCHOOLS IN KENT DURING THE THREE TERMS OF THE SCHOOL YEARS

1914-15, 1917-18, 1920-21 AND 1922-23, RESPECTIVELY.

CountyScholars.

Year. Boys. Girls.

Bursars,

Pupil-Teachers

andStudent-Teachers.

Boya. i Girls.

OtherPupils.

Boys. Girls. Boys.

Maintained.

1914-151917-181920-211922-23

284356502833

5146879731577

641016

125146123185

70280012151138

Aided.

1013132220781899

Total.

Girls. Total.

992 16521160 21551727 31741987 3661

2644331549015648

1914-15 234 98 30 47 1301 621 1565 766 23311917-18 .. 131 53 15 43 1732 821 1878 923 28011920-21 .. 179 56 24 47 2900 977 3103 1080 41831922-23 .. 205 91 70 54 3376 1113 3651 1258 4909

J

36

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37

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38

LIST C.

LIST OF SCHOOLS RECOGNISED BY THE BOARD OF EDUCATIOTN, BUTNEITHER AIDED NOR MAINTAINED BY THE COMMITTEE.

SCHOOLS FOR BOYS.School. Headmaster.

Canterbury, Kent College .. .. .. A. Brownscombe. M.A.Canterbury, King's School 1 .. .. Algernon Latter, M.A.Canterbury, St. Edmund's School .. .. Rr.!v. W. F. Burnside, M.A.Dover College 1. .. .. .. W. S. Lee, M.A.Ramsgate, St. Lawrence College 1 .. Rev. J. R. S. Taylor, M.A.Rochester, King's School 1 .. .. Rev. W. Parker, M.A.Sutton Valence School 1 .. .. .. Rev. W. W. Holdgate, M.A., F.R.A.S.Tonhridge School 1 .. .. .. H. N. P. Sloman, M.C., M.A.

SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS.School. Headmistress.

Ashford, High School for Girls .. Mrs. A. D. Edwards, B.A., Miss L. Brake.Broadstairs and St. Peter's, Bartram, Gables

School for Girls . . The Misses Crittall.Broadstairs & St. Peter's, North Foreland

School for Girls . .. .. Miss M. Wolseley-Lewis.Bromley, High School for Girls 3 .. .. Miss M. A. Hodge.Erith, St. Joseph's Convent 2.. .. Miss K. Caunter.Hayes, Hayes Court School for Girls.. Miss K. A. Cox.Tunbridge Wells, Hamilton House School

for Girls .. Miss A. M. Ferguson, iVli3s M. E. Body.Tunbridge Wells, High School for Girls .. Miss W. M. Byrne, M.A.Tunbridge Wells, St. Clair School for Girls Miss C. E. D. Vickery:

:- _References1 Represented on the Head Masters' Conference.$ Roman Catholic.3 Maintained by the Girls' Public Day School Trust.

39

CHAPTER IV.

SCHOLARSHIPS.Fhe >^

â a, There was a slight increase in the number of candidates forFree Place Scholarships in 1923 as compared with the numberof entries received in zgzg. The difference between the numberof awards is, however, very considerable, the Free Places giventhis year falling short of the awards made in zgrg by 114..The award of Free Places is determined by Article 20 of theBoard of Education's Regulations for Secondary Schools and isdependent upon the number of admissions to the SecondarySchool. The large decrease in the number of awards is there-fore due to the fact that the admissions to County SecondarySchools during the School Year 1922-23 were considerablylower than the entries during zgz8-zg. The cause of thedecline in admissions is referred to in chapter III of this report.

Janiorr and The number of entries for these Exhibitions in 1923 shows anNeaioExhibitions. increase .over the number of candidates entered for the examina-

tion in igrg. In the Examination for Junior Exhibitions theincrease amounted to approximately z5o per cent. The Com-mittee now award 40 Junior Exhibitions annually. The numberof Senior Exhibitions awarded increases by one each year upto a maximum of 25 awards.

Special There was a considerable increase in the number of awardsof Special Exhibitions in 1922-23 (598 awards out of 8o8 applica-tions) as compared with the number in zgr8-ig (i56 awardsout of 259 applications). Of the Awards for 1922-23 therewere 344 carrying the full amount or part of the amount ofthe increase of fee, so that had the school fees not been in-creased, it might be assumed that the number of awards for1922-23 would have been 598 less 344, i.e., 254.

This is an increase of 98 on the igz8-rg figure, due probablyto the effect of the growth of the schools and to the industrialdepression prevailing during the past few years.

theScholarshipsEto f

orFour times as many awards of this class were given in I922-23

as in 1918-Ig. This increase is due to the obligations forthe training of Blind Persons placed on the Committee by thepassing of the Blind Persons' Act, 1920. The majority of theapplications for assistance dealt with by the Committee aresubmitted through the Kent County Association for the Blind.Scholarships lot

Midwives. Nine Scholarships tenable at Institutions for the TrainingofMidwives were awarded during the School Year I922-23,

A similar number of awards were made during Ig18-Ig.

40

TABLE I.

A.-SUMMARY OF SCHOLARSHIP ENTRIES AND AWARDSIN 1923 AND 1919.

Entrie&

Class of Free Place Junior Senior Special HigherScholar- Scholarship. Exhibitions. Exhibitions. Exhibitions. Exhibitions.

ship. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls.

1919 .. 793 1725 53 45 23 36 94 165 51 30

2518 98 59 259 81

1923 .. 943 1655 120 125 39 41Y--"J Y Y-'J

2598 245 80 t808 199

Awards.

1919 . . 158 236 19 6 8 9 50 106 42 21

394 25 17 156 63

1923 .. 112 168 21 19 12 9 122 fullfees 35 23

280 40 21 tt 476 part fees 58

B.-FREE PLACE SCHOLARSHIPS AWARDED BY ENDOWEDSCHOOLS AIDED BY THE KENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.

Boys. Girls.1919 .. .. .. 164 .. .. 461923 .. .. .. 167 .. .. 44

Many of the Schools also give leaving exhibitions tenable at Universities.In addition to the above a considerable number of Scholarships are granted

by the Governing Bodies of Endowed Secondary Schools which are not aidedby the Committee and by the Governors of Local Educational Foundations.

C.-JUNIOR TECHNICAL AND JUNIOR COMMERCIAL SCHOLAR-SHIPS.

Year. Junior Technical Junior CommercialScholarships (Boys). Scholarships (Girls).

Entries. Awards. Entries. Awards.1919 .. .. 475 49 236 201923 .. .. 232 41 61 12

In addition 23 Scholarships tenable at institutions for the Blind and9 Scholarships tenable at Institutions for the Training of Midwives havebeen awarded during the School Year, 1922-23, as compared with 5 and9 awards made during the School Year 1918-19 respectively.

t Boys and girls. Includes 392 applications to meet cost of increased fees.tt Boys and girls. Includes 305 awards covering the full amount of the

increase in fees, and 39 awards in respect of part of the amount of theincrease in fees.

73 46V'__l

TABLE II.

SHOWING THE NUMBER OF SCHOLARS FROM PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS HOLDING FREE PLACE SCHOLARSHIPS IN

MAINTAINED AND AIDED SECONDARY SCHOOLS, UNDER ARTICLE 20 OF THE REGULATIONS FOR SECONDARY

SCHOOLS IN ENGLAND, WITH THE PERCENTAGE OF SUCH FREE PLACE SCHOLARS TO THE TOTAL NUMBER

OF PUPILS IN ATTENDANCE.

MAINTAINED.

Years. I Boys. IPercentage

1914-15

1917-18

1920-21

1922-23

307

341

616

641

29.3

28.2

29.7

31.6

Girls.

525

589

1041

1134

Percentage.

30.1

27.9

27.0

30.7

Total.

832

930

1657

1775

Percentage.

29.8

27.7

27.9

31.0

Boys.

416

474

1028

1087

Percentage

26.0

26.0

28.5

28.7

AIDED.

Girls.

201

176

323

348

Percentage.

24.1

19.3

26.8

26.3

Total.

617

650

1351

1435

Percentage.

25.7

23.8

28.1

28.0

42

Recruitmentof Teachers.

CHAPTER V.

THE SUPPLY AND TRAINING OF TEACHERS.

The urgent need for retrenchment in expenditure in orderto meet national exigencies, coupled with the introduction ofthe Burnham Scales of Salaries, has removed for the time beingthe problem of securing an adequate supply of teachers. TheCommittee have, in fact, been obliged to make a considerablereduction in awards to intending teachers, as will be seen fromthe following table:-

Number of New Awards.

1921. I 1922.I 1923.

Pupil Teacherships and Student TeachershipsBursarshipsTraining Scholarships at Goldsmiths' CollegeTraining Exhibitions at other Colleges (1 and

2 years) .. ..

18876127

62

683662

24

35*36*53

7

* Awards for 1923 were made under the Committee's Scheme of Scholar-ships and Exhibitions.

In view of the improved prospects of. candidates for theteaching profession, of the general uncertainty as to the futureof schemes of training, and of the fact that their general systemof scholarships is now such as to provide adequate assistanceto enable intending teachers to remain at the Secondary Schooluntil the age stipulated by the Board of Education Regulations,the Committee recently decided to adopt a revised scheme •for the preliminary education and training of intending teachers.

Before recommending the discontinuance of the appointmentof Pupil-teachers, Bursars and Student-teachers, the Com-mittee gave very careful consideration to the working of thissystem of training, and they felt that the advantages whichmight be gained by its continuance were outweighed by thedifficulties which arose from restrictive regulations such asthose regarding the entrance of Pupil-teachers and Student-teachers to Higher Examinations and those regarding paymentof grant upon maintenance allowances given to Bursars.

The Board of Education have given provisional approval,to the arrangements proposed. The scheme will be regardedas experimental and it may be necessary at a later date toreconsider the matter in the light of the Report of the Depart-mental Committee now considering the whole question of thetraining of teachers.

The scheme, which came into force on the ist August, 1923,is set out below :-

1. That no new appointments to Bursarships, Pupil-teachershils o"Student-teacherships (candidates not previously Bursars) be made by theCommittee after the 1st August, 1923, or to Student-teachershil-'6(candidates who have been Bursars) after the 1st August, 1924.

43

2. That pupils who wish to continue their education at the SecondarySchool after passing their First School Examination with a view totraining for the teaching profession, be granted Special Exhibitionsor allowed to retain the Scholarships or Exhibitions which they mayalready hold ; the limit of Maintenance Allowance for such pupils, whowill follow an advanced course of instruction, to be raised to £18 a year.

3. That no intending teacher be given assistance under this schemeunless he or she has passed a First School Examination.

4. That candidates for such assistance must, as a rule. be over 16 yearsof age on the lst day of August in the year in which the Special Exhi-bition or revised award would become tenable.

5. That awards under the provisions of this Scheme be made byuse of the machinery in operation for the award of ordinary Scholarshipand Exhibition allowances tenable at the Secondary School.

6. That, while it is undesirable to insist that all intending teacherswho have passed the First School Examination shall devote a period oftime to teaching in the Elementary School prior to admission to theTraining College, intending teachers who gain assistance from the Com-mittee under this Scheme shall have a reasonable opportunity for aperiod not exceeding one month of testing their vocation for teachingby some actual teaching work.

7. That the Autonomous Local Education Authorities in the Countybe asked to accept this scheme and be informed that in the event of theirappointing a Pupil-teacher (or a Student-teacher not previously a Bursar)free tuition at the Secondary School will not necessarily be providedby the County Committee, who will in no such case give any maintenancegrant.

B'nasarshipsand Pupil-Teaoherehips.

QualifiedTeachers.

TrainingScholars.

Number of candidates for Bursarships and Pupil-teachershipsand number accepted from 1920 to 1923 :-

Year.

1920

1921

1922

1923

No. ofcandidates.

No. ofcandidatesaccepted.

Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. .Total.

33 148 181 26 129 1556i 208 269 67 191 25878 184 262 33 65 9841 167 208 21 46 67*

* These candidates have been accepted under the Committee's revisedscheme for the preliminary education of intending teachers.

Total number of teachers who gained Certificate :-

(a) College trained1921 1922. 1923 •

(b) Privately , , . . Iz9 143 15514

The following figures indicate the number of Kent Studentsleaving Training Colleges and University Training Departmentsduring 1921_23 :-

Men. Women . Total.1921 . 39 io61922.. .

1451923 .. 25 119 144" •• 33 133 166

The results of the Examination of Kentat Goldsmiths' College at the end of the Summer TermsC I^21s1922 and 1923 are given in Table if., page 99•

No

44

P2etiminm The results of the Preliminary Certificate Examination ofCertificateExamination. the Board of Education for students prepared in Secondary

Schools or by correspondence tuition and private study aregiven below :-

PRELIMINARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION.

1920-1921.

CertificateRumination.

Number ofTeachers.

Internzl.No. of candidatesNo. of candidates who passedNo. of candidates who failed

Men. Women. Total.7 24 316 ig 25I 5 6

In addition the examination was taken by 37 students pre-pared by private study, of whom 2 2 passed.

PRELIMINARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION.

1921-22.Internal. Men. Women. Total.No. of candidates .. .. 2 39 41No. of candidates who passed .. 2 24 26No. of candidates who failed .. - 715 15

In addition the examination was taken by 46 students pre-pared by private study, of whom 17 passed.

No. of Candidates who failed .. -

PRELIMINARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION.December, I922.

Internal. Men. Women. Total.No. of candidates .. .. 2 14 16

IINo. of candidates who passed .. I 10No. of candidates who partly

qualified .. .. .. I - I4 4

In addition the examination was taken by 6o students pre-pared by private study, of whom 18 passed and 18 partlyqualified.

The following are the results of the Certificate Examinationof the Board of Education for students prepared by privatestudy and by correspondence tuition.

CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION.

Passed. Failed.Men. Women. Men. Women. Total.

I920 .. 13 6 5 Io 341921 .. 6 16 2 15 39tI922 .. 5 9 3 15'k 32

j' In addition four men candidates sat for examination. Two weregiven a period of probation and subsequently certificated ; in the other twocases the results were communicated direct to the Board of Education:

* Includes one candidate who failed on account of illness to completethe Examination.

The approximate number of teachers required in ElementarySchools in the County is given in the following table:-

The actual number of teachers engaged in the County areais shown on page 7.

Head . . . .Assistants-

CertificatedUncertificatedSupplementary

Special SubjectsTeachers-Domestic Sub-

jects

45

Countv Area. Part III. Areas.Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total.

269 322 591 105 213 318

240 669

32 455--- 238

Handicraft .. 15Physical Train-

ing and Gar-dening .. -

29

777 I156264 30430 30

26 26-- 17

2 I 3

Totals .. 556 1713 2269 543

Q8 hEo The following Special Grants have been made to teachers since1919-20 :-

1920-21. 1021-22.Men.women.Total. Men.Women.Total.Correspondence Tuition

Vacation Course Exhibi-

Grants 2 25 27 2. 8Grants tenable at FolkestoneSummer School 12 48 60 11 22Grants for S'isits to otherschools , 2 2

Lecture Course Grants 7 14 21 2Refresher Course Grants 19 23 42 13Tra^^elling ^xpenses in con-ne xfon with Classes forTeachers . . 323 1017 1340

tions .. .. 5 21 26

33

3

909 379487 40238 -

5153

150

12

10

33

51716

183

15

1311 1851

1922-23.3Ien. W omen.Total.

1

18

11120

3

26

11420

19

2

123

6

142

8

Whilst moving in the direction of reducing to a minimumtheir special grants to intending teachers and to teachers alreadyengaged in schools, the Committee have during the past threeyears pursued a policy of doing all in their power to help teachersto avail themselves of opportunities for obtaining instructionby educational experts in subjects of the school curriculum, forrevivifying their methods of teaching and for keeping in touchwith educational developments.

This has been done by con-tinuing to hold a Summer School for Teachers annually atFolkestone and full-time refresher courses at Goldsmiths'College ; by nominating and releasing teachers for attendanceat special courses organised by the Board of Education ; byarranging special lecture courses in the County ; by helpingteachers to attend advanced lecture courses in London ; andby making it possible for selected teachers to visit other schoolsfor the purposes of observing educational methods.

Specialmention may be made of the following:-Folkestone Summer School.-A

meeting of a month's durationhas been held each year since iglg.The School seems to meet

a real need and to prove increasingly valuable.During the

last three years courses have been held in Art, Practical Activitiesfor Young Children, Crafts as Applied in the Junior and in theSenior School,

Woodwork, Metalwork, Constructive and Decora-tiveNeedlework, Physical Exercises, Eurhythmics and Drama

and Play Production.Also special lectures to the whole school

46

upon the relation of Art, Crafts and the Drama to Education,have been given by experts. Teachers representing Secondary,Elementary and Technical Schools and Training Colleges inScotland, Ireland and Wales as well as all parts of England,have attended the School, many for two or three years in succes-sion. The following is a summary of attendances.

Kent. Non-Kent. Total.Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Total.

1921 .. .. 11 69 7 21 18 90 1081922 .. . . 13 46 15 57 28 103 1311923 .. .. 15 44 9 54 24 98 122

Refyeshey Courses.-Although the refresher courses, each ofone month's duration, arranged at Goldsmiths' College weremost eagerly welcomed by the teachers selected for attendance,and were highly valued by the College Authorities, it has beenconsidered to be necessary on the ground of economy to holdsince igzg-2o only the courses mentioned below :-

No. in Duration of • Course.Course for :- attendance. From To

Certificated Teachers, StandardV. and upwards-Men andWomen . .. 21 16-11-20 14-12-20

Older Teachers of. Non-infantsSchools-Men and Women .. 21 22- 2-21 22- 3-21

Head Teachers-Men and Women 16 27- 2-22 24- 3-22 °Teachers of Younger Children,

especially Standards I. and II.-Women .. .. .. 20 28- 2-23 27- 3-23

Vacation Courses.-The amount of assistance given by theCommittee to teachers towards expenditure upon attendanceat vacation courses has been greatly reduced during the pastthree years in view of the increased salary scales. The Com-

mittee have, however, given teachers leave of absence fromSchool for attendance at special vacation courses organised bythe Board of Education, particularly for teachers engaged inrural elementary schools. In 1921 courses in English and alliedsubjects, Geography and History, were held at Oxford, and acourse in Rural Science, at Cambridge ; in 1922, courses inGeography, History and Rural Science were held at Oxford,and a Course in English at Salisbury. Kent teachers were

selected for attendance in both years, but not for similar coursesin 1923, as the places were all required for teachers from othercounties.

Special lecture courses have been arranged at various centresin the County to meet demands made from time to time, butlatterly the teachers have been encouraged to arrange suchcourses independently, and the Committee have confined theirassistance to payment of travelling expense grants to thosefrom a distance who would be unable to get to the lectures with-out such help. Successful series of lecture courses upon theIndividual Method of teaching have been held on these lines inthe County during 1922 and 1923.

In certain special cases the Committee have during the past

47

three years helped teachers engaged in Secondary, Technicaland Elementary Schools with the expense of attending eveningcourses in London, at institutions such as Birkbeck College,in preparation for degrees and diplomas of the London Uni-versity. They have also given grants to teachers attendinglecture courses such as those arranged by the London CountyCouncil and the Teachers' World.

Their grants in respect of correspondence tuition have :;beenreduced to a minimum.

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51

. CHAPTER VI.

LOANS AND GRANTS.

The Committee in October, 1922, in view of their increasing.expenditure, found it imperative to review the system underwhich students desiring to enter Training Colleges, Universitiesand other approved places of Higher Education, were assistedby means of Scholarships and Exhibitions. As regards studentsentering Training Colleges the Committee arrived at the con-clusion that in view of the increased salaries of teachers, a largerproportion of the cost of training should be borne by the studentsthemselves, and less by public funds, and that teachers shouldeventually be recruited, like members of other professions,without special assistance. They, therefore, decided that theamount granted in Training Scholarships and Exhibitions shouldbe reduced, and that loans be offered to suitable applicants.

In regard to students proceeding to Universities, it hadbecome apparent that the growth of Secondary Schools hadbeen attended by a large increase in the number of applicantsfor Higher Exhibitions, the majority of whom gave evidenceof considerable ability and promise. This among other factstestified to the educational progress of the Schools, but it becameclear that the existing provision of Higher Exhibitions . wasinadequate to provide assistance for all those who wished toundertake a University course and appeared well qualified. TheCommittee anticipate that the introduction of the loan schemewill lead to a return of much of the money expended, and thusmake it possible to maintain the existing provision at a'reduced.expenditure, or to increase the number of students - assistedwithout increasing the net expenditure to the County.

The scheme, which is set out below, was adopted by the.County Council at their meeting held in November, 1922.Parts II. and Ill. (Group B) came into operation at the beginningof the academic year 1923-24 ; Parts I. and III. (Group A) will,operate from the beginning of the academic year 1924-25.

PART I.-LOANSFOR TEACHERS OR eNTENDING TEACHERS WHO NEED

ASSISTANCE TO ATTEND A TRAINING COLLEGE.I. Object of Schene.-In

order to assist Intending Teachers, UncertificatedTeachers, and othersto complete a course of training at an approved TrainingCollege, the Committee

are prepared to advance loans to a limited numberof selectedcandidates who would otherwise be prevented through lack ofmeans from undertaking such training.

2• Amount of Loan.-Alladvances will be made free of interest.

No indi-Vidual loan will, as a rule, exceed £36 in any one year, and the maximumloan will normally be £72, repayable in three years, as set out below in para-r''aPh 6. The

Committee may, however, make advances up to a total sum of9I44 in cases specially approved by them.made will usually take the form of t

heay ment of

A Proportion of the advances3. Eligibility for Loan.-(a) Re,gide^ace In order thatCollege

theecandidate may'ligible for a loan his parent or guardian must be abonatlic administrative county of Kent.

1''must have a similar residential qualification.

fide resident withinIf a candidate is maintaining himself ,l^) Incozne.-As a

rule, the joint annual incomes of the candidate's parents.

52

must not exceed £500, after the deduction of £50 for each child wholly orpartially dependent upon the parents and of the amount of premiums paidin respect of Life Insurance. The Committee must be satisfied that withoutassistance the candidate or his parents would be unable to undertake theexpense of the training. They may require the submission of an IncomeTax Assessment, and will take into account in advancing loans the abilityof the parents to draw on reserves of capital.

A scholarship, exhibition, and/or another loan may be held by the candidateconcurrently with the Committee's loan, but the candidate must make afull disclosure of any such monetary assistance.

(c) Academic Qualifications.-Tbe candidate must have passed an examina-tion qualifying for entrance to a Training College and must be recognisedas a training student by the Board of Education. The Committee must besatisfied that there is a reasonable probability of the applicant's passing theFinal Examination required by the Training College.

(d) Moral E`haracter.-In the case of pupils in Secondary Schools* theCommittee will require the report of the Headmaster (Mistress) to includereference to the moral character of the candidate. In other cases the Com-mittee will require such testimony of the moral fitness of the candidate asthey may deem to be desirable.. (e) Physical Fitness.-The Committee will require evidence of the physicalfitness of the candidate, either by inspection by the County Medical OfHcer,or from insurance certificates, or as they may otherwise determine.

4. Age Limits.-The Committee, while being ready to consider on theirmerits applications for loans from persons over 30 years of age, will notordinarily grant loans to persons above that age.

5. Service on Completion of Training.-The Grantee shall undertake tocomplete his course of training, and to serve, if called upon to do so, in anapproved school or schools within the administrative County of Kent, eitherin pursuance of an-engagement as a teacher upon the staff of such a school,or as a supply or unattached teacher, for a period of at least three years oruntil the whole of the loan is repaid (whichever is the longer period).

: 6. Conditions of Repayment.-(a) Nothing laid down in paragraphs 6;(b),6 (c), and 6 (f) below shall preclude the Grantee from repaying at a greaterrate than that prescribed if he so desires.

(b) In the normal cases in which a loan of £36 a year has been made fortwo years, the Grantee shall repay at the minimum rate of £12 during thefirst year of service as a teacher, £24 during the second year of service, and£36 during the third year of service. In the cases of Grantees who enterthe service of the Committee repayments will, on the written request of theGrantee, be made by deductions from the monthly instalments of the Grantee'ssalary. In all other cases the amount to be returned annually must be paidto the Committee in twelve equal monthly instalments.

(c) In cases in which the total amount of the loan does not exceed £72the whole loan must be repaid during the first three years of service ; if agreater amount than £72 has been advanced the Committee may extend theperiod of repayment to a maximum of five years. In such cases the amountof each annual instalment to be repaid shall be determined by the Committee,but in any case will not exceed £12 during the first year of service, £24 duringthe second and £36 during the third and following years, unless the Granteeso desires.

(d) In the event of the failure of the Grantee to obtain a certificate, diploma,or degree, or to obtain an appointment as a teacher, his liability shall be thesame as if such qualifications or appointment had been obtained.

(e) Should the Grantee abandon his course of training, or leave the teachingprofession, or fail to carry out his obligations to serve under the Committee,or cease to reside in the United Kingdom, before the full number of years'service prescribed in Paragraph 5 above has been completed, the whole ofthe loan outstanding shall become due forthwith.

(f) In the event of failure to repay punctually and in accordance with theterms of the Scheme any instalment of loan, the whole of the loan shall falldue forthwith, together with an additional 5 per cent. per annum on arrears.

7. Course of Training.-The previous consent of the Committee must beobtained to any modification of the Training Course originally approved bythem.

8. Agreement.-A Grantee to whom the Committee agree to advance aloan shall sign a receipt for the money advanced, and a form of agreementin which he undertakes to comply with the conditions regarding service oncompletion of training and repayment of loan set out in Paragraphs 5 and 6above. If a Grantee is under the age of 21, he shall promise to sign the formof agreement on reaching that age.

53

9. Surety.-The Committee may require a Surety who shall undertaketo repay the loan in case of the Grantee's default.

10. Power to Vary Conditions and/or Amount of Repayrnent.-The Com-mittee reserve the power in exceptional cases to vary the method and/orperiod of repayment, or to forego their claim to repayment of the whole orany part of the loan.

11. Form of Application.-Application for a loan should be made on theprescribed form which can be obtained from the Director of Education, KentEducation Committee, Springfield, Maidstone.

PART II.-LOA-\S FOR STUDENTS (a) INSTITUTIONS OF UNIVERSITY R$INK,

(b) HIGHER TECHNICAL AND ART SCHOOLS AND OTHER APPROVED PLACE&

OF HIGHER EDUCATION.

1. Object of Loan.-In order to assist students to attend courses approvedby the Committee at Universities or other approved places of Higher Edu-cation, the Committee are prepared to advance loans to a limited numberof selected candidates who they consider would benefit by a course at suchan institution and would otherwise be prevented through lack of means fromundertaking such training.

2. Ainount of Loan.-Loans may be advanced free of interest up to anormai maximum of £60 a,year for three years. In exceptional cases agreater annual suni may be advanced at the Committee's discretion. Theamount of the loan which may be granted in each case will depend on theduration and cost of the approved course of study.

3. Eligibility for Loan.-(a) Residence.-In order that the candidate maybe eligible for a loan his parent or guardian must be a bona fide resident withinthe administrative County of Kent. If a candidate is maintaining himselfhe must have a similar residential qualification.

(b) Incol7ze.-The Committee must be satisfied that without assistancefrom them the candidate or his parents would be unable to meet the costof the candidate's training, They may require the submission of an IncomeTax Assessment, and will take into account in advancing loans the ability ofthe parents to draw on reserves of capital.

A scholarship, exhibition, and/or another loan may be held by the cantlidatsconcurrently with the Committee's loan, but the candidate must make a.full disclosure of any such monetary assistance.

(c) Acadaznic Qazaliji.cataons.-The candidate must have passed an approvedSecond Examination, or some other examination accepted as its equivalent,or have shown marked promise in scientific, artistic or musical subjects ;and he will be required to take a course of study leading to an Honours Degree,or to follow a specialised course of instruction approved by the Committee.The Committee must be satisfied that there is a reasonable probability ofthe applicant's passing.the required examinations at the end of his course.

(d) Moral G'lurracter.-Inthe case of pupils in Secondary Schools the Com-mittee will require the report of the Headmaster (Mistress) to include reference

to the moral character of the candidate. In other cases the Committee willrequire such testimony of the moral fitness of the candidates as they maydeem to be desirable.

(e) PTaysical Fatness,-TheCommittee will require evidence of the physical

fitness of the candidate by inspection by the County Medical Officer, or frominsurance certificates, or as they may otherwise determine.

4. G'onrlitioazs of Repayment.( (a)Nothing laid down in Paragraphs (b),(c) and (f), below, shall preclude the Grantee from

at a greater ratethan that prescribed if he so desires. repaying

(b) In cases in which a loan of £60 a year or more has been made for twoor more years the loan shall be repaid during consecutive years at the rateof at least £40 per year.

The annual amount shall be repaid by quarterlyinstalments of at least £10.The first of such quarterly instalments shall

be paid not later than 31st December of the year in which the Grantee finishesthe period of training approved by the Committee.

(c) In cases in which the total amount advanced is less than £120, the rateof repayment may be reduced at the discretion of the committee.

(d) In no case shall the period of reyears, payment extend over more than sixexcept as provided under Clause 8.

(e) In the event of the failure of the Grantee to obtain a certificate, diploma,or degree, his liability shallobtained. be the same as if such qualifications had been

(f) In the event of failure torepay punctually and in accordance witterms of the Scheme any instalment of loan, h theforthwith, together with an additional the whole loan shall fall duea" ..

Co""' of Traininq.-The previous 5 perconsentcent

of ther CoatIZIUM Oil

mmitteeobtained to any modification of the course originally approved by them.mustabe

54

6. Agreement.-A candidate to whom the Committee agree to advancea loan shall sign a receipt for the money advanced, and a form of agreementin which he undertakes to comply with the conditions regarding repaymentof money set out in paragraph 4 above. If a Grantee is under the age of 21he shall promise to sign a form of agreement on reaQhing that age.

7. Surety.-The Committee may require a Surety who shall undertaketo repay the loan in case of the Grantee's default.

8. Power to Vary Conditions and/or Amount of Repaynzent--The Committeereserve the power in exceptional cases to vary the method and/or periodof repayment, or to forego their claim to repayment of the whole or of anypart of the loan.

9. Form of Application.-Application for a loan shall be made on theprescribed form which can be obtained from the Director of Education, KentEducation Committee, Springfield, Maidstone.

PART III.-ABSOLUTE GRANTS TO STUDENTS.

Proposed Changes in the Existing Scheme of Absolute Grants for Aiding Studeut•s.Subject to modification of income limits, the condition of eligiblity for

loans will be the same as those which at the time of the adoption of the Schemeare in force with regard to Scholarships and Exhibitions of a correspondingclass. The absolute grants referred to below will be in addition to loans,for which all Training Scholars and Exhibitioners are eligible. In whatfollows the word " award " means absolute grant and " income " means inconaeafter deductions.

GRouP A.(i.) Training Scholarships tenable at Goldsmiths' College. No award

will be given if the parents' income* exceeds £250 a year. If the parents'income is from £150 to £250 an award of the value of the tuition fees (£13 or114) may be granted. If the parents' income is below £150, payment (£7 105.)for mid-day meals and teas taken at the College may be granted in additionto tuition fees.

(ii.) Training Exhibitions tenable at recognised Training Colleges, Noaward will be given if the parents' income* exceeds £250 a year. If theparents' income is from £150 to £250, an award of £8 a year may be granted.If the parents' income is below £150, an award of £15 a year may be granted.-(iii.) Training Exhibitions tenable at recognised Institutions for theTraining of Teachers of Domestic Subjects. No award will be given if theparents' income* exceeds £350 a year. If the parents' income is from £200to £350, an award of £10 a year may be granted. If the parents' income isbelow £200, an award of £20 a year may be granted.

(iv.) Training Exhibitions tenable at recognised Institutions for the Trainingof Physical Training Instructors. No award will be given if the parents'income* exceeds £350 a year, otherwise applications will be consideredindividually.

GROUP B.

The cost of University Courses ranges from £55 to £200 a year henceit is not practicable to fix the details relating to amounts of awards and theparents' income.

The existing minima attached to the value of Higher Exhibitions, £30 forClass A, and £15 for Class B, will be abolished.

The number of applications for Higher Exhibitions tenablefrom the beginning of the academic year, z923 zQ24 was zog.

. Of the 58 awards made, 5 consist of absolute grant only, 17of loan only, and 36 of part loan and part grant.

The total sum awarded by way of Absolute Grant is ^I,I70,with loans up to &,798. No awards have yet been made to61 applicants, though some of these may receive awards ata later date, when they have improved their academic quali-fications.

107 students holding Higher Exhibitions applied for therenewal of their awards for the academic year 1023-24. zorawards were renewed at a total cost of &,652 absolute grant,together with loans not exceeding £620.

* Income here means the joint annual income of the parents, after the deduction of£00 for each child after the tirst, wholly or partially dependent upon the parents, andof the amount of remiums paid in respect of life insurance and after the addition Ofthe estimated annual income of the candidate during the period of college training.

555

Since tgzg Higher Exh'bitions, tenable at Institutions ofUniversity rank and at other places of Higher Education havebeen awarded as shown by the following summary :-

ExpenditureEntries. Awards. upon awards

Men. Women. Total. BSen. Women. Total. and renewals£ s. d.

1921 .. 51 30 81 29 23 52 8,166 8 7

1922 .. 65 38 103 28 16 44 7,821 1 81923 . 73 46 119 35* 23* 58* 9,865 0 Of

* Including 9 men and 11 woven, i.e., 20 awards such as were formerlyknown as Four-Year Training Exhibitions.

f Estimated expenditure (including loans).-

56

CHAPTER VII.

FURTHER EDUCATION

A.-GENERAL.

GeneralAtatitCica. From Table III. it will be seen that there has been a pro-

gressive fall in the number of students attending for coursesof instruction at Technical Institutes, Schools of Art and otherEvening Classes throughout the period covered by this Report.In the session in which the war came to an end-I918-i9-the total number was 9,390. This rose to 12,388 in the succeed-ing year and again to I4,382 in I920-2I. Since then the num-bers have fallen to I2,830 in I92I-22 and finally to Io,844 in1922-23.

The fluctuations in numbers during the years covered by thisReport clearly reflect the fluctuations in the industrial andeconomic conditions prevailing during that period. Imme-diately after the war there was a boom ; students flocked to theTechnical Institutes, not in Kent alone but throughout thecountry, and in I920-2I the largest number of students onrecord was enrolled. In the autumn of Ig2o the re-actionset in ; prices began to fall, trade and industry suffered, butthe full effects of the depression were not felt in the attendanceat classes until the following session. At the same time thecost of education rose. The long-needed revision of the salariesof teachers imposed a heavy burden on educational finance at amoment when the need for drastic economy began to be apparent.Every endeavour had consequently to be made to reduceother expenditure and to increase revenue. The formationof new classes was restricted, developments were postponedand fees were raised. Inevitably the number of students attend-ing Day and Evening Classes fell, although the revenue receivedfrom fees increased.

An analysis of the figures1for the last two sessions shows thattaking the county as a whole, it was the students over the ageof 18 among whom the greatest decrease occurred.

The figures are as follows :-

Technical Institutes (including Other Urban Evening Classes).Under 16. 16 to 18. Over 18.

1921-22 . . 2,862 2,321 3,533

1922-23 . . 2,536 2'1982,683

Decrease 326 Decrease 123 Decrease 850

Schools of Art.1921-22 .. 427 299 721678I922-23 .. 447 269

Increase 2o Decrease 3o Decrease 43

bh,

57

Rural Classes (excluding Women's Instit-00).Under i6. 16 to 18.

1921-22 ..

1922-23 . .

Decrease

551518

33

370

Over zS.

209

Decrease 161 Decrease

562443

Izg

As is shown in a later section of this Report a very seriousreduction occurred in certain centres among the junior students.Where this is not due to pupils remaining longer in attendancein Elementary Schools, it is bound to have a serious effect onthe numbers attending the Senior Classes in later years, and alsoon the quality of the work of the Senior Classes. In certaincentres, however, there is reason to think that the diminutionin the number of junior students is, to some extent, due to alarger number of pupils continuing to attend the ElementarySchools after they have reached the age of 14.

As would naturally be expected, the reduction in the numberof students attending junior Courses is also reflected in thereduction of the number of pupils who enrol at Technical In-stitutions immediately after leaving the Elementary Schools.

The percentage of such pupils to the total number of School-leavers was markedly lower in x922-23 at most centres than. inthe previous year, while for the county as a whole the percentagefell from rg.8 in rg2o-2r to 15.8 in Ig22-23. There can be littledoubt that this reduction over so large an area is mainly dueto earning capacity being reduced at a. moment when fees wereincreased. The situation created by this reduction amongjunior students has already engaged the attention of the. Com-mittee, and a revised scale of fees has been introduced for thecoming session. In this scale the fee for junior students hasbeen reduced from 7s, 6d. to 5s., while all students who enrolin a Technical Institute or School of Art immediately on leadingthe Elementary Schools will be admitted on payment of halfthe normal fee.

While the serious reduction in the number of students whichhas occurred during the last two years is disquieting, it is in-teresting to note that the decrease in numbers has been accom-panied by a substantial increase in the average number ofhours worked by each student, and in the number of studentsattending grouped courses of instruction.

The average numberof hours per student was 70 in 1920-21, 87 in 1921-22, and103 in 1922-23, and the percentage of students attending groupedcourses rose from 66.8 in 7920-21 to 68.g in 1922-23,

The following Table shows the number of students in UrbanCentres attending the three main types of Grouped Courses inthe years 1920-21, 1921-22 and 1922-23

C7ROUPI:D [ OUItSEB IN URBAN CENTRES.,

Cour,;e,Number of Centre.^,

(1920-21

C'ommercial•IndustrialDomesticOther

_ Cour.^es .

Totals

19176

12

Number of 8ta4dentv. Pereentage of GroupedCotir^e Stndents to all

Si`___--- ---------

19 ?2119°2-2319?0-2111921-22a0 J 110^ 1^ IJ 19

12 _^ 11 y

tio^^, Z -CliernnstrtRrtentry.tt

2678 2.}4^3311 2766

66 140

463 4J.1

6518 1 580:,

l:lectri "' ta ! ;^tt^1i

udenta.^-------^____ ^

1922-23^19?0-?I 192 1-22 1922-23

2^16 27..ri 28.1 29.8,2• a3 33.9175 ^ 0.7 31. 6 321. 4469 4.7

;113 j 6s.s

Shipbuilding, I3tt11ding Oonstrac_

58These figures appear to indicate that the conditions prevailing

.during the last two years have tended to eliminate the weakerstudents. This deduction is supported by reports from certaincentres-particularly Ashford, Dartford, Erith, Gravesend,,Dover and the Medway area-that the quality of the work ofthe last two sessions has been noticeably high.

It will be observed from the figures given above that theattendance at the Schools of Art has been much less affectedthan that at the Technical Institutes. Whereas in the latterthe number of students over 18 fell by about 24 per cent., in theSchools of Art the fall was 6 per cent. Among students underz6, while the fall in the Technical Institutes was equivalent to:ii per cent., in the Schools of Art there was actually an in-crease of 5 per cent. It is difficult to determine the precisereasons for the relatively more favourable position in the Schoolsof Art, but there are probably two predominant contributoryfactors ; the increasing attention being devoted in the Schoolsto definite training for trades and occupations in which a know-ledge of design and craftsmanship is required, and the increasingnecessity for the daughters of parents of small means to earntheir livings and to find occupations, such as dress designing,etci, in which women can compete favourably with men.

In this connexion, it may be pointed out that in certain centres,e.g., Beckenham, Folkestone, Ashford, Medway and Sheerness,the replacement of girls by boys which has taken place in com-mercial occupations since the war has resulted in a great de-crease in the number of girls attending commercial courses.

The position of Further Education in the rural areas is dis-cussed in a separate section of this Report. For a varietyof causes, classes in rural areas have been very difficult to formand to maintain since an almost complete cessation of eveningwork occurred during the war.

Taking the county as a whole it is lamentable to see howsmall the proportion still is of boys and girls between the agesof :14 and i8 who receive any kind of further education afterthey leave the Elementary School.

In the urban districts the number of boys and girls betweenthese ages is about 55,ooo, after allowing for those who are inattendance at Secondary Schools, or who remain at the Elemen--tar_y Schools after the age of 14. Of these, about 6,000, orii per cent., attend Further Education Classes of some kind.In the rural districts the number is about 4 per cent. out of atotal of 23,000.

When it is realised that in nearlv all trades and occupationsno system now exists Isince the practical cessation of apprentice-ship) for giving definite and systematic training to the boysand girls who are employed, the need will be appreciated fora national organised effort on the part of both industry andeducation authorities for giving boys and girls engaged in earningtheir livings the means of becoming properly equipped for theirfuture occupations and for the exercise of their future socialobligations.

59

B.-TECHNICAL INSTITUTES (INCLUDING OTHER UR13AN EVENING

statist CS.

Occaaations ofStudents.

(-LASSES) .

The following figures are taken from Table V.

• 1920-21

Evening Classes.Under 16. 16-18, Over 18.

3,252 5,804

1921-22 .. 2,740

1922-23 ,. 2,412

5,3792,263 3,210

712,0._.^-.-- ^^

4,493Under r6.. 16-18.

Total. .

9,0568,119

2,422 6,905-.-,.- I

Over i8. Total.Day Classes.

1920-21 . 389 427122 I58 317

816597

475124 127 261 512

388Evening Students.

From the above figures it will be seen that since I920-2Ithe fall in the number of students under 16 has amounted to26 per cent.. of the total for that year. For the correspondingperiod the fall among older students was somewhat less, amount-ing to 23 per cent. During the last two years records have beenkept of the numbers in attendance between the ages of 16 and18 and of those over 18. These figures show that while thefall in the number of those aged 16 to 18 has only amountedto 4 per cent. the fall among the older students has amountedto 25 per cent.

Day Students.

The very heavy fall in the number of Day Students betweenI920-2I and 1921-22 is due principally to the withdrawal ofapprentices sent by their employers to attend Day Classes atthe Dartford Technical Institute. Owing to the severe tradedepression large numbers of boys were thrown out of work, andthe number of students attending Day Classes at this Institutefell from 522 in 1920-2I to 16o in 1922-23.

Among students under 16 there has been no further declinein the total since I92I-22 as, although the numbers at Dartfordhave again fallen somewhat, the numbers at Erith have in-creased. Among older day students, however, the effects oftrade depression have continued to be felt, and a further drophas occurred at both Erith and Dartford, the two principalcentres where part-time day instruction is given.

The two principal groups of occupations in which studentsattending Technical. Institutes are employed are engineeringand commercial. In the last two years the numbers of studentsattending courses in engineering and commercial subjects havebeen as follows :-

Engineering. Commercial.

1922-23 ..1,790 Z,o6o

These two,gr:c1Ups furnish approximately one-fourth and one-sixth respectively of the total number of students attendingTechnical Institutes.

I92I-22 , 2 ,050I•405

Changes andDevelopments.

CoAnother important group of occupations is that connected

with the building industry. Here there are distinct signs of arevival of activity. The number of classes in building subjectshas increased, and the number of students has grown from 355in 1921-22 to 378 in 1922-23. While this is satisfactory as faras it goes, the number of students attending classes in buildingsubjects is still very small in comparison with the large numberof young persons employed in the industry throughout thecounty.

From Table VI. it will be seen that a surprisingly large pro-portion of the female students is returned as of " No occupation."

In 1921-22 the number so returned was rather more thanone-third of the total, and in 1922-23 the number was nearlyone-half. In this connexion it may be pointed out that thecorresponding Table for Schools of Art (Table IX.) shows thatthere was a marked decrease in the number of persons returnedas of " No occupation." In zgz9-2o about 36 per cent. of malestudents and 50 per cent. of female students were recorded asof no occupation, while in the figures for 1922-23 the corre-sponding figures are approximately 9 per cent. and 34 per cent.respectively.

National Certificates.

Among the developments which have taken place the mostimportant is the formulation of a scheme for the award ofNational Certificates by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers,the Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Chemis-try in conjunction with the Board of Education. TechnicalInstitutes are at liberty to submit for approval, by the Instituteconcerned and the Board of Education, schemes for part-timeor full-time courses, success in which will qualify for a national.certificate. The following schemes have been approved :

Institatite of Institute ofMechanical ElectricalEngineers. Engineers.

Erith Technical Senior Part-time Senior Part-timeInstitute. Course. Course.

Advanced Part- . Advanced Part-time Course. time Course.

Gillingham Technical Advanced Part-Institute. . . time Course.

Sheerness Technical . . Senior Part-timeInstitute Course.

No courses have yet been approved in respect of the Instituteof Chemistry.

Dockyards.

The reduction of expenditure on the Navy has greatly affectedthe dockyard towns, Chatham, Sheerness and Dover. Before

and during the War a large proportion of the boys leaving theJunior Technical Schools in the Medway area and at Sheerness,was absorbed into the Dockyards as apprentices.

In the last three years the number of apprentices admittedhas fallen so greatly that the Dockyards no lon.ger, pprovide an

M

61

opening for any considerable 'number of boys from these schools.The following figures illustrate the position

Apprentices Admitted.Medway. Sheerness.

1920-2I .. 81 41 .

1921-22 56 311922-23 .. 42 15

In zgzg as many. as 229 apprentices were admitted in the

^N'ledway area alone.At Dover the almost complete closure of the Dockyard has

deprived the town of the only engineering workshops which em-ployed any considerable amount of juvenile labour, and conse-quently the number of students attending engineering courseshas become negligible.

Alining Courses.It has not been possible to form any mining courses during

the past two years, owing largely to the fact that the industryin Kent has not yet sufficiently developed to justify the openingof classes in the neighbourhood of the pits. There appears,however, to be every prospect of a considerable developmentiii the near future, and the Committee are keeping in close touchwith the industry with a view to the provision of classes as andwhen need arises.

Alatriculation Courses.Increasing numbers of students at Technical Institutes are

attending for Matriculation courses. Considerable success hasattended the formation of these courses at Erith, Maidstone,Tunbridge Wells, Dartford and the Medway area.Homecraft Training Centres.

Acting on behalf of the Central Committee for the Trainingof women, short courses, lasting approximately 12 weeks, forthe training of women for domestic service have been conductedby the Committee at Erith, Dartford and Chatham. Thetrainees have been women who had previously been employedin factory work or other occupations and were eligible for un-employment benefit. The Ministry of Labour exercised theirstatutory power of requiring the selected women to undergo thecourse of training as a condition of receiving benefit. Twocourses were held at Erith, four courses at Dartford, and twoat Chatham.

Over 300 women have passed through the courses and thegreat majority (approximately 8o per cent.) has been placedin domestic service. On completion of the course the traineesceased to be eligible for unemployment benefit.

The courses have certainly served a useful purpose in helpingmany women to enter an occupaHon for which they had had noprevious training, and thus to become self-supporting.

The courses have been conducted under circumstances ofconsiderable difficulty, for although the Central Committee havebeen generous in providing equipment, it has not in any casebeen possible to provide accommodation which could be re-garded as very satisfactory for the purpose of giving a trainingin the various activities connected with the working of a house.Great credit is therefore due to all those who have helped tomake the courses a success, whether in an administrative orteaching capacity,

Accommoda-t ion.

SocialActivities.

Co-operationwithEmployers.

V

At two of the largest centres in the- catm-tv-Dartford andErith-the work of the InsL'itutes is seriously hampered by in-sufficient accommodation.

Steps are now being taken to acquire an additional piece ofland at Erith on which new class-rooms, etc., will be erected.This will somewhat relieve the situation. But it would beimpossible fully to develop the day work at this Institute untilnew premises are provided for the Secondary School now housedin the Technical Institute.

At Dartford proposals are under discussion with the Boardof Education for the organisation of a site on which additionalaccommodation could be erected at once and to which ulti-mately the whole of the Technical Institute could be transferred_

At several other centres, e.g., Sheerness and Dover, the presentspace available is far from sufficient, and at others such asliarga^e, the lack of any building other than the ElementarySchools of the town makes it impossible to focus the work ofFurther Education in any one building, and to create the senseof unity which is the life of a corporate institution.

The formation of Students' Associations has developed con-siderably in recent years, and wherever such bodies have beenformed they have done, much to give life and" a sense of unityto the School, to improve attendance and to attract students.

The period under review has witnessed a distinct growth inco-operation between Technical Institutes and Employers.From all parts of the county it is reported that greater interestis being shown by employers in the work of the Institutes.Many firms have given or lent apparatus ; others require theirapprentices to attend day-classes, and also pay the fees. Othersagain give scholarships or prizes.

This is a most hopeful and encouraging sign, as it is onlyby close co-operation between Technical Institutions and Em-ployers that a system of training can gradually be built upwhich will in time provide what the apprenticeship systemformerly provided.

C.-JUNIOR TECHNICAL AND ,JUN:OR COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS.

In July, 1921, the Committee decided to raise the fees from-rZ ios. per term to ^2 for Kent pupils, and in the Autumn Term,1922, the increased fee was made compulsory for all pupils.In spite of the increased fee the numbers in attendance at theSchools have been well maintained. At the Chatham JuniorCommercial School the number of admissions was reduced by theCommittee owing to the fact that it was found increasinglydifficult to place girls in commercial occupations. At the

same time the curriculum of the school was broadened with a

view to providing a course which would prepare girls for entryinto a greater variety of occupations.

In I923 the beginning of the School Year at the junior Techni-cal and Commercial Schools (with the exception of Sheerness),was altered from May zst to September ist, and, it was decidedto admit pupils only at the beginning of the School Year insteadof at the beginning of each term. This has naturally resultedin some reduction in numbers during the Summer Term, butthis reduction is not likely to be more than temporary.

Since the issue of the last Report, the Junior CommercialSchool at Maidstone has been closed owing to insufficient numbers.The Junior Technical School at Gillingham has also been closed,

63

in accordance with the Committee's policy of closing this schoofas soon as the new Secondary School for goys was opened. Thelatter School was opened in September, 1923.

The particulars of junior Technical and Junior CommercialSchools for the three years 1920-2I, 192i-22 and 1922-23 areas follows

TABLE IZ:

tatiatics.

School.Date ofOpening.

Accom-mod a-tion.

Junior Technicalsr.ltoo?s.

Rochester .. .. Autumn 1913 300Chatham . . . Autumn 1913 120Gillingham* . . `'.autumn 1913 120Gravesend . . . . Autumn 1917 120-Maidstone . . . . : 'Spring 1918 1,120Sheerness .. Cprin^ 1918 160Junior Conaneercial

schooi.s.Chatham .. .. May 1916 144Maidstone .. .. , 7anuarr 1918 75

Number in Attendance.

1920-2 1921-22. 1922-23.

2301541838681

211

2071661909675

208

1531071319878

213

114 97 '7844 School closed end

of Summer Term,1921.

This School closed at the end of the Summer Term, 1923.k This figure includes the accommodation previously used for the Junior

Commercial School.

D.-SCHOOLS OF ART.

Under 16. i6-18. Over 18. Total.1921-22 .. 427 299 721 1,4471922-23 .. 447 269 678 1.394

While there has been a slight drop in the number of studentsattending Schools of Art in 1922-23, as compared with i921--?2,the number in z922-23 showed a considerable increase over thosein attendance during the first of the three sessions under review.

It is indeed remarkable how the Schools of Art have main-tained their attendance throughout the difficult years whichhave so seriously affected the Technical Institutes. This maypossibly be in part due to the fact that the average studentattending a School of Art is in better circumstances than theaverage student attending a Technica.! Institute, but at thesame time it is significant that, as has already been pointedout, the number of students returned as of " No occupation ""and therefore not earning their living, shows a mqrked decreasesince 1920_21,

At nearly all the Schools there is an in-rease in the numberof day students, the most marked increase being at Rochester,where, in the session 1922-23, the numbers were double thoseof any previous session.

The influence of classes for teachers on the numbers of studentsin attendance has been very marked. Where these classes havebeen held there has been a definite tendency for the number ofjunior students to increase.

Through more intimate knowledgeof the work of the Schools of Art, teachers have learned howvaluable a knowledge of the principles of design and colour,of the right use of materials, of simple handicraft and so forthmay be to them in their, work in the Elementary School. In

^^zemts.

addition to this, teachers have seen what valuable oppx-iju:1^6:tj,are opened up in the Schools of Art to boys and girls pR^^seartastic capacity, for preparing themselves for entry imm, tm;;many careers m,%hich draughtsmanship and sk-ill in handk^ ^:-tare an essential qu. i ific

The principal duect:ion in which there has beenjin the Schools of Art has been in the increasing attention &-veot_.d

to handicrafts. There is less demand among students far themore abstract forms of artistfc expressnon snach as pa^n, 64,-,^.while there is more and more demand for training in hanIn this direction, tocr closer co-operation is being is

Acemooda-00L

3 mnMal.

*N

bx--tv^-een Schools of Art and teachers in other types of s ;._ .courses have br_,en conducted at many centres with theof helping Elementary Scb.ool teachers to study the pr^^cip,3,r;^of design and colour, as well as elementary forrns of handiiciaft,with a view to the development of artistic forms of handicraftn the Elementary Schools.

Among special developments atten.tion may be dra.-^%m to th-Pestablishment of a full-time course for boys and girls over .r4,at Rochester which has proved very successful, and the pi'o-vision of a course in printing at -MaiLstone for apprentices andjourneymen in the printing trade. The proposal to form thiscourse has received the active support of employers and ernpic - - _-sin Maidstone, and there is every prospect of agood supc^-- ,_-

students.In certain important centres the work of the Schools is gravel w'

hampered by inadequate accommodation. In other centres-xhere need exists for training in art, pressure of accommodationin the Technical Institute or the total absence of any specialaccommodation makes the provision of any classes at all apractical impossibility.

At '31argate and at Ramsgate the premises available are quiteinsufficient for the large number of students-particularly DayStudents-attending the Schools.

At Dover, where the number of students has doubled in thelast three years, it is impossible to meet the demand for trade

craft classes.At Erith and at Dartford-both important centres where

trade classes of this kind should exist-it has been impossible to doanything beyond providing evening classes of a limited character.

At Sittingbourne, -where craft classes could with great ad-vantage be developed, it has so far been impossible to make anyprovision.

On the other hand, at Beckenham the proposal of the C.on1-mi.ttee to extend the School of Art has been approved b^^° theBoard of Education, and it is hoped that the much neededadditional rooms will be provided during the ensuing SchoolYear.

The Schools of Art are steadily assuming a more definiteplacein the educational system. Broadly speaking they servea three-fold purpose :-(z) The training of apprentices andotbers either already engaged in skilled trades or contenspflatingentry into trades for which a trained artistic perception Isrequired, (2) the training of teachers in other types of schoolswho wish specially to devote themselves to the teaching of handi-crafts, ctc., and (3) the general training of the adult studentin artistic perception and expression. In all of these direction'-;,

but particularly in the first two, the work of the Schools of -krtis showing development.

I

r.ural C13=szs•

Porkera'ducatioaalasooiation.

G5

E,-RURAL AND ADULT EDUCATION.

In the rural areas it may almost be said that since the 1'iTar,Further Education has ceased to exist except in such forms as theclasses provided through the agency of the. Women's Institutes,and the Workers' Educational Association. The actual figures

for the three years are given in Table XI. (2) (a).They show a progressive decline in the number of students

from 1,910 in 192o-21 to 1,483 in 192z-22, and again to I,170in 1922-23. But these figures give no real indication of the

situation. Nearly all the classes called rural to which thesefigures relate are in fact provided in areas which are urban orsemi-urban in character, e.g., in small towns like Whitstableand Herne Bay, or in villages such as Rainham, near Gillingham,in the neighbourhood of towns in which a large proportion ofthe inhabitants is employed. In the purely rural villagesFurther Education has practically disappeared. This is notpeculiar to Kent alone ; it has occurred throughout the country.

That no real revival of Further Education has taken placein the country districts is certainly to a large extent due tofinancial stringency. Further Education has been the depart-ment of education which everywhere has suffered most from thepolicy of economy, and rural Continuation Schools have beenthose in which many authorities have found it most easy toeconomise, But this is by no means the sole reason for thepresent situation. An important factor has undoubtedly beenthe improvement in the salaries of teachers in Elementary Schools.Since the teacher in the Day School has been in receipt of anadequate salary for his full-time day work, there has beenless need for him to undertake additional paid work. This iseasy to understand. After a full day's work in teaching, itrequires great enthusiasm and energy on the part of a teacherto undertake further teaching work in the evening. Indeed, itmay not always be in the interest of his day-work that he shoulddo so. In the country, persons engaged in other occupations can-not be obtained as in the towns for part-time teaching. Con-sequently, if evening classes are to be established, it is onlythe day teachers who can undertake the work. If ContinuationSchools are to be established in country districts, and there iscertainly no less need for them than in the towns, the problemmay have to be solved by some new method of providing theteachers. The whole question is under the consideration ofthe Committee and it is understood that the Board of Educationare also devoting considerable attention to the subject.

The work of this Association has continued to develop. Where-as in 191q only one three-year Tutorial Class was in being, in1922-23 there were four-at Ashford, on " The Making of ModernEngland " ; at Gillingham, on " Economic Theory "; at Graves-end, on " Economics "; and at Maidstone, on " The Develop-merit of English Thought from the Renaissance." As againstsix one-year classes in 1919 there were seventeen in 1922-23.The subjects taken in these classes were History, Literature,Philosophy, Law and Economics. There has also been a verylarge increase in the number of single lectures or short seriesof lectures.

For three successive years a Summer School was held at St.Augustine's College, Canterbury. In each case about 30 menand women attended for about r4 days to study History andLiterature.

El

66

Two week-end schools for rural workers have been held ;the first at Canterbury, where Mr. A. W. Ashby, of Oxford, gave acourse of lectures on " Rural History," and the second at HillFarm, Stockbury. The second week-end school was a par-ticularly valuable experiment, as it demonstrated the attrac-tiveness of Local History and Agricultural Science as means ofdeveloping the Adult Education movement among rural workers.

There are now 21 active Workers' Educational Associationcentres in the county with 698 members and 29 affiliated bodies.The Kent branches have been formed into a District Associationadministering its own funds, having the right of representationon the National Council of the Association.

Women'ste. The statistics (Table XI., (r) (,T) relating to the numbers of

members of Women's Institutes in attendance at classes pro-vided by the Committee show a considerable decline duringthe last three years. This, however, does not necessarily implya corresponding decline in educational activity on the part ofthe Institutes. Many Women's Institutes now arrange coursesdirect for their members without asking for the assistance ofthe Committee. In addition to this, the activities in whichInstitutes engage are becoming more varied. The number ofInstitutes in the county has grown considerably during the pastthree years and the membership has increased, the number inthe area of the West Kent Federation having grown duringthe year 1922-23 from 6,726 to 7,075. Hitherto the coursesprovided by the Committee have related almost clusively tovarious forms of handicraft. There is now an increasing demandon the part of Institutes for assistance in the study of particularproblems of special interest to women. While as yet it hasapparently not been possible to arrange for any Institute totake up a sustained course of intellectual study similar to thecourses arranged by the Workers' Educational Association, thedemand has grown for lectures on such subjects as Local Govern-ment, Citizenship, the League of Nations, etc. A Conference onLocal Government arranged in January, 1922, resulted instimulating considerable interest among many Institutes inlocal politics and two Institutes nominated candidates on localgoverning bodies and succeeded in securing their election.

Many Institutes take an active part in such matters as horti-culture, fruit-bottling, jam-making and poultry-keeping. Othershave strongly organised dramatic and musical sections. Many

again have taken up folk-dancing. It is in these directionsthat there is to be found the continuity of effort which is lackingon the purely intellectual side ; but if Women's Institutes cansucceed in fostering a spontaneous love of music, the drama andother forms of aesthetic expression among their members, theywill re-introduce into the life of the nation a source of strengthas well as of delight which has been only too much neglectedin modern times.

Another important direction in which the work of the Women'sInstitutes shows signs of development is in that of Child Welfare.One Institute has developed such a successful Infant WelfareCentre that it has outgrown the Institute and has been taken overby the County Council. There is much that is hopeful in thework of the Women's Institutes and it is becoming increasinglyevident that they have their own function to discharge and their-own contribution to make to the life of the country districts.

67

CoanrtY, TownIn 1922, the Committee were approached by the Association

and scbool with a view to the arrangement of tours in the county by partiesConcerts Asso-ciation. of first-class artists provided by the Association. The Com-

mittee welcomed the idea and undertook to assist the Associationin every way possible. Four tours have been conducted.The concert party has been warmly welcomed everywhere,and the tours have been a remarkable success. In every placevisited the party provide a concert for the Elementary Schoolchildren in the afternoon, and a concert for the village in theevening. The experiment has shown how general is the capacityof appreciating really good music, and how greatly furtheropportunities of hearing good music are desired in the villagesof the county.

Adult Since the issue of the last Report an important new departureE aucation,has taken place in the formation of a Rural Community Councilrepresentative of the principal bodies in the county concernedwith the promotion of social, educational, and other activitiesin the villages. The object of this Council is to bring togetherat regular intervals representatives of the various constituentbodies, in order to strengthen the work of each, to bring theirunited efforts to bear on the needs of the community and toencourage and foster pioneer work. The Council will act as aconsultative and advisory body and will not in any way interfere.with the work or management of any of the constituent bodies.. The formation of the Council has been made possible by thegenerosity of the United Kingdom Trustees, who have under-taken to give a grant of ^z,ooo a year to meet the expenses ofthe Council during the first three years.

The following bodies are represented on the CouncilAdult Schools Union (Kent Branch).Kent Association of Working Men's Clubs and Institutes.East Kent Federation of Women's Institutes.West Kent Federation of Women's Institutes.Kent Branch of the English Folk Dance Society.Workers' Educational Association, Kent District.Village Clubs Association (Kent).Kent Branch of the Y.M.C.A.Kent Branch of the Y.W.G.A.Village Drama Society (Kent).Kent Archxological Society.Kent Musical Festivals Association.

Kent County Federation of Brotherhoods, P.S.A.'s andKindred Societies.

Kent Education Committee.Agricultural Committee of the Kent County Council.

With the formation of this Council, it is hoped that it willbe possible considerably to develop the facilities for ascertainingthe needs of those who live in the country districts and feelthe desire to widen their interests, establish contact with modernthought, or learn to express their own personalities throughliterature, music or art.

MSecretar of the

..' Lions. (Glasgow), has been appointedy Council, and arrangements have been made

for office accommodation to be provided at.Maidstone " Springfield,"

r. John Orr M AI

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Statistics -

Handbooks ofModel Courses,etc.

JointExaminationsCouncil.

Scheme ofCertificates.

CHAPTER VIII.

COUNTY EXAMINATIONS BOARD.

It will be seen from the following comparative figures that thenumber of papers assessed during the period under review wasmore than Io,ooo in excess of the previous three years :-

Session z92o-2I. Papers assessed 10,221 Total-192O-23,1921-22. 10 '357

30,969.„„ 1922-23. 10,391

Session 1917---18. Papers assessed ^5>3941 Total--19xfi-20,1918-19. 6,567+ 20,686,

„ 191q-20. k 8,725J

Although this is in itself gratifying, it is even more pleasingto report that the general standard of Internal Examinationwork throughout the county is now much higher than it hasbeen before. There is no doubt that much of this improvementis due to the help which has been derived from the Handbooksof Model Courses, etc., which have been completed and circulatedamong teachers, etc., since the issue of the last Report. Thework of compiling these books has been most difficult andarduous and the Examinations Board are to be congratulatedon the valuable result of their efforts,

In Table I. will be found the number of papers assessed byeach Section. In one or two Sections the number slightlydecreased during the Session 1922-23, due, no doubt, to thegeneral fall in the number of Further Education students inattendance and to the institution of some new examinationsby various bodies in conjunction with the Board of Education,but the numbers dealt with by other Sections have increased,particularly in the Art and Crafts Section, which is most en-couraging.

The number of papers submitted by each Centre (Urbanand Rural) is given in Tables II. and III.

In conjunction with several other Local Education Authorities,investigation has been made into the possibility and desirabilityof forming a Joint Examinations Council for South-East Englandon the lines of the Lancashire and Cheshire Union of Institutes.It was found, however, that several reasons made. the scheme im-practicable, the chief of these being that the joint Councilwould no longer be an Internal Body, and would thereby, to agreat extent, lose touch with teachers and students. Thescheme was therefore abandoned.

From the beginning of the Session 1922-23, considerablealterations have been made in the Scheme of Certificates.

Thegeneral effect is to limit the number of certificates issued, andthereby to raise the standard of the examinations. SingleSubjects Certificates have, to a great extent, been replaced by

Constitutionand Personnel.

78

a simple form of Local Sessional Record. Single Subjects Certifi-cates are awarded as a rule in respect only of Senior Third Yearand Advanced Subjects. Course Certificates are awarded ashitherto. It is somewhat early yet to judge whether the modifi-cations effected have had the desired result.

A new term of office of the Examinations Board begins onthe ist November, 1023, and some important changes havebeen made in the constitution and personnel, as well as in themethod of procedure. The Agricultural Organiser (Educa-tion) has been included as an ex-officio member and three ofH.M. Inspectors have been appointed in an advisory capacity.A Section has been formed to deal with Rural Subjects, witha view to formulating syllabuses suitable for, and fosteringinstruction in, Rural Evening Schools. Provision has beenmade for the retirement annually of seven members of theBoard, in order that a greater number of teachers may becomeconversant with its work. In future, successes will be basedon the results of examination work only, but before being admittedto the examinations, students will be required to have madesatisfactory attendance and to have done satisfactory Home-work and Classwork.

79

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85

CHAPTER IX,;

EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE WORK.

JuvenileEmployment.

Btatiefioa.

Much controversy has taken place as to. whether the work ofhelping boys and girls to find suitable employment lies withinthe province of the Education Authority or of the Ministry ofLabour. Possibly that controversy has obscurred the funda-mental importance of the discovery in the Elementary Schoolof the individual aptitudes and gifts of each child and of thedirection of the child into activities where those aptitudes canfind expression. This is one of the fundamental problems ofeducation, for it is by the realisation of his particular powersthat a child gains faith in his own personality.

The work of finding suitable employment for young personsbetween i4 and 18 is therefore only a continuation and extensionof one side of the work of the teacher in the Elementary School.The teacher, whether in the Elementary, Secondary or TechnicalSchool, should be the best employment officer-in so far, at least,as first placings are concerned-and the institution of JuvenileEmployment Bureaux should do nothing to undermine thisessential part of a teacher's functions. The object of the Bureauis to supplement and to second the teacher's work ; to deal withboys and girls who have left school and are out of work or who,for one reason or another, have not been able to find occupationimmediately on leaving school ; and to constitute a clearing houseof information for the benefit of young persons and their parents,of teachers and of employers.

The Bureau should be the focus'of all activities having for their object the promotion of theinterests of boys and girls engaged in earning their livings.

This conception of the functions of a Juvenile EmploymentBureau necessarily means that statistics relating to the placingof boys and girls in employment represent not only a fractionof all placings made in a given area, but of all those made throughthe agency of the Education Authority.

While some teachersdo supply their local Bureau with particulars of the placingsmade directly by them, many do not. The importance ofstatistical returns can, of course, easily be exaggerated, but,at a time like the present, when industry and the EducationAuthorities alike are appreciating more and more keenly theurgent need for devising better means for the training of that largeproportion of the nation's youth which enters industry early inlife, the collection of reliable figures relating to the employmentof young persons is an essential preliminary to the discovery

solution of that problem, ryy of

The figures given in the Table relate solely to placings, etc.,made through the Bureaux.An analysis of them shows certainpoints of special interest.The number of applications foremployment in 1922_23 shows an increase of 14

the figure for 1920_21 and the numberalmost of places filled shows ansimilar increase of 12 per cent.

On the other hand, theactual number of vacancies notified remains the same.Thuswhile a greater number of young persons are seeking the assistance

86

of the Bureaux in finding employment, the number of vacanciesnotified by employers is stationary. Since, in spite of the relativediminution in the number of vacancies notified, the number ofplacings has increased, it appears probable that juvenile Employ-ment Sub-Committees have been compelled by circumstancesoften to content themselves with placing applicants in suchemployment as they could find, without waiting for the particularkind of work most suitable for a particular applicant. This,unfortunate as it is, is to be expected in the industrial conditionsthat have prevailed during the last two years. Further evidenceof this is to be found in the fact that the number of places filledin 1922-23 is only slightly over one-fourth of the number ofapplications for employment received.

Owing to the uncertainty which has prevailed during the lastthree years whether the work of placing young persons in employ-ment was to remain in the hands of the Education Authoritiesor be entrusted to the Ministry of Labour, the juvenile Employ-ment Sub-Committees have discharged their duties in an atmos-phere of insecurity. It is to be hoped that this uncertainty willshortly be removed. In some of the most important towns ofthe County, Bureaux have not yet been opened, e.g., Erith,Gravesend and Dover. As soon, however, as full effect can begiven to the Chelmsford Report, the Committee will proceed toprovide the necessary organisation throughout the County.

Training for In spite of the • unfavourable conditions under which LocalIndustry. Committees have had to work during the last three years, much

preliminary work of a valuable kind has been done. Inquirieshave been conducted into industrial conditions in so far as theyaffect young persons. It has been ascertained that, generallySpeaking, an insufficient supply of young persons is being trainedin the industries of the County to provide the normal quota ofskilled men required by those industries and that, consequently,a large proportion of skilled labour is imported from outsideKent. This is a problem which the Education Authority cannotsolve without the help of industry. If employers do not them-selves arrange for young persons to be efficiently trained in theirworks, it cannot be done for them. by the Committee, but theCommittee can help employers by giving instruction in thetheory and science of their occupation to young persons whoreceive their practical training in the works.

A number of conferences with employers and workpeoplehave been held in different parts of the County on the subjectof the training of apprentices, particularly in the BuildingTrades. A successful scheme of apprenticeship has been institu-ted in the Building Trades in Tunbridge Wells and has now beenin operation for three years. The scheme as recently revisedprovides for the examination of the apprentices from time totime, the examination being conducted partly at the TechnicalSchool and partly on the job.

Vocational The publication of a series of pamphlets on the principalramnmets. occupations open to young persons in the County has been under-

taken with a view to giving reliable information on the con-ditions of employment, the training required to qualify forpromotion and the prospects afforded by each occupation.The following pamphlets have been issued so far, and othersare in course of preparation

The Coal Mining Industry.The Grocery and Provision Trade.

e

87

The Cement Industry in Kent.The Trade of Letterpress Printing.The Trade of Cabinet-Making.The Railway Service.

Following-upSteps have been taken in most of the towns where Juvenile

;owmittees. Employment Sub-Committees have been established to form

Following-up Committees in co-operation with voluntary

organisations. A considerable body of voluntary helpers assistthese Committees by undertaking to act as visitors and advisersfor definite groups of boys and girls. These Committees keep

in close contact with the Employment Bureaux and the latterin their turn are able to obtain the assistance of the Committeesin difficult cases where friendly advice and help are needed orwhere boys and girls have migrated to the town from elsewhereand need to be put into touch with clubs and other bodies whichcan help them to make good use of their leisure time.

In the rural areas where the organisation of Following-upCommittees has not hitherto been practicable, Head Teachersare invited to keep in touch with the boys and girls who haveleft school and to report to the nearest Juvenile EmploymentSub-Committee the occupations they enter. In particular,Head Teachers are invited to report to the Local Committeeconcerned the names of any boys or girls who migrate into theirarea to take up work.

a^Qenile Acting on the recommendations contained in a Circular No.

Co^mmitteesns 1137, of 2nd December, zgzg, from the Board of Education, theCommittee have actively promoted the formation of jointbodies representative of all the organisations concerned withthe welfare of young persons in certain of the larger towns ofthe County. Such bodies-known as Juvenile OrganisationsCommittees-have been formed in Penge, Beckenham, Tun-bridge Wells, Maidstone and the Medway area. In other areas,e.g., Tonbridge, Sevenoaks and Ashford, separate JuvenileOrganisations Committees have not been formed, but the JuvenileEmployment Sub-Committees on which the local voluntarybodies are represented act as Juvenile Organisations Committees.

7nemployment At the request of the Ministry of Labour, the local Juvenilenurance.Employment Sub-Committees have undertaken the work ofexamining and adjudicating upon the claims made by unemployedyoung persons for unemployment benefit. Twelve of theseCommittees have been at work in the County and the followingfigures indicate thetriennial period:-

volume of work transacted during the

eneral.

Claims to BenefitBoys.

. . . 2034Claims Allowed : . . . 1597Claims Disallowed . . 437No. of those whose right to

benefit has expired . . 275

Girls. Total.z3a81051267

145 420

3352z648704

Throughout the last three years the work of the JuvenileEmployment Sub-Committees has been carried on under mostdiscouraging conditions.

Not only has the industrial depressiongreatly diminished the opportunities available for boys and girlsto enter occupations in which they could learn a skilled trade,but the uncertainty prevailing as to the future control of the

88

work of Juvenile Employment has inevitably tended to checkenthusiasm.

The decision of the Government to adopt Lord Chelmsford'sreport and the subsequent decision of the Committee themselvesto become solely responsible for the administration of the workof Juvenile Employment and for that of the UnemploymentInsurance Acts (in so far as juveniles are concerned) should nowenable the local Committees to develop their work unhamperedby uncertainty.

There is no doubt that if means are to be devised for securingadequate training during adolescence for those young personswho are engaged in earning their livings, there must be closeco-operation between Industry and Education. Since thedecay of apprenticeship no proper machinery for providing thattraining has existed. It is through the close contact withindustry, which the work of placing young persons in employ-ment enables Education Authorities to maintain, that thisproblem can be closely studied, and the knowledge acquiredwhich ultimately will enable some solution to be found.

89

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90

CHAPTER X.

COUNTY LIBRARY.

It has been possible to inaugurate the County Library onlythrough the generosity of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees.Colonel Mitchell, the Secretary of the Trust, came to Maidstonein October, 192o, and before a representative gathering ofmembers of the Education Committee, teachers, District Educa-tion Officers, and members of the Workers' Educational Associa-tion and Women's Institutes, explained the idea of the schemeand what help towards such a scheme the Trustees were preparedto give.

On the understanding that a grant of -(3,00o would be madeby the Trustees for the provision of books, boxes and shelving,a Library Sub-CommittEe was appointed by the Committee,and an outline scheme was drafted and submitted to the CountyCouncil. This was passed at their meeting on the 17th November,ig2o. At the 'same meeting formal resolutions were passedadopting the Public Libraries Acts, 1892-igi9 for all parts ofthe County except those areas in which these Acts had alreadybeen adopted and put into operation. The passing of theseActs gives the County Council power to levy a library rate,which will be necessary in order to maintain the scheme.

In May, 192I, Miss A. S. Cooke, Librarian to the Gloucester-shire County Library, was appointed as the Committee's Librar-ian, and the work of organising the County Library was begunin November, zq2z.

The titles of a first list of books, which it was suggested shouldbe obtained were brought before the Library Sub-Committee,who agreed to the purchase of these, and estimates for boxesand shelving were also considered and approved.

A list of some 150 centres was next drawn up. Though themajority of these were Schools, all Women's Institutes, Village4Chibs, and other Associations which had applied for books underthe scheme were included. A circular letter explaining how theLibrary would be run, and a form to be returned showing whowould undertake the duties of local librarian was sent to eachof these centres. No definite rule was laid down as to the'formation of a local Library Committee, but Committees havebeen formed, with marked success, in many of the villages. Thelocal librarian is generally the Head Teacher, or some one with aknowledge of books who is prepared to give definitely a fewhours a week to the scheme.

Distribution of the boxes began in May, 1922, by which timeabout 5,70o books had been obtained. Each box containsabout 5o books, normally consisting of 15-2o novels, 12-i5,children's books, and the rest, books on special subjects. As a.general rule, one box only is sent to a centre at first, but if thebooks prove popular and many borrowers apply, the numberis increased at the first exchange. The boxes remain at the,centres for three or four months, are then returned to Maidstone,and fresh collections sent instead. This circulating systembelps to keep the interest always alive, and prevents the collec-

91

tions becoming worn out, stale and unused, which, unhappily,has happened in so many local village libraries. the first

In December, 1922, at the request of the Trustees,annual report was prepared and submitted to them. Thisdeals only with the first seven months of the scheme, and givesthe record of issues at 115 centres during the months, May-

November. The figures are as follows :-

RECORD OF ISSUES OF BOOKS AT 115 CENTRES.IST MAY, 1922-30TH NOVEMBER, 1922.

Borrower=.` '^ ," ?^'^ ttl U y 00

y-+

Teacher.:-. -..- i 914 203 62 56_ ----_-' ----

Other Men 3,413• .---------- ^

250 1 176

Other Women .. . 6,589 450

Childten .. -^--- ----------

2a65,068

Additional Issues(details not recorded) . 1 1,421 12

---^-^-._Total f17,405 1,171

-Seepingtrea.

-er8,cencery,

-178

189

27

632

126

180

169

23

554

1 ^J c: Total.

;

a c> m ^ 7

H CIl^ U1 pr'•'a ^• ^i

87 124 65 ` 14 1,525

207 347 98 20 4,637

` --^-^1-^-,-^252 301 94 ^+ 19 8,063

232 565 ^ 210 12 6,701- - ^ -,^

55 72 13 1,630

833 1,409 480 72 22,556

TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF BOOKS CIRCULATEDAND ISSUED.

Circulated. Issued.Fiction .. .. 3,129 17,405Literature (other than Fiction)

and Fine Arts .. .. 690 1,171History . .. .. .. 254 632Biography .. .. .. 266 554Travel .. .. .. 279 833Science and Useful Arts . . 583 1,409Sociology 211 480Other Subjects (Religion, Philo-

sophy, General Works) .. 36 72

Total .. . . . . 5,448 22,556

At the end of March, 1923, z2, 50o books had been purchased,and 169 centres were receiving boxes. Applications for bookshave been received from 35 more places, and these will bedealt with as soon as enough books can be obtained.

In addition to these 169 centres, four have proved unsatis-factory, the books being returned almost uread. To theseplaces a second collection of books was not sent as there was nodemand for them, and it seemed more important to satisfy,some of the other villages which were eagerly awaiting thearrival of their box.

Small collections of io to 12 books on Bee-keeping have beensent to eight Bee-keeping centres in the County where they arebeing used by members of the Bee-keepers' Association in thosedistricts.

During the year the books in the Teachers' Reference Libraryhave been moved from the Sample Room, and are now shelvedin the County Library. Many new books have been added, andthe collection now contains over :r,ooo books.

Teachers mayborrow two of these at a time for one month, either by personalapplication or by letter.

i

1I

Central Libraryfor Students.

DramaticLibrary.

tanternSlides

92

In order to meet the requests of individual students, theCounty Library is linked up with the Central Library forStudents. From this Library, books of a student charactercosting more than 6/- may be borrowed free of any cost savethe postage of the return of the book.

This library has proved of inestimable value to many teachersand students in the County who were otherwise unable to obtainexpensive books necessary for their work.

Sets of plays and other works of dramatic interest are cir-culated amongst the Dramatic Societies, W.E.A. classes,EveningSchools, etc. These books are used not only for actual perform-ance but also for the group study and reading aloud of plays.

The Committee's collection of lantern slides now numbersnearly 6,ooo. Sets of from 40 to 7o are available for circulationamongst Schools maintained or aided by the Committee. Theyare also available, on payment of a small fee, for circulationamongst Elementary Schools in autonomous areas, and amongstW.E.A. centres, Village Clubs, Women's Institutes, and otherbodies interested in Adult Education.

93

, arrem IR?takate.

fbers' Agri.uItnral Train-19 Scheme.

CHAPTER YI.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The purchase of Grove End Farm (250 acres) in July, xgYg,has already been reported. The Committee entered into occupa-tion in October, igzg, and Mr. W. R. Elgar has very kindlyacted as Hon. Farm Director since that date. It was intendedto convert Borden Grammar School into a Farm Institute andto use this farm as the Institute Farm. With this object in viewthe Kent County Council contracted with the Governors of theBorden Grammar School to purchase their premises, the pur-chase money to be expended by the Committee in providing anew Boys' School at Sittingbourne to meet the requirementsof the boys at present being taught at Borden. A site of aboutnine acres for the new school was acquired at Sittingbourne andarrangements were well in hand for proceeding with the erectionof the new school when, on December 17th, zg2o, the instructionwas issued by the Cabinet to all spending departments that" except with fresh Cabinet authority schemes involving expendi-ture not yet in operation are to remain in abeyance." As aresult of this instruction by the Cabinet the erection of the newschool at Sittingbourne has been postponed and the Committeehave consequently been unable to proceed with the Farm Institutescheme. Considerable use has, however, been made of thefarm. A hop garden has been planted with two acres of eachof the principal varieties of hops-Bramlings, Cobbs, Tutsums,Fuggles, Tolhursts, and a specially selected variety of heavycropping Bramling named Yearsten Golding brought out byMessrs. Wakeley, of Rainham. The Tolhursts have beengrubbed in accordance with an instruction received from the HopController in the spring of 1923 ordering all hop growers toreduce their production of hops. Demonstration Fruit Plotshave also been planted up, showing the varieties of apples,Lane's Prince Albert, Bramley Seedling and Worcester Pear-main growing on each of the four types of root stock selected bythe Mailing Research Station. Various Field Trials with cornand root crops have also been carried out and the results pub-lished. The following Field Trials, for example, were conductedduring the season 1922-23,

i acre each of ten varieties of Wheat.four varieties of Winter Oats,six varieties of Barley.five varieties of Spring Oats.eight varieties of Marigolds.five varieties of Swedes.

2 six different manures on Spring Oats.The Farm Accounts have been useful for teaching students of

Organised Day Courses the cost of equipping and running a farm.This scheme, whereby ex-officer pupils received two years'

practical training on a farm, is now practically completed, onlyone pupil being still in receipt of a maintenance grant.

Therecords show that of 202 ex-offzcers who have received training

94

in Kent, sixty have now taken farms or small holdings, twenty-nine are being employed on farms, four have obtained agricul-tura.l appointments (e.^;., as farm managers) four have obtainedemployment connected with agriculture, twenty-two have goneabroad (in many cases to farm), twenty-eight have obtainedemployment not connected with agriculture and seven weretransferred t.o other counties for training. The present occupa-tion of the remainder (48) is uncertain.

Training of Dis- Twenty-five disabled ex-officers were trained in Kent underabled Ea-Officers

the Ministry of Pensions Scheme for the training of disabledex-officers in Agric.ulture.

Vacation Course A three weeks course of instruction was held at Wye Collegeat Wye College. in anuar I^I and I 2 In anua I 2I fort six studentsJ Y, 9^ 9 3• J n'^ 9, y-.

attended the course, of which twenty-seven were Kent students,six of them being in receipt of half-scholarships (^6 each). InJanuary, 1923, forty-two students attended the course, of whichthirty-six were Kent students, nine of them being in receiptof haJf-scholarships (^6 each). In January, Ig22, the VacationCourse was not held, as there wa.s an insufficient number ofapplicants. The subjects of the lectures and numbers of hoursdevoted to each subject were approximately as follows :-

Farm Economics . . . . 11 HoursAgricultural Costings . . . . 11 „Diseases of Farm Stock .. 12 „Fungus Diseases .. .. 12 „Tnsect Pests .. .. .. 10 „Farm Accounts . .. .. 11 „Principles of Breeding . . . 6 „

Total . . 73 Hours.

The practi.cal demonstrations included veterinary demonstra-tions, land measurement, the adjustment and overhauling offarm implements, stock-judging, etc.

WYe College In January, 1922, it was dec^ded to hold both the EntranceScholarslup Eg- Examination and the Scholarship Examination in London inaminationa.

May of each year. Candidates for admission or for a half-scholarship (reduced-fee place) take a one-day examination only ;candidates for the three-quarter or full scholarships take addi-tional papers on the second day.

Organised Das Organised Day Courses were held during the winters of z92o ^^ICourses. and Z92I-22 at Maidstone and Canterbury. In 192o-2I four

lectures a day were given on eigh.teen Tuesdays at the ChurchInstitute, Maidstone, and sixteen Fridays at the School of Art,Canterbury, the subjects being as follows :-

Lectures at1llaidstone. Canterbur^. ToC)tSl.

Farm Live Stock .. .. .. 36 32 47Farm Crops .. .. .. •• 25 12Farm Accounts. .. .. .. 6 6

1 ^Fungus Pests of Corn Crops .. .. 1Care of a Horse's Foot 2 2 2Bee-keepingFruit Growing .

Total .

11

72

10

64

1

136

Average Attendance per lecture 46.

The students at Maidstone included 32 ex-officers trainingunder the Officers' Agricultural Training Sche.me and thestudents at Canterbury included 22 ex-officer pupils.

During the winter of 192I-2^ sixty-eight lecture.Two co r esat Maidstone and fifty-six lectures at Canterbury.

95

of lectures ran through the whole course, one on the Life of aPlant and the other on Soils and Manures. These occupied thewhole of the lecture hours with the exception of three lectureson Poultry-Keeping and single lectures on the Care of a Horse'sFoot at Maidstone and at Canterbury. The average attendanceat these lectures was 19.5 students a lecture at Maidstone, and1o.5 students a lecture at Canterbury.

nESttnet;on of Chalk Weed (Lepidizam Draba) is a weed that has causedChalk ^t andextensive damage, especially amongst corn crops; in Thanetand North Kent during recent years and it is gradually extend-ing to other parts of the county. Extensive trials have beencarried out on various farms during the past three summers, tosee whether the weed could be suppressed by spraying, and the,results have been very encouraging. The results of this workwere published in the May, 1923, issue of the journal of theMinistry of Agriculture.

A number of demonstrations have also been given to showthat Charlock or Kilk can be effectively dealt with by sprayingit, either when it is quite young or when it is in full flower, withsuitable wet or dry sprays.Artificial Farm-

Yatd Manure. A demonstration on how to convert straw into farmyardmanure without the agency of animals was given at BrenzettPlace Farm, Brenzett, from June 14th to 25th, 1922. Mr. E.Finn, the occupier of the farm, kindly provided the facilities andsupplied 40 tons of straw, whilst Messrs. Weeks, of Maidstone,provided without charge the necessary pumping outfit forspraying the straw with water. Mr. Amoore, the assistantchemist to the Agricultural Developments Company, super-intended the operations. Field trials are now in progress, on afield of Spring Oats, to test the artificially-made farmyard manure

Clean Milk with ordinary farmyard manure made by cattle in yards.Competition. A successful endeavour has been made to encourage dairy

farmers to take more interest in the cleanliness of the conditionsunder which their milk is produced by organising a Clean MilkCompetition.

The Competition was open to all farmers in thecounty with a herd of not less than ten cows always in milkprovided they were not already producing under licence Certifiedor Grade A milk.

Fifty-three farmers entered for the Competi-tion and paid the entry fee of one pound.

This is three times thenumber that has ever entered for a similar competition held inany other county.

The Competition extended over a period ofthree months, February zst to May rst, 1923, and during thisperiod samples of milk were submitted fortnightly by eachcompetitor to

Wye College for bacteriological and chemicalanalysis.Surprise samples of milk were also taken from timeto time at each farm by Mr. Porter, the Assistant to the Agricul-

tural Organiser, who also inspected the cowsheds of each com-petitor at milking time and awarded marks according to a scaleadopted by the 'Ministry of Health Inspectors.

The Competition aroused considerable interest, not onlyamongst the competitors but also amongst other dairy farmersand the public.

A full report of the Competition has beenpublished by the Kent Milk RecordingSociety.

lantern slides has been prepared showing the conditions underwhich the milk was produced on the various competing

A series of

and these will be used for an illustrated lantern lecture on CleanFarriery Milk next winter.farms

n2pet4tien.A Farriery Competition, organised by the Committee, was held

96

at Gravesend on the show ground of the County AgriculturalSociety on June i9th, 2oth and 21st, 1923. The fi^.ount^.r Agn-cultural Society generously contributed ^'2o towards tlIe costof the competition. On the first day of the Show there was acompetition in the shoeing of hunters. There were six KentFarriers competing and each competitor was required to take offone fore shoe and one hind shoe, prepare the feet, make a fore anda hind shoe, fit both shoes and nail them on. On the second dav

Kent MilkRecordingSociety.

Agrienltnralorganiser inDenmark.

class there were 21 entries. On the third day there %?as-there was a competition in the shoeing of cart laorse_ , , in thi

competition in Shoemaking and each competitor ' was required-to make four different kinds of shoes. In this class there wereseven entries. An examination for the R.S.S. (Registered,Shoeing Smith) Certificate of the Worshipful Company ofFarriers was also held on each dav of the Show 'and twelvecandidates out of fourteen entries were successful in obtainingthe certificate.

The Kent -Al.ilk Recording Society now comprises 172 herds ofdairy cows, the average size of each herd being 26 cows. The-Agricultural Organiser reports on the suitability or otherwiseof the rations being fed to the cows on these farms.", As anindication of the growth of this Society and the increase of theAgricultural Organiser's work in criticising and advising uponthe Food Records submitted by the Milk Recorders the followingfigures are interesting :-

Year ending Oct. lst. No. of Herd& No. of Cow. Rations advised. an1919 421920 541921 133

1,0311,2593,323

3484136

1922 172 4,368 168An article on these Food Records was published in the

February, 1922, issue of the Ministry of Agriculture Journal.The Agricultural Organiser also read a paper on the subject at theNational Milk Conference held in London in October, 1922.

The Agricultural Organiser spent July, 1920, in, Denmarkwith a party of agricultural organisers from other counties,members of the staffs of agricultural colleges and representativesfrom the English, Scottish and Irish Boards of Agriculture. . Theparty consisted of twenty-one persons. The first week was spentat the Royal Agricultural College, Copenhagen, where scientificlectures on Abortion in Cows and Tuberculosis in Cattle .werelistened to from the world-famous Prof. B. Bang. . Addresseswere also given on the Danish Dairy Industry, : the DanishPoultry Industry, the Agricultural Co-operative Movement,the work of the State Experiment Stations,. Farm Costings inDenmark, the work of the State Seed Testing Station, etc.These addresses were found most helpful when during theremaining three weeks the party visited typical farms, co-opera-tive creameries, co-operative bacon factories, co-operative seedsupply associations, several of the State Experimental Stations,Agricultural Schools, People's High Schools, Egg Export Depots,the Seed Testing Station, the Agricultural Experiment Labora-tory, Condensed Milk Factories, Beet Sugar Factories, twoProvincial Agricultural Shows, two Museums of AgriculturalHistory, etc. The visit was an exceedingly interesting. andinstructive one and formed the subject of a lantern lecturewhich has been given by the Agricultural Organiser .to practicallyevery branch of the National Farmers' Union in Kent. Anarticle (4o pages) on Agricultural Education in Denmark was

97

contributed by the Agricultural Organiser to Vol. lxxxi. (1920) ofthe Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

nt Farmers This o^^ n l is ublished monthl ^ b the Kent branch of theion Journal."' J F, 5 YNational Farmers'Union and sent to each of the 3,350 members.The Secretary of the Kent branch of the Union is the Editor ofthis journal. The Agricultural Organiser contributes anarticle every month on the scientific aspect of some subject ofinterest to farmers.

r°ct'°n'ntching. The autumn of 1920 was a wet one and delay in getting cornstacks thatched entailed much loss to the farmers. It seemeddesirable to encourage more men to learn the art of thatching,so during the winter of 1920-21 the various branches of theFarmers' Union were approached on the subject. The Committeeundertook to pay the wages of a professional thatcher who wouldact as instructor if the farmers would supply stacks for thatching,the straw, water and rods, and workmen to be taught. Classeswere held at four centres and the number of men attendingeach class and the period during which the instruction lastedwas as follows :-

Centre. Duration of Instruction. No. of Pupils.Woodchurch.. . . .. . 5 days 5Teynham .. .. .. 9 „ 5Walmer .. .. 5 6Womenswould 6 " 5

At Woodchurch, Walmer and Womenswould a local thatcherwas employed ; at Teynham two instructors, the thatcher andhis mate, one to give instruction on the stack and the other togive instruction on the ground, were engaged. Farmers wereinvited to send suitable men to receive instruction.

The classassembled at 8.3o a.m. each day and worked until 4 p.m.

Thefirst day was usually devoted to instruction in splitting woodand on the following days the pupils were taught to pull theirown straw and to do the actual thatching. It is not claimedthat the members of the class learnt the whole art of thatchingin the short period of this instruction.

All they learnt was howthe work ought to be done ; skill can follow only after constantpractice.

inage A Drainage Demonstration organised by the Ministry ofb agahonatAgriculture in conjunction

with the Committee and thelocal branch of the National Farmers' Union, was heldatHigh Hilden, Tonbridge, on October 24th and 25th, 1922,

by the courtesy of Mr. F. 0. Streeton.The

of the demonstration was to collect reliable informationregarding the cost and utility of farm draining and sub-soilingmachinery and to give farmers an opportunity

under actual working conditions.Obse vationsg and

, the

records were taken by the Ministry's officials regarding the draw-bar pull of each machine, speed of work, depth of stirring andefficiency, and the results have been published in the Ministryof Agriculture Journal.were :- Amongst the machines competing

Six different makes of Sub-soilinA Horse Plou h g ploughs drawn by tractors.

with sub-soilingA Grab Ditcher for cleaning out pond.s.hment.A portable Power Crane for loadingThree Mole Drainers, one drawn and unloading dung carts:

another b oil- by steam ploughing engines,Ydriven cable engines and the third by a tractor.

Two Tractor Ditchers for cutting open trenches.

^

98

Permanent stakes have been set up marking the boundaries ofthe pieces of land dealt with by the various makes of Sub-soilersand the result of the work on future crops is being watched.

Visits of A number of branches of the National Farmers' Union haveFarmers' Clubs°visited Wye College from time to time, these visits being organisedby the Committee. In 1920 fourteen parties of Kent farmers,altogether 258 farmers, visited the College as compared withtwenty-one parties, embracing 579 farmers, in the previous year.In zg2z and 1922 the Principal of the College discouraged theorganisation of these visits, being of opinion that the experi-mental work on the College farm had been reduced to such anextent as not to justify these visits, but, the visits have beenrevived this summer.

Forty members of the Sheppey and Sittingbourne branches ofthe N.F.U. visited Grove End Farm, Tunstall, in July, 1921,whilst thirty members of the Elham branch visited the farm inJuly, 1922, and thirty, members of the Staplehurst branch in

July, 1923-The Malling Research Station has attracted much attention

from farmers and manv branches. of the N.F.U. have paidorganised visits to` this Research Station diiring the past threeyears.

Field Demon- A large number of Field Trials have been carried out eachstration Plots.

year at various centres in the County. The results have been

published in a booklet of 32 pages dealing with the Results ofthe Field Trials carried out in zgZg and 192o and a booklet of36 pages dealing with the Results of the Field Trials carried outin 1921 and I922.

A number of permanent grassland manurial trials have beenset out in different parts of the County.

Instruction inFarriery. Mr. Wardley spends six months of each year in Kent and six

months in Surrey, working in these counties on Mondays, Tues-days and Wednesdays of each week ; the remainder of his timeis devoted to work at Wye College. Mr. Wardley takes thecountv in districts-he takes a town as his centre and visitsall the forges within ten or fifteen miles of that centre. He

spends three months in each centre and in this way covers twodistricts in Kent and two districts in Surrey each year.

Instruction in Miss G. E. Dickinson gave instruction in Cheese-making atCheese-making.

Margate from April 26th to May ioth, 1920, and at Monktonfrom May 26th to June ist, 192o. The number of students at

Rural Workers' Margate was twelve and at Monkton seven. ,Week-end A Rural Workers' Week-end School, organised by the Workers'School. Educational Association, was held at Canterbury on October

2nd and 3rd, 1920. The Agricultural Organiser served on theCommittee and assisted in making the arrangements. Thirty-six

students attended the school and the experiment turned out toba a great success. Three lectures were given by Mr. A. W.Ashby of the School of Rural Economy, Oxford, on

(a) The Agricultural Depression and its Causes.(b) The Agricultural Revival, igio to 1914 and its Causes.(c) English Agriculture, 1914 to 192o, and the Outlook.Each lecture was followed by a lively discussion. In the after-

noon of October 2nd a visit was paid to the South EasternAgricultural College at Wye. The students came from all partsof Kent and were in nearly all cases agricultural labourers ofan intelligent type. The Workers' Educational Associationpaid for the board, lodging and railway expenses of twenty

9ncationalhi6its,

'-nd

'er Lectures-sers.

e9 to

?s.

99

students ; the remainder attended either at their own expenseor at the expense of the Workers' Union.

Another Week-end School was held at the Hill Farm, Stock-bury, on October 2zst and 22nd, Zg22. Twelve students attendedthis school and were housed some in cubicles in an outbuildingand some in a roomy cottage. The following lectures weregiven

(a) Kent History, by Mr. H. W. Knocker.

(b) Denmark-the Land and People, by Mr. G. H. Garrad.

(c) Science and Agriculture, by Mr. S. T. Parkinson.

The men returned to their homes at Cranbrook, Lower Hardres,Paddock Wood, Tovil, Tunbridge Wells, Sutton Valence, andelsewhere not merely with a little added knowledge, but alsoinspired by the goodwill and enthusiasm of all with whom theywere brought into contact.

The setting up of Educational Exhibits at Agricultural Shows,Ploughing Matches and similar meetings of farmers is a newventure on the part of the Committee. The first exhibit wasstaged at the East Kent Agricultural Show at Deal on July 7thand 8th, 1920, where with the assistance of Wye College, apiece of canvas shedding 30 feet by 2o feet was completelytaken up with exhibits of educational interest. The venturewas an unqualified success. Various matters of interest andimportance were brought to the notice of the large body of agri-culturists who attended the Show in a way which it is notpossible to do by means of lectures. A similar exhibit was stagedat the East Kent Agricultural Show at Sandwich on July 26thand 27th, 1922, and at the First Kent County Agricultural Showat Gravesend on June 19th, 2oth and 2Zst, 1923.

Smaller Exhibits were staged at Ploughing Matches at Good-nestone, Margate, Monkton, Nonington and Farningham.

By arrangement with the Ministry of Agriculture, Dr. J. A.Hanley, of the Agricultural Department, Leeds University,made a tour throughout the County from March 21st to 25th,1922, visiting the grassland plots and lecturing to parties offarmers at Rochester, High Halden, Lydd, Swingfield andCanterbury.

A large number of lectures to branches of the National Farmers'Union in the County and similar organisations have been givenduring the past three years as the following figures show :-

1920-21.No. of Attend-

Mr. G. H. Garrad .Lectures.

.. 40Mr. T. W. Mc. D. Porter 6Mr• N. B. Bagenal.Mr. R. G. Hatton .Prof. T. W. Cave..Mr. C. W. DuffieldProf. E. S. SalmonOther lecturers .,

13366

anres.1,265120

40160

207195

74 2')A

32542

460480227

verage Attendance per Lecture ' 8 2,27630.4 58

Equivalent figures for winter lectures to cottagers are 25

a2follows :-

2

1921-22. 1922-23.No. Of Attend- No. of Attend-Lectures, ances. Lectures.18 568 229 174 11

42

12107

62

ances.535267387

6011994

1,462

100

1920-21. 1921-22. 1922-23.No. of Attend- No. of Attend- No. of Attend-

Lectures. ances. Lectures. ances. Lectures ances,Gardening.. .. .. 187 5,175 176 4,763 214 5,857Poultry Keeping . .. 96 3,101 88 2,676 77 2,448Bee Keeping . . .. 66 1,951 74 2,016 , 88 2,085

349 10,227 338 9,455 379 10,390Average Attendance per Lecture 29.3 28.0 27.4

Orchards and The Royal Agricultural Society of England organised in 1923Fruit Plantations an Orchards and Fruit Plantations Competition open to fruitCompetition. growers in Kent, Surrey and Sussex. The Committee helped

to advertise the competition, receive entries and to arrange thetour of the two judges who visited every competitor's farm.There were eight classes, a silver, and a bronze medal beingoffered in each class, but in only six classes were the medalsawarded, the number of entries in two classes being too few.There were 52 entries, of which 47 were Kent entries and Kentcompetitors secured four of the six silver medals and five of thesix bronze medals. The judges visited all the competing farmsbetween May 29th and June 7th and their criticisms and sugges-tions both verbally to the competitors and in their writtenreports were found most helpful.

Fruit Pruning A Fruit Pruning Conference was held at the East MallingConference. Research Station on February 2oth and' 2ist, 1923. Very bad

weather prevailed, but in spite of this quite a number' of fruitgrowers and their tree cutters visited the station to see theresults of the Apple Pruning trials that have now been in progressfor some years.

Horticultural The East Kent and West Kent branches of the HorticulturalSub-Committee meet quarterly at Canterbury and Maidstonerespectively. They receive the reports of the work of theCommittee relating to Cottage Gardening, Poultry-keeping,Bee-keeping and the Preservation of Fruit, and submit theirrecommendations to the quarterly meetings of the AgriculturalEducation Sub-Committee.

County Produce The County Produce Show has been considerably enlargedshow. during recent years by the addition of new classes. Entries

(except in the School Garden classes) are confiiied to personswho have attended a course of lectures given by the Committee'sInstructors in Cottage Gardening, Poultry-keeping or Bee-keep-ing within three years of the date of the Show. The Show is amigratory one and was held at Canterbury in z9zo, Tonbridgein 1921, and Rochester in 1922. The number of entries in eachof these years has been as follows :-

1920. 1921. 1922.

Garden Produce .. 450 318 1,003

School Gardens . .. 533 310 331Poultry and Eggs .. 125 159 205,

Honey Classes.. .. 32 100 118

Total Entries . 1,140 887 1,657

The summer of 7922 was a particularly ,favourable one for thegrowth of potatoes and other vegetables ; hence the very largenumber of entries in the Garden Produce section in that year.

These Shows are very successful as an, inducement to personsto apply for and to attend lectures, and the quality of the exhibitsis excellent testimony to the value of the lectures that theexhibitors have attended. The Show is also recognised as arendezvous for enthusiasts in gardening, poultry-keeping and

101

bee-keeping, where they meet each other and the Committee's

Instructors and exchange ideas.Demonstration

A number of Demonstration Allotment Plots have been set up

Allotment Plots. in the County.On these allotments experiments have been

carried out with Scotch, English and Lincolnshire-grown seed

potatoes, different varieties of potatoes,manurial tr^ass-sown

potatoes, autumn-sown versus spring-sown onions, g

versus bed-sown onions,ava.riety trials

varietywith early peas, ^arrots

varieties of spring cbbagesown in bored holes versus carrots sown in drills, etc. In 192()

County-there were seven demonstration allotment plots in the County.In 1921 this number was increased to 15, but this number wasfound to be rather more than the Instructor in Cottage Gardeningcould deal with satisfactorily so it was reduced to 12 in 1922,

and zo in 1923.The ten demonstration allotments in 1923

Penge,were located at Beckenham, Bexley Heath, Maidstone,Tonbridge, Canterbury, Deal, Margate, Ramsgate, and Willes-

borough near Ashford. Three printed reports have been issued,each of 25 to 30 pages, setting out the results that have been

obtained.;gg Distribution In order to encourage cottagers and small holders to improve

sobeme' the quality of their poultry stock a scheme has been in operationfor several years under which sittings of eggs and day-old chickensof high quality strains of poultry have been sold to cottagers

and small holders at reduced rates. These eggs and day-old

chicks are produced on holdings specially selected by the Instruc-tor in Poultry-keeping and under his personal supervision.The number of sittings sold and persons supplied during the past

four years has been as followsSprin;,. 1020.

5,919 eggs sold to 274 persons at 6/- per dozen.2,241 day-old chicks sold to 179 persons at 15/- per dozen.

Spring, 1921.4,z64 eggs sold to zn7 persons at 7/- per dozen.1,869 day-old chicks sold to 129 persons at 16/- per dozen.

Sprin^,-, 1922.2,247 eggs sold to io6 persons at 6/- per dozen.11372 day-old chicks sold to 97 persons at 13/6 per dozen.

SPring, 1923.2,454 eggs sold to 131 persons at 5/- per dozen.1,212 day-old chicks sold to 87 persons at ii/- per dozen.

The price for sittings of eggs includes the cost of packing inreturnable egg boxes and a further sum of is. 6d. for one dozen2/6 for two dozen and 3/- for three dozen was added to coverthe cost of carriage, except in cases where the eggs were calledfor. The price for day-old chicks includes a suitable box fortransport plus 1/6 per dozen to cover the cost of carriage. Thesubsidy to the Station Holders has been 2/- per sitting of eggsand 4/- per dozen day-old chicks, except in 1920 when it was3/4 per dozen day-old chicks. Mr. Snell visited as many aspossible of the purchasers of the sittings of eggs and day-oldchicks and is satisfied that this scheme is having very beneficialresults.

031 Poultry. These local competitions are held at each centre where Mr.a '^`a'mpetitions. Snell has given a course of lectures on poultry-keeping. He

paid surprise visits to all poultry-keepers who attended hiscourse of lectures and entered for the competition and awardedmarks on a score-card basis. The winners of the competition

102

at each centre received a certificate. In 192o these competitionswere held at i4 centres, in 1921 at 21 centres and in 1922 atz- centres.

Poultry-keepers Mr. Snell has organised several exceedingly successful excur-Excursions.

sions of poultry keepers to typical and successful poultry farmsin the County. The number of persons joining such excursionsoften exceeds zoo,

Summer In the summer months Mr. G. W. Judge gave monthly lectureinstruction inBee_keeDlna, demonstrations with live bees at various centres. His attend-

ances each season have been as follows :-No. of No. of Persons Attendance per

Centres. Denonstra- Present. Demanstra-tions. tion.

1920 .. .. 17 85 1,904 22.41921 .. .. 16 59 1,411 24.01922 .. .. 17 65 1,371 21.3

Members of the Kent Bee-keepers' Association in various parts

of the County have rendered much help either in making localarrangements or by lending their establishments, apiaries andequipment for the demonstrations.

The Committee now possess a Bee Tent which is invaluable fordemonstrations with live bees at Flower Shows and similargatherings.

Bee Be-stocking Bee-keepers in Kent have suffered very serious losses amongstScheme. their stocks of bees owing to Isle of Wight disease. An endeavour

was made in 1920 to help bee-keepers by offering for sale nucleiof bees resistant to Isle of Wight disease at two guineas pernucleus. These nuclei were raised under the supervision of theCommittee's Instructor in Bee-keeping by five well-knownbreeders in the County. Sixty-six nuclei were sold under thisscheme.

In 1921 the panel of breeders was increased to ten in numberand 4-frame nuclei were offered at two guineas each. Thedemand, however, was less and only z6 nuclei were sold.

The scheme has now been discontinued but in its- place theCommittee have a list of approved breeders of bees who haveundertaken to abide by certain conditions laid down by theCommittee and to sell reliable stocks of bees and queen beesto applicants residing within the County at standardised prices.Persons applying to the Committee for one or more stocks ofbees are put into touch with these approved breeders and theagreement prevents the charging of fancy prices or the sale of*diseased stocks.

Queen Bees. Arrangements were made, through the Ministry of Agriculture,for the importation and distribution throughout the County,for the season of 1920, of 36 pure fertile Italian Queen Bees ata price of 8/6 per queen, post free.

Similarly in the season of 1921 nine pure fertile Italian QueenBees were distributed at 11/6 each for queens delivered beforeJune 25th, and 8/6 for queens delivered during July and August.

8ngar for Bees. Under the Government's Sugar Rationing Scheme owners ofbees were entitled during 1920 to draw an allowance not exceedingIo lbs. of sugar or candy per hive for autumn feeding and 61bs.per hive for spring feeding. These licences were issued by theAgricultural Education Sub-Committee as follows :-

APplicants. ?1T0 . of No. Of Lbs. of Sugar

Hives, Skeps.or Candy used.

July to Dec., 1919 1,082 3,999 742 48,410

Jan. to May, 1920 167 323 92 2,490

Aug. to Nov., 1920 599 2,434 267 37,814

nstruction in'rsit Preser-alion.

103

Miss L. H. Sellens acted as the Committee's part-time Instruc-tress in fruit bottling and jam making from June zst to Sept. zst,1920. She gave 41 practical demonstrations and had a totalattendance of i,i68, an average of 28 persons per demonstration.

In the summer of 1921 Miss G. E. Dickinson acted as part-timeInstructress. She gave 22 practical demonstrations to 4r5persons, an average of z9 persons per demonstration.

In 1922 Miss L. Yarde Bunyard, a member of the Committee,generously undertook to give this instruction without payment.She gave nine practical s. demonstrations to 343 persons, anaverage of 38 persons per demonstration, but on July 24thMiss Bunyard was unfortunately taken seriously ill and all herengagements subsequent to that date had to be cancelled.

ectures on Applications have been received from time to time for lectureslabbit Keeping. on rabbit keeping. Three single lectures have been given at

Barham, Boro' Green and Margate, but the attendances-anaverage of 15 persons per lecture-have not been sufficientlyencouraging for the organising of further lectures.

taff. The Committee's staff was strengthened in November, z92o,by the appointment of Mr. T. W. Mc. D. Porter, M.C., N.D.A.;as Assistant to the Agricultural Organiser and of Mr. N. B.BagenaI, B.A., as Advisory Officer in Commercial Fruit Growing,in October, r922. Mr. A. Sirnmonds resigned his appointmentas Assistant Instructor in Cottage Gardening in January, 1923,and his place has been filled by the appointment of Mr. H. C.Elsdon, N.D.H.

104

CHAPTER XM

STORES DEPARTMENT.

Fret^^urs.The present functions of the Stores Sub-committee, as described

in the Committee's " Scheme of Education for Kent," are asfonows

" The Stores Department is organised as a business de-partment, and its duties are to collect and arrange informa-tion for the use of Teachers and others, and to reli-eve themof the tasks of purchase, transport and storage.

"-Ass reg-ards School Supplies, the C.omgnittee's policy isto buy in the cheapest markets, and wherever possible,direct from the manufacturers, with the object of providingapparatus and material of approved educational value atthe lowest' possible prices."

It is de,sirabIe to emphasise the fact that the Stores Depart-ment is not a trading concern but is essentially administrativeand distributive.

The Kent Education Committee, and not the Stores Depart-ment, are responsible for the educational policy, and for decidingthe requirements of the Schools. The Stores Department issolely executive, and its chief duty is to obtain and distributeSchool supplies with efficiency, and at the lowest possible costto the ratepayer.

The Department has to meet requirements for the equipmentand maintenance, either directly or indirectly, of about 1,000Schools and Institutions, which are attended by roughly 100,000pupils. '

The present system is the result of many years' experienceand careful investigation by Members of the Committee. Itinvolves, inter ali.r, the purchase of goods as far as possibledirect from the actual manufacturer in bulk, and their distribu-tion from the warehouse.

It does not follow, however, that every article suppliedis stocked or handled in the Committee's warehouse. itis possible, in many instances, to arrange for manufacturers tosend goods direct to a School, with the obvious advantage ofobtaining them at the manufacturers' prices without the costof handling. In this connection there is no variation from; thecustom of large business concerns.

It must be remembered that all Schools (Elementary, Second-ary, and Further Education) have to be supplied by some systemor other, and that no matter what system is adopted; whetherwith a local retail shop, middleman or direct with the manu-facturer, prices must be obtained, contracts arranged, ordersissued, qualities ensured, deliveries and accounts checked.

The The constitution of the staff under the Superintendent onthe ist October, 1923, was as follows :-

105

Office Sta•.iy.Principal A::sistant. • 1Book-keeper and Chief Clerk 1Grade "A "Assistants with special

qualificationsGrade " 4 " Part-time, 3 . .

41

" B " Assistants .. .. 3Juniors, Boys and Girls .. .. 15

Total Office Staff .. .. 25

Total Staff of all Grades .. 41

16

Of the above staff 21 are boys, girls and juniors, and 5 areengaged upon productive work.

The number of the staff cannot be considered as though itwere determined by turnover. It is obvious that the greaterthe success of the Department in obtaining goods for the Schoolsat reduced rates, the greater will be the percentage of overheadcharges to the total turnover. Moreover, increased staff hasbeen the means of securing definite economies, e.g., the Committeepurchased a piece of apparatus which required the services oftwo boys to work. The net result of this purchase has beena substantial economy, but the turnover has been reduced, andthe staff has been increased in-number by two. Other examplesare shown on page 113.

NOTE.-The " turnover " of the Committee's Stores differs from theturnover" of the majority of other Education Authorities inasmuch as

the latter include the profits and working expenses of the contractors" Turnover " with the Committee refers to the cost only of the goods-relatively a much lower figure.

The organiea- The department is organised in six sectionstion of theDepartment.

Section " S."-Stationery and Apparatus.dealing with Stationery Paper.

Stationery Sundries, Varied Occupations, Sports and Games,Office Supplies, Science, Needlework, and lUIiscellaneous.B. Booke andPub?icattions.

D."-Furniture and Furnishing. Furniture, Musical Instru_^o^ >,menta, Blackboard Renovation, Timber, Fuel and Domestic.

"-1Yarehouse and Despatch^.

P."-Printing.A„-Administration and " Counting House."

Summary ofStatement Showing Cost of Materials supplied during the Financial Year endedDepartment.

314 March, 1923.Public Elementary SchoolsSchool âTedical ServiceSchools for BlindCanteens

Central and Local Office Supplies (ElemOther Headings entary)Secondary SchoolsAided Schools .

• .

Technical Institute "Training of Teachers'Central and Local 0$ice SuAgriculture pplies' (Higher).: .Juvenile WelfareExaminations BoardOther ExpensesCapital ExpenditureCounty Library

11'arelaaarse,^^ta^".Working Foreman..Despatch Clerk and GeneralWarehousemen and Packers^'arehouse BoySaw-mill, Odd man & Caretaker .Gammeter MultigraphMotor Lorry

Total Operative Staff

£ s. d.42,471 9 9

439 10 573 12 4

197 7 92,954 7 41,080 1 8

12,185 6 02,275 15 38,452 8 42,965 17 112,645 3 9582 8 2331 18 2252 19 588 12 4

3,262 1 102,036 6 1

£82,295 6 6

106

The following statistical information for the year ended 31st

Pins.Timber.Cricket Bats.Floor Covering.Food Contracts.Pens.Drapery.House Flannels.Soap and Soda.Publications.Potatoes, Seeds.Sports Apparatus.Veneer Pins.Kindergarten Material.Scissors.Forms, Circulars.Brooms and Brushes.Notepaper.Haberdashery.Caretakers' Materials.Office Equipment.Toys.

&c. • 31,799Requisitions received from the Education Departments .. 13,189Orders placed . . . . . .. 11,125Invoices passed, including invoices for Local Purchases 17,570Invoices for goods issued from stock . .. .. .. 18,065

The following list of some of the articles supplied indicatesthe range of goods obtained through the Department :

March, 1923, indicates the volume of the work:-Inward Post.-Packages, Letters, Forms, Invoices, &c. ..Outward Post.-Packages, Letters, Forms, Delivery Notes,

Ailic'es.Gas Engines. andExercise Books.Science Apparatus.Timepieces.Hostel Furniture.Typewriters.Modelling Clays.Sewing Machines.Crockery.Tools.Canteen Utensils.Woodwork Benches.Engineering Equipment.Mowing Machines.Fuel.Printed Reports, Handbooks.Pianos.Desks and Tables.Gymnastic Apparatus.

„

Artists' Requisites. „School Medical Officer's require-

ments. It

The magnitude and complexity of the work connected withsupplies from the warehouse is shown by the following state-ment giving the approximate quantity used in the course of ayear of some of the principal articles :-

Station ery :-Exercise and Note BooksDrawing BooksBlotting PaperExercise and Foolscap PapersDuplicating PaperEnvelopesLead PencilsPens . . :RulersDrawing PinsThree-ply HoldallsWaste Paper BasketsAdhesive TapesHektograph CompositionWax Stencils .Ink PowderTubes of Water ColoursTablets and Pans of ColourBoxes of ColoursWater Colour'BrushesPastelsModelling PasteRaffia

880,848 or 6,117 gross137,088 „ 952 „86,400 sheets or 3 tons.

2,779,6001,100,000

519,000180,000 or665,42417,280

224,8004,182

3245,472

672 tins or12,480 or

3,900 tins or "11,808 or25,344

1,94417,280

394,372 or4.480 lbs. or3,248 „ „

25,618

11 „4 „

1,250 gross4,621

1201,700

6 cwts.26 reams

325 dozen82 gross176

131120

2,739 gross2 tons

29 cwts

Sports Apparatus :-Cricket Bats. •Cricket Balls •Tennis RacketsTennis BallsFootballs

Textiles :-Calicoes . ,Longcloths ..Pillow CottonsCasement ClothsEmbroidery CottonsKnittingSewingSvlkoLaces and EmbroideriesFlannelettes •il7uslins and Nainsooks, &c.Needles ..ZephvrTl'ool• .

Tir,aber:Ash, Beech and BirchDeal .. .. ..Hazel Pine

„ „

Larch ,LimeMahoganyPlywoodPine, yellow

„ „ .,

Oak ..SycamoreSilver Spruce

Teak .. .Walnut-black

Whitewood, American

.3li8cellaneous :-Seed PotatoesArtificial Fertilizer . .Handicraft tools, variousGlasspaper and Emery ClothScrews, woodNails, various.Pins, veneer .Grease and Oil, lubricatingGlue •.Brooms and BrushesMats, variousGas MantlesDustersSoda, crystalScouring PowderFloor, Metal and Stove PolishTowels.Swabs .House FlannelGalvanised and tin wareKitchen PaperHearthstoneSoap, in bars„ „ 4 oz. tablets„ soft

107

10;506

13020638

336173

yards11,682 „4,058

12,34028,428. skeins

1,140 lbs.9,096 reels5,130 balls5,348 yards3,3784,635

181,5002,546 yards2,555 lbs.

313 feet super38,364 „sawn3,435 „ super3,770 „ sawn1,697 „ sawn373 „ super

1,490 „ super725 „ super

2,276 „ super1,247 „ sawn1,291 „ super

377 „ super1,963 „ super8,670 „ sawn159 „ super

1,620 „ super5,264 „ sawn6,591 „ super

23,520 lbs. or 101 tons.10,080 4j2,182 items

319 quires379 gross380 lbs.117 „208 pints369 lb. tins.

3,217331258 dozen

4,01724,472 lbs.3,746 tins5,5991,8873,5686,468 yards1,301 articles

201 quires4,688 lbs.

47,777 „12,002 tablets2,079 lbs.

i

108

Financia! Tables Actual Expenditure for Administrative Expenses, li'arehause Expenses, and theCost of Other 11'ork Perform ed by the Stores D.e•partment during the FinancialYear ended 31st March, 1923.

£ s. d. £ s. d.Salaries and Wages . 7,785 11 1

*Less wages chargeable to Carriage of Goods.. 724 14 3

Accommodation :Rent, Rates and Taxess.. .. .. .. 125 17 9Fuel 75 0 0Gas and Electricity 65 0 0Water . 15 :0 0Cleaning Materials, etc. . . . . . . . . 65 2 7Cleaners' and Caretaker's Wages .. .. 185 0 0Furniture and Equipment .. .. 41 13 7Repairs and Alterations to Build-

ings .. .. .. .. £160 8 10Insurance . . . . . . . £ 9 2 8 ^

Incidentals, including N. H. and UnemployedInsurance

169 11 6

17 10 0

759 15 5tLess proportion chargeable to Carriage of Goods 50 0 0

Despatch of Goods, Cost of Packing, etc. ;*Wages of the Despatch Section . .. 724 14 3,:tAccommodation 50 0 0Packing Materials, etc. . . . . . . . . 23 0 3Postages .. 67 10' 0Motor Service, including wages of Driver and

Mate 4?2 16 3. .. .. .. .. .. :Rail and Carriers' Charges .. . .. 552 0 9Incidentals, including N. H. and Unemploy-ment Insurance .. .. .. .. 7 1 4

1,847 .2 10Chargeable to services other than Supplies.. 205 4 9

Office Expenses ;Printing, Stationery, Telephones, Account

Books, etc. 352 15 11Postages .. 179 16 3Travelling Expenses and Tea Allowances .. 80 19 IIncidentals, including N. H. and Unemploy-

ment Insurances .. . . . . . . 50 5 6

5,640 14 419.624 4 2

£10,486 16' 7

RELATION OF EXPENDITURE 'TO WORK.The table shows the actual value at cost price of goods supplied

and services rendered so far as they can be expressed in figures,together with the actual overhead expenses. It should beborne in mind that most of the economies which, the depart-ment has been instrumental in effecting have reducedthe'totalturnover and have at the same time increased the percentagesof overhead cost.

Supplies :Printing .. .. ..Furniture .. . .FuelOther Supplies

Issued from the Committee's WarehousesDelivered direct to SchoolsLocal Supplies dealt with by Department

7,060 16 10

709 15 5

2,052 7 7

663 16.;:9.

£ s. d... : 6,471 9: 1

28,6591 16 018,832 15 10

3,066 7 150,558 18 11--- --£82,295 6 , 6

I109

EXPENDITURE.Warehouse Expenses, i.e., all expenditure appertaining to the

handling of goods, viz., receiving, storing, and issuing in con-nexion with a central store, viz.

Cost of Goods Handled. Expenses. Percentage.£28,659 16s. Od. £2,894 12s. 8d. 10.1

General Administrative Expenses, i.e., expenditure apper-taining to the arrangements generally for the supply of materials,the necessary office work, including the cost of work to which amoney value cannot be assigned, viz. :

PrintingFurnitureFuelAll Other Supplies

Cost of Supp?ies.£ s, d.

6,471 9 15,640 14 4

19,624 4 250,558 18 11

Working Expenses.£ s. d.748 7 11920 1 1512 2 3

4,362 19 0

Percentage

11.516.32.68.6

£82,295 6 6*Other Services . . . . (No turnover)Warehouse (included in above)

£6,543 10 31,048 13 82,894 12 8

£82,295 6 6 £10,486 16 7

8.0

12.7

Combined General Administrative and Warehouse Expenses forSupplies other than Printing, Furniture and Fuel, viz. :

£ s. d.Warehouse Expenses .. • 2,894 12 8General Expenses .. .. 4,362 zg o

^7,257 zz 8

Various (i) COAL AND COKE.special Items, The Schools, etc., are supplied by one of three systems

(a) Direct supply from colliery.(b) Local contracts.(c) Local purchase by managers.

Under system (a) the Department arranges for the purchase-issues the orders and checks the accounts.

The Committee'sDistrict Secretaries supervise the distribution of the coal, whichgoes to the local station in truck loads.

322 Schools are divided into i$ Districts and are served bythis system.

2,437 tons of Household Coal and 1,227 tons of Anthracitewere obtained during the year under this system.

Household Coal, known as Mansfield Best Cobbles, wroughtat the Bolsover Colliery, was bought under contract and theprice of 20s. 3d. per ton c. andw.,will be recognised as an excep-tionally low price.It

c. and w." means coalat pithead, and includes the wagonhire, which is generally 2s. 6d. per ton.

The only additionalcharges; therefore, are the railway rate, which averages i2s. 6d.per ton, and the cartage from the railway to the Schools, thesecharges varying from 3s. od. to ios. od. per ton, according tothe situation of the School, and mileage from the railway.

* Included in these expenses are the costs involved in storing and distributingPeripatetic stock, non-chargeable forms, work done on the

mittee apart from su L guillotine, saw mill, and otherProductiVe work, etc., as well as the purely administrative work for the Education Com-PP es.

or 14.3 per cent. on cost price of Other Supplies as above, viz.^50,558 18s. iid.

110

Since the date of the contract the coal was increased in priceby the colliery as follows :-

9th August, 1922 .. . is. Od. per ton6th September, 1922, an additional .. Is. Od. „6th November, 1922, an additional .. Is. Od.

29th March, 1923, an additional .. .. Is. 6d.The pit price, therefore, was increased to the colliery agentsby 4s. 6d. during the period of the contract without any corre-sponding increase to the Committee.

Owing to the action of the American markets, and difficultiesprevailing at the pits, it was not considered desirable to arrangea contract for Anthracite Coal, but it was decided to buv whenand how obtainable, according to the best arrangements thatcould be made at the time., The coal was obtained direct fromthe colliery agents at the current Coal Exchange quotation, theadditional charges being railway and cartage.

Under system (b) local contracts are. arranged for 16g Schools,which are divided into 31 Districts.

Under system (c) there are 55 Schools, where owing to the smallconsumption and the difficulty of access, Managers are authorisedto make local arrangements.

The A ppendix on page i16 shows the quantity and cost of coalpurchased under each system during the past year.

(ii) PRINTING AND ADVERTISING.

This section has no connexion with the handling of goods inthe warehouse, and as an administrative section would benecessary under any system.

The work requires knowledge of the technical routine of theprinting trade, particularly in connection with the preparationof contracts and estimates and the subsequent passing ofaccounts for which the section is responsible.

The section advises the various departments in all mattersrelating to printing work, such as the preparation of " copy,"selection of type and paper, style of composition, binding andgeneral arrangements of work, and acts as the intermediarybetween departments and printers., Owing to the changes and variety of work it is impossible toarrange contracts for every requirement. " Job " work forsuch requirements as registers, ledgers, posters, pamphlets,noteheads, etc., all require special quotations, involving detailedspecifications and special knowledge.

Experience has been acquired as to those printers who special-ise in, or give low quotations for particular kinds of work, withthe result that quotations are very close and now represent goodvalue.

In addition to the clearing of approximately goo requisitionsand the placing of z,goo orders, a number of local orders, ofwhich no statistical details are kept, are issued. The number

of contracts arranged is rg, amounting to approximately 4000.In addition, 250 special estimates- were obtained varying inamounts from ^i to C.roo.

The Committee have purchased an office requisite known asa Gammeter Multigraph Machine for supplying various forms,note=heads, etc., and from the results ascertained it is estimatedthat an appreciable saving will be shown in the next year's work.

The work involved in connexion with advertising is small.The selection of papers is made by the Education Departments

111

issuing the advertisements. The Department deals only withthe routine work of checking accounts, issuing orders, therebyrelieving the Central Office Staff.

(iii) BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.

The Committee, owing to their exceptional position, are ableto obtain full discount off all books.

The following shows a comparison of the savings under thepresent system as against the former contract system.

Cost under contract. . . . . . . . . . 14,041it „ present system . . . . , io,769

Gross savingAllowance for overhead charge

Nett saving

3,272

1,076

(IV) SOURCE OF PURCHASE.

Whilst it would be against common practice to publish pricespaid, the following information concerning the source of pur-chase of a few typical School requisites will be of interest, especiallyto those Members of the Council who are connected withbusiness :-

Exercise and Drawing Books and paper generally are obtainedby purchasing the paper direct from the mills and having itmanufactured by trade makers, (viz., by firms who make onlyfor the trade). Approximately zoo tons of paper are boughtannually for these. Until recent years, paper manufacturerswould not supply direct, but recognising the purchasingpowers of the Committee, they have now completely reversedtheir attitude.

As an instance, the Committee invited tendersa month or so back for 6 tons of a certain class of paper andfrom the 70 odd mills making this particular paper, 34 appli-cations for tender forms were received and 24 of this numberwere completed and submitted.

Envelopesform a principal item of supply and are obtained

from various manufacturers who supply only to the trade.Brown Paper is imported direct from Swedish mills. Thispaper is made by a special process which renders it more

tenacious than any similar paper made in this country.Lead Pencils

are purchased from several British manu-facturing firms.The particular grade of pencil most in

demand is made specially for the Committee and bears itsown imprint.Boxwood Rulers

are made to the Committee's specification.The pattern for these rulers is precisely similar to that of acertain ruler listed by a firm of school-supply contractorswhose nett list price for it is approximately qo% higher thanthe price paid by the Committee for their ruler.

Pens, Drawing Pins, Paper Fasteners and Compasses,andsimilar goods are obtained from well-known makr's there on

the usual trade terms.As an illustration of the s ving effected

here, the Committee not long ago had before them. a specialquotation from a retail firm to one of thedepartments for a certain pro County Councilwhich disclosed the fact that the local fline

trm sfprj eewass6xfasteners

j%

112

above that of the manufacturer, part of the difference beinghis profit and part that of the wholesaler from whom he bought.The Committee purchase in such quantities as to enable themto obtain the identical fasteners direct from the maker.

Adhesive Tapes of French manufacture are bought direct :Inkwells, Palettes, etc., are obtained from the Potteries : WastePaper Baskets from a well-known basket maker.

Raffia is bought in the Docks in original bales as importedfrom Madagascar, Modelling Paste from manufacturers in thiscountry.

Varied Occupations. Coloured paper and thin cards usedfor instructional purposes are purchased in the flat from themills and are cut to the required sizes on the Department'sguillotine and banded into packets. A considerable saving iseffected by this method: This item is also referred to in Sec-tion (v) '

Cricket Bats and Hockey Sticks are obtained from a well-known maker. The difference between the maker's priceand the usual retail selling price is approximately 50 per cent.

Cricket Balls are obtained direct from the factory.Nets, and Netting for Cricket, Lawn Tennis, Football, and

Hockey are obtained from manufacturers who supply prac-tically all the sports-goods dealers of note throughout thecountry. They are not stocked but sent direct from thefactory to schools as required. Nevertheless, the Committeehere buy very advantageously, the difference between theprices hey pay and the prices that would have to be paidunder the ordinary system of supply being approximaiely;50per cent.

Office Supplies requisitions are principally met from suppliespurchased for Schools. Additional items such, as are usedonly for administration purposes, are purchased from variousmanufacturers.

. Calicoes, Longcloths and Pillow Cottons are ,bought by theCommittee direct from some of the largest mills'which supplythe London wholesale houses.

Sewing Needles, Knitting Pins and Needles, Pins,and' CrochetHooks are obtained from manufacturers.

Muslins, etc., are bought direct from :the makers. In thecase of two proprietary materials, the fixed minimum retailselling prices are 6o per cent. and 671, per cent. respectivelyabove that paid by the Committee.

Wools are bought from three of the largest firms of spinners.The fixed minimum retail selling prices vary from 40 per Cent.to 50 per cent. above those paid by the Committee.` "

Seed Potatoes are bought direct from the growers in Scot-land and distributed from the warehouse to Schools withother goods. The prices of a well-known !seedsman are 150per cent. higher for similar seeds.

Artificial Fertilizer is mixed to the Committee's formula andbought in 4 ton lots and sent out to Schools with other goods.It is common knowledge that seedsmen generally ask veryhigh prices for artificial manures and the financial advantageof schools obtaining small lots of 35 lbs. at agricultural mer-chants' rates. for 4 ton lots is obvious.

Timber is exceedingly difficult to deal with. Notwithstand-

ing carefully drawn specifications and frequent change Jn

113

contractors, it is always difficult to obtain satisfactorydeliveries unless each one is examined separately.

It has proved far more satisfactory and economical to buyin fair quantities from the importers and convert into sizessuitaole for class purposes, on the premises.

By the present system the Committee are able to utilisepacking cases, packing laths, crates, etc., which cost a. nominalsum, and convert them into suitable material for educationalrequirements. Prepared material would cos:: many time.smore. School desk^ are dealt with similarly.

(V) SECOND-HAND SUPPLIES AND PRODUCTIVE WORK.

The work dealing with second-hand stock is only in its initialstages, but there appears to be considerable scope, particularlyin the case of, Reading and Class Books, and other expensiveapparatus, for effecting economies by renovation and re-issue.Having regard to,the annual expenditure on School suppliesthe amount of stock in the County over a number of years isvery considerable. Approximately z5o,ooo books were dis-tributed through the warehouse during the past year.

In the course of time and before the subject matter is obsolete,some of the books are useless owing to damage, etc. Some ofthese books can now be returned for repair and renovation, andsubsequent re-issue. Although the work is not fully organisedthe number of books repaired since the beginning of the year isapproximately i,ooo. Also, books can now be disinfected.

Another advantage of the present system is the use of thewarehouse as a clearing house for books in good conditionwhich are lying idle at a School, and for which requisitions arereceived from other Schools. This affects Rural Schools inparticular when various classes are grouped together, and wherebooks used one year have to be stored for four years until acomplete new grouping is formed. Without a clearing housethe result would be a number of books which eventually becomeobsolete but are in good condition-dead capital.

Whilst there is a recognised financial advantage in doingthis. work, it must not be forgotten that it acts disadvantage-ously to the Department inasmuch as the turnover is reducedand the working expenses increased, which means a higherpercentage of overhead expenses, although the net saving isgreater.

Whilst the Committee have no desire or intention to manu-facture any article for School supply, yet the opportunities ofeffecting economies by adaptation are continually arising, e.g.,a large quantity of small squares of paper of various sizes areused in the Infant teaching of paper folding, carton work, brushand pastel work. These papers are not a regular article ofpurchase by the public and the prices charged- are generallyhigh in comparison with their value. The Department in theirpurchases buy paper in the flat in bulk direct from the papermills, and by use of the guillotine cut it into any required sizeat small cost. An instance of the difference in cost was notedby a deputation when inspecting the warehouse, when a packetof paper containing zoo sheets, size 8" by 8" was charged at61d. per packet,by the contractor, whereas the K.E.C. priceis 2Jd. °

H

114

The following are a few representative examples of advantageswhich cannot be shown in any balance sheet owing to the factthat the Department does not work for a profit :-

Article.

K. E. U. Cost includingoverhead charges, etc.

£ s. d.5 3 78 3 613 13 96 16 62 4 6

Form G.101Lib.832 M.I.1, M.I., . .Fin.24

;> » 49Rest Cots .Toilet Papers

Freearm BoardsModelling Boards.White Drawing Paper in pac-

kets of 100Brown Drawing Paper in pac-

kets of 100Coloured Carton Paper in pkts.

100 ..Foolscap Duplicator PaperBrown Carton Paper

1 5 511 1

1 16 8 gross pkts.

7418 5 gross

20 11 8 1,000 pkts.

8 15 1 1,000

2 13 5 1002 3^ ream

4 7 9 100

Outside Cost.

£ s. d.7 15 6

13 2 719 15 013 5 23°10 02 11 9

18 02 0 0 plus car.

gross pkts.1 0 each

2 2 0 gross

31 5 0 1,000 pkts.

20 16 8 1,000 „

6 17 6 1003 0 ream

5 18 9 100

,>

»

The same procedure applies to other papers, such as stencilduplicating paper, exercise and drawing papers, which arebought in the flat at the mills and cut up to the size as required.It is possible, also, to cut up odd paper such as Voting Lists,and by stapling they are made into useful scribbling blocks ata cost (including overhead charges) of 2S. 72d. per ioo.

(vi) FINANCIAL.

A Balance Sheet showing Profit and Loss in commercialfashion is not possible for the reason that the. Department is notorganised as a trading concern

The objections agairist quoting the trade prices at which goodsure bought by the Committee will be clearly recognised. These

prices are given by manufacturers upon the understanding thatthey are not to be divulged to competitors.

In the course of the special inquiries, various tests weremade, including a comparison with the prices paid by six CountyAuthorities, whose identity, however, must for obvious reasonsbe treated as confidential.- It was found that all these Authori-ties were paying considerably higher prices than Kent and thatif Kent had paid the average price of the six Authorities, theextra cost after allowing for overhead charges would have'been 22.1 per cent. In making these comparisons every item.supplied by Kent which was reasonably comparable was in--cluded, and for the purpose of calculation a uniform basis ofquantity of each article consumed in Kent, based upon the'previous year's consumption, was taken.

Before starting any new Section, a special examination is made,as to the possible financial gains, e.g., reference is made in anotherpart of this Report to the Book section.

In connexion with

the stationery paper section a comparison was made between the

115

prices paid for the first order of paper goods purchased in bulkin June, 1922, and the prices then paid under the current contractwhich had been revised in April, I922, the result showing anet difference of at least 2o per cent. The total value of thefirst bulk order for paper stationery was ^2,0o0, which, how-ever, did not represent the year's turnover.,

In estimating the working costs, all experiditure such as rent,.rates, taxes, water, insurance, gas, electricity, fuel, cleaningmaterials, office and warehouse supplies, telephone and postages,carriage, travelling expenses, have been included.

The Committee extend a cordial invitation to any Memberof the County Council to inspect the work more closely, andthe Chairman of the Stores Sub-committee will be pleased atany time to arrange to show any Member over the premises andexplain any matter which may not be clear in his mind.

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117

' CHAPTER XIII.

FINANCE.

The period which has elapsed since the issue of the Com-mittee's Thirteenth Report, for the year rgig-2o, has been oneof peculiar difficulty. In view of the financial stringency whichhas prevailed; the Committee have been faced with the dualproblem of restricting their expenditure, wherever possible,and at the same time honouring their obligations under theEducation Acts.

Elementary The annual Statement of the Committee's Receipts andEducation, Expenditure :on Revenue Account in respect of Elementary

Education for the year ended 31st March, 1923, is given onpages 128 to 131:

From this Statement it will be seen that the total receiptsfor the year amounted to ^861,zi2 rzs. 3d. and the total expendi-ture to 052,025 15s. 22d.

A comparison of these figures with the corresponding figuresfor the year ended 31st March, 1920, which were included inthe Thirteenth Report, shows that the receipts have increasedby the sum of ^194,556 os. 7d., while the expenditure has in-creased by ^231;595 ios. iz2d.

The head of expenditure which shows the largest increaseis that of Te4chers' Salaries. The expenditure under this headfor the year ended 31st March,. 1920, was &48,486 5s. 8d., while,for the last c4mpleted: financial year, 1922-23, the expenditurewas ^6q.4, z82 3s. 7d., an increase of no less than ^z95,6g5 Us. iid.,or 43.6 per cent.

It is intere^ting to compare this expenditure with the corre-sponding figuie for the year 1913-4 the last completed finan-cial ^ ear before-_the War, in which year the Committee's ex-penditure; wa^ £222,598 6s. id. There has, therefore, been anincrease of expenditure under this head alone of no less than^422,583 17s•; 6cd', or 18g. per cent.

The Council are familiar with the reasons for the largely in-creased ex;peuditure under this head and the matter need notbe further dealt-with here.

There have!also been substantial increases in the expenditureunder other heads of account. The Committee's total main-tenance expenditure on Public Elementary Schools for theyear 1922723 '.,was, £752,57z I2s. Tod., compared with expendi-ture amounting to f,535,663 Iis• ird. in igig-2O.

On page 134 is given a statement showing the expenditureon Publiic El^mentary Schools maintained by the Committeeunder each sub-Iiead for each of the last four financial yearsand also the average cost per head under each sub-head.

A reference :to this statement will show that the total averagecost per. head for maintenance expenditure only which was43 14s. 2d: in;, the year 1913-14 had increased to £7 12s. Iid.in Igjg-zo, and to &0 17s, 7d, in 1922-23.

There was, there-fore, an increase in the six years ending March 31st, 1920, of

a

1

I

118

^3 18s. 9d. per head, and a further increase at the rate of^3 4s. 8d. per head during the following three years.

Compared with the year Iglg-20 further increases of ex-penditure have arisen under other heads of expenditure, ofwhich details are given in the sub-joined statement :-

AdministrationExpenses.

Schools for Blind, Deaf, Defective

I919-20. I922-23.Increase.

ReceiptsElementary^dncation.

and Epileptic Children .. .. 6,o8o zI,I28 5,048Provision of Meals . .. .. 824 2,857 2,033Medical Inspection, etc. .. .. 7,617 I2,179 4.562Loan Charges .. .. .. 23,372 23,598 226Administration-Central . . . . 28,671 2I,660 7,0II

(decrease)Local .. .. 8,872 13,155 4,283

Capital Expenditure out of Revenue I,699 3,294 1,595

The total expenditure per head of average attendance for theyear 1922-23, works out at ^I2 7s. 443d. compared with a figureof £8 17s. od. for the year Iglg-2o.

In considering the growth in the average cost per head thepoint should not be overlooked that during the last few yearsthe average attendance in the Elementary Schools has beensteadily falling, and it, of course, follows that as part of theCommittee's expenditure is not thereby affected, e.g., Fuel,Lighting and Cleaning, Expenditure on Maintenance of Build-ings, and Loan Repayments, etc., this factor alone accountsfor an increase in the average cost per head.

With regard to the decrease of expenditure shown aboveunder the head of Head Office Administration Expenses,it should be explained that, during the financial year ended31st March, 1923, the Committee, have, for the first time,charged four-fifths of the cost of the Buildings and StoresDepartments to the heads of expenditure chargeable with thecost of the work done or the goods supplied by these depart-ments. The remaining one-fifth, of the cost of these depart-ments has been charged to Administration. The decrease ofHead Office Administration Expenses is only partly attribut-able to this new allocation of the expenditure. Very largereductions have been made in the bonuses payable to the Ad-ministration Staff proportionate to the fall in the cost of living,and successful efforts have been made in several directions toreduce the cost in administration.

Dealing now with the Receipts, a comparison of the Statementgiven on page 132 with the figures for 1919-20 shows that inthis section also there has been a large increase.

The principal items of Receipts in respect of ElementaryEducation are Government Grants and Rates. The Grant re-

ceived from the Board of Education during the year ended31st March, Ig2o, was £321,387 i8s. 2d., while the amount forthe year 1922-23 was &71,831, an increase of ^150,443•

Vt'ith regard to the item of Government Grant, it should beborne in mind that under the provisions of the Grant Regula-tions of the B oard of Education the amount received during. anyfinancial year is go per cent of the estimated amount payablein respect of the year plus the balance of grant (if any) payablein respect of the previous year.

Rates.

119

The total amount raised by rates (other than Special Rates)during the year 1919-2o was ^314,537, and the amount for theyear 1922-23 was ^346,87?, an increase of ^32,334•

In considering the question of Elementary Education Rates,the following Statement, which shows the rates in the £ raisedin 1913-14 and in each of the following years, is interesting;:--

Rates raised.

Year. ElementayyEducation.

s. d.

1913-14 .. .. .. .. 0 111

1914-15 .. .. .. .. I 0

1915-16 .. .. .. .. o II'-

1916-17 .. .. .. .. I 0

1917-18 .. .. .. .. I 2

1918-19 .. .. .. .. I I2

1919-20 .. .. .. .. I II

1920-2I .. .. .. .. 2 4

1921-22 .. .. .. .. 2 2

1922-23 .. .. .. .. 2 IZ

It should be pointed out that the whole of the amount raisedby rates has not been spent, a substantial amount remainingas a balance in hand at the close of the year. At the end of theyear 19i9-20 the unexpended balance was £75,272 I2s.f4d.,while on the 31st March, 1923, the corresponding balance was^167,571 i4s. 2^d. This very large balance was attributablepartly to the very substantial savings which the Committeesucceeded in making during the year as compared with theirannual estimate approved by the Council at the beginning ofthe year and partly to the increased working balance which theCommittee's larger expenditure makes it necessary to provide.

The Committee regret that, in view of the pressing need foreconomy, they have found it necessary to discontinue thekeeping of Abstract Accounts showing the receipts and expendi-ture in respect of each School and they are, therefore, unable topublish the details which have been given in previous reports.

Loan Account. The Statement of the Cominittee's Receipts and Expenditureon Loan Account is given on pages IN and 131.

Loans On page 135 details are shown of the amounts of Loans out-Outstanding.standing on the 31st March, 1923. The total at that date was^19o,687 os. 3d. The amount of Principal repaid during theyear was £15,734 13s. 2d.

The corresponding totals of outstanding loans for 1913-14.and each of the last four years are shown below :-

S. d.1913-14 .. .. .. 287,421 6 z1919-20 .. .. .. 212,232 5 31920-2I .. .. .. 197,304 13 61921-22 .. .. .. 2o6,42I 13 51922-23 .. .. .. 19o,687 0 3

From these figures it will be seen that the total indebtednesshas been reduced during the past nine years by the sum of&6,734 5s. lid.

During the year 1922-23 no new loans were raised for Elemen-

120

Elementary tary Education purposes, but Capital Expenditure on Buildings,Education. Furniture, etc., of the amount of ^3,294 8s. iod. has been met

out of Revenue Account.. In accordance with the Committee's practice, three-fourthsof this expenditure has been recovered by Special Rates leviedunder Section 122 (I) (c) and (d) of the Education Act, 1921,upon the areas served by the schools affected.

Higher The annual statement of the Committee's Receipts and Ex-Education.penditure in respect of Higher Education for the financial yearended 31st March, I923 is given on pages 136 to 139.

The total expenditure on Revenue Account during the yearin question was &61,2I2 17s. 32d.

The following statement gives particulars of the Committee'sexpenditure. for each of the last four years under the mainheads of expenditure while in the last two columns is shown theincreased (or decreased) expenditure in the year I922-23 ascompared with the corresponding figures for the year Igig-2o,which were published in the Committee's Thirteenth Report:-

1922-23 comparedwith 1919-20.

1919-20. 1920-21. 1921-22. 1922-23. Increase. Decrease.Secondary Schools: £ £ £ £ £ £

Maintained .. .. 95,888 155,610 159,989 163,094 67,206 -Aided .. .. 11,913 45,047 48,645 43,746 31,833 -

Grants to Universities . - - - 2,500 2,500 -Training of Teachers .. 12,384 23,326 19,329 18,228 5,844 -Scholarships and Ex-

hibitions .. 27,901 38,595 46,040 62,868 34,967 -Further Education (in- •

cluding Juvenile Em-ployment) .. .. 61,479 93,780 96,295 90,623 29,144

Agricultural Education 15,839 23,037 16,484 14,557 - 1,282Administration Expenses :

Central .. .. 15,361 19,389 21,386 13,514 - 1,847Local .. .. 6,768 8,853 8,494 8,186 1,418 -

Loans Repayment andInterest .. 7,218 11,309 16,351 18,741 11,523 -

Other Expenditure 15,181 4,021 5,720 6,977 - 8,204

Capital Expenditure .. * * 12,171 18,179 18,179 -.

Total .. .. 269,932 422,967 450,904 461,213 191,281

* Included under respective headings.

With regard to the large increase shown under the head ofSecondary Schools, here again, as in the case of ElementaryEducation, the increase is attributable to the substantially greaterexpenditure on Teachers' Salaries. There has also been a].argeaccession of new pupils involving extended accommodation,additional teachers, etc.

The expenditure on Salaries in Maintained Schools togetherwith the average cost per head for each of the last four yearsis shown below :

Cost per head.s. d.

Igzg-20 .. . . 64 ,232 13 19 -II

I920-2I . . .. 107,010 19 15 4I921-22 .. .. I24,008 21 9 0

I922-23 .. .. I26,9IO 22' 4 7

121

It will be seen that the expenditure in the year I922-23shows an increase of ^62,678 over the corresponding expenditurein igzg-2o. The Council are conversant with the reasons forthis large increase. The matter has been fully dealt with fromtime to time in the Committee's 'various reports to the Counciland it is not considered necessary to deal with the questionagain in this Report.

Administration With regard to the decrease shown in Administration Ex-Espenses. penses, here also, as stated with reference to Elementary Educa-

tion, a part of the decrease is due to the arrangement underwhich four-fifths of the cost of the Buildings and Stores Depart-ments is carried to the heads of expenditure chargeable with thecost of work done or goods supplied by those departments.

aeceints. Dealing now with Receipts, it will be seen from the AnnualStatement (page 136) that the total receipts for the year1922-23 amounted to &49,960 2s. 3d.

A summary of these Receipts, together with correspondingfigures for the three previous years are given below :-

1919-20. 1920-21. 1921-22. 1922-23.

Rates„ Special

Grant from Board ofEducation

Grant from Board ofAgriculture .. ..

Exchequer ContributionsSecondary School:

Fees . . ,Other Fees ..Other Receipts. .

£ £ £ £142,354 201,626 200,347 159,712

9,737 9,902 11,362 3,882

58,746 176,887

3,751 9,12825,251 25,251

130,546 143,706

6,000 11,20725,251 25,251

40,744 50,053 56,719 80,8488,970 11,503 11,671 13,639

22,908 17,783 20,317 11,715

Increase or de-crease in 1922-23compared with

1919-20.

Increase. Decrease,

40,1044,669- 11,193

Total .. .. 312,461 502,133 462,213 449,960 137,499

MaintainedSecondarySchools.

A Statement showing the Receipts and Expenditure in respectof each Maintained Secondary School for the year 1922-23is given on pages 144 and 145. This Statement shows also theaverage expenditure per pupil.

The total maintenance cost per head in all the maintainedSecondary Schools for I922-23 was ^27 17s. iod., compared with£23 os• 8d., which was the cost per head in 1919-2o, an increaseof 1.4 17s, 2d, per head. Nearly the whole of this increase is onaccount of the increased expenditure on Teachers' Salaries.

The cost per head for Salaries in zgz9-2o was ^17 os. id.,while the cost for the year 1922-23 is £22 q.s. 7d., an increaseat the rate of ^5 q.s. 6d. per head.

Taking the classes of schools separately the total averagegross cost per head in Boys' Schools for 1922-23 was £29 z7s• 5d. ;'n 1919-20 it was ^25 8s. 4d. ; an increase of £q. gs. id. per head.

The cost per head for Teachers' Salaries in Boys' Schoolsduring I922-23 was ^24 3s. 8d., compared with a figure of&8 Iis. 5d. in z9jg_2o, an increase of ^5 12s. 3d. per head.

In the Girls' Schools the total average cost for 1922-23 was£26 5s. Izd. ; the cost in 1919-2o was ^2Z 13s. 8d. ; which showsan increase of 14 I2s. 3d, per head.

The cost of Teachers' Salaries

!

1.22

AidedSecondaryScnoole.

in I922-23 was ^20 13s. 5d., against a figure of &6 os. 2d. inIglg-2o, an increase in these Schools of & 13s. 3d. per head.

In the two Mixed Schools (Erith and Southlands) the totalaverage gross cost for I922-23 was ^33 7s. 4d., whereas in Iglg-2o the corresponding figure for the one (Erith) Mixed Schoolwas ^24 7s. 7d. There has been an increase here of £8 Igs. gd:per head. Of this increase the cost of Salaries of Teachers isresponsible for ^8 i2s. 3d., the cost in Iglg-2o having been£18 17S. 2d. and in I922-23, ^27 gs. 5d.

These figures are summarised below :-Teachers' Salaries. Total Gross Maintenance cost

Cost per head. per head.1919-20. 1922-23. Increase. 1919-20. 1922-23. Increase.

£ s. d. £ s: d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.Boys' Schools 18 11 5 24 3 8 5 12 3 25 8 4 29 17 5 4 9 1Girls' Schools 16 0 2 20 13 5 4 13 3 21 13 8 26 5 11 4 12 3Mixed Schools 18 17 2 27 9 5 8 12 3 24 7 7 33 7 4 8 19 9All Schools 17 0 1 22 4 7 5 4 6 23 0 8 27 17 10 4 17 2

It will be observed that in the Boys' and Girls' Schools theincrease in the average cost per head of Teachers' Salaries isin each case more than the increase in the total average gross cost.It follows, therefore, that in these Schools there has been a reduc-tion in the average cost per head of the total of all items of ex-penditure other than Teachers' Salaries.

Considering now the similar statements on pages 146 to 148relating to Secondary Schools aided by the Committee, it willbe seen that the total maintenance cost per head is ^25 15s. iid.The corresponding figure for the year ended 31st March, 1920,was &7 Ios. 4d. There has thus been an increase here of^8 5s. 7d. per head. Of this increase, Salaries of Teachers areresponsible for ^6 Iis. 6d., the average cost in I jig-2o havingbeen £I2 Igs. 6d., and in I922-23, &g IIS. od.

The cost per head in the Boys' Schools for the year I922-23was ^26 5s. IId., compared with f17 13s. iod. in Iglg-2o, anincrease at the rate of ^8 12S. Id., and in the Girls' Schools thecost was ^24 8s. od., compared with &7 os. 7d. in Iglg-2o, anincrease of ^7 7s. 5d.

The following tables show a comparison between the averagemaintenance cost per head in Maintained Schools and AidedSchools for the years Iglg-2o and I922-23, and the averagecost per head for Teachers' Salaries in the same years

Comparison of average maintenance cost per head.Iglg-2o.

^ s. d.Maintained Schools :

Ig22-23.^ s. d.

Boys .. .. 25 8 4 29 17 5Girls .. .. 21 13 8 26 5 IIMixed .. .. 24 7 7 33 7 4

Total. .

Aided Schools :BoysGirls

.. 23 0 8 27 17 10

17 13 Io 26 5 II

17 0 7 24 8 0

Total.. .. 17 10 4 25 15 II

Increase. Peycenta;es. d. Increase.

4 9 I4 12 3

8 19 9

17.52

21 .3838.86

4 17 221.09

8 I2 I 48.63

7 7 5 43•a8 .

8 5 7 47 -2()

123

Co7ftparison of average cost Per head for Teachers' Salaries.1919-20. 1922-23. Incyease. Percentage^ s. d. s. d. £ s. d. Increase.

Maintained Schools :Boys .. .. IS iz 5 24 3 8 5 12 3 30.2Girls .. .. 16 0 2 20 13 5 4 13 3 29.1Mixed .. .. 18 17 2 27 9 5 8 12 3 45.7

Total.. .. Z7 o z 22 4 7 5 4 6

Aided Schools :Boys .. . 12 16 5 zg 16Girls .. .. 13 8 4 18 15

7 7 0

30.7

2 54•75 5 7 I 39•9

Total. . .. 12 ig 6 zg ii o 6 zi 6 50.7

It will be noticed that both with regard to the cost per headof all maintenance expenses and the cost per head of teachers'salaries, while there have been larger percentage increases inthe Aided Schools than in the Maintained Schools the actualrates per head in the Aided Schools are still lower than thosein the Committee's Schools. This is due principally to the

tnnior higher staffing ratio in the Schools maintained by the Committee.

ana an or A statement showing Receipts and Expenditure in respectCommercial of Junior Technical and Junior Commercial Schools will be foundSchools. on page 151.

The average maintenance cost per pupil is J28 2S. Td., ofwhich Teachers' Salaries are responsible for f,23 17s. 9d. Thetotal maintenance cost per head in these Schools in 1919-20was ^22 2S. rod., so that there has been an increase here in thetotal maintenance cost at the rate of £5 19s. 3d. per head.

This increase is more than accounted for by the increasedTeachers' Salaries in the cost of which there has been an increaseat the rate of £6 14s. 7d. per head since zgfg-2o, the averagecost in the latter year having been &7 3s. 2d. There has, there-fore, been a reduction in the cost per head of that part of theexpenditure which is within the Committee's control and isevidence of the Committee's efforts to secure economy whereverpossible.

Technicalastitutea The detailed statement on pages 149 and z5o gives particulars

And Artn0018 of the Receipts and Expenditure in Technical Institutes andSchools of Art. It will be seen that the total receipts were0>8; ; 18s. 3d., and the total expenditure, ^53,5o7 17s. 9d. Theincreased expenditure on this department of the Committee'swork during the three years since 1919-20 is ^9449-theexpenditure in that year having been ^44,o58 17s. 8d.

en °gSimilar detailed statements relating to the Receipts anduses,

Expenditure in connexion with the Evening Classes in Urban?omen's and Rural Centres are given on pages 152 and 153.nstitufea.

An item which is shown separately for the first time in thetable relating to Rural Centres is that of Women's Institutesin connexion with which there have been expenses during the

4e End Farm, financial year zq22-23 amounting to ^63o 13s. 6d.On page 159 will be found a trading account in respect of

Grove End Farm, for the period from October zgig-the dateof purchase--to the 31st March, 1921, and for each of thefinancial years ended 3rst March, 1922 and 1923.

Hostels.

1^'4

The Committee are now maintaining four Hostels, the Ah-r-rdeTerrace and Gran viife. Park Hostels at Blackheath andSpringhill Hostel at Bromley for students attending the Gold-smiths' Training Cniile-ge and the Hostel at Ashford for pupilsattending the A hf-rjrd County School for Girls. y

Statements of the Receipts and Expenditure in connexionwith these Hostels are g-mvera on pages 154 to 157.

The gross maintenance cost per head at each Hostel is asfollows :-

f s: d.Aberdeen Terrace .. .. 64 7 oGranville Park- 51 15 11Springhill .. .. .. 56 6 6

. Ashford County School for Girls 31 10 2

Loan The statement of the Committee's Receipts and ExpenditureAccount. on Loan Account is given on pages r¢o and 141.

LoansOutstanding.

Endowmen

On page 16o is given a statement showing the amounts out-standing at the close of the year 1922-23 in respect of loansraised for purposes of Higher Education.

From this table it NN-ill be seen that the total indebtedness ofthe Committee on the 31st March, 1923, was ^2-j6,20I 55. id.This compares with a figure of ^233,05; ^s. 9d. at the close ofthe pre'Vious financial year.

During the year 1922-23 new loans agn.ousating to ^,8;8-owere received, while the total amount of principal repaid during

a pensions scheme for masters and new provision with regard. to

the year was ^5,706 2s. 8d.

The Committee have received copies of the following Ordersand Schemes of the Board of Education since the-.Thirteenth:Report was published:-

Ashford. ,.

Ashford G7a^^^inar School Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education established on, the`r-th

September, 1920, altering the Scheme of 23rd Ifarch, 19ao,for the administration of the above-mentioned Foiindation.

The Scheme provides for the repeal of a clause which authorised

examinations.

in the matter.

Order of the Board of Education authorising, the sale °.of

the property belonging to the above-mentioned' Foundation,*situate in the parish of Harrietsham, for the sum of ^4^5, thepurchaser accepting the title and paying the expense5 of TT'uste^s

trustees.

Borden--William Barrow Foundation

Director, and Mr. Charles Harden, of High Street,..-Ash, td be

Order of the Board removing from the body of Trustees ofthis Foundation, William Dixon (at his own request) and appoint-ing Mr. Thomas Solly Coleman, of Goss: Hall, -Ash,; Farmer,Mr. Walter Kenwick Lister, of Cyprus.-House; :Ash,. f3re.'^^ery

_Ash-ne-vt-Sandw,^ici-Carlwright Chara:tv.

Cranbrook School.Maidstone Grammar School.

Scheme of the Board of Education sealed 31st January, 1922,Sandwich, Sir Roger 141anwood's Grammar School.Maidstone Grammar School for Girls. '

125

altering certain Schemes regulating these schools in regard tofees.

Edenbridge.The County Council have received notification of the bequest

of lz,ooo free of duty, by the late Miss Mary Jane Norman,for the purpose of granting annually two or more "Norman "Junior Scholarships on certain conditions.

Hartlifi, Mary Gibbons' Foundation.Order of the Board of Education appointing :-Seymour Wakeley of The Limes, Rainham-Esquire,Henry Lumley Webb, of Tunstall House, Sittingbourne, a

Lieutenant Colonel in His Majesty's Army,Wilfred S. Stevens, Place Farm, Hartlip-Farmer, andWilfred Luck, of The Cottage, Hartlip-Esquire,New Trustees of this Foundation.

High Halden, James Tilden Foundation.Order of the Board of Education, authorising the sale of the

property situate at High Halden, for the sum of ^75, the pur-chaser accepting the title and paying the expenses of the Trusteesin the matter.

Lydd, Old National School Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed 29th October,

1920, provides for the letting of the School premises of the Foun-dation (excepting, if the Trustees think fit, the teacher's resi-dence) to the Local Education Authority. Provision is madefor the use of the School premises for Sunday School purposes,and for other purposes out of School hours. The Scheme alsoprovides that any sums received under the Scheme by way ofrent or otherwise in respect of the use of the School premisesshall, after payment of any expenses of administration, beapplied by the Trustees in aid of the Sunday School or classesor lectures held on the School premises out of School hours.

New Romney, Southlands Educational Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed on the 24th August

1923, for the administration of this Foundation.

Milton Regis.(a) Hopson's Educational Foundation.(b} John Knotts' Foundation.(c) Elizabeth Morley's Foundation.

Scheme of the Board of Education sealed 23rd June, r922,which provides :--

"(I) After payment of the expenses of administration, the net incomeof the Foundation shall be applied by the Trustees, in one or more of thefollowing ways:-

(a) In assisting pupils to attend schools, institutions or classes forpurposes of education other than elementary, by paying their fees

ortravelling or other incidental expenses, or in providing them withmaintenance allowances ; provided that candidates for these benefitsshall be boys or girls resident in the said

Urban District, who, in theopinion of the Trustees, are in need of financial assistance.

(b) Inmaking arrangements approved by the Local Education

Authority for attending to the health or physical condition of childrenattending any Public Elementary School in the said Urban District.

126

(c) In otherwise promoting the education, including social andphysical training, of boys and girls of the poorer classes in the saidUrban District.(2) The Trustees shall consult the Local Education Authority as to

their general action under this clause and, if occasion requires, as to theeducational qualifications of candidates for benefit."

S. Paul's Infant School Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed 23rd June, 1922,

which provides : -

" The income of the Foundation (including all sums received in respectof the use of the School premises under this Scheme) shall be applied bythe Trustees for the insurance against fire and repair and improvementof the buildings and other expenses incidental to the administration ofthe Foundation, and subject thereto in any of the following ways :-

(a) In aid of the general purposes of the Sunday School and religiousand other instruction aforesaid.

(b) In aid.of the general purposes of any other Sunday School con-ducted in accordance with the doctrines of the Church of England forthe benefit of children and young persons of the poorer classes in thesaid Urban District.

(c) In the maintenance (including insurance), and improvementof the buildings and premises of any Church of England Public Ele-mentary School attended by children resident in the said Urban Dis-trict for which purpose payments may be made to the Managers ofthe School,-to be accounted fat by them to the Trustees."

Rochester, Longley Road Mission Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed 16th May, 1922,

providing, inter alia, for the use of the School premises of theFoundation by the Trustees, so far as is practicable, for thebenefit of children and adults or children only, of the labouring,manufacturing and. other poorer classes in the EcclesiasticalParishes of St. Margaret, Rochester and St. Matthew, Borstal.

Rochester, Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School.Order of the Board of Education, authorising the sale of

properties situate at Gad's Hill, in the parish of.Higham, forthe sum of &,8oo; the purchaser accepting the title and payingthe,expenses of the Governors in the matter (except the cost ofthe Surveyor's report) not exceeding the sum of £40.

Rochestey; Sir Josep h Williamson's Mathematical. School.-Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed 25th Jan'uary,

1921, altering the Scheme regarding the Foundation.It provides that the existing Scheme shall have effect with the

following alterations-:-The repeal of a clause which authorises a pension scheme

for masters, and new provision with regard to examinations.

Rochester Grammar School for Girls.Scheme of the Board. of Education, dated 7th January, 192I,

with*regard .to this Foundation. The Scheme provides for therepeal of Clause 25 of the Scheme made by the Board of Educa-tion. on the 30th June, z9o9, authorising a pension scheme formistresses, and new provision with regard, to examinations.

Order of the Board of Education, sealed .3'zst January, 1922,approving the purchase by the Governors of this Foundation,of a piece of land situate at the junction of Maidstone Road andAlbany Road, in the parish of St. Margaret's. Rochester; in trustfor the Foundation for the sum of ^505, which has been providedby a grant of that amount made by the County Council.

127

Se°^,e;aoaks Gram,na7• School.Scheme of the Board of Education sealed 5th September,

1022, altering the Scheme of i8th February, zgi9, with regardto Fees.

Southboyough Holme Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed on the i8th Sep-

tember, 1923, for the administration of this Foundation.

Sutton Valence, United Westminster Schools Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed on the 31st Decem-

ber, z92o, which makes certain alterations in the scale of Fees.

Tonbridge, Free Grammar School of Sir Andye;v Judd (CommercialSchool).

Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed 12th September,1922, providing that the Scheme regulating Sir Andrew Judd'sCommercial School, Tonbridge, being a Scheme made under theEndowed Schools.Acts on 15th October, 1889, as amended andaltered by Schemes of 4th November, i^9oi, and 23rd March,1911, shall have effect with the exception of a clause which hasbeen amended in regard to Fees.

Order of the Board of Education authorising the lease ofproperty belonging to this Foundation, situate in the Metropoli-tan Borough of St. Pancras, for a term of ninety-nine years atan aggregate annual rent of ^325 for the first two years and off65o thereafter, the lessees agreeing to expend not less than£25,000 in building.

Wye School Foundation.Scheme of the Board of Education, sealed 19th June, 1923,

altering the Scheme made under the Endowed Schools'. Acton the 16th May, 1893, at present regulating the Foundation.Provision is made for the appropriation by the Governors to aseparate Exhibitions' Account of a yearly sum of not less than^6o out of the general income of the Foundation, for applica-tion in the provision of Secondary School Exhibitions, TechnicalExhibitions, or other payments for Higher Education, as inthis Scheme provided, for the benefit of boys and girls residentin the Parish of Wye , who, in the opinion of. the Governors,are in need of financial assistance. In the selection of bene-ficiaries preference shall be given to boys- and girls who have,for not less than two years at any time, attended Public Elemen-tary Schools.

,

128

ELEMENTARY

1921.. 20.,749 19 e3-

REVENUE

(a) Over the whole area .. ^. . . 346,871 :4:11.:(b) Over parts of the area under Section 122 of the Education Act,_ '.`:-

RATES raised for purposes of Part III. of the Education Act, 1921

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPE_XDITQR;E

RECEIPTS.

March 31-- " Y_ s:_ _dP. £ .'.7 s. .4:

1923-

GRANT UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL RATES ACT, 1896 .. 2,758 9 0GRANT FROM THE BOARD OF EDUCATION . , .. 471.,83:1:=0: 0

ENDOWMENTSSCHOOLS FOR BLIND, DEAF, DEFECTIVE AND EPILEPTIC:

CHILDREN:-Contributions by Parents

Medical Inspection and Treatment :-Contributions by Parents

From Adjustment with other Local Authorities:-Repayment of Proportion of Administration Expenses

Instruction of Children . ..

OTHER RECEIPTS:-Sale of NeedleworkSale of Cooked Dishes, Garden Produce and Articles made in SchoolHeating, Lighting and Cleaning of Voluntary Schools out of School

Hours . .. .. •. .. .•Letting of Council SchoolsRents of Teachers' Dwelling Houses..Teachers' Coal Supply . •Interest on Bank BalanceGoods Supplied to other Authorities, etc.

• .Miscellaneous I.

TRANSFER FROM HIGHER EDUCATION ACCOUNT :r-

1922-April 1.-

BALANCE brought forward

Loan Charges, Sheerness .. .. .. ..

TOTAL RECEIPTS:-ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

- s c

80

{ .. , vi. t. . . .. . .-.. : •"f i: : :^ :^;.,j'::

^.^^i •^::J.

;1_...._...^^?^_.. ^i c.(!•;T

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. c!'•^i7i:"1_.S '[.`.^i^+J

. r:. •:^'J13:o•J 7^F^. , .,, :ii^'? t= iJ;

CARRIED FoswASD

367,621 4 2

-3,248, .2 r 6;2,473 5 4

K710J_

3,844`

405 -:6. :7

542 1 2

.407:15Y 3._r.

, .504^- 8- ; 1:;

.,-.,.82X 2 11 :1,535 5 11 :.;

:: 11;502

1,019 597 9 S

129

EDUCATION.

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1923.

ACCOUNT.

EXPENDITURE.1923-

bfarch 31.- £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS:-Expensesof,Schools Maintained by the Authority:

Salaries of Teachers .. .. .. . .. 644,182 3 7Do. Proportion in respect of instruction of Children

in areas of other L.E.A's. '.. .. .. .. 2,465 1 6Books and Stationery . .. .. 22,235 17 3Furniture, Apparatus and Equipment .. .. 6,008 5 8Rent 1,645 19 7Upkeep of Buildings and Grounds (including Repairs

and Insurance) .. .. .. 19,879 1 4Fuel, Light and Cleaning .. . .. 42,680 7 1Rates and Taxes 6,535 14 9Boarding Expenses 10 6 0Conveyance of Children .. .. .. 1,511 15 9Other Expenses . .. . 4,940 0 4Do. Proportion in Respect of Instruction of Children

in areas of other L.E.A.s .. .. .. 477 0 0"'-'-•-- 752,571 12 10

CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCHOOLS MAINTAINED ByOTHER LOCAL EDUCATION AUTHORITIES .. 3 683 7 11

SCHOOLS FOR BLIND, DEAF, DEFECTIVE ANDEPILEPTIC CHILDREN;-Expenses on Schools Maintained by the Authority:-

Salaries of Teachers 1,176 19 7Books and Stationery . 35 16 10Furniture, Apparatus and Equipment 5 1 3Rent ..10 0Upkeep of Buildings and Grounds ( including Repairs

and Insurance) . . . .. 213 10 9Fuel, Light and Cleaning 62 3 2Rates and Taxes . .. 95 9 8Conveyance of Children .. 50 8 8Other Expenses . .. .. .. .. 42 3 8

756,255 0

Contributions to Schools maintained by other Bodies or 1,682 3 7Persons

9,291 8 7Other Expenses on Schools not maint;uned by the •Authority' .. .. , • • .. .. •• 154 1 10

NURSERY SCHOOLS:Contributions to Schools maintained by other Bodiesor Persons

-

PROVISION OF MEALS [Education (Provi:ion of 64 16 4Meals) Acts] :-

Salaries and Wages ..Books and Stationery .. " " " 443 7 7Furniture, Apparatus and Erluipment • 5 9 1Rent 138 11 1Upkeep ofPremises(including Repairs andInsurance 15 0 0h'uel, Light and Cleaning ) 262 0 11Other Expenses,including Grants to Local Cante 53 7 0

Committees .. en, •

MEDICAL INSPECTION AND TREATMENT:-Salaries ..p • .

- 2,856 13 6

rmtarg, Stationery and Postage 8,005 14 8Drugs, Materials, Apparatus .. '• 763 10 5Hospitals, Nursing Associations, etc. . " 118 5 3Travelling 1,171 12 0Rent 1,506 2 11Upkeep 0F Premises (including Repairs and Insurance) 171 14 5Fuel, Light and Cleaning 77 13 8Rates and Taxes " " •• •• 219 3 8Conveyance of Children 92 5 0Other Expenses

13 12 2

LOAN CHARG39 6 9

ES - `^- 12,179 0 11Interest (including Income Tax)Principal Repaid .• 7,793 10 1

•• •• . -- 1r. 174A

TRANSFER TO HIGHEREDUCATION ACCOUNT:-Loan Charges, Ashford., ,.

23,528 3 3

70 4 2

CeaarEn FORWARD23,598 7 5

• • 806,08 1

1

1,938 17 10

11,127 14 0

130

ELEMENTARY

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITQM

RECEIPTS.

BROUGHT FORWARD

TOTAL

1422.April 1.-BALANCE bronght forWtird'

1923.--.lliarch 31.-BALANCE

REVENUE

£e:d,1,019,597 9 5

£1,019,597 9 5

131

EDUCATION.

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31sT MARCH, 1923-(contiriued).

ACCOUNT.

7923-March 31.-

EXPENDITURE.

BROUGHT FORWARDs. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.

806,081 12 11

ADMINISTRATION:-Central 0 flice-

Salaries, Wages and Allowances .. .. . . 15,783 14 11Office Accomm odation .. .. .. 2,250 16 7Printing, Advertising, Stationery, Postages, ete. .. 2,978 6 1Travelling Expenses . . .. 284 18 1Legal Expenses . 117 10 5Other Expenses . .. . .. .. 244 18 5

Local-Salarie3, Wages and Allowances .. .. .. 11,264 15 2

21,660 4 6

Other Expenses . 1,890 8 10- 13,155 4 0

34,815 8 6INSPECTION (other than Medical Inspection) :-

Salaries . 1,316 16 5Travelling Expenses .. .. .. .. .. 165 3 5

1,481 19 10OTHER EXPENSES:-

Endowments paid to OverseersCompensation to late Officials .Goods Supplied to other Authorities (Recoverable)Proportion of Local Administrative Expenses

recoverable from other Local AuthoritiesEmployers' Contributions :-

National Health Insurance ..Unemployment Insurance ..Other Expenditure .. .. .. .

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ..

674 13 7397 14 1

1,300 19 9

2,325 6 6

914 11 8496 0 81242 18 10

6,352 5 1}3,294 8 10

TOTAL EXPENDITURE-ELEMENTARY EDUCA-TION .. ..

852,025 15 21BALANCF ..167,57114 2}

TomAr.

ACCOU NT.

1923.March 31.-

PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS:-

Purchase of Land and Premises ..

Erection or Improvement of Buildings.

Copies of Plans, Quantities, etc. ..

Legal Expenses

Other Expenses..

517 13 3

3,580 0 0

221 18 5

117 0 0

F.. .. 140 3 6

;C4,576 15 2

EXPENDITURE,

£1,019,597 9 5

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HIGHERSTATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPEIVDITtjRE

REVEPWg -

RECEIPTS.

(a) Over the whole area 150,712 1 9BATES raised for purposes of Part VI. of the Education Act, 1921:

(L) Over parts of the area under Section 122 of the EducationAct, 1921 . .

SALE OF BOOKS AND OTHER ARTICLES

GRANTS:-

Residue Grant (Exchequer Contribution Account)

From the Board of Education

FEES:-

Colleges, etc., for the Training of Teachers

Secondary Schools

Purther Education .. ..

FROM OTHER LOCAI, AUTHORITIES

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION:-

Grants from the Ministry of Agriculture

Receipts-Grove End Farm ..

Other Receipts

WORK WHOLLY CHARGEABLE TO GOVERNMENT DEPART-DIENTS :-

Repayment by Ministry of Labour in respect of Dieabled Soldiers'

Interest on Loans from Capital b"oneys telonging to the Cciunty %

Classes and Receipts from Sales

OTHER RECEIPTS:-

Council and Interest on Investments

Interest on Bank Balance ..

For Instruction given at Aided School.-

Miscellaneous

TRANSFER from Elementary Educaticn Accctnt (Iccn CtazgeF,Ashford)

TOTAL RECEIPTS-HIGHER EDUCATION

1922.April 1.-BALANCE brought forward

l.

- 163,594 1 73,881'19 .10' .

143;708 0 W...168,957 6 lo

25,251 ' 6: 10 :. -.

846 9 3 <;-

86,847 18, 0:'

12,792 10 1199.i486 18 11

936 16 3

1,164 2 1

.^ 11 ^ 11

Z1,207 0 0

'• 16,677 6 10

5,399 14 10

70 12 0

CARRIED FORWARD

500 13 9

70 4 2

-!449960if2 3,,

i ;:2•fi$,I'Ri :t7,.;b)

£ fl8;t41'i0 1(

£608,141 10 1}

137

EDUCATION. -

FOitFOR. THE YEAR ENDED 31sT MARCH, 1923.

ACCOUNT.

EXPENDITURE.UNIVERSITIES :-

Grant to London University

COLLEGES, ETC., FOR THE TRAINING OFTi AGHERS:-

Dlaintained ,*^y the Authority:-

Salaries of Te.icliers .. ,.

Books and Stationery

Furniture, Apparatus and Equipment..

Rent

Upkeep of Buildings and Grounds (including

s. d. £ s. d.

2,500 0 0

392 16 0

236 17 3

165 14 7

147 0 0

Repairs and Inaurance) •• •• •, 1,151 4 6

.Fuel, Light and Cleaning 704 16 4

Rateii and Taxes .. 411 10 1

Boarding Expenses .. ,. .. ., . 3,651 2 1

Other Expenses ..1,051 1 0

SECONDARY SCHOOLS:-7,9f2 1 10

Maintained by the Authority:-

Salaries of Teachers .. .. .. ,. 126,909 10 8

Books and Stationery 6,424 1 9

Furniture, Apparatus and Equipment.. •. 1 ,996 18 2Rent

1,282 7 0

Upkeep of Buildings and Grounds (includingRepairs and insurance) ... .. .. 5,143 0 6

Fuel, Light and Cleaning •. . .• 10,866 17 5Rates and Taxes ..

• 3,938 12 6Clerical assistance . ., 1,243 7 8Boarding Espenses •. •. 686 7 3Other Txpenses ..

4,602 7 6

_ 3lainteir.erl by other Local A11thorities or Bodies 163,093 10 5or Persons

DAY CONTINUATION SCHOOLS:-43,746 0 1

200,839 ] 0 6

Maintained by other Local Education Authorities

OTHER FORMS -OF FURTHER EDUCATION332 12 1

Maintained by the Authority:

Salaries of Teachers" '• •• •• 65,175 2 1

Books and Stationery •," • • 2s399 1 8

Furniture, Apparatus and Equilment..2,152 5 4Rent

Upkeep of Buildings and Grounds (includRepairs and Ineurancc-) ing

847 12 6

Fuel, Light and Cleaning2,541 18 11

Rates and Taxes8,368 18 0

..

Clerical Assistance " 1,468 18 1.0

Other 36512 5Expenses

Maintained b 2,679 12 5Y other Local Education Authorities 1,8 0

85,999 2 2^:aintained by other Bodies or Persons

" 270 0 02,112 10 0

88,111 1 2 2

CARRIED FORWARD .. £305,695 16 7

I

i

138

"IcklieRSTATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDI

TURE

REVENUE

RECEIPTS.

, BROUGHT FORWARD £608141 10 j

CARRIED FORWARD £608,141 10 11

139

EDUCATION.

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1923-continued.

ACCOUNT.

EXPENDITURE.

£

MEDICAL INSPECTION:-

Salaries .. .. ..

Other Expenses.. ..

BRouaHT FORWARD ..

AII) TO STUDENTS :-

At Universities

At Colleges for Training of Teachers, etc...

At Secondary Schools

At Technical Schools, etc. .. ..

LOAN CHARGES:-

Interest (including Income Tax)

Principal Repaid

Transfer to Elementary Education Account (Pro-portion of Loan Charges-Sheerness) .. ..

£ s. d. £ s. d.305,895 16 7

939 11 1

184 7 101,123 18 11

^ 6,988 11 8

10,315 13 1

48,918 17 6

6,960 19 2--- 73,184 1 5

13,029 8 10

5,706 2 8--- 18,735 11 6

5 4 9

ADMINISTRATION:-

Central Office:-

Salaries, Wages and Allowances .. .. 9,170 4 11Office Accommodation 1,347 17 4

Printing, Advertising, Stationery, Postages, etc. 1,786 19 7Travelling Expenses .. .. .. 170 18 10Other Expenses ..

Local:-149 11 7

18,740 16 3

12,625 12 3

Salaries, Wages and Allowances .. .. 6,729 17 7Other Expenses.. .. .. .. .. 1,455 17 6

INSPECTION:-

Salaries .. „

Travelling Expenses

ADJUSTMENT WITH OTHER LOCAL AUTHORITIES:-

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION:-

Salaries and Fees „

Travelling Expenses ..

Scholarships ,

Grants to Wye College

Administrative and Office Expenses

Other Expenses..

Expenditurein connexion with Grove End Farm.

WORK WHOLLY RE CHARGEABLE TO.liEVT DEPARTMENTS : GOVE I2N_

EYDencliturein conSoldiers nexion

with Classes for Disabled

8,185 15 120,811 7 4

790 1 10

99 2 1- 889 3 11

1,997 19 11.

2,357 17 7

907 15 10

809 5 0

3,470 0 0

; 1,040 11 10

580 6 2

5,391 6 0--- 14,557 2 5

736 10 1

CARRIED FORWARD £4:37,736 16 10o

s. d.

140

STATEMENT OF REVENUE AND EXPEIV`DT'lM.;_. . _..._.._ __ _ __ _ .. _._ . __...._,

12EYENGE

RECEIPTS.£ s: d.

Ba,pII(}HTJ! oAwARn _£60814^. 10 1

R);CEIYTS:':1923.

March 37.-LOANS FROM KENT COUNTY STOCK :-.., -.1:350_ 0 0'Secondary Schools .. ..Te,,hnical institutes .. 6 500: 0 0.

850 0 0

BALANCE -

.. .. . . : u. . .r---,.--s... . ,

Total . £10,637 411

v .. .

141

EDUCATION.

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST 1lfARCH, 1923-continued.

ACCOUNT.

EXPENDITURE.

BROUGHT FORWARD

OTHER EXPENSES:-

Employers' Contributions, National Health Insurance

Employers' Contributions, Unemployment Insurance

Expenses of Examinations Poard .. .. ..

Expenses in connexion with Juvenile Welfare Work

Miscellaneous

CAPITAL EXPENDITLTR E . . . •

TOTAL EXPENDITURE-HIGHER EDUCATION

BALANCE .. .. .. .. ..

s. d. £ s. d.£437,736 16 10

276 12 5

134 11 1*

1,450 9 1

2,178 13 8

t,256 7 95,296 14 Of

18,179 fi 5

461,212 17 31

146,928 12 10

TOTAL .. ;. £608,141 10 1j

ACCOUNT.

EXPENDITURE.

.-BALANCE brought forward1923.

Marc h31.COLL.EGES, ETC.,, FOR THE TRAININGOF TEACHERS •-

£ s. d.

Erection or Additions to Buildings319 2 10Copies-of Plans, Bill of Quantities, etc,105 0 0Other Expenses.. .. .. .. 4 0 0

SECONDARY SCHOOLS:-Purchase of Land

2,250 0 0Erection or Additions to BuildingsCopies of Plans, Bills of Quantities, etc. 3,766

20a 4 6Legal Expenses ... " 203 15 3Other Expenses.. .. " 104. 16 1

TECHNICAL INSTITUTES :Erection or Additions to Buildings .Copies of Plans.. . 1,689 14 6Legal Expenses.. , " •' 0 19 8Other Expenses.. ., •' " • 0 1 8

10 16 0

3.12 8

Total

£ s. d.2,117 1 9

428 2 10

6,328 8 6

1,763 11 10

£10,637 4 11

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148

SECONDARY SC,,ligOLS.Ull

STATEMENT OF RXpE)D^

Average Salaries Books, Upkeep ofNumber of Apparatus Furniture Buildings Fuel, Ligh

Name of School. of Teaching and and and and TaPupils, Staff. Stationery. Equipment. Grounds. Cleaning. Iu

Boys'- £ s. d. £ s, d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.Ashford Grammar School 213 3691 11 4 260 7 6 98 12 9 184 17 8 253 7 9 l

17 6 8 1 4 5 0 9 3 0 17 4 1 3 9Borden Grammar School 187 2735 15 0 323 10 1 11 17 9 134 3 0 175 9 9 19

14 12 7 1 14 7 0 1 4 0 14 4 0 18 9Canterbury, Simon Langton 383 8064 8 4 474 19 9 67 1 4 370 0 2 287 10 8 1D

21 I I 1 4 10 0 3 6 0 19 4 015 0Cranbrook School .. 99 2839 19 5 153 10 9 37 19 7 409 15 10 391 13 0 19

28 13 9 1 it 0 0 7 8 4 2 9 319 1Dartford Grammar School 306 4804 8 7 581 8 2 131 17 0 191 13 8 361 9 6 1'

15 14 0 1 18 0 0 8 7 0 12 6 I 3 8 0

Eltl^am college .. .. 272 4984 11 6 440 5 3 159 12 2 251 1 6 468 10 1 35•IS 6 6 1 12 5 0 11 9 0 186 1 14 5 1

Faver.bam Grammar School 179 4920 16 8 268 19 11 34 16 7 272 14 6 426 3 11 3827 9 10 I 10 I 0 3 II I 10 6 2 7 7

Folkestone, Sir Lliab Harvey'sGrammar School .. 293 5914 18 4 458 5 0 53 5 2 291 3 11 354 5 11 i

20 3 9 1 11 3 0 3 8 0 19 It 1 4 2

Maidstone Grammar School 319 6899 13 1 940 2 4 180 0 3 574 17 1 571 16 6 2221. 12 7 2 18 11 0 11 3 I 16 I 1 15 10

Rochester Mathematical School 522 9901 0 4 359 9 3 190 7 11 467 8 1 565 10 5 5"18 19 4 0 13 9 0 7 3 0 18 0 1 1 8

Sandwick, Sir Roger Manwood'sSchool .. .. .. 189 3293 4 4 306 1 1 25 17 9 271 9 7 155 4 3 ld

17 8 6 1 1 2 5 0 2 9 1 8 9 016 5 D

Sevenoaks Grammar School 128 2982 15 10 78 18 0 191 8 5 475 2 3 402 2 6 1423 6 1 0 12 4 1 9 II 3 14 3 3 12 3

Tonbridge, Sir Andrew Judd's 24Commercial School 307 6788 14 1 567 4 7 63 1 1 292 9 10 5^1 12 10

22 2 3 I 16 11 0 4 I 0 19 1 1 14 0

Tunbridge Wells, Skinner'sSchool .. .. .. 352 6521 0 11 522 5 6 58 16 5 251 14 8 477 B 8

1810 6 1 9 8 0 3 4 014 4 1 7 1

Totals .. 3749 74342 17 9 5735 7 2 1304 14 2 4438 11 9 :i472 5 9 34

19 16 7 I 10 7 0 7 0 I 3 8 1 9 3

Girl^'-Canterbury, Simon Lan.-ton's

351 2 11g

School .. .. .. 241 5025 10 0 250 13 7 55 12 4 79 3 51 9 220 17 1 1 0!0 0 4 7 0 6 7

Faversham, William Gibbs' 281 610 2?School .. .. 217 3788 19 0 564 8 1 54 8 6 150 410

1 51117 9 3 212 0 0 5 0 01310

Maidstone Grammar School 314 5815 13 7 238 18 0 41 19 3 240 16 9 29$ 6 5O I9 0

19

18 10 5 0 15 2 0 2 8 0 15 4 ,

Rochester Grammar School 395 6959 9 5 187 10 5 99 3 7 668 16 2 595 11 6I 10 2

21;

17 12 5 0 9 6 0 5 0 1 13 10

Sevenoaks, Walthamstow Hall8

g330 1 lg]School . 164 3392 16 11 321 9 10 74 3 0 197 3

2p3I

20 13 9 I19 2 0 9 I 1 4 I, --- '

Totals .. 1331 24982 8 11 1562 19 11 325 6 8 1336 4$ 1S'^ j I) 0g,^18 15 5 1 3 6 0 4 10 1 0 1

Grand Totals . 5080 99325 6 8 7298 7 1 1630 0 10 5774 16 5 7328 1411I 6 10

193Q

Average cost per head , l 19 11 0 1 8 9 0 6 5 1 2 9

I

.^.

915 !0161

,r THE COMMITTEE

TEAREAR 1i^^7 D 31sT \IARC^I3, 19°_3.

Othcrz)^en=c: Ofjaiutenance.

d.1G6 D 90 15 8

179 0 I10 19 2

173 15 90 9 1

1'l9 9 .31 6 2

:19 15 60 14 4

119 2 40 8 9

154 14 30 17 3

233 11 100 15 II

331 13 6I 1 0

- 5:30:; 20 15 2

195 10 11 0 8

93 19 80 14 6

202 13 100 13 3

346 2 30 19 8

_>k143 1 40 15 8

202 0 40 16 9

119 9 60 II 1

2:32 12 10 14 10

214 10 110 t0 10

91 11 60 II 2

RV) 4 40 12 II

38030 15 0

3dmini6tration.

Salaries.

£ s.d.38 12 0

0 3 7

50 0 00 5 4

50 17 00 2 8

80 0 00 16 2

60 0 00 3 11

125 0 00 9 2

47 10 00 5 3

100 0 00 6 10

106 6 70 6 8

222 10 00 8 6

50 0 00 5 3

63 0 00 9 t0

100 0 00 6 6

58 10 100 3 4

1152 6 50 6 2

43 14 110 3 7

49 180 4

125 180 8

240 00 12

130 0 00 15 10

589 11 80 8 t0

1741 18 10 6 10

Other ^^spenses.

£ s. tl.2 2 00 0 2

3 3 D0 0 4

5 5 0

0 0 4

25 16 30 1 8

85 19 80 5 10

11 11 00 0 9

27 1 60 4 3

160 18 50 0 10

5 5 00 0 5

Rent.

£ s. d.12 0 00 1 2

0 15 00 0 1

213110 0 2

15 0 00 1 8

78 1 70 5 4

237 3 10 14 10

15 0 00 0 7

4 0 00 0 7

150 0 00 8 6

514 13 70 2 9

10 0 00 0 II

5 5 0 20 0 00 0 4 0 1 4

21 0 00 2 7

12 10 0008

31 10 0 42 10 00 0 6 0 0 8

192 8 5 557 3 70 0 9 0 2 3

149

CapitalExpenditure.

£ s. d.150 0 0

0 14 I

128 17 50 13 9

37 0 00 1 li

45 7 40 9 2

137 0 00 8 II

39 3 80 4 5

534 18 61 16 6

621 6 31 19 0

632 9 81 4 3

1563 9 68 5 5

186 18 11 9 3

674 11 112 3 11

4751 3 11 5 4

136 0 00 II 3

134 17 60 12 5

893 15 62 16 II

603 8 51 10 7

261.16 01 11 11

2029 17 51 10 6

6781 0 61 6 8

LoanRepay-ments.

£ s, tl.

49 17 30 10 1

287 13 80 18 10

41 10 00 4 7

567 18 111 18 9

20 0 00 1 3

966 19 100 5 2

190 10 00 15 10

190 10 00 2 10

1157 9 100 4 7

TotalExpenditure

£ s. d.4996 2 10

23 9 I

3914 1 020 I8 7

9635 4 525 3 2

4329 7 643 14 7

6962 12 322 15 0

6899 7 425 7 4

6603 18 636 17 10

8746 10 629 17 0

10718 7 633 12 0

13276 3 325 8 8

6023 9 731 17 5

4713 5 536 16 5

9460 3 1030 16 3

8536 9 824 5 0

104815 3 727 19 2

6433 10 1026 13 iI

5378 115 224 45 9

81.07 13 525 16 5

9797 6 324 16 i

5014 5 630 II 6

34731 12 226 1 l[

1395-F6 15 927 9 5

TotalMaintenance-

Cost.

£ ^. d.4834 2 1022 13 10

3784 8 720 4 9

9598 4 525 i 3

423-1 2 1142 15 4

6535 3 1121 7 I

6895) 7 425 7 4

6508 4 1036 7 2

7565 11 625 16 5

9839 18 230 16 II

12628 13 724 3 ID

4460 0 123 12 0

4522 7 435 6 7

8785 11 1128 12 4

8386 9 823 16 6

98582 7 126 5 II

6107 0 1025 6 10

5233 18 824 2 5

7193 17 1122 18 2

9181 7 1023 4 10

4752 9 628 19 7

32468 14 924 8 0

131051 1 1025 15 II

.150

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE IN RESPECT OF

FOR THE YEAR ENDED

RECEIPTS. EXPEN

ame of School.

Salesof

Fees. Books,etc.

OtherReceipts.

Contribu-tions fromRates of

other LocalAuthori-

ties.

otal.

Salariesof

TeachingStaff.

BooksStationery•,

etc.

I£ s. c1. £ s. d. £ s. d.l £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.

Ashford .. .. .. 105 9 0'i 2 3 0 0 0 41 - 107 12 4 821 8 6 18 5 3Beckenham Technical .. .. 128 9 0i - 2 10 0^ - 130 19 -C 1663 5 1 14 110

„ School of Art .. .. 838 9 4 167 7 4 17 8 6 55 7 0 1078 13 c 1118 10 6 182 13 5Day Trades 1557 13 3 64 0 2

Bromlev Technical .. 66 18 0 9 2 4 3 9 6 28 2 0 107 11 1C 314 0 6 19 10 4School of Art .. .. 176 6 31 9 18 11 - - 186 5£ 572 9 6 24 14 2

Dartford Technical .. .. 434 19 5, 7 7 3 149 12 0 33 18 4 625 17 0 3598 11 8 91 10 5Dover Technical . .. .. 112 19 9; 0 3 4 10 0 0 25 0 0 148 3 1 89417 4 2714 3

School of Art .. .. 221 5 0! - - - 221 5 0 340 17 9 9 19 9Erith .. .. .. .. 551 13 61 4 12 9 - 92 16 8 649 2 17 5 9 5 51 41 0 1 5 826Folkestone 'Cechnical .. .. 191 15 6 0 14 8 4 14 6 231 3 8 428 8 4 694 3 5 22 6 0

School of Art .. . 144 14 9 - -.- 144 14 9 567 16 81 9 17 3

Gravesend Technical .. .. 181 12 6 69 5 9 - - 250 18 3 951 18 10 55 0 5School of Art .. .. 163 14 0 3 17 0 - - 167 11 0 1358 13 8 38 1 5

Maidstone Technical .. .. 179 12 6 7 15 6 - - 187 8 0 1327 11 4 4010 9School of Art .1 1 281 19 0 5 9 8 857 16 8 25 0 0 1170 5 4 1883 14 10 49 17 2

Margate Art and Evening School . 296 12 5 31 13 3 - 2 2 0 330 7 8 1013 12 8 60 2 10Ramsgate Technical .. .. 162 4 6 0 4 0 4 4 6 - 166 13 0 915 16 9 14 5 2

11 School of Art .. .. 167 4 0 27 5 11 - - 194 9 11 645 15 1 26 2 0Rochester Technical .. .. 175 2 2 34 1 1 20 12 6 - 229 15 9 790 9 10 77 4 6

School of' Art ..1 1,

301 15 6 - 100 0 10 - 401 16 4 1594 10 0 28 5 8Chatham Technical . 177 16 9 - - - 177 16 1 789 17 0 3 0 3

Gillingham Technical . . 371 12 9 38 2 6 0 12 6 - 410 7 9 2402 17 9 104 10 2Sevenoaks Technical .. -

I- - - - 98 14 0

3 0-

2313 7Sheerness Technical . 167 14 0 8 5 7 0 14 0 - 176 13 7 9939 19 4 11Tonbridge Technical . I 73 6 11 3 5 4 4 18 11 104 6 7 185 17 9 574 12

16 1 129 18 6.Tunbridge Wells Technical . 622 11 6

'83 2 9 9 2 10 - 714 17 1 2083

0 11 1 7School of Art .. I 239 18 6 0 10 0 - - 240 8 6 1070 13Cookery - - - - - 234 4 9: :Circula'ting Library

i- - - - - -

=

Workers' Education Association'

2 12 IInstrument Makers Class - - - - - - 4 4Arts and Crafts Exhibition - - - -

-4 0 4 2 2

Classes for Teachers - 25

Totals .. .. .. 6535 16 6 514 7 11 1185 17 7^.597 16 3 8833 18, 3 36854 14 4 1324 4 4

151

TECHNICAL INSTITUTES, EVENING SCHOOLS, SCHOOLS OF ART, ETC.,

31ST MARCH, 1923.

EXPENDITURE.

Furniture,lpi^aratus,

andE atn-IWilt.

Rent.

Upkeepof

Buildingsand

Gronnds.

Fuel, RatesLight and

and Taws.Cleaning.

ClericalAssis-

tance.

CapitalExpendi-

ture.

LoaiiRepay-ment.

OtherEx-

penses.

TotalEx ten-1diture.

°a d. £ S. d.' ^L G d. F 5. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d d^E s7 2 3

It 3 l, 2 15 0i 0

23 9 9 230 0 4 60 16 0'

343 3 6.

20 3 11. .

1557 4 6

211 S 56 5

'61 17 6 '214 8 754 10 , 15 2 2 24 9 0 - 16 17 4 2106 2 1

31) 15 4--

1 3 15 085 1 50 14 1

324 17 8 45 18 6130 13 2 16 8 C

18 1 428 10 4

17 15 0 - 48 6 2 2055 11 1116 1,i 1 ^ - 3 6 5 186 8 6 17 0 2

- 14 13 7 1856 2 1171 ^ 10 ' 0 10 0 3 17 3 73 17 1' 8 6 10 - - -

1 0 2 112

4 2567 3 4

i,0 ti 1121 3'

^ 0 10 0 86 1 5 443 0 7^ 68 12 4 148 18 5770 4 10

4487 11 9.12 17 9

-^ -

29 16 91 38

167 7 6I 97 6 E5 357

20 0 0 13 6 8 - 29 5 0 1300 17 526.', 7 8105 10

50 0 10129

251 5 7321 18

621 12 10 119 5 0 105 1-

0 8 191 16 7 -32 9 If0 2

326 1 lA532 0

8075 7 83t 11 5

7 5-

127 1:1 1 :i^26 3 4^ 106 3 a- - - 16 3 1 1727 5 6

"'3 1 6 10^

-1 7 0

45 2 , 109 15 3I

222 0 2 13 15 9_- 7 8 1

- 21 10 9 641 18 94 J ;> 1163 19 6

70 0 0 21 1'2 5,

31310 2^ 36 18 1C-

--

30 14 5 1379 16 11

72 1 i, 115 2 8-

12.1 0 11 319 5 2 - ^1:. 10 0 92 14 1 -6 11 fi

99 10 71842 13 11209-1

3 ) 1,, 3 - 59 6 66 6 7

122 1 Oj -107 10 9'^

12 10 C 9 17 4 - 32 2 25 0

2242 4 133 1, 15 6 0

-197 0 0 46 4 1

17 6 2- - - 55 12 3 1300 7 7i

1"

-17 7 0

9 7 75

103 17 10 34 15 1 17 10 0-

-^12 9

--49 13 644 8 5

1513 14 95 6 17 5 -

1 1 5 385 5 11, 125 16 5 32 19 2 152 0 9 - 4913 17 3

d513 2 0 5 022 18 6 ^

56 4 5^ 3:. 18 f - 20 3 3 -0 0

41696 15 2

2 i ,9

5

11 '29 0 0

40 7 7348 7 7

167 1 4i 46 4 C3;i8 3 5 43 10 C

- - -- 0 3 521 16 11

1852 1 41117 4 90

89 It 611 5 0-

0 3 4 l811 10 3 18 ^ _ 390 1 f-

200 10 10 4095 10 105n 10 1] 19 8

103 11 09612 6

114 2 81 -3

17 10 0 105 16 11 162 5 911 19 1071 7 ^

156 1 111113 10 2 Q3 74 1

11 13 346 0 C - - - 681 2 1g 10 4 0 7 487 2 781 13 1 - _ 21 6 11 1139 9 3- - 3 8 5 22 16 16 9 f - 21 14 3

81 19 4 3060 16 4- 10 10 8 1186 4 6234 4 9

- - - - 2 18 7 2 18 7

1138 0 C. 138 0 0

]3 3 25 - - - - - - - 2 12 1- 013 101 - - -- - 103 11 0 99 6 10

- - 37 6 11 80 10 2

976 2 8 352 18 7 17112) 7 8 6218 11 111155 2 1( 297 9 11 1047 3 7 750 8 9 1818 13 7.53507 17 9NOTE --,Pk

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