COMITE POUR LA SIDERUR61E ANCIENNE de l'Unlon Internatlonale de8 Sclence8 Preh18torlque8 et Protohl8torlque8 w: U. GUYUI&. president R. Pleiner. secretaire

Siege du Secretariat: Institut d'Al'cheulogie. 11801 Prague l. Letcnska 4

Communication 56 Edited by R. Plei""r

NOTICE. The editor expresses his thanks to Mrs. I. Martens and to C. Doswald for his third help: these contributions cover'cd the mails cosls connected with the distribut.ion of the last. 55lh issue of these Cornm u niealiolls.

CONFERENCES

BUMA - 3. The Third International ConfcJ'ence on the Beginuing of thc Use of Metals and Alloys took place at Sa nrnallxia. China. 18-23 April 1994. having heen sponsored and organized hy numerous institutions. Thanks to the courtesy of A. Espeiurul. who sent us the conference programme. it is possible to reproduce here some information about this meeting which was attended by ca 80 scholars (half of this number were those froll1 Europe and Aml~ l'ical. The a"chaeometallurgy of iron was treated several sections: Ancient Iron and Steel Technology. Metals Provenance Studies. Archaeometry. Exchange of the Melallurgical Technology. SofTIe papers as given ill the programme: T. Ko - Hun Rubin - Zhao Qinywn: Iron Making ill Hall Dynasty in China. O. Yalc;ill- A. }faupununn: Early "Cast-Iron" Production in Middle Europe. 1.Tuguchi: Metallurgical Studies of Meteoritic Iron Sword. T. Yamanmouchi: The Production Method of Ploughshare ill Yallcheng, Shall xi Provillce. B. Rolhenberlf. R. F. Tyleeote. L. F. Stenvik: The Introduction of Iron in Mid-Norway. E.Hjarthner-Holdar: The Introduction of Iron Metallurgy to Sweden. M. Primw: Early 11'011 and the Affluence of Till in Coutinental Europe. K. Igaki: .14 ·C Dating Study o~ Ancient 11'0 11 Artifacts. B. Gilmour: South Asian Crucihle Steel in Ancient China. T. Suitn: Developmen~ of New Methods for Isotope Analysis in Ancient Metal Objects. Z. Hara : Technical Transfer of Crucible Smelting Process ill China. Han Rubin. Jiang TWJ and He So"gl;n: Meteol'itic and Man-Made Arti facts of 9-8c BC Sanlllanxia. Henan. ,Hw& Rubin - Luo Feng: 11'011 allft Steel in Ancient China. Dong Quansheng -Liang Yu.po: Ancient Mining ilnd Smelting Ruins in the Nauya ng Prdectul'e. H. WUlU: A Methodological Review of AI'chaeo-ironworkiug Study in China. Liling3hua: Iron and Steel Making in a Foundry Marked "Yen I" in NanY;llIg Prefecture of Han Dynasty. Miao ChWl/f(,iIlg: Placer (1'0 11 Smelting in Xinyang. Henan Province. Wu Kunyi - Miao Changxing-. The Production of Ploughshare in Yanchcng. Shanxi Province. D. Miller: 'rhe Advent of Metallurgy in Southern Africa: Metal Working in the Early Iron Age ca AD 2oo-AD 1000. Lu Bin et aL: Excess 11'011 Content in Ancient Chinese Bronze Wares from Tongling Area.

From the post-conference excursions a very interesting lrip was made to the Heoan No I Ironworks from the Hall Dynasty with -salamanders" of cast iroJl weighing 20 L

METALLOGHAPHY ·95. The Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia (Department of Material Sciencel .1 11d other institutions orga nized the 9th International Symposium 0 11 Metallogl'aphy at Stara Lesna (suh-Tatrilll ''t!gionl. 26-28 April 1995. 108 papers on rilet.allogl·aphic I't!search wel't! presented and another to contributions were devoted to archaeometallurgy. which was for first time announced as a special section. From the poster cxhihition4 pastel's dealt with this theme. All archaeometallul'gical contributions are quoted from Metallography' 95. a volume which was edite(1 before the conference. see Bibliography. p. 705. R. Pleiner

THE IMPORTANCE OF IRONMAKING - Technical Inllovatioll aDd Social Challge, Norberg, Swedell, 8- 13 May 1995. After the meetillg Norbe,·g I in 1985. thi,big fundamental symposium devoted to the history of il'oll production was organired ill the same place. to years after. by jcrukontoret. Riksantik­variearnbetct. Stock holm University. and the (:OIll IllUllily of NOl'bel'g. All pallers reading during the symposium were published ill advance and the volume. entitled with the name of the meeting. is annotated ill OUI" bibliographical survey (p. 703 ff).

The papers were pl'esented in four working sessioll~ . the last having been conceived as a pastel: exhibition. There were parallel sessions in different rooms of the Folkshuset. the site of the conference. It must be stated. that the organization of this symposium. the soul of which was Gut MagllJl:!!:!on.

COnlite 697

supported by an excellent team under ,Kerslen Fernhedt1en. was as ped ect as possible and the numcruu ~ participants had no opportunity to complain for food . accomodation. waiting for evenls or for conlial atmosphere.

Numerous long excursions took place every afternoon after the time spent at FolkshuseL The I.ril'~ were devoted to visits of many historical iron production siLes: pre-Roman period Roda Jonll:1I bloomerics: Karmanbo - a working Lancashire forge and rolling mill: Ramnas {ironwork with a 101lt(

tradition of anchor chain manufacture}; Olsbeuning:,a medieval ironworkers' villag~; Lapphyttan. 11 111 excavated site of one of the earliest European blast furnace plants: and New Lapphyttan: the re,;III1 ' structed site. transferred to another place near Norberg: Avesla ironworks. old and modern. Vcl'Y impress ive were the visits to principal of the Swedish ·bruks· - post-medieval iron smelting plants wi th nice manors of their owners as centres of the commnnities: ElIgelsberg. Gysinge. Soderfors. Carlholl11 . Leuftsa. Forstmark. Osterhy. There is no doubt that it., was a great success of today 's Swetli ~h al'chaeometallurgy. III lhe symposium about 150 scholars participated from 24 countries of the worM incl. overseas (USA. Mexico. Sri Lanka. Australial. " R. PleifUlI'

VORTRAGSREIHE "ARCHAOMETALLURGIE" was the title of a series of an;haeometallurgicallectlll'"' ' organized by the Ruhr-Universitat (Lehrstuhl fur Ur- und FI·i.lhgeschichtel. DMT-Society and the lnsl.it ul fur Archaometallurgie des Deutschen Bcrgbau-Museums Bochul1I. in spring 1995. After the last yelll'

set of themes dealing with the non-ferrous metallurgy. this was devoted to t.he production of iron. X. Bielellill {K I-ak6w. Poland): Eisengewinnung im Altertum im Weichselgebiet{l7th May);R.Pleiner(PragIlO. Czech Republic}: Zum Beginn d CI' Eisellmetallurgic ill Mittcleul'opa (24 May); RCrew (Maentwrog. Wale li)1 Experimental PI'oduction of Prehistoric Iron. . R. PleitJnl'

A NOTE ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY IN COMMUN ICATION 56. Because of shortage of space it was IItll

possible to print separately the names of numerous co-autllOrs in this issue in which several volum inollll Acta are rev iewed. liP

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1993 (Supplements)

A. SpeclallZioo Items

ANON.: Schmelzversuche zur romerzcitlichen Eisell vel'ituuung IIn Gel'man: Smelting trials rela tclllo the Homan period il'onmakingl. In: Archaologic in Deulschland (11) 1993.28-3 1. A popular account Or the smelting experiments with the slag-pit furn ace (modelled afte r the Zethlingcn findl : induced draught , a successful use of t.he auxiliary chancll which helped to burn out the brushwood blocking ill lh~ slag-pit., I r

B. Iron as menav"ed III vtJter publications (1993) t

S. B. DAFA·ALLA, Art and Industry, The Achievement. of Meroe. Expedition 35/2 1993. 15-27.011 pp. 20-22 there appear some remarks of the Meroitic il'onmaking in Sudan. accompanied by SOIll~ ethnologic photographs of traditional iI'O n smelti ng in Sudall. Radiocarbon dates from slag laYllr. indicated the period from 6th to 3rd centuries BC al'c explained hy a questionnable ACrocentric vi"w (indigenous invention of iron production). The ti tles by Shinnie and Kense are quoted. but thft fund amental account by R. F. Tylecote is neglecte(l.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1994 (as in AUCUSt 199.5)

A. SpeclallZied Items

T. CHAREGHANI - M. KREMEI\ - W. REW Werkstoffkundliche Kl'it"l'ien ZUI· Klassifizicl'ung lOusc"l,lI' Eisc llobjckte Hu German: Material science criteria fOl' t.he classifica tion of iron objects in Museumsl. 1111 Tagungsband des 2. Studententages des Huuenwesclls. Clausthal - Zellerfeld. Trials to provenancj(1 identification and dating oC cast irons h orn detailed chemical analyses (post medieval samples),

CHR. DUPU Y: Signes graves au Sahara en contex tanimalier et les debuts de la metallurgie ouest-africai ll(t, Prehistoi re . Antltropologie Mediterranee. 3 1994. 103-124. lIn French, Saharan engrav ings in the animal presentation context and the beginnings of the metallurgy in western AfricaL Engraved symbolIJ of metallic throwing knives appear among abstract and animal symbols on rocks in the southern Saha l· •• Mali. They are ascribed to a pre-Tuareg caUle-breeding population (about 5th century AD). Iron wealxlII l of the same shape were manufactu red in the Tchad region until the fifties.

698 Com/~

L.-E. ENGLUND: Experimentell j~rnframstalllling: rekollstruerad vikillgatidsbl~sta. IOnly in Swedish: Experimental ironmaking ill a reconstructed Viking period furnacel. Med ham mar och fackla 33 1994. 35-57. Description of trials mentioned in Englund's paper. quoted below. They were carried out in connection with the Tranemo excavations of iron smelting furnal:cs (ore roasting. charcoal burning. smelting with forced draught. smithing of knives from a 1.5 kg bloom).

L.-E. ENGLUND: Vikingatide bliistbruk i Vastsverige IOnly in Swedish: A Viking period iron smelting site in western SwedenL Frau Boris och de sju haraderna 42 1994.7-38. Excavation of an ironworks at Traocmo, consisting of a twin stone-set. slag-tapping bowl furnaces. slag dumps and several charcoal pits. An experiment conducted in a modelled furnace yielded a hloom. smithed to bar IP. Crew} and knives (Chr. Johansson). There are many sites of that type in the environment.

A. FAIVRE - M. MANGIN: La lorge de Blessey "Le Chalonge" (21084003 AHI (C6te-d·Or). Rapport de sondage 1994. H3 Mines et Metallurgie and Metalla - Groupe de recherches sur les Milles et la Metallurgie en Cote-d'Or et dans Centre-Est. Sine loco. 53 pp. An interim I'epol't (preprinted) on the investigation and excavation of two Gallo-Roman smithies situated in a rural complex in the iroll-hearing district of Haut Auxois. France. Contents: Avant propos. Liste de participants. Fiche signaletique; Introduction; 1) Synthcse des travaux 90 :. 93; 21 Prospection magnW'lue; 31 Sondage 1994; 41 Analyses; Bilan. There were particles o(ferritic iron found and examined (up to 0.1 % C). Hammerscale . slags.

M.R. GRANT: Iron ill Ancient Tin from Rooiberg. South Africa. Joul"llal 01 Archaeological Science 21 1994. 45S-460. Smelting of tin ores contami nated with iron in the Iron Age (medieval . ISth century) smelting site of Rooiberg (about 1 % Fe in the tin ingots) . The prohlern of recovering tin from old slags:

A. HENKEL - M. KREMER - W. REW Metallkundlicher Nachweis einer antiken Roheisenp"oduktion liD German: Metallurgical evidence related to the cast iron production in antiquityl. In: Tagungshand des 2. Studententages des Hiittenwesens in Clausthal-ZclleJ'feld 1994. On the territory of the ancient CorUioma/ius(now Dillingen-Pachten. Saarlandlthere was foulld a lump ol iron (36.6 kgl showing graphite. ledeburite. cementite and pearlite and low phosphorus content. The authors are sure that the indi rect process was known to the Romans (date of the iron piece is 7S-150 AD according to radiocarbon dating): Unfortunate ly. uo heaps of glassy slags are known from any ancient si te.

IJZERSTERK: Experimenten ijze,· wiunen en smedell tc Eindhovcll (Auuckc Boollstra ed.). Eiudhovcn 1994.53 pp. Acta of the symposium held at Eindhoven 06-24 Oct. ·19931 and dil'ected to experimental smelting of iroll . There were teams operating the rcconstructed furnaces of various European types (team 8 . Denmark. was presented by a lecture). Contents: A. Boonstra (Mrs): Prcface 3-S. IJ. vun Lo,ulen (Alphen. aid Rijn . Neth.), Archaeology and experimental al'chaeology. 6-8. R. Pleiner (Prague. Czech Rep.l: Early ironmaking in Europe. 9-11. M. van Nie (Amsterdam , Neth.): A short introduction to the iron production in the Netherlands. 12-IS. A concise survey of evirlence in t.he Ovcrijssel (Dalfscn) . Vecht and Veluwe (Apeldoornl regious e tc. H. Herd;", - W. 5wJik - H. Windl (Aspen,. Austria. team 11: Schmelzversuch mit eiDem rekonstruiertem kaiserze itlichen Rennofen aus del' gel"man ischell Siedlullg von Zeingrub. Nieder­osterre ich. 16- 19. Slag-pit lurnace operated. R. Leinewebcr (Mrsl - B. Lycha/z - M. fennerl (Halle. Freiburg. Bergamo. team 2): Eiseuerzeugullg im Rellflofen. 20-22. A Zethlillgcn slag-pit furnace type tested. yiehl: 5. 1 kg bloom. C. Dieudonne et al. (Samara Tirancourt. France. team 3): Reduction directe du minerai de ler. 23-27. Shaft fu .... ace yields: 8 kg of ore • 3.9 kg of iron (forgedl. Il kg of ore. 5.5 kg of irolll . D. Toou,nkamp/ et al. (Duppe!' Germany. team 41: Arbeitsbericht ilbel' den Eisenschmelzversuch in Prahis· torischer Niederlassuug in Eindhoven. 28-31. Induced slag-pit furnaces. M. van Nie - I. iooaten (Mrs) - P. de RJjk - R. Pleiner (Amsterdam . Amersfoort. Wilhelmshaven. Pr·ague. team S): Experimenting the DaIrsen furnace. 32-37. A slag-pit furnace with trallsporL1.hle shaft .. I. Lantfm - }. Keen .(Colchcster. Wimbol'lIe ~ GBI: Iron smelting at Eindhoven. 38-39. A slag-pit furnace of not specified model: 0.6 kg bloom fl'om 20 kg of roasted ore. C. BUrger: Renllversuche anlass lich des Symposions Eilldhovc ll (Castl'op-Rurxe l. Germany. team 71. 40-42. A Danish Espevej shaft fnrna ce. and a bowl hearth . H. Lin/islrom (M ,·sl:. Prehistoric iron technology in Denmark. an experimental approach. 43-46. Registe red as team 8. lecture only. 110 smell Report on smelts at Lejre. J. Bcrben - A. BoofL'J1ra (Ml's): Experimental irollproduction in Eindhoven (Eindhoven. Neth .. team 91. 47-50. A not speci lied shalt lIIodel. reheating trials. L.J. Br"",. r : The measurement of air pollution as produced by iron smeltillg in the Iron Age. SI-53. An additional programme organized by the Technical University .. Eindhoven; no serious pollution can he expected during the early smelting practice heyond the 10 ID radius with the rurnace in the centre. As already mentioned. the yie lds of individual smelts varied, hat the goal was not to obtain as much iron as possible in certain experiments: the hehaviour of some furnaces was studied in detai l. All parameters of the smelts are included in individual papers:

Comite 699

J. R. MARECHAL: Nouvelle hypothese su,·les dehals de la siderurgie dans l'antiquite I1n French: A,,,,. hypothesis related to the discussion ill the ancient iron metallurgy). Revue Archeologique I 56. 616 1994.53-54. The author is ready to consider successions of various monopoles ruling the European CIll'ly

metallurgies. The role of lhe nickel-ferrous laterites from Greece is stressed.

I. MARTENS IMrsl: Norwegian Viking Age Weapons: Some Questions Concerning their Production anll Distribution. In: Birka Studies 31B. Ambrosiani and H. Clarke edsl, Stockholm 1994, 180-182. A projucl related to metaHographic investigation of Norwegian Viking period swords and lances which illclull. perfectly made imported examples as well as simple indigenous sword blades ITelemark). I I

." L', MIHOK: K poCiatkom vyrohy ieleza (Aka sa vyrabalo prve zelezo na uzemi Slovenska). Summ,lI'Y III German: Zu den Anf:ingen der Eisengewinnung (Wie das erste Eisen im Cehiet der Slowakei gewollllolI wurdel lThe beginnings of ironmaking: how was the early iron producerl on the territory of Slovakial; Slovenska archeol6gia 42/ 1. 1994. 69-90. This is the metallurgical evaluation of archaeological sou..c6. presented iu the paper by E. Mirollayova {p. 7021. The iron slag comes mostly as PCB-caloues Imonr. analyses. 55.68 % Fe in average. 63.07 % of wustitel; semi reduced iron ore (bog iron of two varietie •• The iron bloom 10.587 gl contained 0.11 96 Mn, 0 .021 96 P, 0.68096 Cu, 0.283 96 Ni. In the light of the slags the iron metallurgy at Geeejovce appears to of a relatively low level. No hearths or furnaces weN discovered.

T. REHREN - A. HAUPTMANN: Ramische EisenhlOcke von der Saalhurg: Uutersuchungen zur Fertigun. gstechnik fin German: Roman iron beams from Saalburg: inves tigations into the manufactul"ing technO­logy l. Saalburg .Iahrhuch 47 1994, 79-85. The castell of Saalhurg lend of the 1st up to the mid-SreI centuries AD) yielded fragments of hath kiln supports lbeams) weighiug about 200 kg. In spite of the meaning. expressed for the last time in 1987. that the matter is of cast iron, the recent examinatiOI shows that the block was welded together from 11 blooms of primary wrought iron. Microanalyses abundant slag. embedded in the interior of the ohject (wustile/ iscorite, fayalite. hercynitel. The surfaCl of the iron beam is compact.

LA SIDERURGIE DE L'EST DE LA FRANCE dans son contexte europeen - archeologie et archeometrl .. Actes du colloque de Besan~on , 10-13 Nov. 19931M. Mangin et al. cds), Annales litter.ires de I'Universlij de Besan4;oll 536. Paris 1994.424 pp. The numerous participants of the above colloquium. complemenL04 hy Some other contributors. o£fel'ed their resu lts to this valuable volume which contains so mue~ information. Contents: M. Mangill: Avant-propos. 7. M. Maugin: Introduction. 9-10. French organitatiO and institulions promoting the archaeometa llurgical studies. M. Mungill - A. Ploquin - Ph. Ftuzin • Forrier",,: Les themes de recherches dans l'Est de la France 11981-1993), 11-23. The archacometallurgl map. experiments: A. Pioquin: L'analyse chimique en paIeometallurgie . 16-23. Models of proce involving raw materials. fluxes, slags and cinders. Ph. Fluun: Interpretations des etudes metallographiqu des soories. 23-30. Phases in slags and iron. C. Forrieres: Du metal it. I'objet. 31-33. Blooms from vario~ sites; Japanese processes modelled .. M. Mangin: Presentations des Actes, 35-37. - Section 1- Archeometrl •• M. Leroy et al.: La siderurgie ancienne en Lonaine et les conditions de I'utilization du minerai oolithiqul 100'rain en ,,,duction directe - l'example de !'atelie,' de Frouard IV' - VI' s.I, 41-56. Easily workahle 0 ....

of the Lorraine Ica 60 96 Fe,G,) used since the decline of the Roman period. C. farrier IMrs): Mineralogl, et geochimie de residus siderurgiques romains des Martys (Molltagne Noire - approche des condition. de fonctionneme nt de la reductuction direcle . 57-64. Limonite/goethite ores. phases of slags. melting IL­ca ll50°e. According to slag analyses there is necessary to suppose an air-inlet in the rear of the Marty. furnaces , complementing the frontal one Ifurnace F 30). E.-M. Nruek IMrsl: The metallography of gromp •• 65-74. Iron/steel particles spread around the furnace after removing the sponge smelted , with ferrilO, pearlite and even grey cast iron; inclusion analyses. Y. Serneels: L'apport des analyses chimiques de minerais. scories. et produits associes it. I'etude de la siderurgie ancienne. 75-81. Chemical and mine. ralogical ana lyses of various products of smelting and smithing processes. based on materials f),om Switrerland. A. P!ogwn: Palsid - un prototype de hase de donnees paleosiderurgiques. Discussion: 85-86. - Section 2: "Reduction et forge. J.-D. Paul. - P. Rosent.hal - D. Morin: Variabilite des minerais et evoluUOD des techniques d'extraction et de reduction dans un petit district siderurgique: la region de Briarcoul1 - Conflans-sur-Laterne (Haute-SaOne. France). 89-95. Oolithic and pisolithic iron ores, iron mines 01 Conflans and Briarcourt. underground and open cast mining places in the region. Chi: DunikowMi and s. Cabboi IMrsl: Les ateliers des CIermois IYonne) - typologie des has fourueaux et evolutions, 101-113. The first representation of four principal types of hloomery furnaces in the ironworks of the CeIU~ Senones. C. Larcher: La zone siderurgique de la fore! de Paimpollt (II le-et-Vilainel - hilan diachroniquft. 112-120. About 150 metallurgical sites of the Middle Ages and post-medieval period as hase for a ,'Csea''tlh

700 ComiM "

project. .H.L. Knau - M. Sonnecken: Rennfeuer. Massellhiitte. Hammerwerk - Die hedeutsame Entwicklullg der Eisenerzeugung und -verarbeituug im Gebiet der ehemaligen Grafschaft Mark. 121-130. The early blast furnaces start in the region in the 13th century. M. Thwni: The slag from the si te of the via Monet~ at Milan (northern Italy), 131-135. Iron and copper slags in layers of BC/AD. E. Pigean (Mrs), Ateliers des forges antiques et travaux de construction it Chartres (Eure-et-Loire. site de BarboD), 137- 140. S. Mathieu (Mrs) - Ph. Mignot - }. Plumeau: Struclures associees a des scories de forge sur quelques sites romains it Belgique, 141-142. The Roman villa of Jamelle, foyer and forge. C. Schucany (Mrs): Les forges de la villa rustica de Biberist-Spilalhof (Suisse). 143- 157. Two subsequent plana of smithies from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD; the later one was equipped with a water-channel of imbrice$, connected with a brook stream (air-pressure blowing?). Ph. AruirielL"t: Le poids de I'air dans les fourneaux metallurgiques et son influence sur le structures de reduction, 159-166. Experimental evidence concerning the behaviour of the bloomery fur nace lining as to the air-blowing (a slag-pit furnace tested). A. Faivre: Du minerai it l'objet - Recherches experimentales sur la chaille operatoire (I'experimentation des Saintes). 167-171. Trials inspi red by the Holy-Cross-Mountains furnaces. the smithy at Blessey etc., including smelting of ore and smithing of bars .. P and S. Crew: The experimental production of bar iron. 175-176. Summary of exper iments having been carried out during last lO years, high losses on iron in course of heating. Discussion de la section 2. - Ensambles regionaux. R. Pleiner: Early Bloomeries in Central Europe~ 181-188. A concise account of the European hloomery ironworks up to the decline of the Romano-Bar­barian period . . H. Laurent et al. : Zones de reduction et zones de forge? La region de Berthelange et la Finage dolois (Franche-Comtel. 189-200. About 200 sites mentioned . Roman and medieval. B. Hamon -D. GrandaU - r GerarrJ..: Sites miniers et paIeometallurgiques de la region d'Avrll (Meurthe-et-Moselle) et de Moyeuvre (Moselle), 201-205. Reconnaissance. maps; the oolithic ores used since the Gallo-Roman period. ]'-M. &rdelnu.p: Observations recentes sur la metallurgie ancicllne ell fOI'Ct d'AlIogny (Cher!: 20-211. Slag heaps of the Bituriges tribe. heavily damaged by industrial exploitation. mining bell-pits. Medieval iron-working of the 11th-15th centuries AD. Fr:. Dumasy (Mrs): La metallurgie du fer dans la cite des Bituriges Cubit 213-222. Written sources and archaeometaHurgical monuments (industrially consumed iron slag heaps). L. E$chenrohr: Recherches archeologiques sur la district siderurgique du Jura Central suisse. 223-226. Necessity of broad based research programmes. M.Kempa -0. Ya~in: Exploitation des mines et metallurgie dans le .Iura Souabe - Tradition et innovation de I'epoque germanique au Haut-Moyell-Age, 227-235. Another SU I'VCY of l'Csults achieved in the Schwahische Alh. La Tene and Roman period iron smelting. medieval ironworks (blast furnace remains and slags at Mctzingen-Kurles­haul. A. Kron= and I. Kee:srnafUl: Die vorncuzeitliche Eiselltcchnologie 'Ill Lahn-DilI-Gehiel. Deutschland, 237-245. The Dietzholztal project as seen by mineralogy of slags and linings, low temperature melting sys tems indicating the production of iron poor in carbon. H. Jons: Le developement de la production du fer en Allemagne du Nord. 247-253. Summarizing the resu lts of the Joldelund project. K. Bielenin: De~ Rennofen vom Typ Burgenland in del' friihgeschichtlichen Eisenverhiittullg in Mitteleuropa. 255-267. About 1000 slag sites in the Burgenland. Au.stria; La Tene period domed furnaces and their analogies: p. P. Bonenfunt and P. DefoS3e: Les recherches paIeosiderurgiques en Belgique: l'example de la foret des Soignes aux Sud-Est du Bruxelles, 269-273. Gallo-Rom:m anrl early medieval furnaces. evidence of mining activities. I . jooslen (Mrs) and M. lIan Nie: An outline of early iron production in the Netherlands, 275-284. Principal sites and production districts. A. Espelwul: Un hilan des recherches sur la production directe du fer en Norvege - Des con~itions scmi-industl'ielles ;, ce lles d'unc economic de subsistance; 285-291. Survey of the resu lts ill the Trendelag area: latc Romano-Barh3l'ian. medieval and post medieval (E"entstad) iron smelting. O. VrJ:J.s: 11'011 Age and Medievallrou Smelting in Denmark. 293-295. Summa­rized excavations resu lts. the Snorup hoard of iron bars. Discussion de la section 3. 303-307. - Section 4. Environment. Economie, Societe. C. Duboi$ - V. hard (Mrs) - }. P. Melailie: Forets charbonnes et archeologie metallurgique en Ariege (Pyrenees fralu;aises) - Une methodologie interd isc iplinaire pou~ l'histoire de I'environment , 311-·322. Charcoal investigations. howl heal'ths at Foret de la Bede. N. Dieudonne·ClwJ(Ml's): Minerai de fer disponsibl(~ et minerai de fer exploi te - example de choix a I'epoque 1'0maille e hez les Bituriges Cubi. 323-325. Detailed analyses of iron ores from the deposits and ironworks. P. DeMU: La siderurgie cisterciell ue: rapport de l'archeologic. 33 1-332. Finds from the Vauluisant Abbey. smelting fumace, bloom reheating. bar shaping. C. Doswuid: Les !ingots rle fer protohistodques en Europe occidelltale: problematique gencrale. 333-343. Iron bars and bloom fragments of the Roman period, iconography (the ste la of Augst). P. Crew: CurrencY'· hal's in Great Britain: Typology and Function, 345-350. Iron bars from 68 sites in Britain reach a \-lUmhel' of ca 1500; they al'C divirled into 20 types (chemical analyses). S. Or-..echow:ski: La siderurgie ancien ne dans les MOlltaigncs Saillte-Croix - Context natu re l et humain . 351-361. Some new aspects concerning tbe Romano-Bal'harian i.·oll metallurgy 01: the Holy-Cross-Mountains: orc. fuel. air-supply. rlatillg (a peak between 150-220 AD). coin hoards. G. MagnlL!son: Les mines ct les hoeufs ou la plus allcielllle inclustl'ialisatioll de la Suede. 363-371. The

Comite 70 1

period of direct smelling since 600/500 BC. the inriil'cct process have been introduced in the 12 111 century. Working of iron ill tOWIIS (30.000 t pen slag calottes at Vishy). P.-L. Pelel: Le fer en Su isse cl, III recherche en archcologie c l iln:heoIllcLrie siderurgiCJucs, 373-375. The recent slate of archaeomctallul'gl ll studies ill Switzerland . an indusLl'Y between small-scale ami extensive production. Discuss ion ,Icl III ~cdjoll 4 , 377-379. Sedion 5 'Affiches . (poster s). Index fies pl'iucipales malieres et les p"incip"ux evoqucs daDS le volume. 4 17-419. Lisle des participants. 421-422.

A. STALSBERG (Mrs), The Russ ian-Norwegian Sword Project. In , Proceedi.gs of the Twelfth VikillM Congress. Stockholm 1994. 183-189. A broadly conceived planning of Vikillg Age sword studies . hoth fnull Norway allrl Russ ia (A. Kirpidlllikov). Prohlems in the meaning of pauehl-welded inlays on hla()tl' which all! often ullilltdligible symbob. ill Bussia also fragments of CyrilHc leuers.

A. WILLIAMS: The Blast Furnace and the Mass Production of Armour Plate. In : History of Techllolo~y. XVI (G. HollisteJ-ShOl·t ed) 1994·.98-138. The complete plate arlnou,· is a speciality of Europe. havinM heen in use some 200 years since t.he 15th century. Italian armoUl" Innsbruck. Augsburg and Nur llltOl'H workshops. mass production and large sets of armou r imported to England from Germany. Italy nnd Flannel'S during the 16th centUl·Y. Bloomery fUl'naces and stee lmaking. Microanalyscs of slag inclusion.! in va rious an noUl' plates. Pompeo delta Cesa ill Milan used. in the light of slag inclusion evidence. hoLh h loomery and fined st.eel for his annours (16th century). '" {'

11. Iro" as me"ttmled I" other pubUcatlons (1994)

H. BRINK-KLOKE et aL G'·Ubell . Grii ber uud Gef'i"e. Funde und Befunde ill Dortmund-OespeVMartuu aus del' jungsteinzeit und der jiingerc lI Brollzczeit (4500 - 750 v. Chr.). Dortmund 1994. In grave 24 of a cemetcl'y , the decline of which dates from the 8th century BC. there was found an iron shee( spherical object having been deposited close to the incineration hurial (pp. 19. 23 . 84. depicted on lh' "car cove I ' flap).

E. MIHOSSAYOVA (Mrs), Sid lisko z neskor.,j doby hal!tatskej v Cecejovciach . Summary in Genu.n l Spathallstattzeitliche Siedlullg ill Ceccjovce ILate Hallstatl period settlement at Cecejovce . E.ist SlovaklaL S lovensk<i al"cheol6gia 42/1 1994.37-68. Iron slag was found hoth in the layers and sunken features ot this HD3 se ttlcment (an iron bloom came to light frolll the pit 1(/80). Remarks 011 possible bell -pits (or exploiting hog ore (1l-16/80. 18/8) are worthy of mention.

BI8L1OGRAPHY 1995 (as in August 1995)

A. Special/zed Item.>

EISENLAND. Zu dell WUI'ze ln dcr nassauischcu Eiscnilldustde !in German: The Land of Iron: roots or the iron industry iu Nassau W Germany I. B. Pinskt~r cd .. Wicshaden 1995. From the contents: A. l ockenillivel: A .. ch jiomctallurgischt~ Forsd,ungen an del' oheren Dill und Dietzholze (Lahn-DilI-KI'cht) IArchaeo llle tallurgical research iu the Upper Dill and Dietzhoiz va lleya!. 1-14. Another survey of thft illvestigatioll activities iu the ilhove area, rCCOllllaisSilllCCS. digs of se lected sites (7th- 14th centurl", AD). 110 Mas:;;cnhiltlen. A.lochenh6vel: Zu den Wurzeln nassauischer Eiscnindustrie: Pioniere - ForschulI· ge n - Hypothescn ITowanl the roob of the iroll industry in Nassau: Pioneers - Investigations· Hypol,hesesl. 15-28. Survey of pl'cvious local inves tiga tions and of theil' authors. about 1900; the l;l TCllc period hoard of iron ohjects from Kalteiche. now lost. .Chr.- Willm.s: Del' kcltischc KupferverhUttuU1 gsplatz B 97 am Himberg (The Celtic COppel' smelting. site B 97. at Himbergl. 29-40. Copper in a 51111 channel. radiocarbon dating: 4th-2nd centuries nc. Chr. Will~: Frtihmittelal ter lEarly Middle Age~ l, 4·1 -42. peB slags at A 6 site. tuyel'es at Hatlcnhausen. D. Lummers: De .. Rennofenstalldort B 88 - eln Beispiel fLiI ' e inen Eiselle rzverhilUullgsplatz des 13./ 14. Jahrhunderts im Lahll-DiII-GebietIThe bloo· mery site n 88 - an cxample of an ironworks in the 13thll4tll centuries Lahll-DiII- region I. 43-56./\ complete ironworks with a smelting furnace {a long tapping channell. iron ore storage and a slag hell" down the slope; iron tongs . . Chr. Willms: Hoch- ulld spatmittelalterlichc EisclIgewilluulIg aD der 000 1'0 11

DilUDietzholzc (High and late medieval irollmaking in the Uppel' Dill and Dietzholze valleysl. 57-8L Brief account of the investigated sitcs A 68. B 19. 51 90. aurl B 85 which was a smithy with two hearth. in a stone-set building; the feature is explained to be the reheating plant for blooms from ironworkf4, A. }ockelllwvel: Del' Weg zum Hochofell - Die Zei t del' spiitmittelalterlichen ulld frilhll euzeitlichc lI Mas5enhiltte !The way leadiulIg to blast furnace - the Period of thc late medieval and post-medievlIl Masscnhiitte l. 83-97. The fil'st hlast f urnact~s )worluced principally gun balls and. since the 15th century.

;02 ComUt1

lhe iron plates for ovens; olle installation was exavatccl at Wissen. which is, unfortunately. not dated. F. Ve"eo Die "Burg" bei Dietzholztal-Rittershausen. Lahn-Dill-Kreis. 99-122. Blacksmith's tools. possibly of the La Tene period. K. Dei!lenroth: Die geophysikalische Prospektion IThe geophysical surveingl, 207-214. An account of the geophysical prospection of the ironsmeltiug sites in the area. A. Kron:z. - I. Keesmann: Die vorncuzeitlichc Eisentechnologie irn Lahu-Dill-Gebiet: Chemische und miueralogischt: Untersuchuugcn IMedieval iron technology in the Lahll-DilI region: chemical and mineralogical inves' tigationsl, 215-234. Application of both bulk and microanalyses in the investigati.ons of iron ores, slags and furnace linings: the copper slags from the B 97 site contained I % CuO. M. Speier - R. PoU, Pal~obotanischc Untersuchungcn zur Entwicklung prllhistorischcr und historischer Waldfeldbausyste~ me im Lahn-DtII-Bergland IPaleobotanic investigations into the development of prehistoric and later systems in the Lahn-Dill highlandl. 231-256. Pollen analyses from the local moors (charcoal dust appears in two peaks between the 11th to 14th centuries). A. l ockenlwvel: Bemerkungen zum Stand der archaometallurgischen Forschungen in Siegerland INotes on the archaeometallurgical research in the Siegerlandl. 257-260. The author throws doubt on the well known Iron Age domed furnaces in the Siegerland just for the reason that no similar device was discovered in the region since thirties whcn O. Krasa was active in the field (he neglects the excavations of BelJagllel and some later finds).

E. S. EL-GAYAR, Pre-Dynastic Iron Beads from Gerzeh. Egypl.IAMS - Institute of Ar.,haeo-Metallurgical Studies. University .College London 1995/ 19. June. 11-12. Ooe of the three remaining iran beads (possibly parts of a necklace) from the 3000 BC graves of Gerzeh was investigated. Despite the fact that the bead was thorougly corroded to Iimonite it is possible that is was made hy flat forging of an iron sheet. Whils~ another bead of the complex . investigated in 1929 hy C.H. Desch, contained 7.5 % Ni and was interpreted as of meteoritic origin. the object undel' discussion revealed 0.2 % Ni max .. and 0.03 to 0.5 % Cu. The author is inclined to admit that it was a byproduct of the copper smelting applying iron ore f1uxes. .

HMS NEWS, Historical Metallurgy Society. 29. Spring 1995. There is information on the early ironmakiug on pages of this bulletin: .Chr. Graill.ge (Mrs): 11'011 production of land units belonging to the monastery of St. SalvatorlS. Giulia. Brescia. c AD 900. 2. Taxes paid in iron from several producing places or areas which represcnted about 400 pound of iron delivered annually. J. lIndgkinson: Welden Iron Research Group. 4. Report on activity: iroll slag marking the London-Lewes Roman road. In the section Archaeometallurgy, 7-8. P. HUlcIunson informs 011 the Castlehaw iron smelting site excavation (furnace remains).

HMS NEWS 30. Summer. 1995. ]. /lodgkinson' Wealclen Iran Research Group. 3. An undated blaamery discovered at Parrock. Hartfield, and Lysinge in Kent. The section ArchaeometaIlUl'gy. 5-6. compiled by D. Slarley, mentions the excavated si te Houghton Dowll near Stockhridge which brought to light numerous iron objects and smithing evidence from two periods - before 300 BC. and from Iron AgclRoman period. Some materials wcre examined by P. Crew. An iron bloom (13 kg) . possibly Roman. was found at Elms Farm. Heybridge. Essex.

THE IMPORTANCE OF IRONMAKING - Technical Innovation and Social Change. Papers presented at the Norberg Confercnce in May 8-13 1995 (G. MagnussolI ctd.) . .Iernkolltorct·s Berghistoriska UL'ikot H 58. Stockholm 1995.1·28 pp. This volume was edited befo, .. the symposium and should be completed as a new version. including also the poster exhihition. Contents: Foreword (G. Magnusson}. 7-8. O. Nyquisl: The history of Ironmaking for the Future. 9-28. A. history of metallurgical thinking. G. MagnussQn:. Iron making in a Long Time Perspect ive. 29-40. The Swedish metallurgy of iron in an outlinc. Direct Ironmaking' PCrew - S. Crew (Mrsl, Medieval Bloomeries in Northwest Wales. 43-50. Late 14th century AD bloomerics. historical records and archaeological reconnaissance and digs. L. Eschenlohr: Rechcrches Archeologiques sur le District Siderurgique du Jura Central Suisse. 51-55. About 200 sites registere~ in the region. most of them early medieval; recollnaissance. geophysical surveying. digs. P. Fluzin - P. Benort el ul.: .Apports de I'archeometallul'gie il. la restitution de la chaillc opCratoire das procedes siderul'giques directs it partir des vestiges archeologiqucs. interets des comparaisolls ethnoarcheologiques, 56-61. Iro"making sites in Burkina Faso. Africa. an incredible dale 2900-2300 BC from the Termit Niger mentioned: I. looslen (Mrs) - B. JUfLJen - JJ. Kars: First Witness of Manganese-Rich Welding Sand in an Early Medieval Iron Sax, 61-72. The tang of a Romano-Merovingian sax from Rhenen contains MnO-rich slag inclusions as well as in the metal matrix near the welds; this is ascribed to spessartine, a manganiferous sand. M. Mangin - H. Laurenl: et ~I.: Ateliers et cach-e de vie des siderurgistes de !,Est de la fran ce (fin del l'Age du Fer, Antiquit.e et Haut Moye" Agel. 73-83. Smelting of iron was realised in open settlements during the Roman period. L', Mihok et al.: Direct Production of Forgeable Iron in Medieval Slovakia, 84-91. Historical survey of the bloomery ironmaking iIInstrated by analyses of some

Comite 703

medieval bloomery and reheating slags. FR. Morral: Spanish iron in in the 17th Century: Farga and/ut, Ferreria Iron. 92-99. The Catalan Farga and the Basque Ferreria as suppl iers of quality iron for EUI'OPOIIII market. M. van Nie: Three Iron Produclion Areas in the Netherlands: contrasts and similarities. IOO-)()(" Three regions with cumulated iron production evidence. different in economic parameters. in eastOI'1I Netherlands. }. Perez Sujie et a!.: Production of Roman Rural ironworkers in the Northeast of Hispnnl. Tarraconensis. 107-114. Nai ls from the villae rusticae of the 1st-3th cen~uries AD meta llographica lly examined; steel used by not fully qualified smi ths. R. Pteiner: Small-Scale Rural Ironmaking ill lh~ Migration Period Bohemia, 115-123. A single smelt in a slag-pit furnace within the 16 hectars of excavnted area. having revealed a complete Migration Period village. V. Serneeh: Du minerai a I'objet: Un villl8'l des siderurgistes du VII le et XI le siecle Liestal R6sern tal (BUSwitzerland). 124--131 . A medieval vill"R'I area produced more than 4 tonnes of iron slag (80 % smelting and 20 % of reheating and smithing wulo. two kinds of ore) . .0. Voss.: Snorup - an Iron Producling Settlement in West Jutland . 1st - 7th century AD. 132- 139. Remains of 1100 slag-pits from 4000 estimated by geophysical survey. a smithy. an iron hoard . charcoa l burning. Indirect Ironma..king: Early Blast Furnaces. N. Bjtirkenstum: The Blast FUI'IIIU;t; in Europe during Medieval Times. Past of the new system for producing wrought iron , 143-153. The l'Okt of the water power. Iow-phosphorus ores and furnace construction , enabling the slag tapping in a rlgh~ angle to the air blast. .M.Xempa - O. Yal(;in: Medieval Iron Smelting in Southern Germany: Early evidenllft of pig-iron. 154- 164. Frickenhausen type bloomery (130 sites). Metzingen type of furnace (30 sit"lI) producing glassy low-iron slag and pig iron. dating from the 11 th-13th centuries. H. L. Knau: Renn- ulld Roheise llcrzeugung - Osemundfrischen. Zur Geschichte der Eisen- und Stahlerzeugung im Markischan Sauerland , 165- 171. Early blast furnaces 0 3th/ 14th centuries) . HOl"stmann's classification of bloomery waste and two kinds of finery slags. The nse of bloomel'y slag in the fining process. Th. Rehren - M, Can-zelewski: Early Blast Furnaces and Finery Slags from the Jubach . Germany. 172-179. XRF. AAS Ilud WDS analyses of smelting and fining slags from the Kierspe-Jubach furnace. pig iron and wrought irOn! no flu x except of slag. yield of 90%. C.Astill: Iron Smithing in Medieval England - A Review. 183-193, Comparative plans of 15 excavated smithies and discussion of nine of them. Smithing slag should IIU\

be taken as an evidence for such a feature; until the 14th century the blacksmith's craft was not SpecirtCl, J. Cantelaube: La Societe Pyrenoeenne. La forge it la Cata lane et le Haut Fourlleau (XVII-XVIII siedai. 104-202. The archaisrn of the Catalan process was firmly bound to the social structure of the Pyreunun folks. Chr. Claer -Roussel (Mrs): The ·Comtois· Process of Iron Production: The Birth and Development or New Working Methods during the eighteen th century. 203-210. In comparison to the Walloou forge with its chafery and finery hearths. the ·Comtois· technique used only I hearth (shortage of fuel). E. Cor"" (Mrs): Iron-working in Medieval Toscana. 211-231. From the 9th-10th centUl'ies traces of the Elblll activity. 11th- 12th centuries baronial and monastic bloomel·ies. in the lale 12th century Pisans l'C uew the production on Elba. 17th century: open hearths of the Catalan and Ligurian sty le. A. 10ckenMIlfIlt Struktur und Organisation del' mittelalterlichen Eisengewinnung ill del" alten Grafschaft Nassau-DiU'HI' burg (Deutschland). 232-247. Another survey of numerous di scoveries in the Lahu-Dill region. M, Tizwnil The Social Structure and the Property of Iron Mines and of the Iron Smelting Furnaces in the Bergam~ (Italy), District from the Middle Ages to the XVlllth Cclltu I·Y. 248-252. - Mining. A.Bouthier.: Displacem': n ~ of both iron mines and metallurgic sites related to the change in reduction process in northwest Nivcrnuill (France). 255-262. Roman slag heaps in the province of Niellres. modern blast furnaces activity in Lh" 17th and 18th centuries. V. La Salvia: Gap or Continuity? Mining in Ea'rly Middle Ages in Italy. 263-271 , The author is inclined to see a continuity in the iron mining since Roman times. U. Zimmernwllfll

Mittelalterlicher Bergbau auf Easen. Blei und Silber - begrenzle Mil1e! und zahlreiche VeranderulIgen. 272-280. Changes in the 10th/11th century and about 1450 (wooden machinery for mines) wel~ significant for mining in south-west Germany. - Preservation. Restoration . and Reconstructioll. 1.·/0: BeUwste.: The Study and Preservation of French ironworks. historic Monuments and Site Museuml, 283-290. H. Cleere: Ironworks as World Heritage. 291-298. Eugelberg in Sweden and V61klingcII ill Germany 0 11 the list of the ICOMOS programme. R. Htihmann: Conservation and preservation of la"~1} 20th century blast furnaces in Germany. 299-302. E.Y. LogWlOV: The Monuments of lrollJllaking ill lho Urals: Today and Tomorrow. 303-310. D.Morin: Sauvegarde et production des siles an:heologiques minim'" - I'example de la France de ('Est. 311-318. Ph. Riden: The Blast Furnace in Grcat Britain: Survival and Conservation. 319-326. M. Shanks: Iron making: prescrvation. l'Cstoratioll. and reconstruction. 327-334. M. Urteaga Artigw (Mrs): The Hydraulic Ironworks of Agorregi. Gipuzkoa - Basque Country. 335-342. Restored ironworks with hydraulic hammers and opean hearths in which experimental smelting has heen performed by P. Crew. A. Zhiegieni: The 200 Year Tradition of Ironmaking at the Foundry in GliwiCtI, 343-350. - Ironworks and Transportation. Ph. BrCJ1Jl1jlcin: Le hois. le fer et r en - Re£lexions sur ItS developpement a la fill du Moyen Age. 353-359. The Maas and Wcstphalia I'egions as epicentres of lllll birth of the indirect PI"OteSS. having bet!1I situated dose lo the large.st medieval iron market which Wil .~

704 Cmllitlr

Koln .. A.Cremin, The Landscape of Ironmaking in Auslralia, 360-365. D. Cross/eT The Supply of Charcoal to the Blast Furnaces in Britain. 367-374. R. Uriarte: The Direct Process in the Spanish Ironmaking during the 19th Century: Survivals and Last I,"provemcnts, 375-384. New systems in the bloomery technology introduced by Chenol. Touraigne or Gurlt; blast fUl'naces in Spain working since 1850. -Transportation. C. Doswald: "Enwegc"- Ways and Means of Iron Ore Transport in Pre-Iudustrial Switzerland. 387-396. Incredible conditions of the primitive ore transport from mines to ironworks. matching several hundred meter difference of altitude. E. Rukosuev: The Urallronworks and Construction of the Trans Siberian Trunk Une. 397-404. - Technological transfer: C. HyMn - e/u: Evatu: Iron in Sweden and Britain 1600-IBOO: Interdependence and Difference, 407-414. S. Ustianuev: Swedish Technology and Specialists in the Ural1I9th - early 20th centuries), 415-422.

METALLOGRAPHY '95. Proceedings of the international conference - 9th symposium on metallography (I. Hrivnak ed.), Kosice 1995.544 pp. From the rich conteuts a series of contributions was specifically devoted to archaeometallography and its achievements. R. Pleiner: RerIection on the metallography of early artefacts. 24-29. Specific outlines in the examination of archaeological iron objects in comparison with goals of the industrial metallography; trial tests, examples. M. Dober!ak - N. T. Orel: Metallographic research of the Late Bronze Age sickles from Slovenia. 393-397. A. Hollj et al.: MetaHographic analysis of Dacian iron objects, 398-401. 16 iro~s from the 1st century BC-1st century AD site at Malaya Kopan'. W Ukraine. show a rather frequent use of secondary carburization; heat treatment applied in some cases. F. lando!: Cheb coin dies from the 16th to IBth centuries. 402-405. 27 post-medieval coin dies from' the town of Chcb. W Bohemia, martquenched and tempered. M. Longauerova (Mrs) et al.: Microstructural analysis of the cast belt-mounts from early medieval cemetery in Zelovce. 406-410. Two specimens investigated. one made of tin hronze. the other one of tin brass with lead coating on the surface. ,M. PlackoJJ6. (MrsJ - V. Uswhal: The methods of material analysis of a medieval sword and the technology of its decoration. 411-413. A completely corroded sword fragment from an excavation at Bruo with tin-inlaid ornaments revealed by X-ray spectral analysis. L '. Milwk w E. Mironayova (Mrs): Structure and properties of iron smelted in Hallstatt time (sic! pit furnaces, 414-417. The Ceeejovce slag and bloom investigated; no smelting installations discovered . . L', Milwk - M. Senn (Mrsh Structure of smithy slag from Roman period found in Neftenbach and Dietikon. Switzerland, 418-419. Mineralogy and chemistry of iron slags. partly PCBs, sand fluxes. P. Brziak - V. Magula - D. SIa.!Ukovd-Swkovskd (Mrs), Iroll axes in Borovce and a metallographic analysis interpretation in archaeology, 422-427. The Borovce cemetery near Trnava (8th - 11th centuries AD) yielded iroll axes. from which eight were examined metallographically: steei cutting-edges. heat treatment; the example Crom grave. 221 showed a curious glaze coating, not dissimilar from enamel. presumably serving for ornamental purposes. K. Str6.tukj et al.: The metallography of the prehistoric iron ring from the "Bull's Rock" cave, 428-432. Summary of the long-termed discussion and investigation of a HD period hollow iron sheet ring (6th-5th centuries BC) found in a cave sanctuary, having been said to be a cast iron object; in fact. it was made oC low carbon iron sheet - curiously enough. there appears a metallic copper and copper oxide layer embedded in the rust which escapes any explanation until now,.

Posters: from 41 posters foul' were devoted to archaeometallurgical problems. Poster 8: O. El Kedim et al.: Metallographic study of slag oC direct reduction etc., 453-459. An African iron/steel bloom, an Iron Age bar and modern ARMCO steel have becn tested by polarization curves of Na-compollcllts in terms of corrosion resisivity (the highly carburized bloom was less resistant). Poster 25: M. PttUkovo. (Mrs) w V. Ustohal: The metallographic analysis oC an extent of the archaeological findings corrosion atlack, 505. Silver jewelry and post-medieval bracelets. Posler 30, J. HrbtUovd (Mrs) - V. UslJJha/, The melallography of blades, 516. Investigation of the Mikulcice swords (9th century AD). Poster 39, E. Mirol!ayova (Mrs): Protohistorical iron production in SpiS. 540-541. Early slag site in the sub-Tatran region ..

J. MERKEL et aI., Analytical Invesligalion of Crucible Steel Production at Merv. TUl'kmenislall. lAMS 1995119, June, 12-14. In the oasis of Merv there were excavated remains of a metallurgical workshop including two furnaces capable to take ahout 40 clay crucibles, the sherds of which were abundant at the site. A crucible steel process comes into question, siuce the glassy green slagging on their walls contained minute steel particles (O,-O.B % Cl. Possibly 110 smelting but recycling of iron scrap took place in the workshop. The nature of this process remains still unclear and further investigations are in progress. The site dates from the 8th or 9th cent~ries AD.

AckrwwledgemenL The editor wishes to express ~s thanks to all who provided him with papers, books information OD their current work. Petr Crew. Maentwrog, kindly read the manuscript of the present issue.

Comit£ 705