COMITE POUR LA SIDERURGIE ANCIENNE

de I'Union internationalc dt's sciences prehistoriques et pl'otohistoriques

W. U. Guyan, president R. Pleincr, secretaire

Siege du secrc turiut: Institllt d'archcologie, 11801 Prague I. LClenska 4

Communication 32 Edi led by R. Pleincr

NEW MEMBERS: Ph. Fluzin, Compicgnc; V. Som:ilopova (Mc!:!), BluzlSko.

OBITUARIES: T he Comite pour la siderurgie ancienne lost onc of its foremost members, Mr H. H. Coghlan, who died on 21st June 1981. H erhert Henry CogWan. an experienced engineer and scientist and later the Honorary Curator of the Borough .Museum at Newbury, Berks., devoted his interest entirely to palaeometallllrgy. Among his numerous works special mention must be made of HNotes on the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Copper and BT(Jnze in the Old \Vorld" , Oxford 1951 and "Notes on Prehistoric and Early Iron in thc Old World", two editiolls, 1956 and 1977, which greatly influenced knowledge of ancient metallurgy und fire often quoted. He was onc of the co~authors of the "Metallurgical Reports on British and Irish Bronze Age Imple­ments and Weapons in the Pitt Rivers Museum" (with I. M. Allen and D. Britton), Oxford 1970. The name of H. H. Coghlan will always h e closely associated with the history of metallurgy.

CONFERENCES:

SYMPOSIUM ON EARLY FURNACE TECHNOLOGY, 29th-30th OctobeT 1982, oTgnni.e<1 by the British Museum Research Laboratory. Papers dealt both with copper and iron working furnaces. Professor R. F. Tylecote has kindly supplied a summary of those contributiolls which dealt with iron: R. F. Tylecotc - J. F. Merkel: Experimental Smelting Techniques; Achievements and Future (survey; educational value); S. Bernus - N. Echard: Metal Working in the Agadu Region (Niger): an Ethno-Arehaeological Approach (gradual development of iron technology from ca 500 BC to the 14th century AD). J. R. Marechal: Methods and furnaces used to rOllst ores in Antiquity (roasting of iron ores saves fuel). R. Clough: The Iron Industry in the Iron Age and Romano-British Period (recent research results seem to modify the traditional view that thcre was a marked difference between the two periods in the field of iron making). G. Sperl: Development of the iron-finery process in the Alpine n~gion (attempts to use accidental cust iron production WitlUll the hloomery proccss may he traced hack to antiquity). Alex den Oudcn: The Introduction of the Blast Furnace in Europe (new evidence shows the development of blast furnaces in Sweden as early as the 13th century AD, probably inspired by German copper stuel· ting techniques; from Sweden there was 1\ reverse spread southwards). E. M . Nosek (Mrs):

.4rcheologickll , .. hleay XXXV, Praha 1983 681

Polish iron smelting exper iments with slag.pit furna ces (recent results). E. Photos - S. Filippakis­D. Papadimitriou - K. Bnmigan: Examinations of some Metallurgical Remains at Knossos, 5th (:. BC to Roman (copper) iron slags. J. Charle,~: Determinative mineralogy and the origins of metallurgy. J. Swaddling - W. A. Oddy: Illustrations of Metalworking F urnaces on Greek vases (the scenes clepict not smelting but working operations).

JOURNEES DE PALEOMETALLURGIE, organized 0" 22nu- 23ro February 1983 by the Universit~ de Technologic at Compicgnc, Fra nce. This was the first comparison of recent results of French researc.h ill the field of palaeom etallurgy, carried oul a t varjom' centres. Both non­ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, and metal conservation were covered. Principal pl=lpers dealing with iron: A. Francc-Lanonl (larville): La notion d'acier au co urs dcs ages [The concept of s t eel over time]. E. Fercock - P. Fluzin. C. Coddet (Compiegne): Evolution et reconstitution du has fourncau [Evolution and reconstruction of the low shaft furnace]. P. A ndricu,x (Cretcil): Indices significatifs cl ' une tcchllOlogic clans les materiaux d ' claborations metallurgiques [Significant indica tions of technology as reftccted in materials used for metallurgical work]. P. Flu,ziu. - L. Uran - C. Cocldet - G. Bercmger (Compiegnc): Structurcs lUct aUurgiques des armes de Gournay sur Aronde; lecture and interpretation lMetallographic strnctures of weapons from Gourllay stir Aronde: understanding and interpretation]. R . F. TylecoLe (Oxford): Met.allography of early edge tools. R . Pleiuer (Prague): De l' ~p~e cehique it l'outi) de La Tenc t ardive [From Celtic sword to Late La Tene implement].

During the conference an ethnographical film was shown , entitled Noces de feu IFeasts of fire] by Mme N. Eehard, which dealt with iron smelting in (he Niger region of AJricn.

An integral part of t he conference was an exhibition of "Conununications on pos ters" [Communication par affiches]. located in the main hall. Selected t hemes: E tude lIucro- et macro­grnphique des fers anciens [Metallography of ancient irons] hy Mrs. A . Pokorny, lHelz; Etude et forgeage d'un lingot de fer protohistoriquc [Examina tion and forging of an early iron bar] hy F. Delamare and G. Nicolas (Arcueil). Other contributions concerned non-ferrous metallurgy, coinage, a nd con..o;ervation of metal artifact s. It is intended that this first successful mee ting hetween } .... r ench and foreign archacometnllurgists wHl he repeated in about two years ' time.

R. Plei"er, Prague

12. WERKSTOFFKOLLOQUIUM has been organized by the Leh"",h! Wcrkstolrw;"cLlSchaft (Metalle) at the Institut fur Werkstoffwissenschaft cn der Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg. Federal Republic of Genmmy . It took place at Erlangen on 14th March 1983. This following programme has been kindly supplied by Professor U. Zwicker to the Editorial Board : D. Planck -H. Kaiser (Stuttgart and Karlsruhe): Eisen in dcr Vor· und F ni hgeschlcht e in Badcn.Wiirttemherg llron in the pre- and protohistory of Baden-Wurttem1)erg]; If. P. Ucnze (Miin.chen): E isen in der Vorgeschichte Bayerns [Iron in the prehistory of navaria]; G. Sped (Leob cn): H<:rstellllng dcs Eisens im Alpengehiet in der Vor· und Fruhgeschichte lJron making ill the Alpine regions i ll ])re~

ann protohistory]~ D . P ahl (Aalen-Wasseralfingcn): Metallographische Untersucbungen von Schlacken und EisengegensUinden aus der alemannischen Siedlung Grosskuchen bei Heidenhe.im lMetallographical examinations of slags and iron ohjects from the AJemanian site at Grosskuchen near Hcidellheim] ; U. Zwicker - W. Haase - J . Spitzhirn (Niirnherg-Erlallgcn) and E. Schulz (Frankfurt/M) - B. Urban. (Stuttgart): Metallkundliche Untel'suchungen l.ur vor- und friih~

geschiehtlichen Eisenherstellung im siiddeutschen Raum lMetallograph.ic inves tigation of objects connected with pre~ and protohistoric iron productioll ill soutJlern Gennany]. A film was shown at the conclusion of the conference entitled Eisell"\'erhiittung in Africa [Iron smelting in Africa]. The conference was un.der the chairmanship of Professors U. Zwicker and H.~J . K ellner.

CONFERENCE OF THE COMITE SCIENTlFIQUE POUR LA PROMOTION DE L'ARCHEO­LOGIE EN BOURGOGNE took place on 26th and 27th of March in Beaune, Burgundy, France, hosted h y the director of the Archeodrome, Beaune (Mme M.·C. Frere). The honorary chairman was M Y.-B. Burgalat, PrMet of Burgundy and president of the Societe pour la promotion dc

682

l'archeologic en Bourgogne. The aim of the conference was to discuss the methodologies of experi-" mental archaeology in rela tion to the excellent open-air "Archeodrome" near Beaune, where. in recent -year!.;, experiments in both non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy have been cturicd out. Ph. AndTieux (Crcteil) presented some of the results of his experimcnts in slag-pit furnaces of the Scharmbeck or Drengs ted types, R. PlcineT (Prague) reported on the developmcnt of lll.ctallur­gical experimental work in Czechoslovakia, and sugges ted that experilucnts should be classiHed according to speciHc aspects or problems to be solved in the future. Among European h.istorians of iron working who spoke in the discussion were J.-P. Pele' (Lausaunc), J. Ypey (Hollbrook) and 1. K ee.smann (Mainz). R. Pleiner, Prague

7th MONOTHEMATlC SPRING SEMINAR of the Metallurgical Board of the Club of the National Technical Museum at Prague on 12 April 1983 was devoted to the theme of uTile Role of Elnpiricisul and Science in the Development of Metallurgy". It was dedicated~ on the 10th anniversaries of their deaths, to the memory of Professor Ladislav Jenicek and ing. Ivo Krwis. The introductory p aper wns read by R. Pleiner (Prague): The Tole Qf empiricism in the ancient and curly metallurgy of iron. In Central Europe, this ficld of industry was very late in being inHuenced by scientific knowledge - certainly not earlier than in the 19th century. The other papers discussed this theme, coming up to the recent period, and emphasizing the role of the Czech technical high schools and teams of young engineers after World War T.

R. PleincT, Praguc

47. SITZUNG DES GESCHICHTSAUSSCHUSSES DES VEREINS DER DEUTSCHEN EISENHtlTTENLEUTE took place on Bth of April 1983 at Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germuny. Papers: JI. Pawliska(Sulzbach-Rosenberg): Schmelzversuche in cingetieftcn R enn­of en [Smelting experiments in bowlfurnaces]. D. HOTs£marm (Diisseldorf): Metallkundliehe Unter­suchung eines Tiirgriffs aus der Weidener Grabkammer (150 n. Chr). [Metallographical investiga­tion of a Roman iron door-bolt from the tomb at Wciden, AD 150]. K. R. Cleff (Dortmund): Die Darstellung der hi. Barhara im Wandel der Stilepochen [Representation of St. Barbara, patron saint of miners and metallurgist s, through successive changes in style over time].

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM .. SIEDLUNG, WIRTSCHAFr lJND GESELLSCHAFT WAHREND DER H )NGEREN BRONZE· UND HALLSTATTZEIT IN MITTELEUROPA (organized hy the Landesmuscum fUr Vor- und Friihgesehichte Potsdam-Babelshcrg at Potsdam­Cecilienhof, 25th-29th April 1983, director: Dr. B. Gramsch). This included two papers dealing with enrly European metaJJurgy of iron: R. Pleillcr (Prague): -oher das Eisen der Bronzezeit [On iron of the Bronze Age], and Z. BukQt()ski (Wars1.awa): Der Verbreitungsprozess des Eisens im Raum der Lausitzer Kultur [The sprcnd of iron within the Lusatinn culture area1.

R. PleineT, Prague

RESEARCH CENTRES:

ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL INSTITUTE (AMI) of the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Stockholm was founded in 19B1 to create a permanent research centre for scholars workin.g on palaeometallurgical studies. It works closely with the Bergsskol at Filipstad. and both institutions share some apparatus, such as microprobe, scanning microscope, X-ray spectro­meter, etc. Specialists of the Historical group of Jernkontoret are also involved: H. Hagfcldt, metallurgy; N. Bj6Tken.stam, metallurgy; P. KTcsren, mineralogy; U. Qvarfort, geology. AM] also collaborates with the Geological ~eetion of the universi ty at Uppsala, especially in chemical research. It seeks to play a coordinat.ing role in cclution to the historians of iron taking part in the extensive historical metaUurgy progrrunme iu Sweden. The Institute is heat.led by Sf'rning.

After I. Serning. Grangesberg

683

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY:

Excavations:

EARLY SLAV IRON METALLURGY AT .l ENIS UV U.lEZD NEAR TEPLICE, NORTH­W EST BOHEMIA. Extensive rescue work by the Most Centre of the Archaeological Institute at Prague h as led to the discovery of evidence of Slav settlement dating from the 6th to 13th cCHturic!:; AD. The site, situated along the L01nsry stream in the Bilina region is being des troyed by a huge opencast cOill mine . Close to the bed of the stream traces of 32 small bloomery furnaces (or, more precjsely. of their below-ground sections, filled with charcoal and slag) were found . Five groups or hatteries could he ident.ified. Unfortunately. it was not possible to dute these mOTC accurately; however, charcoal is available for radiocarbon dating in the future. From the stratigraphic point of view, onc of the furna ces covered a storage pit of the earlier Slav phase. Dr. J. Bubenik excavRled a set of reheating- hcnrlh.'i, which were also grouped in a battery, pre~umably t;hcltercd by a simple roof. Similar reheating plants had already been d iscovered on the same site in 1940/41 (published by Pleincr, 1958). Opencast exploi ting of iron ores is

a ttested by 19th cenlury sources but some 1,5 km away. Further archaeological activity on this site is planned. T. VeUmskj, Most

INVESTI GATION OF EARLY GREEK IRON SPEARHEADS. A sct 01" iron spearheads found at Kalapodi-Atalandi, a site about 160 km north of Athem;, was examined. They date from the Geometric and Archaic period s (9th- 6th centuries BC) . . Preliminary re!=;uits in.dicate that ea r1y Greek blacksmiths must have achieved considerable exper tise in carbon s teel hardening. Further information about the heat trcatment of ancient Greek steel, especially that of the Geometric period (7th- 6th centuries), is expected from the work in progrc~s .

After G. J. Varoufakis , Athens

Expr;riments:

SMELTING EXPERIME TS IN FURNACES WITH INDUCED DRAUGHT were carried out at the Technische UniversiHit at Berlin (West) in the winter term 1980/81 and were reported b y V. Pawliska at the 47. Sitz-ung des Gcschichtsausschllsses des VDEh at Diisseldorf(see p. 683). According to the programme of that m eeting, a shaft furnace with slag-pit and four air-inlets was modelled in the Streckermoor (Oldenhurg) style. However, it is described as an "eingetieftcr Of en". The smelts~ u sing a Salzgiller high-silica ore produced a sinlcrcd iron sponge, not separated from the slag at t empera ture of 1150- 1200 °C at the air-inlet mouths. Rich ltabira ore passed through the furnace unreduced. Dr. Pawliska believes tbat easily reducible ores, rich in iron and low in silica, could he ufied for the induced-draught process even under a very slight wind. In order to obtain an optimal air supply, some of the air-inlets were blocked. The charcoal-to-ore rut io was 1,5: 1. The results arc to be published in "Stah} und EiscnH

•

After the Niederscbrift ofthe 47. Sit.ill]g des GA VDEb

FORGING OF LA TENE PERIOD IRON SWORDS. In order better to understaud the hot forming process of a sword blade trials were undertaken in December 1982~ organized by the Archaeological Institute at Prague and the R egional Museum of Blansko. Two types of blades, based on finds of La Time swords from a cemetery at Holubicc, J\.1oravia, were manufactured from a modern low-carbon s teel: a sword with a flat blade (lenticular in section) and another onc with central rib. As scmi-finil:ihed product a Suisse type of sword.shaped iron bar was used (0,65 kg). The shaping technique was studied and documented, and the number of heats and time consumption were measured. The master smith was Mr. F. Brodecky, Lysice. The results wiIJ be published in a forthcoming book on Celtic swords. R. Plciuer, Prague

684

A CORRECTION: The editor regrets that the name of Mr. A. FUl'ingstCll, the excavator of the Forentorpa Angar site, wns omitted. from the ahstract Oil Swedis-h excavations of iron smelting 'sitcs by Mrs Scrning (Communit:atioll No 29, AR 3 '~ 1982, p. 3] 8). The aut.hor wonld prefer the term "e1e:\'ated bowl furnace" instead of"stonc~wallcd ~hart", which "ppeared in the abstract.

The Editor

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1979 (Supplements)

A. Spec ia/i;:l'd items

H. M. FRIEDE: Iron~smelti n.g furna ces and m etallurgical t raditions of the South African Iron Age. Journal of South Afr ican Ins titu t e of lHining and Metallurgy 79 1979/ 13, 372-381. An .archaeological study of smelling processes in Sout h African Iron Age furna ces and the charac te ~ ri ;;;ti cs of the !:Slllelting products. Discussion }))' A. SiIT appeared in. the sume journal vol. 80 1980/1, p . 6~ . After AATA and HM

P. SILLITO.E: Stone VcnjUS steel. M.ankind 12 1979. 151-161. Experiments with s tone and steel t ools among the Wole of Papua in New Guinea, who s till remember the use of stone. It is con­.cIuded that steel was four tillle~ fa ster tfl an stone. After BA A and IIM"

.c. F. TEBnUTT: The eX('.avation of three Roman bloomcry furna ces at Hartfield , Sussex . S ussex Archaeological Collections 117 1979.47-56. Excavation of three bloomery units, each accompanied by an associated reheating hearth. Unfortunately, damage t o the superstructures m akes it impossible to assign the furnaces to the dome Of shaft categories. An anvil site was also identified . After BAA and HM

.E. History of iron as mentioned in other publicatior£s

J. CLOSE-BROOKS sec Italy, below

J. DE LA GENIERE, dtto

J. and L. J E HASSE, dtto

ITALY BEFORE THE RO~iANS. The hOIl Age, Orientalizing and Etruscan per iods (D. and F. R. Ridgway eds.). Academic Press London-New York- San Francisco 1979. The papers in t he volume in fac t make very little reference to iron. Nevertheless r emarks on its early occur­rence and penetration into the material culture of the 8th-7th centuries nc may be found in several of them: J. de la Geniere (Mrs): The Iron Age in Southern Italy, 59-93; J . Close­Brooks (!tirs) ~ D. Ridgway: Veii in the Iron Age, 95-]27; J. and L . l ehassc: The Etruscans at Corsica. 313- 351 (later find s from the 5th- 7th centuries BC). The Ellboelln forgc at Pithekous­sai (8th century BC) and specimens of the Elban hematite arc quoted , within the discussion on Mediterranean economic interrelations, in the contribution by A. Rathjc: Oriental Imports in Elrucia, 145-1 83.

A. RATHJ E see Italy, above

D. RIDGWAY, dtto

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1980 (Supplemen ts)

A. Specialized items

J. W. B. BLACK see R. F. Tylecote , below

H. F. TYLECOTE - J. W. B. BLACK: The effect of hydrogen reduction on the propeTties of

685

ferrous materials. Studies in Conservation 25 1980, 87-96. The hydrogen reduction process,. which is used by some labomtorics for conservation of archaeological iron artifacts. causes so many changes of the original metal and oxides (sweeping out any traces of original hea t trcat­men ui, cold working. and diffusion of carbon and destroying valuable information nccessary for s tudying the developmen~ of bl acksmith's technologies) that it seems completely inadvisable to use it for most kinds of artifacts. It should b e limited more or less to some nlsty irons from under-· water contexts and wrought p ieces of non-implement character.

B. History of inm as mentioned iu other publication.s

L. LODOWSKI: Dolny Slqsk nn poczlltku sredniowicczu (VI-X w.). f'od!itawy osadnicze i gospo­darcze. Summary: NiederscWesien zu Beginn des Mittelalters (VI.--X. Jh.). Besiedlung uncI wirtschaftliehe Grundlagcn [Lower Silesia at the beginning of Middle Ages (6th to 10th centuri(,s AD). Ecological and economical hasis]. Warszawa-Wroclaw- Krakow- Gdaflsk 1980. Chapter IV of the workt dealing with lIaudicraftE, contains a paragraph on the technology of iron (pp. 150-155). Sources for studying t he metallurgy of iron remain nninvestigated for the most part. Preliminary reports on slag blocks and iron smelting in Zukowice suffer hy reason of thrir un­resolved metallurgical problems and uncertain in terpreta1ions. Some mctallographical unalYlSef> of iron arlifaets suggest that the level of the blacksmith's ,',..ork was nol high (iron with elevated phosphorus content). Tongs from iukowice ru'e shown on fig. 35.

H. POLENZ: Die vorromi~chen. MetnlIzeiten im West- un.d Zcntralmlinstedand {In Gennan: Pre-Roman .Metal Ages in Western and Central }\tiln~"ETlaRd, Federal R epublic of Gerumny]. In: Munster - Westlichcs 1\Hinsterland - Tacklenhurg I. FiHner zu vor- und friihgcsehichtlic111'1l Dcnkm~i1ern 45. Mainz/Rhein ]980,86-136. Two La Time honrd!; will he of interest to hif-ltorians of iron: one from Munster-Geist. eonsistin.g of six sword sbaped iron bar:', and the other from Ochtrup~ Kr. Steinfurt. which contains two similar bars and a p ai r of blachmith's tongSt 72 crn long, and a fire spoon, 98 cm long.

BmUOGRAPHY 1981 (Supplements)

A. Specialized items

Z. llUKOWSKf: Nnjstarsze znaleziska przednuot6w zelaznyeh w srodkowej Europe a poezqtki metalurgii :ielaza w kulturze luzyckiej w dozreczu Odry i Wisly. Summary: Die iiltesten Eiscn­funde in M.itteleuropa un.d die Anfange der Eiscmnetallurgie in dcr Lausitzer Kultur im Strom­gcbict der Odra und Weichsel [The earliest iron objects in Ccntru.l Europe and the heginning of the metallurgy of iron within the L::msitz Culture area between the Odra and Vist~la rivers]. Archeologia Polski 26 1981 /2, 321-101. Catalogue of Late Dron"e Age (HB3) iron objects in. Poland and Czechoslovakia. Local iron smelting did not begin until the Hallstutt D period. Pre·La Tene iron production in the Holy-Cross Mountains has not hecn attested up to the present. Find frequency in different areas of Poland.

H. HAGF'ELDT see I. Serning, below

P. KRESTEN see I. Swung, cl Uo

I. SERNING (Mrs). H. HAGF'ELDT· P. KRESTEN: Vinarhyttnu. En medeltide hyttanligg. ning vid sjcn Haggen, Norrharka Socken, DaJarna. Summary: Vinarhyttan. A Jate Medieval iron production site at Lake Haggen. Norrharke Parish~ Dalarna County. Sweden. [Stockholm]. 1981, 132 p .• 128 figs. Description of excavated sites on the lake shore: early blast fllrnacc remains, possible water-wheel system, slag heaps, radiocarbon-dated to the 11 th- l 5th centuries AD. Complex chemical and mineralogical analyses of slag with high silica and low FeO contcnt~ .

and of ore (low in phosphorus) . Metallography of some iron specimens indicated graph.i.tic and ledeburitie pig iron. Vinarhyttan belongs definitely to the earliest European blast furn.a ce~ ..

686

V. SOUCHOPOVA (!\irs): Hutnicke pcce z velkomoravskc dUny v polesi Olomucany nn okrcse Blansko. Summary: MetaHm'gicnl furnac.es from the time of the Moravian Empire near Olomu­cany (Bla nsl.:o District). In: Z Dcjill hutnict\'i ]0 (Rozpra\'y Naroon.lho t echniekcho muzea v Praze 82), Praha 1981, 14-25. Excavat ions in fores t area 98/ 1 revealed three types of bloolllcry furna ces dating from the 8th- 9th centuries AD: below-ground furnace f> of the Zclechovicc type, then below-ground furnaces with thi n front walJs (two subvariants according to hearth shape), and finally free-standing shaft furnaces wi th flat hearths. Preliminary report.

R . F. TYLECOTE: Comparison between West en \ and Eustern. Metallurgical Techniques as dedu ced from Tradi tional J apan and Chinese IIhu;trat.ions. B ulle tin of th~ Metals Museum 6 1981 (Scnd ai. J apan), 1- 14. The main rmphasis of the nrticle is Oil the non-ferrous metallurgy (mainly copper smel tin.g). A, to iron, simila ri t if's and dissimilarities in casting an.d refining t echni­ques are discussed. J apan':; posit.ion was a different onc in relation hoth to China and E urope, as the refmlt of political harriers between 1639- ]853.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1982 (a, in May 1983)

A. Spec ial ized items

D. H. AVERY see Early P yro techno]ogy, below p.

S. BENOJT sce Mines, below p.

D. BIALEKOV A see R. PleinH, .below p.

A. BOUTHIER see Mines, below p.

Z. BUKOWSKI: 'Fazy proccsu rozpowszechniania sit,: znajomosci ielaza na obszarze kultury luzyckiej. Summary: Phases of the prOCf:1'S of spread of the experienec in iron in the Lusalian Cuhur~ region. K wartalnik Historij Kultury Materialnej 3-4/ 1982, 313 322. Another in the series of articles on this subject. The author ident.ifies the following plu~ sc!) in the process of in.troduetion of iron and iron technology from the south: BD and HB, hoth with sporadic oecur~ rence of iron ohject~; He-HD with possihle local iron working of imported metal; and HD/LA with eventual additional local s;melting Oll n !!mall scalc . The whole process covers the 13th-5th centuries BC.

H. CLEERE: The iron indust ry in the Homano-British countryside. In: Romano-British countr-y­side. Studies in Rural Settlement and Economy (D. ~liles ed.). BAR British Series 103 1982, ] 23- 135. The anthol'lllustralt~S different types of organization of thc Roman iron ind us try with examples from the Sll!,;!'CX Wea1cl and North nmp tolL,hire. H e emphasizes that, in audition to the traditional rela tionship between town and agricultural count ryside, conside ration should be given to that between towns and rural areas wit h developed indust rial production in making cvaluations of the Romnn provincial economies. Ironmaking centres in the Wcald are examples of the: latter type; the Forest of Dean may havc played a similar role. bu t there arc inadequate archaeological data avai lable t.o permit analysis .

R . E. CLOUGH see Historical Metallurgy, l)elow p. 688

F. DEROCH E see Mines, below p. 688

C. DOMERGUE sce Mines, below p. 688

EARLY PYROTECHNOLOGY . The Evolution of the First Fire·Using Industries (T. A. Wer· time - S. }" . Wcrtime cds.). Washington D.C. 1982. Papers given at a seminar held in April 1979 dea l with the lithic background ofpyrotechnieal industries, pottcry and glass, hydrated materials, orc drcs!),i ng, copper an.d iron m etallurgy. Iron is represented by two papers: D . H. Avcry: The

687

Iron Bloomery. 205. 214. The most important point relates to comments on the technology of recent African bloomeries, acnd especially the effect of preheating the air blown in through the tuyeres which protrude into the centre of the furnace. Problems of maintaining the correc t reducing atmosphere and of overheating the reduced metal particles forced early smelters to keep the temperature between 1200- 1300 °c. J. Piaskowslr;i: A Study of the Origin of the Ancient High-Nickel Iron Generally Regarded a.s 'Meteoritic, 237-2·13. Another version of the author's thesis according to which many ancient nickel-rich iron artifacts wcre, in fact, smelted from rich iron orcs with ehloanthite (n F'c-Ni-Co sulphide) added. Chalybean steel referred to in ancient written sources is claimed to represent this kind of metal.

S. FELLS sce Historical Metallurgy t be10w

P. CALLIOU see Mines, below

R. HALLEUX sce Mines, below

H. HAl\lANN: Ein Raseneisenerz-Schmelzvers llch in einem Nachbau eines eisenzcitlichcn Renn­icuerofens ZUr Deutung von Ausgrabungscrgebnisscn au[ clef Geest [In Gemlun; A slllelting experiment using bog iron ore in a reconstructed Iron Age furnace in relation to the interpretation of the excavation results in the Geest]. Die Heimat 89/11-12 1982 (Ncumtinster), 413-419. A slag-pit shaft furnace of the Scharmheck type was tested, using bog iron orc wi th 36,8% Fe and commercial beech charcoal. Consuming 16 kg ore, 30 kg charcoal (4 kg for furnace pre­heating), and 9,5 kg sand during about 8 hours under induced dIaught, thr. experimenter obtained metal grains in the slaggy mass (unwcighed). Fine and coarse pearlitie structures indicatc a steel with \lP to 0,71 % C.

HISTORICAL .~1ETALLURGY 16/2 1982. Much of thc contents of this issue are devotcd to the late H. H. Coghlan, his life and work in the field of non·ferrous and ferrous early metallurgy. Attention may be drawn to critical comments on the interpretation of slags from Isthmia, ana­lysed and publishecl by W. Rostoker and E. R. Gebhard (HM 1981, 41-44). The contributiolls by R. E. Clough and by S. Fells, J. C. McDonnel, and O. P. Nicholson show that X-ray diffrac­tions alone arc not adequate to identify a ny slag; the material from Isthmia is not bloomery slag but sm.ithing waste.

M. :Pt1ANGIN see Mines~ below

J. R. l\fARECHAL see Mines, below

I. MARTENS (Mr5): R ecent Investigations of Iron Production in Viking Age Norway. Nor ..... egian Archaeological Review 15/1-2, 1982, 29--44. The paper is focused on settlem.ent und economic a'5pects of the early metallurgy of iron in Norway. Smelting activities were carried out predo­minantly in areas which were peripheral to agrarian settlements and formed a part of the process of exploitation of mountain resources. The ironmaking communities wefe economically dependent on the outside world. Survey of excavations, comments on trade goods as reflected ill hoards of pre-Viking and Viking periods.

I. G. McDONNEL see Historical Melllllurgy, above

MINES ET FONDERIES ANTIQUES DE LA CAULE. Tablc ,"nde du CNRS, Universi tc de Tonlouse-Mirail1 980, Puris 1982, 329 p. The volume comprises papers on mining non-ferrous and precious metals as well as iron lwning and smelting. Among the latter are: J.-M. Paillcr: Mines et mctallurgie dam. la littcrature de)a langne fran4Wuise du 1789 a 1960 [Mines and metal­lurgy in the French-speaking literature 1789/ 1960). 5-13. P. Galliou: Mines et metaux de (,Ouest de la Gauic [.Mines and metals in the West of Gaul], 21-32. Iron orc and slag distribution maps of Brittany, furnaces at Kermoisan. F. Derocltc: Rechcrches sur ia s-iderurgie dans la cite de

688

Leuques [Investigations into ironmaking with the Le.uci tribal t erritory], 133- 138. Gallic and Gallo-Uoman iron mines and r- Iag heaps ill the East of Frnncc, Chavigny, Camp d'Afrique, Saint Die, Nancy Liverdun, Puvcnelle (] 9th century exploitrt tion of slags), I .a Bnre,·Pierre <l'Appe1, c t c. A. Bouehier: Donnccs nouvellcs sur l'utilisa tion d e mincrai de fer dans Nord~OIl('.st dc la Nievrc a l'cpoque Gallo-Romaine [New d~lla on the llse of iron arc ill NW Nievre in the G.-R. period], 139- ]56. Large slag heaps at Rois .Mar.i1li(~T-Saint Amand, Thorins, La Luysaya. etc., som e of thcm industrially exploi led, slIle.lt ing: sitc~. slag in fo unda tions of Roman villas . C. Pryre:

Le fer a Minot (Cote d 'Or): mine!!', minicn~. fcrrirH, et. P~(Udotoponymie de la mine [hon at Minot: mincs, mining fields. bloomery heaps, and pselldotoponym.y of the mine], J57- l77. Shafts and galleries, slag heaps, a nd ore washing plnnt!', prohlrms of duou.ology (Galla-Roman period to Middle Ages). S. Benoit: Note hi ~toriqlH~ sur }'activi lc miJlicre (l Minot (Cote d'Or) [His torical note on min.ing activity at. ]\,finotJ , 178- 182. From the Ln TClle periotl until nbout 1600. it Sablayrolles: Tntcrct ct prohlcml's il e Petude des ferri ers ar..tiq\lt ~ : i'l'xnuple de la :Mon­tagnc Noir [Importance and pruhlfllls of studying ancient !'lllclting !'itn,: the example of the MN], 183-190. Information 011 one of most important. iron :o:mclt.ing c(:ntns 01" the GnIJo-Rolllan pcriod in south-western Frnnc(', prcgr:ml.mcs find )"cscurth pos!'ihi 11 I ie-s. it J1ulleu~\': NOllveoux textes sur la mctnllurgic a n.tique [New trxt!' on AlI.cient MctalJurg:y] , ]93-204.. Among ot hcrs, notes 011 st eel carburization and qU(,ll.chiug: in All(:irllt l('Xls. P.·I.... Pdl"t: Hrdu' rdL(,s s;U"r la Hlctallurgie du fer dons Ic .Tura VRudoi~ [Investigations into the mewllurgy of iron in t.h~ Jura Vaudois, NW Switznbnd ], 205- 214. Smmn8ry of in.tensive cxt:Il\,l'\ ! ions of l.n Time (lud Roman si tes, t:ollllJ\cntsonbloomc.ry furna('.c t.ypes and propl' rti{ ~. C. Domrrgu(~ - A. Rrbisc()ui- F . 1'01l0n: Les fours de reduction du f('r dans 1<1 Montngllc Noj)"(.~ (Aude) ;'1 l'cpnqu (', Gallo-Rollluine ct leur

production (Rloomf'TY fnrnnecs of the G.-B. period at the l\loutug:nc Noi re and their prodm;tioll] , 215- 236. According to scatte.rcd indications shaft furnaces about 200 cm~ in height ::11111 15 ems in diu were reconstructed. Estimated slag volume in the region 7- 8 millio ll$ of 101L<; , estimated ua ily production d u ring three centuries 4-20 tons of iron. 1\1. N[(mgin: C"ractercs et fOllct ions de la lILctallurgie dll fl!T it Ales-in ICharucterist irs mul {l.1netion,S of the iro n mctnllmgy at Alesia], 236- 258. House blocks in the Alesia oppidum (occupied from 1st century ne UlLtil 4th century AD) yie1tled simple open hearths; roasted il'on ore finds h.'ati thr author to suggest a small-scale, rather retarded iron pToductioll (and worJdng). Metallogl·aph y of several implements and hors . R. F. Tyle.cole: }\"(f; talh,rgy in PUllie .md Roman Cal'thag(', 259- 278. Smi thiug l:ilugs and plant!; in. the Puni (: pcrio(l, bipyrmnidn.l iron har~, iron :mU'hillg: out~id('. the city (Shcitla. UOlllun). J. R. },far6chal: ThernlQdynRlllique des scol'i e-s Gall()~Romain{'s IThermodynamics of Gallo­ROlUan slags]. 30S-3HL lhcnch t trm.iuo logy for met.allllrgieal wnste products, unalytical ap­

proaclJes t o lIon-ft>:rrons nnd iron sJogs.

J. D . :MUHLY: How Iron Technology Changed t he Ancien t World and Gave the Philislines a Milital'Y Edge. Biblical Archacologie<ll Review 8 1982/6, '1O- S'1. Comments 011 some places in the Old Testament connected with iron, some new result !?- of lhe m etallographicul in.vest igation of ancient iron (steel) artifacts of Palest ine (HaT Adir, a quench-hardened pick dating from 13th/ 12th cent. BC). The Pl..t.ilistinrs exer('i!'.f'.d political control over the use of iron iu PaJcstine. not a technological monopoly. Splendid photographs in colonr of some well known find s coullcct ed

with the technology of iron.

O. P. NICHOLSON see Historicall\"letoJ1Ul·~y , above p. 688

J.-M. PAlLLIER see Mines. above p. 688

J.-P. PELET see Mincl';, above p. 68H

C. PEYRE scc .i.\iiucs, duo

J. PIASKOWSKI scc Early Pyrotechno!ogy, above p. 687- 688

R. PLEINER: Les d6huts (~1I Cl r f a EUl'ope ITn FrcJl.('.h: The. beginnings of iron ill Europe]. Dialogues d ' histoire ullcien.nc 8 ] 982 (Besnn«lIt). ] 61- ]92. Comments on the problem of the

689

penetration of the earliest hpn objects into E urope, follo,,~"cd subsecluently hy tht: spread of technology. The earlies t route for single objects came through eastern Europe during the Bronze Age, m eeting the Veneto-Illyrian and Thracian cultures. I.-ater. another strcul'l. of Graceo-Etrus­can and Phoenician influence made its impact OD Italy, and two centuries later on the Iberian peninsula. The latter played an importan t role in Celtic nud. indeed, European civilization. Eastern imports of the 8th century BC came, in Central Europe, into u milicu which was receptive to the technology of working iron. A'laps. The paper was delivered in 1976 and so later references could 110t be incorporated.

R. PLEINER • D. BIALEKOV A (Mrs): The Beginnings of MetaUUl·gy on the Territory of Czechoslovakia. Bulletin of the Metals Museum 7 1982 (Sendai, J apan), 16- 28. Short outline of lhe development of metallUl'gy in the very centres of Europe from the Chalcolithic period up to early m erl ieya] Slav t echnology. Principal sourees for studies in presumed mining: of copper ores, cu!)ting brom .. e. introduction, working. and Emelting ofiron (hloomery furnace types, black­smith's types, hoards of axe-shaped bar~, metallography of ilTl.p1t~ments . R eferences to b asic literature.

A. REBISCOUL sce Mines, aboye p. 688

R. SABLA YROLLES sec Alines, "hove p. 688

F. TOLLON sec Mines, ahoVe p. 688

R. F. TYLECOTE see Mines, ahove p. 688

J. YPEY: Europiiischc Waffen mit Damnsz.ierung. [In German: E Ul'opean pattern-welded weapons]. Archaologisches Korrcspondenzhlatt 12 1982, 381- 388. A dctaHed sLudy of European patterll welding of sword blades, based 011 the author's own smithing experiments. He considers all laminated or piled structures to he damascenc(l. H e distinguislles as types torsion, mosaic and grid patlern~ , dcveloped by cutti r.g certain le\' cls of the welded-up bOT. The purpose of the technique was a decorative one, and etching usiug natural reagents was commo n. Examples of individual weapons up to 10th century AD.

J. YPEY: Flugellanzcn in niederlandischcll Sammlungcn [In German: Trunnion lance heads in Netherlands collections]. In: Vor- und FrUhgeschichlC des untel'en Niedcrrheins. (In honour of R. Stampfus!;, G. Kramer cd.). BOlln 1982. 241-276. The aULhor discusses a number of early medieval trunnion lance heads, mostly river find s. He drnws attention to traces of pattern­welding. This was merely an orn::nnentalion technique in this case; it consisted , unJike that on sword blades, of thin pattern-welded inlays on the sllrface of lance leaves. I n many cnses these hands disappeared.

B. Hisfory of iron as mentioned irt other publications

A. BURKHARDT see Produktivkriiftc, below

M. DOTHAN • Y. PORATH: Ashdod IV. Excnvations of Area M. The Fortification of Lower City. 'Atiqot. English Series XV. J erusalem 1982. Attention is drawn to a hoard of iron implements (pick, chisel and two other specimens) discovered at t he gate hi the 9th layer (10th to mid 8th centuries BC). F rom la tE:! r levels a very 8mall amount of iron has been found.

H. GEISS sec Produktivkriifte, below

H. KLENGEL see Produktivkriifte, below

G. PERL see Produktivkrrute, below

Y. PORATH see M. Dothan, ahove

690

PRODUKTIVKRAFTE UND GESELLSCHAFTSFORMATIONE N (J. Hcnnann and I. Sclnow eds. ). Berlin 1982. This volume, m ade up of conference p ap ers? contains severnl ar ticles devoted to problems of ancient ironmaking. H. K lcugcl: Zur RoUe des Eisen.s im vorhellenistiscllcn Vor­derasien [On the role of iron in prc~He llc ni sti c Asia Minor]. 179- 189. A general survey of well known data , \\'ith some inaccuracies. The author claims that many iron artifacts from early p eriods wer e no t recognized during excavations. R.-B. W'artke: Znr Rolle eiscrner landwirt­schaftlichcr Gerate des altcn Orit'nts aUB ucr 1. Halfte des 1. Jalrrlauscnds v.u.Ztr. IOn the role of agr iculturul iroll implements of the ancient Near East during the ]s t half of the ]st millennium BC]. 191- 196. Some photographs of hoes, ploughshares and ot.her implements from German excavations at Toprnk .Kalc, ZineirIi , and DnLylOIl (now kept in the museum collection at Berlin). A. Bu,rkhardt ZUT E iscllvcrhti ttung in Meroe lOn iron smelting at Meroe).1 97- 202. Discrepancies in interpretation and dating the bloomeries a t J\.'lcroc, as expressed iu works of Tylecot <>, Anworn, and Shinnic. H. Gcis s: Die EinIiiillung des Eisens und seine Auswirkungen auf die Hcraushildung der fr tihen Polis [Introduction of iron and its influen ce on the creation of the early polis), 277- 283. R em arks on tllC occurrence of iron dluing the Final Bronze Age . G. Perl: Zur Bedeutung des Eisclls im fr uhen Italien [On the imporl.mee of iron in early Ital)], 285-287. The scarcity of iron las ted in Italy well into We 5th eentm1' BC, if not la ter.

1,£. SEYER: Siedlung und ar ehaologiseh c Kultur der Germanen im l[;.wel·Sprcc·Gr.hict in. den. J ahrhund ert.efl vor Bt'ginn u,Z. lIn Gu m an: Se ulrm ent and archat:ological culture of Germ;lnic t r ibes in the H avel-Spree region. in t he centuries preceding our era]. Berlin 1982. Chapter 6.2.1, p. 35- 40, dealing with smelting and working of iron in the region arou nd Berlin, rich in lakes, describes smHI1 iron objec ts and their frequcney in the period of the Jnstorf culture. H eavy slag blocks and furnace lin.ing fragments are k nown from Lnngcngrassau, Buehholz, Heinriehsdorf, and Glienick. Slag find s also oceur in settlement pits and in urn settings (Freyenstein, Schmolde, LallZ). From R auschendorf there is a sm.all alJ.\'H from a J as torf gr ave, and an unda ted hammer. Produc tion of beIt·fns tencrs. The use of iron rem ained rcJatively limit ed.

R,-B. \VARTKE see Pl'oduktivkr~ift e , ubove

G. WETZEL: Zur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte des Raumes Uhyst . Kreis Hoyerswcrda [In German: On the pre- and pTotohistory of the Ubys t aren, district of Hoyerswcrda). Hoyel'swerdaer Gc· schichtsheft c No 20, Hoycrswerda (1 982). Near Mersdorf. German Democra tic Republic, a rectan· gular group of 54 sIng pit hearths of bloomery furnaces, arranged in four lines. was excavated. The)' resemble the organi zed blooTncr y furnee fields known from the Holy.Cross Mountains in Poland . This would he the first example from Germ an history. Dale: R omano·BarbaTian period . Fragmell_Ls of cloy shaft indica te the u se of a wooden framework. See p. 21 of the puhlica.

t ion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1983 (as in May 1983)

A. Specialized items

I. BURGE R (~{rs) _ H. GEISLE R: Archiiologischcs "ur Eiscnvcrhiittutlg in und urn Kclheim [In German: Archaeological sources relating to iron smelting in the region of Kelheim]. In: Erwin-Rutte-Festschrift. Kclheim- Weltenburg 1983, 41- 56. R enewed research activity fol­lowing the earli~rworkby P. R einecke and H . B ehagh el and other s in this iron·ore region. New excava tions of La Time period elongated domed furnaces, one ut Altessing-Unterau, and three

at Neucssing-Wcihenmiihlc.

H . GEI5LER see I. Burger, ahove

M. M. TOLMACEV A: Technologiy. kuznecnogo remesl. 5t.roy Ryazani . Summary: Technology of blacksmith's work in Staraya Ryazan. Sovctskaya areheologiy a 1/ 1983, 245-258. Excava-

6~1

tions at Staraya Ryaznn, toe capital of the early principality of Murom-Ryazan. yielded many iron objects and artifa('.t s da ting from the II th-1 3th centuries AD. In addition to those earlier investigated by Prof. B. A. Kolcin. a further 122 tools (mostly knives) were examined mctallo­graphically . Wrought iron objec ts 23%. all-st eel blades 27 %. welded-oIl st eel eages 310/0; 82 % of hardenable s teels were heat treated . The level of the handicraft was high.

Note: The Editor wishes to express his thanks to Prof. R. F. Tylcco te. London for permission to llse abstrac ts prepal·cd for Historicail\1etallurgy (HM) for completing some inaccessible items . Dr. H. Cleere, London, kindly r ead the manuscr ipt of this issu e.