Coinage of the Nabataean King Malichus II (40-70 AD)

STUDIES IN MEMORY OF

DAN BARAG

Edited by: ROBERT DEUTSCH AND BOAZ ZISSU

THE ISRAEL NUMISMATIC JOURNAL

VOL. 18

JERUSALEM 2014

ISRAEL NUMISMATIC JOURNAL

FOUNDED BY L. KADMAN

Editorial Board: R. Deutsch, B. Zissu (editors), R. Barkay, N. Amitai-Preiss,

Y. Farhi

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Proofreader: J.M. Gozlan

The publication of this issue was made possible by the generous contribution of

Dr. David and Jemima Jeselsohn, Zurich, Switzerland.

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Israel Numismatic Journal, c/o Dr. Robert Deutsch, 26 Kaplan Street, Herzliya

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Copyright B Israel Numismatic Journal / Dr. Robert Deutsch

The editors are not responsible for opinions expressed by the contributors.

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ISRAEL NUMISMATIC JOURNAL

VOLUME 18 2011-14

CONTENTS

9 NITZAN AMITAI-PREISS: Dan Barag – In Memoriam

10 RACHEL BARKAY: A Bibliography of Dan Barag

15 ROBERTDEUTSCHANDALANMILLARD: Ten Unpublished West Semitic

Bronze Weights

27 YIGAL RONEN: Some Unrecorded Yehud Coins

31 CATHARINEC.LORBER:An Abortive Era Under Ptolemy IV Philopator?

39 MICHAEL KRUPP: The Die Cutters of Hasmonean Coins

46 NIKOLAUS SCHINDEL: A Note on the Production of Hasmonean Coins

51 EYAL REGEV: A Comparison of the High-Priestly Coins of the

Hasmoneans with their Hellenistic Counterparts

59 RONNY REICH, DAVID AMIT AND RACHEL BAR-NATHAN: Volume-

Measuring Devices from the Late Second Temple Period

69 ANDREW BURNETT: The Coinage of Agrippa I

107 RACHEL BARKAY: The Coinage of the Nabataean King Malichus II

(40-70 CE)

122 SAMUEL ROCCA: Domitian’s Attitude towards the Jews in Light of His

Numismatic Output

146 BOAZ ZISSU, BOAZ LANGFORD, DVIR RAVIV, URI DAVIDOVICH, ROI

PORAT AND AMOS FRUMKIN: Coins from the Elqana Cave in Western

Samaria

155 DAVID HENDIN: On the Identity of Eleazar the Priest

168 EITANKLEIN: A Remark on Roman Provincial Coins Found in Refuge

Caves in the Judean Desert

173 LIOR SANDBERG: The Coinage of Eleutheropolis (Beth Guvrin) in the

Roman Period

184 YOAV FARHI AND UZI LEIBNER: Coins from the Rock Shelters and

Fortified Enclosure of Mt. Nitai, Eastern Lower Galilee

198 ZE’EV SAFRAI: Where are the Fifth-Century Coins?

209 AVNER ECKER AND TALI SHARVIT: A Byzantine Lead Seal (11th-12th

c.) from the Monastery of St. Theodosius (Deir Dosi) in the Dan Barag

Collection in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem

215 NITZAN AMITAI-PREISS: A New Umayyad Mint Rediscovered

222 NITZAN AMITAI-PREISS: An Arabic-Inscribed Lead Weight from Beth

Guvrin

224 NITZAN AMITAI-PREISS AND ARIEL BERMAN: An Unpublished, Dated

Umayyad Lead Weight

228 JOSEPH SHAHAM: A Medallion with a Moving Story

236 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER: Review of: Michael Krupp, Die

Hasmonaischen Munzen (Jerusalem, 2011).

238 LIST OF ADDRESSES OF AUTHORS

241 ABBREVIATIONS

The Coinage of the Nabataean King Malichus II(40–70 CE)

RACHEL BARKAY

MALICHUS II was the son of King Aretas IV, as is mentioned in an inscription

from Salh. ad, reading: PNMGPNLRCJGCZIZ\\PNLRCJGZIOTPF (Malichus king

of the Nabataeans, the son of Aretas king of the Nabataeans, the lover of his

people).1 He succeeded to the throne in the year 40/41 CE, and ruled for 31 years

as is indicated by an inscription from Salh. ad dated to his regnal year 312 and by a

lead weight from that same year3. There are few other dated Nabataean

inscriptions that refer to Malichus II, from his previous years.4

The only historical source to mention Malichus II is Josephus, who briefly

mentions Malichus II one time only.5 The context is the Jewish war against the

Romans, and Josephus mentioned that when Roman forces assembled at Acre to

fight the Jews, beside the Roman army there were forces of few vassal kings from

the area, among them Agrippa II and the Arab Malichus who sent 1000 cavalry

and 5000 infantry, mainly bowmen. This event is thus well-dated to 67 CE.6

The information about Malichus II’s reign is obscure and the coins minted by

him provide important evidence about his reign. Malichus II minted dated silver

coins as well as undated bronzes.

THE SILVER COINS

The silver coins of Malichus II bear regnal years to his rule and they were issued

through the years with almost no changes. The first issue was minted in year 1

and the latest registered one is of year 25. There is no evidence to dated coins

from his last six years in reign (26–31 = 64/5–69/70 CE); it might be connected to

the war between the Jews and the Romans, as a result of which there may have

been a shortage of silver as the Romans needed the metal for paying their

troops.7

1 Corpus Inscriptorum Semiticarum, II, 182.

2 E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions, Leyden, 1914, Section A, Nabataean Inscriptions, No.

23.

For a correction to the original reading see: Meshorer 1975, p. 65.

3 Barag and Qedar 2006, pp. 62–63.

4 Meshorer 1975, pp. 64–65.

5 Josephus: BJ, III, 68.

6 Bowersock 1983, p. 72.

7 Meshorer 1975, p. 67; Bowersock 1983, p. 72.

107

Between year 1 and year 25 to Malichus II’ reign, there are only three years

(12, 19, 20) from which no sure specimens have been registered yet (see Table 1

below). It is reasonable to assume that they will be found in the future.

Table 1: The Silver Coinage of Malichus II

Year of Reign No. of Registered Coins Name of Collection/Publication

1 3 Murabba=at hoard, no. 20Meshorer 1975, no. 123

Spaer Coll., Jerusalem, no. 87

2 1 Electronic sale

3 3 Murabba=at hoard, no. 22Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jeru-

salem

The National Museum of Berlin

4 28 Murabba=at hoard, no. 22ANumismatik LANZ, Auction 146, lot

266

5 4 Murabba=at hoard, no. 23.Meshorer 1975, no. 126 (Spaer Coll.).

CNG Electronic sale 193, lot 126.


6 1 Murabba=at hoard, no. 24 (at the Ecole

Biblique, Jerusalem).

7 29 Masada, no. 3625

Murabba=at hoard, no. 25.8 2 Murabba=at hoard, no. 27.

Sofaer Coll., New York, no. 74.

9 1 British Museum no. 1838,0419.239

10 1 Murabba=at hoard, no. 28.11 1 Murabba=at hoard, no. 29.12 No sure specimen

available10

13 1 Meshorer 1975, Sup. 9 (Qedar Coll.).

14 1 Silver Coll., Jerusalem, no. 50.

15 1 Murabba=at hoard, no. 30.

8 Meshorer 1975, no. 125 which was attributed to year 4, seems to date to year 22, see

below.

9 A coin from Murabba=at hoard, no. 26 = Meshorer 1975, no. 128, attributed to year 7,

seems to date to year 22.

10 Murabba=at hoard no. 33, dated to year 12, was rechecked and it seems to date in the 20’s

to Malichus II reign. A doubted date was published by Schmitt-Korte 1990, no. 82.

RACHEL BARKAY108

Year of Reign No. of Registered Coins Name of Collection/Publication

16 2 Murabba=at hoard, no. 31 (at the

Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem).

Meshorer 1975, no. 134 (Qedar Coll.).

17 4 Murabba=at hoard, no. 32 (at the Ecole

Biblique, Jerusalem).

Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

Sofaer Coll., New York, no. 73.

CNG Electronic sale195, lot 100.

18 1 CNG Auction May 2007, lot 546.

19 ––

20 No sure specimen

available

21 3 Meshorer 1975, no. 137 (Munster Coll.;

Qedar Coll.; The Museum of Beirut).

22 9 Murabba=at hoard, no. 34.Murabba=at hoard, nos. 2611, 35 (at the

Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem).

Meshorer 1975, no.138 (Munster Coll.).

Spaer Coll., Jerusalem, no. 88.

Friedman Coll., Rochester, no. 130.


CNG Auction Jan. 8, 2008, lot 331.


23 2 Murabba’at hoard, no. 36.

Silver Coll., Jerusalem, no. 51.

24 1 Friedman Coll., Rochester, no. 250.

25 1 Meshorer 1975, no. H8 (Munster Coll.).

Beside the dated silver coins of Malichus II, there are silver coins with illegible or

off-flan dates, which also are not found in large quantities. It seems that in many

cases the flans were smaller than the die surface, thus part of the design is always

out of flan. As the legend was placed around the margins it is the most off-flan

part. Another reason for invisible date was off-center minting or other kinds of

minting mistakes such as overstrikes. These are some of the reasons for issues

which do not carry the entire design and legends as they were cut on the dies. The

wear during use of the coins adds to the number of coins with missing details.

The proportions between the two groups – visible and invisible date – could be

evaluated by the Murabba’at hoard,12 in which out of 30 silver coins of Malichus

11 Meshorer, above n. 9.

12 Milik and Seyrig 1958, pp. 11–26, pls. I–III.

THE COINAGE OF THE NABATAEAN KING MALICHUS II (40–70 CE) 109

II, only 16 dates could be clearly read, on 4 specimens the date is there but is not

clear enough, and on the other 10 coins the date is invisible. Using the hoard as a

test case, only 53% have a clearly identified dates.

All the silver coins of Malichus II show on the obverses a draped bust of the

king r., laureate, with short or long hair. The Nabataean legend is around from r.

below and it reads: PNMGPNMBPNLRCJG (Malichus the king, king of the

Nabataeans). The legend ends with the king’s regnal year. The reverses show a

draped bust of Shuqailat II r., veiled and laureate. The Nabataean legend reads

[YKN\BI\F{PNM\RCJG (Shuqailat his sister, queen of the Nabataeans). The

term ‘‘sister’’ seems to refer to his wife.

The problematic condition of the coins affects also the details of the motifs of

the coins. Yet, it is noticeable that in the first five years of his reign, Malichus II’s

hair was short. In year one he is depicted with short uncurled hairdressing

combed forward on the forehead and towards the cheeks (Fig. I). On our no. 1 it

is not so clear but another specimen (Fig. II), with no visible date, has the same

hair style, and thus very likely belongs to year one as well.

On coins of years 2–5 the hair was still short but curly (Fig. III, year 4). In his

latter years Malichus II is shown with long wavy hair and he is wearing a head

ornament with a V-shape decoration in center above the forehead. On the back

of his head three horizontal lines of his hair are visible (Figs. IV–V).

Fig. I 1.5:1Meshorer no. 1234.10 gr., 17 mm, h

Fig. II 1.5:1CoinArchives July 2009 auction 556 lot 233

4.29 gr., 15 mm, h

Fig. III 1.5:1Numismatik LANZ Munchen,

Auction 146, lot 2664.03 gr.; 14 mm; h

Fig. IV 1.5:1Friedman Collection, Rochester,

no. 1123.48 gr., 14–15 mm., h

Fig. V 1.5:1CNG, Auction, July 2010

3.93 gr., 14 mm., h

(en)

(en)

RACHEL BARKAY110

The draped and veiled bust of the queen, depicted on the reverse, shows a curl on

her cheek and a long earring ending with a round decoration reaching the chin

line, except for coins of year one, where the earring is shorter (Fig. I). On many

coins the upper part of the imprint is missing, but in a few specimens the wreath

on her head is visible, most of it covered by the veil, except for two projecting

leaves (Figs. VI–VII). In good preserved coins (Fig. VI) details of the dress are

clear, with a high collar or a necklace around the neck, and vertical folds going

downwards from it.

The calculation of the amount of silver in the drachms of Malichus II coins is

based on the weight and the purity of the metal. The weight of 29 clearly dated

silver coins checked by us ranged from 2.56 to 4.15 gr.,13 the average is thus 3.58

gr., which is 11% less then the average weight under Aretas IV which reached

4.01 gr.

The lowest silver content found in Malichus II coins was 47%,14 while under

Aretas IV it was 50%. It seems that the decrease of the silver content under

Malichus II was not as steep as previously thought.15 No indication of changes

during his years in reign was noticed.

Fig. VI 1.5:1Coinarchives.com 30/7/09 Auction 563, lot 251.

3.89 g,. 12 mm., hFig. VII 1.5:1

Forum Ancient Coins 2008 electronic Auction3.841 g, 13.8 mm., h

13 This average does not include the unique coin of year one (Meshorer no. 46) which

followed the system of Obodas III, and Meshorer no. 108 with the weight of 5.53 gr.,

which is actually 3.53 gr.

14 14 Schmitt-Korte and Cowell 1989, p. 58. According to this search a level of 20%, as

reported in previous studies by Schmitt-Korte and Cowell, does not exist.

15 Meshorer 1975, p. 67.

(en)


THE BRONZE COINS

Malichus II minted only two bronze denominations – medium and small.16

The medium denomination (catalogue no. 23) has two variants (catalogue

nos. 23A–23B). It shows on the obverse jugate heads of Malichus II and

Shuqailat II r., laureate, and on the reverse, two cornucopias crossed,

ornamented and filleted; between them, above and below, in three lines: PNMG/

[YK/N\ (Malichus/Shuqai/lat). This type was influenced by a similar type minted

by Aretas IV.17

No. 26 is a unique coin showing the king with the same short hair style as

observed on his silver coins of year 1 (catalogue Fig. 1), thus we suggest that no.

26 was minted in the king’s first year. The two variants show the king’s head with

his typical long hair as was depicted during years 6–25 to his reign. Variant no.

23A has no letters in the field while on no. 23B the letters P=[ appear in the

field (for Malichus and Shuqailat).

The small denomination (catalogue no. 24) show on the obverse the bust of

Malichus II r., laureated, with long hair. In field r., P (for Malichus). On the

reverse, within a laurel wreath: PNMG (Malichus).

This type too was copied from the coins of Aretas IV.18 Only two specimens

of this rare type are known. Meshorer suggested that the small denomination is

half of the medium one.19 The average weight of the bronze coins of Malichus II

is about half of the corresponding weight of the Aretas IV coin.

It is possible that the smaller number of silver and bronze coins minted by

Malichus II than by Aretas IV, are a result of the amounts of coins existing in

circulation from the time of Aretas IV which satisfied the need for currency, so

that Malichus II minted his coins for representative purposes only. The motifs

Malichus II depicted on his coins deriving from Aretas IV mintage must have

given the impression of continuing his father’s issues.

CATALOGUE

Dated Silver Coins

Year 1 (40/41 CE)

1. AR; 4.00 gr.; 16–17 mm; h (Spaer Collection, Jerusalem, no. 87) (Fig. 1)

Obv.: Draped bust of Malichus II r., laureated, short hair; around from r. below: I ~PNMG

PNMBPNL|=RCJG[R\ (Malichus the king, king of the Nabataeans, year 1).

16 The names of the denominations are not known, nor are their ratio to the silver Drachm.

17 Meshorer 1975, nos. 112–114.

18 Meshorer 1975, no. 115

19 Meshorer 1975, p. 69.

RACHEL BARKAY112

Rev.: Draped bust of Shuqailat II r., veiled; around, from r. below: [YKN\BI\F=PNM\

RCJG (Shuqailat his sister, queen of the Nabataeans).

Meshorer 1975, pp. 106–107, no. 123, pl. 8.

Fig. 1

Year 2 (41/42 CE)

2. AR; 4.00 gr.; 15 mm; (Electronic sale) (Fig. 2)

Obv.: Same as no. 1, but [R\2 (Year 2).

Rev.: Same as no. 1.

Unpublished.

Fig. 2

Year 3 (42/43 CE)

3. AR; 3.73.gr.; 13 mm; h (National Museum, Berlin) (Fig. 3)

Obv.: Same as no. 1, but [R\3 (Year 3).


Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. 124, pl. 8

Fig. 3

Year 4 (43/44 CE)20

4. AR; 4.03 gr.; 14 mm; h (Numismatik LANZ Munchen, Auction 146, lot 266) (Fig.4)

Obv.: Same as no. 1, but [R\4 (Year 4)


Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. 125, pl. 8.

20 Meshorer’s coin no. 125 which is dated to year 4 is attributed by us to year 22.


Fig. 4

Year 5 (44/45 CE)

5. AR; 3.99 gr.; 17 mm; h (Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic sale 228, lot 161) (Fig. 5)

Obv.: Same as no. 1, but, [R\5 (Year 5).


Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. 126.

Fig. 5

Year 6 (45/46 CE)

6. AR; 2.56 gr.; 14–15 mm; h (Murabba=at hoard, no. 24 – Ecole Biblique Collection,

Jerusalem) (Fig. 6)

Obv.: Same as no. 1, but with long hair and date [R\6 (Year 6).


Milik and Seyrig 1958, p. 19, no. 24.

Fig. 6

Year 7 (46/47 CE)

7. AR; 2.43 gr; h (Masada 3625 – Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem) (Fig.7)


Rev.: Same as no. 1. Illegible legend.

Meshorer 1989, p. 120, no. 3625, pl. 73.

Fig. 7

RACHEL BARKAY114

Year 8 (47/48 CE)

8. AR; 3.44 gr.; h (Sofaer Collection, New York, no. 74) (Fig. 8)



Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. 129; Meshorer, et ali. 2013, p. 229, no. 74.

Fig. 8

Year 9 (48/49 CE)

9. AR; 3.85 gr.; 13–15 mm; (11) (British Museum Collection, London, no.1838,0419.239)

(Fig. 9)



Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. 130, pl. 8.

Fig. 9

Year 10 (49/50 CE)

10. AR; 3.02 gr.; h (Murabba=at hoard, no. 28) (Fig. 10)




Fig. 10


Year 11 (50/51 CE)

11. AR; 3.24 gr.; h (Murabba=at hoard, no. 29)



Milik and Seyrig 1958, p. 19, no. 29 (without photo).

Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. 132.

Year 13 (52/53 CE)

12. AR; 3.75 gr.; 15 mm; h (Qedar Collection, Israel) (Fig. 11)


Rev.: Same as no. 1

Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. Sup. 9, pl. 8.

Fig. 11

Year 14 (53/54 CE)

13. AR; 4.00 gr.; 14–15 mm; h (Silver Collection, Jerusalem, no. 50) (Fig. 12)



Barkay 2008, no. 11. Fig. 13

Fig. 12

Year 15 (54/56 CE)

14. AR; 3.50 gr.; 14 mm; h (Murabba=at hoard, no. 30) (Fig. 13)

Obv.: Same as no. 1, but with long hair and date ab, [R\15 (Year 15).



Fig. 13

RACHEL BARKAY116

Year 16 (55/56 CE)

15. AR; 2.99 gr.; 13 mm; h (Murabba=at hoard, no. 31– Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem)

(Fig. 14)




Fig. 14

Year 17 (56/57 CE)

16. AR; 3.53 gr.; 14 mm; h (CNG Electronic sale 195, Lot 100), (Fig. 15)



Meshorer 1975, p. 107, no. 135, pl. 8.

Fig. 15

Year 18 (57/58 CE)

17. AR; 4.15 gr.; h (CNG Auction, May 2007, Lot 546) (Fig. 16)



Unpublished

Fig. 16


Year 21 (60/61 CE)

18. AR; 3.88 gr.; 14 mm; h (Munster Collection, Jerusalem) (Fig. 17)


Rev.:Same as no. 1.

Meshorer 1975, pp. 107–8, no. 137, pl. 8.

Fig. 17

Year 22 (61/62 CE)

19. AR; 4.19 gr.; 16–17 mm; h (CNG, Electronic sale 250, lot 173) (Fig. 18)



Meshorer 1975, pp. 107–8, no. 138, pl. 8.

Fig. 18

Year 23 (62/63 CE)

20. AR; 3.50 gr.; 14–16 mm; ? (Silver Collection, Jerusalem, no. 51) (Fig. 19)

Obv.: Same as no. 1, but with long hair and date [R\22 (Year 22)

Rev.: Same as no. 1.Meshorer 1975, pp. 107–8, no. 139.

Fig. 19

RACHEL BARKAY118

Year 24 (63/64 CE)

21. AR; 3.83 gr.; 15–16 mm; h (Friedman Collection, Rochester, no. 250) (Fig. 20)



Unpublished

Fig. 20

Year 25 (64/65 CE)

22. AR; 3.70 gr.; 15 mm; h (Munster Collection, Jerusalem) (Fig. 21)



Meshorer 1975, p. 108, no. H8, pl. 8.

Fig. 21

Undated Bronze Coins

23. AE; 2.48 gr.; h (Sofaer Collection, New York, no. 75) (Fig. 22).

Obv.: Jugate heads of Malichus II and Shuqailat II r., laureate. The king with short hair

covering his ear.

Rev.: Two cornucopiae crossed, ornamented and filleted; between them, above and

below, in three lines: PNMG/[YK/N\ (Malichus/Shuqai/lat).

Meshorer, et ali. 2013, p. 229, no. 75.

Fig. 22


23A.AE; 3.00 gr.; 15 mm; h (VCoins, The Holyland for Ancient Coins & Antiques) (Fig 23).

Obv.: Same as no. 62 but the king with long hair, both laureate, and he is wearing V-

shaped ornament above forehead.


Meshorer 1975, pp. 108, no.140A, pl. 8.

Fig. 23

23B. AE; 2.80 gr.; 15 mm; h (Silver Collection, Jerusalem, no. 52) (Fig. 24).

Obv.: Same as no. 26, but with letters in the field: in r., [ (Sh) for Shuqailat, on l. [P] (M)

for Malichus.


Meshorer 1975, pp. 108, no.140, pl. 8.

Fig. 24

24. AE; 1.54 gr.; 11.5–12 mm; ? (Silver Collection, Jerusalem, no. 53a) (Fig. 25).

Obv.: Bust of Malichus II r., laureated, with long hair. In field r., P (M for Malichus).

Rev.: Within laurel wreath: PNMG (Malichus).

Meshorer 1975, pp. 108, no.141, pl. 8.

Fig. 25

RACHEL BARKAY120

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barag and Qedar 2006 = D. Barag and Sh. Qedar: A Lead Weight of Malichus

II, INJ 15 (2003–6), pp. 62–63.

Barkay 2008 = R. Barkay: New Nabataean Coins, INJ 16 (2007–8), pp. 92–99.

Bowersock 1983 = G.W. Bowersock: Roman Arabia, Harvard-Cambridge-

London 1983.

Meshorer 1975 = Y. Meshorer: Nabataean Coins, Qedem 3 (1975).

Meshorer 1989 = Y. Meshorer: The Coins of Masada, in: J. Aviram, G. Foerster

and E. Netzer (eds.), Masada I, The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965,

Jerusalem 1989, pp. 71–132, pls. 61–68.

Meshorer et al. 2013 = Y. Meshorer, G. Bijovsky and W. Fischer-Bossert, Coins

of the Holy Land, The Abraham and Marian Sofaer Collection I, New York

2013.

Milik and Seyrig 1958 = J.T. Milik et H. Seyrig: Tresor monetaire de

Murabba=at RN 1 (1958), pp. 11–26, pls. I–III.

Schmitt-Korte and Cowell 1989 = K. Schmitt-Korte and M. Cowell: Nabataean

Coinage, part 1: The Silver Content Measured by X-Ray Fluorescence

Analysis, NC (1989)

Schmitt-Korte 1990 = K. Schmitt-Korte: Nabataean Coinage, part 2: New Coin

Types and Variants, NC 150 (1990), pp. 105–133.


Coinage of the Nabataean King Malichus II (40-70 AD)

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