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Clovis Coastal Zone Width Variation: APossible Solution for Early PaleoindianPopulation Disparity Along the Mid-Atlantic Coast, USADarrin Lowery a , Margaret Jodry a & Dennis Stanford aa Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA

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To cite this article: Darrin Lowery, Margaret Jodry & Dennis Stanford (2012): Clovis Coastal ZoneWidth Variation: A Possible Solution for Early Paleoindian Population Disparity Along the Mid-AtlanticCoast, USA, The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 7:1, 53-63

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Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology, 7:53–63, 2012Copyright © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 1556-4894 print / 1556-1828 onlineDOI: 10.1080/15564894.2011.611853

SHORT REPORTS

Clovis Coastal Zone WidthVariation: A PossibleSolution for EarlyPaleoindian PopulationDisparity Along theMid-Atlantic Coast, USADarrin Lowery, Margaret Jodry, and Dennis StanfordDepartment of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA

ABSTRACT

A coastal ecological model based on coastal zone width is presented toexplain human interest in the coastal plain during the Clovis-era circa13,200 to 12,800 years ago. Isobathic depths on the continental shelfalong with relative sea-level data are used to approximate the Clovis-age coastal zone widths for the Delmarva Peninsula and coastal NorthCarolina. Coastal plain areas with former broad coastal zones duringthe Clovis-era have revealed large numbers of Clovis diagnostics withinthe extant terrestrial settings. In contrast, regions with narrow coastalzones during the Clovis-era imply limited use of the coastal plain. Mod-ern analogues to these types of settings denote disproportionate coastaland marine resource productivity, which may explain the disparity ofClovis sites along the extant Atlantic coastal plain areas of the easternUnited States.

Received 29 September 2010; accepted 6 June 2011.Address correspondence to Darrin Lowery, 8949 High Banks Drive, Easton, MD 21601, USA. E-mail:darrinlowery@yahoo.com

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Keywords prehistoric archaeology, New World, eras, Paleoindian, coastal, paleoenviron-ment, peopling of the Americas, geoarchaeology

Along the eastern seaboard of the UnitedStates, there are differential densities ofClovis-age (∼13,200 to 12,800 cal BP) sitesand artifacts within current coastal plain set-tings (see Anderson et al. 2010:fig. 2; Daniel2000:14–16; Lowery 2003). Large numbersof sites (n = 105) have been identified in theMiddle Atlantic coastal plain portion of theDelmarva Peninsula, which have producedover 350 Clovis-style projectile points (Low-ery 2003). In contrast, the coastal plain ofNorth Carolina has produced a much smallernumber of Clovis-age sites with 34 fluted pro-jectile points and only 26 are classified as Clo-vis (Daniel 2000; Peck 1988; Perkinson 1971,1973). Such disparities are hard to explain us-ing terrestrial environmental and ecologicalmodels.

One explanation for such disparitiesmight relate to variation in the width andproductivity of terminal Pleistocene coastalzones along the Atlantic shore. In the largerChesapeake Bay area, for instance, thedistance from the modern coastline to theClovis-age shoreline varied from 30 to 85 kmbetween the Delmarva Peninsula and south-ern North Carolina, respectively. Did the sizeand nature of the drowned Clovis-age coastalzone along this stretch of coastline influencePaleoindian interest in the coastal plain?Did variation in coastal zone dimensionsimpact the types of ecological settings andthe types of coastal resources available toPaleoindians?

Many variables need to be addressedin reconstructing the location, size, andnature of a 13,000-year-old coastline. Globaleustatic sea level, variations in isostatic ad-justments and relative sea level, continentalshelf slope, and sediment load are some ofthe more important variables that wouldeffect the location of paleoshorelines andthe width of coastal zones along the easternseaboard. Along the modern Delmarva Coast(Figure 1), the coastal zone width is variable.Thenichescreatedby thisvariationcurrently

impact resource availability and ecosystemproductivity (see Beidler et al. 1996; Godfreyand Godfrey 1976; Wazniak, Hall, et al. 2004;Wazniak, Wells, et al. 2004).

The Delmarva Coast currently includesa mixture of tide-dominated barrier islandsystems and wave-dominated barrier islandsystems (see Oertel and Kraft 1994). Wave-dominated barrier island systems are a geo-logic byproduct of sediment overload. Thesediments in wave-dominated systems werederived from the eroded and reworkeddrowned interfluve or headlands as a re-sult of marine transgression. Typically, wave-dominated systems include long stretchesof unbroken barrier islands with few tidalinlets.

Tide-dominated barrier island systemsare the geologic byproduct of sedimentstarvation. The limited sediments in tidalsystems are reworked by daily ebb andflood processes. Tide-dominated systemsconsist of many inlet-segmented barrier is-lands that frequently shift location. Becausewave-dominated systems developed as aresult of Holocene marine transgression,with lower sea levels tide-dominated systemswereprobablymoreprevalent along theMid-dle Atlantic Coast during the Paleoindianperiod.

Within Delmarva’s modern tide-dominated barrier island zone, there is clearevidence of coastal zone width variation (seeFigure 1). A narrow coastal zone includes acoastal beach with a confined back-barrier is-land area that includes extensive tidal marshand many deep tidal creeks. Narrow coastalzones provide limited shellfish habitat (seeBeidler et al. 1996; Godfrey and Godfrey1976; Wazniak, Hall, et al. 2004; Wazniak,Wells, et al. 2004). Because of the closeproximity to the ocean, shellfish habitatareas are limited by frequent storm-relatedover wash events. In contrast, a broad coastalzone includes a coastal barrier island backedby a large shallow bay with many dendritic

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Figure 1. Map of the Delmarva Peninsula showing modern analogous coastal zones and archae-ological site 44NH233 mentioned in the text. The narrow coastal zone example shownencompasses Metompkin Island, Virginia and the adjacent mainland. The broad coastalzone example encompasses Virginia’s Hog Island Bay region, the adjacent mainland andbarrier islands (color figure available online).

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tidal channels. The limited tidal marsh inthese regions creates compartmentalizedbays that act as storm buffers. Broad coastalzones provide excellent shellfish habitat, aswell as habitat for other coastal organisms(see Beidler et al. 1996; Godfrey and Godfrey1976; Wazniak, Hall, et al. 2004; Wazniak,Wells, et al. 2004).

SEA-LEVEL RISE AND CLOVIS

To approximate and compare both relativeand eustatic paleoshoreline locations, thefollowing discussion presents a series of ra-diometrically dated benchmarks. All of the14C dates and age ranges for the assayed de-posits are expressed in calendar years BP.

The slope of the Middle Atlantic conti-nental shelf varies only slightly from the Del-marva shelf south to the Carolina shelf. How-ever, the distance from the modern coastlineto the edge of the continental shelf variesfrom 148 km (80 nautical miles) off CapeHenlopen, Delaware, to only 44 km (24 nau-ticalmiles)offCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina.Further south, the shelf widens. Presumably,the outer continental shelf break, which is∼100 to 120 m below modern sea level, rep-resents the coastline during the Last GlacialMaximum (LGM) ∼24,000 years ago. By thetime Clovis appears in North America 13,000± 200 years ago (see Waters and Stafford2007), sea levels had been rising for at least7,000 years.

The most accurate eustatic sea-levelcurves, based on dated reef deposits in tec-tonically stable regions, show some similar-ities and differences between the AtlanticOcean and the Pacific Ocean (see Bard et al.2010:fig. 1). We use data from the Barbadoscurve (Bard et al. 1990) given its associationwith the Atlantic Ocean basin. Comparingthe Barbados eustatic curve for the periodspanning 14,000 to 9,000 years cal BP to thefew dated basal tidal peat deposits exhumedfrom the Mid-Atlantic continental shelf helpsdefine the local Clovis-age coastline (see Fig-ure 2). The radiometrically dated depositspertinent to this discussion include four pub-lished datasets. For the New Jersey conti-

nental shelf, Wright et al. (2009) reporteda calibrated radiometric date of 14,610 ±720 cal BP for a tidal marsh peat depositlocated 75 to 78 m below the modern At-lantic Ocean. This drowned New Jersey tidalmarsh—associated with the initial phase ofMeltwater Pulse 1A, a 500-year period ex-pressed by 20 m of sea-level rise (Weaver etal. 2003)—is at least 1,500 years older thanClovis sites in eastern North America. Off thecoast of Massachusetts, Oldale et al. (1991)reported a date of 13,830 ± 190 cal BP foran intertidal silt deposit located 55 m belowmodern sea level. These two Middle Atlanticnear-shore data points document both thepre- andpost-MWP1Ashorelines andarecon-sistent with the observed eustatic rates ofmarine transgression. Off the coast of NorthCarolina, Horton et al. (2009) reported a date10,690 ± 60 cal BP for a basal tidal marshpeat deposit located 36 m below sea level.Mallinson et al. (2005) reported a date of11,360 ± 80 cal BP for a basal tidal marshpeat located 31 m below the Atlantic Oceanalso off the coast of North Carolina.

Comparing the relative depths of theeast coast intertidal and basal tidal marshpeat deposits to the depths associated withthe dated Barbados corals implies that anisostatic depression affected the Middle At-lanticregionbetween14,000and9,000yearsago. This assumption is supported by the factthat Reusser et al. (2004) suggested that theobserved rapid bedrock incision rates asso-ciated with isostatic uplift during the LGMceased along the Susquehanna and Potomacrivers ∼14,000 years ago. By 14,000 yearsago, theLGMforebulge in frontof theLauren-tide terminus had fully collapsed and was fol-lowed by an isostatic trough or depression.Given the combined data, we can assumethat the relative Clovis-age coastline in theMiddle Atlantic region is located roughly be-tween the 55 m and 50 m isobaths (Figure 2).

Using current bathymetric maps, the−55 and −50 m isobathic contours alongthe east coast continental shelf were plot-ted (Figure 3A and B). The plot revealedan interesting pattern relative to Clovis-agecoastal zone width variation along the east-ern seaboard. The −55 to −50 m isobathsoff coastal Delmarva imply that a coastal

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Figure 2. Projected Barbados eustatic and Middle Atlantic isostatic sea-level changes for the periodfrom 14,000 to 9,000 years ago. The approximate Clovis-age coastline depths for the MiddleAtlantic region are defined by the hachured area (color figure available online).

zone several miles wide existed in the region∼13,000 years ago. Delmarva’s Clovis coastmay have been similar to modern Hog IslandBayarea in coastal Virginia (Figure 3C). Southof theVirginia/NorthCarolinaborder, incon-trast, the area between the modern coast andthe same isobathic contours is confined toan area less than a half mile wide (Figure3B). The estimated Clovis coastline suggeststhat a narrow coastal zone existed in the Car-olinas ∼13,000 years ago. A modern analogmight include the landscape associated withMetompkin Island, Virginia (Figure 3D).

If our reconstructions are correct, theClovis-age coastal zone off the DelmarvaPeninsula would have been a highly pro-ductive ecosystem with immense shellfishbeds based on modern analogs (see Beidleret al. 1996; Godfrey and Godfrey 1976; Waz-niak, Hall, et al. 2004; Wazniak, Wells, et al.2004). Further support for the presence of

shellfish along the eastern seaboard duringthiseracomes fromdrownedsettings furthernorth and much closer to the decaying Lau-rentide ice sheet. Kelley et al. (2010:696) re-ported articulated Mya arenaria (soft-shellclams) dated to ∼13,600 cal BP along theisostatically depressed and rapidly rebound-ing coastal areas beneath the Gulf of Maine.Evidence for high Late Pleistocene coastalproductivity within broad coastal zones ad-jacent to the Delmarva Peninsula is furthersupported by the remains of over 40 wal-rus skulls currently housed at the Smithso-nian Institution that were dredged from thecontinental shelf (Ray 1960). Based on mod-ern analogs (see Beidler et al. 1996; God-frey and Godfrey 1976; Wazniak, Hall, et al.2004; Wazniak, Wells, et al. 2004), the nar-rowClovis-agecoastal zonewouldhavebeenconsiderably less productive off the Caroli-nas, where Ray (1960) reported fewer Late

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Figure 3. The 55–50 m isobaths approximating the Clovis-age coastline are plotted in white alongthe continental shelf east of the Delmarva Peninsula (A) and the Carolina coastline (B).Contemporary coastal zone settings are shown in insets (C and D). Inset C illustrates abroad coastal zone area associated with Virginia’s Hog Island Bay area, which mimicsthe dimensions associated with the Clovis coastline along the Delmarva Peninsula (A).Inset D illustrates a narrow coastal zone area associated with the Metompkin Island areaof Virginia, which mimics the dimensions associated with the Clovis coastline off NorthCarolina (B) (color figure available online).

Pleistocene walrus remains from the conti-nental shelf.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The four-meter per century rate of marinetransgression reported for Meltwater Pulse

1A (Weaver et al. 2003) between 14,500and 14,000 cal BP should have negativelyimpacted the relative productivity of globalcoastal ecosystems. In contrast, the rate ofeustatic sea-level rise between 14,000 and11,600 years ago slowed to 50–80 cm percentury (Bard et al. 1990, 2009; Weaver et al.2003). The slow rate of rise during this 2,400-year period is comparable to rates of marine

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transgression observed along the DelawareCoast during the Middle Holocene (Nikitinaet al. 2000). Deep cores extracted from theChesapeake Bay (Cronin 2000) have docu-mented the presence of shellfish beds (i.e.,oysters) ∼10,100 years ago, when marinetransgression rates were 60–90 cm per cen-tury (Bard et al. 1990, 2009; Weaver et al.2003). Slowed rates of sea-level rise between14,000 and 11,600 years ago would havepromoted the establishment of productivecoastal ecosystems (see Kelley et al. 2010). Intandem, the coastal zone dimensions, which

are largely influenced by geology and theslope of the shelf, would have impactedthe ecological productivity along individualstretches of coastline.

Thirteen thousand years ago, if resourceproductivity varied significantly along indi-vidual stretches of the Atlantic Coast due tovariation in coastal zone width, human (e.g.,Clovis) interest in the coastal plain shouldhave varied. Considering that most of theClovis-age coastal plain along the easternseaboard of the U.S. now lies submerged be-neath at least 50–55 m of the Atlantic Ocean,

Figure 4. Themapprovidesacomparative county-widedensityofClovis-typeprojectilepointswithinthe extant coastal plain of the Delmarva Peninsula and North Carolina. The 14 countiesassociated with the Delmarva Peninsula have revealed over 350 Clovis-type projectilepoints. The entire coastal plain of North Carolina has revealed 34 fluted points and only26 of these are classified as Clovis (color figure available online).

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we only have a small interior remnant of theClovis-agecoastalplain tounderstandhumaninterest in this physiographic region.

For the entire extant coastal plain ofNorth Carolina, Daniel (2000) reported only26 Clovis-type points out the total sampleof 34 documented fluted Paleoindian pointsfor this physiographic region (Peck 1988;Perkinson 1971, 1973). In contrast, it is esti-mated that more than 350 Clovis-type pointshave been found on the coastal plain ofthe Delmarva Peninsula (Figure 4). On thelower Delmarva Peninsula alone, a series ofarchaeological sites located within a mileof 44NH233 (Lowery 2010) have produced29 Paleoindian (mostly Clovis type) points.

Like 44NH233, assemblages from these sitestypically include chipped stone adzes, re-sharpened and damaged Clovis points, for-mal scraping tools, and numerous wedges orpieces esquilles (Figure 5).

Our research suggests that the widerlow-sloping coastal plain of the DelmarvaPeninsula and the slowed rates of horizon-tal marine transgression resulted in substan-tially higher marine productivity comparedto the adjacent coast of the Carolinas. It is im-plied that the variation in coastal resourceproductivity along these two stretches ofcoastline is expressed by the density of ex-tant terrestrial Clovis sites, as well as the den-sity of diagnostic projectile points. However,

Figure 5. A selection of Clovis-age artifacts from 44NH233, found along the modern Atlantic coast-line near the southern end of the Delmarva Peninsula. The assemblage associated withthis former interior upland site includes a flaked adze (A), reworked and damaged Clovispoints (B, C, D), scrapers (E, F), and wedges or pieces esquilles (G, H). The site currentlyrepresents the closest extant terrestrial Clovis occupation to the 13,200 to 12,800 yearcoastline within the area defined in Figure 4 (color figure available online).

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one could easily argue that the observed Clo-vis population disparity represents nothingmore than a sea-level rise preservation is-sue.Alternately, theobserveddisparitycouldsimply represent variation in the distribu-tion of terrestrial resources that were im-portant to Clovis occupants of the coastalplain.

Several lines of data indicate that the sce-narios mentioned above do not adequatelyexplain the Clovis population disparity andthe patterning illustrated in Figure 4. Theoverall character and makeup of the Clovisassemblages reported for the coastal plainof North Carolina (McAvoy 1992:8) look re-markablysimilar to theassemblages reportedfor the Delmarva Peninsula (Figure 5). Assuch, we can conclude that the character ofassemblages observed at Clovis sites in theextant coastal plains of both the DelmarvaPeninsula and North Carolina express a sim-ilar upland adaptation.

Lowery (2009:139–144) compared thecharacter and the makeup of upland in-terfluve assemblages found at both LateWoodland-age sites and Clovis-age sites onthe Delmarva Peninsula. Aside from the occa-sional fragment of late prehistoric ceramics,the lithic assemblages reported for uplandLate Woodland–age sites are remarkably sim-ilar to upland Clovis-age sites.

With the numerous shellfish middensites reported in the region, researchers(Custer 1988) clearly acknowledge thatcoastal resources were heavily exploited bythe Late Woodland cultures living in the Mid-dle Atlantic area prior to European contact.Since the beginning of the Late Woodlandperiod circa 1,000 years ago, less than onemeter of sea level rise has occurred (Nikitinaet al. 2000).

As an exercise illustrating how ratesof marine transgression can influence in-terpretations about prehistoric subsistencepatterns, Lowery (2009:139–144) superim-posed a hypothetical twenty-meter sea-levelrise event over the Late Woodland archae-ological record documented for the Chop-tank River, a major watershed of the Chesa-peake Bay. The Late Woodland-age sites thatsurvived the hypothetical twenty-meter sea-level rise event provided no archaeological

evidence for coastal resource exploitation.With only twenty meters of sea-level rise, allof the Late Woodland shellfish midden sitesalong the current coastline of the DelmarvaPeninsula would be inundated and coastalsubsistence patterns would be archaeologi-cally invisible. Importantly, the density anddistribution of upland Late Woodland–agesites that survive the hypothetical twenty-meter sea-level rise event are directly corre-lated toproductivecoastal resourceexploita-tion areas.

In sum, our model proposes that vari-ability in coastal ecosystems and resourceproductivity may explain disparities in thedensity and distribution of Paleoindian arti-facts, sites, and human population along theAtlanticCoastof theUnitedStatesduringClo-vis times. Recognizing that over fifty metersof sea-level rise has occurred over the past13,000 years, our model may also imply thatmarine and estuarine resources were impor-tant to Clovis peoples in the area, althoughfurther research is required to test this asser-tion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Dr. Gordon Watts ofTidewater Atlantic Research for providingus the opportunity to compare the Clovissea-level data within the Middle AtlanticBight. We would like to extend our deep-est thanks to Dr. Torben Rick for providingconstructive comments during all stagesof this article. Finally, we would like tothank the reviewers for their productivecomments.

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