1 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

Clean Burn

The Transition to Renewable Gas

by Jo Abbess

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

INTERNET REFERENCES

Version 1

11th March 2015

2 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

INTERNET REFERENCES 2050 Calculator (n. d.). "Biomass Conversion Dry Biomass and Waste Gas Cost Data", The UK 2050 Calculator, Her Majesty's Government (HMG), Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). Online : http://2050-calculator-tool-wiki.decc.gov.uk/cost_categories/121 [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] Aali and Rahmani (2011). "Evidences for secondary cracking of oil in South Pars field, Persian Gulf, Iran", by Jafar Aali and Omeid Rahmani, in Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 76, Issue Numbers 3 - 4, March 2011, Pages 85 - 92, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.01.016 Abbess (2014). "Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas", Supplementary Material, Technical Essay, "The Chemistry of Gas", 15 October 2014. Download : http://www.joabbess.com/publish/Clean_Burn_The_Transition_to_Renewable_Gas_by_Jo_Abbess_TECHNICAL_ESSAY_20141015.pdf [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] Abdel-Aal et al., (2010). "Hydrogen Production Using Sea Water Electrolysis", by H. K. Abdel-Aal, K. M. Zohdy and M. Abdel Kareem, in The Open Fuel Cells Journal, ISSN : 1875-9327, Volume 3, 2010, Pages 1 - 7. Download : http://benthamopen.com/tofcj/articles/V003/1TOFCJ.pdf [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] ABO (2014). "The first GTL (gas-to-liquids) plant in Iran by 2018", by Editorial Staff, published online by About Oil (ABO), 12 August 2014. Online : http://www.abo.net/oilportal/articles/view.do?contentId=2285479 [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] Abu Bakar et al. (2012). "Catalytic methanation reaction over supported nickel–ruthenium oxide base for purification of simulated natural gas", by Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar of Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Rusmidah Ali and S. Toemen of Sharif University, Iran, in Scientia Iranica C, Volume 19, Issue Number 3, June 2012, Pages 525 - 534, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2012.02.004 Abu El-Rub (2008). "Biomass Char as an In-Situ Catalyst for Tar Removal in Gasification Systems", by Ziad Yousef Kamel Abu El-Rub, PhD Thesis, University of Twente, defended 07 March 2008. Download : http://doc.utwente.nl/58713/1/thesis_Abu_El_Rub.pdf [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] ADEME (2014). "Study on Hydrogen and methanation as means to give value to electricity surpluses", by E&E Consultant, Hespul and Solagro, for ADEME, GRT-Gaz and GRdF, Executive Summary, September 2014. Download : http://www.grtgaz.com/fileadmin/engagements/documents/en/Power-to-Gas-etude-ADEME-GRTgaz-GrDF-EN.pdf [ Accessed 28 January 2015 ] Adnams (2011). "Adnams Anaerobic Digestion Plant", by Sarah Groves, published by Adnams plc, 25 August 2011. Online : http://adnams.co.uk/about/news/company-news/environment/adnams-anaerobic-digestion-plant/ [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] AEMO (2013). "100 Per Cent Renewables Study - Modelling Outcomes", published by the Australian Energy Market Operator Ltd (AEMO), July 2013. Download : http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/08_2013/100-percent-renewables-study-modelling-outcomes-report.pdf [ Accessed 16 August 2014 ]

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AEMO (2014). "Fuel and Technology Cost Review", by ACIL Allen Consulting, report for Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), 10 June 2014. Download : http://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Planning/Related-Information/~/media/Files/Other/planning/2014%20Assumptions/OKE_00024_Final_report_10_June_2014_2.ashx [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] Agora Energiewende (2014). "Electricity Storage in the German Energy Transition", by Agora Energiewende, Report : 055/11-S-2014/En, December 2014. Download : http://www.agora-energiewende.org/fileadmin/downloads/publikationen/Studien/Speicher_in_der_Energiewende/Agora_Speicherstudie_EN_web.pdf [ Accessed 28 January 2015 ] Ahmed (2013). "Former BP geologist : peak oil is here and it will 'break economies'", by Nafeez Ahmed, "Earth Insight", published by The Guardian newspaper, 23 December 2013. Online : http://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2013/dec/23/british-petroleum-geologist-peak-oil-break-economy-recession [ Accessed 24 August 2014 ] Ahmed (2014). "The inevitable demise of the fossil fuel empire", by Nafeez Ahmed, published by The Guardian newspaper, 10 June 2014. Online : http://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2014/jun/10/inevitable-demise-fossil-fuel-empire [ Accessed 12 January 2015 ] Aleklett et al. (2010). "The Peak of the Oil Age - Analyzing the world oil production Reference Scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008", Paper also known as the "Uppsala critique", by Kjell Aleklett, Mikael Höök, Kristofer Jakobsson, Michael Lardelli, Simon Snowden and Bengt Söderbergh, in Energy Policy, Volume 38, 2010, Pages 1398 - 1414, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.021 Alfa Aesar (n. d.). "Alphabetical Index", published online by Alfa Aesar, Johnson Matthey group. Online : http://www.alfa.com/en/gp180w.pgm [ Accessed 01 August 2014 ] Al-Hafedh et al. (2014). "Experiments on an integrated aquaculture system (seaweeds and marine fish) on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia : efficiency comparison of two local seaweed species for nutrient biofiltration and production", by Yousef S. Al-Hafedh, Aftab Alam, Alejandro H. Buschmann and Kevin M. Fitzsimmons, in Reviews in Aquaculture, Volume 4, Issue Number 1, March 2012, Pages 21 - 31, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01057.x Alicat (n. d.). "Gas Viscosities, Densities and Compressibilities at 25 degrees C", prepared by Alicat Scientific Inc., Data : from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Software REFPROP version 7. Data : at 25 degrees C and 14.696 Pounds per square inch absolute (PSIA or psia), Methane = 0.6569 grammes per litre (g/l), Hydrogen = 0.08235 g/l. Download : http://www.alicat.com/documents/conversion/Gas_VDC_25C.pdf [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] Allam (2013). "NET Power's CO2 cycle: the breakthrough that CCS needs", by Rodney J. Allam, in Modern Power Systems, 10 July 2013. Online : http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurenet-powers-co2-cycle-the-breakthrough-that-ccs-needs [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Allen and Allen (2013). "Basin Analysis : Principles and Application to Petroleum Play Assessment", by Philip A. Allen and John R. Allen, 3rd edition, published by Wiley Blackwell, August 2013, ISBN : 978-0-470-67377-5. Webpage : http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&bcsId=8248&itemId=047067377X [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] :

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Webpage : http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=chapter&bcsId=8248&itemId=047067377X&chapterId=91659 [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Download : http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/allen/047067377X/figures/Chapter_11.ppt [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] Aminzadeh et al. (2001). "Determining Migration Path from Seismically Derived Gas Chimney", by Fred Aminzadeh, Paul de Groot, Timothy B. Berge, Tanja Oldenziel and Herald Ligtenberg; presentation to American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), Hedberg Conference, "Near-Surface Hydrocarbon Migration : Mechanisms and Seepage Rates", 2001. Page 2, "Background". Download : http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/abstracts/hedberg2002/aminzadeh/figures/aminzadeh.pdf [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] Amiri and Eslamian (2010). "Investigation of Climate Change in Iran", by M. J. Amiri and S. S. Eslamian, in Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 3, 29 May 2010, Pages 208 - 216, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3923/jest.2010.208.216 [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] : Online : http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jest.2010.208.216&org=11 [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] Ancheyta and Rana (n. d.). "Future Technology in Heavy Oil Processing", by Jorge Ancheyta and Mohan S. Rana, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Paris, France. Webpage : http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/ : [ Accessed 12 September 2014 ] : Download : http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c08/e6-185-22.pdf [ Accessed 12 September 2014 ] Andrews (2013). "The Carboniferous Bowland Shale gas study : geology and resource estimation", by I. J. Andrews, produced by the British Geological Survey for HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 2013. Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bowland-shale-gas-study [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226874/BGS_DECC_BowlandShaleGasReport_MAIN_REPORT.pdf [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] Andrews and Lattanzio (2013). "Petroleum Coke: Industry and Environmental Issues", by Anthony Andrews and Richard K. Lattanzio, Congressional Report Service, Report : 7-5700, R43263, 29 October 2013. Download : http://education.afpm.org/wp-content/uploads/CRS-RPT_R43263_2013-10-29.pdf [ Accessed 10 December 2014 ] AOGD (2006). "Iran", Arab Oil and Gas Directory, 2006. Download : http://lib.cbi.ir/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=3pXq8HOb6U8%3D&tabid=109&mid=454 [ Accessed 13 September 2014 ] Apache (n. d.). "SAGE Terminal Description". Download : http://www.apachecorp.com/Resources/Upload/file/UK/infrastructure_information/SAGE/SAGE_Terminal-technical.pdf [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] Aranda et al. (2014). "The Economy of Large Scale Biomass to Substitute Natural Gas (bioSNG) plants", by G. Aranda, A. van der Drift and R. Smit, Energy Centre of The Netherlands (ECN), January 2014, Report : ECN-E--14-008, EDGaR Project on SNG impact, Project Number : 51244. Download :

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http://www.biosng.com/fileadmin/biosng/user/documents/reports/The_Economy_of_Large_Scale_Biomass_to_Bio-Methane.pdf [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] Arapostathis et al. (2013). "Governing transitions : Cases and insights from two periods in the history of the UK gas industry", by Stathis Arapostathis, Anna Carlsson-Hyslop, Peter J. G. Pearson, Judith Thornton, Maria Gradillas, Scott Laczay and Suzanne Wallis, in Energy Policy, Volume 52, January 2013, Pages 25 - 44, Section 3.2 "The LNG project : Transition through hybridisation", DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.016 Archer and Jacobson (2013). "Geographical and seasonal variability of the global "practical" wind resources", by Cristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson, in Applied Geography, Volume 45, Pages 119 - 130, 2013, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.006 ARI (2013). "EIA/ARI World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assessment : Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources : An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States", prepared by Advanced Resources International (ARI), published by Government of United States of America, Energy Information Administration (EIA), 10 June 2013. Webpage : http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/ [ Accessed 18 August 2014 ] : Download : http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf [ Accessed 18 August 2014 ] Arvizu et al. (2011). "Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation", by Dan Arvizu, Palani Balaya, Luisa F. Cabeza, K. G. Terry Hollands, Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, Michio Kondo, Charles Konseibo, Valentin Meleshko, Wesley Stein, Yutaka Tamaura, Honghua Xu and Roberto Zilles, edited by Ottmar Edenhofer, Patrick Eickemeier, Gerrit Hansen, Susanne Kadner, Ramón Pichs-Madruga, Patrick Matschoss, Steffen Schlömer, Kristin Seyboth, Youba Sokona, Christoph von Stechow and Timm Zwickel, Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter 3, "Direct Solar Energy", Pages 333 - 400, published by : Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, December 2011, Online ISBN : 9781139151153, Hardback ISBN : 9781107023406, Paperback ISBN : 9781107607101, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139151153.007 : Webpage : http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139151153&cid=CBO9781139151153A023 [ Accessed 21 August 2014 ] Asadullah (2014). "Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas : A review", by Mohammad Asadullah, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 29, January 2014, Pages 201 - 215, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.074 Asadullah et al. (2010). "Effects of biomass char structure on its gasification reactivity", by Mohammad Asadullah, Shu Zhang, Zhenhua Min, Piyachat Yimsiri and Chun-Zhu Li, in Bioresource Technology, Volume 101, Issue Number 20, October 2010, Pages 7935 - 7943, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.048 ASHRAE (2013). "ASHRAE Refrigerant Designations", ANSI/ASHRAE 34-2013, Standard 34, "Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants". Webpage : https://www.ashrae.org/standards-research--technology/standards--guidelines/standards-activities/ashrae-refrigerant-designations [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] Asre KimyaGari (n. d.). "Natural gas reserves in Iran : Kish Gas Field Stands On 2nd Position", by Asre Kimia Gari, News. Online :

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http://asrekimyagari.com/asrkimiagari/NewsPrintableVersion.aspx?NID=366 [ Accessed 13 September 2014 ] Azri (2013). "Accessing the extent of kerogen/bitumen interactions on source rock maturation and hydrocarbon generation", by Mohammad Hazwan Azri, PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, December 2013, Section 2.4.1 "Bitumen". Download : http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/3519/ [ Accessed 14 July 2014 ] Bahmannia (2006). "Life Cycle Assessment of a Natural Gas Plant : Case Study - Sarkhoon Gas Treating Plant in Iran", by Gh. Bahmannia, presented to 23rd Gas Conference, Amsterdam, 2006, Table 3 : "Natural Gas composition in Feedstock and Sale Gas of Plant". Download : http://members.igu.org/html/wgc2006/pdf/paper/add10579.pdf [ Accessed 23 September 2014 ] Ball et al. (2009). "Hydrogen production", by Michael Ball, Werner Weindorf and Ulrich Bünger, Chapter 10 in "The Hydrogen Economy : Opportunities and Challenges", by Michael Ball and Martin Wietschel, published by Cambridge University Press, 24 September 2009, ISBN-13 : 978-0521882163. Section 10.1 and Section 10.9. Online : https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mt3EMl1sezMC&lpg=PA322&ots=PCbyUzVnF4&pg=PA277#v=onepage&f=false [ Accessed 20 December 2014 ] Barchard (n. d.). "Notes on Volumes at Pressure, Temperature & Heat Values", Barchard Engineering. Download : http://barchardengineering.com/_library/2013/8/actual_and_standard_volumes.pdf [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] Barkan (1999). "Walther Nernst and the Transition to Modern Physical Science", by Diana Kormos Barkan, published by Cambridge University Press, second edition, 03 March 2011, first edition, 13 January 1999, ISBN : 978-0-521-44456-9. Online : https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Iv19qb41lfAC&lpg=PR1&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] Barlaz and dela Cruz (2010). "Landfill Gas Modelling : Estimation of Landfill Gas Decay Rate Constants and Yields for Individual Waste Components", Morton A. Barlaz and Florentino dela Cruz, North Carolina State University, USA, presentation 2010. Download : http://www.epa.gov/lmop/documents/pdfs/conf/13th/barlaz.pdf [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] Barrett et al. (2013). "Ensuring the Resilience of the U. S. Electrical Grid", by J. Michael Barrett, Jeff Harner and John Thorne, published by the Lexington Institute, January 2013. Download : http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Postal/EnsuringResilienceofUSElectricalGrid.pdf [ Accessed 01 January 2015 ] Basu (2007). "Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells", by Rajendra N. Basu, Chapter 12 in "Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology", edited by Suddhasatwa Basu, published by Springer, 24 January 2007, ISBN : 978-0387355375. Online : https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9ukWHZoQ4SAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA286#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 26 January 2015 ] Basu (2013). "Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction : Practical Design and Theory", by Prabir Basu, 2nd edition, published by Academic Press, Elsevier Inc., 12 September 2013, ISBN-13: 978-0123964885. Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2-G0SaWM80oC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA249#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 07 September 2014 ] :

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Section 7.3.3.1 Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2-G0SaWM80oC&lpg=PA205&ots=8jRC1Ai8EN&dq=gasifier%20free%20carbon%20reactions%20fast&pg=PA204#v=snippet&q=7.3.3.1&f=false [ Accessed 07 September 2014 ] Baues (2009). "NRW Hydrogen Highway - Activities in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), by Dr Heinz Baues, presentation to International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) Implementation-Liaison Committee, Oslo, 10 March 2009. Download : http://www.iphe.net/docs/Meetings/Norway_3-09/post-meeting/Germany/NRW_H2_Hyway.pdf [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] BCC (2015). "A City Blueprint for Low Carbon Fuel Refuelling Infrastructure", by Celine Cluzel and Sophie Lyons for Birmingham City Council, February 2015. Download : http://greencity.birmingham.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/BCC-City-Blueprint_Feb-2015_FINAL_online-version.pdf [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] Behling (2012). "Fuel Cells : Current Technology Challenges and Future Research Needs", by Noriko Hikosaka Behling, published by Elsevier, 29 October 2012, Section 6.2.3.3, "Bloom Energy". Online : https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LyD9FqWBg4YC&lpg=PA236&ots=Pq8gWKwPpp&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 29 January 2015 ] Bellona (n. d.). "Post combustion", published online by Bellona Foundation. Online : http://bellona.org/ccs/technology/capture/post-combustion.html [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Bensmann et al. (2014). "Biological methanation of hydrogen within biogas plants : A model-based feasibility study", by A. Bensmann, R. Hanke-Rauschenbach, R. Heyer, F. Kohrs, D. Benndorf, U. Reichl and K. Sundmacher, in Journal of Applied Energy, Volume 134, 01 December 2014, Pages 413 - 425, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.047 Berge (2011). "Recognition and Meaning of Hydrocarbon Seeps", by Timothy B. Berge, adapted from presentation to American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Annual Convention 2011. Download : http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2011/40759berge/ndx_berge.pdf [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] Berge (2013). "Hydrocarbon Seeps : Recognition and Meaning", by Timothy B. Berge, Chapter 1 in "Hydrocarbon Seepage : From Source to Surface", edited by Fred Aminzadeh, Timothy B. Berge and David L. Connolly; Geophysical Developments Series No. 16, published by Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) and American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), 2013, ISBN 978-0-931830-41-9 (Series), ISBN 978-1-56080-310-2 (Volume). Download : http://library.seg.org/doi/abs/10.1190/1.9781560803119.ch1 [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] : Download : http://library.seg.org/doi/pdf/10.1190/1.9781560803119.fm [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] Berkowitz (1997). "Fossil Hydrocarbons : Chemistry and Technology", by Norbert Berkowitz, published by Academic Press, 01 August 1997, ISBN-13: 978-0120910908. Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=88y4sAzRcBAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 07 September 2014 ] BGS (2010). "The Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources of Britain's Onshore Basins - Shale Gas", produced by the British Geological Survey for HM Government, Department of Energy and

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Climate Change (DECC), 2012. Online : http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/energy/shaleGas/howMuch.html [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] : Download : https://www.og.decc.gov.uk/UKpromote/onshore_paper/UK_onshore_shalegas.pdf [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] Biello (2014). "Google's Cars Sniff Out Natural Gas Leaks to Deliver Cleaner Air", by David Biello, Scientific American blog, 16 July 2014. Webpage : http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2014/07/16/googles-cars-sniff-out-natural-gas-leaks-to-deliver-cleaner-air/ [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] Billion-Ton Update (2011). "U. S. Billion-Ton Update : Biomass Supply for Bioenergy and Bioproducts industry", by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, sponsored by the United States of America Department of Energy, August 2011. Webpage : https://bioenergykdf.net/content/billiontonupdate [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] : Download : http://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/pdfs/billion_ton_update.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] BImSchG (2001). "Federal Immission Control Act (Bundes-Immisionsschutzgesetz, BImSchG) - Excerpts", German Government. Online : http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/BImSchG.htm [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Biogas Renewable Energy (2009). "Biogas composition", 2009. Online : http://www.biogas-renewable-energy.info/biogas_composition.html [ Accessed 27 January 2015 ] Biothane (2011). "Veolia Water Solutions Develops Revolutionary Wastewater Treatment Plant for L'Oréal", 13 July 2011. Online : http://www.biothane.com/en/news_and_media/press-releases/2011-07-13,loreal.htm [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Biothane (2013). "Mars kicks off the creation of a sustainable wastewater treatment plant", 23 August 2013, published online by Veolia. Online : http://www.biothane.com/en/news_and_media/press-releases/2013-08-23,mars.htm [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Bloom Energy (2014). "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells", by Bloom Energy. Online : http://www.bloomenergy.com/fuel-cell/solid-oxide/ [ Accessed 14 January 2015 ] BMVI (2014). "Power-to-Gas (PtG) in transport : Status quo and perspectives for development", by Dr. U. Bünger, H. Landinger, E. Pschorr-Schoberer, P. Schmidt, W. Weindorf, J. Jöhrens, U. Lambrecht, K. Naumann and A. Lischke, published by German Government, Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI), Report : AZ Z14/SeV/288.3/1179/UI40, Munich, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Berlin, 11 June 2014. Download : http://www.lbst.de/ressources/docs2014/mks-studie-ptg-transport-status-quo-and-perspectives-for-development.pdf [ Accessed 28 January 2015 ] Boerrigter et al. (2005).""OLGA" Tar Removal Technology : Proof-of-Concept (PoC) for application in integrated biomass gasification combined heat and power (CHP) systems", by H. Boerrigter, S. V. B. van Paasen, P. C. A. Bergman, J. W. Könemann, R. Emmen and A. Wijnands, January 2005, ECN-C--05-009. Download : http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2005/c05009.pdf [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ]

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Bord Gais (2010). "The Future of Renewable Gas in Ireland", published by Bord Gáis, April 2010. Download : http://www.bordgais.ie/corporate/media/15665_BG_RenewGas_Final1.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Bordenave (1993). "Applied Petroleum Geochemistry", edited by Max-Louis Bordenave (M. L. Bordenave), published by Éditions Technip, ISBN : 9782710806295. Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFBnrAYQw1cC&lpg=PA106&ots=1qLPu-FL1o&dq=metagenesis%20kerogen&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] Borrill and Easterby (1985). "Exploitation of Heavy Oil : The FBH Process", by P. A. Borrill and R. J. Easterby, in "New technologies for the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources", Proceedings of the 2nd E. C. Symposium held in Luxembourg, 5 - 7 December 1984, Volume 2, EUR 10 168, published by Graham & Trotman, for the Commission of the European Communities, 1985, Section (03.67/68), Pages 725 - 730. Download : http://bookshop.europa.eu/sv/new-technologies-for-the-exploration-and-exploitation-of-oil-and-gas-resources-pbCDNB10168/downloads/CD-NB-10-168-EN-C/CDNB10168ENC_001.pdf;pgid=Iq1Ekni0.1lSR0OOK4MycO9B0000-sM1t5_h;sid=qGf0Bra9uXL0AOVnp_RqodSYr7Ty1bFurrQ=?FileName=CDNB10168ENC_001.pdf&SKU=CDNB10168ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumber=CD-NB-10-168-EN-C [ Accessed 15 January 2015 ] Boucher and Ready (2008). "Climate trade-off between black carbon and carbon dioxide emissions", by Dr Olivier Boucher and M. Shekar Reddy, Energy Policy, Volume 36, Issue Number 1, January 2008, Pages 193 - 200, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.08.039 Boukis et al. (2007). "Biomass Gasification in Supercritical Water. Experimental Progress Achived with the Verena Pilot Plant", by N. Boukis, U. Galla, H. Müller and E. Dinjus, paper presented to 15th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 07 - 11 May 2007, Berlin, Germany. Download : http://www.ikft.kit.edu/downloads/boukis-pub6.pdf [ Accessed 17 February 2015 ] BP (1972). "Gas Making and Natural Gas", BP Trading Ltd, 1972. BP (2003). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy : June 2003", by BP plc, "A consistent and objective series of historical energy market data.". Download : http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/B/BP_statistical_review_of_world_energy_2003_print_version.pdf [ Accessed 22 February 2014 ] BP (2004). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2004", by BP plc, "Energy in focus". Download : http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/S/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2004.pdf [ Accessed 22 February 2014 ] BP (2006). "BP Operated Empress Straddle Plants", by BP Canada, 2006 Environmental Statement. Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/sustainability/country-reports/NGL_Empress_2006.pdf [ Accessed 04 August 2014 ] BP (2010). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy : June 2010", by BP plc. Download : http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2010_downloads/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2010.pdf [ Accessed 25 February 2014 ]

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BP (2011b). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011", BP plc. Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp-country/de_de/PDFs/brochures/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2011.pdf [ Accessed 22 August 2014 ] BP (2011c). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011", BP plc, Workbook. Download : http://mazamascience.com/OilExport/BP_2011.xls [ Accessed 22 August 2014 ] : Download : ftp://70.176.124.30/Sustainable_Solutions/Lightworks/Papers/Biofuels%20Paper/BP%20statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2011.xls [ Accessed 22 August 2014 ] BP (2012b). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012", BP plc. Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Statistical-Review-2012/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2012.pdf [ Accessed 20 August 2014 ] : Download : http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2012.pdf [ Accessed 22 February 2014 ] BP (2013a). "Energy Outlook 2030", BP, January 2013. Download : http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/BP_World_Energy_Outlook_booklet_2013.pdf [ Accessed 29 January 2014 ] : Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/Energy-Outlook/BP_Energy_Outlook_Booklet_2013.pdf [ Accessed 29 January 2014 ] : WebPage : http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/energy-outlook/energy-outlook-downloads.html [ Accessed 1 February 2014 ] : YouTube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B3dLWv7HNs [ Accessed 1 February 2014 ] BP (2013b). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013", BP plc. Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf [ Accessed 20 August 2014 ] BP (2013c). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013", BP plc, Workbook. Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/Statistical-Review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013_workbook.xlsx [ Accessed 22 August 2014 ] BP (2014a). "Energy Outlook 2035", BP, January 2014. Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/Energy-Outlook/Energy_Outlook_2035_booklet.pdf [ Accessed 17 January 2014 ] : Launch / Release Presentation : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/Energy-Outlook/Energy_Outlook_2035_presentation.pdf [ Accessed 21 January 2014 ] : Presentation : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/ppt/Energy_economics/Energy_Outlook_2035_presentation.pptx [ Accessed 21 January 2014 ] : WebPage : http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/energy-outlook.html [ Accessed 1 February 2014 ] : YouTube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzkHlRsUspk [ Accessed 1 February 2014 ] BP (2014c). "BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014", BP plc, Workbook, Revised version, 18 June 2014. Download : http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/Energy-Economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-Statistical_Review_of_world_energy_2014_workbook.xlsx [ Accessed 20 August 2014 ]

11 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

Breault (2010). "Gasification Processes Old and New : A Basic Review of the Major Technologies", by Ronald W. Breault, in Energies, Volume 3, 2010, Pages 216 - 240, Section 4.1, "GE Energy", DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3390/en3020216 Bridgwater (2012). "Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading", by A. V. Bridgwater, in Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume 38, March 2012, Pages 68 - 94, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.048 Bridgwater and Peacocke (2000). "Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass", by A. V. Bridgwater and G. V. C. Peacocke, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 4, Issue Number 1, March 2000, Pages 1 - 73, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00007-6 Brimont et al. (2012). "Waste Gas : a Crucial Component of the Energy Poverty Dilemma", by Renaud Brimont, Antoine Aris and Peter von Campe, in SBC Energy Perspectives, published by Schlumberger Business Consulting, Winter 2012. Download : http://www.sbc.slb.com/~/media/Files/Our%20Ideas/Energy%20Perspectives/Energy%20Perspectives%20-%20Winter%202012 [ Accessed 8 January 2015 ] Brisse et al. (2010). "Electrolysis Using Fuel Cell Technology", by A. Brisse, J. Schefold, C. Stoots and J. O'Brien, in Chapter 9 in "Innovations in Fuel Cell Technologies", edited by Robert Steinberger-Wilckens and Werner Lehnert, published by Royal Society of Chemistry, 18 October 2010, ISBN : 978-1-84973-033-4. Online : https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3mzNA1-9lFIC&lpg=PA267&pg=PA267#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 19 December 2014 ] Brouwer et al. (2014). "Impacts of large-scale Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources on electricity systems, and how these can be modeled", by Anne Sjoerd Brouwer, Machteld van den Broek, Ad Seebregts and André Faaij, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 33, Pages 443 - 466, 2014. DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.076 Brown (2014a). "Coal still counts (1): keeping options open in the Energy Act 2013", by Adam Brown, Target UK Energy, 10 January 2014. Online : http://www.targetukenergy.com/coal-still-counts-1-keeping-options-open-in-the-energy-act-2013 [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] Brown (2014b). "Coal still counts (2): decision time for generators (or it will be soon)", by Adam Brown, Target UK Energy, 17 February 2014. Online : http://www.targetukenergy.com/coal-still-counts-2-decision-time-for-generators-or-it-will-be-soon [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] Brownsort (2013). "Briefing : CCS for Industrial Sources of CO2 in Europe", by Dr Peter Brownsort, Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS), 30 August 2013. Download : http://www.sccs.org.uk/images/expertise/reports/working-papers/wp-2013-04.pdf [ Accessed 12 February 2015 ] Budavari (1996). "The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals", edited by S. Budavari, 1996, page 459, published by Merck and Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey. Online : http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+60 (cycloHexane, Chemical/Physical Properties) [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] Buchel (1989). "Industrial Inorganic Chemistry", by Karl Heinz Büchel, Hans-Heinrich Moretto and Peter Woditsch, published by Wiley-VCH, 5 February 1989, Chapter 1.2 "Hydrogen". Online : https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pGDP98XYnA4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=fals

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14 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

CAT (2013). "Zero Carbon Britain : Rethinking the Future", by Paul Allen, Laura Blake, Peter Harper, Alice Hooker-Stroud, Philip James and Tobi Kellner, Vijay Bhopal, Guppi Bola, Isabel Bottoms, Julie Bromilow, Louisa Casson, Richard Hebditch, Ling Li, Nuria Mera-Chouza, Lucy Neal, Darcy Pimblett, Sophie Wynne-Jones, Liz Zeidler and Mike Zeidler, Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT), 2013. Webpage : http://www.zerocarbonbritain.org/ : Download : http://www.zerocarbonbritain.org/images/pdfs/ZCBrtflo-res.pdf [ Accessed 16 August 2014 ] Cathles et al. (2012). "A commentary on "The greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas in shale formations" by R. W. Howarth, R. Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea", by Lawrence M. Cathles III, Larry Brown, Milton Taam and Andrew Hunter, in Climatic Change, Commentary, Volume 113, Issue Number 2, Pages 525 - 535, July 2012. DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0333-0 CCC (2011). "The Renewable Energy Review", by the Committee on Climate Change, May 2011, Box 3.2 "Scope for increasing the contribution from biogas". Download : http://archive.theccc.org.uk/aws/Renewables%20Review/The%20renewable%20energy%20review_Printout.pdf [ Accessed 27 January 2015 ] CCC (2013). "Fourth Carbon Budget Review", by the Committee on Climate Change, Part 1 "Assessment of climate risk and the international response", Part 2 "The cost-effective path to the 2050 target". Online : http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/fourth-carbon-budget-review-part-1/ [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] : Online : http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/fourth-carbon-budget-review/ [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] : Download : http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/1784-CCC_SI-Report_Book_single_1a.pdf [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] : Download : http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/1785a-CCC_AdviceRep_Singles_1.pdf [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] CCCC (2009). "Heading for 100% Renewable Urban Transport", The Expert Commission on Cities and Climate Change, published by the World Future Council and HafenCity University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, September 2009. Download : http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/ec_broch_A4_transport_Ansicht.pdf [ Accessed 16 August 2014 ] CCCC (2010). "100% Renewable Energy - and Beyond - for Cities", The Commission on Cities and Climate Change, published by HafenCity University Hamburg and World Future Council Foundation, Hamburg, Germany, March 2010. Download : http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/100__renewable_energy_for_citys-for_web.pdf [ Accessed 16 August 2014 ] Cenovus (2014a). "Annual report", by Cenovus Energy, "Investors", "Annual documents". Online : http://www.cenovus.com/invest/financial-information/annual-reports.html [ Accessed 17 September 2014 ] Cenovus (2014b). "Increasing oil production and reducing greenhouse gas emissions : Weyburn project overview", published by Cenovus Energy, 2014. Download : http://www.cenovus.com/operations/docs/Weyburn-Facility-Profile.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Chand (2002). "A Proposed Environmentally Friendly Oil Industry", by Nagin Chand, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, Volume 61, Issue Number 7, July 2002, Pages 493 - 503.

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Webpage : http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/jsir/jsirjul2k2.htm [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] : Download : http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/26365/1/JSIR%2061(7)%20493-503.pdf [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] Chandel and Williams (2009). "Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) : Technology, Environmental Implications, and Economics", by Munish Chandel and Eric Williams, Climate Change Policy Partnership, Duke University, January 2009. Online : http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/climate/carbon-capture-and-storage/natgas#.VOeQRiwRSFs [ Accessed 19 February 2015 ] : Download : http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/sites/default/files/publications/natgas-paper.pdf [ Accessed 19 February 2015 ] Che (2013). "Nobel Prize in chemisty 1912 to Sabatier : Organic chemistry or catalysis ?", by Michael Che, Catalysis Today, Volumes 218 - 219, December 2013, Pages 162 - 171, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.07.006 Cheadle (2014). "Oilsands exporters narrowly survive 'dirty' oil vote in Europe", by Bruce Cheadle, in Cleantech Canada, for The Canadian Press, 17 December 2014. Online : http://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/regulation/oilsands-exporters-narrowly-survive-dirty-oil-vote-europe-144036/ [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] ChemSpider (2014). "ChemSpider", published online by Royal Society of Chemistry, a free chemical structure database. Online : http://www.chemspider.com/ [ Accessed 01 August 2014 ] Chen (2001). "An environmentally friendly oil industry", by Nai Y. Chen, Chemical Innovation, Volume 31, Issue Number 4, April 2001, published by American Chemical Society, online, ISSN : 1531-5339, Pages 10 - 21. Webpage : http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/ci/31/i04/toc/toc_i04.html [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] : Online : http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/ci/31/i04/html/04n_chen.html [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] Cheng et al. (2006). "A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Running on H2S/CH4 Fuel Mixtures", by Zhe Cheng, Shaowu Zha, Luis Aguilar, Dean Wang, Jack Winnick and Meilin Liu, in Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, Volume 9, Issue Number 1, Pages A31 - A33, 2006, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2137467 : Download : http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/2006_(143)Electrochem.SSLetter_Cheng.pdf [ Accesssed 26 January 2015 ] Cherry et al. (2014). "Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas Extraction in Canada", by John Cherry, Michael Ben-Eli, Lalita Bharadwaj, Richard Chalaturnyk, Maurice B. Dusseault, Bernard Goldstein, Jean-Paul Lacoursière, Ralph Matthews, Bernhard Mayer, John Molson, Kelly Munkittrick, Naomi Oreskes, Beth Parker and Paul Young, of the Expert Panel on Harnessing Science and Technology to Understand the Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas Extraction, published by Council of Canadian Academies, 2014, ISBN 978-1-926558-78-3 (pdf), ISBN 978-1-926558-77-6 (bound). Download : http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/eng/assessments%20and%20publications%20and%20news%20releases/Shale%20gas/ShaleGas_fullreportEN.pdf [ Accessed 18 August 2014 ]

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http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/speeches/2013/Future_Trends_in_Global_Oil_and_Gas_Exploration_.pdf [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] Damosso (2010). "First steps in regional hydrogen infrastructure buildup in Europe", by Davide Damosso, HyRaMP Annual Hydrogen Infrastructure Report, presentation to Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU), 3rd 3rd FCH JU Stakeholders General Assembly, 9 November 2010, (HyRaMP is now known as HyER). Download : http://www.fch-ju.eu/sites/default/files/documents/ga2010/davide_damosso.pdf [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] Darwent (1970). "Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules", by B. deB. Darwent, United States of America, Department of Commerce, Document : NSRDS-NBS 31, January 1970. Download : http://www.nist.gov/data/nsrds/NSRDS-NBS31.pdf [ Accessed 02 September 2014 ] Davidson (2007). "Post Combustion Carbon Capture from Coal Fired Plants - Solvent Scrubbing", by Robert M. Davidson, for IEA Clean Coal Centre, International Energy Agency (IEA) Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Report : 2007/15, July 2007, ISBN 92-9029-444-2, Introduction. Download : http://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/2007-15.pdf [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] Davies et al. (2014). "Oil and gas wells and their integrity : Implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation", by Richard J. Davies, Sam Almond, Robert S. Ward, Robert B. Jackson, Charlotte Adams, Fred Worrall, Liam G. Herringshaw, Jon G. Gluyas and Mark A. Whitehead, in Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology, Volume 56, September 2014, Pages 239 - 254, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.03.001 Davis and Patel (2004). "Refinery hydrogen management", by Ruth A. Davis and Nitin M. Patel, in PTQ, Spring 2004, Pages 29 - 35. Download : http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/Air%20Products%20Hydrogen%20Article.pdf [ Accessed 27 August 2014 ] Day et al. (2013). "Low carbon gas from mixed waste, biomass and coal: a low cost route to CCS", by Anthony Day, Dr Andrew Williams and Ronald Christopher Hodrien, in Carbon Capture Journal, 29 November 2013. Online : http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/news/low-carbon-gas-from-mixed-waste-biomass-and-coal-a-low-cost-route-to-ccs/3408.aspx?Category=all [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] de Bakker (2014). Informal unrecorded conversation with Adriaan de Bakker of Gasunie, 24 September 2014. de Bruijn et al. (2001). "The Influence of Carbon Dioxide on PEM Fuel Cell Anodes", by F. A. de Bruijn, D. C. Papageorgopoulos, E. F. Sitters and G. J. M. Janssen, Report : ECN-RX--01-065, October 2001. Download : ftp://ftp.ecn.nl/pub/www/library/report/2001/rx01065.pdf [ Accessed 28 January 2015 ] de Castro et al. (2009). "The role of non conventional oil in the attenuation of peak oil", by Carlos de Castro, Luis Javier Miguel and Margarita Mediavilla, in Energy Policy, Volume 37, Issue Number 5, May 2009, Pages 1825 - 1833, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.022 DECC (2012a). "UK Bioenergy Strategy", published by UK Government, Department for Transport (DfT), Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Department for Environment, Food

19 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

and Rural Affairs (Defra), April 2012. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48337/5142-bioenergy-strategy-.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] DECC (2012b). "CCS Roadmap", published by UK Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 3 April 2012. Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-ccs-roadmap [ Accessed 12 February 2015 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48317/4899-the-ccs-roadmap.pdf [ Accessed 12 February 2015 ] DECC (2013a). "Investing in renewable technologies – CfD contract terms and strike prices", by HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), December 2013. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/263937/Final_Document_-_Investing_in_renewable_technologies_-_CfD_contract_terms_and_strike_prices_UPDATED_6_DEC.pdf [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] DECC (2013b). "Energy Flow Chart 2013", HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/336598/energy_flow_chart_2013.PDF [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2012" : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224122/energy_flow_chart_2012.PDF [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2011" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/publications/flow-chart/5939-energy-flow-chart-2011.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2010" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/publications/flow-chart/2276-energy-flow-chart-2010.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2009" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/193-energy-flow-chart-2009.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2008" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/76-flowchart2008.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2007" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file46984.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2004" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file11248.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 2001" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47621.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1998" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47683.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1995" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47682.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1992" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statisti

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cs/publications/flow/file47681.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1989" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47680.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1986" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47679.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1983" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47678.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1980" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47677.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1977" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47676.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] : "Energy Flow Chart 1974" : Download : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130106133835/http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/flow/file47684.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] DECC (2013c). "Electricity Market Reform : Capacity Market - Detailed Design Proposals", by HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Cmd 8637, June 2013. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/209280/15398_TSO_Cm_8637_DECC_Electricity_Market_Reform_web_optimised.pdf [ Accessed 5 January 2015 ] DECC (2013d). "Electricity Generation Costs", HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 19 December 2013, Document : URN 14D/005. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/269888/131217_Electricity_Generation_costs_report_December_2013_Final.pdf [ Accessed 18 February 2015 ] DECC (2014a). "Energy Trends", 31 July 2014, Section 4, "Gas", Section 5, "Electricity", Data for Domestic consumption of gas and electricity. Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-june-2014 [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/338317/et4_1.xls [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ], https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/338322/et5_2.xls [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] DECC (2014b). "Delivering UK Energy Investment", published by Her Majesty's Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change, July 2014, URN : 14D/180. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/331071/DECC_Energy_Investment_Report.pdf [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] DECC (2014c). "RHI Biomethane Injection to Grid Tariff Review", by HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 9 December 2014. Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/rhi-biomethane-injection-to-grid-tariff-review [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/384202/Biomethane

21 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

_Tariff_Review_-_Government_Response_-_December_2014.pdf [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] DECC (2014d). "Energy Consumption in the UK (ECUK) : Domestic Data Tables : 2014 update", by HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), part of National Statistics, Table 3.03 "Domestic final energy consumption by end use 1970 to 2013". Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-consumption-in-the-uk [ Accessed 15 December 2014 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/338662/ecuk_chapter_3_domestic_factsheet.pdf [ Accessed 15 December 2014 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/375388/domestic.xls [ Accessed 15 December 2014 ] DECC (2014e). "Delivering UK Energy Investment 2014", by HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), January 2015. Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-uk-energy-investment-2014 [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/331071/DECC_Energy_Investment_Report.pdf [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] DECC (2015). "Delivering UK Energy Investment : Networks 2015", by HM Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), January 2015. Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-uk-energy-investment-networks-2014 [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/394509/DECC_Energy_Investment_Report_WEB.pdf [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] Defra (2011). "The Economics of Waste and Waste Policy", by UK Government, Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), June 2011. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69500/pb13548-economic-principles-wr110613.pdf [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] Defra (2012). "UK Bioenergy Strategy", by UK Government, Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), Department for Transport (DfT) and Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), April 2012. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48337/5142-bioenergy-strategy-.pdf [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48338/5136-bioenergy-strategy-analytical-annex.pdf [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] Defra (2013). "Area of Crops Grown For Bioenergy in England and the UK : 2008 - 2012", by UK Government, Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), Experimental Statistics, 19 December 2013. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289168/nonfood-statsnotice2012-12mar14.pdf [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] Defra (2014). "Energy from waste : A guide to the debate", by UK Government, Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) and Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), February 2014 (revised edition), Document : PB14130, Crown Copyright 2014. Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ]

22 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

de Klerk (2008). "Fischer-Tropsch Refining", by Arno de Klerk, PhD Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, the Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Document : etd-07282008-130342, 11 April 2008. Webpage : http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07282008-130342/ [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Chapter 4 : Download : http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07282008-130342/unrestricted/02chapters3-4.pdf [ Accessed 13 August 2014 ] de Klerk (2011). "Fischer-Tropsch Refining", by Arno de Klerk, published by Wiley-VCH, 20 July 2011, ISBN-13: 978-3527326051. Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dNM2EIVP-TIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 12 September 2014 ] Deloitte (2013). "Potential Bowland Basin shale gas development : Economic and fiscal impacts", Deloitte LLP, 2013. Download : http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedKingdom/Local%20Assets/Documents/Industries/EIU/uk-eiu-shale-gas-report.pdf [ Accessed 19 August 2014 ] de Marignan (2013). "IFP Energies nouvelles : Natural hydrogen : A New Addition to the Energy Mix ?", by Anne-Laure de Marignan, 18 April 2013. Online : https://www.energyinst.org/filegrab/?ref=1595&f=Petroleum+Review+-+May+2013+pdf+ [ Accessed 02 September 2014 ] : In Petroleum Review, published by Energy Institute, 3 May 2013. Online : http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/IFP-Energies-nouvelles-Natural-hydrogen-A-New-Addition-to-the-Energy-Mix-1780108.htm [ Accessed 02 September 2014 ] dena (2014a). "Pilot- und Demonstrationsprojekte im Power-to-Gas-Konzept". Online : http://www.powertogas.info/power-to-gas/interaktive-projektkarte.html [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] dena (2014b). "Rechtlicher Rahmen". Online : http://www.powertogas.info/power-to-gas/rechtlicher-rahmen.html [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] dena (n. d.) "Power to Gas Strategy Platform : Power to Gas - an innovative system solution for the energy turnaround", Federal Republic of Germany, Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena). Website : http://www.dena.de/en/projects/renewables/power-to-gas-strategy-platform.html [ Accessed 10 September 2014 ] Denmark (2011). "Our Energy Future", The Government of Denmark, November 2011. Download : http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/policy/danish-climate-energy-policy/our_future_energy.pdf [ Accessed 16 August 2014 ] Denmark (2012). "Accelerating Green Energy Towards 2020", The Danish Energy Agreement of March 2012, The Government of Denmark, March 2012. Download : http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/dokumenter/publikationer/downloads/accelerating_green_energy_towards_2020.pdf [ Accessed 16 August 2014 ] Desclaux et al. (2010). "Direct Carbon Fuel Cells", by P. Desclaux, S. Nürnberger and U. Stimming, Chapter 6 in "Innovations in Fuel Cell Technologies", edited by Robert Steinberger-Wilckens and Werner Lehnert, published by Royal Society of Chemistry, 18 October 2010, ISBN : 978-1-84973-033-4, Section 6.2.1 "Molten Carbonate Electrolyte". Online : https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3mzNA1-

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9lFIC&lpg=PA190&ots=RqgvVxPu03&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 23 January 2015 ] De Silva Munoz et al. (2010). "Hydrogen production by electrolysis of a phosphate solution on a stainless steel cathode", by Leonardo De Silva Muñoz, Alain Bergel, Damien Féron and Régine Basséguy, in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 35, Issue Number 16, Pages 8561 - 8568, ISSN 0360-3199, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.101 de Souza et al. (2008). "Molybdenum electrodes for hydrogen production by water electrolysis using ionic liquid electrolytes", by Roberto F. de Souza, Gabriel Loget, Janine C. Padilha, Emilse M. A. Martini, Michele O. de Souza, in Electrochemistry Communications, Volume 10, Issue Number 11, November 2008, Pages 1673 - 1675, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.08.029 DG ENER (2013). "Capacity Mechanisms In Individual Markets Within the IEM", by European Commission, Directorate General Energy (DG ENER), Directorate B, Project : ENER/B2/175/2012, Document : TE-2013-06, 28 May 2013. Online : http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/consultations/20130207_generation_adequacy_en.htm [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] : Download : http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/consultations/doc/20130207_generation_adequacy_study.pdf [ Accessed 3 January 2015 ] Dhir et al. (2003). "Sustainable Waste Management", edited by Ravindra K. Dhir, Moray D. Newlands and Tom D. Dyer, published by Thomas Telford Publishing, ISBN : 0 7277 3251 X, Page 239, "Germany". Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z5j1H7gJTdIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] DiePresse.com (2013). "Biomasse-Kraftwerk Güssing darf weitermachen", 21 October 2013. Online : http://diepresse.com/home/wirtschaft/economist/1467017/BiomasseKraftwerk-Gussing-darf-weitermachen [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Dincer and Zamfirescu (2011). "Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications", by Íbrahim Dinçer and Calin Zamfirescu, Figure 13.46, "Evolution of hydrogen utilization in Canada", Chapter 13, "Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Systems", Section 13.7, "Hydrogen Utilization", Page 594. Download : http://dls.bookzz.org/genesis/818000/fd93ff09a29cdcc12d81bd0b7bdb0b0e/_as/%5BIbrahim_Din%C3%A7er,_Calin_Zamfirescu%5D_Sustainable_En(BookZZ.org).pdf [ Accessed 09 September 2014 ] DIS (n. d.). "Assessing Current, Near-term, and Long-term U. S. Hydrogen Markets", published online by Argonne National Laboratory, Table 1, "2003 Global Consumption of Intentionally Produced and Merchant Hydrogen (million tonnes)", "Source : SRI, 2004", with data from Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International. Figure 13, "U. S. Hydrogen Consumption in 2003 by State". Webpage : http://www.dis.anl.gov/news/HydrogenMarkets.html [ Accessed 25 August 2014 ] Dittus and Johnson (2001). "The Hidden Value of Lignite Coal", by Myles Dittus and Dale Johnson, Dakota Gasification Company, Great Plains Synfuels Plant, paper presented at 2001 Gasification Technologies Conference. Download : http://www.gasification.org/uploads/eventLibrary/GTC01010.pdf [ Accessed 15 January 2015 ]

24 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

Dlugokencky et al. (2011). "Global atmospheric methane: budget, changes and dangers", by Edward J. Dlugokencky, Euan G. Nisbet, Rebecca Fisher and David Lowry, in Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society A, Volume 369, Issue Number 1943, 18 April 2011, 28 May 2011, Pages 2058 – 2072, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0341 DNV (2012). "Fuel cells for ships", by Det Norske Veritas (DNV), now DNV GL, Research and Innovation, Position Paper 13, 2012. Download : http://www.dnv.com/binaries/fuel%20cell%20pospaper%20final_tcm4-525872.pdf [ Accessed 14 December 2014 ] Dodds and Demoullin (2013). "Conversion of the UK gas system to transport hydrogen", by Paul E. Dodds and Stéphanie Demoullin, in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 38, Issue Number 18, 18 June 2013, Pages 7189 - 7200, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.070 Dodds and McDowall (2012). "A review of hydrogen production technologies for energy system models", by Paul E. Dodds and Will McDowall, UK Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Consortium (UKSHEC), Working Paper Number 6, 2012. Download : https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/energy/research/themes/energy-systems/hydrogen/WP6_Dodds_Production.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Dodds et al. (2015). "Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for heating : A review", by Paul E. Dodds, Iain Staffell, Adam D. Hawkes, Francis Li, Philipp Grünewald, Will McDowall and Paul Ekins, in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 40, Issue Number 5, 09 February 2015, Pages 2065 - 2083, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.059 DOE (2006). "Practical Experience Gained During the First Twenty Years of Operation of the Great Plains Gasification Plant and Implications for Future Projects", by U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, April 2006. Download : http://www.elmiraohio.com/Gasifier%20Docs/dg_knowledge_gained.pdf [ Accessed 15 January 2015 ] DOE (2013). "Report of the Hydrogen Production Expert Panel : A Subcommittee of the Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee", by US Department of Energy, May 2013. Download : http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/hpep_report_2013.pdf [ Accessed 18 December 2014 ] Doosan Babcock (2013). "Enabling Energy : OxyCoal (TM) Burner Technology Development", presentation by David Sturgeon to the 13th Workshop, Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum (APGTF), London, England, 21 February 2013. Download : http://www.apgtf-uk.com/files/workshops/13thWorkshop2013/43DavidSturgeon.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Drax (2014). "Our biomass plans". Online : http://www.drax.com/biomass/our-biomass-plans/ [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Dryden (1975). "The Efficient Use of Energy", edited by I. G. C. Dryden, Chapter 1, "Plan and Perspective", "Electricity and SNG Production", Pages 14 - 15, Figure 5 "Relative efficiencies of electricity, SNG and SCO production.", "Courtesy L. Grainger and Chemistry & Industry". DUKES (2014). "Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2014", Government of the United Kingdom, Department of Energy and Climate Change, A National Statistics Publication, Printed version, ISBN 9780115155307. Webpage : https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/digest-of-

25 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

united-kingdom-energy-statistics-dukes-2014-printed-version [ Accessed 19 August 2014 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/338750/DUKES_2014_printed.pdf [ Accessed 19 August 2014 ] Dumas (1859)(2006). "Le Caucase : impressions de voyage", by Alexandre Dumas, 1859, in print from Editions Le Joyeux Roger, Montreal, 2006, ISBN-13 : 978-2-923523-10-1, ISBN-10 : 2-923523-10-5. Chapter XXII, "Bakou". Download : http://www.alexandredumasetcompagnie.com/images/1.pdf/LeCaucase.PDF [ Accessed 2 April 2014 ] Dupont (2011). "hydrogen production from biomass feedstock", by Valerie Dupont, presentation to UK Hydrogen Researchers' Workshop, United Kingdom Energy Research Centre (UKERC), The Meeting Place, Oxford, 28 February 2011. Download : http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/support/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=1505 [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] Durand (1980). "Insoluble Organic Matter from Sedimentary Rocks", edited by Bernard Durand, published by Éditions Technip, 1980, ISBN : 2-7108-0371-2, Chapter 1 : "Sedimentary organic matter and kerogen. Definition and quantitative importance of kerogen", Page 20, Figure 1.1 : "Evolution at depth of sedimentary organic matter fractions". Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gQV3SsYD9_cC&lpg=PA20&ots=ZpJbeKmrKx&dq=kerogen%20insoluble%20in%20organic%20solvents&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] E-Cube (2013). "Vers un système gazier 100% «décarboné» : Etude technico-économique des conditions de développement d’un réseau gaz décarboné en France", ("Towards a 100% decarbonised gas system : Techno-economic study of the development conditions of a decarbonised gas network in France"), by E-Cube Strategy Consultants, July 2013. Download : http://www.grtgaz.com/fileadmin/transition_energetique/documents/systeme_gazier_decarbone_e-cube_GRTgaz.pdf [ Accessed 28 January 2015 ] E4Tech (2009). "Biomass supply curves for the UK", by E4Tech, presentation for DECC, March 2009. Download : http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/What%20we%20do/UK%20energy%20supply/Energy%20mix/Renewable%20energy/Renewable%20Energy%20Strategy/1_20090716112412_e_@@_E4techBiomasssupplycurvesfortheUKurn09D690.pdf [ Accessed 31 March 2011 ] [ Not Accessible 11 October 2014 ] E4tech (2010). "The potential for bioSNG production in the UK", E4Tech consulting with National Non-Food Crops Centre (NNFCC), the UK's National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, NNFCC project 10/008, April 2010. Online : http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/potential-for-biosng-production-in-the-uk-nnfcc-10-008 [ Accessed 02 April 2011 ] : Download : http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/potential-for-biosng-production-in-the-uk-nnfcc-10-008/at_download/file [ Accessed 02 April 2011 ] EBA (2014). "New German Renewable Energy Act (EEG) shoots biogas in Germany", by European Biogas Association, 4 July 2014. Online : http://european-biogas.eu/2014/07/04/press-release-new-german-renewable-energy-act-eeg-shoots-biogas-germany/ [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] : Download : http://european-biogas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014.07-Press-Release_German-EEG-2014-shoots-biogas-in-Germany.pdf [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ]

26 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

EBTP (2014). "Biofuels Policy and Legislation", by European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP), "Recent EC legislation, policies and communciations relating to biofuels". Online : http://www.biofuelstp.eu/biofuels-legislation.html [ Accessed 21 January 2015 ] EC (2009). "Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and the Council", 23 April 2009. Online : http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/fuel.htm [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] : Online : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0030 [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] EC (2013a). "The Clean Air Policy Package", by European Commission, 18 December 2013, including "Industrial emissions". Online : http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/clean_air_policy.htm [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] : Online : http://ec.europa.eu/environment/industry/stationary/index.htm [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] EC (2013b). "Single market for gas & electricity : Studies - Gas", by European Commission, Reports to 2013. Online : http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/studies/gas_en.htm [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] EC (2014). "Single market for gas & electricity : Gas quality harmonisation", by European Commission, Workshops, 1 July 2014. Online : http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/gas/gas_quality_harmonisation_en.htm [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] EC (2014b). "Fuel Quality", by European Commission, 2014. Online : http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/fuel/index_en.htm [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] ECN (2007a). "Gasification technology", by Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), 2007. Online : http://www.biosng.com/experimental-line-up/gasification-technology/ [ Accessed 12 September 2014 ] ECN (2007b). "Quick Scan of the Economic Consequences of Prohibiting Residual Fuels in Shipping", by H. P. J. de Wilde, P. Kroon, M. Mozaffarian and T. Sterker, for Energy Centre of The Netherlands (ECN), Report ECN-E--07-051, July 2007, "Conclusions", "Models calculations on extra crude oil demand, CO2 emissions and costs". Download : http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2007/e07051.pdf [ Accessed 10 December 2014 ] EcoDual (2012). "Dual Fuel (Natural Gas/Diesel) Conversion Systems for Heavy Duty Trucks", by EcoDuel, presentation, June 2012. Download : http://www.cleanvehicle.org/workshop/portland/NielsonEcoDual.pdf [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] ECUK (2014). "Energy Consumption in the UK", Government of the United Kingdom, Department of Energy and Climate Change, Document : URN 14D/218, July 2014, All data tables (Terawatt hours), 2014 update. Webpage : https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-consumption-in-the-uk [ Accessed 19 August 2014 ] : Download : https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/339292/All_ECUK_data_tables_in_TWh.xlsx [ Accessed 19 August 2014 ] EEF (2014). "UK Shale Gas : The Manufacturers' View", by Engineering Employers' Federation (EEF), November 2014, Chart 4 "Source of UK natural gas supply : actual and projected". Online : http://www.eef.org.uk/resources-and-knowledge/research-and-intelligence/industry-reports/uk-shale-gas-the-manufacturers-view [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] : Download :

27 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

http://www.eef.org.uk/resources-and-knowledge/research-and-intelligence/industry-reports/uk-shale-gas-the-manufacturers-view [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] EIA (2004). "The Basics of Underground Natural Gas Storage", by US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Download : http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/storagebasics/storagebasics.pdf [ Accessed 17 February 2015 ] EIA (2006). "Changing Trends in the Refining Industry", US Energy Information Administration (EIA), Annual Energy Outlook (AEO), 2006. Online : http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/otheranalysis/aeo_2006analysispapers/tri.html [ Accessed 20 December 2014 ] EIA (2012). "Annual Energy Outlook 2012 : With Projections to 2035", Government of the United States of America (USA), Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2012, Report : DOE/EIA-0383(2012), June 2012. Download : http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2012).pdf [ Accessed 18 August 2014 ] EIA (2013a). "EIA's Proposed Definitions for Natural Gas Liquids", by U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 14 June 2013. Download : http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/workshop/ngl/pdf/definitions061413.pdf [ Accessed 13 July 2014 ] EIA (2013b). "EIA's Proposed Natural Gas Liquids Realignment", by Mindi Farber-DeAnda and Michael Kopalek, U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 18 June 2013. Download : http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/workshop/ngl/pdf/presentation061313.pdf [ Accessed 13 July 2014 ] EIA (2013c). "Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources : An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States", by U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 10 June 2013. Online : http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/ [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] : Download : http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf?zscb=5797129 [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] EIA (2014a). "Annual Energy Outlook 2014 : with projections to 2040", USA, DOE, EIA, AEO 2014, Report : DOE/EIA-0383(2014), April 2014. Download : http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2014).pdf [ Accessed 19 August 2015 ] EIA (2014b). "World Oil Transit Chokepoints", by U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 10 November 2014. Download : http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints/wotc.pdf [ Accessed 28 January 2015 ] EIA (2014c). "Levelized Cost and Levelized Avoided Cost of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2014", Government of the United States of America (USA), Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO), April 2014. Download : http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf [ Accessed 19 February 2015 ] Einsele (2000). "Sedimentary Basins : Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget", by Gerhard Einsele, originally published by Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992, ISBN 3-540-54449-6, published by Springer, completely revised edition, 27 July 2000, ISBN-13: 978-3540661931, Section 7.4.2,

28 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

"Deep Sea Fans". Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-N3nidyNoJUC&pg=PA327&lpg=PA327&dq=sedimentary+basins+deltaic&source=bl&ots=eR2stYPukM&sig=T9stfU6CFeqTn5oW7jWrPVcpsms&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tr3DU4yvMfKy7AbPp4HIAQ&ved=0CH4Q6AEwDg#v=onepage&q=sedimentary%20basins%20deltaic&f=false [ Accessed 25 August 2014 ] Electricity Council (1982). "Electricity Supply in the United Kindgom : A Chronology", by The Electricity Council, 3rd edition, 1982, ISBN : 978-0851880877. Online : http://www.etk.ee.kth.se/personal/nt/elecpow/history/electricity_supply_in_the_uk__a_chronology_ocrnopic.pdf [ Accessed 27 January 2015 ] Electrochaea (2014). "Technology", by Electrochaea. Online : http://www.electrochaea.com/technology.html [ Accessed 21 January 2015 ] Elliott (2013). "Transportation fuels from biomass via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing", by Douglas C. Elliott, in Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Energy and Environment, Volume 2, Issue Number 5, September/October 2013, Pages 525 - 533, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.74 : Download : http://www.pyne.co.uk/Resources/user/HT%20Developments%20webpage%20v2.pdf [ Accessed 17 February 2015 ] ENERTRAG (2013). "Working with Energy : wind2hydrogen; the energy storage solution", by ENERTRAG, presentation to All Energy Conference 2013. Download : http://www.h2fcsupergen.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Wind2hydrogen-the-energy-storage-solution-Christopher-Small-Enertrag.pdf [ Accessed 18 February 2015 ] ENERTRAG (n. d.). "The ENERTRAG-Hybrid Power Plant". Download : http://www.iphe.net/docs/Meetings/Australia_5-09/Germany%20-%20Enertrag.pdf [ Accessed 18 February 2015 ] England et al. (1987). "The movement and entrapment of petroleum fluids in the subsurface", by W. A. England, A. S. Mackenzie, D. M. Mann and T. M. Quigley, in Journal of the Geological Society, Volume 144, Issue Number 2, April 1987, Pages 327 - 347. DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.144.2.0327 Enviros (2008). "Barriers to Renewable Heat : Analysis of Biogas Options", Enviros Consulting Limited, report for the UK Government Department of Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR), CAN : DE1510001, Part 2 Final Biogas Report v4_0, September 2008. Download : http://www.organics-recycling.org.uk/uploads/category1060/BARRIERS%20TO%20RENEWABLE%20HEAT%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20BIOGAS%20OPTIONS.pdf [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] Envirotherm (2003). "Operating Results of the BGL Gasifier at Schwarze Pumpe". Online : http://www.gasification.org/uploads/eventLibrary/18HIRS.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] EPA (2010). "Available and Emerging Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Petroleum Refining Industry", United States of America (USA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air and Radiation, Sector Policies and Programs Divison, October 2010. Download : http://www.epa.gov/nsr/ghgdocs/refineries.pdf [ Accessed 27 August 2014 ]

29 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

EPA (2014). "Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 - 2012", by United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Report : EPA 430-R-14-003, 15 April 2014. Download : http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Main-Text.pdf [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] Ernst & Young (2009). "Renewables including biogas and energy efficiency in a future energy market", presentation by Jim Fitzgerald to Transporting Britain's Energy 2009, 09 July 2009. Download : http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/DFE1BC9E-5FE6-480C-AC34-7DDADF86DA68/35673/JimFitzgeraldErnstYoung.pdf [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] Ernst & Young (2014). "Spotlight on oil and gas megaprojects", by Ernst & Young Global Limited (EYGM). Download : http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-spotlight-on-oil-and-gas-megaprojects/$FILE/EY-spotlight-on-oil-and-gas-megaprojects.pdf [ Accessed 4 January 2015 ] Er-rbib and Bouallou (2013). "Modelling and Simulation of Methanation Catalytic Reactor for Renewable Electricity Storage", by Hanaâ Er-rbib and Chakib Bouallou, in Chemical Engineering Transactions, Volume 35, 2013, ISBN : 978-88-95608-26-6, ISSN : 1974-9791, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3303/CET1335090. Online : http://www.aidic.it/cet/13/35/programma.html [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] Etiope (2010). "Geological Methane", by Giuseppe Etiope, in "Methane and Climate Change", edited by Dave Reay, Pete Smith and Andre van Amstel; published by Routledge, 26 May 2010. Chapter 4. Download : https://webfiles.uci.edu/setrumbo/public/Methane_papers/Etiope_Book-Reay%20et%20al%20chapter%204_2010.pdf [ Accessed 3 April 2014 ] Etiope et al. (2013a). "Natural seepage of shale gas and the origin of "eternal flames" in the Northern Appalachian Basin, USA", by Giuseppe Etiope, Agnieszka Drobniak and Arndt Schimmelmann, Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology, Volume 43, May 2013, pages 178 to 186. DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.02.009 : Download : http://livasperiklis.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/natural-seepage-of-shale-gas-and-the-origin-of-e2809ceternal-flamese2809d-in-the-northern-appalachian-basin-usa.pdf [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] Etiope et al. (2013b). "Geochemical technology for petroleum exploration and monitoring gas seepage and groundwater contamination during shale gas development", by Giuseppe Etiope, Martin Schoell and Calin Baciu; in a presentation given by GasConsult International, Berkeley, USA. Download : http://www.petroleumclub.ro/downloads/upstream/2013/Giuseppe_Etiope-Research_Consultant-GASCONSULT_INTERNATIONAL.pdf [ Accessed 2 April 2014 ] EU (2011). "Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe", Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2011) 571 final, {SEC(2011) 1067 final}, {SEC(2011) 1068 final}, Section 3.2 "Turning waste into a resources". Download : http://ec.europa.eu/environment/resource_efficiency/pdf/com2011_571.pdf [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] EURLEX (1999). "Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste", The Council of the European Union, 26 April 1999. Online : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999L0031 [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ]

30 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

EURLEX (2001). "Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants", by European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 23 October 2001. Online : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32001L0080 [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] : Online : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1410868548601&uri=CELEX:02001L0080-20090625 [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] EURLEX (2008). "Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text with EEA relevance)", by European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union, 19 November 2008. Online : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098 [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] EURLEX (2010). "Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) Text with EEA relevance", by European Parliament and Council of the European Union. Online : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0075 [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] : Online : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1410869076221&uri=CELEX:32010L0075 [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] Evans-Pritchard (2014). "Fossil industry is the subprime danger of this cycle", by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, published by The Daily Telegraph newspaper, 9 July 2014. Online : http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/ambroseevans_pritchard/10957292/Fossil-industry-is-the-subprime-danger-of-this-cycle.html [ Accessed 12 January 2015 ] Evers (2008a). "Actual Worldwide Hydrogen Production from...", by Arno A. Evers, December 2008. Data for 2006 = 45 million tonnes, 500 million cubic metres, "(Source: Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI - July 2001 and Industrial Gases by the Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI – October 2007)". Webpage : http://www.hydrogenambassadors.com/background/worldwide-hydrogen-production-analysis.php [ Accessed 25 August 2014 ] Evers (2008b). "Consumption of Hydrogen by End Use – 2006", Arno A. Evers, December 2008. Data : "Source : www.sriconsulting.com". Webpage : http://www.hydrogenambassadors.com/background/consumption-of-hydrogen-by-end-use.php [ Accessed 25 August 2014 ] EWEA (2005). "Large Scale Integration of Wind Energy in the European Power Supply : Analysis, Issues and Recommendations", A report by The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), December 2005. Download : http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/grid/051215_Grid_report.pdf [ Accessed 16 August 2014 ] ExxonMobil (2003). "FLEXICOKING at Esso Rotterdam", by Aad Rooijmans, presentation to TU Delft, 06 October 2003, Slides 43 - 36. Download : http://www.tnw.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/Faculteit/TNW/Over_de_faculteit/Afdelingen/Chemical_Engineering/Research/Catalysis_Engineering/Education/Miscellaneous/doc/exxonmobil_2003.pdf [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] ExxonMobil (2011). "Flexicoking : Coking and Integrated Steam/Air Gasification", presentation by Dr Girish Chitnis and Dr Paul Kamienski of ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company, and

31 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

Mr Boyd Rumball, of Syncrude Canada Ltd, to the 8th Annual Canadian Oil Sands Summit, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2 - 3 February 2011. Download : http://www.exxonmobil.com/Apps/RefiningTechnologies/files/conference_2011.1086.FLEXICOKING.OilSandsFinal.030411.pdf [ Accessed 27 August 2014 ] Faaij (2006). "Bio-energy in Europe : changing technology choices", by André P. C. Faaij, in Energy Policy, Volume 34, Issue Number 3, February 2006, Pages 322 - 342, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.03.026 : Download : http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/21663/NWS-E-2006-2.pdf?sequence=1 [ Accessed 17 February 2015 ] Fairley and Andrews (2014). "Electricity market reform: an update on contracts for difference", by Ross Fairley and Emma Andrews, 5 March 2014. Online : http://www.inhouselawyer.co.uk/index.php/environment/10425-electricity-market-reform-an-update-on-contracts-for-difference [ Accessed 22 December 2014 ] Fantazzini et al. (2011). "Global oil risks in the early 21st century", by Dean Fantazzini, Mikael Höök and André Angelantoni, in Energy Policy, Volume 39, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 7865 - 7873, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.035 FAO (1986). "Wood gas as engine fuel", by United Nations (UN), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Forestry Paper 72, M-38, ISBN 92-5-102436-7, 1986. Website : http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0512e/t0512e0b.htm [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] : Download : ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/t0512e/t0512e00.pdf [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] FAO (2001). "Sea Farming and Sea Ranching in China", by Jiansan Jia and Jiaxin Chen, United Nations (UN), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Fisheries Technical Paper 418, ISSN 0429-9345. Online : http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2257e/y2257e00.htm#Contents [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] : Section 2.1, "Seaweed" : http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2257e/y2257e05.htm [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] Farzaneh-Gord et al. (2010). "Computing Thermal Properties of Natural Gas by Utilizing AGA8 Equation of State, by Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord, Azad Khamforoush, Shahram Hashemi and Hossein Pourkhadem Namin, in International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Volume 1, Issue Number 1, June 2010, ISSN : 2010-0221, Table 1 : "Experimental analysis of natural gas composition of Shanol gas field in summer". Download : http://www.ijcea.org/papers/4-A504.pdf [ Accessed 13 September 2014 ] Farzaneh-Gord et al. (2013). "Effects of Natural Gas Compositions on CNG Fast Filling Process for Buffer Storage System", by Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord, H. Reza Rahbari and M. Deymi-Dashtebayaz, in Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Revue IFP Energies Nouvelles, Volume 69, Issue Number 2, March - April 2014, Pages 319 - 330, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2012010. Download : http://ogst.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr/articles/ogst/pdf/2014/02/ogst110104.pdf [ Accessed 13 September 2014 ] FCO (2014). "Opening statement of welcome to Enterprise Forum in Kazakhstan", by Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 20 May 2014. Online : https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/opening-statement-of-welcome-to-enterprise-forum-in-kazakhstan [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ]

32 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

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33 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

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34 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

Helmut Haberl, Monique Hoogwijk, Arthur Johnson, Mathis L. Rogner, Horst Wagner, Vladimir Yakushev, Doug J. Arent, Ian Bryden, Fridolin Krausmann, Peter Odell, Christoph Schillings and Ali Shafiei, edited by Ji Zou, Chapter 7, in "Global Energy Assessment : Towards a Sustainable Future", edited by Thomas B. Johansson, Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Anand Patwardhan and Luis Gomez-Echeverri, published by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. Released 19 June 2012 at the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio, Brazil. Webpage : http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/Chapters_Home.en.html : Download : http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/GEA_Chapter7_resources_lowres.pdf [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] GGFR (2013). "Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR)", presentation by Bjorn Hamso, GGFR Program Manager, to the Internernational Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) Workshop, Rome, 9 October 2013. Download : http://www.ipieca.org/system/files/event-materials/Weds_0910_Hamso_Global_gas_flaring_reduction_partnership.pdf [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] Galetti (2005). "Kirkuk : The Pivot of Balance in Iraq Past and Present", by Mirella Galetti PhD, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Volume 19, Number 2, 2005, pages 21 - 52. Download : http://www.kurdipedia.info/documents/88471/0001.PDF [ Accessed 2 April 2014 ] : Download : http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v19n2/Galetti.pdf [ Accessed 2 April 2014 ] Galimov and Rabbani (2001). "Geochemical Characteristics and Origin of Natural Gas in Southern Iran", by E. M. Galimov and A. R. Rabbani, in Geochemistry International, Volume 39, Issue Number 8, 2001, Pages 780 - 792, translated from Russian, from Geokhymiya, Issue Number 8, 2001, Pages 862 - 874, English translation, 2007. Download : https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad_reza_Rabbani2/publication/234078465_Geochemical_Characteristics_and_Origin_of_Natural_Gas_in_Southern_Iran/links/0fcfd50ee8643ecf51000000?origin=publication_detail [ Accessed 13 September 2014 ] Gandia et al. (2013). "Renewable Hydrogen Energy : An Overview", by Luis M. Gandía; Gurutze Arzamendi and Pedro M. Diéguez, Chapter 1 in "Renewable Hydrogen Technologies", edited by Luis M. Gandía; Gurutze Arzamendi and Pedro M. Diéguez, ISBN-13 : 978-0080444291, Section 1.3.1.2, "Renewable Hydrogen, Page 14. Online : http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/reader/0444563520/ref=sib_dp_bod_ex?ie=UTF8&p=S00C#reader-link [ Accessed 17 September 2014 ] Garcier (2009). "The nuclear 'renaissance' and the geography of the uranium fuel cycle", by Romain Garcier, in Geography, Volume 94, Issue Number 3, Autumn 2009, Pages 198 - 206. Webpage : http://www.geography.org.uk/Journals/Journals.asp?articleID=658 [ Accessed 20 August 2014 ] : Download : http://www.garcier.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/GEOGRAPHY_vol94part3_GARCIER.pdf [ Accessed 20 August 2014 ] Gas Turbine World (2011). "Nuon postpones implementation of IGCC technology at Magnum plant", by Harry Jaeger, in Gas Turbine World, 08 April 2011. Online : http://gasification-igcc.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/april-7-2011-amsterdam-nuon-postpones.html [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ]

35 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

GE (2014a). "The New Power Generation : This Fuel Cell Startup Could Spark a Revolution", by General Electric (GE), 22 July 2014. Online : http://www.gereports.com/post/92454271755/the-new-power-generation-this-fuel-cell-startup [ Accessed 14 January 2015 ] GE (2014b). "Solutions for the Biowaste Industry : Monsal Anaerobic Digestion Technology", by GE Power and Water, Water and Process Technologies, December 2014. Download : https://www.gewater.com/kcpguest/documents/Capabilities%20Brochures_Cust/Americas/English/GEA31608_MonsalBiowaste.pdf [ Accessed 17 February 2015 ] German Renewable Energy Agency (2013). "Kombikraftwerk 2 demonstrates : Reliable Electricity Grid Operation Possible in Future with 100% Renewable Energy", published by Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien, 30 October 2013. Online : http://www.kombikraftwerk.de/mediathek/english.html [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] : Download : http://www.kombikraftwerk.de/fileadmin/Kombikraftwerk_2/English/AEE_Press_Release_Kombikraftwerk2_okt13.pdf [ Accessed 21 December 2014 ] Ghane and Khorasheh (2014). "Development of a Continuous Kinetic Model for Prediction of Coke Formation in Hydroconversion of Marlim Crude Oil in a Slurry-Phase Reactor", by Asieh Ghane and Farhad Khorasheh, in Petroleum & Coal, Volume 56, Issue Number 3, Pages 259 - 266, 2014, ISSN : 1337-7027. Webpage : http://www.vurup.sk/volume-56-2014-issue-3 [ Accessed 27 August 2014 ] : Download : http://www.vurup.sk/sites/vurup.sk/files/downloads/pc_3_2014_khorasheh_271.pdf [ Accessed 27 August 2014 ] Ghassemi et al. (1979). "Environmental Assessment Report : High-Btu Gasification Technology", by M. Ghassemi, K. Crawford, S. Quinlivan and D. Strehler, paper presented at Symposium Proceedings : Environmental Aspects of Fuel Conversion Technology, IV, April 1979, Hollywood, Florida, an Interagency Energy / Environment R&D Program Report, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Pages 203 - 250. Download : http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9101FUFN.PDF?Dockey=9101FUFN.PDF [ Accessed 16 January 2015 ] Giering et al. (2014). "Reconciliation of the carbon budget in the ocean's twilight zone", by Sarah L. C. Giering, Richard Sanders, Richard S. Lampitt, Thomas R. Anderson, Christian Tamburini, Mehdi Boutrif, Mikhail V. Zubkov, Chris M. Marsay, Stephanie A. Henson, Kevin Saw, Kathryn Cook and Daniel J. Mayor, in Nature, Volume 507, 27 March 2014, Pages 480 - 483, Letters, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13123 Gismatullin (2014). "Shell Sells U. S. Natural Gas Fields for $2.1 Billion", by Eduard Gismatullin, in Bloomberg News, 14 August 2014. Online : http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-14/shell-sells-u-s-gas-fields-for-2-1-billion-exploration-assets.html [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] Glancy (2013). "Quantifying Fugitive Emission Factors from Unconventional Natural Gas Production Using IPCC Methodologies", by Ryan P. Glancy, Institute for Global Environmental Studies (IGES), Hayama, Japan, 2013. Webpage : http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/tsu/tsuintern.html : Download : http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/tsu/intern_report/TSU_InternshipReportRyan.pdf [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] Global CCS Institute (2012). "CO2 Capture Technologies : Technology Options for CO2 Capture", published by Global CCS Institute, January 2012. Webpage :

36 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

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37 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

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38 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

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40 Clean Burn : The Transition to Renewable Gas :: Copyright © 2015 Jo Abbess. All rights reserved.

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5.6, "DTU, biogas : Hydrogen directly to a biogas plant", Section 7.1, "Power to Gas (P2G), Werlte biogas plant", Section 7.12, "P2G by Microbenergy: Eucolino at Schwandorf ". Download : https://www.energinet.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Engelske%20dokumenter/Forskning/global_screening_08112013_final.pdf [ Accessed 11 September 2014 ] Iskov et al. (2010). "Field Test of Hydrogen in the Natural Gas Grid", by H. Iskov, M. Backman and H. P. Nielsen, in "18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010 - WHEC 2010 : Parallel Sessions Book 1 : Fuel Cell Basics / Fuel Infrastructures", edited by Detlef Stolten and Thomas Grube, Proceedings of the World Hydrogen Energy Conference (WHEC), 16 - 21 May, 2010, Essen, Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich / Energy & Environment, Volume 78-1, published by Institute of Energy Research - Fuel Cells (IEF-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralbibliothek, Verlag, 2010, ISBN: 978-3-89336-651-4 : Webpage : http://juwel.fz-juelich.de:8080/dspace/handle/2128/3899 [ Accessed 02 September 2014 ] : Download : http://juwel.fz-juelich.de:8080/dspace/bitstream/2128/3899/1/HI1_pp_Isk_Iskov_rev0426.pdf [ Accessed 02 September 2014 ] ITM Power (2013a). "Methanation : CO2 as a Feedstock for Synthetic Natural Gas and Energy Storage", by ITM Power plc, Final Report, Public Version (redacted), signed off by Dr Kris Hyde, Technology Development Manager, ITM Power plc, supplied to United Kingdom Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) competition, 30 November 2013. Supplied by DECC in response to a Freedom of Information Request, Reference : FOI2014/11761, by letter, 3 July 2014. ITM Power (2013b). "Injection of Hydrogen into the German Gas Distribution Grid", 04 December 2013. Online : http://www.itm-power.com/news-item/injection-of-hydrogen-into-the-german-gas-distribution-grid/ [ Accessed 11 October 2014 ] ITM Power (2014a). "Power-to-Gas & Methanation - Pathways to a Hydrogen Economy", presentation by Dr John Newton to the Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum (APGTF), 12 - 13 March 2014, Slides 21 - 24, "Grid Connected". Download : http://www.apgtf-uk.com/files/workshops/14thWorkshop2014/212JohnNewton.pdf [ Accessed 10 September 2014 ] ITM Power (2014b). "Thüga Group’s Power-to-Gas plant officially commissioned and operational", news article published online by ITM Power, 08 May 2014. Online : http://www.itm-power.com/news-item/thuga-groups-power-to-gas-plant-officially-commissioned-and-operational/ [ Accessed 10 September 2014 ] ITM Power (2014c). "Five Hydrogen Refuelling Sites Approved for Planning on the Isle of Wight", by ITM Power, 9 February 2014. Online : http://www.itm-power.com/news-item/five-hydrogen-refuelling-sites-approved-for-planning-on-the-isle-of-wight [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] Jackson (1911). "From Constantinople to the Home of Omar Khayyam : Travels in Transcaucasia and Northern Persia for Historic and Literary Research", by A. V. Williams Jackson, published by The Macmillan Company, New York, 1911. Chapter IV, "The Oil-Fields and the Fire-Temple of Baku", pages 39 - 57. Download : https://archive.org/download/fromconstantinop00jackuoft/fromconstantinop00jackuoft.pdf [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] Jacobson and Delucchi (2009). "A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030", by Mark Z. Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi, Scientific American, Volume 301, Number 5, November 2009, Headline : "A Plan for a Sustainable Future". Download :

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Raugei et al. (2012). "The energy return on energy investment (EROI) of photovoltaics : Methodology and comparisons with fossil fuel life cycles", by Marco Raugei, Pere Fullana-i-Palmer, and Vasilis Fthenakis, in Energy Policy, Volume 45, June 2012, Pages 576 - 582, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.008 Ravindra et al. (2006). "Assessment of air quality after the implementation of compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel in public transport in Delhi, India", by Khaiwal Ravindra, Eric Wauters, Sushil K. Tyagi, Suman Mor and René Van Grieken, in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Volume 115, Issue Number 1-3, Pages 405 - 417, 13 April 2006, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-7051-5 : Online : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10661-006-7051-5 [ Accessed 21 January 2015 ] : Download : http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/2029/901262.pdf?sequence=1 [ Accessed 21 January 2015 ] Ravishankar (2013). "Why Shell won ADNOC's Bab Sour Gas field contract", by Jyotsna Ravishankar, published online by Arabian Industry, ITP Publishing Ltd, 09 September 2013. Online : http://arabianindustry.com/oil-gas/features/2013/sep/9/why-shell-won-adnocs-bab-sour-gas-field-contract-4440085/#.VBTH1lctH1V [ Accessed 13 September 2014 ] Ray (2014). "IGCC with Carbon Capture: A Comparison of Technologies and Efficiencies for Underground Storage of Hydrogen- and Methane-Rich Gases for Flexible Power Generation", by Dr Ruby Ray, presentation to IChemE Gasification Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 12 March 2014. Download : http://www.icheme.org/~/media/Documents/Conferences/Gasification%202014/Presentations/Ruby%20Ray_IGCC%20with%20Carbon%20Capture%20A%20Comparison%20of%20Technologies%20and%20Efficiencies%20for%20Underground%20Storage%20of%20Hydrogen%20and%20Methane%20Rich%20Gases%20for%20Flexible%20Power%20Generation%201410.pdf [ Accessed 3 November 2014 ] REA (2009). "REA response to the draft "UK Supply Curve for Renewable Heat" report by NERA Economic Consulting", by Renewable Energy Association, August 2009. "We are disappointed that the potential contribution of biomethane from gasification and pyrolysis technologies has not been considered. There are working plants producing Bio-Synthetic Natural Gas (ie biomethane) in the USA, Austria, Sweden and other countries. Projects could be readily configured to produce biomethane if the incentives for gas production were on a level playing field with those for electricity." Download : http://www.r-e-a.net/policy/REA-policy/REA-consultation-responses/0908%20response%20to%20NERA%20UK%20supply%20curve%20for%20renewable%20heat%20FINAL.pdf [ Accessed 02 Aprio 2011 ] [ Not Accessible 11 October 2014 ] Reed (2013). "Shell Makes Big Bet on Boom in Natural Gas", by Stanley Reed, in New York Times, 1 May 2013. Online : http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/business/energy-environment/02iht-shell02.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] Reed (2014). "Shell Earnings Buoyed by Strength in Liquefied Natural Gas", by Stanley Reed, in New York Times, 30 October 2014. Online : http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/business/international/royal-dutch-shell-plc-earnings-q3.html [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] ReNet (n. d. b). "Biogas plant Strem". Online : http://www.e-energie.at/dt/media/guessing/Anlagebeschreibungen/Biogas_Strem_en.pdf [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ]

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TREC-STEP(2011). "Nuon Magnum", by European Union Cluster for Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Fact Sheet, Tiruchirappalli Regional Engineering College (TREC), Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Technologies for the Indian Thermal Power Sector. Online : http://www.carboncap-cleantech.com/nuon_magnum_fact_sheet.html [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] TU Wien (n. d.). "Actual projects", by Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften (VT), at TU Wien, "Gasification and Gas Cleaning", "Projects". Online : http://www.vt.tuwien.ac.at/chemische_verfahrenstechnik_und_wirbelschichttechnik/gasification_and_gas_cleaning/projects/DE/ [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] : Download : http://www.tuwien.ac.at/fileadmin/t/t-transfer/Dokumente/Erfinderservice/TO-M013-07en.pdf [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] Tarr (2009). "Manufactured Gas, History of", by Joel A. Tarr, in "Concise Encyclopedia of the History of Energy", edited by Cutler J. Cleveland, Academic Press, 1 Oct 2009, ISBN-10: 0123751179, ISBN-13: 978-0123751171. "M", Pages 153 - 162. Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JPjqRIIWHcoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 3 April 2014 ] Telephone Interview Notes (2014). Author's own records of telephone interivews. Thames Water (2013). "Water firm invests £250m in renewable energy from sewage sludge", published by Thames Water, 04 March 2013. Online : http://www.thameswater.co.uk/media/press-releases/16857.htm [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] ThermoFisher (n. d.). "Blast Furnace Top Gas Application Summary", by ThermoFisher Scientific. Download : http://www.taechin.com/func/download.php?path=L2Rvd25sb2FkL2J1c2luZXNzL0JsYXN0X0Z1cm5hY2VfQXBwbGljYXRpb25fU3VtbWFyeV9QcmltYV9QUk8ucGRm [ Accessed 17 September 2014 ] Thermopedia (2011). "Coke-Oven Gas", by J. A. Lacey, Thermopedia, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1615/AtoZ.c.coke-oven_gas [ Accessed 17 September 2014 ] Thomas (2010a). "Water Gas Plants", by Dr Russell Thomas, Table 3. Download : http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34201421/Water_Gas_Profile_-_Reading_on_screen_updated-libre.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEA&Expires=1410968145&Signature=hMkBnhGYatqMH9W7J2m2Pbqm7vQ%3D [ Accessed 17 September 2014 ] Thomas (2010b). "Producer Gas Plants", by Dr Russell Thomas, Table 1. Download : http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34201460/Producer_gas_plants_-_for_reading_on_screen-libre.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEA&Expires=1410968636&Signature=g0%2BTLhNryi12fVdf4%2BepjVNAfq0%3D [ Accessed 17 September 2014 ] Thwaite (1889). "Gaseous Fuel : including Water Gas : Its Production and Application : A Lecture delivered at The Association Hall, Peter Street, Manchester On March 29, 1889", by B. H. Thwaite, to the Manchester and Salford Noxious Vapours Abatement Association, published by Whittaker

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and Company, 2 White Hart Street, Paternoster Square, 1889. Page 14. Download : https://ia600202.us.archive.org/1/items/gaseousfuelinclu00thwarich/gaseousfuelinclu00thwarich.pdf [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] TINA Bioenergy (2012). "Bioenergy", by Low Carbon Innovation Coordination Group (LCICG), Technology Innovation Needs Assessment (TINA), Summary Report, September 2012. Download : http://www.lowcarboninnovation.co.uk/document.php?o=9 [ Accessed 19 February 2015 ] Tissot and Welte (1984). "Petroleum Formation and Occurrence", by B. P. Tissot and D. H. Welte, published by Springer, ISBN-13: 978-3642878152, 978-3-642-87813-8. Webpage : http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-87813-8 [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Chapter 4 : "Kerogen : Composition and Classification" : Download : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2F978-3-642-87813-8_9/lookinside/000.png [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Download : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2F978-3-642-87813-8_9/lookinside/001.png [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Chapter 7 : "Formation of Petroleum in Relation to Geological Processes. Timing of Oil and Gas Generation" : Download : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2F978-3-642-87813-8_12/lookinside/000.png [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Download : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2F978-3-642-87813-8_12/lookinside/001.png [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Chapter 8 : "Coal and its Relation to Oil and Gas" : Download : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2F978-3-642-87813-8_13/lookinside/000.png [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] : Download : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2F978-3-642-87813-8_13/lookinside/001.png [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] Total (n. d.). "Subsea Technologies for Tomorrow". Online : http://www.total.com/en/energies-expertise/oil-gas/exploration-production/strategic-sectors/deep-offshore/innovation/subsea-processing-technologies?%FFbw=kludge1%FF [ Accessed 15 February 2015 ] Trieb and Muller-Steinhagen (2009). "The DESERTEC Concept : Sustainable Electricity and Water for Europe, Middle East and North Africa", by Dr. Franz Trieb and Professor Dr. Hans Müller-Steinhagen, Chapter 3 in "Clean Power from Deserts : The DESERTEC Concept for Energy, Water and Climate Security", a Club of Rome inititative, WhiteBook, 4th edition, published by Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation TREC, published by Protext Verlag, Bonn, February 2009. ISBN : 978-3-929118-67-4. Download : http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/WhiteBook_Excerpt_Trieb_Steinhagen.pdf [ Accessed 17 August 2014 ] Truck & Bus Builder (2011). "Dual Fuel - a growing characteristic of the British truck market", in Truck & Bus Builder briefing, May 2011, "Future Fuels & Power", "Fuel Profile", Pages 17 - 19. Download : http://g-volution.co.uk/site/sites/default/files/Future%20Fuels%20and%20Power%20May%202011.pdf [ Accessed 20 February 2015 ] Tunestal et al. (2004). "Possible Short-Term Introduction of Hydrogen as Vehicle Fuel/Fuel Additive", by Per Tunestål, Patrik Einewall, Ola Stenlåås and Bengt Johansson, in "Which Fuels for Low CO2 Engines ?", edited by Pierre Duret and Xavier Montagne, published by Éditions Technip, Paris, September 2004, Pages 181 - 188, ISBN 10 : 2-7108-0851-X : ISBN 13: 9782710808510, presented at the IFP (formerly Institut Français du Pétrole) International Conference, 22 - 23 September 2004. Download : http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=538315&fileOId=625796 [ Accessed 02 September 2014 ] : Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OPecQt9Fc-

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Vandenbroucke and Largeau (2007). "Kerogen origin, evolution and structure, by Mireille Vandenbroucke and Claude Largeau, IFP (formerly Institut Français du Pétrole), in Organic Geochemistry, Volume 38, Issue Number 5, May 2007, Pages 719 - 833, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.01.001 van der Drift et al. (2004). "Entrained Flow Gasification of Biomass : Ash behaviour, feeding issues, and system analyses", by A. van der Drift, H. Boerrigter, B. Coda, M. K. Cieplik and K. Hemmes, Energy research Center of the Netherlands (ECN), Document : ECN-C--04-039, April 2004. Download : http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2004/c04039.pdf [ Accessed 14 September 2014 ] van der Meijden (2012). "MILENA gasification bed materials", by Christiaan van der Meijden. Download : http://www.ieatask33.org/app/webroot/files/file/2012/Workshop_Istanbul/ECN_MILENA.pdf [ Accessed 12 September 2014 ] van der Ploeg et al., (2007). "Shell Coal Gasification Process for Power", by Rik van der Ploeg, Gerard Grootveld, Matthieu Fleys, Lisanne Deprez, Rien van Haperen and Robert de Kler, presentation to 2nd International Freiburg Conference on IGCC & XtL", held 08 - 12 May 2007, by the Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering (IEC) at TU Bergakademie, Freibug, and The German Centre for Gasification Technologies. Download : http://www.gasification-freiberg.org/PortalData/1/Resources/documents/paper/ifc_2007/2007_vanderPloeg_10-1.pdf [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] Vandeweijer et al. (2011). "Monitoring the CO2 injection site : K12-B", by Vincent Vandeweijer, Bert van der Meer, Cor Hofstee, Frans Mulders, Daan D’Hoore and Hilbrand Graven, in Energy Procedia, Volume 4, 2011, Pages 5471 - 5478, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.532 Van Eijs et al. (2006). "Correlation between hydrocarbon reservoir properties and induced seismicity in the Netherlands", by R. M. H. E. Van Eijs, F. M. M. Mulders, M. Nepveu, C. J. Kenter, and B. C. Scheffers, in Engineering Geology, Volume 84, Issues 3 - 4, 16 May 2006, Pages 99 - 111, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.01.002 Vasagar (2014a). "Eon to spin off its fossil fuel assets as big losses loom", by Jeevan Vasagar, in Financial Times, 30 November 2014. Online : http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9c358caa-78cf-11e4-b518-00144feabdc0.html [ Accessed 8 January 2015 ] Vasagar (2014b). "RWE rejects following Eon plan to split business", by Jeevan Vasagar, in Financial Times, 1 December 2014. Online : http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/17d9db8e-7963-11e4-a57d-00144feabdc0.html [ Accessed 8 January 2015 ] Vasagar (2014c). "Eon split driven by technology", by Jeevan Vasagar, in Financial Times, 2 December 2014. Online : http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e15f7f32-7a34-11e4-9b34-00144feabdc0.html [ Accessed 8 January 2015 ] Vassilopoulos (2013). "Capacity Mechanisms in EU Power Markets", by Philippe Vassilopoulos, presentation by IHS CERA, Paris, 16 April 2013. Download : http://www.fondation.dauphine.fr/fileadmin/mediatheque/IHS_CERA_-_Capacity_Markets_Dauphine29042013_web_.pdf [ Accessed 3 January 2015 ]

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Venkatesh et al. (2011). "Uncertainty in Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from United States Natural Gas End-Uses and its Effects on Policy", by Aranya Venkatesh, Paulina Jaramillo, W. Michael Griffin and H. Scott Matthews, in Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 45, Issue Number 19, Pages 8182 - 8189, 16 August 2011, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200930h Veolia (n. d.). "Upthane". Online : http://veoliawatertechnologies.com/upthane/en/ [ Accessed 10 October 2014 ] Verma et al. (2004). "A Re-Look on The Subsurface of Himalayan Foothills In View of New Acquisition And Reprocessing of Seismic Data", by N. K. Verma, G. S. Rana, Vinod Ranjan and Jitendra Kumar, 5th Conference & Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics, Hyderabad, India, 2004, pages 810 - 817. Page 815. Download : http://www.spgindia.org/conference/5thconf_hyd04/152323.PDF [ Accessed 2 April 2014 ] Verostko and Forsythe (1974). "A Study of the Sebatier-Methanation Reaction", by C. E. Verostko and R. K. Forsythe. Abstract : http://papers.sae.org/740933/ [ Accessed 16 September 2014 ] Verweij (1993). "Hydrocarbon Migration Systems Analysis", by J. M. Verweij, published by Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1 January 1993, ISBN : 0-444-89103-X, ISBN-10: 044455596X, ISBN-13: 978-0444555960. Online : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y5UI9XFxFJQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false [ Accessed 26 August 2014 ] Vidal (2014). "Shell hits back at 'carbon bubble' claims", by John Vidal, in The Guardian newspaper, 20 May 2014. Online : http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/may/20/shell-hits-back-at-carbon-bubble-claims [ Accessed 13 January 2015 ] Virginie et al. (2010). "Characterization and reactivity in toluene reforming of a Fe/olivine catalyst designed for gas cleanup in biomass gasification", by Mirella Virginie, Claire Courson, Daniel Niznansky, Nouari Chaoui and Alain Kiennemann, in Applied Catalysis B : Environmental, Volume 101, Issue Numbers 1 - 2, 22 November 2010, Pages 90 - 100, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.09.011 Viscopedia (n. d.). "Bunker Oil - Marine Fuel Oil", by Viscopedia. Online : http://www.viscopedia.com/viscosity-tables/substances/bunker-oil-marine-fuel-oil/ [ Accessed 19 December 2014 ] Wang and Krupnick (2013). "A Retrospective Review of Shale Gas Development in the United States, by Zhongmin Wang and Alan Krupnick, Resources for the Future (RFF), Document : RFF DP 13-12, April 2013. Download : http://www.rff.org/RFF/documents/RFF-DP-13-12.pdf [ Accessed 19 August 2014 ] Wang and Massoudi (2013). "Slag Behavior in Gasifiers. Part I : Influence of Coal Properties and Gasification Conditions", by Ping Wang and Mehrdad Massoudi, in Energies, Volume 6, Issue Number 2, 2013, Pages 784 - 806, DOI : http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3390/en6020784 Wang et al. (2004). "Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment", by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H. Lo and Constantine Yapijakis, 2nd edition, published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., ISBN : 0-8247-4114-5. Online :

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