Practicum Report Zoology Vertebrate

3rd Practicum

I. Title : Classis Amphibia

II. Introduction

Amphibian is derived from the Greek meaning

Amphi double and bios meaning life. So amphibia are

animals that live with two forms of life, first in

fresh water and then continued on the ground. In

amphibia there is a change in the respiratory and

locomotor organs. On land these animals no longer

needed so that the gills for respiration and

stimulates the formation of reduced lung. On

changes in locomotor, while in the water body

amphibia be light because of the upward buoyant

force and allow for movement of the fin, but when

the land will be heavier body so that the fins can

not withstand the weight of the body. Therefore, it

is necessary legs to walk, this leg is assumed as a

modified form of the pinna pectoral and pelvic

pinna in Pisces. Amphibian metamorphosis can be

seen in the image below (Andi, 2010).

Image 1. Frog Metamorphic

Amphibians have the characteristics, namely as

follows:

1. Her body was covered skin slimy

2. It is a cold-blooded animal or Poikilotherm

3. Amphibious have a heart that consists of three

rooms, two porches and one cubicle

4. Have two pairs of legs and on each leg there

are swimming membranes between the toes and legs

function to jump and swim in the water

5. The eyes have additional membrane called

niktitans membrane function while diving in the

water

6. Breathing while still tadpole form of gills, as

an adult breathing apparatus in the form of the

lung and skin

7. The nose has a valve that serves to prevent

water from entering into the oral cavity when

diving in the water

8. Breed by releasing eggs and fertilized by the

male outside its mother's body, which is called

external fertilization

9. Not having nails and claws, but there are some

members that the tip of his finger amphibia

experience penandukan shaping nails and claws,

for example Xenopus sp.

10. The skin has two glands are glands or

glandular mucosa and berbintil (usually

poisonous)

11. Has the auditory system, in the form of

auditory canal and tympanum known as tympanum

12. Has the tooth structure, namely the maxillary

teeth and the teeth of the palate.

Amphibia members consist of 4 orders

namely Urodela (Salamander), Apoda (Caecilia), and

Anura (frogs and toads), Proanura (already

extinct).

1. Order Apoda (Gymnophiona)

The General characteristics of this Order

is have no legs so called Apoda. The body

resembles a worm (roundworm), segmented, not

limbed, and reducing tail. This animal has a

compact skin, eyes reduced, covered by skin or

bone, retina in some species function as

photoreceptors.

Images 2. Example animal of Order Apoda or

Gymnophiona

2. Order Urodela / Caudata

This Order has the characteristic shape

of an elongated body; limbs and tail have and do

not have the tympanum. The body of this order

can be distinguished between the head, neck and

body. Some species have gills and others breathe

with lungs. In this part of the head there is a

small eye and in some kind of order are the eye

is reduced. Members of the order Urodela live on

land but cannot be separated from the water.

Distribution species covering North America,

Central Asia, Japan and Europe.

Images 3. Example animal of Order Urodela or

Caudata

3. Order Anura

Anura has characteristics that are

influenced by the habits of life and a place of

life, in addition to the structure of the

framework that indicates the characteristics of

primitive and advanced characteristics. This

structure appears in the shoulder girdle

structure, namely the shape and firmisternal

arsiferal shoulder girdle. On the shoulder

girdle arsiferal characterized by overlapping

the scapula bone (primitive traits), for example

in Leiopelmatidae and Discoglossidae. While the

shoulder girdle firmisternal characterized by

non-overlapping scapula bone that normally occur

in modern frogs (Larasati, 2010).

Image 4. Anura Order Morphology

Image 5. Anura Ordder Anatomy

III. Purpose of Practicum

1. Observing the characteristics of both morphology

and anatomy of one instance of the class

Amphibian and the morphology of Bufo Sp. Or Rana

Sp.

2. Classify organisms into the levels of

classification (categories) based on their

characteristics.

3. Deepening the understanding of the various organ

systems owned by a group of Frog (Amphibian).

IV. Tools / Materials / Resources

Tools:

1. Board section

2. Complete surgical equipment (including iron

cutter and scissors with sharp edges)

3. Needle blotter

4. A magnifying lens or microscope stereo

5. Cardboard / manila paper, plastic, glue,

Styrofoam

Materials:

1. Species of frog Bufo Sp. or Rana Sp.

2. Cornstarch

3. Carbolic (for disinfected)

4. Alcohol 70% or chloroform, borax (for killing

and preserving)

V. Procedure

Before starting the main activities, prepare

all the necessary equipment. To kill the specimen,

enter chloroform with cotton into killing-jar. Then

insert some frogs and tightly closed. Wait a few

minutes. After the frog killed, take and put on a

board or box section. Perform the following

activities:

1. Inspectio: observing specimens, alive or dead.

Noting that there are organs in the caput,

truncus, and observe the extremitasnya.

Describing the outer structure and name parts.

Opened his mouth wide, observing the parts are

in ramioris, then describe. Checking the

distinguishing characteristic between males and

female frogs.

2. Sectioning: put the specimen such that the

ventral part of the body facing up. Nailing each

palm of his hand with a pin. Doing surgery

carefully with scissors or a knife section start

at the midline of the sternum on. To facilitate

surgery, skin slightly removed using tweezers,

then cut with slowly toward cranial up in the

middle of the mandible. Then proceed to the

caudal direction, until in the groin, and

continued cuts to the thighs and arms. Lipatkan

this skin laterally. At the time of this leather

cutting, notice:

a. Saccus lymphaticus subcutaneus

b. Septa as a barrier between saccus lymphaticus

To open the abdomen, abdominal muscle cut

from posterior to anterior along the median line to

cut the sternum. Cut is continued to the side and

then the muscles abdomen opened to the side so it

looks the organs in the abdominal cavity.

Noting the organs contained in the abdominal

cavity. The way these work is done to learn every

organ system in the body of the animal in question.

Began to pay attention to the topography of organs,

then draw and name the parts.

After the lifting of each organ system

ranging from Systema digestive, respiratory

Systema, Systema circulatorius, urogenital da

Systema Systema nervorum. In this activity, should

be careful in order not to cut too bantak network

of blood is spilled yng mengakibatakan observation

difficult. If this happens wipe the blood by using

cotton. Describe and name the parts of each organ

system has been appointed until the entire system

organ in the abdominal cavity was observed.

To learn nervorum system, especially the

spinal nerves. Removing the entire contents of the

abdominal cavity so that the vertebral column

terlhat clear. Between meetings spinal segments

will come out to the left and to the right of the

spinal nerves creamy. Viewing:

Branchialis plexus, and plexus

ischiococcygeus. To view the brain, scalp first

removed and then carefully cut cranium to be

carefully then brain can be removed. Observing the

parts of his brain.

To observe the muscle system, must be taken

from the first step to the skin of the abdomen

open. Surgery followed to the thighs, calves and

upper arms. Subsequently turn the frog's body so

that the dorsal part of the body facing up. Perform

surgery such as the ventral part of the body, so

that the entire skin peeled off. Observing muscle

parts that can be seen from the outside. After

identifying the muscles of the surface, then cut 3

pieces of muscles located in the ventral part of

the right foot, to choose the muscles inside.

Noting the large tendon Achiles.

VI. Result

VII. Discussion

In this third practicum, we’ve execution

about the animal that in the neighborhood called

frog. This animal from the general characteristic

is grouped into class of amphibian. In this world,

the most type of frog that we found is in two

types. First type is the frog that has smooth skin

with web among its digity and its leg fingers.

Second type is the frog has rough skin and smooth

web among digity and leg fingers and also has caws

on fingers. In bahasa, the smooth skin one called

“katak” and the rough one called “kodok”. Both of

this frog type have same characteristic that make

them include into the class of amphibian. From the

word of amphibian is from two greek words, those

are amphios that mean two worlds and bios mean

living or organism (Campbell, 2010). Frog is the

type of animal that have live phase in two worlds,

when the frog still in larva phase or we call it

tadpole, it lives in the water, especially fresh

water until it has their complete extremities or

limb. After the adult phase, it lives in the

terrestrial but still through their part life in

the water such as for reproduction and take off the

eggs (Irnaningtyas, 2014). The other

characteristics will be explained on the system

organ of the frog in the next paragraph.

In this practicum, as always we start our

observation by inspected the morphology of frog

that we found around our house. The frog body

divided to dorsal and ventral area. The ante-

posterior body side separated also into two part,

those are cephalic and truncates. The anterior is

about the cephalic from the ventral, we found the

outer of mandible muscle or we call it musculi

myhyoideus’s skin is rough where the granules is

reddish. The dorsal side we found many parts that

important to support the frog living. The first

side that we found is rima oris or mouth. The frog

has very wide rima oris where’s in the inside we

found lingua or tongue that function to catch the

prey. Goes to the posterior side we found big eyes,

it has one eye in dexter and one another in

sinister. The eye has the other structures. We

found the thick eye sheath on and under the eye. If

see more deeply to the eye, there is smooth

membrane called membrane nictitan or sleep

membrane. The function is to safe the eye when the

frog is swimming or diving in the water. Between

the eyes we can see a pair of nares pore, this is

nares anterior. These nares are part of fovea

nasalis where the function is for respiratory tools

and olfactory tools. The other structure that we

also found is membrane tympani. The frog’s membrane

tympani is outside, the function is detected

vibrate or auditory organ.

The dorsal side of frog’s trunctus that we

observed, show the rough skin, there are many

granules in its skin, the function is for

respiratory by oxygen diffusion. The other part

that we found is dorsalateral dermal plica, it has

a pair of plica extending from anterior to

posterior. Their limb or extremities divided to two

parts, extremities anterior and posterior. The

posterior is longer than anterior because of the

function. The function is to jump and push it body

away when it’s swimming. Like a human, the limb

separated in to some parts based on their bone. The

extremities anterior, composed of brachium, ante-

brachium, carpal that has 4 digiti or fingers. In

the end of fingers we could find thickening called

caws. Whereas, the extremities posterior also

separated into 3 parts based to the bon that

composed but has different name. The first part

named femur, tibia, tarsal that has 5 phalangus or

fingers with caws too. Among the phalangus we found

smooth web (Karyanto, 2008).

From the morphology that we found, Maskoeri

Jasin said in his book Sistematika Hewan (Invertebrata dan

Vertebrata), from the morphological characteristics

mentioned above, this specimen is a male animal.

The specimen that we observed is classifying into

species named Bufo Sp. The scientific

classification is below:

Kingdom : Animalia

Phylum : Chordate

Sub-Phylum: Vertebrate

Classis : Amphibian

Sub-Classis : Lissamphibian

Order : Anura

Family : Bufoidae

Genus : Bufo

Species : Bufo Sp.

After we observed the morphology, we start to

observe the anatomy. The biggest organ inside is

hepaticum. Observed organ systems include the

digestive system, circulatory system, reproductive

system and the respiratory system. Digestive system

start from mouth – pharynx – esophagus – gastric –

small intestine – large intestine – cloacae (Jasin,

1989). Glandula digestoria that we found is

hepaticum, bile and pancrease. The bile shape is

like a crystal ball. The hepaticum divided to two

parts, sinister and dexter. The sinister one has

more lobules than sinister. Beside the hepaticum,

we found lung the color is purple pinkish. The

organ looks like a group of bubbles.

Bufo Sp. has 4 phase of respiration when it

uses its lungs. Those are aspiration, inspiration,

expiration phase I and expiration phase II

(Artawan, 2010). The aspiration phase is about make

the air enter to the mouth cavity or cavum oris.

Musculi myhyoideus or musculi mandibularis is

relaxation the nares anterior opened then the air

can enter to the cavum oris. When the cavum oris’s

pressure is high, the nares posterior is closed;

rima glottidis open, the air enter to the lung from

larynx when the M. Mandibulasris is contaction.

This phase called inspiration or the air entered to

the lungs. After the process diffusion of oxygen

and carbon dioxide inside the lungs, the air ready

to go to outside. Expiration phase I is outing the

air from lung to cavum oris. It happened because

the M. Sternohyoideus is contraction, rima

glottidis open and the M. Mandibularis is

relaxation. After the rima glottidis closed, nares

posterior is open, M. Mandibulasris contraction

again to outputting the air (Radiopoetro, 1983;

Artawan, 2010). The respiration is also happened in

the skin, but not all the skin parts. The skin has

patch that has pigment where the respiration also

hold there (Jasin, 1989).

Bellow the digestive tube, in posterior area,

we can find structure colored yellow, from the

book, it name is corpus adiposum. The different

between male and female is about the structure of

oviduct, in amphibian, especially Anura order. Our

specimen, from the morphology, we hypotized that

the animal is male. From the anatomy organ, we

don’t find oviduct, and we found structure named

testes and the ductus ending in cloacae too. Cloaca

is the organ where urogenital and anus is become

one ductus and exit by one pore name cloacae pore.

Between the hepar, we can find organ name

heart. The amphibians has characteristic, the heart

separated to three chamber, one ventricle and two

auricles. Bufo Sp. has double closed blood flow,

where the blood goes to lung and skin to diffusion

air supply then back to heart and the blood goes to

all of body to transfer the air supply and other

thing contained in blood (Radiopoetro, 1983). In

this group of animal, the blood rich of oxygen is

mix with blood rich of carbon dioxide, that’s why

the air transformation not only happened in lung,

but also in skin, to decrease contamination of

carbon dioxide in high level will be toxin for body

(Campbell, 2010).

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