Chapter 4Chapter 4Phra Phra

SuthithammanuwatSuthithammanuwat Asst. Prof. Dr. Asst. Prof. Dr.

Dean Dean Faculty of BuddhismFaculty of Buddhism

The case-endings of The case-endings of i i ending ending (masculine) are:(masculine) are:

Case-ending Case-ending sing.sing. plur.plur.Nom.Nom. i + si = ii + si = i i + yo = ayo, îi + yo = ayo, îAcc. Acc. i + aæ = iæ i + aæ = iæ i + yo = ayo, îi + yo = ayo, îInst. Inst. i + nâ = inâi + nâ = inâ i + hi = îhi, i + hi = îhi, îbhiîbhi

Dat. Dat. i + sa = issa, inoi + sa = issa, ino i + naæ = înaæi + naæ = înaæAbl. Abl. i + smâ = ismâ, imhâi + smâ = ismâ, imhâ i + hi = i + hi = îhi, îbhiîhi, îbhi

Gen. i + sa = issa, inoGen. i + sa = issa, ino i + naæ = înaæi + naæ = înaæLoc. Loc. i + smiæ = ismiæ, imhii + smiæ = ismiæ, imhi i + su = îsui + su = îsuVoc. Voc. i + si = ii + si = i i + yo = ayo, îi + yo = ayo, î

Different ConjugationsDifferent ConjugationsThere are seven different comjugationsThere are seven different comjugations in Pâli ; they are called in Pâli ; they are called dhdhāātugatugaóóas as = = (groups of roots). The Pâli grammarians(groups of roots). The Pâli grammariansrepresent roots with a final vowel, but it represent roots with a final vowel, but it is is often dropped or changed before the often dropped or changed before the conjugational sign. Each dhconjugational sign. Each dhāātugatugaóóa has one a has one or more different conjugational signs, or more different conjugational signs, whichwhichcome between the root and the verbal come between the root and the verbal termination.termination.

The seven conjugations and their The seven conjugations and their signs are :-signs are :-

1 st1 st conjugationconjugation = Bhuvâdigaóa : = Bhuvâdigaóa : aa2 nd 2 nd ”” = Rudhâdigaóa : = Rudhâdigaóa : æ-aæ-a3 rd3 rd ” ” = Divâdigaóa : = Divâdigaóa : yaya4 th 4 th ”” = Svâdigaóa : óo, óu, óâ, = Svâdigaóa : óo, óu, óâ, uóâuóâ

5 th5 th ” ” = Kiyâdigaóa : = Kiyâdigaóa : óâóâ6 th 6 th ”” = Tanâdigaóa: = Tanâdigaóa: o, yirao, yira7 th7 th ” ” = Curâdigaóa : = Curâdigaóa : e, ayae, ayaA great number of roots are included in the A great number of roots are included in the firstfirst and and the sevenththe seventh group. The roots group. The roots pacapaca and and bhûbhû, given above, belong to the first , given above, belong to the first conjugation. The last vowel of conjugation. The last vowel of pacapaca is is dropped before the conjugational sign dropped before the conjugational sign aa..

The monosyllabic roots like The monosyllabic roots like bhûbhû do do not drop their vowel. It is not drop their vowel. It is guóatedguóated or strengthened before the or strengthened before the conjugational sign:conjugational sign:ii or or îî strengthened becomes strengthened becomes eeuu or or ûû ” ” ” ” oo

e.g. e.g. NîNî +a +a becomes becomes NeNe + a : + a : BhûBhû+a +a ” ” BhoBho + a + aThen ‘e’ followed by Then ‘e’ followed by aa is changed is changed into into ayay o ” o ” aa ” ” ” ” avav

. . . . Ne+a Ne+a becomes becomes naya;naya;Bho+a Bho+a ” ” bhavabhava

It is not necessary for a It is not necessary for a beginner to learn how these beginner to learn how these bases are formed. But the bases are formed. But the bases will be given very bases will be given very often for the convenience often for the convenience

of the students. of the students. The base is the root with its The base is the root with its

conjugational sign combined.conjugational sign combined.

The Seventh ConjugationThe Seventh ConjugationThe special feature of the first The special feature of the first

conjugation is that the last vowel of conjugation is that the last vowel of the the

base is lengthened before the Firstbase is lengthened before the FirstPersonal endings.Personal endings.

The same rule is applied for the The same rule is applied for the bases bases

ending with ending with a a of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th andof the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and77thth conjugations, in addition to their conjugations, in addition to their

special features.special features.

The basses The basses (bases)(bases) of the seventh of the seventh conjugation are of two kinds conjugation are of two kinds

as it has two conjugational as it has two conjugational signs, signs,

e.g. from the root e.g. from the root pâla pâla two bases two bases pâla and pâlayapâla and pâlaya are formed. are formed.

Conjugation of Conjugation of Pâla Pâla (to protect or (to protect or govern)govern)

Base Base -- -- PâlePâle Indicative, PresentIndicative, Present - - Active Active VoiceVoice Singular Singular Plural Plural3rd3rd PâletiPâleti PâlentiPâlenti2nd2nd PâlesiPâlesi PâlethaPâletha1st 1st PâlemiPâlemi PâlemaPâlema Base Base ---- Pâlaya Pâlaya3rd3rd PâlayatiPâlayati PâlayantiPâlayanti2nd2nd PâlayasiPâlayasi PâlayathaPâlayatha1st 1st PâlayâmiPâlayâmi PâlayâmaPâlayâma

Some of the similarly conjugated Some of the similarly conjugated are :-are :-

Pûjeti Pûjeti = offers; = offers; respectsrespects

MâretiMâreti = kills= killsOloketiOloketi = looks at= looks atPîleti Pîleti = oppresses= oppressesCoretiCoreti = steals= stealsDesetiDeseti = preaches= preachesCintetiCinteti = thinks= thinksÉhapeti Éhapeti = keeps= keeps

The conjugational sign The conjugational sign óâ óâ of of the fifth group is shortened the fifth group is shortened

in the in the Third Person plural :Third Person plural :

Base Base -- -- Vikkióa Vikkióa (To Sell) (To Sell) SingularSingular Plural Plural

3rd3rd VikkióâtiVikkióâti VikkióantiVikkióanti2nd2nd VikkióâsiVikkióâsi VikkióâthaVikkióâtha1st 1st VikkióâmiVikkióâmi VikkióâmaVikkióâma

The following are similarly The following are similarly conjugated :-conjugated :-

KióâtiKióâti = buys = buysMióâtiMióâti = measures = measuresJânâtiJânâti = knows = knowsGaóhâtiGaóhâti = takes = takesSuóâti [su (4) + óâ + ti] Suóâti [su (4) + óâ + ti] = = hearshears

Uggaóhâti [U+gah+óhâ+ti] = learnsUggaóhâti [U+gah+óhâ+ti] = learnsJinâtiJinâti = wins = winsOcinâti Ocinâti = gathers (together);= gathers (together); collectscollects

Exercise 3Exercise 3 (p. 9)(p. 9)

Translate into Translate into EnglishEnglish

1. Narâ suriyaæ 1. Narâ suriyaæ passanti.passanti.

narâ narâ the men the men passantipassanti seesee [dis (1) pass+a+anti][dis (1) pass+a+anti] suriyaæ suriyaæ the sun the sun

The men see the The men see the sun.sun.

2. Goóâ pâsâóe 2. Goóâ pâsâóe tiööhanti. tiööhanti.

goóâ goóâ the oxen the oxen tiööhanti tiööhanti standstand[öhâ(1) tiööh+a+anti][öhâ(1) tiööh+a+anti]pâsâóe pâsâóe on the rock on the rock The oxen stand on the rock.The oxen stand on the rock.

3. Manusso gâme carati.3. Manusso gâme carati.manusso manusso the man the man gâme gâme in the village in the village caraticaratiwalkswalks

The man walks in the The man walks in the village.village.

4. Sakuóo rukkhe 4. Sakuóo rukkhe nisîdati.nisîdati.

sakuóo sakuóo the bird the bird nisîdati nisîdati sitssits[ni+sîd(1) sid+a+ti][ni+sîd(1) sid+a+ti]rukkhe rukkhe on the tree on the tree

The bird sits on the The bird sits on the tree.tree.

5. Buddho dhammaæ 5. Buddho dhammaæ bhbhââsati.sati.

buddho buddho the Buddha the Buddha bhâsatibhâsati speaksspeaksdhammaæ dhammaæ the Dhamma the Dhamma (Doctrine)(Doctrine)

The Buddha speaks the Dhamma The Buddha speaks the Dhamma (Doctrine).(Doctrine).

6. Ahaæ dîpaæ âharâmi.6. Ahaæ dîpaæ âharâmi.ahaæ ahaæ IIâharâmiâharâmi bringbring[â+har(1)+a+mi][â+har(1)+a+mi]dîpaæ dîpaæ the the

lamp lamp I bring the lamp.I bring the lamp.

7. Mayaæ goóe harâma.7. Mayaæ goóe harâma.mayaæ mayaæ weweharâmaharâmacarrycarrygoóe goóe the oxen the oxen

We carry the oxen.We carry the oxen.

8. Saõgho gâmaæ gacchati.8. Saõgho gâmaæ gacchati.

saõgho saõgho the community of Bhikkhu s the community of Bhikkhu s (Bhikkhu)(Bhikkhu)gacchati gacchati goes goes[gam(1) gacch + a + ti][gam(1) gacch + a + ti]gâmaæ gâmaæ to the village to the village

The community of Bhikkhu s The community of Bhikkhu s (Bhikkhu)(Bhikkhu) goes goes to the village.to the village.

example:example: (A flock of bird s = wrong , a flock of bird = (A flock of bird s = wrong , a flock of bird =

right)right) the community = (collective noun , no need in the community = (collective noun , no need in

Bhikkhu ‘s’) Bhikkhu ‘s’) (‘Bhikkhu’ is not (‘Bhikkhu’ is not

an English word too)an English word too)

9. Tvaæ sîhaæ passasi. 9. Tvaæ sîhaæ passasi.

tvaæ tvaæ youyoupassasi passasi seeseesîhaæ sîhaæ the the

lion lion You see the lion.You see the lion.

10. Bhûpâlâ asse 10. Bhûpâlâ asse âruhanti. âruhanti.

bhûpâlâ bhûpâlâ the kings the kings âruhanti âruhanti get on (mount)get on (mount)[â + ruh (1) + a + anti][â + ruh (1) + a + anti]asse asse the horses the horses

The kings get on (mount) The kings get on (mount) the horses.the horses.

11. Devâ âkasena 11. Devâ âkasena gacchanti.gacchanti.

devdevââ the deities the deities gacchanti gacchanti gogoââkasena kasena through the air through the air The deities go through The deities go through

the air.the air.

12. Assâ dîpesu 12. Assâ dîpesu dhâvanti.dhâvanti.

assâ assâ the horses the horses dhâvanti dhâvanti runrundîpesu dîpesu on the islands on the islands

The horses run on the The horses run on the islands.islands.

13. Tvaæ pâdehi 13. Tvaæ pâdehi carasi.carasi.

tvaæ tvaæ you you carasi carasi walkwalkpâdehi pâdehi with (your) feet with (your) feet

You walk with (your) feet.You walk with (your) feet.

(In English , usage is -- ‘ (In English , usage is -- ‘ onon foot’) foot’)No plural is used as ‘on feetNo plural is used as ‘on feet’’

14. Tumhe hatthehi 14. Tumhe hatthehi haratha. haratha.

tumhe tumhe youyouharatha haratha carrycarryhatthehi hatthehi with the hands with the hands You carry with the hands.You carry with the hands.(In English , usage is -- ‘(In English , usage is -- ‘ by by hands’ ) hands’ )

15. Mayaæ loke vasâma.15. Mayaæ loke vasâma.

mayaæ mayaæ we we vasâma vasâma liveliveloke loke in the in the

world world We live in the world.We live in the world.

16. Sunakhâ vânarehi 16. Sunakhâ vânarehi kîïanti. kîïanti.

sunakhâ sunakhâ the dogs the dogs kîïanti kîïanti playplayvânarehi vânarehi with the monkeys with the monkeys

The dogs play with the monkeys.The dogs play with the monkeys.

17. Puriso mañce sayati.17. Puriso mañce sayati.

puriso puriso the man the man sayati sayati sleepssleepsmañce mañce on the on the

bed bed The man sleeps on the bed.The man sleeps on the bed.

18. Varâhâ ajehi 18. Varâhâ ajehi vasanti.vasanti.

varâhâ varâhâ the pigs the pigs vasanti vasanti liveliveajehi ajehi with the goats with the goats The pigs live with the goats.The pigs live with the goats.

19. S19. Sîîhâ sakuóe hananti.hâ sakuóe hananti.

ssîîhâ hâ the lions the lions hananti hananti killkillsakuóe sakuóe the birds the birds

The lions kill the birds.The lions kill the birds.

20. Sunakhâ gâme 20. Sunakhâ gâme caranti.caranti.

sunakhâ sunakhâ the dogs the dogs caranticaranti walkwalkgâme gâme in the village in the village

The dogs walk in the The dogs walk in the village.village.

Exercise 3 Exercise 3 (P. 10)(P. 10)

Translate into Translate into PâliPâli

1. The horse stands on the 1. The horse stands on the rock. rock.

the horse the horse assoassostands stands tiööhati tiööhati on the rock on the rock pâsâóepâsâóe

Asso pâsâóe Asso pâsâóe tiööhati.tiööhati.

2. The goats walk in the 2. The goats walk in the village.village.

the goats the goats ajâajâwalk walk caranti caranti in the village in the village gâmegâme

Ajâ gâme Ajâ gâme caranti.caranti.

3. You see the sun.3. You see the sun.you you tvaæ tvaæ see see passasi passasi the sun the sun suriyaæsuriyaæ

Tvaæ suriyaæ Tvaæ suriyaæ passasi.passasi.

4. The moon rises in the 4. The moon rises in the sky.sky.

the moon the moon candocandorises rises udetiudeti

[u + da (augment ) + i (1) + a + ti][u + da (augment ) + i (1) + a + ti]

in the sky in the sky âkâseâkâse Cando âkâse Cando âkâse udeti.udeti.

5. The men sleep in beds.5. The men sleep in beds.

the men the men narânarâsleep sleep sayantisayantiin beds in beds mañcesumañcesu

Narâ mañcesu Narâ mañcesu sayanti.sayanti.

6. The oxen run from the 6. The oxen run from the lion.lion.

the oxen the oxen goóâ goóâ run run dhâvanti dhâvanti from the lion from the lion sîhâsîhâ

Goóâ sîhâ Goóâ sîhâ dhâvanti.dhâvanti.

7. People live in the 7. People live in the world.world.

people people mahâjanâmahâjanâlive live vasanti vasanti in the world in the world lokeloke

Mahâjanâ loke Mahâjanâ loke vasanti.vasanti.

8. Thou bringest 8. Thou bringest (bring)(bring) a a lamp.lamp.

thou thou tvaæ tvaæbringest bringest (bring) (bring) âharasiâharasia lamp a lamp dîpaæ dîpaæ

Tvaæ dîpaæ Tvaæ dîpaæ âharasi. âharasi.

9. We live in an island.9. We live in an island.we we mayaæmayaælive live vasâma vasâma in an island in an island dîpedîpe

Mayaæ dîpe vasâma.Mayaæ dîpe vasâma.

10. Thou art 10. Thou art (are)(are) a king. a king.thou thou tvaætvaæart art (are)(are)hosi (bhavasi) hosi (bhavasi) a a king king bhûpâlo bhûpâlo

Tvaæ bhûpâlo hosi Tvaæ bhûpâlo hosi (bhavasi).(bhavasi).

11. You see the bird on 11. You see the bird on the tree. the tree.

you you tvaætvaæsee see passasi passasi the bird the bird sakuóaæsakuóaæon the tree on the tree rukkhe rukkhe

Tvaæ rukkhe sakuóaæ Tvaæ rukkhe sakuóaæ passasi.passasi.

12. The monkey plays with 12. The monkey plays with the pig. the pig.

the monkey the monkey vânarovânaroplays plays kîïati kîïati with the pig with the pig varâhena varâhena

Vânaro varâhena Vânaro varâhena kîïati.kîïati.

13. The king kills a 13. The king kills a lion. lion.

the king the king bhûpâlobhûpâlokills kills hanati hanati a lion a lion (Eka)(Eka) sîhaæ sîhaæ

Bhûpâlo Bhûpâlo (eka(ekaææ)) sîhaæ sîhaæ hanati.hanati.

14. The deity walks in 14. The deity walks in the sky. the sky.

the deity the deity devodevowalks walks caraticaratiin the sky in the sky âkâse âkâse Devo âkâse carati.Devo âkâse carati.

15. Trees are in the 15. Trees are in the island. island.

trees trees rukkhâ rukkhâ are are honti (bhavanti) honti (bhavanti) in the island in the island dîpedîpe

Rukkhâ dîpe honti Rukkhâ dîpe honti (bhavanti).(bhavanti).

16. He carries the lamp. 16. He carries the lamp. he he so so carries carries harati harati the lamp the lamp dîpaæ dîpaæ

So dîpaæ So dîpaæ harati.harati.

17. We see the body of the 17. We see the body of the man. man.

we we mayaæ mayaæ see see passâmapassâmathe body the body kâyaækâyaæof the man of the man narassanarassa

Mayaæ narassa kâyaæ passâma.Mayaæ narassa kâyaæ passâma.

18. We eat with the 18. We eat with the hands.hands.

(by hands)(by hands)we we mayaæmayaæeat eat bhuñjâmabhuñjâmawith the handswith the hands hatthehihatthehi

Mayaæ hatthehi Mayaæ hatthehi bhuñjâma.bhuñjâma.