Challenge 2

Baden-Württemberg

Lösungsheft zum Workbook

Challenge 2Englisch für die Jahrgangsstufen 1 und 2

DO01_809235_Challenge_BW_WB_2_Loesungsheft.indd 1 05.09.2017 13:52:43

LÖSUNGSHEFT

Topic 1 BRITAIN – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

1 Reading: This is England

1.a)PeopleinDeepEnglandclingtothepast,andarenotkeen

onimmigrants.DeepEnglandisstereotypicalidyllicEngland,whereeverythingisverytraditional,peacefulandvery,veryEnglish.

b)DeepEnglandisinvillagesandmarkettownsacrossthecountryside.

c) TheEmpireopenedEnglanduptotheworld,whichbroughtindustrialisation,andforeigngoodsandpeople.

d)Becausetheywantedtohavetheircountrybackandnolongerbeinfluencedbyforeigncountries.

2.a)flirtatious,alittlebitnaughtyb)alittledrunkc) lawnsthatarekeptimmaculatelytrimmedd)givingtheiropinione)aplaceforstoringfoodf) man

3. Mögliche Lösung: Thepersonaskingthequestionsisprobablyrelativelyyoung,workingormiddleclass,liberalandcasuallydressed,possiblyevenwithanon-EUbackground.Ontheotherhand,thepersonansweringthequestionsismorelikelytobealotolder,middleorupperclass,moreconservativeintheirviewsandalmostcertainlydressedverysmartly.

2 Proper English

1.a)c;b)a;c)b;d)b;e)c;f)a;g)c;h)b;i)c

2.Mögliche Lösungen:a)IamreallylookingforwardtomyfortnightinFrance.b)Hewasreallyguttedwhenhedidn’tgetthejob.c) ShewasgobsmackedwhenshegotanAinthetest.Itwas

arealsurprise.d)Ididn’twanttojumpoffofthehighestdivingboard.Tobe

honest,Ibottledit.e)Allshedoesistalkaboutherself.Shereallythinksshe’sthe

bee’sknees.f) John’snotcomingouttonight–he’sskint.g)Haveyoubeentothenewsportsshopintown?They’vegot

nuffcooltrainers.h)Thatsandwichwasminging!Ihadtothrowitaway.i) Ican’twearthesejeans–justlookatmymuffintop!Ineed

togoforarun.

3.a)You’rejoking.b)strangec) attractive,good-lookingd)…isn’tthatright?e)poundf) friend

g)verytiredh)togocrazyi) thanksj) welldonek)girl

Möglicher Dialog:Boy 1: I’mreallyguttedIcouldn’tcometoDanny’sparty

lastnight,butI’mskint.Apparentlytherewerenufffitbirdsthere.

Boy 2: Youshould’vetoldmemate.Iwouldhavelentyouafewquid.

Girl 1: Andguesswhat?Ninawasthere…Boy 1: You’rehavingalaugh?Girl 1: No.Shewasthereandsheaskedwhereyouwere.Boy 1: Ahman,noI’mevenmoregutted.Girl 2: Yeah,right.Asifyou’dhavespokentoher.You

would’vebottleditagain.Boy 2: Yeah,youwouldhavelosttheplot,innit?Boy 1: Cheersfortheconfidence.You’dbegobsmackedif

yousawmeinaction.Girl 2: Now,you’rehavingalaugh,MrSmooth…

3 Spot on grammar: Will-future

b)Idon’tthinkEuropeantradingpartnerswillacceptnewconditions.

c) IhopethatforeignpeoplelivinginBritaindonotfeelunwelcome.

d)AreyouworriedthatBrexitwillaffectyourfreedomtotravel?

e)IthinkfamiliesinBritainwillbedividedforalongtime.f) Ipredictalotofpeoplewillconsidermovingabroad.g)Ihopethatyoungpeoplewillvoteinfuturereferendums.h)AreyouworriedthatBritainwillloseitsreputationaround

theworld?

4 Reading: Keep on running

1.a)26.2milesb)JohnDisleyandChrisBrasherc) TheNewYorkMarathoninspiredChrisBrashertodo

somethingsimilarinLondon.d)Awiderangeofpeopletakepartinthemarathon,from

eliteathletestonormalpeople,youngandold,ablebodiedanddisabled,manyinfancydresscostumes.

e)ThecurrentsponsorisVirginMoney.f) Becausehethinksitisimportantforthemarathontonot

onlypassthroughLondon’stouristicside,butallthroughthecity.

2.a)1908:ThefirstmarathonraninLondonwasinthe1908

Olympicgames.b)1981:TheveryfirstLondonMarathonwasin1981.c) 6,225:6,225runnersfinishedthefirstLondonMarathon.d)22,000:22,000peopleappliedtotakepartinthefirst

LondonMarathon.e)75,000:Gillettesponsoredthemarathonfor£75,000in1981.f) 247,069:247,069peopleappliedtotakepartinthe2016

marathon.g)17million:Sponsorsinvested£17millionintherace

between2010and2014.h)54.1million:£54.1millionwasraisedforcharityinthe2015

marathon.i) 770million:Intotal,£770millionhasbeenraisedforcharity

sincethe1981marathon.

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5 Crossword: Not so Great after all?

Across:2 Eurosceptic5 citizens8 poll11Brexit13passport14minorities15Scotland17referendum18idyllic

Down:1 aftermath3 constitution4 stumble6 experiment7 foreigners9 polarised10disappointment12Theresa16anti

6 Analysing cartoons

Mögliche Lösungen:CartoonAThecartoonshowsamanspinningaglobeontheendofhiscane.Themanisdressedinatophat,alongcoat,andaUnionJackwaistcoatwhich,alongwiththerestofhisappearance,tellsusthatheisBritishandeitherupperclassorfromthepast.ThemessageofthecartoonisthatBritainhas,orthinksithas,therestoftheworldunderitscontrol.ThisprobablyrefersbacktothetimeoftheBritishEmpire,butcouldalsorepresenttheoverimportanceitappliestoitselfthesedays.

CartoonBThecartoonshowsamanstrandedonaremoteislandcallingtoarowingboatheadinginhisdirection.TheboatisfromashipcalledU.KBrexit.Themanclearlywantstoberescuedbutthetwopeopleapproachinghimaresayingthattheyhaven’tcometorescuehim,butinsteadcometojoinhim.ThemessageofthecartoonisthatmanypeopleofBritainhavelostconfidenceintheircountryandgovernmentandwouldliketoleave.Alotofpeoplealsofeelthat,liketheship,Britainisenteringunchartedterritory,andisheadinginnoparticulardirection.Maybethepeopleonboardalsowanttoleaveasinkingship.

CartoonCThecartoonshowsthreemenstandinginfrontofaboardmarked‘Brexitplanning’.Onemanisexplainingthestrategytotheothertwoandissaying‘Wethoughtwe’dworkoutthedetailslater.’Ontheboardthereisatimelinewith‘Article50’atoneendand‘Sunnyeconomiclands’attheother.ThemessageofthecartoonisthatmanypeopleareundertheimpressionthatBritainhasnorealplanonhowtohandleBrexitandarehopingforthebest.

7 Where do we go from here?

1.a)InternationalMonetaryFundb)BankofEnglandc) OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentd)NationalInstituteofEconomicandSocialResearch

2.a)tochallengeauthorityb)tobeidealforsomethingc) theoutlookisnotgoodd)topostponesomethinguntilalaterdatee)tomakeamends,tomakethingsbetterf) thingswillimproveinthefuture

3.1 ontheonehand 5 Furthermore2 ontheotherhand 6 Nevertheless/However3 whereas 7 whereas4 However

4. a)1G,2J,3I,4E,5F,6A,7H,8D,9C,10Bb)Grund1:Sieistüberzeugt,dassdiegroßeMehrheiteinepositiveBeziehungzwischenGroßbritannienundderEUmöchte.DesWeiterenistsiesicher,dassGroßbritanniensZielemitdenZielenderEUundseinenMitgliedsstattenübereinstimmen.

Grund2:Sieglaubt,dassesausökonomischerSichtvernünftigist,keineHandelsbarrierenaufzubauen,dafreierHandelallenBeteiligtenzuGutekommtunddenWohlstandfördert,wohingegendieEinschränkungdesfreienHandelsbewirkenwürde,dasseswenigerArbeitsplätzeundwenigerWachstumgibt.

Grund3:IhrerMeinungnachisteinepositiveEinigungmöglich,dadieEUGroßbritannienbraucht,umEuropaundseineBürgerzusichern.GroßbritannienistmomentannebenFrankreichdieeinzigeAtommachtinderEU,diebritischeArmeeisteinwesentlicherBestandteildergemeinschaftlichenVerteidigungEuropas,unddereinzigartigebritischeGeheimdiensthatschonmancheinenTerroranschlaginEuropavereitelt.

Topic 2 ETHNIC MINORITIES AND SOCIAL CLASSES

1 Listening: An interview

§ A1.1/1.2 Audioskript:Mediencodey2t6c8

1.Hinweis: Hier muss bei längeren Antworten nicht alles aufgezählt werden. Zwei Aspekte reichen.a)SeineMuttertrafdieEntscheidung,dasLandzuverlassen,

weilsieihrenKindernmehrChancenbietenwollte,einerfolgreichesLebenzuführen.

b)AlsSaisonarbeiterwarihrVerdienstgeringundauchnichtregelmäßig,dadieSaisonnurca.6Monatedauert.InderLandwirtschaftgabeskeineArbeitsplatzsicherheit.OhnePapierebekamArmandolediglicheinenNiedriglohn-JobineinemFast-Food-Restaurant.

c) ErheirateteeineUS-Bürgerin,dadurchbekamerdieUS-amerikanischeStaatsbürgerschaftinnerhalbeinesJahresnachderHochzeit.

d)BeziehungenzwischendenMexikanern,dieindieUSAkommenundihrenFamilienzerbrechenschnelleralsinseinemHeimatland.KindernwirddortnochRespektbeigebracht,Nachbarnunterstützensichgegenseitig.EsgibtwenigerNeid,esgehtnichtimmernurumsGeldverdienen.Undmanversucht,dieArmensogutesgehtzuunterstützen,auchwennmanselbstnichtvielhat.

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e)SeineFrauarbeitetealsehrenamtlicheHelferinundbrachtedieKinderausseinemArbeitscampzueinemClub,derFreizeitaktivitätennachderSchuleanbot.

f) EristsehrdankbarfürseineFamilieundlebteineinfachesLeben.ErundseineFrauMimiverdienennichtvielGeld,musstenaberdankMimisElternkeineHypothekaufnehmen.ErkannseineFamilieinKalifornienundMexicofinanziellunterstützen,undsogarnochetwassparen.

2.a)DerAmerican Dream bedeutetfürArmandoPerez,Arbeit,

einHausundeinangenehmesLebenzuhaben.b)DerersteVersuch,dieGrenzezuüberqueren,scheiterte

daran,dassdieGruppederEinwandererzugroßwarundsieentdecktwurden.

c) BevorsieendgültigindenUSAblieben,wiederholtensieihrenFluchtversuchviermal.ZunächstkamensienachdemviertenVersuchnachSanDiego,wurdenjedochvondortwiedernachMexikogebracht,bevorsieeserneutversuchten.Beim5.Versuchschließlichgelangesihnenzubleiben.

d)IndenUSAhalfenihnenFremde,dieihnenGeldgaben,einemexikanischeFamilie,diesieduschenließundihneneinFrühstückundKleidergab,einRestaurant,indemsieEssenbekamen,einHotel,indemsieschlafenkonnten,undschließlicheinCousin,derihnendenFlugnachSanFranciscobezahlte.

e)IllegaleEinwandererarbeitenoftalsObst-undGemüsepflückerinderLandwirtschaft,inFischdosenfabrikenundaufGeflügelfarmen.

f) DasEinkommenillegalerEinwandererwirdgekürzt,weilSteuernundSozialabgabenvomEinkommenabgezogenwerden.

g)DieRegierungmöchtediesenMenschenkeineArbeitsgenehmigungerteilen,weilsiedanneinAnrechtaufdieeinbehaltenenBeträgehättenundweilMenschenmitArbeitserlaubnisbessereJobsfindenundmanniemandmehrfürdiehartenJobsderillegalenEinwandererfindenwürde.

h)IllegaleEinwanderernehmenjedenJoban,denamerikanischeArbeiterablehnenwürden.Sietundies,weilsiesonstkeinEinkommenhätten.

2 Spot on grammar: Past perfect

Mögliche Lösungen:b)BeforeshewasdiscoveredbyanAmericanrecordproducer,

Rihannahadformedagroupwithtwofriends.c) AftershehadsignedarecorddealwithDefJam,she

releasedherfirstsingle,Pon de Replay.d)Beforeshehadherfirstactingrole,shehadrecordedher

firstalbum,Music in the Sun.e)AftershehadreleasedthesongUmbrellawithJay-Z,

Rihannareleasedherthirdalbum.f) AftershehadreleasedthealbumLoud,shesoldout10

consecutivenightsattheO2ArenainLondon.g)BeforeshewasvotedBestInternationalFemaleSoloArtist

attheBRITAwards,shehadreleasedafashionrangeforArmani.

h)AfterRihannahadactedinthefilmThis is the End,sheworkedforPumaasacreativedirectorforwomen’sfashion.

3 Avoiding mistakes: German-English interference

1.a)haslivedb)camec) ateacherd)afruitpickere)nevervisits

f) tothemg)informationh)therearei) fewj) most

2.a)Societyhaschangedagreatdealoverthelastdecades,

becomingmuchmoremulticultural.b)Therearemanypeoplefromdifferentcountrieslivingin

EnglandandtheUSAc) SinceTrump’selectiontherehavebeenalotofprotestsby

MexicanpeoplelivingintheUSA.d)LatinAmericanpeopleenjoylivingintheUSAbutare

worriedaboutTrump’splanstobuildawall.e)ThesocialclasssysteminBritainhasbeenacontroversial

issueformanyyears.f) Somecomplainaboutbeingtreatedunfairlybecauseof

theirlowclassstatus.g)Infact,mostpeoplethinkthattheclasssystemisoutdated.h)Criticssaytheinformationusedtodeterminewhichclass

someonebelongstoneedstochange.

4 Spot on grammar: Prepositions

a)aboutb)againstc) aboutd)In;against

e)off) fromg)ofh)about;in

5 Spot on grammar: Question tags

a)isn’tit?b)wasn’tit?c) doyou?d)haven’tthey?

e)haven’tthey?f) didn’tyou?g)shouldn’tthey?h)wouldn’tthey?

6 Spot on grammar: If-clauses

1.a)didn’tmakeitb)failc) moved)was

e)thoughtf) stayg)reach

2.a)IfIwouldbewereindanger,Iwoulddefinitelymoveto

anothercountry.b)IfImovedtotheUSA,IwillwouldhavetolearnEnglish,of

course.c) Iftherewasn’tsuchadangerofviolence,youngpeople

won’twouldn’tleavethecountry.d)Ifyoungpeoplewouldhavehadmoreopportunities,they

wouldnotjoingangs.e)IfJavierhadleftElSalvador,hislifehadwould havebeena

lotdifferent.f) Hewouldn’thavebeencaughtattheborderifthepolice

didn’tstophadn’t stoppedthebus.

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7 Wordsearch grid

1 COYOTE(O13–O18)2 VIOLENT(C17–I17)3 SUFFERING(C8–C16)4 RECKLESS(F15–M15)5 VICTIMS(H11–N11)6 EVIDENT(E5–K5)7 UNACCOMPANIED(A18–M18)8 REPATRIATE(K1–K10)9 DETERMINED(D1–D10)10 SWAMP(F16–J16)11 SANCTUARY(L1–L9)12 WEARY(D12–H12)13 SURGE(C1–C5)14 HOMELANDSECURITY(A1–A16)15 PERILOUS(N1–N8)16 IRRESPONSIBLE(I2–I14)17 UNCARING(J12–Q12)

8 Analysing a fictional text

Mögliche Lösung:Theshortplayportraysaconversationbetweenamotherandherdaughter.ThetwowomenareofIndiandescentandthemotheristalkingtoherdaughteraboutherotherdaughter’srelationshipwithamannamedAndrew.TheissueisthatAndrewisnotofIndiandescentandthemothercannotunderstandwhyherotherdaughterwouldn’tchoosea‘suitableIndianboy’.Thedaughteristryingtoexplaintohermotherthatthisshouldn’tbeanissue.Infact,sheevenhasanon-Indianboyfriendherself,calledDavid.Therelationtothetopicofethnicminoritiesandsegregationisthatwhenmanydifferentethnicbackgroundslivetogether,therelationshipswhichstartbetweenthegroupscancauseproblemsfortheoldergenerationswhomayhaveamoretraditionaloutlookonlife.


Mögliche Lösungen:CartoonAThecartoonshowsatraditionalChristmastreedecoratedwithnumerousreligioussymbolsrepresentingreligionsfromallaroundtheworld.Thecaptionofthecartoon,HappyWhatever,addressesthefactthatmanypeopledonotcelebrateChristmas,butinsteadhavetheirownimportantcelebrationsdependingontheirreligion.TherelationtothetopicofethnicminoritiesandsocialclassesisthereferencetotheissuethatsomepeoplethinktheycannotcelebrateChristmasasitmayoffendotherreligionslivinginthesamecountry.TherehavebeenanumberofexamplesofthisinBritainandmanypeoplefeelitisnotrightthatBritishtraditionsarebeingsanitizedandareveryunhappyaboutit.

CartoonBThecartoonshowstwomeninanoffice,standingoneithersideofadesk.Oneofthemenispossiblytheownerofacompanyandothermaniscarryingabriefcasewith‘law’writtenonit,sohecouldbealawyerofsomekind.Themanbehindthedeskissaying‘Ihaveagoodminorityhiringrecord.They’retheonlyoneswho’llworkformylowwages’.Themessageofthecartoonisthatmanypeopleseepeoplefromminoritybackgroundsascheaplabour,andsomeeventhinktheyaredoingagoodthingbygivingthesepeople

work,andtheyshouldbegrateful.Therelationtothetopicofethnicminoritiesandsocialclassesistheproblemsinthejobmarketcausedbyaninfluxofmigrants,andalsotheaffectthishasonthelowersocialclassesaslow-paidjobsaretakenbypeoplefromethnicminorities,whoareoftenwillingtoworkforless,andarethereforesometimesexploited.

10 Communication: Having a discussion

1.Mögliche Lösung:Opening a conversation:DoyoumindifIjoinyou?/CanIhaveawordwithyou,please?/There’ssomethingI’dliketotalktoyouabout./Couldyousparemeaminute?/I’msorrytodisturbyou,but…/I’vealwayswantedtoaskyou…Expressing an opinion:I’mconvincedthat…/Asamatteroffact…/Ithink…/Actually…/Infact,…/Inmyopinion…/Don’tgetmewrong./Iwouldjustliketosaythat…/Iamsurethat…/Ithoughtitwasrather/abit/pretty…Agreeing:That’sexactlywhatIthink./You’reabsolutelyright./SodoI./SohaveI./SowouldI./Yes,ofcourse./Absolutely!/Icompletelyagree./Icouldn’tagreemore./Ibetithas/does/is…Disagreeing partly:Iseeyourpointbut…/Itseemstomethat…/That’snotthepoint./That’sfinefor…butwhatabout…?/I’mnotquitesure./Well,yes,but…/Thethingis…/That’sallverywell,but…/I(can)seewhatyoumean,butI(still)think…/Youaren’tlisteningtowhatI’msaying.Disagreeing completely:Tobehonest…/Let’sagreetodisagree./Ican’tagreewithyouthere./Youdon’tseemtoquiteunderstand./Ithinkyouaremistaken…/I’mafraidIdon’tagreethere./That’snotwhatImeantatall./Ican’tagree.Ending a conversation:Wouldyouexcusemenow,please?/OK,then!/Well,anyway…/Sorry,butI’vegottogonow./Let’stalkaboutthissomeothertime./Iseenopointindiscussing…anylonger.

2.Mögliche Lösungen:a)Immigration:Inmyopinion,peopleshouldbeallowedtomigrateinordertohaveabetterlife.Asamatteroffact,richercountriesshouldbeobligedtotakeinacertainnumberofpeopleeachyear.Ican’tagree.Countriesshouldlookaftertheirownpoorpeoplebeforetakinginthousandsofmigrants.b)TheBritishclasssystem:I’mconvincedthatthemajorityofpeoplelivinginBritaintodaydonotthinktoomuchabouttheclasssystem.Icompletelyagree.Theclasssystemistotallyoutdatedandtoosimplistic.Ican’tagreewithyouthere.Itmaybeslightlyoutdated,butIthinktheclasssystemcanbeadaptedtomodernsociety.c) Ethnicsegregation:Inmyopinion,ethnicminoritieshavearesponsibilitytointegratethemselvesintothesocietytheylivein.That’sallverywell,butshouldn’tthehostcountryalsobeopentonewculturesandbeliefs?Well,yes,butoncesomebodychoosestoliveinadifferentcountrytheyhavetoaccepttheculturalnormsandtraditionsthatcountrywasbuilton.

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d)TheAmericanDreamItseemstomethattheAmericanDreamissomethingforbooks,filmsandsongsandnotarealisticgoalforanyoneinmodernAmerica.Ithinkyouaremistaken.Therehavebeensomanyexamplesofpeoplethathavecomefromnothingandendedupsuccessfulandhappy.Don’tgetmewrong.Therehavebeenpeoplewhohavemadeit,buttherearemanymorewhostruggle,andtheyneedsupportratherthanadream.

Topic 3 THE USA – FROM COLONY TO SUPERPOWER

1 Listening: The Star-Spangled Banner

§ A1.3 Audioskript:sieheMediencodey2t6c8

1. Symbolsofnationalpridethatareshownduringtheperformanceofthenationalantheminclude:– thepresentationoftheflag(wavingfromapole,andoften

alsoahugeflagstretchedacrossthefieldheldbyseveralpeopleattheedges);

– posture:peoplestandwiththerighthandplacedovertheheart;

– fly-overbyAirforcesquadron(sometimeswithavaportraildiedred,white,andblue);

– briefshowingofsoldiersatanarmybaseinaregionofconflict(Afghanistan,Kuwaitetc.).

2. Oh,saycanyouseebythedawn’searly light,Whatsoproudlywehailedatthetwilight’slastgleaming?Whosebroad stripesandbright starsthroughtheperilousfight,O’ertherampartswewatchedweresogallantlystreaming?Andtherockets’ redglare,thebombs burstinginair,Gaveproofthroughthenightthatourflag was still there.Oh,saydoesthatstar-spangledbanneryetwaveO’ertheland of the freeandthehome of the brave?

3. Mögliche Lösung:– abattlescene;– abattletakingplaceatnight;– asituationwheretheUnitedStates(symbolisedbythe

flag)isatwarwithanothernation;thepresenceoftheflagindicateshowwellorhowbadlytheAmericantroopsaredoing.

4.battle:who? AmericansfoughtagainsttheBritishwhen? Warof1812where? Baltimore(FortMcHenry)kindofbattle?

seabattle(bombardmentofFortMcHenryfromsea)

outcome? Americanarmywinsthebattle

author:name: FrancisScottKeyprofession: lawyersituation: Heisononeoftheships,negotiatingthe

releaseofAmericanprisonersfeeling: worriedduringthebattle;movedafterthe

victory

meaning of the anthem and the flag today:TheflagisreveredbyAmericans.ItisastrongsymbolformanyAmericans.ItstandsforAmericanvaluessuchasfreedomandbravery.

2 Talking about the American Dream

1. Mögliche Lösung:Thestatisticswiththetitle“WhatAmericansthinkoftheAmericanDream”showsthataverylargepercentageofAmericans,78%,thinkthathavingpersonalfreedomisveryorextremelyimportantintheirversionoftheAmericanDream.Thisisfollowedverycloselyby“Havingbasicneedsmet”and“achievingone’spotential”.TheleastimportantfacetoftheAmericanDreamis“achievingaffluence”,whichisconsideredveryorextremelyimportantbyonly23%ofAmericans.Havingenoughfreetimeandbeinginharmonywithnaturerankinmiddlepositions.

2. Mögliche Lösung:Atthecenterofthephotoweseeamanwhoissleepingonaparkbench.ThemaniscoveredbyablanketwhichhasthedesignoftheAmericanflagandisholdingontothestrapofabackpackwhichissituatedbyhishead.Totherightweseeashoppingcartfilledwithuntidylookingplasticbagsandanumbrella.Themanisprobablyhomeless;theobjectsintheshoppingcartandthebackpackmaybeallofhisbelongings.TheAmericanflagasasymboloftheAmericanDreamusedasablanketforahomelesspersonpresentsastarkcontrast–theAmericanDreampromisesamongotheraspectsthe“pursuitofhappiness”andthepossibilitytofulfillone’spotentialandto“makeit”,whereasthishomelessmanhasobviouslynotmadeit.TheAmericanDreamhasnotcometrueforthisman.TheideaoftheAmericandreamisevenusedtocoverupaproblematicreality.

3.Mögliche Lösung:Introduction– AmericanDream:invitationtopoorpeoplearoundtheworld– promiseofpersonalfreedom,ofmakingit,offulfillingyour

potential,ofhavingyourbasicneedsmetBody of your talk– realityofAmericansocietyshowsthattheAmericanDream

isonlyarealityforaminority– manydonothavetheirbasicneedsmet(likethepersonin

thephoto)– manyarenotgiventhesamechancetofulfilltheir

potentialasothers(unequaleducationalsystem,inwhichyouneedmoneytogotoabetterschoolandthenuniversity,whichisaprerequisiteforgettingbetter-payingjobs;inequalitybasedonrace,sex,etc.)

– personalfreedom(oneofthemostimportantaspectsoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtothestatistics)isamatter

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ofdefinition;peoplemayhavefreedominthattheyarenotinjailandarefreetotravelandleavethecountry,butwithoutastableeconomicsituation,thisfreedomcannotbeusedbyalltoanequalextent

Conclusion– theAmericanDream–mythorreality?– asthephotoshows:itisamythformanyalthoughthey

maybelieveinit– itisusedtocoverupadisillusioningreality

3 Spot on grammar: Articles

1.TheAmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisatopicwhichisrepresentedinmanytypesof---media.OneveryfamousmovieportrayingtheunusuallifeofamanlivingtheAmericanDreamisForrest Gump.Themovieisaboutamangoingthrough---Americanhistoryandunknowinglyplayingapartinmajorhistoricalevents.ForrestGumphasanIQfarbelow---average,butmanagestoachievegreaterthingsthan---societywouldhaveeverexpectedofhim.AsachildhemeetsElvisPresley,wholaterbecomesafamousmusician,andasasuccessfultabletennisplayerhegetstoshakethehandof---PresidentJohnF.Kennedy.HeisasoldierintheVietnamWarandinspiresthepeopleoftheUSAtojoinhiminrunningfromtheeasttothewestcoastacrossthewholecountry.---mostpeoplerememberthisfamousquotefromthemovie:‘---lifeislikeaboxofchocolates.Youneverknowwhatyou’regonnaget.’

2.Mögliche Lösung:---Dreamsareoftenverydifferentfrom---reality.TheAmericanDreamisnoexception:millionsof---Americansdonothavetheirbasicneedscovered,theydonotgetthechancetogoto---collegeandgetagoodjob.Inearliercenturies,theAmericanDreammeantthateverybodywaswelcomeintheUnitedStates,thattheycouldgetapieceoflandandstartanewlife.Nowadays,---societyhasbecomemorehostileto---immigrants.ThemajorityofpeopletryingtoentertheUSAarepeoplefromMexicowhoescape---povertyandalackofopportunitiesintheirhomecountry.TheymaydreamtheAmericanDream,butitisnoteasyforthemtoexperienceitsfulfillment.

4 Focus on words: Native Americans and the American Dream

1.a)strongeffectb)preparec) robbedd)caused

e)takecareoff) hadthegoalofg)actash)turnedto

2.

prepositional phrase

synonym German translation

tohaveagreatimpactonsb./sth.

tohaveastrongeffectonsb./sth.

einestarkeAuswikunghabenaufjmd./etw.

topavethewayforsth.

toprepareforsth. etw.vorbereiten,denWegebnenfüretw.

todeprivesb.ofsth.

torobsb.ofsth. jmdn.(einerSache)berauben

toleadsb./sth.todosth.

tocausesb.todosth.

jmdn./etw.verursachen,etw.zutun

toprovideforsb. totakecareofsb. jmdn.versorgen,fürjmdn.sorgen

tobeaimedat(+ing)

tohavethegoalof(+ing)

aufetw.abzielen,etw.anstreben

totakeontheroleofsth.

toactassth. eineRolleannehmen

toresorttosth. toturntosth. Zufluchtsuchenbeietw.,sichetw.zuwenden

3. Mögliche Lösung:ThearrivalofEuropeansettlersontheNorthAmericancontinenthadagreatimpactontheNativeAmericanswhohadlivedthereformanycenturies.Thesettlerswhofarmedthesouth-easternstateshadthegoalofbecomingrichbygrowingcottonandtobacco.SincetheyneededthelandthatwasinhabitedbytheCherokeeandotherNativeAmericannations,theUSgovernmentdecidedtosendtheNativeAmericansawayfromtheirlandandresettlethemfurtherwest,thusrobbingthemofthelandthattheyandtheirancestorshadlivedonforaverylongtime.Thisdecisionbythegovernmentpavedthewayfortheso-called“TrailofTears”,theforcedremovalofanestimated16,000Cherokeein1838.Exposuretohungerandcoldledtoabout4000men,womenandchildrendyingontheway.TherelocationofNativeAmericanstodesignatedareas,so-calledreservations,becameacommonprocedure.Manyofthepeoplewhowererelocatedinthiswayweredeprivedoftheirtraditionalwayoflivingandtheybegantoresorttoalcoholtorelievetheirsuffering.

5 Spot on grammar: Relative clauses

1. a)TheWinnebagoareaNativeAmericantribewhohave

traditionallyalwayslivedinwhatisnowWisconsin.b)Theirtraditionalclothingismadeofbuckskindecorated

withporcupinequills,beadsandfeathers.c) Thementraditionallyhadlonghairwhichtheyworeintwo

longbraids.d)ThisisatypicalhairstyleamongNativeAmericansoften

seenonmoreorlessaccurateimagesofNativeAmericans.e)FarmingthelandgiventothemundertheDawesActwas

difficultformanyoftheWinnebago.

2.Mögliche Lösung:b)Hogansareroundhutscoveredwithgrass.c) TheNavajotraditionallyworeponchos,blanketsandcloaks

madeofwool.d)TheCherokeeareaNativeAmericantribelivingin

Oklahoma.e)Traditionally,theyusedtowearbreechclothsandleggings

madeofdeerskinandclothmadefrombark.f) TheApachetraditionallylivedinwigwams,whichwere

madeofbentpolescoveredwithgrassorhides,andwhichcouldbebuiltveryquickly.

7


LÖSUNGSHEFT

6 Writing complex sentences

Inthetimeperiodbetween1820and1880,aboutthreemillionpeopleemigratedfromGermanytotheUSA.Thiswasdue toseveralfactors,forexampletheGermanrevolutionsof1848–49,butalsobadharvestsandstarvationathome.Duringthesametimeperiod,almostasmanypeopleimmigratedtotheUSAfromIreland,as a result oftheso-calledIrishpotatofamine.SinceIrelandreliedheavilyonpotatoesforfood,thepotatoblight–afungusthatdestroyedthepotatoharvestforseveralyearsinarow–causedstarvation,andconsequentlyforcedmillionstoleavethecountryinordertomakealivingelsewhere.Becauseslavetradehadbeenbannedin1808,thenumberofAfricanswhowereforcefullytakentotheUSAdecreasedcomparedwithearliertimeperiods,butthenumberof50,000isstillveryhighandsuggeststhatslavetradewasstillconductedillegally.

7 Focus on words: Words and their origins

1.–3.

African languages, incl. Arabic

giraffejumbosafarizombie

GiraffesehrgroßSafariZombie

ColonisationofmanyAfricancountriesbytheBritish(18th–20thcenturies)

Chinese ketchuptea

KetchupTee

IntensetraderelationsbetweenBritainandChina;colonisationofHongKong(19th–20thcenturies;returnofHongKongtoChinain1997)

French beefchampagne

courtjoy

RindfleischSekt,Cham-pagnerHofFreude

‘NormanConquest’:in1066,WilliamofNormandyconqueredEnglandandbroughtwithhimmanyFrenchnoblemen.Forabout300yearsafterthat,therulingclasslargelyspokeFrench.ManyFrenchwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguagethen.

German angstknackwurstnoodlewunderkind

AngstKnackwurstNudelWunderkind

MassimmigrationofGermanstotheUSA;culturalconceptsandthewordstodescribethemwereimported.

Hindi bungalowjungleshampooveranda

BungalowDschungelShampooVeranda

BritishcolonisationandruleofIndia(1600–1947)

Italian balconypastaspaghettizucchini

BalkonTeigwarenSpaghettiZucchini

MassimmigrationfromItalytotheUSA;culturalconceptsandthewordstodescribethemwereimported.

Native American languages

anorakchocolatekayaktomato

AnorakSchokoladeKajakTomate

ContactbetweenindigenouspeoplesandtheirlanguagesandEnglish-speakingsettlers;wordsthatenteredtheEnglishlanguageoftendescribedculturalconceptsthatweretakenoverfromtheNativeAmericans.

Scandi- navian languages

hugskinskirtugly

UmarmungHautRockhässlich

VikingconquestoftheBritishIsles,Vikingrule(8th–11thcenturies)

Spanish avocadocanyonguitartornado

AvocadoSchluchtGitarreTornado,Windhose

ContactbetweenEnglish-speakingsettlersandSpanish-speakinginhabitantsofthesouth-westernstatesthatwereformerlySpanishorMexicancolonies(Texas,Arizona,etc.)

Further examples: Individuelle Antworten

8 Reading: The History of Rap

1.–2.a)false:“Althoughmanypeopledislikethemusicalandlyrical

contentofRaporfinditoffensive,thereislittledoubtthatitsenormoussignificanceasasocialdocumentwillberecognizedwhenfuturegenerationswritethehistorybooks.”(Introduction)

b)true:“TheSugarhillGang’sRappersDelightin1979iswidelyheldasthefirstrapsingle.”(ll.1–2)

c) false:“…whileGrandmasterFlashwasthefirstrapartisttointroducesocialcomment…”(ll.10–11)

d)false:“…throughoutthe80s…Meanwhile,TheBeastieBoys,atrioofmiddleclasswhitekids,mixedrapwiththeirroots…”(ll.13,17–18)

e)false:“Overonthewestcoast…GangstaRap…emergedfromthetroubledinnercities…”(ll.20–23)

f) true:“Long-standinganimositiesbetweeneastandwestwereblamedfortheviolencewhichclaimedthelivesofrisingstarsTupacShakurandNotoriousBIG…”(ll.35–38)

g)true:“Eminem,aliasMarshallMathers,hasarousedcontroversyandadulationinequalmeasure,butthereisnodenyinghistalentsasalyricist.”(ll.42–44)

3.Mögliche Lösung:Obviously,EminemtotallydeservesthisOscar,althoughsadly,manycriticsdon’tseehowmovingitreallyis;itiseasilyhisbestsong.

Topic 4 THE USA TODAY

1 Focus on words: US interventionism in the 20th century

line English word definition German

2 rallyingcry wordorphraseusedtomakepeoplejoinyouinfollowinganidea

Schlachtruf

4 promotesth. helpsth.develop etw.fördern

10 interveneinsth.

becomeinvolvedinsth.inordertochangethesitua-tion

eingreifen

13 internationallaw

alawthatregulatestherelationsbetweencountries

Völkerrecht

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

17–18

interfereinsth.

getinvolvedinasituationwhereyourinvolvementisnotwanted(=meddle)

sicheinmischen

21 de-escalatesth.

makesth.less(usuallyconnectedwithconflict)

de-eskalieren

21 tension conditionwhensth.isnotrelaxed;problematicrela-tionshipbetweenpeopleorcountries

Spannung

22 dismarma-ment

reducingtheamountofweaponsthatacountryhas

Abrüstung

23 administra-tion

governmentofacountryataspecifictime

Regierung

26 collapse breakdown Zusammen-bruch,Untergang

33 refugee personwhohastoleavetheircountrybecauseofwar,starvationorreligiousorpoliticalpersecution

Flüchtling

2 Spot on grammar: The passive

1.a)Wemustmaketheworldsafefordemocracy.b)TheUSAhasclaimedthegoaltopromotepeaceand

democracyintheworldeversince.c) …andafterthewartheUSAsupportedthesecountries.d)WhentheoriginalmembercountriessignedtheCharterof

theUNin1945…e)…51countriesjoinedtheneworganization.f) Duringthe1970s,somepoliticiansmadeeffortstode-

escalatetensionsbetweenthesuperpowersandbegindisarmament.

2.a)InWorldWarII,fascistregimesinGermanyandItalywere

foughtbytheUSA.b)Theobservationofhumanrightsinacountrywaspaid

moreattentiontothanitspoliticalsystem.c) Aftertheterrorattacksof2001,firstAfghanistan,andthen

IraqwereinvadedbytheUSA.d)OsamabinLaden,headoftheIslamicterrororganizationAl

Qaida,wasfoundandkilledbymembersoftheUSarmy.

3 The USA and its role in the world

1. Description:Thecartoonshowsalargebillboardtotheright,totheleftyouseeacoupledrivingbywhoarelookingatthebillboard.Inthebackground,youseethecapitolbuilding,sothecitythecoupleisenteringisWashingtonD.C.ThebillboardshowsamanwholookslikethefamousimageofUncleSam–withacylinderhatthathasstarsandstripesonit,agoatee,ajacketwithtailsandstripypants–whoispointingatthecouple.Thewritingonthebillboardsays“We’relookingforafewgoodcountriestodemocratize”.Analysis:Theimageonthebillboardresemblesthefamousarmyrecruitmentposterfrom1917,inwhichtheUncleSamfigurepointsdirectlyatthepersonlookingatthepicture,withthe

caption“WewantyoufortheUSarmy”.Here,theadvertisementisforcountriesthattheUSAwantstodemocratize.ThismakesitlooklikeitisnotinresponsetoacrisisthattheUSAgetsinvolvedinacountrytohelpestablishdemocraticstructures,butthattheyactivelygooutandlookforcountriesinwhichtheycaninterfere.

2.a)–c)Mögliche Lösung:Introduction:– greeting– useofquotationbyWoodrowWilson,“Theworldmustbe

madesafefordemocracy”asaheadingforthetopicofUSinvolvementintheworld–questioniftheremaybeothermotivesaswell

– mainpoints: overviewofattitudestointernationalinvolvement exampleofonecountry conclusion:referencetocurrentsituation

Body of presentation:Overview:– generally:attitudeofisolationismuntilWorldWarI(with

someexceptions)– WorldWarI:USAjoinslate(1917)– backtoisolationismuntil1941whentheUSAjoinsWorld

WarII– afterWorldWarII:rivallingsuperpowersUSAandSoviet

Union;USinvolvementintheworldtokeepcommunismfromspreading(EasternGermany,Korea,Vietnam,Cuba)

– afterfalloftheSovietUnion:involvementintheMiddleEast(Iraq)

– after9/11:“waronterror”

ExamplesofUSinvolvementintheworld:U.S.interventioninGermanyandJapanafterWWIIresultedintheformationofstrongsuccessfuldemocracies.TheU.S.waslesssuccessfulinthethreeothernationsonthelist.Germany:– TheUSAwereoneofthefourvictoriousallieswho

determinedGermany’sfateafterWorldWarII.– Germanywasdividedintofouroccupationzones

administeredbytheU.S.A.,GreatBritain,FranceandtheSovietUnion.

– Initially,bydismantlingheavyindustry,Germanywastobereducedtoanagriculturaleconomy(MorgenthauPlan)

– Through”denazification”:peopleconnectedwiththeNaziregimewereremovedfromallpositionsofpower.

– increasedtensionsbetweenthethreewesternalliesandtheSovietUnion:

– In1949thethreewesternzonesweremergedandtheFederalRepublicofGermanywascreated.

– Aconstitution(Grundgesetz)forthenewdemocracywaswrittenbyrepresentativesoftheGermanBundesländer aswellasthethreeWesternallies.

– MarshallPlan(1947–52):financialaidfortherecoveryofEurope;Germanyincludedasof1949.

– TheimportanceofGermanyfortheeconomicrecoveryofEuropeleadstoendofMorgenthauPlanin1950.

– WiththedevelopmentoftheColdWar,GermanyisincreasinglyseenasanimportantallyagainstthecommunistcountriesintheEast;GermanyisallowedtojoinNATOin1955.

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

Japan:– 1945–52:occupationofJapan;widespreadmilitary,political,

economicandsocialreformsconductedinJapanunderUSGeneralMcArthur,assistedbytheotherAlliedPowersandChina.

– goaloftheoccupationofJapan:punishmentformilitarismandexpansion;rebuildingofJapantopreventfuturemilitarization

– economicreform:landreformtotheadvantageoftenantfarmersandthedisadvantageofrichlandowners;transformationofJapanintoafreemarketcapitalisteconomy

– politicalreform:changesintheconstitution;decreasingthepoweroftheemperortothatofafigureheadwithoutrealpoliticalpower;politicalpowerlieswithaparliamentarysystem

– later:importanceofstrengtheningJapan’seconomyisrecognizedtopreventtakeoverbycommunistforceswithinthecountry;importanceofJapanassourceofsuppliesforUNforces.

Vietnam:– 1930s:HoChiMinhfoundedtheIndochineseCommunist

Party(ICP)whosemainaimitwastoexpellFrenchimperialismfromVietnam.

– JapaneseoccupyVietnamduringWWII.– ICPresistsJapaneseinvasionusingguerillawarfare(Viet

Minhforces).– 1945:HoChiMinhdeclaresVietnameseindependence,

FrenchbegintorecolonizeVietnam.– 1950s:UScontinuallyincreasetheirassistancetothe

Frenchintheirwaragainstthecommunists.– 1964:USenterthewarunderPresidentJohnson.By1967

500,000UStroupesinVietnam.– 1969HoChiMinhdies.Increasedoppositionagainstthe

warwithintheUnitedStates(Woodstock).– 1973:ParisPeaceAccord.U.StroupespulloutofVietnam.– 1975:NorthVietnamesetroupestakeoverthewhole

country.Hundredsofthousandsofrefugeesflee(BoatPeople).

Afghanistan:– TheWarinAfghanistanisthelongestrunningwarinUS

history.– September11,2001:attackontheWorldTradeCenterin

NewYork– Afterthe9/11-attackPresidentGeorgeW.Bushdemanded

thattheTalibanleadersofAfghanistanhandoverOsamaBinLadenwhowastheheadoftheterroristorganisational-Qaedaandorchestratoroftheattacks.Talibanrefused.

– October7,2001:TheUSandtheUKlaunchOperationEnduringFreedomandbeginwarinAfghanistan.

– Dec.2001:BonnConference.HamidKarzaiselectedtoheadtheAfghaninterimgovernment.

– 2003:NATO(includingGermany)joinsthewar.– Afterinitiallybeingdefeated,Talibanre-groupandcontinue

tofightusingguerillawarfareandsuicideattacks.– May1,2011:OsamaBinLadenkilledbyUStroupesin

Pakistan.– May2012:NATOpresentsexitstrategy.– Becauseofcontinuedattacksandinstability,thereareat

presentstillthousandsofUStroupesinAfghanistanwithnoplanstowithdraw.

Iraq:– TheIraqwarbeganin2003whentheUSAandtheUK

beganthe“ShockandAwe”bombingcampaign.– Reasonsgivenfortheinvasionwere:Iraq’sleaderSaddam

Husseinwasdevelopingandusingweaponsofmassdestruction,harboringterroristsandcommittingactsofoutrageoushumanrightsabuses.

– Noevidenceforweaponsofmassdestructionorlinkstoal-QaedawereeverfoundleadingmanytobelievetheUShadulteriormotivesfortheinvasion.

– Dec.2003:SaddamHusseincaptured;executedin2006– TheUSAofficiallyendedthewarin2011andremovedall

combattroupes.– Becauseofinsurgenciesandinstabilityandbecauseofthe

increasedpresenceofISIS,theUSremainsactivemilitarilyinIraq.

4 Analysing cartoons: Fake news

Cartoon A:1.Description:Inthecartoonyouseetwowomenwhoaretalkingwitheachother.Thewomanontheleftisweighingherselfonasetofbathroomscales.Thecaptionsays,“They’reTrumpscales,Ionlyweigh98LBS!”2.Messageofthecartoon:Thecartoondealswiththetopicfakenewsandpost-truth,whichhasbecomesoprominentinthepastyearorso,especiallyinconnectionwithDonaldTrump’selectioncampaignandpresidency.Ithasbecomequitecommonthatnews,especiallynewsthatarespreadonsocialnetworks,arenotbasedonfacts,butaredesignedtoappealtothereaders’emotions.Thewomaninthecartoonownsasetofbathroomscalesthatfulfilsherwishfulthinkinginthatittellsherthatsheweighslessthansheactuallydoes.However,althoughsheknowsthefactthattheinformationgivenbythescalesisnotbasedonthetruth(“They’reTrumpscales”),shebelievesit(“Ionlyweigh…”).ThepointofthecartoonisthatthepeoplewhohearandbelievethefakenewsspreadbypeoplelikeDonaldTrumpandhisfollowers,donotcareifthesenewsarebasedonfactsornot,aslongastheyagreewiththeirbeliefs.Reasonforchoosingthiscartoon:Thecartoonisfunnybecauseitappliestheconceptoffakenewstoaneverydaysituationinwhichtheconnectionbetweenwishfulthinking(wantingtobeslim)andthespreadingoffalseinformationbecomesveryobvious.

Cartoon B:1.Description:Thecartoonshowsamanwhoissittinginanarmchair,startingtoreadhisnewspaper.Hepullsbackhishandsfromthenewspaperandlooksveryshocked.Thereisaspeechbubblewhichcontainstheexclamation“Yuck!”whichshowsdisgust,andabovethenewspaperweread“Warning!Thisnewspapermaycontaintracesofjournalism!!”.Thistextshowswhatiswrittenonthefrontpageofthisnewspaper.2.Messageofthecartoon:Thewordjournalism heredescribesaformofunbiasednewsreportingthatrepresentsfactsandisbasedonthoroughresearch.Thiscartoonpointstotheunwillingnessofthepeopletoreadnewsthatmaypossiblyconflictwiththeiropinion.Afterthespreadofthephenomenonof“fakenews”

10


LÖSUNGSHEFT

duringDonaldTrump’selectioncampaignin2016,peoplehavebecomeusedtobeingprovidedwithnewsthatalignwiththeiropinionandthatcontainwhattheywanttohear.Themaninthecartoonthereforereactsverynegativelytotheannunciationofnewsthatmaynotbewhathewantstohear.Reasonforchoosingthiscartoon:Thecartoonpointstotheveryseriousproblemoffakenewsandthewillingnessofmanypeopletobeinformedinthisone-sidedmannerinahighlyexaggeratedmanner,whichmakesitfunnyandseriousatthesametime.

5 Working with a monolingual dictionary

1.a)wake(l.3)possiblewordclasses: verb,nounwordclasshere: nouncollocationinwhichitoccurshere:

inthewakeof

meaningofthiscollocation: after,following,asaresultofb)tack(l.5)wordclass: nounmeaning: awayofdoingsomethingc) broughtforward(l.18)Underwhichworddoyoufindthisphraseexplained?

bring(somethingforward)

verbform: pastparticiplemeaning: officiallyintroduceaplanetc.

tobediscussedd)analyses(ll.65/66)Whichworddoyoulookup? analysisnumberofsyllables: 4Whichsyllableisstressed? XXXXform: pluralcorrespondingverb: analyse/analyzenumberofsyllablesoftheverb:

3

Whichsyllableisstressed? XXXe)drop(l.83)wordclass: nounmeaning: reductionintheamountofsth.synonym: fall,decrease

2. tobringsth.about–tomakesth.happen,causesth.tobringsb.around–(a)tomakeanunconsciousperson

consciousagain;(b)tomakesb.agreewithyouorpersuadesb.todosth.

tobringsb./sth.down–toreducesth.toalowerlevel,makesb.giveuptheirposition(ofpower)

tobringsth.in–(usu.money)toearntobringsth.up–tomentionorraiseasubject

6 Spot on grammar: If-clauses

1.1 willbe2 would/couldhavebeenavoided3 donothaveaccess4 is5 wereoutlawed6 wouldnotbeableto7 tookaway8 amnotallowedtocarry9 wouldreduce

2. Mögliche Lösungen:a)…theriskofaccidentalshootingswouldrise.(TypeII)b)…thenumberofinjuriesanddeathsthroughgunshots

wouldprobablyincrease.(TypeII)c) …theymaynothavebeenabletokillsomany,evenif

theyhadplannedtoharmtheirfellowstudents.(TypeIII)d)…theywillhavetofindothermeanstoprotecttheir

livestockandcropsfromwildanimals.(TypeI)e)…they(will)haveachanceofbecomingresponsiblegun

users.

3.a)IftheinfluenceoftheNRAremainsasstrongasitistoday,

theUSAwillneverhavestrictergunlaws.(TypeI)b)Ifgunswerenotsoeasilyavailabletoschoolchildren,

fewerschoolshootingswouldhappen.(TypeII)c) IfObamahadnotmetwithsuchfierceresistance,hecould

havebroughtaboutstrictergunlawsandmadetheUSAasaferplacetolivein.(TypeIII)

7 Writing: Composition

1. Background information:Numbers:– totalnumberofgunsintheUSA:about270,000,000(88,8

gunsper100people)–highestpercapitanumberintheworld

– 22%ofAmericansownoneormoreguns– gunshotsarethe#12causeofdeathintheUSA– 1999–2013:464,033gundeathsintheUSA:270,237suicides

(58.2%oftotaldeaths);174,773homicides(37.7%);and9,983unintentionaldeaths(2.2%).

– 66.6%ofallhomicideswerecausedbyguns,52.2%ofallsuicides

– 2001and2012:6,410womenwerekilledwithagunbytheirpartner;theriskforawomantobeshotandkilledinadomesticdisputeis500timeshigherwhenagunispresent.(Source:https://gun-control.procon.org)

Legal situation:– 2ndamendmentof1791secures“righttobeararms”– severallawsregulategunuseandownership– Itisgenerallyallowedtocarryagunopenly.– severallawsregulatee.g.backgroundchecksonpeople

wantingtobuyagun(historyofmentalillness)

National Rifle Association:– foundedin1871tohelpensureshootingskillsinthe

military– today:lobbyforindividualgunownership

Arguments in favour of stricter gun laws:– Strictergunlawsthatrequireaspecialpermitforowning

gunswouldreducethenumberofgunsownedbyUScitizens.Thiswouldreducethenumberofgun-relateddeaths(murder,homicide,suicideandaccidentaldeaths).

– Firearmsarerarelyusedinself-defense;burglarsarelesslikelytocarryagunifthesearelesseasilyavailable.

– Backgroundchecksintothementalhealthofpotentialbuyerscanreducetheriskofmassshootingsorotherattackscommittedbypeoplewithmentalinstability.

11


LÖSUNGSHEFT

– Thesecondamendmentdoesnotprovidefortherighttoprivategunownership,butforgunownershipinthecontextoftheneedtoformamilitia.SincetheUSAhasastandingarmy,thisisnolongernecessary.

– Criminalshaveveryeasyaccesstoguns;evenlegallyownedgunscaneasilybestolenandusedinillegalways.

– Suicidescanbereducedifgunsarenotsoeasilyavailable.– Accidentscausedbygunsinthehandsofchildrencanbe

reducedifgunsarenotpresentinsomanyhouseholds.

Arguments against stricter gun laws:– Strictergunlawswouldnotreducedeaths;countrieswith

verystrictgunlawslikeMexicohaveevenhigherratesofdeathsthroughgunshots.

– Peopleneedtobeallowedtoownfirearmsforself-defense;peoplefeelalotmoresecurewhentheyhaveagunintheirhouse.

– Backgroundchecksintothementalhealthofpotentialgunbuyersareaninfringementonthatperson’sprivacyandcanleadtothestigmatizationofmentallyillpeopleasviolent.

– Strictergunlawswouldinfringeonthepersonalrighttoowngunswhichissecuredbythe2ndamendment.

– Criminalswillalwaysgetaholdofaguniftheywantto.– Apersonwhowantstocommitsuicidewillfindanother

wayifagunisnotavailable.– Gun-relatedaccidentscanbepreventedbysecurelocks,

andthrougheducatingchildrentohandlegunssafely.

2. Individuelle Lösungen.

3. Mögliche Lösung:“Gunsdon’tkill–peoplekill”.ThisisoneoftheslogansusedbytheNRAtocontradicttheclaimsthatstrictergunlawswouldreducethenumberofinjuriesanddeathsintheUSA.Herearesomefacts:accordingtorecentstatistics,thereareabout270milliongunsintheUSA,thatis88per100citizens.Thisisthehighestratiointheworld.Between1999and2013,morethan460,000peoplediedofgunshots.About270,000ofthoseweresuicides,almost175,000werehomicides,andalmost10,000wereaccidents.Peopleopposedtostrictergunlawswillsaythatthereisnoconnection.Forexample,itisoftensaidthatpeoplewhowanttocommitsuicidewillfindanotherwayifnogunisavailable.However,itispossible,ifnotlikely,thatmanyofthesuicidevictimsmighthavehadtimeforsecondthoughts,ormighthavebeendeterredbythedifficultyoffindinganotherwaytokillthemselves,ifagunhadnotbeenavailable.Thenumberofhomicidesisequallyshocking.Notallofthemarecommittedbyhardenedcriminals.Afightbetweenawomanandherpartnerinwhichtheemotionsareheated,forexample,canresultinabloodbathifagunisavailable,whileitmaynotendasbadlyifthereisnogun.Infact,statisticssaythattheriskforawomantobekilledinadomesticdisputeis500timeshigherifagunisavailable.Last,notleast,therearetheaccidentaldeaths.Law-abidingcitizensmayownagunandmeannoharm,buttheymightforgettolocktheirgunawaysafely.Theirchildrenmaygetholdoftheirgunandaccidentallycausehorribleharm,tothemselvesortootherswhoarepresent.Surely,gunsbythemselvesdon’tkill,itisalwaysapersonwhopullsthetrigger.Butitseemstobealothardertobetempted

topullthattriggerifnogunisavailableinthefirstplace.Therefore,IthinkthatmuchstricterlawsshouldregulatehowmanygunsaresoldintheUSA,andwhoshouldbeallowedtoownone.Itismybeliefthatthousandsoflivescouldbesavedeveryyear.

8 Listening: What has legalizing marijuana brought us?

§ A1.4 Audioskript:sieheMediencodey2t6c8

1. 1E,2I,3B,4A,5H,6D,7C,8G,9F

2. Mögliche Lösung:a)Oncologistswarnthatsmokingmarijuanamayalsoleadto

lungcancer.b)Manypoliceofficersfavorthelegalizationofmarijuana

becausepeoplewhoareotherwisepettycriminalswhogetbustedbecauseofsellingmarijuanacoulddothislegally,andthepolicecouldconcentrateonthemoreseriouscasesofdrug-dealing.

c) SmokingmarijuanacanhelpwithticsandTourettesyndrome.

d)Growingandsellingmarijuanacouldbeachanceformanyformerlypettycriminalstolegallybecomeentrepreneursandstartabusinesssellingandgrowingcannabis.

e)Smokingcannabiscanleadtonausea.

3.a)…eineAbsenkungdesIntelligenzquotientenundeine

VeränderungdesGehirnareals,dasfürdasLangzeitgedächtniszuständigist.

b)…dieBehandlungderNebeneffektevonChemotherapiebeiKrebspatienten,dasAnregenvonAppetitbeiHIV/AIDS-PatientenunddieKontrollederTicksbeiMenschenmitdemTourette-Syndrom.

c) …esfürInspirationsorgt.d)…großeFirmensofortdenMarktübernahmenunddieser

nunvonzehnMenschendominiertwird,diediekleinenUnternehmenvomMarktdrängen.

e)…esGeldeinbringtundvieleJobsdadurchentstehen.

4. Mögliche Lösung:Peopleshouldenjoythelegalconsumptionofcannabisbutnotoverdoit–ifusedtoomuch,itisharmful,anditisstilladrug!

9 Focus on words: What’s up in the USA?

Across:1 interfere7 corporate8 tackle9 escalate12 verify13 threat14 plummet

Down:2 unprecedented3 grieve4 devastating5 resume6 compelled10 alienated11 deterrence

12


LÖSUNGSHEFT

Topic 5 THE ENVIRONMENT – GIVE EARTH A CHANCE

1 Showing commitment

pros cons

Raisingpeople’sawarenesstoenvironmentalproblemsorganizingsomethingunusualmayhavealong-termeffect.Thismaycreateasenseofcommunity.Peoplegetmoreinformationthanintheirdailyliveswhereroutinemakesthempushenvironmentalproblemstothebackoftheirminds.Repeatingsuchaneventyearbyyearmakessureproblemsarenotforgotten.

Peopleshouldalwaysbeawareofproblemstobetackled–notjustforaday.Itistruethatenvironmentalproblemsaffectusall,buteveryindividualcanmakeacontributioneveryday.Shouldn’tpeoplebeinterestedintheirenvironmentwithoutawarenessdaysremindingthemofwhattheproblemis?Peopleshowinterestforoneday,thentheygoonlivingasbefore.

2 Focus on words: Word families

1.a)todeliver;Lieferungb)toemit;Ausstoßc) torespond;Antwortend)tosimulate;Simulation

2.a)elimination;eliminierenb)determination;bestimmenc) similarity;ähnlichd)sustainability;nachhaltige)prediction;voraussagenf) significance;bedeutend,wichtig

3.a)congested;Verstopfung,Staub)preferable;Vorliebenc) informative;Informationd)predictable;vorhergesehene)convenient;Bequemlichkeit

4.a)Oberflächlichbetrachtet…b)Aberwiesiehtesausmit…?c) …wievieleLieferfahrzeugebenötigtwerden,um…d)Eigenartigerweise(Seltsamerweise)…e)EswidersprichtauchDatenandererForscher,dieaufzeigen,

dassEinkäufeimInternetzwischen2001und2011umdasSechsfachegestiegensind.

f) Aber…g)Jedenfalls(AufjedenFall)…h)insgesamti) früherej) DaslegtdieVermutungnahe,dass…

3 Another environmental problem

1.Spacedebrisisthecollectionofhuman-madeobjectsinearthorbit,suchasoldsatellitesandfragmentsfromcollisions.AsofDecember2016,fivesatellitecollisionshaveresultedingeneratingspacewaste.

2.A,BandCarecorrect.

3.– Itposesadangertoworkingsatellitesandmanned

spacecraft.– Spacetrashtravelsatgreatspeed,soevensmallpiecescan

penetratespacecraftanddamagethem.

4.– Since1957,therehavebeenmorethan4,900space

launches.– Consequence:Morethan18,000trackedobjectscanbe

foundinspace–94%arespacedebris.– Expertssupposetherearemanymoreobjectsinspace

whichcansimplynotbetracked.– Removalisrequiredinordertostopanincreaseinspace

debris.

5.e.DeorbitisaplannedEuropeanSpaceAgencyactivespacedebrisremovalmissiondevelopedasapartoftheirCleanSpaceinitiative.Thelaunchisplannedfor2023onboardaVegalaunchvehicle.(source:wikipedia)Howitworks:Netswillbeusedtocatchdebrisandremoveitfromspace.

4 Mediation: A green city?

Mögliche Lösung:WhatmakesFreiburg“green”?1 alotofgreenspaceinandaroundFreiburg:forests,

vineyards,biotopes2 thecitydoesalottonotpollutetheenvironment:Sustainabilityisveryimportant.– referstotheavoidanceandreductionofCO2emissions– majorcontributionbyveryefficientpublictransport– sourcesofenergy:wind,sun,water– goal:tobeclimate-neutralby2050– basisofwastedisposal:recycling– since2016:recyclingquota=69%=higherthanwhatthe

federalgovernmentrequires– amountofhouseholdwastepercapitabelowaverage

5 Improving your style: Environmental organisations

1.1 fierce2 seriously3 widely4 late5 noticeably

6 alarming7 regularly8 strong9 often

2.Mögliche Lösung:name:FriendsoftheEarthfoundation:1969

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

goals:– campaigningtoaddresstheeconomicanddevelopment

aspectsofsustainability– campaignareas:forestsandbiodiversity,climatejustice,

desertification,nuclearpower,water,consumptionandintensivemeatproduction

name:EnvironmentalWorkingGroup(EWG;USA)foundation:1993goals:– specializesinresearchandadvocacyintheareasoftoxic

chemicals,agriculturalsubsidies,publiclands,andcorporateaccountability

– non-profitorganization;mission:usethepowerofpublicinformationtoprotectpublichealthandtheenvironment

6 Analysing cartoons: More waste

Mögliche Lösung:1. description:– manstandinginfrontofabottlebank– onthebottlebankitsays:whitebottles,brownbottles,

nuclearwaste– manlooksconfused:nuclearwaste?2. message:– problemofnuclearwastedisposal– safeplacesareneededbutdifficulttofind– possiblemessage:Thereisnosafeplacetostorenuclear

waste,soyoumayaswellputitinabottlebank,anditdoesn’tmakeanydifference.Nuclearwasteisaproblemwhichcan’tbesolved.

3. opinion:Individuelle Antworten.

7 Nuclear power

1 decarbonisation2 devastating3 feasible4 crucial5 poses

6 approach7 viable8 abundant9 needs10Alongside

8 Spot on grammar: The passive

1. active:Buthumansarechangingtheclimatesystem. passive:Buttheclimatesystemisbeingchangedby

humans.2. active:Somegasesinouratmosphere,mainlyCO2,trap

heatemittedfromtheearth’ssurface. passive:HeatemittedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceistrapped

bysomegasesinouratmosphere,mainlyCO2.3. active:Humanactivities,especiallyburningfossilfuels,

haveincreasedthelevelofthesegreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.

passive:Thelevelofthesegreenhousegasesintheatmospherehasbeenincreasedbyhumanactivities,especiallyburningfossilfuels.

4. active:TheInternationalPanelonClimateChangehasdevelopedanumberofscenariosforfuturegreenhousegasemissions.

passive:AnumberofscenariosforfuturegreenhousegasemissionshasbeendevelopedbytheInternationalPanelonClimateChange.

9 Spot on grammar: Passive voice constructions

1.Mansagt/glaubt,dassmeinNachbarGiftmüllinseinemGartenentsorgthat.

2.a)Plasticbagsusageisthoughttohavealreadydroppedby

50%.b)Renewablesaresaidtohaveaccountedfor30%ofGB’s

energyin2016.c) Ecologicalfarmingisthoughttohavealreadychanged

consumers’healthawareness.d)Touristsaresaidtohaveleftmorelitterthaneveron

southernbeachesin2016.e)Carbonemissionsarethoughttohavecontributed

enormouslytoglobalwarmingoverthepastfewyears.

3.Mögliche Lösungen:a)Plasticsaresaidtohavecausedthedeathofmanysea

creatures.b)Publictransportisthoughttohaveimprovedtheairquality.

10 Plastic bags

1.1 trigger2 precious3 circulation4 charge5 sensible6 carrier

2. Individuelle Antworten.

11 Preparing a five-minute talk

1. description:– customerinanairportshop;manyplanesinthe

backgroundpollutingtheair– conversationbetweenthesaleswomanandthecustomer– saleswomanoffersabagforlife– triestoconvincethecustomertomakeacontributionto

theprotectionoftheenvironment– bagforlife:maybepartoftheretailpriceisdonatedto

someenvironmentalproject;maybeitisareusablebag(tobeusedthroughoutone’slife)

2.message:– Ifpartoftheretailprice(orevenallthemoney)isusedfor

agoodcause,thisisbasicallyagoodinitiative.– Ontheotherhand:Doesitmakesensetobuyabagforlife

whenatthesametimeyouaregoingtoboardaflightwhichpollutestheair?Theenvironmentaldamageismuchbiggerthanifyouuseathrow-awaybagforexample.

3.otherenvironmentalproblems:– airplanespollutetheair–problem:Peoplegobyplane

evenwhentravellingonlyshortdistances.– flightsarerelativelycheap:Thisleadstoincreasing

numbersofflightpassengersandtoanincreaseinemissions

– bags:Plasticbagsendupintheoceanswheretheydonotdecompose.Fishmistakethemforfood.

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

Topic 6 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

1 Robositter

1.Mögliche Lösung:cleanup,cookmeals,workinthegarden,dohomeworkwithchildren,liftheavyobjects,playgames,walkdogs,…

2.Mögliche Lösung:IntroducingiMateTheonlyfriendyou’lleverneed.Tiredofcleaningupafterdinnerparties?Sickoftakingthedogforawalkintherain?HadenoughoflearningPythagorastheorywithyourson?Don’tworry–helpisontheway.TheiMateisn’tjustahelperrobot,itispartofyourfamily.iMatehasavocabularyofover60,000words,speaks10languages,andcomeswithaccesstothousandsofappsandgamesforkidsofallages.iMateisnevertiredorboredandishappytohelpwhereverhecan.Andifthereissomethinghecannotdo,thensimplygoonlineanddownloadanupdatefromourextensivedatabase.

2 Spot on grammar: S-genitive

a)It’stheconsumers’decisionwhethertobuytheiPalornot.

b)Theroboter’sfunctionsarevaried.c) Itsintercommunicativefunctionshavealreadybeentested

inChina.e)Thechildren’sreactionsweremixed.f) Thescientists’opinionsabouttheiPaldivergeaswell.

3 Listening: The second machine age

§ A1.5 Audioskript:Mediencodey2t6c8

a)ourworld…ourjobsb)alowendjob/ajobnobody

wantsc) 360d)iftheyweremadebya

persone)computersoftware

f) humansandmachinesg)greatwealth…high

unemployment/joblessnessh)thebestcancer

specialists…top-classeducation…thebestart

4 Machines with morals: true or false?

b)true:“Inonesurvey,76%ofpeopleagreedthatadriverlesscarshouldsacrificeitspassengerratherthanploughintoakill10pedestrians.(ll.29–32)

c) false:“Whenpeoplewereaskedwhethertheywouldbuyacarcontrolledbysuchamoralalgorithm,theirenthusiasmcooled.”(ll.39–43)

d)true:„…thebestwaytomakesuredriverlesscarsareassafeaspossiblewasthroughgovernmentregulation.Butthesurveysfoundmostpeopleobjectedtotheidea.”(ll.55–59)

e)true.“…self-interestweighsmoreheavilythanthegreatergood.”(ll.95–97)

5 Crossword: GMOs? OMG!

Across:3 contain5 unnatural7 labelling9 ingredients10consumer12wildlife

Down:1 packaging2 healthier4 sustainable6 pest8 pressure11modified

6 Connectives

a)However;onetheonehand…ontheotherhand;but;although;yet

b)because;that’sbecausec) consequently;therefored)consequently;thereforee)however;but;onetheonehand…ontheotherhand;

although;yetf) consequently;however;but;therefore;ontheonehand…

ontheotherhand;although;yetg)consequently;thereforeh)However;onetheonehand…ontheotherhand;but;

although;yeti) forexamplej) However;onetheonehand…ontheotherhand;but;

although;yetk)However;onetheonehand…ontheotherhand;but;

although;yetl) However;onetheonehand…ontheotherhand;but;

although;yet

7 Listening: The hidden risks of smartphones


1.a)metadatab)trackingc) collectandkeepd)law/act

2.a)– thenumbershehadcalled/texted– hislocation– thedateanddurationofthecallsb)Shecomparesittoagoldmine.c) Ittracksandanalysestherun.Italsotellsyouwhenyou

needtobuynewtrainersandlocatestheneareststoreforyou.

d)Theyexploitthefactthatcustomerswantconvenience.e)Youhavetoallowtheappaccesstoyourdata.

3.Individuelle Antworten.

8 Focus on words: 1984

1.a)dust(l.6)b)surface(l.22)c) tosqueeze(Lösung nicht im Text)d)simultaneously(l.46)e)assumption(l.55)f) toreveal(l.58)

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

2.a)seldom(l.12)b)togaze(l.17)c) toemphasize(l.27)d)instant(l.40)e)vast(l.59)f) grimy(l.59)

3.a)handsome(l.10)b)beneath(l.19)c) frail(l.26)d)blunt(l.29)e)vast(l.59)

9 Science and technology in literature

Individuelle Antworten.

10 Science & Technology: Both sides of the coin

Mögliche Lösungen:1. Domesticrobots

pro con

– robotscanhelpchildrenorpeoplethatareoldordisabled

– robotsarenevertiredorfrustrated

– robotscanhelpbusyparentswiththeirchildren

– robotscangivepeopletimetodootherthings

– wearefacedwithanagingpopulation,solabourwillbeshortinthefuture

– peoplewillbecomelazy– peoplemightbecometoo

reliantonmachines– therobots’lackof

emotioncanaffectachild’sdevelopment

– closeinterpersonalrelationshipsmightdecrease

– communicationandcommunicationskillsskills(withinthefamily)mightdecrease

2.Autonomousvehicles

pro con

– autonomousvehiclescanincreaseroadsafetybycuttingouthumanerror

– autonomousvehiclescannotdrinkanddrive

– autonomousvehiclesaremodernandthereforemoreenvironmentallyfriendly

– ideally,youcanworkonthewaytotheofficeoryourplaceofwork

– autonomousvehiclescannotbetrustedtomakemoraldecisions

– autonomousvehiclesareveryexpensivetobuyandmaintain

– theremaybeaproblemwithamixofautonomousvehiclesandtraditionalcarsontheroad

– somepeoplelikedrivingandthiswillbetakenawayfromthem

– childrenandteenagersmightbemoretemptedtodrivewithoutpermission

– peoplejustspendmoretimeontheirsmartphones

3.GMOs

pro con

– GMOscansolvefamineproblems

– GMOsareresistanttoenvironmentaldangerssuchasdroughtandheat

– GMOscanbedesignedtolastlonger

– GMOsarenotnatural– GMOsmaycausediseases

orallergies– AnincreaseinGMOsmay

leadtomorepeoplenotknowingwhatisintheirfood

4.Surveillance

pro con

– CCTVcanhelpthepolicefindmissingpeopleandidentifycriminals

– surveillanceisthereforoursafety

– surveillancedeterscriminals

– surveillancedoesnotguaranteeoursafety

– peopledonotlikebeingobserved

– itisnotalwaysclearwhenandwherewearebeingwatched,andbywhom


Mögliche Lösungen:Cartoon1:Thecartoonshowssomeoneholdingascanningdeviceandscanningfivepeople,allofwhichhavebarcodesontheirfore-heads.Allofthepeoplehaveablanklookontheirfacesandaquiteunhappyfacialexpression.Theyalsoseemtobeundersomeformoftrance.ThemessagecouldbethatthankstoconstantdatacollectionbycompanieslikeGoogleorgovern-mentinstitutions,peoplearebecomingmoreobservedandcontrolledbycompaniesorthestate,somuchsothatweareenteringascenariosimilartothatdescribedbyOrwellin1984.

Cartoon2:Thecartoonshowsastoryboardinwhichamanispreparingsomefoodandtalkingaboutthebenefitsofgenetically-modifiedfood,repeatedlysayingitissafe.Thewomanheistalkingtodoesnotlookimpressedandaskshimiftherearegenetically-modifiedfoodinwhateverheiscooking,towhichhereplies‘Idon’twantyoutoknow’.Themessageisthatpeoplearestillscepticalaboutgenetically-modifiedproductsandalsohavethefeelingthatsomecompaniesdonotadmittousingsuchingredientsintheirproducts.

Topic 7 CONSUMERISM – LIVING IN A MATERIAL WORLD

1 Reading: Minimalism

1.b)983–TheaveragesizeofaUShomein1950was983square

feet.c) 2,480–TheaveragesizeofaUShomein2011was2,480

squarefeet.d)1950–In1950thesizeoftheaveragefamilyinthewestern

worldwas3.37;in1950theaveragesizeofaUShomewas983squarefeet.

e)2.6–Thesizeoftheaveragefamilyinthewesternworldis2.6peopletoday.

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

2.a)Hesaidhewasn’tinterestedinlivinginacold,empty

apartment.b)Heaskedwhowantedtolivewithonlyahandfulofthings.c) Hesaidhehadn’treallyknownwheretostart.d)Heclaimedthathehadliterallycountedeverythinghe

owned.e)Heexplainedthatitwasn’tthathewantedtoownonly100

things.f) Headmittedhehadstartedthisexperimentasajoke.g)Hesaidthatheguaranteedyouhadmuchmorethanyou

thought.h)Hementionedthatevenwhenhetookacriticallookathis

list,hesawthatheactuallyusedeverythingheowned.i) Hesaidthatmaybehe’dhave200or500thingssometime

nextyear.

3.Mögliche Lösung:Hi,IreallyenjoyedyourcolumnanditgotmethinkingabouthowmuchstuffIhaveinmyownlife.Istartedtocountmythings,asyoudid,butIquicklystoppedwhenIrealizedhowmuchtimeitwouldtake.Tobehonest,Idon’tliketheterm‘minimalism’asitsoundssocoldandclinical,butIcertainlythinkthismovementisagoodwayofinspiringpeopletodeclutterandmaybesavesomemoney.Ontheotherhand,whereasit’squiteaneasythingtodoforasingleperson,Ithinkit’dbedifficultforfamilies.(102words)

4.Mögliche Lösung:– Whatisaminimalistlifestyle?Itisalifestylewithfewerpossessions.Minimalistsoftenrejectconsumerism.Aminimalismlifestyleisaboutcuttingdownonwaste.– Whenandwherediditoriginate?MinimalismbeganasawesternartmovementpostWWIIanddrawsinfluencesfromJapanesetradition.Themajorityofminimalismwasinpaintingsandarchitecture.Inrecentyears,thetrendofminimalismasalifestylehasappeared.– Whatarethe‘rules’ofminimalism?Minimalistsonlyhavethingsintheirlifethatbringthemvalueorhaveapurpose.Someminimaliststrytolivewithalimitednumberofpossessions.– Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantages?

advantages disadvantages

– Youcansavemoneyandspace.

– Havingfewerpossessionstolookaftercouldgiveyoumorefreetime.

– Youwillcreatelesswaste.– Youaremoreflexible.– Youhavelesstolose.

– Itmaytakeaverylongtimetodecidewhatyouneedanddon’tneed.

– Alotofwastecanbeproducedbypeopledecluttering.

Minimalismisnotrealisticforfamilieswithchildren.– Yourlifemighthavelittle

variety.– Itcouldmakeusallthe

same.

5.Mögliche Lösung:Introduction:Nowadaystheminimalismmovementhasbecomearealtrend,withblogs,podcastsandfilmsonthesubjectbeingread,listenedtoandwatchedbymillions.Intoday’sworldofmassconsumerism,debtandlandfillsfullofwaste,theideaoflivingwithfewerpossessionsseemsattractiveformanypeople.Transition:Butwhataretheprosandconsoflivingaminimalistlifestyle?Main part:advantages/disadvantages(seeabove)Conclusion:Itisclearthatmanypeopleareturningtoaminimalistlifestyleasawayofavoidingoverconsumption,overspendingandproducingalotofwaste.Ontheonehand,themovementispositiveandevennecessary,butontheotherhandthereisadangerthatitwilltakeawayourindividualism.Inmyview.…


Mögliche Lösungen:CartoonA:Thecartoonshowsamanandawomanspeaking.Themanisholdingsomekindofmachineandisexplainingittothewoman.Heissaying“It’sagadgetforbuyinggadgetsoverthenet.”Themanlooksexcitedaboutthegadgetwhereasthewomanlooksverysceptical.Themessageofthecartoonisthatnowadaysthereisagadgetforeverythingandpeoplecanalwaysbepersuadedthattheyjust‘need’tohaveitwithouteventhinkingaboutthepurchaseproperly.

CartoonB:Thecartoonshowsalargedumptruck,dumpingrubbishinarubbishdump,orlandfill.Uponfirstlook,thetrucklookslikeanormaltruck,butuponcloserlookitiscleartoseethatthetruckhastheshapeofashoppingtrolley.Themessageofthecartoonisthatthemajorityoftheproductsthatpeoplebuyendupontherubbishdump.Thecartooncanbelinkedtothedifferencebetweenthecircularandlineareconomyandtheproductionofwaste.

3 Spend less: Revision of tenses

1.b)will-futurec) presentprogressived)presentperfectsimplee)simplepastf) presentperfectprogressiveg)simplepasth)presentprogressivei) simplepresentj) will-future

2.Mögliche Lösung:a)Ibelievemorepeoplewillturntheirbackonconsumerism

inthefuture.(will-future)b)Iamcurrentlytryingtodeclutter.(presentprogressive)c) IhavesavedalotofmoneysinceIstoppedshoppingso

much.(presentperfectsimple)

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

d)Thankstoconsumerismpeoplehavebeenaccumulatingmoredebtthanever.(presentperfectprogressive)

e)Consumerismismoreprevalentinrichercountriesthanpoorercountries.(simplepresent)

4 Listening: Advertising


1.a)C,b)A,c)B,d)B,e)A

2.a)acartoonb)actualsnacksc) high-densityitems…caloriesd)theBritishObesitySocietye)over-consumef) anobesityg)specificfoods/foodsthathavebeenadvertisedh)thetimespentwatchingTV…thetypeofad

5 Reading: The circular economy: true or false?

1. b)True:“Marketersaretalentedpeople,thesearesomeofthe

mostcreativepeopleontheplanet.Weneedthemtobepartofthischange.”(ll.29–33)

c) False:“…formarketingdepartmentsthatwanttobuildbrandloyalty,circulareconomybusinessmodelshaveadvantages.”(ll.43–46)

d)True:“…thecirculareconomyisn’tjustanother“green”thing,whichthey’vetypicallystruggledtosell,saysRidley.”(ll.53–55)

e)False:“Thereareafewearlyexamplesofbrands’marketinginitiativesforaworldwithdwindlingresources.”(ll.66–68)

f) True:“…amajorshifttocircularityrequirespeopletochangetheirbehaviour.”(ll.82–84)

2.a)Assetsharingiswheremorethanonepersonorcompany

sharesresourcesofsomekind.b)Brandloyaltyiswhenconsumersrepeatedlybuyproducts

fromthesamecompany.c) Sustainabilityisaboutusingresourcesinaresponsibleway

andputtinginplaceprocessesthatcanbeusedinthelongterm.

d)Ifresourcesaredwindling,thentheyarebecomingscarcer.e)Atake-backschemeiswhencompaniesorshopsallowthe

customerstoreturnusedgoods,sometimesinreturnformoneyoradiscountonfuturepurchases.

6 Time to get creative

Lösungsbeispiel:runningshoes

Productname:O-ZoneTagline:RunningforthePlanetThenewO-Zoneisnotonlylightweightandcomfortable,butitismadefrom100%recycledmaterials,meaningyoucanrunwitharealspringinyourstepandaclearconscience.Getfit,feelgoodanddosomethinggoodfortheenvironment.Theuppermaterialismadefrom60%recycledplasticbottlesand40%recycledfibers,andthesoleiscompletelymadefromrecycledrubberandfoam.Butthebestthingisthatwhen

you’verunyourO-Zonesintotheground,we’lltakethemback,grindthemdown,andusethematerialstomakethenextgeneration–meaningyourshoeswillneverdie.

7 Reading: Dear Jeremy

2.Mögliche Lösung:– Youcouldlookforanewcompanythatmatchesyourpoint

ofview.– Leavethecompanyandofferyourservicesasafreelancer.– Speaktoyourbossandtalkopenlyaboutyourfeelingsand

wishes.– Takeasabbaticalorextendedleaveandthinkaboutwhat

isimportantforyourfuturecareer.

8 Preparing a questionnaire

Individuelle Lösungen.

Topic 8 WOW – THE WORLD OF WORK

1 Word stars

1.awayofmakingasocialcontribution

themainsocialmechanismfordistributingincome

themainwaymostpeoplemeettheirmaterialneeds

workakeysourceofstatus akeysourceofidentity

engagementinpaidworkmarksthepassagetomaturity

2.reducetheneedtowork

leaveusfreeforotherthings

hopesculture

organisationofproductiveandsociallybeneficialactivitiesoutsidetheformaleconomy

politics

3.producingconsumergoodswithlimitedusesandlifespans

dubious social utility of new jobs

providingservicesforpeoplewhorequirehelponlybecausetheyaresobusyworking

unsustainablenatureofasystemthatdependsoncontinuouseconomicexpansiontomaintainemploymentlevels

2 Adjectives and adverbs

1.b)frequentlyportrayedc) firmlydrawnd)sociallybeneficiale)increasinglydazzlingf) profoundlypoliticalg)increasinglyunreliable

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

2.Individuelle Antworten (analog zum Beispiel).

3 Slogans

Individuelle Antworten (analog zum Beispiel).

4 Say it politely

Mögliche Lösung:DearSirorMadam,Iamwritingwithregardtotheinternshipyouarecurrentlyofferingonyourcompany’swebpage.Couldyoupossiblyletmehavemoredetailsaboutthejob?PleasefindattachedmyCV.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasedonothesitatetocallme.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Manythanksforyourtime.Yoursfaithfully,(name)

5 Focus on words: Trade unions

a)funding:It’stheonlywordhavingsomethingtodowithmoney,notwithstrikes.

b)criminalise:It’stheonlyverbanddoesnotdirectlyreferto“law”.

c) politicallevy:Alltheotherwordsrefertopeople.d)support:It’stheonlyverbwhichdoesnotexpressawishor

anexpectation.e)breach:Itdoesnotfitinbecauseitdoesnotsayanything

aboutanelection/avote.f) tradeunionduties:Itisabouttradeunionsinthefirst

place,notaboutwork.g)audit:Itdoesn’trefertostrikeactions.h)scale:Itexpressestheextentofsomething,butdoesnot

refertostrikesingeneral.i) including:Itdoesn’trefertoquantities.j) labour:Thisisapoliticalparty,notapublicsectorlikethe

threeotherwords.

6 Analysing cartoons: Women in the world of work

1.Therearetwopeopleatwork–awomanandaman.Theyarebothhavingabreakandmeetatthewaterdispenser.Thecaptionreads:“Idon’tmindworkingforawoman.Ido,however,hatebeingpaidlikeone.”Obviouslyitisthemansayingthis.Listeningtohim,thewomanisnotamused.

2.Bysayingthis,themanmakesitclearthathedeservesahighersalarythanhisfemalecolleagues.Thisisanattitudewhichisnotacceptable.Whyshouldmenearnmorethanwomeninthesamejob?Thepointthecartoonistismakingisthegenderpaygapmustbeclosed.


7 International Awareness Days

1.EqualPayDay:– dedicatedtoraisingawarenessofthegenderpaygap– 2017:April4intheUnitedStates

– datesymboliseshowfarintotheyearwomenmustworktoearnwhatmenearnedinthepreviousyear

– Theexactdaydiffersbothbyyearandbycountry.– 2016:averagesalaryforfemalesintheUnitedStates=79%

ofthatoftheaveragemale

InternationalWorkers’Day:– alsoknownasLabourDayinsomecountries– alsoknownasMayDay– acelebrationoflabourersandtheworkingclasses

promotedbytheinternationallabourmovement– anationalpublicholidayinmanycountriesworldwide

InternationalYouthDay(IYD):– designatedbytheUnitedNations– purpose:todrawattentiontocertainculturalandlegal

issueswithregardtoyouths– firstIYD:12August2000(fromthenon:annuallyon

12August).– anopportunityforgovernmentsandotherstodraw

attentiontoyouthissuesworldwide– duringIYD:concerts,workshops,culturalevents,and

meetingsinvolvingnationalandlocalgovernmentofficialsandyouthorganizationstakeplacearoundtheworld.

– pastslogans:2014:YouthandMentalHealth/2015:YouthandCivicEngagement/2016:theRoadto2030:EradicatingPovertyandAchievingSustainableConsumptionandProduction


8 Cultural awareness: A test

1.a)B,b)A,c)A,d)B,e)A,f)A,g)A,h)A,i)B,j)B


9 Spot on grammar: Present perfect progressive or simple?

1.a)Ihavebeenworkingafterschoolinasupermarketfortwo

yearsnowwhereIstocktheshelves.b)Thestrikehasbeengoingonforthreeweeksandwill

causeconsiderableeconomicdamage.c) MymotherhasneverbeeninterestedinIWD.d)InGermany,manycompanieshavevoluntarilyintroduced

quotasforwomen.e)Interculturalawarenesshasneverbeenmoreimportant

thaninourglobalizedworld.f) ManyBritonshavebeeninsecuresincetheBrexitvote.g)Automationhasalreadydestroyedmanyjobs.


10 Writing: Globalisation

1.a)Theworldbegantoappearsmaller:BeforeColumbus’s

discoveriesitseemedtobereallylarge,afterhisdiscoveriesthesizewasreferredtoasmedium.

b)Industrialisationalongwithmultinationalcompaniesmadetheworldsmaller.

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LÖSUNGSHEFT

c) Aftermediumandsmall,theworldisnowdescribedastiny–anextremelysmallworldwhereweareall“next-doorneighbours”.

2.Mögliche Lösung:– Fastcommunicationviatheinternetenablesustoreact/

respondinrealtime.– WecantalktoeachotherusingSkype:Peoplelivingon

differentcontinentscanspeaktoeachotherandseeeachotheratthesametime.Thecostsareratherlow.

– Videoconferencingmeanspeopledonothavetotravelaroundtheglobetotalkandmakedecisions.

– …

3.Mögliche Lösung:Fasterandbiggermeansoftransportation(e.g.hugecontainerships)andtheinternetandmobilecommunicationaresaidtohaveconsiderablyacceleratedtheprocessofglobalisation.Thisiswhycompaniescouldstartactingglobally.

11 Writing: News for free?

Mögliche Lösung:Theinternetoffersanenormousamountofinformation–mostofitdoesnotcostanything.Thishasgraduallyledtoconsumersexpectingtogeteverythingforfreeontheinternet:information,songs,films,pictures,etc.Whenbuyingthingslikeclothesonline,consumershopetogetthematalowerpricethaninhigh-streetstores.Inregardtonews,isitjustifiedthatitcanbeconsumedfreeofcharge?

pros:– Informationshouldbeavailabletoeveryonefreeofcharge

andshouldnotdependonwhetherpeoplecanafforditornot.

– FreedomofinformationisabasiclawinGermany.– Theinternetenablesreaderstocomparenewsonawide

scale–thiswouldnotbepossibleifwehadtopayforeverysinglenewssource.

– Newspapersneedmoney,buttheycanmakeitthroughadvertising.Soofferingnewspaperarticlesforfreedoesnotnecessarilymeannoprofitforpublishers.

cons:– Nopaywallmayaffectthequalityofonlinenewspapers:

Consumerswanttobeinformedinrealtime,sojournalistsareunderpressurebecausecompetitionisenormous.Thismayleadtoinadequatenewscoverage.

– Consumers/readershavetofindoutforthemselvesifwhattheyreadisseriousnewscoverageornot.Newsappeartobevaguesometimes.Normallytheruleis:Ifyouhavetopayfornews,youmayexpectseriousandreliableinformation.

– Payingfornewsmayleadtohighersalariesforjournalistswhichinturnisanincentiveforthemtoworkhardandresponsibly.

Weighingtheprosandconsitishardtosaywhetheronlinepapersshouldbefreeofchargeornot.Allinall,themarketlargelyregulatesitself:ThereareonlinepaperslikeSpiegel

Onlinewhichoffermostoftheirarticlesfreeofcharge.Butatthesametimetheyofferin-deptharticlesthatmustbepaidfor.Thisseemstobethebestwayofansweringthequestionwhetheronlinejournalismshouldbefree.

Test 1

Reception – Reading

1 Understanding the text

1. false(ll.14–15):“wasteful,polluting,oil-dependentaspectsoffarmingindustry”

2. false(ll.20–22):“watercontainingamixtureofpotassium,nitrogenandothernutrients”

3. true(ll.26–27):“wouldtakethreetimesaslonginopensoil”

4. false(ll.29–30):cerealscannotcurrentlybegrownvertically

5. false(l.33):“requiresnopesticidesorfungicides” false(ll.21–22):“amixtureof…nutrientsflowsdowneach

tray”6. false(ll.37–38):“TheSoilAssociation…refusesto

recognisehydroponicplantsasorganic…”7. right(ll.45–49):“GrowingUnderground…two…former

air-raidsheltersunderClaphamHighStreettohouseacommercialhydroponicfarm.”

8. true(ll.58–61):“…theplants…willbe…thankstominimaltransportsomeofthefreshest”

9. false(ll.68–70):“…watchesalargetractoronascreeninhisoffice.Ithasnodriverbutismanoeuvringitself…”

10.true(ll.93–96):“…bigdata,machinery,climatologyandagronomyallcombiningtoincreaseproductivityandreducelabourcosts.”

Production – Writing

2 Text-based composition

Mögliche Lösung:Thequotationmeansthatmodernindustrialfarmingisassociatedwithquitesomeproblems.Itissaidtobe“wasteful,pollutingandoil-dependent”.Thetextpraisesverticalfarmingormultilayerhydroponicsasthebestwaytosolvetheseproblems.Accordingtothetext,thisnewmethodoffarming“requiresnopesticidesorfungicides”,whichmeansitisnotpolluting.Italsouses“muchlesswater”whichmakesitlesswasteful.Andlastbutnotleast,thefactthatituses“muchlessenergy”makesverticalfarminglessoil-dependent.Butwhichotherproblemsassociatedwithagribusinesshavetobetackled?AgribusinessisoftenassociatedwithGMF.Duetoasteadilyincreasingworldpopulation,moreandmorefoodisneeded.GMFsupporterssay,itistheonlywaytoreliablyguaranteeenoughfoodtofeedtheworld.However,GMFiscriticizedforitsunknownsideeffectswhichiswhyanotherwayofguaranteeingfoodsecuritymightbemorethanwelcome.Agribusinessisnotchemical-free.Fertilizersandherbicidesareusedtoensurecropsgrow.Manypeoplenowadaystrytoavoidagribusinessproducebecauseofthesechemicalsandturntoorganicproduce.Butdemandfororganicfoodissometimeshigherthanthesupply.Agribusinessalsomeansfoodisgrowninareaswhicharenotreallyoptimal–inareaswithnotmuchrainfall.Thisiswhythe

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irrigationofthefieldsrequiresalotofwater.Butscientistshavemorethanoncepredictedthatwaterisoneofthemostpreciousresourcesbecomingscarce–whichmayeventuallyleadtopeoplefightingforwater.Ontheonehand,agribusinessseemstobeasafewaytoguaranteetheworldwidefoodsupply.Ontheother,however,thisgoalcanonlybereachedunderconditionswhichharmtheenvironmentandfinallytheconsumer.Thisiswhyitwouldbegoodtohaveanalternativewithnodownsides.Itremainstobeseenwhetherurbanorverticalfarmingistheanswer.(320words)

3 Composition

Lösungsvorschlag 1:Theresultofthesurveycertainlyshowsthattheinternetplaysanimportantroleinpeople’slife.Theythinktheycan’tdowithoutinternetaccessevenwhentheyareonholiday.Itisgenerallythoughtthatthisisasignofaddiction.People,however,don’tseeitthatway,theysaytheironlinebehaviourisnormal.Butmanycompaniesasktheiremployeestotrydigitaldetox.Itmightbeagoodideatoatleasttrythisduringyourholiday.Butasthesurveyshows,thevastmajorityofpeopledoesn’teventhinkofdoingso.Whatcanweconcludefromthis?– Peoplearesomehowaddictedtotheinternetwithouteven

knowing.– Peoplefeelbeingconnectedisanimportantthing–not

beingconnectedmakesthemfeelbadandtheyfearmissingoutonthingswhichmaynotevenbeimportant.

– Duetotheinternetpeoplehavelosttheirconnectionwithrealthingslikenature.Thevirtualworldcountsmorethanaroomoverlookingthesea.

– Peoplearenolongerabletoswitchoff–inbothsensesoftheword–whichmaymakesomepeoplesick.

– …Theresultofthesurveyclearlyshowsthatpeople’sbehaviourhaschangedenormously.Alongwiththerealworld,peopleneedtohavetheirvirtualworldwiththem.Evenduringtheirholidayspeoplearenotwillingtodowithoutinternetaccessinordertorelaxandenjoynature.Butpeoplearefreetochoose:Therearealreadyhotelswithnointernetaccessatall.Weshouldgiveitatrytoseehowitfeels.

Lösungsvorschlag 2:Itcannotbedeniedthatthereisageneralincreaseinaverageworldtemperatures.Scientists,however,havedifferingopinionsonwhetherthisisman-inducedorjustanaturaldevelopment.Whatargumentsdotheyputforward?

supporters:– Scientificresearchisclear:Wehumansarechangingthe

climate.– Carbonemissionsareresponsibleforglobalwarmingand

maninturnisresponsibleforcarbonemissions.– Therearetwomainemissionsources:industriesand

transport–man-madewithoutdoubt.– Wehavegrownrichonpollution.Nowthetimehascome

tofightagainsttheprocessesthatthreatentodestabilizeourclimate.Weowethistofuturegenerations.

– …

critics:– Therehadalreadybeenrisingtemperaturesbefore

industrialisation(whichisblamedforamajorcontributiontoclimatechange)started.

– Theclimatehasalwaysbeensubjecttochanges–therewereiceages,forexamplefollowedbywarmerperiodsintimeswithnoindustriesorcars.

– Risingtemperaturesaremisusedtomakepeoplefeelguiltyabouttheirbehaviourandtoinfluencethem.

– …

Well,itishardtodecide.Allinall,thetruthcanprobablybefoundsomewhereinthemiddle.Ontheonehand,risingtemperaturesspeakforthemselves.Eventhoughtheymayberisingwithoutmanhavingahandinthematter,wemustadmitthatman’sactivitiesarecertainlyacceleratingtheprocessofclimatechangeandglobalwarming.

Test 2

Reception – Reading

1 Understanding the text

1. false(ll.14–17):“Britainhasseena10.4%declineinrealwages,whichisabiggerfallthananyotheradvancedcountry,apartfromGreece.”

2. false(ll.25–27):“Businesses…cutstaffperks,likepaidbreaks,whenthenationallivingwagewasintroduced.”

wrong(ll.32–34):“…sixmonthsafteritsintroduction,thenationallivingwagewasfailingtoprovidethebasicneedsoflow-paidhouseholds.”

3. true(l.55):“…businesses…lookagainattheirbusinessmodels.”

4. true(ll.68–69):“…storiesthisyearaboutrobotsstealingourjobs.”

5. false(ll.85–86):“…thepatientsonlyhadtobetreatedwithparacetamolasapainkillerafter.”

6. false(ll.89–90):“…thereareconcernsabouttheirsafety.”7. true(ll.95–97):“Technology[…]isnotcreatingasnearlyas

manyjobsasitdidinthepast.”8. false(ll.101–102):“Automationthesedayshasmoretodo

withservices.”

Production – Writing

2 Text-based composition

Mögliche Lösung:Inthetextitsaysrobotsare“carryingoutoperationswithgroundbreakingprecision”(ll.82–83).AnexampleofitisthefirstkidneytransplantsintheUKwhich“weresoaccurate,thepatientsonlyhadtobetreatedwithparacetamolasapainkillerafter.”(ll.85–86).Insurgery,robotsarecertainlywelcomebecauseitisallabout“lifeordeath”.Thereforeitisgreattorelyonthepreciseandaccurateworkofrobots.Inotherfields,robotsaremainlylabour-saving.Herearesomeexamplestoillustratethis:– robotsascarers/nurses:Theycandorepetitivejobsinold

people’shomes(likebringingpeoplethedailynewspaperorsomethingtodrink).Andtheycanassistwhenitcomestoliftingpeople.

– robotsasteachers:Theycanreadouttextsinlanguageclassesandthusprovidepupilswithanativespeaker’s

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voice;andtheycanalsocorrectthemandimprovetheirpronunciation

– robotsinwarfare:Theycansavesoldiers’liveswhenreplacingtheminriskyoperations/missions,forexamplewhenitcomestoexploringdangerousareas.

– robotsonconstructionsites:Robotsareexpectedtodobuildingworkinthefuture.Robotsonconstructionsitesmeanlesshardworkforbuilding/constructionworkers–however,fewerworkerswillthenbeneeded.

Ascanbeseenfromtheexamplesabove,technologyandautomationwillbelabour-savingontheonehand.Ontheother,however,thisdevelopmentwilleventuallyleadtojoblosses.Thisisgoingtobeahugeproblemforfuturegovernments.Thisiswhyinsomecountriestheintroductionofanunconditionalbasicincomeisalreadybeingdiscussedinordertoleavenobodybehind.

3 Composition

Lösungsvorschlag 1:Aprofoundlywork-centeredsociety–whatismeantbythis?Itmeansthatworkseemstoplaytheleadingroleinourlives.Wededicatemostofourtimetoitandmanypeoplelivetoworkratherthanworktolive.Sowhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesthatsuchalifeimplies?

advantages:– job=sourceofidentity(Peoplewhoidentifywiththeirjob

findthisrewardingandsatisfyingwhichinturnmakesthemcommittedandreliableemployees–awin-winsituation.)

– paidjob=financialindependence– job=sourceofstatus(Peoplewhoholddownaregularjob

aresociallyacceptedwhereasunemployedpeopleareoftendiscarded.)

disadvantages:– job=time-consuming(Peoplewhosejobsarethecenterof

theirlivesmissoutontheirsociallives.)– Beingwork-centeredmayeventuallyleadtoburnout.– Peoplethinktheirjobistheirsocialcontribution.Thisis

partlytruebutalsoanexamplethatlivinginawork-centeredworldcanalsomakepeoplemoreself-centered.

Itbecomesclearthatthereareasmanyadvantagesasdisadvantagesoflifeinawork-centeredsociety.Thatmeanspeoplehavetofindouthowtheywanttolive:Livingtoworkorworkingtolive.Thedecisionwillleadtoalifeinwhichyourjobplaysthemainroleornot.

Lösungsvorschlag 2:Globalisationisaverycontroversialdevelopment.Ithasbeenacceleratedbytheadvancesintransportationandtele-communicationsbutstilltherearesupportersandcritics.Butthequestioniswhethertherearemorewinnersthanlosers.

winners:– globallyactingcompanies(worldwideproductionandtrade

meanhigherprofitmargins))– developingcountries(Manyseeglobalisationasapositive

forcetofightpoverty.)– consumers(Globalisationincreasescompetitionwhich

leadstolowerpricesaswellasavastrangeofgoods.)

losers:– workersindevelopingcountries(Ontheonehand:Theyget

jobs.Ontheother:Theyhavetoworkunderbadconditions.)

– environment:CompaniesavoidenvironmentalstandardstobemetinWesternindustrialisedcountries.)

– domesticworkforce:Outsourcingcontributestohigherunemploymentratesinindustrialcountries.)

Inconclusion,itisalmostimpossibletosaythatthewinnersoutnumberthelosers.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverythingwhichisalsotrueforglobalisation.Itcertainlydependsonwhereandhowyouliveifyouseeyourselfasaloserorawinnerofglobalisation.

Test 3

Mögliche Lösungen:Partner A1. Cartoon1:– Asoldierinuniformandwithahelmetissittingonthe

ground,holdingasignthatsays,“Pleasegive.Dronesstolemyjob.”Helooksunshaven,hiseyesareturnedupwardsandhelooksdesperate.

– Apasser-byisthrowingacoinintohiscup.– Thesoldierwasmaderedundantbydrones;theytakeon

worksuchassteeringmissiles,exploring,andspying,whichhadbeendonebyhumansbefore.

Cartoon2:– Onemanissittingatadeskinanofficecubicleinanopen-

planoffice.– Anotherisstandingintheadjoiningcubicle,lookingover

thedivider,andisspeakingtothemansittingathisdesk.– Asmallair-planelikedeviceisflyingovertheirheads.– Thereisacaptionwhichtellsuswhatthesecondmanis

sayingtothefirst:“Itusedtobealoteasiertogoofoffbeforethecompanystartedusingofficedrones.”

– Thecartoonpointstothepossibleuseofdronesforsurveillanceand,morenegativelyput,forspyingonpeople.Inthesituationdepictedhere,thedroneisfilmingtheworkerssothatthebossescancheckhowhardeveryoneisworkingintheirindividualcubicles.Byextension,itpointsoutthatdronescanbeusedtospyonpeopleinallkindsofsituations.Theyaremoreflexibleandcannotbedodgedaseasilyassurveillancecameraswhicharesituatedinafixedposition.

Dronesarenotonlyusedinmilitarycontexts,butalso…– foraerialphotography(sportingevents)etc.(forusein

journalism,mapmaking,etc.)– deliveryofmail-ordergoods– forgatheringinformationindisasterareas(e.g.after

earthquakes)– forsearchingforandrescuinglostpersons– inagricultureformonitoringcrops– forinspectingpowerlines,etc.– formonitoringwildlife– forpatrollingbordersandotherusesinlawenforcement

andsurveillance– stormtracking

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Benefitsinclude…– highrisktaskscanbeperformedwithnorisktohuman

lives(ofthoseperformingthetask)– fastexecutionoftasks– highprecision– flexibility;dronescanhaveaccesstoplaceshumanscannot

getto

Risksinclude…– dangerfromfallingdrones– dangertoprivacy– useofcollecteddatadifficulttocontrol– lossofjobs– dangerofartificialintelligencebecominghardertocontrol

Partner B1. Cartoon1:– Twomenarestandinginanoffice,observinghowathird

maniskickedhardinhisbehindbyarobot.– Thereisacaptionthattellsuswhatoneofthetwomenis

sayingtotheother:“You’reright…thatrobotcertainlyhasincreasedproductivityaroundhere.”

– Thecartoonplayswiththeideaofincreasingproductivity.Normally,robotsareusedintheworkforcebecausetheycanoftenworkharderandfaster,andatthesametimewithgreaterprecisionthanhumanbeings,theyneednobreaksandworkingconditionsneednotbeadaptedtohumanneeds,andthusproductivitycanbeincreased.Inthecartoon,however,therobotisusedasanoverseerwhokicksthehumanworkerandthusmakeshimworkharder,whichservestobringacrosstherealpointinahumorousway.

Cartoon2:– Amanislyinginahospitalbed,anIVattachedtohisarm.

Helooksveryscared.– Nexttothebedweseearobot,whoiswearinganurse’s

cap.Therobotisholdingatraywithagiganticsyringeonit.Thedisplayontherobot’schestsays,“Goodmorning.”

– Thecartoonpointstothefactthatrobotsarebeingdevelopedforuseincaretakingandnursing.Theworkintheseareascanbehardanddemanding,bothphysicallyandemotionally.Robotscanprovidethephysicalstrengthandarenotaffectedbytheemotionalaspectsthatcomewithcaringforverysickpeople.Ontheotherhand,theycannotcatertotheneedofpatientsforempathyandhumancontact.Thewords“Goodmorning”ontherobot’sdisplayareanindicationofthefactthatwhilerobotscanbeprogrammedtoemulatehumanbehaviour,theywillremainmachinesandcanneverreplacerealhumancontact.Thehugesyringeobviouslyscaresthepatient,andtherobotcannotempathizewithhim.

Benefits:Robotscan…– dohardanddangerousworkthatcouldbedamagingto

humanbeings,– workinenvironmentsthatwouldbeinhospitableto

humans,– doboringandrepetitivework,– filljobsforwhichthereisashortageofhumanworkers,– workwithgreatandreliableprecision,theydonotshakeor

trembleorgetdistracted(dangerofhumanerrorislimitedtotheproblemofprogrammingerrors),

– worklonghourswithoutneedforbreaksandvacation,thusmaximisingoutputand,consequently,profits,

– canbeusedashouseholdhelpers(vacuum-cleaners,lawn-mowers)andsaveustimeinoureverydaylives,

– bepetsthathelplonelypeopleandpreventoraidinthetreatmentofdepression.

Drawbacks:Robots…– cannotreplacehumanbeingsbecausetheydonothave

emotions,– needaconstantsupplyofpower,– filljobsinproductionthatwereformerlyfilledbyhumans,

thuscausingunemploymentespeciallyinthefieldofworkthatneedslittlequalification,

– cannotlearnfromexperience,i.e.willrepeatamistakeiftheyareprogrammedtoperforminadequately,

– areexpensivetomakeandtomaintain,– cancausedestructioniftheygetintothewronghands,– maybecometoosmart(dangerofartificialintelligence

surpassinghumanintelligence).

Discussiontask:Mögliche Lösung:Greatestachievement:– Robotsinproduction,becausetheyfreehumancapacities

formorecreativework,andmaximiseprofit;theprofitcreatedbytheuseofrobotscouldbeusedtocreateasocialsysteminwhichpeopleareprovidedforwithoutneedingworkinproductiontoemployunskilledworkers.

– Robotsaspetscanhelppreventlonelinessanddepressionwithoutaperson(possiblyelderlyorhandicapped)havingtotakeontheresponsibilityofcaringforalivingcreature.

– Robotsinspacecanexploreareasthatareinaccessibletohumansandfurtherourknowledgeimmensely.

– Householdrobotscanimproveoureverydaylivesandsetfreealotofenergythatwecanuseforproductiveandcreativework,orjustforrelaxingandthusdoingsomethingforourhealth.

– Dronescantakeoverdeliveryservices;iftheyrunongreenenergythiscanreducecarbondioxideemissionsbytakinggoodsofftheroad.

Dangers/risks:– Robotscompletelyreplacehumansintheworkforce,create

immensenumbersofunemployedpeople,andthuspovertyandmisery.

– Robotscanbeusedextensivelyincaringprofessions,thusdeprivingpatientsofthehumancontactthatisessentialtoourwell-being.

– Robotpetscanbeusedsohumanscanavoidtheresponsibilityofcaringforpeoplewhoarelonely,oftentheelderly;wedonotfeeltheneedtocareforthemourselves.

– Robotscanbedevelopedtobeeithermoreintelligentthanhumans,theycaneventuallytakeovercontroloftheworld,ortheyarecontrolledbyanevilmastermindandthuscontroltheworld.

– Dronescanspyonuseverywherebecausetheycanbeverysmallandgetinthroughwindowsandsmallcracks.Datacollectedthiswaycanbeusedtoourdisadvantage.

– Dronesthatareusedinthemilitarycanselecttheirowntargetsandbeextremelydestructiveinapossiblyuncontrollableway.

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Test 4

Listening comprehension

1 Satzergänzungen


1. …farbigeMenschengefährdetersind,wenndieMehrheitderPolizisten,denensiebegegnen,weißist.

2. …siedieWaffesehen,dieerinderHandhält,undsiedaraufreagieren.DieHautfarbespieltkeineRolle.

3. …aufeinenSchwarzen,dereineWaffehält,schnellerschießenalsaufeinenWeißenmireinerWaffeinderHand.

4. …auchPolizisten,dieeinerethnischenMinderheitangehören,Rassenvorurteilehabenkönnen.

5. …siedieEinstellunghaben,etwasbeweisenzumüssenundzeigenzumüssen,dasssiedasSagenhaben.

2 Offene Fragen


1. mehrals60%(dergesamtenCashewnuss-ProduktionwirdinIndienverarbeitet);einehalbeMillionTonnenCashewnüssewerdenangebaut

2. eineMillionMenschensindanderVerarbeitungbeteiligt;200.000MenschensindamAnbaubeteiligt

3. Sieverdienenwenigerals30Pencetäglich.IhreHändewerdendurchdieSäurederNüsse,diebeiderVerarbeitungentsteht,dauerhaftgeschädigt.SiekönnensichteilweisedieSchutzhandschuhenichtleisten.

4. Guinea-Bissau,Nigeria,Elfenbeinküste,Ghana,Vietnam,Brasilien:SiegehörenzudenärmstenLändernderWelt.SiehabenkeineandereEinkommensquelle,imGegensatzzudenLändern,dieandereNüsseanbauen.

5. DasunfaireundmissbräuchlichePraktikeninnerhalbderLieferketteangewendetwerden,hauptsächlichvonSupermärkten.

6. DieLieferantenkönnennurdurchSupermärkteandenVerbrauchermarktherankommen,dadiesedenMarktbewachen.SiezwingenLieferanten,fürDingezubezahlen,dieunangemessensindundzahlennichtdenversprochenenoderkorrektenBetragfürdieWare.

7. DieKürzungenwerdenandieZuliefererderZuliefererweitergegeben,undsielandenletztendlichbeidenArbeiternundBauern,wodiesinsehrschlechtenArbeitsbedingungenresultiert.

3 Mediation


Momentane Probleme in Bezug auf Wasser und Wasserversorgung weltweit:

invieleninEntwicklungsländerngibtesimmernochkeinenausreichendenZugangWasserundsanitärenAnlagen;schlechteWasserqualitätinvielenTeilenderWelt;KonflikteaufgrunddesWassers/StreitumWasser;DerKlimawandelbringtRisikenmitsich–dieSicherstellungderVersorgungmitWasseristgefährdet/unsicher.

Auswirkung der Unterversorgung mit Wasser auf die Menschen in Entwicklungsländern:

OhneZugangzusauberemWasserundsanitärenAnlagenistesschwierig,derArmutzuentkommen.InvielenLändernsindFrauenundkleineKinderdafürzuständig,täglichWasserbeschaffen,wassiedavonabhält,indieSchulezugehen.DerZugangzuWasseristeinerdergrundlegendenBestimmungsfaktorenfürdiezukünftigenEntwicklungschanceneinerFamilieodereinerGemeinde.

Entwicklung in den nächsten Jahren:

EsgibteineZunahmeangewalttätigenKonflikten,dieaufgrundderUnterversorgungmitWasserentstehen.DieKonfliktefindennichtaufnationalerEbenestatt,sondernzwischenethnischenGruppen,BauernundHirten,zwischenStädten.Eswirdbefürchtet,dassdieseKonfliktemitsteigenderBevölkerungweiterzunehmenwerden,dadieNachfragenachdemknappenWassersteigt.

Herausforderungen für die Regierungen der Welt:

GesetzlichgibteseinAnrechtaufWasser.DieRegierungenmüssendiesesMenschenrechtumsetzenundschützen.SiemüssenBedingungenschaffen,dieauchdenMenschenindenarmenLänderndenZugangzuFrischwasserundsanitärenAnlagengewährleistet.

DiesesLösungsheftistBestandteilvon:

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Challenge 2

Documents

Transcript of Challenge 2