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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINESOFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTPalawan Center for Sustainable DevelopmentSta. Monica HeightsPuerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300Email: [email protected]: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF:Lualhati E. Tabugon, Aida M. Torres, Virginia B. CatainPlanning and Technical Services Department

TECHNICAL EDITORS:Karen M. Collins (USPCV), Christina D. Dalusung, Amelyn E.Dramayo, Rusela A. Suycano, Jose Rene F. Villegas

CONTRIBUTORS:Briccio T. Abela, Maria Cristina E. Abordo, Glenda M. Cadigal,Marilou C. Celzo, Delia A. Eleazar, John Francisco A. Pontillas,Perlita I. Quiling, Apollo V. Regalo, Joy C. Tablazon, Aida M.Torres, Jose Rene F. Villegas

DESIGN & LAYOUT:Jacob S. Maentz (USPCV)

COVER PHOTOGRAPHS:Women & Child: Palawan Tropical Forestry ProtectionProgram; School of Barracuda and Jack Fish: Jeurgen Freund;Orchid, Forest, Mangrove Aerial View: PCSDS - Celso Quiling

PHOTO CREDITS:All photos by PCSDS except Soft Coral with Feather Star (pg.1)and Bottle-Nosed Dolphins (pg.37) by Katherine Jack

GIS MAPS:Wilson R. Pambid, Fernando E. Padilla, Ryan T. Fuentes

FUNDING PARTNER:United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO)

ISBN

Philippine Copyright © 2005 by Palawan Council forSustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

This report can be reproduced as long as the convernors areproperly acknowledged as the source of information.

Reproduction of this publication for sale or other commercialpurposes is prohibited without the written consent of thepublisher.

PRINTED BY:Futuristic Printing Press, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines.

SUGGESTED CITATION:PCSDS. 2005. The State of the Environment 2004, Provinceof Palawan, Philippines. Palawan Council for SustainableDevelopment, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines.

v

Table Of Contents

List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... viiList of Figures ..................................................................................................................... viiiList of Maps ........................................................................................................................ ixList of Appendices ............................................................................................................. xAcronyms ............................................................................................................................ xi

I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 2

III. LAND RESOURCES

3.1 Rock Formations ........................................................................................ 93.2 Geomorphological Features ..................................................................... 93.3 Slope ............................................................................................................ 103.4 Soil Physical Characteristics ..................................................................... 103.5 Soil Chemical Characteristics ................................................................... 12

IV. LAND COVER

4.1 Forest Cover ............................................................................................... 214.2 Mangrove Forest and Fishponds ............................................................. 224.3 Grasslands, Brushland and Barelands .................................................... 224.4 Agricultural and Built-up Area ............................................................... 23

V. FOREST RESOURCES

5.1 Timber Production..................................................................................... 275.2 Non-Timber Production ........................................................................... 29

VI. VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE

6.1 Species Composition ................................................................................. 336.2 Local Abundance ....................................................................................... 336.3 Conservation Status................................................................................... 346.4 Species Account ......................................................................................... 34

VII. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES

7.1 Crop Production ........................................................................................ 417.2 Livestock Production ................................................................................ 457.3 Poultry Production .................................................................................... 46

vi

VIII. WATER RESOURCES

8.1 Climate ........................................................................................................ 478.2 General Water Quality .............................................................................. 508.3 Nutrients ..................................................................................................... 598.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 618.5 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 62

IX. COASTAL RESOURCES

9.1 Mangrove Forest ........................................................................................ 679.2 Seagrass and Seaweed Communities...................................................... 749.3 Coral Reef.................................................................................................... 789.4 Reef Fisheries .............................................................................................. 819.5 Issues ........................................................................................................... 83

X. HUMAN RESOURCES

10.1 Population Distribution ............................................................................ 8910.2 Population Density .................................................................................... 8910.3 Population Growth .................................................................................... 9110.4 Population Structure ................................................................................. 9310.5 Dependency Ratio...................................................................................... 93

XI. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 99

XII. APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 103

vii

TABLE 1. Comparative Data onLand Cover by Category .................. 23

TABLE 2. Comparison of WildlifeComposition of Palawanand the Philippines ........................... 33

TABLE 3. Local Abundance ofPalawan Wildlife ............................... 34

TABLE 4. Summary of Reptilian FaunaAccount in Palawan .......................... 35

TABLE 5. Summary of AmphibianFaunaAccount in Palawan ............... 35

TABLE 6. Trophic Levels of AvianSpecies in Palawan............................ 36

TABLE 7. Habitat Types and AssociatedNumbers of Avian Species .............. 36

TABLE 8. Summary of Avian FaunaAccount in Palawan .......................... 38

TABLE 9. Summary of MammalianFauna Account in Palawan .............. 39

TABLE 10. Area (ha) Devoted to RiceProduction by Municipality,Palawan 1980 and 2000 .................... 42

TABLE 11. Average Rice Yield, Palawan1980 and 2000 ..................................... 43

TABLE 12. Area (ha) and Productionof Corn by Year ................................. 44

TABLE 13. Coconut Production Data byMunicipality, 2000 ............................ 45

TABLE 14. Total Livestock and PoultryProduction by Type and Year ......... 46

TABLE 15. Mean Annual Rainfall ofDifferent Rainfall Stationsin Palawan.......................................... 48

TABLE 16. Seasonal Rainfall Databy Station, Palawan .......................... 48

TABLE 17. Severe Weather DisturbancesWhich Affected Palawanfrom 1948-1992................................... 49

TABLE 18. Mangrove Forest Cover,Palawan .............................................. 68

TABLE 19. Number of True MangroveSpecies Found PerMunicipality, Palawan ..................... 69

TABLE 20. Species Diversity Index (SDI),Mangrove Forest, Palawan .............. 69

TABLE 21. Species Relative Dominance,Mangrove Forest, Palawan .............. 70

TABLE 22. Species Relative Density,Mangrove Forest, Palawan .............. 70

TABLE 23. Tree Density (No. of TreesPer Hectare) of MangroveForests by Municipality ................... 71

TABLE 24. Average Diameter at BreastHeight (dbh) of Mangrovesby Municipality, Palawan................ 72

TABLE 25. Seedling Density, MangroveForest, Palawan ................................. 72

TABLE 26. Sapling Density, MangroveForest, Palawan ................................. 73

TABLE 27. Seagrass Status Distributionby Category, Palawan ...................... 74

TABLE 28. Density (No. of Individuals/m2)of Seagrass Communities ................. 76

TABLE 29. Species Diversity of SeagrassCommunities, Palawan .................... 77

TABLE 30. Distribution of ConditionCategories of SeaweedCommunities by Municipality ........ 77

TABLE 31. Species Diversity of SeaweedCommunities, Palawan .................... 78

TABLE 32. Coral Reef Status Distributionby Category, Palawan ...................... 79

TABLE 33. Reef Fish Density (No. ofIndividuals Per HectareReef Area) by Municipality ............. 82

TABLE 34. Reef Fish Density vis-a-visReef Condition by Municipality ..... 82

TABLE 36. Population Distribution byMunicipality, Palawan, 2000 ........... 90

TABLE 37. Comparative Data onPopulation Density ........................... 90

TABLE 38. Population Growth Rateby Municipality, Palawan,1995-2000 ............................................ 92

TABLE 39. Comparative Annual AveragePopulation Growth Rates inPercent by Census Period ................ 92

TABLE 40. Population Sex Ratioby Census Year ................................. 93

TABLE 41. Comparative Percent Distributionof Population by Age Group,Palawan .............................................. 94

TABLE 42. Comparative Data onAge Structure ..................................... 94

TABLE 43. Dependency Ratios byMunicipality, Palawan,1980-1995 ............................................ 95

List of Tables

viii

FIGURE 1. Distribution of RockFormations, Palawan ....................... 10

FIGURE 2. Relief Features of Palawan ............. 11FIGURE 3. Slope Class Distribution.................. 12

FIGURE 4. Graph Showing PercentageLand Cover by Category,1992-1998, Palawan .......................... 22

FIGURE 5. Annual Timber Production ............ 28FIGURE 6. Annual Manifestation

of Confiscated Timber ..................... 28FIGURE 7. Percentage Distribution of

Total Timber Confiscatedfrom 1990 to 2000, Palawan ............ 28

FIGURE 8. Annual Almaciga ResinProduction, Palawan ....................... 29

FIGURE 9. Percentage Distributionof Total Almaciga Productionfrom 1999-2000, Palawan ................ 30

FIGURE 10. Annual Rattan Production.............. 31FIGURE 11. Percentage Distribution of

Rattan Production from1990-1999 by District, Palawan ...... 31

FIGURE 12. Annual Volume of RattanConfiscated, Palawan ...................... 31

FIGURE 13. Percentage Distribution ofRattan Confiscations from1990-1997, Palawan .......................... 32

FIGURE 14. Species Composition ofPalawan and the Philippines ......... 34

FIGURE 15. Rice Production PercentageDistribution, Palawan, 2000 ........... 44

FIGURE 16. pH Value of Water Samplesfrom River Stations inSouthern Palawan ............................ 50

FIGURE 17. pH Value of Water Samplesfrom River Stations inNorthern Palawan............................ 51

FIGURE 18. Concentration of Total SuspendedSolids in Water Samplesfrom River Stations inSouthern Palawan ............................ 51

FIGURE 19. Concentration of TotalSuspended Solids in WaterSamples from River Stations inNorthern Palawan ............................ 51

Southern Palawan ............................ 53FIGURE 23. Temperature Readings in Water

Samples from River Stations inNorthern Palawan............................ 54

FIGURE 24. Concentration of Dissolved Oxygenin Water Samples from RiverStations in Southern Palawan ........ 54

FIGURE 25. Concentration of Dissolved Oxygenin Water Samples from RiverStations in Northern Palawan ........ 54

FIGURE 26. Concentration of Total DissolvedSolids in Water Samples from RiverStations in Southern Palawan ....... 55

FIGURE 27. Concentration of Total DissolvedSolids in Water Samples from RiverStations in Northern Palawan ........ 55

FIGURE 28. Values of Color in Water Samplesfrom River Stations inSouthern Palawan ............................ 56

FIGURE 29. Values of Color in Water Samplesfrom River Stations inNorthern Palawan............................ 56

FIGURE 30. Concentration of Chloride inWater Samples from RiverStations in Southern Palawan ........ 57

FIGURE 31. Concentration of Chloride inWater Samples from River Stations in Northern Palawan .......... 57

FIGURE 32. Concentration of CalciumCarbonate in Water Samplesfrom River Stations inSouthern Palawan ............................ 57

FIGURE 33. Concentration of Calcium Carbonate in Water Samplesfrom River Stations inNorthern Palawan............................ 58

FIGURE 34. Total Hardness in Water Samplesfrom River Stations inSouthern Palawan ............................ 58

FIGURE 35. Total Hardness in Water Samplesfrom River Stations inNorthern Palawan............................ 58

FIGURE 20. Turbidity Readings in WaterSamples from River Stations inSouthern Palawan ............................ 52

FIGURE 21. Turbidity Readings in WaterSamples from River Stations inNorthern Palawan ............................ 52

FIGURE 22. Temperature Readings in WaterSamples from River Stations in

List Of Figures

ix

List Of MapsMAP 1.Broad Landforms Types, Palawan .................... 14

MAP 2.Soil Texture, Palawan ......................................... 15

MAP 3.Soil Depth, Palawan ............................................ 16

MAP 4.Soil Internal Drainage, Palawan........................ 17

MAP 5.Soil Organic Matter Content, Palawan............. 18

MAP 6.Soil Phosporous Content, Palawan................... 19

MAP 7.Forest Cover, Palawan, 1998 .............................. 24

MAP 8.Land Cover, Palawan, 1998 ................................ 25

MAP 9.Mean Annual Precipitation, Palwan,1949-2003 ............................................................... 63

MAP 10.Concentration of Total Suspended Solidsin Rivers, Palawan, 1998-2003 ........................... 64

MAP 11.Concentration of Total Dissolved Solidsin Rivers, Palawan, 1998-2003 ........................... 65

MAP 12.Feeding Trenches of Dugongs, Palawan,1999-2004 ............................................................... 84

MAP 13.Location of Tridacna InvertebrateMarine Species, Palawan, 1999-2004 ................ 85

MAP 14.Coral Reef Condition, Palawan,1999-2004 ............................................................... 86

MAP 15.Seagrass Condition, Palawan, 1999-2004 ......... 87

MAP 16.Reef Fish Density, Palawan, 1999-2004 ............ 88

MAP 17.Population Density, Palawan, 2000 .................. 96

MAP 18.Population of Growth Rate, Palawan,1995-2000 ............................................................... 97

FIGURE 36. Concentration of Nitrogen-Nitratein Water Samples from RiverStations in Southern Palawan ....... 59

FIGURE 37. Concentration of Nitrogen-Nitratein Water Samples from RiverStations in Northern Palawan ........ 60

FIGURE 38. Concentration of Nitrogen-Nitritein Water Samples of RiverStations in Southern Palawan ........ 60

FIGURE 39. Concentration of Nitrogen Nitritein Water Samples from RiverStations of Northern Palawan ........ 60

FIGURE 40A.Concentration of Phosphorousin Water Samples from RiverStations in Southern Palawan ........ 61

FIGURE 40B.Concentration of Phosphorousin Water Samples from RiverStations in Northern Palawan ........ 62

FIGURE 41. Average Number of Trees/Hectareof Mangrove Area PerMunicipality, Palawan .................... 71

FIGURE 42. Seedling and Sapling Density ofMangroves by Municipality .......... 73

FIGURE 43. Condition of SeagrassCommunity by Category ................ 75

FIGURE 44. Condition of SeaweedCommunity by Category ................ 75

FIGURE 45. Reef Condition by Category ........... 79FIGURE 46. Distribution of Reef Fish Density

by Municipality, Palawan ............... 81

FIGURE 47. Projected Population ofPalawan, 2000-2020 .......................... 91

x

Appendix A-1 ...................................................... 104Extent of Different Landforms ofPalawan Province.

Appendix A-2 ...................................................... 105Physical Soil Characteristic by LandManagement Unit, Palawan.

Appendix A-3 ...................................................... 111Chemical Soil Characteristic by LandManagement Unit, Palawan.

Appendix B-1 ....................................................... 1191992 Land Cover Data by Municipality,Palawan.

Appendix B-2 ....................................................... 1211998 Land Cover Data by Municipality,Palawan.

Appendix B-3 ....................................................... 123Comparative Land Cover Data, Palawan.

Appendix C-1 ....................................................... 128List of Palawan Wildlife Species withConservation Status.

Appendix C-2 ....................................................... 134List of Reptile Species in the PalawanFaunal Region.

Appendix C-3 ....................................................... 137List of Amphibian Species in the PalawanFaunal Region.

Appendix C-4 ....................................................... 138List of Avian Species in the PalawanFaunal Region.

List Of AppendicesAppendix D-1a .................................................... 150

Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) by Station,Palawan.

Appendix D-1b .................................................... 151Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) by Station,Palawan.

Appendix D-2 ...................................................... 152Data on Water Quality parameters fromRiver Stations in Palawan.

Appendix E-1 ....................................................... 165List of Mangrove Species, Province ofPalawan.

Appendix E-2 ....................................................... 167List of Seagrass Species, Province ofPalawan.

Appendix E-3 ....................................................... 168List of Seaweed Species, Province ofPalawan.

xi

AcronymsBAS Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsCCGI Cuyo and Calamian Group of

IslandsCEC Cation Exchange CapacityCENRO Community Enrironment and

Natural Resource OfficeCI Conservation InternationalCITES Convention on International Trade

in Endangered Species of Fauna andFlora

CRA Coastal Resources AssessmentCWQC Classification Water Quality CriteriaDBH Diameter at Breast HeightDENR Department of Environment and

Natural ResourcesDO Dissolved OxygenECAN Environmentally Critical Areas

NetworkEEC European Economic CommunityEMES Environmental Monitoring and

Evaluation SystemENRO Environment and Natural Resource

Office (Provincal, Municipal or City)HNP Hydrometric Network ProgramIEP Integrated Environmental ProgramIP Indigenous Peoples

IUCN International Union for theConservation of Nature

JAFTA Japan Forest Technical AssociationLGU Local Government UnitNSO National Statistics OfficePAGASA Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical and AstronomicalServices Adminastration

PCA Philippine Coconut AuthorityPCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable

DevelopmentPCSDS Palawan Council for Sustainable

Development StaffPIADPO Palawan Integrated Area

Development Project OfficePPSRNP Puerto Princesa Subterranean River

National ParkPRWU Philippine Revised Water UsagePTFPP Palawan Tropical Forestry

Protection ProgramRA Republic ActSDI Shannon Diversity IndexSEP Strategic Environmental Plan for

PalawanTDS Total Dissolved SolidsTLA Timber License Agreement

Note: This list includes acronyms onlymentioned in the text of this report.

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1

II. Executive Summ

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I

INTRODUCTION

Considered as the nation’s last ecological frontier,Palawan is endowed with rich natural resources and highlydiverse flora and fauna which are essential to a balanceand stable ecology. It has a vast mangrove stand thatserves as pollutant sink and life support system for avariety of marine organisms. Also it is blessed with highlydiverse coral reefs which aside from being favorite divesites are home to numerous marine fish species includinginvertebrates. The Palawan reefs are said to account for36.30 percent of the total reef area in the Philippines.Moreover, Palawan’s seagrass meadows which serve asfeeding grounds for the rare and endangered species ofmarine turtles and sea cow or dugongs also abound inPalawan. Endowed with a productive marine ecosystem,it is thus believed that approximately forty percent (40%)of the country’s fish production comes from the 176fishing grounds in Palawan.

Palawan’s unique and fragile environment provided thebasis for the formulation of the Strategic EnvironmentalPlan/SEP for Palawan and its subsequent adoption as alaw (Republic Act 7611) that would govern the mode ofdevelopment in the Province. The main implementingstrategy of SEP is the Environmentally Critical AreasNetwork (ECAN). In support to ECAN as a supportmechanism is the Environmental Monitoring andEvaluation System (EMES).

The EMES under the SEP was the first attempt towards acomprehensive environmental monitoring and evaluationsystem in the Philippines. It is intended to measurechanges in environmental status through a systematic andreliable data generation, identify adverse environmentaltrends and crisis areas, recommend solutions, assess theimplementation of the SEP and suggest measures to makethe SEP more responsive to the changing needs. Underthe EMES, environmental reports are prepared to presentthe environmental condition of Palawan. The firstcomprehensive environmental report was produced in

1985 and the second was prepared in 1999. Subsequently,this report presents the latest information on the statusof Palawan’s environment as input to planners and policymakers in charting the future of Palawan.

Top: Soft Coral with Feather Star at Tubbataha Reef.Bottom: Palawan endemic Calamian Deer in Calauit

Game Preserve and Wildlife Sanctuary.

2 PALAWAN

II

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.0 LAND RESOURCES

Land resources of Palawan were assessed in terms of rockcomposition that is, whether they belong to thesedimentary, igneous or metamorphic type of rock.Among the three, igneous rocks constitute the biggestportion accounting for about forty five percent (45%)of the aggregate rock formations in Palawan. This typeof rock is economically important because its existencebrought about the occurrence of mineral wealth such as

chromite, nickel, gold, mercury and manganese. However,in the context of forestry production its presence isunfavorable as only submarginal forest could thrive insuch formations. Following igneous rocks in terms ofareal coverage are sedimentary rocks which account forthirty five percent (35%) of the aggregate rock formationindicating a considerable potential area for agriculturaldevelopment. Covering the least area are metamorphicrocks which constitute approximately twenty percent(20%). Fortunately, despite the limited extent,metamorphic rocks are very valuable to Palawan. Theirpresence made possible the existence of caves andunderground channels as these occur in association withmetamorphic rocks of the limestone type. Consequently,such natural formations made Palawan a favoriteecological destination.

Geomorphological data of Palawan reveal that hills andmountains constitute a large portion (64%) of the Provincetotal land mass while only thirty six percent (36%) couldbe considered as lowland areas where most of thedevelopment occur. While the extensive hilly portionwhich is approximately forty nine percent (49%) may beutilized for agricultural production, this necessitates theadoption of intensive conservation measures as uplandcultivation will likely destroy lowland areas. Thus, utmostcare and consideration of Palawan’s landforms have tobe taken into account in planning its sustainabledevelopment.

In terms of soil characteristics, Palawan soils aregenerally acidic or have low soil pH whereinmicronutrients such as Fe, Al1, Mn1, Zn, Cn and Cobalthave their maximum availability but possible toxicity.There is therefore a need to correct the pH of Palawansoil or to identify and grow certain crops that will thrivein soil with low pH. Further, results of the soil surveyshowed that in most of the agricultural areas of Palawan,the cation exchange capacity (CEC) or the ability of soilto store and release important elements for plant growthis considered marginal and therefore in its natural state

Relief Features of Palawan

Hills48.9%

Plateau1.9%

Terraces7.7%

Coastal5.8%

River wash beach sand plateauscarpment

4.6%Mountains 14.8%

AlluvialPlains15.3%

Distribution of Rock Formations, Palawan

Metamorphic20%

Sedimentary35%

Igneous45%


II. Executive Summ

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such soils are incapable of enhancing plant growth. Also,the organic matter content of Palawan soils is generallycharacterized as low to medium and its phosphoruscontent deficient. Thus application of fertilizers withthe appropriate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus isnecessary to improve soil fertility.

On-going threats to these resources include open pitmining, quarrying, indiscriminate utilization of fertilizers,herbicides, insecticides and other chemicals, and slash andburn farming.

2.1 LAND COVER

Land cover data sourced from satellite imageries revealan impressive increase in forest cover from 52 percent in1992 to 56 percent in 1998. Despite illegal timberextraction, a complete reversal from forest loss of 19,000ha/year between 1979 to 1984 to forest increase of8,402 ha/year was attained between 1992 to 1998. It isbelieved that the fast recovery of Palawan forest may beattributed largely to the imposition of total commerciallog ban in 1992. In addition, environmental educationefforts of locally based government and non-governmentorganizations to a certain degree are recognized ascontributory to improving forest cover by weaning thepeople from their destructive activities and involving themin protecting the forest.

As to mangrove forest, overall assessment indicates anincrease of 744 hectares in spatial extent from 1992 to1998 despite the conversion of certain mangrove standsinto fishponds as evidenced by the increase in fishpondareas from 170 to 1,495 hectares for the same period.The increase could be attributed to the naturalregeneration of certain undisturbed mangrove areas.

On the other hand, the increase of built-up areas from1,083 hectares to 13,279 hectares was probably triggeredby high population growth rate in Palawan. Further, land

devoted for agriculture also expanded by 114,352hectares to meet the demand for food by the increasingpopulation. Most of the built-up and agricultural landtransformations were presumed to have occurred ingrasslands which manifested a reduction in area of212,149 hectares.

2.2 FOREST RESOURCES

Information on forest resources utilization based onDENR records reveal that since 1992, when totalcommercial log ban was enforced in Palawan pursuant toRepublic Act 7611, annual total timber productionmanifested a decline. While volume of timber legallyproduced went down by 99.55% from 97,000 m3 in 1990to 435 m3 in 2000, illegal cutting of forest trees has notyet been totally eliminated as indicated by the totalconfiscated timber of 3,487 m3 from 1990-2000. Highdemand for wood as a consequence of high populationhad possibly led to more illegal timber extraction.

With respect to almaciga resin, data show a similardeclining annual collection from 739,736 kg in 1990 to184,732 kg in 2000. Loss of almaciga trees due to fellingby past logging concessionaires and improper tappingwere viewed to be the causes of the decline in resinproduction.

To sustain the benefits derived from these century oldtrees by the indigenous communities in particular, policieslike the total ban in the cutting of almaciga trees and thegranting of preferential rights to indigenous peoples (IP’s)in the awarding of almaciga resin concessions wereformulated. Accordingly, in recognition of the rights ofIP’s over their ancestral lands, applicants of almacigaconcessions are now required to secure Prior InformedConsent from the affected tribal communities before theyare granted resin concessions.

In the case of rattan, extraction thereof was reduced by38% from 4,053,055 lineal meters in 1990 to 2,512,999lineal meters in 2000. The decline may be attributedto the gradual depletion of rattan resources brought aboutby failure of licencees to undertake replenishment/reforestation programs. It appears that rattanconcessionaires are generally dependent upon the naturallygrown rattan which unfortunately cannot sustain theirdemand. It was also noted that with the decline in theannual production of rattan, the total annual confiscationsalso decreased.

Destructive practices in the collection of rattan andalmaciga resin such as improper tapping of almaciga treesand failure of rattan gatherers to plant rattan seedlingswere identified as threat in the sustainability of theseresources. Further, despite the imposition of a total

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.00

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Land Category

1992

1998

Percentage Land Cover by Category

Land Category

4 PALAWAN

commercial log ban in Palawan, illegal cutting of foresttrees for timber remains to be a threat to forest recovery.

2.3 VERTEBRATEWILDLIFE RESOURCES

Palawan’s Faunal diversity comprises 422 species ofterrestrial and marine vertebrate wildlife accounting for38.6% of the several wildlife species in the entire country.Some of these wildlife are endemic or found only in theprovince or have restricted ranges confined in a particulararea or island.

Common species based on occurrence and abundancestatus include 98 birds, 34 reptiles, 28 mammals, and 12amphibians. Rare species on the other hand account for30 reptiles, 26 birds, six amphibians, and two mammalspecies.

Species that are of conservation importance asdetermined by the International Union for theConservation of Nature (IUCN) are the following:Philippine Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)[Critically Endangered], Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatuahaematuropygia) [Critically Endangered], PalawanPeacock Pheasant (Polypectron emphanum)[Endangered], Blue-naped Parrot (Tanygnathuslucionensis) [Endangered], Palawan Montane TreeSquirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus) [Endangered], PalawanSoft-furred Mountain Rat (Palawanomys furvus)[Endangered], Calamian Deer (Axis calamianensis)[Endangered], Palawan Stink-Badger (Mydaus marchei)[Vulnerable], Palawan Flying Fox (Acerodon leucotis)[Vulnerable], and the Dugong (Dugong dugong)[Vulnerable].

Species listed under the Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES) Appendix 1, totally banned from trade are:Philippine Crocodile, all marine turtles, Peregrine Falcon(Falco peregrinus), Leopard Cat (Prionailurusbengalensis), Calamian Deer, all rorquals(Balaenopteridae), Sperm Whale (Physeter catadon),Finless Porpoise (Neophocaera phocaenoides), andDugong.

Examples of trade-regulated species listed under CITESAppendix 2 are the: Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator),Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus), Malay CommonCobra (Naja sumatrana), and the rare King Cobra(Ophiophagus hannah); all diurnal raptors under OrderFalconiformes, (except the Peregrine Falcon) and allnocturnal raptors under Order Strigiformes; PalawanFlying Fox, Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus),Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis), MalayanPangolin (Manis javanica), and all dolphin species(Delphinidae).

No trade restricted/regulated amphibian species arerecorded.

Having been endowed with such rich wildlife resources,Palawan remains to be ground for illegal wildlife hunting,trading, bioprospecting, and piracy thereby makingPalawan one of the biodiversity hotspots in thePhilippines.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

To

tal V

olu

me(

m3)

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Year

Annual Timber Production, Palawan

Annual Manifestation of ConfiscatedTimber, Palawan

(lin

eal

met

ers)

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,000

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Year

Vo

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f C

on

fisca

ted

Tim

ber

(m

3)

0200400600800

1000120014001600

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Year

Annual Rattan Production, Palawan


II. Executive Summ

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2.4 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES

Rice is one of the major crops produced in Palawan andis generally grown in the uplands and paddy fields.Available data show that total land area devoted to ricewas reduced by 1,660 hectares from 1980 to 2000. Thereduction was mainly the result of non-production ofupland rice. All island municipalities except Balabacand all northern municipalities which used to be uplandrice producers ceased to grow upland rice. The ban onkaingin as well as the increase in environmentalawareness level of farmers are believed to havecontributed to the unpopularity of upland farming therebyreducing the area under upland rice cultivation. On onehand, an increase in the extent of paddy fields devotedto rice was manifested from 1980 to 2000.

In 2000, the yield for irrigated rice was placed at 4.5tons/ha which is higher than the 1999 regional andnational average of 3.23 and 3.75 tons/ha respectively.Similarly, average production for rainfed rice wasestimated at 3.12 tons/ha, still higher than the regionalaverage of 2.28 tons/ha. In its entirety, total riceproduction level was placed at 191,663 metric tons (cleanrice) in 2000. On the presumption that the per capitarice consumption of a Filipino is 125 kg/year, the riceproduction level of 191,636.02 was assessed to besufficient to feed Palawan’s population of 775,412 in thesaid year. However, with the high annual populationgrowth rate of Palawan for 1990-1995 estimated at 3.66%(higher than the national or regional average), it isexpected that rice shortage may set in by year 2007 unlessPalawan’s rice production level will be increased throughexpansion of farms under existing rice cultivationcomplemented by improved rice technology.

Meanwhile corn, also a major crop in Palawan, is mainlygrown for trading outside Palawan as feeds of livestockand poultry and for local human consumption in the formof green corn. While records show that the area utilizedfor corn production decreased from 20,676 hectares in1991 to 11,133 hectares in 2001, average production perhectare was noted to increase from 1.41 mt/ha in 1991 to2.22 mt/ha in 2001. The national average yield for cornin 1999 which was placed at 1.74 mt/ha is notably lowerthan the level obtained for Palawan in 2001.

Coconut is usually found along the coastal areas ofmainland Palawan. In 2000, the extent of coconutplantation was placed at 57,440 hectares, 69% (39,702hectares) were located in southern mainland Palawan, 16%(9,050 has.) was accounted for by the island municipalitiesand the remaining 15% (8,659 hectares) was shared bythe northern mainland municipalities. Brooke’s Pointregistered the highest aggregate area planted to coconut(12,859 hectares), followed by Balabac with 7,053

hectares. Cagayancillo has the lowest coconut area withonly 162 hectares. Southern mainland Palawanmanifested a relatively high production of 1.48 nuts/haor 66 nuts/tree. On a per municipality basis, SofroñioEspañola registered the highest average production at1.78 mt/ha while Araceli the lowest, with 0.87 mt/ha.On the basis of nuts/tree, Brooke’s Point manifested thehighest production rate of 71 nuts per tree whileMagsaysay recorded only 45 nuts per tree.

Aside from crop production, farmers also raise livestockand poultry both in their backyard and in commercial scaleto supplement their consumption requirement and otherfamily needs. Livestock commonly raised in the provinceare carabao, cattle and hogs. Carabao however is basicallyused as draft animals. Available data from various sourcesreveal a reduction in carabao population from 27,616 in1982 to 21,343 in 1991 attributable to the unregulatedsale of carabaos to Manila by declaring them unfit asworking animals. But from 1991 to 1995, carabaopopulation manifested an upward trend. As to cattleproduction, both backyard and commercial scale, therewas a significant increase from 1990 to 1993 indicatingthat cattle raising is a growing industry in the province.

The same trend was observed for hog/swine and poultrypopulation. In a span of 13 years (1982 to 1995) swine/hog population increased by about 124 percent whilepoultry population exhibited an increase of 24% from 1982to 1995. The huge increase in hog/swine and poultrypopulation could have been triggered by the demand froman increasing population and tourism-relatedestablishments such as hotels and restaurants in PuertoPrincesa City.

2.5 WATER RESOURCES

Water quality monitoring aims to generate baseline andcontinuous information on the quality of surface water,seasonal variations and possible effect of human activitieson the freshwater ecosystem. The water qualityparameters include water temperature, pH, dissolvedoxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, color,turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride and nutrients suchas nitrogen nitrate, nitrogen nitrite, nitrogen ammonia andphosphorous.

River monitoring conducted in the selected catchmentsof Iraan, Calategas, Aramaywan, Labog Tigaplan,Guineratan, Inandeng and Abongan commenced inSeptember 1996. Results of the quarterly monitoring usingthe aforementioned water quality parameters showed thatthe water quality of these rivers did not exceed thepermissible level set by DENR standards for Class Afreshwater. However, on a number of occasions, samplestaken from the sites of Inandeng River manifested pH

6 PALAWAN

value below the minimum limit of 6.5. Likewise, on onesampling period, the suspended solids of water taken fromCalategas, Iraan and Labog rivers exceeded the 50 mg/Lpermissible level for Class A freshwater, an indicationof on-going pollution. Further, on several occasions,Guineratan and Abongan rivers exhibited high turbidityas reflected in the color intensity and concentration ofsuspended solids. In particular, Guineratan River locatedin the municipality of Roxas appeared to be always turbid,with average concentration of suspended solids placed at246.7 mg/L, much higher than the permissible level of 50mg/L. The poor water quality condition of GuineratanRiver is likely affected by open pit gold mining activitiesat its upper catchment that commenced in 1993. It isrecommended that a special study be undertaken to assessthe impact of said mining activity so that mitigatingmeasures be instituted.

In terms of dissolved oxygen, Abongan river manifestedthe lowest especially when streamflow is nil. This impliesthat aquatic organism will have a hard time surviving inAbongan river especially during summer.

Most of the monitored rivers have been subjected to sandand gravel quarrying activities specifically Labog riverwhich has been experiencing riverbank erosion. Theintensive utilization of rivers as source of quarry materialsis possibly due to the high demand for aggregates.Apparently, the policy on total commercial log ban entailedthe shift from wood to concrete materials thus puttingmore pressure on rivers. The institution of stabilizationmeasures to prevent further erosion of rivers is thereforea must.

2.6 COASTAL RESOURCES

The mangrove forest of the province was declared aMangrove Swamp Reserve in 1982 by virtue ofPresidential Proclamation 2152. Inspite of the law, themangrove cover of the province has shown a decliningtrend over the years from 1984 until 1992 as shown by itsreduction from 46,000 ha in 1984 to 36,192 ha in 1993or an average yearly reduction of 1090 ha. However,from 1992 to 1998, there was an increase of 744 hectaresin the extent of mangrove or an equivalent mangroveimprovement of 124 ha/year despite mangrove forest lostto fishpond alone was estimated at 1,642 ha from 1992 to1998. Conversion of mangrove forests into fishponds orsettlements, tree felling for tan debarking and charcoalmaking were some of the problems affecting the mangroveforest of Palawan.

A high degree of species diversity can be found in themangrove forest of the province. Data generated fromvarious coastal resources assessment (CRA) showed atotal of 23 “true mangrove” species belonging to 11

Fair34.72%

Good20.83%

Excellent2.78%Poor

41.67%

Poor17.38%

Excellent3.93% Good

34.43%

Fair44.26%

Condition of Seagrass Communityby Category, Palawan

Reef Condition by Category, Palawan

families present in the 18 municipalities of the province.Rhizophora apiculata (bakawan lalake) and Sonneratiaalba (pagatpat) were the dominant species. This iscomparable to the same number of species under 19families recorded for the Philippines.

Equally important are the seagrass beds which serve asnursery, breeding grounds and source of food for fish,marine turtles, dugong and other aquatic invertebrates.Physically, they interact with coral reefs and mangrovesin reducing wave energy thus protecting the coastal zonefrom erosion. Of the 216 sample sites surveyed in 19municipalities, 90 or 41.67% were in poor (0-25%vegetative cover) condition, 75 or 34.72% in fair (26-50%) condition, 45 or 20.83% were in good (51-75%)condition, and only 6 or 2.78% were in excellent (above75%) condition.

A high degree of species diversity was noted among theseagrass beds of the province. There was a total of 14species under two families, approximating the 16 speciesrecorded for the Philippines.


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The coral reef of the province has an approximate areaof 9,900 km2, of which 100 km2 or 1.01% is accountedby the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park. This area,however, does not include the reefs of the Kalayaan IslandGroup. The CRA for the coral ecosystem in the provinceinvolving 305 sites in the same 19 municipalities showedthat only 3.93 % of the reefs are in excellent (75-100%live coral cover) condition. Most of the reefs (44.26 %)are in fair (25-49.9% live coral cover) condition. Reefsthat are in good (50-74.9% live coral cover) conditionconstitute 34.43% while 17.38% were in poor (less than25% live coral cover) condition.

The coastal resources of Palawan have been under threatfrom various destructive activities both in the terrestrialand the coastal areas. In the coral areas, the biggest threatat present is the live fish industry which thrives on the useof cyanide to catch the fish alive causing coral death.Further, dynamite fishing as well as the use of efficientgears within the municipal waters also contribute to coraldestruction resulting in the decline in fish catch.

2.7 HUMAN RESOURCES

The population of Palawan in 2000 was estimated at755,412, with Puerto Princesa City registering the highestcount at 161,912 accounting for 21 percent of theProvince’s total population. Except for Kalayaan, themunicipality of Cagayancillo had the least populationcount at 6,348 or 0.84 percent of the provincial total.However, in terms of population density, this municipalityregistered the highest at 412 persons/sq.km. San Vicentemunicipality was the least dense at approximately 26persons/sq.km., roughly half of the Province’s estimateddensity of 51 persons/sq.km. Palawan is fortunate to havethe lowest population density among the provinces in thecountry. However, it consistently exhibited a highpopulation growth rate, the latest being 3.6 percent perannum (based on the 1995 to 2000 censuses) which isgenerally higher than the regional and national average.

Further, Palawan’s population in 1995 appeared to beyoung as indicated by the computed median age placed at17.34 years which means that more than 50% of thepopulation is below 18 years of age. Accordingly,dependency ratio was high at 82 dependents for every 100productive individuals as compared to the national andregional estimate of 72 and 71, respectively. With thehigh dependency ratio, human productivity in Palawanwill tend to be low due to the increasing economic burden.


II. Executive Summ

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III

LAND RESOURCES

Land is one of the major resources of Palawan.Understanding the condition of the province’s landresources is vital in planning for its sustainabledevelopment. Agricultural development for example mustbe dictated by soil characteristics and topography whilenatural landscape shaped by geological processes coulddirect tourism development in Palawan. In fact, evenoptions to exploit mineral wealth should be based on soundassessment of the biophysical condition of the mine site.Thus, characterizing Palawan’s land resources will inone way or another guide planners in charting the futureof the Province.

3.1 ROCK FORMATIONS

Based on the Geological Map of Palawan prepared bythe Bureau of Soils in 1979, as summarized in Figure 1,the rock formation of Palawan is composed ofsedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Sedimentary rock accounts for 35 percent (35%) of thetotal rock formations and its presence indicates potentialarea for agricultural development. On the other hand,igneous rocks constitute about 45 percent (45%). Thistype of rock is economically important because itsexistence brought about the occurrence of mineral wealthsuch as chromite, nickel, gold, mercury and manganesein Palawan. Its presence, however, is disadvantageous interms of forest production because only submarginal notproductive forest could thrive in such formations. Amongthe three, metamorphic rocks cover the least area as itaccounts for only 20 percent of the total rock formationsin Palawan. The existence of this type of rock made itpossible the occurrence of caves and underground channelsas these occur in association with metamorphic rocks ofthe limestone type. Such natural formations made Palawana favorite tourism area.

3.2 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

The whole province of Palawan is divided into broadlandforms based on relief structures namely coastal,alluvial plains, terraces, plateau, hills, mountains andmiscellaneous landforms. Each landform is furtherpartitioned into several subdivisions based on the parentmaterial underlying them. Figure 2 shows the distributionof different broad landforms (see also Map 1 for thegeographical presentation while details of thegeomorphological data in Palawan is shown on AppendixA-1).

As can be gleaned from Figure 2, hills and mountainsconstitute about 64 percent of Palawan’s total landmassindicating a very limited area remaining for agriculturaldevelopment. Furthermore, of the remaining percentagearea of 36 percent, there exist other areas which aredeemed unsuitable for agricultural production and theseinclude the swamps and marshes (0.92 percent), themangroves (3.9 percent), and other miscellaneous areas

Metamorphic rocks made possible the occurence ofcaves and underground channels, which are populartourist destinations and home to many bat species.

10 PALAWAN

such as river wash, lakes, quarries, beach sand and saltbeds (4.7 percent). Constrained with such limitation,intention to utilize the extensive hilly area (which isapproximately 49 percent) for agriculture wouldnecessitate the adoption of intensive conservation measuresto prevent lowland destruction resulting from uplandcultivation. While Palawan’s topography favors tourismdevelopment, it is disadvantageous to agriculture. Thus,in planning for the sustainable development of Palawanparticularly in the aspect of agriculture, utmost care andconsideration of its landforms are essential.

3.3 SLOPE

Slope refers to the inclination of the surface of the soiland is mainly expressed in percent. This land characteristicis very essential in identifying areas with potential foragricultural and non-agricultural development. Palawan’sarea is divided into six (6) slope classes as shown on Figure3.

Areas belonging to slope classes 0 to 3, 3 to 8, and 8 to 18percent described respectively as level to nearby level,nearly level to gently sloping and gently sloping toundulating constitute about 28 percent and may be devotedfor annuals but with simple to intensive soil managementpractices. Undulating to rolling lands falling within theslope class from 18 to 30 percent comprise about 13percent only and is recommended for growing economictree crops with intensive soil management and conservationtreatment measures. Moreover, slope class from 30 to 50percent consisting of rolling to moderately steep slope hillsand mountains account for 24 percent of the total landarea. Such areas should be utilized only for agro-forestrywith intensive soil management and conservationmeasures. On the other hand, lands above 50 percentslope which are considered very steep hills and mountainsconstitute roughly 26 percent and should be set aside orretained as forest and wildlife sanctuary. Accordingly,such areas should be classified as core zones under theECAN zoning strategy.

3.4 SOIL PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS

3.4.1 Soil Texture

The soil texture is correlated with the soil physicalcharacteristics. It has a direct bearing on the waterholding capacity of the soil. Soils high in sand havelarge pore spaces between them hence water percolatesfast. Therefore, they have low water holding capacity.Soils high in clay or silt on the other hand have abundantbut very small pore spaces which account for slow watermovement. They can store large amount of water andhence have high water holding capacity. The combinationof sand, clay or silt of soil result to medium capacity ofsoil to hold water.

For Palawan, results of the 1988 soil survey show thatthe soils in the alluvial plains, terraces and basaltic hillsare generally characterized as sandy clay loam to claywhile the limestone hills and plains have clay soils. Onthe other hand, hills and mountains which aremetamorphic have sandy clay loam to clay loam soilswhile those that are ultrabasic and volcanic haveprincipally loam to clay soils.

Map 2 shows the geographical presentation of the textureof Palawan’s soil for each land management unit whilethe corresponding tabular data is depicted in AppendixA-2.

3.4.2 Soil Depth

Soil depth is evaluated in terms of its relation to otherproperties of soil. The amount of nutrients, water andair that the soil can hold depends upon the soil depth.Hence, it is important in growing deep rooted crops. Soil

Metamorphic20%

Sedimentary35%

Igneous45%

Figure 1. Distribution of Rock Formations, Palawan.

The opening to the Underground River at PuertoPrincesa Subterranean River National Park.


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depth less than 20 cm is considered very shallow, 20 to50 cm shallow, 50 to 100 cm moderately deep, 100 to200 cm deep and more than 200 cm very deep.

In the case of Palawan, soil depth varies from deep inbroad and narrow alluvial plains, valleys and fans tomoderately deep in alluvial and residual terracesincluding limestone, shale/sandstone and metavolcanichills, indicating suitability thereof for deep rooted crops.On one hand, soil depth is considered shallow in basaltic,ultrabasic and metamorphic hills and metamorphic andultrabasic mountains including plateaus and sedimenthills so that only crops which thrive on shallow soilscould be grown. Geographical presentation of Palawansoil depth in each land management unit is shown onMap 3 while the corresponding tabular data is presentedin Appendix A-2.

3.4.3 Water Holding Capacity

Water holding capacity is the capacity of the soil to holdwater in form available to plants. It is dependent uponthe organic matter content and soil texture. It issignificant in growing rainfed crops which largely dependupon available soil moisture.

The water holding capacity of Palawan soils is generallycategorized as medium except in plateaus, ultrabasic andmetamorphic hills of high relief, and mountainous areaswhere it is largely low; and in fishponds and swampsand marshes where it is relatively high. This means thatcrops which do not require large amount of water maybe grown in Palawan. Details of the water holdingcapacity of Palawan soils per land management unit isillustrated in Appendix A-2.

3.4.4 Internal Drainage

Internal soil drainage is that quality of a soil that permitsthe downward flow of excess water through it.Hydrophytic crops such as rice thrive mostly poorlydrained to moderately well drained soils while welldrained to somewhat excessively drained is favorable todiversified crops.

As indicated on Appendix A-2, soil internal drainage areconsidered poorly drained to moderately well drained inalluvial plains, in broad alluvial, infilled and enclosedvalleys, collo-alluvial fans and in sloping to undulatingresidual terraces. As such, hygrophytic crops could thrivein such areas. On the other hand, high or low relief hillshave moderately well drained to well drained internal

Figure 2. Relief Features of Palawan.

Hills and mountains constitute about 64 percent ofPalawan’s total landmass where as coastal contributes

5.8 percent.

Hills48.9%

Plateau1.9%

Terraces7.7%

Coastal5.8%

River wash beach sand plateauscarpment

4.6%Mountains 14.8%

AlluvialPlains15.3%

12 PALAWAN

drainage and therefore may be suitable for diverse crops.Mountainous areas manifest well drained to somewhatexcessively drained internal drainage and thereforeunsuitable for growing crops. Map 4 demonstrates thegeographical presentation of the internal soil drainagefor each land management unit while the correspondingtabular data is shown in Appendix A-2.

3.4.5 External Drainage

External drainage or surface runoff refers to the relativerate for which water is removed by flow over the surfaceof the soil. It is classified as ponded, very slow, slow,medium, rapid, and very rapid. It is generally correlatedwith slope and erosion hazards. Soils which are pondedor with very slow runoff usually have no erosion hazardwhile soils with slow external drainage has little or noerosion hazard. Soils with medium runoff have slight tomoderate erosion hazard and soils with rapid runoff haveusually moderate to high erosion hazard. In soils withvery rapid runoff, erosion hazard is commonly high orvery high.

A reading of Appendix A-2 shows that external drainageis generally very slow in coastal zones but becomes rapidup to the hills and mountain. Considering that almost 64percent of the land area of Palawan are hills andmountains, erosion hazards would be moderate to highin quite an extensive area.

3.5 SOIL CHEMICALCHARACTERISTICS

The soil chemical characteristic contributes to the qualityin the growth of plants through the build up of itsbiochemical composition, not in rich quantity but inadequate or sufficient amount. The chemical

characteristics of soil per land management is shown onAppendix A-3.

3.5.1 Soil Reaction pH

Soil reaction pH is a measure of the degree of alkalinityor acidity of soil. Its significance depends in influencingthe availability of nutrients for plant growth. A soil ofpH 5.5 to 8.6 gives optimal availability while a pH valueof 5.0 and below allows the micronutrients such as Fe,Al1, Mn1, Zn, Cn and Cobalt to have their maximumavailability and possible toxicity.

For Palawan, except for limestone hills which has a soilpH that gives optimal availability of nutrients for plantgrowth and the mountains (where no data are available),the rest of the landforms have low soil pH wherein

Figure 3. Slope Class Distribution, Palawan.

18-3013%

0-323%

30-5024%

above 5026%

8-189%

3-85%

The geology of Palawan is variedwhich resulted in the forming ofsoils with very differentcharacteristics. The province isalso known to have rich depositsof metallic and non-metallicminerals, but no detailedgeological survey has been made.


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micronutrients have their maximum availability butpossible toxicity. Therefore, there is the necessity tocorrect the pH of Palawan soil or to identify and growcertain crops that will thrive most in soil with low pH.

3.5.2 Cation Exchange Capacity

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is the ability of soil tostore and release important elements for plant growth.It is influenced by the texture and organic content of thesoil. A soil with more than 200 meq/100 g of soil hasadequate CEC but below 10 meg/100 g of soil, the CECis deficient.

Referring to Appendix A-3, CEC in Palawan soils isgenerally marginal particularly in most agricultural areaswhich include broad and narrow alluvial plains, infilledand broad alluvial valleys, collo-alluvial terraces andsloping to undulating residual terraces. This means thatsoils in the agricultural areas of Palawan in its naturalstate is not capable of enhancing plant growth.

3.5.3 Organic Matter Content

Organic matter content of a soil is indicative of the levelof nitrogen present. In general, for upland crops, soilorganic matter content of less than 2.0% is consideredlow while from 2.0%-3.5% it is categorized as mediumand more than 4.5% it is adequate. However, for thelowland or paddy rice areas organic matter content of morethan 3% is generally considered adequate.

As depicted on Appendix A-3, the organic matter contentof Palawan soils is generally characterized as low tomedium except in the sloping to undulating andundulating to rolling residual terraces and in the level toundulating undissected plateaus where the organic mattercontent is considered adequate. Thus, to improve thefertility of soils particularly in areas with low to mediumorganic matter content, application of fertilizers with theappropriate amount of nitrogen is necessary therebyincreasing agricultural production.

Map 5 illustrates the level of nitrogent content ofPalawan’s soil in each land management unit.

3.5.4 Phosphorous Content

Phosphorous is the second major soil nutrient necessaryfor the growth and development of plants. It stimulatesearly root development, hastens maturity of crops,increases the amount of grains and fruits, stimulatesflowering, aids in seed formation and is essential inripening of grain as in the strengthening of cereal straw.Values of availability index of phosphorous determinedby Olson’s method of less than 3 ppm in soil is considered

very deficient, 3-6 ppm in soil as deficient; 6-10 ppm insoil as possibly deficient and greater than 10 ppm in soilas adequate. With reference to Map 6 (see details inAppendix A-3), the soils of Palawan are basicallydeficient in phosphorous except for collo-alluvial plainswhere the phosphorous content is adequate. Accordingly,the deficiency in phosphorous may be corrected by theapplication of fertilizers with appropriate amount ofphosphorous.

3.5.5 Exchangeable Bases

Exchangeable bases (ca, mg and k) are determined ininitial ammonium acetate leachate from the cationexchange capacity determination. Calcium andmagnesium are micronutrients needed by the plants insmall quantity. They enhance the availability of plantuptake of elements such as phosphorous. Calcium ishigh if greater than 1 and low if less than 0.5 meq/100gof soil while magnesium is considered high if greaterthan 0.5 and low if less than 0.25 meg/100 g of soil.

Potassium on one hand is a soil nutrient which plays animportant role in plant growth and development especiallyin the production of starch, sugar, cellulose and protein.It increases plant resistance to certain diseases. Itcounteracts the effects of too much nitrogen in delayingmaturity and works against induced ripening as influencedby photosynthesis. Exchangeable potassium of soil is lowif less than 0.15 meg/100 g of soil and is high if greaterthan 0.25 meg/100g of soil.

Referring to Appendix A-3, the soils of Palawan isgenerally considered high in calcium and magnesiummicronutrients. However, there are certain areasparticularly the metavolcanic hills where saidmicronutrients are considered low. In plateaus andmetamorphic hills, calcium and magnesium areconsidered low to medium.

On the contrary, potassium is considered low in most ofthe low lying areas (i.e. broad plain, narrow alluvial plainsand limestone plains) which are generally devoted toagricultural production. Accordingly, application offertilizers with appropriate amount of potassium in suchareas is necessary to enhance plant growth and increaseresistance of plants to diseases. In other areas like valleys,alluvial fans, residual terraces and metamorphic andsandstone hills, potassium micronutrients range from lowto medium or medium to high. There are however certainareas where potassium micronutrients is basically highand these include limestone hills, basaltic hills andmetavolcanic hills.

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14 PALAWAN

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16 PALAWAN

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18 PALAWAN

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Map 6. Soil Phosporous Content, Palawan.



II. Executive Summ

a Land C

over

IV

LAND COVER

Land cover is an important aspect of Palawan’senvironment. It is a good indicator for assessing the stateof the environment at a macro level. For example, forestloss is usually an indication of a degraded environmentbecause of its adverse effect not only on the floral andfaunal biodiversity but also on the hydrology of aparticular area. Likewise, increase in grassland areascould be reflective also of a deteriorating soil conditionsince infertile lands are usually invaded by grass species.Thus, land cover data could provide the bases for comingup with sound and sustainable policies geared towardsthe sustainable development of Palawan.

Under the EMES, information on land cover are basicallysourced from LandSaT TM imageries although data onland cover of Palawan are available since 1979. Thereckoning period for monitoring land cover was set in1992, the year SEP was legitimized. Both the 1992baseline data and the 1998 monitoring data were derivedfrom processing and interpretation of LandSat Imageries.However, interpretation of the 1992 imageries was doneby a separate agency and only the results were made

available to PCSDS. As such, comparative analysis ofthe 1992 and 1998 data to account for changes was quitedifficult since one has to rely on information that appearedto be invalidated but could no longer be verified. Further,information captured from the interpreted images had somelimitations. For one, clouds were inevitably present andwere not totally eliminated from the imageries. Secondly,due to the position of the Satellite, cloud’s shadow werelikewise present in the imageries thus further increasingthe spatial extent of uncharacterized areas. Nonetheless,attempts to analyze changes in land cover were made inthis report. However, such comparison did not includethe islands of Cuyo, Agutaya, Magsaysay andCagayancillo as these municipalities were not covered bythe 1992 data.

4.1 FOREST COVER

Forest cover is estimated by accounting for the forestedarea of Palawan (except mangrove area) in proportion tothe total terrestrial area and is measured in percent. Basedon the interpretation and digital processing of the 1992LANDSAT TM imageries of Palawan carried out by JapanForest Technical Association as part of its wide area“Tropical Forest Resources Survey” as shown on Table1, the forest cover of mainland Palawan including theCalamian Group of Islands municipalities, Balabac andDumaran Islands was estimated at 51.79 percent in 1992(Land cover by municipality in 1992 is presented onAppendix B-1). On the other hand, the forest cover ofthe same area in 1998 was estimated at 55.84 percent asshown on Appendix B-2.

To account for the changes in forest cover, comparisonof the data set shall exclude the municipalities of Cuyo,Agutaya, Magsaysay and Cagayancillo as these were notcovered in the 1992 data. Table 1 shows the comparativedata on land cover resulting from the above-cited limitedanalysis while Appendix B-3 reflects the comparativeland cover data by municipality.

Forest cover contributes 55.84 percent of the totalland cover in Palawan (1998).

22 PALAWAN

As manifested in Table 1, a forest gain of 50,410 hectareswas achieved from 1992 to 1998 or an equivalent rate ofincrease of 8,402 ha/year. The data are rather impressivefor it must be recalled that based on the 1979 and 1984satellite data, Palawan was experiencing forest loss at therate of 19,000 ha/year (IEP). With the new informationat hand it would appear then that deforestation has alreadybeen arrested in Palawan and it is now on its way to forestrecovery. This quantitative increase in forest coverhowever does not reflect the qualitative condition ofPalawan’s forest. While spatial extent of forest may haveexpanded, the possibility that the forest condition in termsof stand density and diversity may have deteriorated isnot remote considering that illegal timber extraction hasnot been totally eliminated.

Nonetheless, it is believed that the fast recovery ofPalawan forests may be largely attributed to theimposition of commercial log ban in the Province. Thisis so because while illegal logging by private individuals

still exists in Palawan, the volume extracted by themcould not match the quantity being reaped by loggingconcessions so as to substantially affect the extent offorest cover. Illegal extraction of timber are usuallysporadic and thus its impact could not be captured in aLandSat Image. Additionally, environmental educationefforts of locally based government and non-governmentorganizations are also recognized as contributory toimproving forest cover by weaning the people from theirdestructive activities and involving them in protectingthe forest. A graphical representation of Palawan’s landcover data for 1992 and 1998 is shown in Figure 4.

4.2 MANGROVE FORESTAND FISHPONDS

Mangrove forest accounts for 3.55 and 3.63 percent ofthe total land area in 1992 and 1998 respectively. Anequivalent increase of 744 hectares in the extent ofmangrove areas was manifested for the period despite theconversion of certain mangrove stands into fishponds asevidenced by the increase in fishpond areas from 170 to1,495 hectares. The increase could be attributed to thenatural regeneration of certain undisturbed mangroveareas.

4.3 GRASSLANDS, BRUSHLANDSAND BARE LANDS

As indicated on Table 1, brushland increased from 17.21to 21.03 percent of the total terrestrial area or an increaseof approximately 51,668 hectares. Conversion of certaingrasslands into brushlands is viewed to have contributedto the expansion. The reduction in grassland areas placedat 212,149 hectares could be perceived not only astransformation through time of grasslands into brushlandsbut also conversion thereof into croplands, paddy field,other plantations, or built-up areas. In addition,misinterpretation of certain paddy fields in 1992 as

Figure 4. Graph Showing Percentage Land Cover by Category, 1992-1998, Palawan.

Mangrove forest within the Puerto PrincesaSubterranean River National Park,

Puerto Princesa City.

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.00

Per

cent

age

Are

a (%

)

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stM

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ove

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1992

1998


II. Executive Summ

a Land C

over

Table 1. Comparative Data on Land Cover by Category, Palawan 1992 1998 Change

Land Cover Area (ha.) Percent Area (ha.) Percent Area (ha.) Percent Forest 738,886.00 51.79 789,296.00 55.84 50,410.00 4.05 Primary Forest 333,380.00 23.37 534,370.00 37.81 200,990.00 14.44 Mossy Forest 40,864.00 2.86 27,271.00 1.93 -13,593.00 -0.93 Residual Forest 335,893.00 23.54 203,938.00 14.43 -131,955.00 -9.11 Marginal Forest 27,651.00 1.94 19,059.00 1.35 -8,592.00 -0.59 Karst/Limestone 1,098.00 0.08 4,658.00 0.33 3,560.00 0.25 Mangrove Area 50,602.00 3.55 51,346.00 3.63 744.00 0.09 Brushland 245,585.00 17.21 297,253.00 21.03 51,668.00 3.82 Grassland 252,025.00 17.66 39,876.00 2.82 -212,149.00 -14.84 Agricultural Area 91,053.00 6.38 205,405.00 14.53 114,352.00 8.15 Coconut Plantation 26,397.00 1.85 70,463.00 4.99 44,066.00 3.13 Other Plantation 7,942.00 0.56 33,835.00 2.39 25,893.00 1.84 Paddy Field 42,893.00 3.01 80,178.00 5.67 37,285.00 2.67 Cropland 13,821.00 0.97 20,929.00 1.48 7,108.00 0.51 Bare/Rock Areas 9,607.00 0.67 8,943.00 0.63 -664.00 -0.04 Mining Area 1,468.00 0.10 1,090.00 0.08 -378.00 -0.03 Built-up Area 1,083.00 0.08 13,279.00 0.94 12,196.00 0.86 Fishpond 170.00 0.01 1,812.00 0.13 1,642.00 0.12 Lakes/Water Body 1,179.00 0.08 5,187.00 0.37 4,008.00 0.28 Clouds/Shadow 35,138.00 2.46

T O T A L 1,426,796.00 100.00 1,413,487.00 100.00

grasslands accounts for the reduction in grassland areas.Such misinterpreted paddy fields which were then correctlyinterpreted as paddy fields in 1998 also contributed to theincrease in paddy fields. Likewise, bare or rocky landarea which accounts for 0.67 percent of the total terrestrialarea in 1992 was decreased to 0.63 percent in 1998.Conversion of some of the bare lands into agriculture orsettlement areas as further evidenced by the expansionthereof may have contributed to the estimated reductionin bare areas of 664 hectares.

4.4 AGRICULTURAL ANDBUILT-UP AREA

Areas devoted to agriculture appeared to have increasedconsiderably from 91,053 (6.38%) to 205,405 (14.53%)hectares. As earlier mentioned, conversion of grasslandsor brushlands into more productive agricultural areas andmisinterpretation of paddy fields as grasslands in 1992account for most of the increase. In like manner, from0.076 percent of the terrestrial area of Palawan in 1992,the proportion manifested by built-up areas rose to 0.94percent or an equivalent increase of 12,196 hectares. Theexpansion of built-up areas may have been due to the

conversion of certain areas, grasslands and bare landsinto settlements to accommodate the increasingpopulation in the Province which incidentally is growingat the rate of 3.6 per year.

Agricultural lands have increased from 91,053 ha to205,405 ha in the province from 1992 to 1998. A rice

farmer in southern Palawan.

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24 PALAWAN

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Map 8. Land Cover, Palawan, 1998.



II. Executive Summ

a Forest R

esources

V

FOREST RESOURCES

Monitoring of forest resources under EMES is confinedonly to timber and major non-timber products. Timberproducts in general cover legally produced/harvested andconfiscated timber or lumber while non-timber productsconsist mainly of almaciga resin and rattan derived fromboth legal and illegal sources. Data are designed to begenerated through secondary sources mostly from theProvincial and District Offices of the Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources in Palawan.Unfortunately, available data from DENR are generallyincomplete. Nonetheless, establishment of trends on forestresources utilization based on information gathered fromthe DENR is attempted in this report.

5.1 TIMBER PRODUCTION

The extent of timber produced in Palawan is beingaccounted by recording the volume of timber manifestedby holders of Timber License Agreement (TLA), of PrivateLand Timber Permits and of Harvesting Permits in Agro-Forestry and Integrated Social Forestry Areas includinglumber or timber apprehended and confiscated by lawenforcement agencies of the government. The volumeof timber produced in Palawan from 1990 to 2000 isillustrated in Figure 5, as shown, a downward trend inthe volume of timber harvested from the forests ofPalawan was manifested. The reduction was particularlyremarkable from 1992 until recently. From as high as97,000 m3 in 1990, the volume legally produced wentdown to as low as 435 m3 in 2000. The decline wasgenerally brought about by the imposition of a totalcommercial log ban in Palawan’s natural forests pursuantto Republic Act 7611 otherwise known as the StrategicEnvironmental Plan for Palawan Act. As a result of thelog ban, all TLA’s in Palawan were cancelled sometimein 1993. It was likewise observed that from 1994 until1998, the total volume extracted oscillated around 2,000m3 but dramatically increased to 8,405 in 1999. Theabrupt increase was mainly due to yields from theplantations and not from natural forests as in the case ofthe other years.

In terms of confiscated timber, no definite time trendcould be drawn from existing data as shown on Figure6. However, suffice it to say that illegal cutting offorest trees has not yet been eliminated in Palawan.As demonstrated on Figure 7, of the seven districts,District IV-26 covering Puerto Princesa City,Cagayancillo, Cuyo, Agutaya, Magsaysay and Kalayaanregistered the highest total volume of timber confiscationsat 2,166.45 m3 for the period from 1990-2000 accountingfor 54.89 percent of the total confiscations in Palawan.District IV-23 covering the Calamian Group of Islands

Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) is a premiumhardwood tree species that produces a resin

processed into Manila Copal.

28 PALAWAN

Figure 5. Annual Timber Production, Palawan.

Figure 6. Annual Manifestation of Confiscated Timber, Palawan.

District IV-289.64%

District IV-274.67%

District IV-230.73%

District IV-296.44%

District IV-26 54.89%

District IV-2418.52%

District IV-255.06%

Figure 7. Percentage Distribution of Total Timber Confiscated from 1990 to 2000, Palawan.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

To

tal V

olu

me

(m3)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Vo

lum

e o

f C

on

fisca

ted

T

imb

er(m

3)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year


II. Executive Summ

a Forest R

esources

exhibited the least volume of confiscated timber at 28.65m3 or equivalent to 0.73 percent of the total confiscationsfor the same period mentioned. While high demandfor wood as an offshoot of high population count couldpossibly lead to more illegal timber extraction, thepresence of more law enforcers in the City of PuertoPrincesa may also have contributed to an increase inconfiscations at said district. Moreover, availability ofadequate communication systems particularly in PuertoPrincesa City could also be a factor to effectiveapprehensions and confiscations.

5.2 NON-TIMBER PRODUCTION

Rattan and almaciga resin are the major non-timberproducts extracted on a large scale from the forests ofPalawan. Under the law, exploitation of these twovaluable products is allowed only under a valid permitissued by the State thru the DENR. In Palawan, with theenactment of RA 7611 in 1992, SEP Clearance has to besecured first prior to DENR’s issuance of a permit. Apermit is renewable annually.

5.2.1 Almaciga

Almaciga resin is being collected only in areas wherealmaciga trees are abundant. Data reveal that almacigaresin production was recorded only in five of the sevenCENRO-districts in Palawan. For the period from 1990to 2000, as indicated on Figure 8 the greatest volume onrecord of almaciga resin collected in one year was1,678,604 kg. This was manifested in year 1997. Theleast at 184,732 kg was recorded in year 2000. On theaverage, the annual rate of almaciga resin production inPalawan was placed at 751,276 kgs. While data wouldshow a reduction in the total volume collected from739,736 in 1990 to 184,732 in 2000, no time series trendcould be established. Nonetheless, the decline could beattributed to the depletion of almaciga trees due to

indiscriminate felling thereof by past loggingconcessionaires. Moreover, as disclosed by some resingatherers, their periodic collection have reduced due toloss of almaciga trees resulting from improper tapping.Thus, in consideration of the sustained financial benefitsthat could be derived from almaciga trees particularly bythe indigenous communities, policies have been formulatedto protect this already endangered tree species fromextinction. A ban on the cutting of Almaciga trees havebeen imposed by the DENR. The State, as a matter ofpolicy also grants preferential rights to indigenouscommunities in the awarding of almaciga resinconcessions. Accordingly, applicants for almacigaconcessions are now required to secure Prior InformedConsent from the affected tribal communities.

In terms of distribution as manifested in Figure 9, DistrictIV-26 exhibited the highest aggregate production from1999-2000 at 1,261,462 kg to account for 52.16 percentof the total for Palawan. The least share of 8.42 percentwas recorded in District IV-27. (Narra and Aborlan).

5.2.2 Rattan

Data on annual production of rattan from 1990 to1999 as shown in Figure 10 reveal that the highest yieldwas 6,235,743 lineal meters and was recorded in 1993.The ten year average annual production of rattan inPalawan was placed at 3,347,200 lineal meters. Whilethere was no clear trend on the intensity of rattanproduction from year to year, data reveal that the annualproduction of rattan reduced from 4,053,055 in 1990 to2,512,999 lineal meters in 1999. The decline may beattributed to the gradual depletion of rattan brought aboutby failure of licensees to undertake replenishment orreforestation programs.

District IV-25 comprising the municipality of Roxas, SanVicente, Araceli and Dumaran as illustrated in Figure 11

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

An

nu

al A

lmac

iga

Res

in

Pro

du

ctio

n (

kg)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year

Figure 8. Annual Almaciga Resin Production, Palawan.

30 PALAWAN

Marketable timber trees such ashigh-priced dipterocarps arerelatively scarce in Palawan’sforest. Commercial loggers focusedtheir interest in the island only afterthe forests elsewhere in thePhilippines have been exploited. In1992, a total commercial log ban inPalawan was imposed pursuant tothe SEP Law (RA 7611).

Ipil (Intsia bijuga)

District IV-26

52.16%

District IV-25

13.99%

DistrictIV-27

8.42%

District IV-28

15.08%

District IV-29

10.35%

Figure 9. Percentage Distribution of Total Almaciga Production from 1999-2000, Palawan.

manifested the highest ten year aggregate production at12,607,852 lineal meters to account for 37.67 ofPalawan’s total production while District IV-29 (Brooke’sPoint, Bataraza and Balabac) contributed the least shareof 1.45 percent in the total rattan production for the saidperiod.

In terms of confiscated rattan as indicated in Figure 12,the aggregate volume confiscated from 1990 to 1997totalled to 709,609 lineal meters. The highest annualconfiscation was placed at 374,681 kg and wasreflected in 1992. Except for the 1992 figure, dataalso reveal a declining trend for annual volume ofconfiscated rattan. As the annual production also declinefrom 1990 to 1999, the total volume confiscated alsodecreased from 152,451 to 13,073 lineal meters in thesame period. The presence of environmental groupswhether organized by LGUs or by non-governmententities and the vigilance of the community and lawenforcers in tracking down illegal activities are viewedto have deterred environmental law violators fromengaging in illegal activities.

The district which registered the highest aggregateconfiscations from 1990 to 1997 placed at 229,242 linealmeters was District IV-26. As presented in Figure 13,District IV-26 contributed the highest share of 32.30percent in the total confiscations. Again it may beinferred that confiscations tend to be highest in areaswith greater number of law enforcers as in this district.The least confiscations accounting for only 1.13 percentof the total was manifested by District IV-28. (Quezonand Rizal).


II. Executive Summ

a Forest R

esources

Figure 10. Annual Rattan Production, Palawan.

Figure 11. Percentage Distribution of Rattan Production from 1990-1999 by District, Palawan.

Figure 12. Annual Volume of Rattan Confiscated, Palawan.

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000A

nn

ual

Rat

tan

Pro

du

ctio

n(l

inea

l met

ers)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Year

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

Vo

lum

e o

f C

on

fisc

ated

R

atta

n (li

nea

l met

ers)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997

Year

District IV-28

21.32%

DistrictIV-27

9.38%

DistrictIV-26

17.75%

District IV-25

37.67%

DistrictIV-24

10.5%

DistrictIV-23

1.93%

DistrictIV-29

1.45%

32 PALAWAN

Figure 13. Percentage Distribution of Rattan Confiscations from 1990-1997, Palawan.

DistrictIV-29

12.9%

DistrictIV-23

1.84%DistrictIV-24

27.05%

District IV-25

9.86%

DistrictIV-26

32.3%

DistrictIV-27

14.92%

District IV-28

1.13%


II. Execuve Summ

aryV

ertebrate Wildlife

VI

VERTEBRATEWILDLIFE

Palawan and its associated islands and island groupscomprise a unique biotic composition as compared to otherislands and island-provinces in the Philippines.Zoogeographical studies have revealed that the Palawansub-archipelago is a separate faunal subregion asdelineated by the Wallacean biogeographical line.

Palawan has a rich faunal biodiversity comprising 422species of terrestrial and marine vertebrate wildlifeaccounting for 38.6% of the several wildlife species inthe entire country. Some of these wildlife are endemic orfound only in the province or have restricted rangesconfined in a particular area or island. Herpetofaunalstudies were conducted in the last two to five years, butfurther verification and checklist updates are needed. Formammalian and avifaunal data, several studies were alsoconducted. A consolidation of these data is imperative tocome up with a general listing of wildlife for the Palawanmainland and its associated islands.

The forests of Palawan have also unique features ascompared to other Philippine forests. This terrestrialecosystem has adapted to relatively low rainfall, higheraltitudes, and varied substrates, which are mostlylimestone. Generally, these forests have an open-canopyceiling, allowing a high rate of biomass turnover. Thisprocess thus creates more habitat-niches that can supportseveral plant and animal species.

6.1 SPECIES COMPOSITION

The following table lists the vertebrate classes of speciesfound in Palawan and its associated islands and islandgroups. Also reflected is the percentage composition inrelation to records of wildlife species in the Philippines.

The preceding table shows that avian species are mostabundant having 261 species and a percentage compositionof 45.6% from the 572 avian species in the Philippines.This is followed by mammals having 67 terrestrial andmarine species and a 33.3% composition from the 201mammals in the country. Figure 14 shows a graphicalrepresentation of these data.

6.2 LOCAL ABUNDANCE

Table 3 characterizes each vertebrate group based on localabundance. It is however presumed that these data are

Table 2. Comparison of Wildlife Composition of Palawan and the Philippines.

Vertebrate Class Palawan Philippines Percent

Mammals 67 201 33.3%

Birds 261 572 45.6% Reptiles 72 240 30.0% Amphibians 22 81 27.1%

Two Palawan Bearcats (Arctictis binturong) raised incaptivity on Calauit Island.

34 PALAWAN

relative as these may vary from one particular area toanother.

Table 3 shows that there are 98 species of birds, 34species of reptiles, 28 species of mammals, and 12 speciesof amphibians common in the province. Rare species onthe other hand account for 30 reptiles, 26 birds, sixamphibians, and two mammal species.

6.3 CONSERVATION STATUS

Species that are of conservation importance asdetermined by the International Union for theConservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention onInternational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunaand Flora (CITES) are discussed per vertebrate group.Appendix C-1 presents a summary of their conservationand ecological status.

6.4 SPECIES ACCOUNT

6.4.1 Herpetofaunal Community

Figure 14. Species Composition of Palawan and the Philippines

201

572

240

81

67

261

72

22

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Ver

tebr

ate

Gro

up

No. of Species

Palawan

Philippines

Table 3. Local Abundance of Palawan Wildlife.

Vertebrate Class

Total Species C LC FC

MC U Ra LU Unc Unk

Mammals 67 28 7 7 10 2 0 1 12 Birds 261 98 12 33 90 26 2 0 0 Reptiles 72 34 5 1 1 30 0 0 1 Amphibians 22 12 0 0 4 6 0 0 0

Note: C = Common, LC = Locally Common, FC/MC = Fairly-Moderately Common,

U = Uncommon, Ra = Rare, LU = Locally Uncommon, Unc = Uncertain, Unk = Unknown.

6.4.1.1 Reptiles

There are 72 recorded reptilian species for the province,accounting for 30% out of the 240 reptile species in thePhilippines. This vertebrate group is represented by fourorders: (1) TESTUDINATA (Turtles), with two familiesand five species; (2) CROCODILIA (Crocodiles, Caimansand Alligators), with one family and two species; (3)SAURIA (Lizards), with five families and 24 species; and(4) SERPENTES (Snakes), with eight families and 40species. Racers and rot snakes emerged to be the largestfamily consisting of 29 species.

Out of these 72 reptilian species, 63 are terrestrial,including the two species of Crocodiles: PhilippineCrocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) and EstuarineCrocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which are also aquaticin habits. The former is an endangered and endemicspecies, while the latter though delisted from the 2000IUCN list is still banned for trade under CITES Appendix1. Both species have only a limited number in the wilddue to persecution and habitat loss. Also included with


II. Execuve Summ

aryV

ertebrate Wildlife

terrestrial and semi-aquatic habits are two species of theFamily Emydidae (Freshwater Turtles). These are theMalayan Freshwater Turtle (Cuora amboinensis), andthe Serrate-Shelled Leaf Turtle (Cyclemys dentata) whichwas recorded in the Puerto Princesa Subterranean RiverNational Park (PPSRNP) in 1999.

Other marine reptiles include the endangered sea turtlesof the Chelonidae family: Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas),Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), Olive RidleyTurtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), and Loggerhead Turtle(Caretta caretta). These turtles are also banned for tradeunder CITES Appendix 1. Sightings have been recordedat El Nido, Tubbataha Reef, and Malampaya Soundamong others. Further, Trade-regulated species listedunder CITES Appendix 2 are the following: MonitorLizard (Varanidae: Varanus salvator), Reticulated Python(Boidae: Python reticulatus), Malay Common Cobra(Elapidae: Naja sumatrana), and the rare King Cobra(Elapidae: Ophiophagus hannah).

The following table summarizes the reptilian faunaaccount for Palawan. (Please see below Table 8 fordefinations of table headings). A detailed list andbiological information of recorded reptiles in Palawanis found in Appendix C-2.

6.4.1.2 Amphibians

There are 22 recorded amphibian species for the province,accounting for 27.1% out the 81 amphibian species inthe Philippines. This vertebrate group is represented bytwo orders: (1) GYMNOPHIONA (LimblessAmphibians), with 1 family and one species; and (2)

Table 4. Summary of Reptilian Fauna Account in Palawan.

Total Species:

72 65 (terrestrial/ semi-aquatic) 7 (marine)

Percentage from Philippine Species:

30% (from 240 species)

Restricted Range Endemic Species (found only in Palawan)

14

Local Endemic Species (found in Palawan and other provinces):

12

Restricted Range Non-Endemic Species (found only in Palawan):

5

Non-Endemic Species: 41

ANURA (Tailless Amphibians, Frogs and Toads), withsix families and 22 species.

The dominant Family Taxon is of the Family Ranidae(True Frogs), having 8 representative species. This groupcomprises the majority of Philippine Frogs having spindle-shaped or tapered bodies, smooth and slimy skins,protruding eyes, and webbed toes. They inhabit bodiesof water and wet to moist situations, occupying mostlyforested areas.

Three Philippine endemic species are found only inPalawan. These are: Philippine Discoglossid Frog(Discoglossidae: Barbourula busuangensis), PalawanToadlet (Bufonidae: Pelophryne albotaeniata), andMary’s Frog (Ranidae: Micrixalus mariae). ThePhilippine Discoglossid Frog inhabits primary forests andfeeds on aquatic invertebrates. It is a rare and aquaticfrog inhabiting clean, cool mountain streams at lowerelevations. It has been recorded in Busuanga, CulionIsland, PPSRNP, and mainland Palawan. The PalawanToadlet is a terrestrial-arboreal bufonid that inhabitsprimary forests. This rare species has been recorded fromThumb Peak and Mt. Balabag in mainland Palawan.Meanwhile, Mary’s Frog is a rare aquatic frog that alsoinhabits forested areas. The species has been recordedat 850masl from Mt. Balabag along the MantalingajanRange in mainland Palawan.

There are also four rare and uncommon non-endemicspecies that are restricted only in the province. Theseare: Southeast Asian Wood Frog (Ranidae: Ranasanguinea); and three of the Rhacophoridae family,Peter’s Tree Frog (Nyctixalus pictus), Rough-SkinnedTree Frog (Philautus longicrus), and Everett’s Tree rog(Rhacophorus everetti).

Table 5. Summary of Amphibian Fauna Account in Palawan.

Total Species: 22


27.1% (from 81 species)

Restricted Range Endemic Species (found only in Palawan)

3

Local Endemic Species (found in Palawan and other provinces):

3

Restricted Range Non-Endemic Species (found only in Palawan):

4

Non-Endemic Species: 12

36 PALAWAN

Table 6. Trophic Levels of Avian Species in Palawan.

Trophic Level # of species

Relative Proportion

(%)

Graminivore 7 2.7 Frugivore 12 4.6 Graminivore-Frugivore 7 2.7 Faunivore 35 13.4 Faunivore-Herbivore 17 6.5 Faunivore-Frugivore 3 1.1 Raptorial 23 8.8 Piscivore 9 3.4 Insectivore 64 24.5 Insectivore-Larvae Feeders 10 3.8 Insectivore-Frugivore 24 9.2 Invertebrate Feeders 40 15.3 Invertebrate-Fruit Feeders 2 0.8 Invertebrate Feeders-Pollinators 6 2.3 Omnivore-Scavengers 2 0.8

Table 7. Habitat types and associated number of avian species in Palawan.

Habitat Type # of

associated species

Forests: Old Growth, Residual, Secondary Growth, Patches 130

Forest Edge: Marginal types near other ecosystems 66

Clearings: small to medium open spaces 21

Grasslands: extensive tracts of monotypic or dual species of grass species including pastures. 31

Scrub: woody shrubs, herbs, stunted trees, and thickets 36

Open Areas: extensive general type without canopy cover 39

Orchards / Plantations: monocrop plant species like coconut or mango 17

Mixed Cultivation / Settlements: multicrop species including agricultural areas and human habitations 31

Ricefields: type specific either pre- or post- planting, and flooded conditions 56

Inland Waters: rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams outside forest areas 38

Fishponds: type specific may or may not be in agricultural areas 13

Wetlands / Marshes: water-logged land including swamps and bogs 50

Estuaries: confluence of the sea and lower ends of rivers 11

Mangroves: may be inland or along the coast 37

Coast/Coral-Sandy Flats: coastline with or without sandy substrate and exposed coral reefs 51

Coral-Sandy-Rocky Islets: exposed coral reefs away from the coast that may or may not be covered with sand 10

Small Islets with Vegetation: offshore land with clumped or sparse trees and other vegetation 10


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No threatened and trade-restricted species are recorded.

Table 5 summarizes the amphibian fauna account forPalawan. (Please see below Table 8 for definitions of tableheadings). A detailed list and biological information ofrecorded amphibians in Palawan is found in Appendix C-3.

6.4.2 Avian Community

6.4.2.1 Local Abundance

There are 261 recorded avian species with 276 subspeciesor races for the province, accounting for 45.6% out the572 avian species in the Philippines. This conspicuousand abundant vertebrate group is represented by 17orders.

The dominant Family Taxa are Family Scolopacidae(Sandpipers and Snipes = 22 species) and FamilyArdeidae (Herons, Egrets and Bitterns = 17 species)which consists mostly of migratory species like the GreenSandpiper (Tringa ochropus), Common Snipe (Gallinagogallinago), Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes), and GreatEgret (Egretta alba) among others. The relativelyundisturbed condition of some islands and islets ofPalawan is contributory to the migration of avian speciesin the province as to resident breeders, the FamilyColumbidae (Pigeons and Doves) is well-represented by14 species.

6.4.2.2 Residency Status and Trophic Levels

Out of the 261 recorded avian species, the following willbe based on the 276 races since there are cases whereone race is confined to a specific island as compared toits syntype found in another locality or island; or that,one race is a resident breeder while its syntype ismigratory.

Four Philippine Endemic species are recorded in theprovince: Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatuahaematuropygia), Philippine Coucal (Centropus viridis),

Philippine Swiftlet (Collocalia mearnsi), and PygmySwiftlet (Collocalia troglodytes). These species are foundin Palawan and other Philippine provinces only. Thereare 21 restricted range endemic species like the PalawanPeacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum) andPalawan Hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei), amongothers. These species are found only in Palawan and noother localities. There are also 12 restricted-range non-endemic species like the Banded Bay Cuckoo(Cacomantis sonneratii schlegeli) and the Ashy Drongo(Dicrurus leucophaeus leucophaeus). Although found inother parts of the world, such species can also be foundonly in Palawan. For migratory species and passagevisitors, 93 races have been recorded.

Varieties of feeding guilds were exemplified, indicativeof a wide variety of food sources that determineecosystem quality in the province.

Table 6 shows that among the trophic levels reflected,the 64 generalist insectivores (24.5% of total avianspecies) were most dominant, indicating the abundanceof insect species in the diverse ecosystems of theprovince. This is followed by 40 invertebrate-feeders at15.3% due to the coastline and riverine bird species thatrely on such food sources in those areas. Faunivoresrank third at 13.4% as these 35 species feed on variousvertebrate or invertebrate animals.

6.4.2.3 Habitat Distribution

Table 8 shows the distribution of avian species based onhabitat preferences. The numbers do not total to 261species since some have overlapping habitats and feedingareas.

The habitat types presented in Table 7 show that theforested areas yielded the most number of associated

Blue-Naped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis).

Bottle-Nosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

38 PALAWAN

species, having 130 representative species. This isfollowed by the forest edge type having 66 associatedspecies. Most avian species also prefer ricefields,wetlands, and scrub vegetation. Shoreline birds alsooccupy coasts, and offshore exposed coral reefs.However, some species tend to overlap habitatpreferences as previously stated.

Threatened species as classified by the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are thefollowing: Philippine Cockatoo [Critically Endangered],Palawan Peacock Pheasant [Endangered], Blue-Naped

Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis) [Endangered], andPalawan Scops-Owl (Otus fuliginosus) [Vulnerable]among others. Trade-regulated species listed underCITES Appendix 2 are the following: all diurnal raptorsunder Order Falconiformes, except the Peregrine Falcon(Falco peregrinus), which is under CITES Appendix 1[totally banned from trade]; and all nocturnal raptorsunder Order Strigiformes, among others.

The following table summarizes the avian fauna accountfor Palawan. A detailed list and biological information ofrecorded avifauna in Palawan is found in Appendix C-4.

6.4.3 Mammalian Community

There are 67 recorded terrestrial and marine mammalsfor the province, accounting for 33.3% out the 201mammalian species in the Philippines. This vertebrategroup is represented by ten orders.

The dominant Family Taxon is of the FamilyVespertilionidae (Vesper and Evening Bats), having 12representative species. This group consists of small tomedium sized insectivorous bats, and having thecharacteristic echolocation ability to maneuver and catchprey in low-light situations. One such species is theLesser Asian House Bat (Scotophilus kuhlii), commonlyfound in urban and agricultural areas, buildings, andsecondary forests as well.

Out of the 67 mammal species, 57 are terrestrial in habits,while ten are found in the marine environment. This wouldinclude the three representative species of FamilyBalaenopteridae, or Rorquals. These are large whalebonewhales having the skin of the throat marked with deeplongitudinal furrows. One such species is the rareHumpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)-sightingsof which have been documented in Taytay, Roxas, andEl Nido. Other marine species would include the fourdolphin species of the Family Delphinidae, the SpermWhale (Physeteridae: Physeter catodon), FinlessPorpoise (Phocoenidae: Neophocaena phocaenoides),and the Dugong (Dugongidae: Dugong dugon).

A total of 16 restricted-range Philippine endemic speciesare found only in Palawan. These include: PalawanShrew (Soricidae: Crocidura palawanensis), PalawanFlying Squirrel (Sciuridae: Hylopetes nigripes), andPalawan Porcupine (Hystricidae: Hystrix pumila) among

Table 8. Summary of Avian Fauna Account in Palawan.

Total Species: 261 Total Subspecies or Races 276 Percentage from Philippine Species:

45.6% (from 572 species)

Philippine Endemics: 4 Restricted Range Philippine Endemics: 21

Endemic Races (Indigenous): 31

Restricted Range Endemic Races (Indigenous):

44

Restricted Range Non-Endemics: 12

Non-Endemic Resident Breeders including Migratory Forms:

71

Note:

Phil. Endemics = only in the Philippines (Palawan and OtherProvinces)Ex. Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia)- can also be found in Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Polillo, amongothers.

Restricted Range Phil. Endemics = also as Palawan Endemics,found only in Palawan.Ex. Palawan Hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei)- found in Mainland Palawan, Balabac, Busuanga, and Calauit

Endemic Races = Subspecies that are found in Palawan andother provinces, there may be other subspecies that are foundin other provinces or countries.Ex. Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis chinensis)-can be found in Palawan, Mindoro, Luzon, Negros, amongothers-another race (Oriolus chinensis suluensis) is also endemicbut found only in Sulu Province.-the species (Oriolus chinensis) has a range from the MalayPeninsula to Borneo

Restricted Range Endemic Races = Subspecies that are foundonly in Palawan, there may be other subspecies that are foundin other provinces or countries.Ex. Brown Hawk-Owl (Ninox scutulata palawanensis)-another race (Ninox scutulata randi) is also endemic and foundin Basilan, Cebu, Luzon, and Marinduque.

-the species (Ninox scutulata) has a range from Siberia, Japan,and China

Restricted Range Non-Endemics = Species or subspecies thatare not endemic but can be found only in Palawan.Ex. Copper-throated Sunbird (Nectarinia calcosthetha)-can be found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, andPalawan.


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Table 9. Summary of Mammalian Fauna Account in Palawan.

Total Species: 67 57 (terrestrial) 10 (marine)


33.3% (from all 201 species) 31.8% (from 179 terrestrial species) 45.4% (from 22 marine species)

Philippine Endemics: 2 terrestrial

Restricted Range Philippine Endemics: 16 terrestrial

Restricted Range Endemic Races (Indigenous):

3 terrestrial

Restricted Range Non-Endemics: 7 terrestrial

Non-Endemic Species:

29 terrestrial 10 marine

others. Still, there are also seven non-endemic speciesthat are restricted only in the province. Some of theseare: Oriental Small-Clawed Otter (Mustelidae: Amblonyxcinereus), Binturong or Palawan Bearcat (Viverridae:Arctictis binturong), and Greater Mouse-Deer(Tragulidae: Tragulus napu), among others.

Threatened species as classified by the IUCN are asfollows: Palawan Montane Tree Squirrel (Sciuridae:Sundasciurus juvencus) [Endangered], Palawan Soft-Furred Mountain Rat (Muridae: Palawanomys furvus)[Endangered], CalaMian Hog-Deer (Cervidae: Axiscalamianensis) [Endangered], Palawan Stink-Badger(Mustelidae: Mydaus marchei) [Vulnerable], PalawanFlying Fox (Pteropodidae: Acerodon leucotis)[Vulnerable], and the Dugong [Vulnerable] among others.

Species totally banned from trade under CITES Appendix1 are the following: Leopard Cat (Felidae: Prionailurusbengalensis), Calamian Hog-Deer, all rorquals(Balaenopteridae), Sperm Whale, Finless Porpoise, andDugong. Meanwhile, trade-regulated species under CITESAppendix 2 are as follows: Palawan Flying Fox, LargeFlying Fox (Pteropodidae: Pteropus vampyrus), Long-Tailed Macaque (Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis),Malayan Pangolin (Manidae: Manis javanica), and all

BirdsHalcyon smyrnensis White-throated KingfisherNumenius madagascariensis Far-eastern CurlewNumenius tahitiensis Bristle-thighed Curlew

MammalsRhinolophus macrotis Big-eared Horseshoe BatRhinolophus creaghi Creagh’s Horseshoe BatMurina cyclotis Round-eared Tube-nose BatHaeromys pusillus Pygmy Tree Mouse

ReptilesDogania subplana Soft-shelled Freshwater TurtleDibamus argenteus Philippine Blind-earless LizardDibamus novaeguinae Blind-earless LizardHemiphyllodactylus insularis Small Smooth-scaled GeckoLepidodactylus lugubris Mourning GeckoMabuya indeprensa Four-striped MabuyaSphenomorphus victoria Victoria’s SphenomorphusGerarda prevostiana Gerard’s Water SnakeNatrix (Rhabdophis) spilogaster Northern Water SnakeNaja naja meolepis Philippine Common Cobra

AmphibiansRana cancrivora Asian Brackish Water FrogRhacophorus pardalis Gliding Tree FrogRana vittigera Common Ricefield Frog

The following species have been encountered and/or recorded from different surveys orinventories by Conservation International Philippines (CI) and the Katala FoundationIncorporated which will be added to the Central Database of the PCSDS:

dolphin species (Delphinidae). The following table (Table9) summarizes the mammalian fauna account for Palawan.A detailed list and biological information of recordedmammalian species in Palawan is found in Appendix C-5.


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gricultural Resources

VII

AGRICULTURALRESOURCES

Despite Palawan’s limited potential area for agriculturaldevelopment brought about by unfavorable landformsand soil characteristics, farming remains to be theprimary occupation of many Palaweños. Cropproduction complemented with backyard livestock andpoultry raising are the main activities of the farmers.As agricultural resources are an important aspect notonly of Palawan’s economy but also of its environment,acquisition of relevant information thereof is importantin planning for the sustainable development of Palawan.The lack of opportunities in agricultural areas usuallyresults in overexploitation of forest resources thusdegrading the environment.

A number of crops are grown in Palawan, but forpurposes of monitoring only rice, corn, cashew, mangoand coconut as the major crops, are considered in thisreport. As to animal production only carabao, cattle,hogs and chicken are commonly raised in the provinceand therefore form part of the monitoring scheme.However, in terms of data availability, the latestinformation on livestock and poultry is rather oldcompared to crop data.

7.1 CROP PRODUCTION

7.1.1 Rice

Rice is generally grown in paddy fields, rainfed areasand uplands. In 1980, the total area under ricecultivation for the whole province was 49, 793 hectares.However, in 2000 the area was narrowed down to48,126.70 hectares as shown in Table 10. As furtherindicated, the reduction of 1,666.30 hectares comesmainly from the regulated utilization of upland areasfor rice production. In 1980, of the total area underrice cultivation, 30,218 hectares were irrigated, 1,093hectares were rainfed areas and 7,482 hectares were inthe uplands. Incidentally, Narra has the largest areadevoted to rice cultivation.

Further analysis of the data on Table 10 indicates thatsome municipalities manifest an increasing trend inspatial extent of paddy fields particularly Narra where amarked expansion of 11,587.3 hectares from the 1980figure of 8,795 was realized in 2000. The massiveconstruction of irrigation projects in Narra during thelast quarter of the 21st century has enticed farmers to gointo paddy rice cultivation thereby increasing the arealextent of irrigated areas in said municipality. Moreover,the municipalities of Taytay and Dumaran also exhibitedan increase of 668 hectares or 52.39 percent and 323hectares or 62.48 percent respectively over the 1980record. The same increasing trend was manifested inthe southern municipalities of Palawan. In contrast,however, northern and island municipalities showed adecreasing trend in the extent of paddy rice areas. Withrespect to lands under rainfed rice production, theSouthern and Northern Municipalities in the mainlandexhibited an increasing trend while the islandmunicipalities showed a decreasing trend as revealed inTable 10.

A rice paddy field in Northern Palawan. The top fourrice producing municipalities in the province include

Narra, Taytay, Rizal, and Quezon.

42 PALAWAN

As to the expanse of land devoted to upland ricecultivation, a reduction of 2,344.49 hectares from the1980 record of 7,482 hectares was documented in 2000.The decline could be attributed to the strict enforcementof environmental laws in the Province especially duringthe nineties. Records also show that in 2000, except for

IRRIGATED RAINFED UPLAND TOTAL

MUNICIPALITY 1980*** 2000 1980*** 2000 1980*** 2000 1980*** 2000

PALAWAN

30218.00

30397.12

12093.00

17357.77

7482.00

371.26

49793.00

48126.15

Mainland 27437.00 30075.12 9849.00 16732.77 5892.00 230.26 38998.00 47038.15

Southern Municipalities

20254.00 25459.37 5741.00 10814.91 2575.00 230.26 19499.00 36504.54

Puerto Princesa City 759.00 179.90 0.00 204.91 1001.00 25.01 1760.00 409.82 Aborlan 1698.00 435.00 946.00 378.00 275.00 0.00 2919.00 813.00 Narra 8795.00 20382.00 172.00 4737.90 0.00 0.00 8967.00 25119.90 Quezon 3717.00 1787.17 1361.00 1333.90 775.00 0.00 5853.00 3121.07 Rizal* 0.00 985.30 0.00 2619.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 3604.50 Sofronio Espanola** 0.00 230.00 0.00 952.00 0.00 112.00 0.00 1294.00 Brooke's Point 4828.00 936.00 2640.00 110.00 167.00 0.00 7635.00 1046.00 Bataraza 457.00 524.00 622.00 479.00 357.00 93.25 1436.00 1096.25

Northern Municipalities 7183.00 4615.75 4108.00 5917.86 3317.00 0.00 14608.00 10533.61

Roxas 3500.00 600.00 1202.00 1266.50 401.00 0.00 5103.00 1866.50 San Vicente 1107.00 1028.00 650.00 218.60 617.00 0.00 2374.00 1246.60 Taytay 1275.00 1943.00 1140.00 3375.00 807.00 0.00 3222.00 5318.00 El Nido 784.00 204.75 764.00 431.76 1000.00 0.00 2548.00 636.51 Dumaran 517.00 840.00 352.00 626.00 492.00 0.00 1361.00 1466.00

Island Municipalities 2781.00 322.00 2244.00 625.00 1590.00 141.00 6615.00 1088.00

Agutaya 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Araceli 340.00 0.00 654.00 332.50 335.00 0.00 1329.00 332.50 Balabac 415.00 0.00 654.00 0.00 356.00 141.00 1425.00 141.00 Busuanga 180.00 83.00 320.00 80.00 377.00 0.00 877.00 163.00 Cagayancillo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Coron 1846.00 239.00 616.00 140.00 272.00 0.00 2734.00 379.00 Cuyo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 250.00 0.00 250.00 0.00 Linapacan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Magsaysay 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Culion 0.00 0.00 0.00 72.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 72.50 Kalayaan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

* Barangay of Quezon

ras/riceprod/emesari

** Barangay of Brooke's Point *** BAEX Socio-Economic Profile, Palawan, 1980 Source: 1980 Census of Agriculture, National Summary Volume I, Final Report

National level 3,640,882 hectares Regional level 406,067 hectares Palawan level 51,493 hectares

Balabac, all island municipalities as well asmunicipalities in Northern Palawan have ceased toproduce upland rice. On the other hand, all southernmunicipalities of mainland Palawan remained to beupland rice producers.

Table 10. Area (ha) devoted to Rice Production by Municipality, Palawan 1980 and 2000.


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The manner by which rice is grown determines thequantity produced per hectare. In general, irrigated landsproduce more compared to rainfed areas and uplands assupply of water is usually adequate. For Palawan, 2000data as shown on Table 11 reveal that yield in irrigatedrice was placed at 4.50 tons/ha. and is relatively higherthan the regional and national 1999 average productionlevel placed at 3.23 and 3.35 metric ton per hectarerespectively. In like manner, the average production forrainfed rice in Palawan estimated at 3.12 mt/ha is higherthan the regional average of 2.28 metric tons per hectare.As to upland rice, the average yield realized by farmersin 2000 was 1.97 mt/ha.

Further analysis of the 1980 and 2000 rice productiondata (see Table 11) also shows that on an annual basis,there is a marked difference in the average yield forirrigated rice. In the span of twenty (20) years, there wasan increase of 1.79 tons/ha or about 66.05 percent overthe 1980 average annual production rate. Similarly, yieldof rainfed rice increased by 0.64 mt/ha. or about 25.81percent of the 1980 figure. Increase in the use of fertilizersand pesticides may have contributed to the improvementin production.

Palawan produced a total of 191,636 metric ton of palayin 2000. If the population carrying capacity of Palawanwill be based on the per capita rice consumption of a Table 11. Average Rice Yield, Palawan, 1980 and 2000.

Average Yield (tons/ha)

Type of Southern Northern Island Average Regional National Rice Fields Municipalities Municipalities Municipalities Average* Average*

Irrigated

1980 2.706 2.720 2.701 2.709 3.250 2000 4.730 3.280 3.450 4.500 3.230 3.350

Rainfed 1980 2.500 2.500 2.410 2.480 2.000 2000 2.950 2.910 3.630 3.120 2.28

Upland 1980 2.020 2.02 1.804 1.970 no data 2.000 2000 1.750 no data 2.280 1.970 no data no data

* 1999

Source: Economic Potentials and Development Constraints of Palawan pp. 77.

Filipino estimated at 125 kg/year, the estimated riceproduction level is deemed sufficient to feed 996,507persons which is relatively lower than the actualpopulation of 775,412 in said year. This means that fornow, Palawan is generally sufficient in rice. However,

Agriculture in Palawan isgenerally more difficult thanelsewhere in the Philippinesbecause the soils are poor innutrients. Hence, sites for growingcrops have to be selected morecarefully.

44 PALAWAN

Figure 15. Rice Production Percentage Distribution, Palawan, 2000.

Table 12. Area (ha) and Production of Corn by Year, Palawan.

Year Total Area (ha) Total Production (mt) Yield/ha. (mt/ha)

1991

20,676.00

20,676.00

1.41 2000 12,085.50 22,479.00 1.86 2001 11,133.33 24,716.00 2.22

with the high annual population growth rate of 3.66%,rice shortage may set in by year 2007 if increase in riceproduction shall not take place. Thus, in order to preventpossible rice deficiency resulting from increase inpopulation, more lands should be devoted to ricecomplemented with improved rice technology.

The top four rice producing municipalities in the provincein year 2000 include Narra (122,442.80 metric ton),Taytay (15,452.10 metric ton), Rizal (9,798.41 metricton) and Quezon (7,092.61 metric ton). As shown onFigure 15, Narra, as the rice granary of the Provinceaccounts for 63.88 percent of the total rice production inPalawan.

7.1.2 Corn

Corn is another major crop grown in the province primarilyfor trading outside of Palawan and secondarily forlivestock and poultry feeds as well as for local humanconsumption in the form of green corn.

In 1991, the total area under corn cultivation was 20,676hectares and this was decreased to 11,133.33 hectares in2001 attributed to the shift of certain farmers from cornproduction to orchard development. Nonetheless, asreflected in Table 12, despite the reduction in the areaplanted with corn, there was an increase in the averageyield of corn from 1.41 mt/ha in 1991 to 2.22 mt/ha in2001. This was due to the introduction of high-yielding

corn varieties. Interestingly, the average yield per hectareobtained for Palawan remains to be higher than thenational average of 1.74 mt/hectare in 1999.

Based on the 1991 records, the top corn producingmunicipalities in the province are Brooke’s Point with7,613 hectares and Quezon with 4,293 hectares.

7.1.3 Coconut

Coconut is likewise another crop which is largely grownin the province. On record, 311 out of 430 barangayshave coconut vegetation. Most coconut plantations arefound along the coastal areas of mainland Palawan.Referring to Table 13, as of year 2000, the extent ofcoconut plantation in Palawan is placed at 57,440.96hectares, sixty nine percent (69%) of which or 39,702.07hectares are located in southern mainland Palawan. Theremaining 31 percent or 17,738.89 ha is accounted forby the island municipalities (16% or 9,050.13 ha) andthe municipalities of northern mainland (15% or 8,688.76ha). Among the various municipalities, Brooke’s Pointregistered the highest aggregate area planted to coconutwith 12,859.00 hectares under its domain, followed byBalabac with 7,053.30 hectares. Cagayancillo has thelowest coconut area with only 162 hectares.

In terms of production, the average annual rate in themunicipalities of southern mainland Palawan wasrelatively high at 1.48 mt/ha or 66 nuts per tree compared

Quezon 3.70%

All other Municipalities 19.24%

Rizal 5.11%

Taytay 8.06%

Narra 63.89%


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Table 13. Coconut Production Data by Municipality, Palawan, 2000.

Municipality

# of Coconut Producing.

Bgys.

Area Planted to Coconut (ha)

Copra Production. (metric ton)

Avg. Copra Production.

(mt./ha)

Avg. # of nuts/tree

(pcs.)

Palawan 311 57,440.96 82,447.76 1.44 57

Mainland 215 48,390.83 69,729.43 1.44 62

Southern Municipalities 145 39,702.07 58,729.10 1.48 66

Puerto Princesa City 36 5,780.57 7,825.95 1.35 68 Aborlan 18 4,062.40 5,094.22 1.25 56 Narra 18 5,627.00 8,021.73 1.43 61 Quezon 14 5,176.20 5,253.12 1.02 69 Rizal 11 2,251.20 2,056.47 0.91 69 Sofronio Espanola 9 1,467.70 2,605.08 1.78 65 Brooke's Point 27 12,859.00 24,821.18 1.93 71 Bataraza 12 2,478.00 3,051.35 1.23 68

Northern Municipalities

70 8,688.76 11,000.33 1.27 55

Roxas 25 4,118.16 6,626.17 1.61 69 San Vicente 10 882.60 1,232.57 1.40 60 Taytay 16 1,433.00 977.65 0.68 45 El Nido 5 1,235.00 1,210.44 0.98 54 Dumaran 14 1,020.00 953.50 0.93 48 Island Municipalities 96 9,050.13 12,718.33 1.41 50

Agutaya 8 48.23 45.05 0.93 48 Araceli 13 327.00 265.13 0.81 51 Balabac 15 7,053.30 10,611.11 1.50 64 Busuanga 15 202.60 238.19 1.18 52 Cagayancillo 5 162.00 165.55 1.02 46 Coron 8 226.00 234.07 1.04 44 Cuyo 11 342.00 387.37 1.13 47 Linapacan 10 229.00 239.02 1.04 52 Magsayasay 11 460.00 532.84 1.16 45 Culion - - - - - Kalayaan - - - - - Source; Coconut Industry Profile, PCA, Palawan

to Island Municipalities which registered only 1.41 mt/ha or 50 nuts per tree. On a per municipality basis,average production rate in terms of metric tons perhectare is highest in Brooke’s Point at 1.93 and lowestin Taytay at 0.68. On one hand, on the basis of nuts pertree, Brooke’s Point manifested the highest averageannual rate at 71 while Coron depicted the least annualharvest placed at 44 nuts per tree. This means thatcoconut trees in Brooke’s Point are generally productivecompared to other municipalities.

7.2 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Aside from crop production, farmers are also engagedin livestock and poultry raising to supplement theirconsumption requirement and other family needs.

As of 1995, livestock and poultry population in theprovince are being raised both in the backyards and incommercial scale. As to livestock, there are generallyonly three types of livestock which are raised largely inPalawan and these are carabao, cattle and hogs. Carabaohowever are basically used as draft animals. Aggregateprovincial data on livestock and poultry production from1982 to 1995 is presented on Table 14.

As indicated, 1982 record shows that there were 27,616heads of carabao in the province, but was increased to32,483 in 1995. However, during the intervening years,a reduction in carabao population was manifested fromtime to time. This situation could be attributed to theunregulated sale of carabao to Manila by declaring themunfit as working animals.

46 PALAWAN

Table 14. Total Livestock and Poultry Production by Type and by Year.

P O P U L A T I O N (# Heads) LIVESTOCK POULTRY

Year Carabao Cattle Backyard Commercial Swine Goat Chicken Ducks

1982 a/ 27,616 17,552 - 46,814 - 482,006 - 1983 a/ 27,914 18,304 - 48,321 - 511,473 - 1984 a/ 28,485 17,748 - 43,807 - 47,350 - 1992 b/ 20,211 14,000 1,024 82,204 20,150 641,953 22,826 1993 c/ 27,855 16,978 14,055 93,085 22,873 584,660 20,075 1994 c/ 20,720 18,204 12,258 98,808 24,525 586,164 20,842 1995 d/ 32,483 19,502 104,768 24,939 599,294 21,309

Source:

a/

BAEcon: Ministry of Agriculture, Economic Potentials and Development Constraints of Palawan, PIADPO, November 1986

b/ Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Central Officer: PCSDS, Palawan, Statistics A1.02 c/ Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Palawan d/ Provincial Planning and Development Office

In the case of cattle, they are being raised both in thebackyard and in commercial scale since 1980. However,available data in the said year do not reflect segregationof the population into backyard and commercial scale. Itwas only from 1992 up to 1994, where concerned agenciesstarted to segregate census on commercial and backyardscale cattle raising in the province. Due to limited dataas shown in Table 14, no trend in commercial scale cattleproduction was obtained. Nonetheless, an unusualincrease in cattle population from 1,024 heads in 1992 to14,055 heads in 1993 was manifested. Unexpectedlyhowever, the following year commercial productiondecreased by 1,797 heads or about 12.79% of 1993.

In terms of backyard production, the trend was observedto fluctuate from 1982 to 1995. It was further noted thatthe aggregate population of cattle raised in backyards isgenerally high compared to those raised on a commercialscale. Nonetheless, the rise in the inventory of cattleheads from 1882 to 1995 is an indication that cattle raisingis a growing industry in the province.

In the case of hog/swine population, the general trendshowed an increase. In 1982, hog population wasestimated to be 46,814 heads while in 1995 it increasedto 104,768 heads. The rise in swine production could beattributed to high demand for pork consumption broughtabout by the increase in population as well as the numberof tourism related establishments (hotels and restaurants)in the province especially in Puerto Princesa City whichserves as a ready market for the said commodity.

7.3 POULTRY PRODUCTION

As in the preceding trends, data show that chickenproduction had also rose tremendously from 482,006 in1982 to 599,294 in 1995. Again, the increase could alsohave been triggered by the demand for more poultryproducts arising from increase in population and in thenumber of tourism related establishments such as hotelsand restaurants particularly in Puerto Princesa Citywhich serves as a ready market for the said commodity.


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VIII

WATER RESOURCES

Water is an important resource to the people of Palawan,both for today and future generations. The growing trendof population accounts for the increasing demand fordomestic water consumption. While the people are mainlydependent on groundwater for their domestic waterrequirements, the area with available groundwater(shallow and deep well area) is only 2,242 sq km or15.05% of the province’s total land area. The rest areconsidered difficult areas because supply of groundwateris scarce. On the other hand, the agriculture sector is themain user of the surface water. There are 43 existingcommunal irrigation systems with a service area of 10,492hectares. However, only 47% is considered functional.

Monitoring of Palawan’s water resources is one of theon-going activities of PCSDS. Currently, a total offourteen rivers (10 in Southern Palawan namely: Iraan,Aborlan, Batang-Batang, Calategas, Aramaywan, Labog,Pulot, Tigaplan, Tamlang and Panitian; and four inNorthern Palawan: Bacungan, Guinaratan, Inandeng andAbongan) are being monitored in terms of water quality.The aim is to generate information as bases for planningand policy formulation as well as to detect pollution andother environmental hazards at an early stage. Regularmonitoring was scheduled quarterly.

Water samples collection was done by manual grabmethod. The general water quality parameters beingmeasured in-situ include pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), andtemperature, while those that are determined in thelaboratory consist of nitrate and nitrite content, turbidity,conductivity, total dissolve solids, suspended solids,alkalinity and hardness. Stream flow of the rivers arealso being measured using Valeport current meter.

8.1 CLIMATE

Palawan is generally typhoon-free except for northerntowns which are occasionally visited by storms. Heavy

rainfall often accompanied by the southwest monsoon isusually experienced in July and August.

The province has 2 types of climate. The western sectionexperiences 2 pronounced dry and wet seasons (Type I)while the eastern section has no pronounced seasons(Type III).

8.1.1 Rainfall

There are five PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric,Geophysical and Astronomical ServicesAdministration)stations in Palawan namely Puerto Princesa City (wherefirst rainfall observations started in 1949). OtherPAGASA stations are in Aborlan, Brooke’s Point, Cuyoand Coron. Other stations were established in Batarazaby the Rio Tuba Nickel Mining Corporation and inTagbita, Rizal by another mining firm.

The Hydrometric Network Program (HNP) implementedby the Palawan Integrated Area Development ProjectOffice (PIADPO) and funded by the European Economic

Tigaplan River, Brookes Point, one of the rivers inPalawan which has excellent general water quality.

48 PALAWAN

Table 15. Mean Annual Rainfall of Different Rainfall Stations in Palawan.

Rainfall Stations Duration Mean Annual Rainfall (mm)

Puerto Princesa a/ 1949-2003 1334.2 Aborlan a/ 1977-1999 3083.3 Brooke's Point a/ 1956-1989 1558.0 Coron a/ 1961-2002 2290.6 Cuyo a/ 1961-1995 2104.4 Rio Tuba b/ 1983-1999 1712.4 Tagbita c/ 1973-1984 3323.0 Cabayugan, Puerto Princesa d/ 1997-2003 3986.9 Poblacion, El Nido d/ 2001-2003 4601.0 Poblacion, Quezon d/ 1997-2003 2929.7 Magara, Roxas d/ 1998-2003 3372.2 Abongan, Taytay d/ 1998-2003 2739.7 Mainit Brooke' Point d/ 1998-2003 2909.4

Table 16. Seasonal Rainfall Data by Station, Palawan.

Station Period of Data Capture

Number of Dry Months

Number of Intermediate

Month

Number of Wet Months

Puerto Princesa 1999 to 2003 5 7 0 Aborlan 1977 to 1999 1 4 7 Brooke's Point 1956 to 1989 4 8 0 Coron 1961-92/1997-2002 5 2 5 Cuyo 1962 to 1965 5 3 4 Rio Tuba, Bataraza 1985 to 2003 4 7 1 Tagbita 1973 to 1984 1 4 7 Cabayugan, PPC 1997 to 2003 2 2 8 Poblacion, El Nido 2001 to 2003 5 0 7 Poblacion, Quezon 1997 to 2003 2 4 6 Magara, Roxas 1998 to 2003 2 4 6 Abongan, Taytay 1998 to 2003 3 2 7 Mainit, Brooke's Pt. 1998 to 2003 1 6 5 Notes: dry months - less than 100 mm rainfall intermediate months - from 101-250 mm rainfall wet months - greater than 250 mm rainfall

Community (EEC) had installed rainfall stations in 1985.However, collection of data was disrupted when theautomatic rainfall equipment malfunctioned in 1986.

To date, the PCSDS operates and maintains six (6)manually operated rain gauges in six (6) differentmunicipalities. The five (5) automatic weather stationsinstalled by the Palawan Tropical Forest ProtectionProgram (PTFPP) the previous years were all non-operational.

8.1.2 Annual Rainfall

The mean annual rainfall from the different rainfallmonitoring stations in the province is shown in Table15. Of the 13 stations (5 PAGASA, 6 PCSDS and 1mining company), El Nido registered the highest meanannual rainfall at 4601.0 mm followed by Cabayugan inPuerto Princesa City at 3986.9 mm. The least mean annualrainfall was manifested by Puerto Princesa City with1334.2 mm. The average annual rainfall of all stations is

Source:a/ PAGASAb/ Rio Tuba Nickel Mines Co.c/ Soriano Mining Co.d/ PCSDS Rainfall Stations


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Table 17. Severe Weather Disturbances Which Affected Palawan from 1948-1992.

Year Tropical Depression Date Affected Area

1948 Tropical Depression of Rena Nov. 30-Dec. 1 Puerto Princesa 1949 Storm Nov. 10-13 Cuyo, Calamian Group

Storm Nov. 4-8 Cuyo, Calamian Group Typhoon Oct 31-Nov. 3 Cuyo, Calamian Group Typhoon Betty Dec. 2-7 Cuyo, Calamian Group

1950 Typhoon Delilah Nov. 18-22 Cuyo, Calamian Group 1951 Typhoon Amy Dec. 5-16 Cuyo, Calamian Group 1954 Typhoon Elsie May 5-9 Cuyo, Calamian Group

Typhoon Tilda Nov. 27-30 Cuyo, Calamian Group Tropical Storm Dec. 23-27 Puerto Princesa

1955 Typhoon Patsy Nov. 26-Dec. 2 Puerto Princesa 1958 Tropical Depression Nov. 19-24 Northern Palawan 1960 Typhoon Karen Apr. 20-26 Cuyo, Calamian Group

Tropical Storm Moning Nov. 27-29 Cuyo, Calamian Group 1967 Typhoon Bebeng Mar. 2-5 Cuyo, Calamian Group

Typhoon Yayang Nov. 6-8 Puerto Princesa 1968 Typhoon Reming Nov. 13-21 Puerto Princesa 1969 Typhoon Titang Oct. 16-22 Northern Palawan

Tropical Storm Uding Oct. 24-27 Northern Palawan 1972 Typhoon Undang Dec. 1-8 Cuyo & Rest of Northern

Palawan 1977 Typhoon Kuring Jun 13-14 Whole Province 1979 Tropical Storm Karing May 10-16 Northern Palawan 1981 Tropical Storm Unsing Oct. 12-14 Puerto Princesa & Cuyo 1985 Tropical Depression Rubing Oct. 12-13 Puerto Princesa

Typhoon Saling Oct. 16-19 Puerto Princesa Tropical Storm Edeng Jun. 26-28 Calamian Group Typhoon Unsang Oct. 21-26 Calamian Group Tropical Storm Welpring Nov. 1-2 Whole of Palawan Nov. 4-5 Whole of Palawan Typhoon Yoning Nov. 5-8 Whole of Palawan

1989 Tropical Depresson Ibiang Jul. 20-21 Whole of Palawan Typhoon Saling Oct. 9-11 Calamian Group

1990 Typhoon Marian May 19 Crossed Mindanao & Palawan as a low pressure area

Tropical Depression May 22-23 Crossed Palawan as a low pressure area

1991 Tropical Storm Bebeng Apr. 24-26 Whole Palawan Tropical Storm Thelma Nov. 2-7 Southern Palawan

1992 Typhoon Osang Oct. 16-18 Whole Palawan Typhoon Paring Oct. 18-27 Calamian Group

estimated at 2,734.4 mm. Map 9 shows the geographiclocation of the rainfall station and the correspondingcomputed mean annual rainfall. Details of the total annualrainfall of Palawan are indicated in Appendix D-1a.

8.1.3 Seasonal Rainfall

Seasonal rainfall of Palawan consists of wet, intermediateand dry months. Months with mean monthly precipitation(mmp) of more than 250 mm are considered wet whilethose with mmp of less than 100 mm are categorized asdry. Those with mmp of 100 mm to 250 mm are classifiedas intermediate months. These definitions are vital in termsof agricultural production because they roughly

correspond when soil moisture deficits can be expectedto be insignificant, important for short periods orpronounced for long periods. Data on mean monthlyrainfall by station is reflected in Appendix D-1b.

Based on available data as shown on Table 16, Cabayuganmanifested the highest number of wet months placed ateight (8) months in one year, followed by Aborlan, Tagbita,El Nido and Taytay with seven (7) months. PuertoPrincesa and Brooke’s Point have no defined wet months.

8.1.4 Weather Disturbances

From the period 1948-1992, 24 typhoons, 13 tropicalstorms and five tropical depressions hit Palawan. Most

50 PALAWAN

occurrences were on the northern part, particularly inCuyo and Calamian Group of Islands (CCGI) (see Table17) with 19 attacks of weather disturbances. FollowingCCGI is Puerto Princesa with eight (8) weatherdisturbances on the record. Disturbances usually occurin the months of October to December and some duringthe wet months of May and June.

8.2 GENERAL WATER QUALITY

Interpretation of data pertaining to the general waterquality of rivers in Palawan consists of comparativeanalysis between the results of both on-site measurementsand laboratory tests performed on samples taken frommonitoring sites and the standards set in the PhilippineRevised Water Usage and Classification Water QualityCriteria (PRWU and CWQC) as provided inAdministrative Order No. 34, series of 1990 issued byDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources. Sincewater sampling was done only for at least once or twice ayear, average annual concentration was not computed.Instead the average concentration based on data generatedis used in the discussion. Data on the water qualityparameters are shown in Appendix D-2.

8.2.1 pH

The pH value represents the hydrogen ion activity inwater. Most natural waters have a pH ranging from pH5 to pH 9 and are often slightly acidic or basic due to thepresence of carbonates and bicarbonates. Any deviationfrom the normal pH for a given water indicatescontamination of acidic or basic wastes.

The results of the on-site measurements of pH (AppendixD-2) during wet and dry season for all of the samplingsites are within the PRWU and CWQC for freshwater

which is between pH 6.5 to pH 8.5 except for two sites.The Inandeng River has a pH value of 5.9 on March2000 while Iraan River has a pH of 6.4 and 6.25 forDecember 1999 and May 2000 respectively. Based onthe 1988 Soil and Land Resources Evaluation Study madeon the chemical properties of the soil within the catchmentareas, the pH values range from 4 to 6. The said acidiccharacteristics of the soil possibly influenced the low pHvalues on several occasions in some of the catchments.

During the August 2000 sampling the pH values of riverswere within the 6.5 to 8.5 range. Figures 16 and 17illustrate in graphical form the pH values obtained fromthe samples in southern and northern Palawan respectively.

8.2.2 Suspended Solids

Suspended solids are materials that float in suspension inwater which could possibly come from natural soil erosion,organic matter within the body of water or waste fromhuman activities. These materials are carriers of organicand inorganic pollutants including heavy metals, pathogensand nutrients.

As shown on Figure 18, the amount of suspended solidsin samples taken from the rivers of Southern Palawanwere within the 50 mg/L maximum limit for Class Afreshwater of the PRWU and CWQC except for fewoccasions which occurred during the wet season of 1998and 2000 for Calategas, Iraan, Aramaywan, and LabogRivers.

In the case of Northern Palawan as indicated on Figure19, samples taken from Guineratan River exhibited thehighest concentration of suspended solids with an averageof 246.7 mg/L followed by Abongan River which has 77mg/L. Except for Bacungan River, the sample

Figure 16. pH Value of Water Samples from River Stations in Southern Palawan.

0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00

10.00

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

bog

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Figure 17. pH Value of Water Samples from River Stations inNorthern Palawan.

Figure 19. Concentration of Total Suspended Solids in WaterSamples from River Stations in Northern Palawan.

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f To

tal S

uspe

nded

So

lids,

mg

/L (

stan

dar

d:

max

. of

50)

Figure 18. Concentration of Total Suspended Solids in WaterSamples from River Stations in Southern Palawan.

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

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Calateg

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Municipality

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Highest

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2.00

3.00

4.00

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rd:

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)

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Average

Highest

52 PALAWAN

concentration obtained from the other rivers exceeded theDENR standards of 50 ppm set for Class A freshwater atleast once during the survey period. The averageconcentration of total suspended solids in each river stationis indicated in Map 10.

8.2.3 Turbidity

Turbidity is a measure of water cloudiness due tosuspended solids. Just as Guineratan River registered the

highest concentration of suspended solids, it likewiseexhibited the highest value of turbidity as manifestedin Figures 20 and 21. Again, Abongan River rankedsecond in terms of turbidity.

Generally , the concentration of solids and values ofturbidity are higher during wet season compared to dryseason. It can be explained by the sediments that gowith the run off water during wet season.

Figure 20. Turbidity Readings in Water Samples from RiverStations in Southern Palawan.

Figure 21. Turbidity Readings in Water Samples from RiverStations in Northern Palawan.

High values of suspended solids and turbidity of water at the Guineratan River were due to the gold mining activities at theupper part of the catchment. Stripping of the top soil to extract the ore and the subsequent neglect to rehabilitate andrestore the mined out areas brought about the degradation of the river water resulting in the high values of suspendedsolids and turbidity obtained from the samples. Findings of the investigation conducted by the Environment and NaturalResources Office (ENRO) of the Provincial Government of Palawan showed that said gold mining operation which startedin 1993 have not ceased even up to the present despite the expiration of the small scale gold panning permits issued to goldpanners.

0

50

100

150

200

250

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8.2.4 Temperature

On-site temperature readings depend on the amount ofsunlight and time of measurement. As shown in Figures22 and 23, the temperature readings range from 23.36 ºCto 34.8 ºC and 26.1 ºC to 30.1 ºC for the sampling sitesin Southern and Northern Palawan respectively. Thehighest and lowest values were taken at noontime and earlymorning at Aramaywan River.

8.2.5 Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is a very important indicatorfor the survival of aerobic organisms in water. ThePRWU and CWQC has set a minimum standardconcentration of 5 mg/L DO for Class A freshwater.

Concentration of DO is higher during wet season comparedto dry season because of greater stream flow that givesmore aeration to the river water as indicated on Figure24 and 25. The DO levels at the monitoring sites in

Figure 22. Temperature Readings in Water Samples from RiverStations in Southern Palawan.

0.05.0

10.015.020.025.030.035.040.0

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

bog

Tigap

lan

Aborl

an

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ian Pulot

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g

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per

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re R

ead

ing

s oC

elsi

us

Lowest

Average

Highest

Southern Palawan are within the PWRU and CWQC forfreshwater except for 1999 sampling while Iraan,Calategas and Aramaywan Rivers manifested values lessthan the standard of 5 mg/L of DO.

During the sampling period on March 2000, the DO levelsof Guineratan River and Inandeng River were 2.8 and 3.0mg/L respectively. The low levels can be attributed tothe decomposition of organic substances observed in theriver and very slow river flow. Nonetheless, the DO levelswent back to normal during the succeeding wet season.

8.2.6 Conductivity and TotalDissolved Solids (TDS)

Conductivity is a measurement of water’s capacity forconveying electrical conductance and is directly relatedto the concentrations of ionized substances in water.Conductivity is commonly used to determine the TDSin water.

Guineratan River, Roxas, contains highvalues of suspended soil and turbidity brought

about by gold mining activities at the uppercatchment.

54 PALAWAN

Figure 24. Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Southern Palawan.

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

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g

Municipality

Co

nce

ntr

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n o

f Dis

solv

ed O

xyg

en

mg

/L (s

tan

dar

d:

min

. of 5

)

Lowest

Average

Highest

Figure 25. Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in Water Samplesfrom Stations in Northern Palawan.

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f D

isso

lved

Oxy

gen

mg

/L(s

tan

dar

d:

min

. of

5)

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0


Municipality

Lowest

Average

Highest

Figure 23. Temperature Readings in Water Samples from RiverStations in Northern Palawan.

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0


Municipality

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per

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To

tal

Dis

solv

ed S

olid

s, m

g/L

(sta

nd

ard

: m

ax. o

f 1,

000)

Figure 26. Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Southern Palawan.

Except for Labog River which is affected by saline waterfrom the coastal area particularly during high tide, theconductivity and TDS measurements obtained fromsouthern (Figure 26) and northern (Figure 27) Palawanmonitoring stations were found to be within the PWRUand CWQC standard of 1,000 ppm for Class A freshwater.

8.2.7 Color

Color in water results from leaching of organic debris,metallic salts and dissolved or suspended materials. Theapparent color includes not only the color due tosubstances but also that of suspended matter. The natureof the soil within the catchment area also affects the colorof the water that drains to the river being sampled.

As illustrated in Figure 28, Labog River has the highestvalues of color compared to other rivers in SouthernPalawan. The valued obtained ranged from 54 to 523

Figure 27. Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Northern Palawan.

units. At the time of the samplings, traces of river bankerosion were noted and gravel and sand extraction at theupstream, thereby affecting the color values. Moreover,decomposing organic matter such as leaves, trunks andmangrove bark left at the river bank under the bridgecould also have affected the values obtained.

As to the other sites, Calategas River has values of colorranging from 37 to 1,022 units; Aramaywan River withcolor units ranged from 42 to 720, and of Iraan Riverwith color ranged from 29 to 281 units.

Only Tigaplan River with color values ranging from 0 to101 units or an average value of 34.39 units had met the50 units PWRU and CWQC for Class A freshwaters.

In case of Northern Palawan as manifested in Figure 29,all sampling sites exhibit values that exceeded the 50color units set by the PRWU and CWQC for Class A

050

100150200250300350400450500


Municipality

To

tal D

isso

lved

So

lids,

mg

/L

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ndar

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05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000

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Highest

56 PALAWAN

Pt-

Co

Un

its

(st

and

ard

: m

ax o

f 50

)

Figure 29. Values of Color in Water Samples from River Stationsin Northern Palawan.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500


Municipality

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freshwater. Results of analysis show that GuineratanRiver has manifested the highest vale of color at 3,303units obtained during the November 1998 samplingfollowing several days of heavy rains caused by weatherdisturbances.

8.2.8 Chloride

Chloride is present in water as metallic salt but in lowconcentrations. The chloride concentrations of thesamples from the monitoring stations ranged from 1 to53 mg/L except for Labog River which manifestedexceedingly higher values as it is being affected byoceanic tides. Figures 30 and 31 illustratesconcentrations of chloride in samples obtained frommonitoring stations in Southern and Northern Palawanrespectively.

8.2.9 Total Alkalinity

Alkalinity is a characteristic of water which refers to thecapability of water to neutralize acid by its bicarbonate,carbonate or hydroxide content. Natural water usuallycontains less alkaline than wastewater or polluted waters.

The alkalinity of water samples from monitoring sitesranges between 11 to 215 mg/L CaCO3 wherein IraanRiver has the highest value. On the other hand, Calategasand Labog rivers exhibited the highest average value ofalkalinity which is 144 mg/L in calcium carbonateconcentration while Inandeng River had the lowest whichis only 15.6 mg/L. Total alkalinity of water samplesdrawn from monitoring sites in Southern and NorthernPalawan is shown on Figures 32 and 33 respectively.

Figure 28. Values of Color in Water Samples from River Stationsin Southern Palawan.

0

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800

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as

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Figure 30. Concentration of Chloride in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Southern Palawan.

0

5001,000

1,500

2,000

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

bog

Tigap

lan

Aborl

an

Batan

g-Bata

ng

Municipality

Ch

lori

de,

mg

/LLowest

Average

Highest

Figure 31. Concentration of Chloride in Water Samples from RiverStations in Northern Palawan.

Figure 32. Concentration of Calcium Carbonate in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Southern Palawan.

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0


Municipality

Ch

lori

de,

mg

/L

Lowest

Average

Highest

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

Iraan

Calate

gas

Aramay

wanLa

bog

Tigap

lan

Aborl

an

Batang

-Batan

g

Panitia

nPulo

t

Tamlan

g

Municipality

Cal

ciu

m C

arb

on

ate,

mg

/L

Lowest

Average

Highest

58 PALAWAN

Figure 33. Concentration of Calcium Carbonate in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Northern Palawan.

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0


Municipality

Cal

ciu

m C

arb

on

ate,

mg

/L

Lowest

Average

Highest

Figure 34. Total Hardness in Water Samples from River Stationsin Southern Palawan.

Figure 35. Total Hardness in Water Samples from River Stationsin Northern Palawan.

0

50

100

150

200

250


Municipality

To

tal H

ard

nes

s, m

g/L

Lowest

Average

Highest

0100200300400500600700800

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

bog

Tigap

lan

Aborl

an

Batang

-Batan

g

Panitia

nPulo

t

Tamlan

g

Municipality

To

tal H

ard

nes

s, m

g/L

Lowest

Average

Highest


II. Executive Summ

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ater Resources

Batang-Batang River, Narra, partially supplies thewater requirments of the Narra alluvial plains,

Palawan’s widest paddy ricefield.

8.2.10 Total Hardness

Hardness represents the total concentration of calciumand magnesium expressed as their calcium carbonateequivalent. When other polyvalent metal ions are presentin significant amounts, they also are determined andreported as hardness.

Based on the results of analysis as shown on Figures 34(Southern Palawan) and 35 (Northern Palawan),Calategas and Iraan River had the highest value which is238 mg/L calcium carbonate and Guineratan River hadthe lowest value which is 8 mg/L. Further, as indicated,the hardness of water is lower during wet season comparedto the dry season because of dilution from rainfall.

8.3 NUTRIENTS

Nitrogen and phosphorous are major nutrients that movefrom land to bodies of water where they become part ofthe aquatic food chain. These nutrients are essential forgrowth but excessive inputs will cause eutrophication thattrigger algal blooms.

8.3.1 Nitrogen Nitrate and Nitrite

Nitrogen occurs in water as nitrate and nitrite ions andin cationic form as ammonium. Ammonium cations arestrongly absorbed on mineral surfaces while anionicspecies such as nitrate are readily transported in waterand are stable over a considerable range of conditions.

Figure 36. Concentration of Nitrogen-Nitrate in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Southern Palawan.

Water samples from the sampling sites as illustrated inFigures 36, 37, 38 and 39 have nitrate concentrationsranging from 0.00 to 7. 5 mg/L. Inandeng River had thehighest value of nitrate (7.5 mg/L) while Iraan andGuineratan Rivers had the lowest (0 mg/L). Iraan,Inandeng and Abongan Rivers had the lowest value with0 mg/L nitrite concentration while Guineratan River hadthe highest value which is 0.119 mg/L. Higherconcentration of nitrate and nitrite were observed duringwet season possibly caused by the carabao and cowsusing the river as a temporary corral and leaving theleaching waste behind.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

bog

Tigap

lan

Aborl

an

Batan

g-Bata

ng

Panit

ian Pulot

Tamlan

g

Municipality

Nit

rog

en-N

itra

te, m

g/L

(st

anda

rd:

max

. of

10)

Lowest

Average

Highest

60 PALAWAN

Figure 37. Concentration of Nitrogen-Nitrate in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Northern Palawan.

Nit

rog

en-N

itra

te,

mg

/L(s

tan

dar

d:

max

. of

10)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


Municipality

Lowest

Average

Highest

Figure 38. Concentration of Nitrogen-Nitrite in Water Samplesof River Stations in Southern Palawan.

Nit

rog

en-N

itri

te,

mg

/L(s

tan

dar

d:

max

. of

10)

Figure 39. Concentration of Nitrogen-Nitrite in Water Samplesfrom River Stations of Northern Palawan.

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120


Municipality

Lowest

Average

Highest

Nit

rog

en-N

itri

te, m

g/L

(sta

nd

ard

: m

ax. o

f 10

)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

bog

Tigap

lan

Aborl

an

Batan

g-Bata

ng

Panitia

nPulo

t

Tamlan

g

Municipality

Lowest

Average

Highest


II. Executive Summ

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ater Resources

As indicated the observed nitrate concentration of watersamples were still within the 10 mg/L maximum levelfor Class A freshwater.

8.3.2 Phosphorous

Like nitrogen, phosphorous is also essential to the growthof organisms and may limit the primary productivity of abody of water. It occurs in natural water and wastewateras phosphates and usually comes from urban andagricultural sewage, detergents and fertilizers applied inagricultural and residential lands. Soil erosion can be apossible source of suspended phosphate in river water.

As depicted on Figure 40 and 41, the concentration levelsof phosphorous found in water samples taken were notwithin the PRWU and CWQC standard for Class Afreshwater which is 0.1 mg/L except for Inandeng Riverwhich had an average of 0.09 mg/L.

8.4 CONCLUSION

The baseline information on water quality includeparameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen,conductivity, total dissolved solids, suspended solids,color, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, nitrogennitrate, nitrogen nitrite, nitrogen ammonia andphosphorous. Stream flow was measured at the time ofsampling.

Based on the analysis of water samples taken from thedifferent monitoring rivers, significant findings areenumerated as follows:

a. The pH levels of samples from Inandeng and IraanRivers were below 6.5 minimum limit on few occasions.

b. The suspended solids of samples from Aramaywan,Aborlan, Calategas, Iraan and Labog rivers exceeded the50 mg/L permissible level of Class A freshwater onceduring the sampling period from September 1996 toAugust 2000 while Panitian, Abongan and GuineratanRiver had exceeded twice or thrice. Guineratan Riverexhibited the highest average concentration of suspendedsolids especially after heavy rainfall in the catchmentarea.

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.50

Iraan

Calateg

as

Aramay

wanLa

bog

Tigap

lan

Aborl

an

Batan

g-Bata

ng

Panit

ian Pulot

Tamlan

g

Municipality

Ph

osp

ho

rou

s, m

g/L

(sta

ndar

d:

max

. of

0.1)

Lowest

Average

Highest

Figure 40a.Concentration of Phosphorous in Water Samplesfrom River Stations in Southern Palawan.

Palawan has 28 rivers, 15 lakes, 44waterfalls and countless smallstreams. Potential volume of waterfor domestic and industrial use isassumed high throughout themainland.

62 PALAWAN

Ph

osp

ho

rou

s, m

g/L

(sta

nd

ard

: m

ax. o

f 0.1

)

Figure 40b. Concentration of Phosphorous in Water Samples from River Stations in Northern Palawan.

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

Guineratan Inandeng Abongan

Municipality

Lowest

Average

Highest

c. Guineratan and Inandeng Rivers had very lowdissolved oxygen levels which occurred during the March2000 sampling where the river flow was almost nil.

d. Guineratan and Abongan Rivers samples had themost turbid and highest color intensity.

e. The conductivity of river water is generally lowduring wet season compared to the dry season.

f. The sampling site at Labog River is affected byoceanic tide as evidenced by the high conductivity andchloride concentration of sample.

g. Guineratan River had the poorest water quality ofall the monitoring sites. This might be an impact of ongoing gold mining activities at the catchment area.

h. Most of the monitoring rivers have been subjectedto sand and gravel quarrying activities. Labog river hasbeen experiencing severe river bank erosion near thesampling site.

8.5 RECOMMENDATIONS

Despite limited funds for laboratory operations, waterquality monitoring was continuously undertaken. The staffhad generated baseline information on water quality.Based on the results of the program, the following are therecommendations for consideration of the PCSDSmanagement and concerned LGUs :

a. Initial water quality data gathered showed impact ofthe gold mining activities at the upper catchment area ofGuineratan. The river water has been very turbid and

contains high concentration of suspended solids. It ishereby recommended that special study will be conductedregarding the on-going operations of gold miningactivities at the catchment area of Guineratan located inBarangay Magara, Roxas, Palawan. The operators shouldbe compelled to manage and mitigate the adverseenvironmental impacts of their mining activities.

b. Implementation of riverbank stabilization programparticularly along Labog River.

c. Continuous water quality monitoring to generate moreinformation.

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64 PALAWAN

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Map 11. Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids in Rivers, Palawan, 1998-2003.



II. Executive Summ

aryC

oastal Resources

IX

COASTAL RESOURCES

9.1 MANGROVE FOREST

9.1.1 Importance of Mangroves

Mangroves are plants specially adapted to grow well inestuarine environments in their peculiar environment niche.Mangroves provide an array of benefits. They act asbuffers during storms providing storm shelter from strongwinds and wave action. They also act as filters, absorbingnoxious contaminants. Silt from floods and run-offs settleat the base of these wetlands preventing siltation of oceans,rivers and lakes. As a life support system, mangroveswamps also support a wide variety of fish and othermarine life, almost sixty-six percent (66%) of the seafoodwe eat are produced by this wetland (Tan 1992).Mangrove wetlands also serve as shelter for a variety ofwaterfowl and other birds.

Mangroves are likewise economically important.Traditionally, mangrove wetlands are not given muchimportance and were considered nuisance to be eliminated.Today, people are more aware that mangroves haveeconomic importance and are now considered a valuableresource that ought to be protected and conserved. InPalawan, mangrove trees are commonly utilized by localcommunities as materials for house and fence constructionand fishing gear fabrication, and as firewood and charcoal.The bark is also used as tuba wine clarifier and as a sourceof tannin and turpentine.

9.1.2 Mangrove Forest Cover

The Landsat data for the mangrove cover of the provinceexcluding Cuyo, Magsaysay, Agutaya, and Cagayancillobetween 1979 to 1998 is shown in Table 18. As indicated,from 1992 to 1998, an overall increase of 744 hectareswas observed. Some areas registered increase in mangrovecover during the intervening years from 1984 to 1998.Between the years 1979 and 1984, 450 ha of mangroveforest was lost which can be attributed to fishponddevelopment, a major cause of mangrove forest decline.

Mangrove forest of Malunao Island, Barangay SanJuan, Aborlan.

In 1992 the mangrove forest for mainland Palawan wasestimated at 36,193 hectares (Landsat Images, JAFTA,1992), a decline of 9,808 ha or 21.32% from that of themangrove forest cover in 1984 computed at 46,000.00ha (Satellite Images, 1984), Table 18. The rate ofreduction was placed at 1226/ha. A decline in themangrove forest cover between the years 1984 to 1992was recorded in the municipalities of Bataraza 4,4112ha (40.10%), Puerto Princesa 3,248 ha (44.50%),Brooke’s Point. 2,466 ha (91.35%), Quezon 1,908 ha(57.81%), Rizal 1,448 ha (38.10%), and El Nido 343ha (12.69%). However, there was an increase in themangrove areas in the municipalities of Espanola,Taytay, San Vicente, Narra, Aborlan, Roxas, andDumaran.

A slowdown in the destruction of mainland Palawan’smangrove forest was recorded after 1992 when theStrategic Environmental Plan for Palawan was signed intolaw and began to be implemented. Data showed thatmangrove forests in Palawan has improved from a

68 PALAWAN

Table 18. Mangrove Forest Cover, Palawan.

MANGROVE FOREST COVER

CHANGE IN COVER

Municipality 1979 1984

1992 1998 1979- 1984

1984- 1992

1992-1998

Mangrove Mangrove Fish pond Mangrove

Fish pond Mangrove

Fish pond Ha. Ha. Ha.

MAINLAND 46,450 46,000 450 36,193 170 38,278 1,812 -450 -9,807 2,085

Bataraza 11,100 11,000 6,588 5,738 -100 -4,412 -850

Brooke's Pt. 2,350 2,700 150 234 524 23 350 -2,466 291

Rizal 3,800 2,352 3,066 3,800 -1,448 714

Espanola 834 67 1,499 340 834 665

Pto. Prin. 8,050 7,300 150 4,052 103 5,995 530 -750 -3,248 1,943

Taytay 6,340 6,400 6,510 5,466 125 60 110 -1043

San Vicente 1,400 800 995 1,469 43 -600 195 474

Narra 1,200 600 100 859 1,031 152 -600 259 172

Aborlan 1,000 900 1,183 1,391 78 -100 283 208

Quezon 5,350 3,300 1,392 2,753 287 -2050 -1,908 1,361

Roxas 3,000 2,900 50 3,512 2,028 0.09 -100 612 -

-1484

El Nido 3,110 2,700 2,357 2,381 -410 -343 24

Dumaran 3,550 3,600 5,325 4,937 234 50 1,725 -388

ISLAND 14,409 13,068 -1340

Culion 2,558 2,251 -306

Coron 2,051 2,139 88

Busuanga 1,405 1,512 107

Araceli 2,735 2,680 -55

Linapacan 2,798 375 -2423

Balabac 2,862 4,111 1,249 GRAND TOTAL 46,450 46,000 450 50,602 170 51,346 1,812 -450 -4,601 747 Sources: Satellite Images, 1979 and 1985, Mainland Palawan Landsat Images, JAFTA,1992 Landsat Images, 1998

declining rate of 1,266ha/yr from 1984 to 1992 (mainlandPalawan) to an increasing rate of 124 ha/yr. from 1992to 1998 (whole Province except Cuyo, Agutaya,Magsaysay and Cagayancillo). However, there arecertain municipalities that manifested reduction in coverand these include Araceli 55 ha (2%), Bataraza 850 ha(16.3%), Culion 307 ha (13.6%), Dumaran 388 ha(7.3%), Linapacan 2,423 ha (86.6%), Roxas 1,484 ha

(42.2%) and Taytay 1,044 ha (16%). Related fishpondareas which are usually converted mangrove forestsincreased to 1,812 in 1998 from only 170 ha in 1992.

9.1.3 Species Composition and Diversity

While there are a total of 47 “true mangrove species”and associated species belonging to 26 families (Melana

744

-1,341


II. Executive Summ

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oastal Resources

Table 19. Number of True Mangrove Species Found Per Municipality, Palawan.

Municipalities Number of Species Aborlan 15 Busuanga 16 Araceli 13 Coron 13 Culion 14 Dumaran 17 Española 16 Narra 15 Roxas 17 San Vicente 12 Brooke's Point 10 Quezon 9 Magsaysay 8 El Nido 13 Bataraza 14 Cuyo 10 Rizal 13 Taytay 16

Table 20. Species Diversity Index (SDI), Mangrove Forest, Palawan.

Shannon Weiner Index (SDI)

Municipality Highest Value Location Lowest Value Location Aborlan 2.0900 Apo-aporawan River 0.0700 Calver Point Bataraza 1.6923 Iwahig I 0.6852 Rio Tuba Culion 1.5310 Piday 0.0030 Ugnisan Cuyo 1.9868 San Carlos Bay 0.2771 Maringien Dumaran 1.5313 Danleg 0.3350 Baras Bay El Nido 1.7896 Teneguiban 0.2905 Devil River Espanola 2.0551 Punang I 0.3768 Isumbo Magsaysay 1.4153 Adunbrat Island 0.6193 Los Angeles Narra 1.9400 Raza Island II 0.0000 Banking Island Quezon 1.3480 Tagusao River 0.1990 Iwahig River Rizal 1.4793 Campung Ulay 0.8314 Culasian Roxas 2.0700 Tumarabong 0.4700 Flat Island I

and Gonzales 1996), the Philippines has around 28 “truemangrove species” (Field Guide to the Identification ofSome Mangrove Plant Species in the Philippines-Ecosystem Research and Development Service, Region7. Fishery Sector Program-DENR) under 19 families. Theresource inventory for the mangrove forest of the provinceinvolving eighteen (18) out of the twenty four (24)municipalities revealed a total of 23 “true mangrove”

species belonging to 11 families. As shown in Table 19,the maximum number of true mangrove species in a singlemunicipality was recorded at seventeen (17), found inthe Municipalities of Dumaran and Roxas while thelowest at eight (8) was documented in Magsaysay.

Appendix E-1 shows the list of mangrove species foundin each municipality surveyed.

The species diversity was further measured using theShannon Weiner Index (SDI). As indicated in Table 20,the municipality of Aborlan has jurisdiction over Apo-aporawan River where the highest SDI at 2.09 wasrecorded. On the other hand, the municipality of Narrahas site Mainland III with the lowest level of speciesdiversity having an SDI of zero, indicating that only onemangrove species was encountered in the site. Generally,most of the survey sites have relatively high speciesdiversity indicating stability in the face of man-madenatural perturbations since stability is more correlatedwith diversity than productivity.

9.1.4 Relative Dominance

Based on the total area occupied by a species as indicatedby the computed stand basal area, the species Rhizophoraapiculata (bakawan-lalake), Sonneratia alba (pagatpat)and Brugueira gymnorrhiza (Busain) dominate the truemangrove flora of Palawan. In particular, as illustratedin Table 21, Aborlan (26.52%), Quezon (71.60%),Dumaran (56.38%), Bataraza (42.64%), El Nido(60.27%) and Culion (48.31%) municipalities aredominated by Rhizophora apiculata while themunicipalities of Cuyo (40.47%) and Magsaysay(75.15%) were dominated by Sonneratia alba. Themunicipalities of Roxas, Sofroñio Española and Narrawere dominated by Brugueira gymnorrhiza at 23.29%,20.69% and 20.29% respectively.

9.1.5 Relative Density

Referring to Table 22 the species with the highest relativedensity per site include R. apiculata for the municipalities

70 PALAWAN

Table 21. Species Relative Dominance, Mangrove Forest, Palawan.

Relative Dominance, % Municipality Highest Species Lowest Species

Aborlan 26.5200 R. apiculata 0.03 B. cylindrica Bataraza 42.6400 R. apiculata 0.03 H. littoralis Culion 48.3051 R. apiculata 0.21 B. cylindrica Cuyo 40.4655 S. alba 0.01 C. tagal Dumaran 56.3800 R. apiculata 0.02 F. sylvatica El Nido 60.2700 R. apiculata 0.03 H. littoralis Magsaysay 75.1500 S. alba 0.17 C. tagal Narra 20.2900 B. gymnorrhiza 0.07 H. littoralis Quezon 71.6000 R. apiculata 0.01 A. corniculatum Rizal 55.5100 R. apiculata 0.01 B. cylindrica Roxas 23.2880 B. gymnorrhiza 0.01 B. parviflora Sofronio Espanola 20.6900 B. gymnorrhiza 0.03 H. littoralis

Table 22. Species Relative Density, Mangrove Forest, Palawan. Municipality Highest Species Lowest Species

Aborlan

33.73

R. apiculata

0.040

A. marina

Bataraza 48.84 R. apiculata 0.060 L. racemosa Culion 50.97 R. apiculata 0.002 B. sexangula Cuyo 34.09 Avicennia marina 0.150 Aegiceras floridum Dumaran 63.09 R. apiculata 0.050 F. sylvatica; A. corniculatum El Nido 60.76 R. apiculata 0.040 H. littoralis Magsaysay 37.43 S. alba 0.520 C. tagal, X. granatum Narra 32.14 Ceriops tagal 0.130 H. littoralis,

A. corniculatum Quezon 73.74 R. apiculata 0.174 S. alba, A. corniculatum, C.

tagal Rizal 56.33 R. apiculata 0.140 B. cylindrical Roxas 29.64 R. apiculata .0344 B. parviflora S. Española 19.19 R. apiculata

0.040 Avicennia officinalis,

Xylocarpus moluccensis

of Rizal (56.33%), Quezon (73.74%), Dumaran(63.09%), Aborlan (33.73%), Culion (50.97%), S.Española (19.19%), El Nido (60.76%), Roxas (29.64%)and Bataraza (48.84%); C. tagal for the municipality ofNarra (32.14%); Sonneratial Alba for the municipalityof Magsaysay (37.43%) and Aviscenia marina for Cuyo(34.091%).

9.1.6 Tree Density

Palawan mangrove forests are not only rich in speciescomposition but are also thick in stands. Of the tenmunicipalities surveyed, Dumaran exhibited the highestaverage tree density placed at 4,910 trees/hectare whileRizal has the lowest at 1,171 trees/hectare. BarangayBohol, the site with the highest density placed at 8,500trees/hectare is located in Dumaran while Ransang, thesite with the lowest density at 112 trees/ha, is found inRizal.

Figure 41 demonstrates the comparative average treedensity per hectare mangrove forest stand in themunicipalities covered by the survey while Table 23 showsthe sites with the highest and lowest tree density in eachmunicipality covered by the survey.

In terms of tree sizes as indicated by the average diameterat breast height (dbh) of the mangrove trees contained inthe survey plots, Quezon municipality exhibited thehighest average dbh at 16.23 cm indicating that themangroves therein are relatively older and more mature.The lowest average dbh of 7.77 cm was registered in themunicipality of Culion indicating that the mangrove thereinare relatively young. Among the eighty (80) survey sites,Aporawan River of Aborlan manifested the highest averagedbh at 29.73 cm. while the lowest dbh of 4.93 cm. wasregistered by site Tagpait of Aborlan. Table 24 illustratesthe average diameter at breast height of mangroves treesin each municipality covered by the survey.


II. Executive Summ

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oastal Resources

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

S. Esp

anola

Narra

Magsa

ysay

El Nido

Dumara

n

Bataraz

a

Aborla

nCuli

onRox

as

Quezo

nCuy

oRiza

l

Nu

mb

er o

fTre

es/ h

ecta

reFigure 41. Average Number of Trees/Hectare of Mangrove Area

Per Municipality, Palawan.

Table 23. Tree Density (No. of Trees Per Hectare) of Mangrove Forests by Municipality, Palawan. Municipality Average Highest Location Lowest Location

Aborlan

1236

1737

Calver Pt.

550

Apo-Aporawan River

Bataraza 1372 1850 Taratak II 717 Iwahig II

Culion 3632 5120 Pachari 2429 Manggahan

Cuyo 2938 3800 Nabitasan 1760 Kanila, Manamoc

Dumaran 4910 8500 Bohol 2677 Capayas

El Nido 1766 2375 Mount of Devil River

1325 Teneguiban

Magsaysay 1194 1950 Los Angeles 942 Lucbuan

Narra 1422 2287 Cagnisan II 525 Banking

Quezon 2227 4182 Matugbong 958 Panitian

Rizal 1171 1675 Taburi 112 Ransang

Roxas 2653 6200 Minara River 876 Stanlake Island

S. Espanola 1323 2062 Labog 4 (Ingiaran Pt.)

512 Punang

72 PALAWAN

Table 25. Seedling Density, Mangrove Forest, Palawan.

Municipality Highest Location Lowest Location Average Aborlan 108,750 Tagpait 8750 Puntog Island 57,500 Bataraza 32,500 Igang-Igang 1,667 Rio Tuba II 17,807 Culion 14,073 Chindonan 400 Kabulihan II 4,867 Cuyo 10,067 Maringian 300 Nabitasan 3,282 Dumaran 5,665 Pulain Bay 0 Bohol 3,048 El Nido 162,500 Teneguiban 0 San Fernando,

Barok and Pinamudian

2,097

Magsaysay 12,500 Los Angeles 6,667 Adumbrat River Poblacion

11,875

Narra 72,500 Cagnisan II 2,000 Linda Island 23,644 Quezon 11,894 Matugbong I 145 Matugbong II 909 Rizal 65,833 Puntabaja 5,500 Canipaan 14,597 Roxas 12,160 Taradungan 0 Tumarbong 3,867 S. Española 106,250 Pulot Shore 0 Gardener 37,634

Table 24. Average diameter at breast height (dbh) by Municipality, Palawan.

Average Diameter at Breast Height, cm

Municipality

Highest

Site

Lowest

Site Grand Mean

Aborlan

29.73

Aporawan River

4.93

Tagpait

14.95

Bataraza Culion

16.64 11.92

Iwahig II Koring-Koring

9.01 6.44

Rio Tuba I Ditopiac

11.89 7.77

Cuyo 26.58 Balading 7.12 San Carlos Bay, Tandol

11.30

Dumaran 15.17 Danleg 8.66 Poblacion 12.03 El Nido 12.84 Teneguiban 8.63 Devil River 9.73 Magsaysay 18.04 Adumbrat Is. 7.06 Lucbuan 11.64 Narra 22.09 Banking Island 8.39 Caguisan 12.09 Quezon 24.57 Tagdarangin

Odiong Creek 8.34 Malanot II 16.23

Rizal 23.32 Puntabaja 10.80 Taburi 15.86 Roxas 28.57 Barbacan R. 8.78 Minara R. 13.44 S. Espanola 14.93 Punang I 7.37 Pulot Shore 10.32

9.1.7 Seedlings and Saplings

Findings of the resource assessment as indicated in Figure42 also show that seedlings and saplings density arerelatively high in Aborlan, Narra, S. Española,Bataraza, Magsaysay and Rizal suggesting a disturbedstate of most mangrove communities therein. Theunderlying principle is that disturbed conditions ofmangroves due to cutting and clearing directlycontributes to seedlings and sapling count as propagulesare able to recolonize these areas because of the low levelof competition for sunlight and root space.

On one end, mangrove areas of Dumaran, Cuyo, Roxas,Quezon and Culion municipality having relatively lowseedling and sapling densities may be said to be lessdisturbed. Highest seedling density at 162,500

individuals/ha was registered in site Teneguiban of ElNido while the lowest at zero was documented in sitesBohol in Dumaran; Tumarabong in Roxas; Gardener inEspanola; and San Fernando, Barok and Pinamudian inEl Nido. In terms of sapling density, highest at 29,733individuals/ha was in Pinataray River in SofroñioEspañola while that lowest at zero was documented in12 sites (see Table 26).

Seedling and sapling count also indicate ability ofmangrove stands for natural regeneration. As surveyresults show, the disturbed mangroves of Aborlan, Narra,Rizal, Magsaysay, Bataraza and Española have in generalbetter potential for natural regeneration. Thus,intervention such as reforestation may no longer benecessary provided such degraded areas be protected


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Table 26. Sapling Density, Mangrove Forest, Palawan.

Municipality Highest Location Lowest Location Average Aborlan

15,400

Tagpait

0

Calver Point/Aporawan River

2,670

Bataraza 4,133 Iwahig II 0 Buliluyan, Malunao Island

1,046

Culion 4,686 Korin II 0 Kabulihan II 1,351

Cuyo 2,400 Kaniki 36 Balading 602

Dumaran 4,389 Ilian River 0 Banas Bay 1,764

El Nido 7,467 San Fernando 133 Pinamudian 3,910

Magsaysay 2,400 Rizal 2,267 Lucbuan, Adumbrat

1,050

Narra 25,200 Cagnisan II 400 Rasa II 6,312

Quezon 6,568 Matugbong I 0 Marikit Island 405

Rizal 3,300 Panalingaan 0 Canipaan 1,277

Roxas 3,733 Minara River 0 Tumarbong 2,305

S. Española 29,733 Pinataray River 0 Bessie, Gardiner, Isumbo

6,257

Figure 42. Seedling and Sapling Density of Mangroves by Municipality, Palawan.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Espa

nola

Narra

Magsa

ysay

El Nido

Dumara

n

Batar

aza

Aborl

anCulio

nRox

as

Quezo

nCuy

oRiza

l

Seedling

Sapling

About 40% of the 117,000hectares (DENR 1995) ofremaining mangrove forestcover of the Philippines occur inPalawan.

74 PALAWAN

Table 27. Seagrass Status Distribution by Category, Palawan.

Site

Total No. of Survey Site

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Year

Aborlan 7 0 2 3 2 2003 Agutaya 10 1 4 3 2 2002 Araceli 10 0 4 4 2 2003 Bataraza 12 1 1 4 6 2003 Brooke’s Point 6 0 3 2 1 2001 Busuanga 15 0 1 5 9 1999 Coron 2 0 1 1 0 1999 Culion 21 0 0 3 18 1999 Cuyo 11 0 7 4 0 2003 Dumaran 16 1 3 7 5 2001 El Nido 14 0 4 3 7 2002 Magsaysay 10 1 2 4 3 2002 Narra 12 0 1 8 3 2002 Quezon 13 0 2 2 9 2001 Rizal 17 0 5 5 7 2003 Roxas 8 0 1 3 4 2004 S. Española 6 0 2 2 2 2001 San Vicente 10 1 2 1 6 2000 Taytay 16 1 0 11 4 2001

Total 216 6 45 75 90

PERCENTAGE 100 2.78 20.83 34.72 41.67

from further destructive activities and be allowed torecover naturally without disturbance.

9.1.7 General Observations

Despite the declaration of Palawan as a MangroveSwamp Reserve, human-induced perturbations wereobserved during the surveys. Evidence of mangrovecuttings and clearings to give way to fishponddevelopment were noted in certain survey sites. Also,signs of mangrove natural regeneration were evident incertain disturbed mangrove communities as indicated bythe high sapling and seedling count reaching as high as162,500 per hectare obtained in these areas. Mangrovestands having close canopies, an indication of its goodcondition, were also encountered during the assessment.Sighting of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)at numerous sites i.e. Panitian River (Narra), DipuyaiRiver (Busuanga), Bolog River (Araceli), Decala River(San Vicente), Buding River (San Vicente) and DarapitanRiver (San Vicente) were also reported.

9.2 SEAGRASS AND SEAWEEDSCOMMUNITY

9.2.1 Importance of Seagrass and Seaweeds

Seagrass are submerged flowering plants of the marineenvironment which generally thrive in shallow water

coastal areas and are adapted to live in a saline medium.Seagrass are ecologically important for they serve asnursery and breeding grounds and source of food for fish,turtles, dugong and other aquatic invertebrates. Theyinteract with coral reefs and mangroves in reducing waveenergy and regulating water flow. Due to the thicknessof their underground root systems, they are effectivesediment retainers and binders hence serving as bufferagainst wave action and storm surges (Fortes 1995).Economically, seagrass are also important because theyare used as upholstery and packing materials, stuffing ofmattresses, compost for fertilizers, materials for weavingbaskets and many others.

Syringodium isoetijolium, Cymodacea totundata, andThalassia hemprichii. Barangay Binudac, Culion.


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Seaweeds like seagrass are similarly important marineresources. They perform a vital role in primaryproduction and growth of the reef system. They serve ashabitats to lots of marine organisms and as food not onlyto fish and aquatic invertebrates but also to man.Economically, seaweeds are good source of chemicalsand gels and are used in manufacturing some of our dailycommodities.

9.2.2 Seagrass

9.2.2.1 Vegetative Cover

Seagrass meadows are one of the marine resources ofPalawan that is vital to the preservation of the dugongs(Dugong dugon), already an endangered species as listedin the IUCN and CITES. The protection of this importantresource is paramount not only to maintain biodiversitybut also to sustain fishery production.

Results of the analysis of the percent vegetative cover usingthe Quadrat Sampling method is illustrated in Figure 43below. As shown in Table 27, out of the 216 sites,only 6 sites or 2.78% were in excellent condition (76-100% percent vegetative cover), 45 sites or 20.83 percentin good condition (51-75% vegetative cover), and 75 sitesor 34.72 percent considered in fair vegetative cover. Theremaining 90 sites or 41.67% were classified as poor incondition (0-25% vegetative cover). Notwithstanding thegeneral poor condition of the seagrass beds covered bythe survey, Dugongs are still believed to graze thereon asevidenced by the presence of their feeding trenches incertain sites. Map 12 shows the location of the seagrassbeds where feeding trenches of Dugong were noted.

9.2.2.2 Density

The density measured in terms of the number ofindividuals per square meter was computed for all thesample sites. As illustrated in Table 28, the mostdense sites include Maraquit in Araceli with 12,946individuals/m2, Mambalot in Brooke’s Point with 12,392individuals/m2. Least dense sites comprise Isugod inQuezon at 6 individuals/m2, Albaguen Island in SanVicente with 13 individuals/m2, Batacalan in El Nidowith 34 individuals/m2, Mariquit in Aborlan with 37individuals/m2.

9.2.2.3 Species Composition and Diversity

The Philippines has sixteen (16) identified seagrassspecies of which thirteen (13) were found in the surveysites under two families with two unidentified speciesunder the genera Halophila. However, the number ofspecies found in each seagrass community or sample siteranged only from one (1) to ten (10). Incidentally, therewere two species Thalassodendron ciliatum andHalophila decipiens which were recorded only in the

Figure 44. Condition of Seaweeds Community by Category, Palawan.

Thalassodendron ciliatum. Barangay Bonog, Rizal.

Figure 43. Distribution of Seagrass Community Condition by Category, Palawan.

Fair34.72%

Good20.83%

Excellent2.78%Poor

41.67%

Poor89.74%

Fair7.18%

Excellent0.51%

Good2.57%

76 PALAWAN

Table 28. Density (No. of Individuals/m2) of Seagrass Communities, Palawan.

Municipality Average Highest Value

Location Lowest Value

Location

Aborlan 385 681 Sombrero Is. 37 Mariquit Agutaya 806 1744 Central 466 Algeciras Araceli 2932 12946 Maraquit 112 Capansanlan Bataraza 434 1580 Tagbila 66 Taratak Brooke’s Point 7598 12392 Mambalot 680 Oring-oring Busuanga 888 3885 Punda 24 Sagrada Coron 1497 2303 North Bulalakaw 692 Colbi Culion 594 3114 Deborda 46 Baldat Cuyo 794 1758 Caponayan 385 Manamoc Dumaran 456 1219 Capayas 60 Pangolasian El Nido 540 946 Buluang 34 Batacalan Magsaysay 780 1403 San Carba 247 Los Angeles Narra 626 1841 Cudil 222 Aramaywan Quezon 119 415 Tabon 6 Isugod Rizal 1275 3236 Tabionan 120 Sinadayang Roxas 1440 4256 South Verde Is. 88 Flat Island S. Española 417 927 Gardiner 206 Bintangan Is. San Vicente 717 2662 Boayan Is. 13 Albaguen Is. Taytay 3694 16236 Poblacion 122 Canique

municipality of San Vicente. Seagrass species found inthe different municipalities covered by the surveys arelisted in Appendix E-2.

In the context of species diversity as measured using theShannon Diversity Index (SDI), the best site is Casian inTaytay municipality which registered the highest SDIcomputed at 2.09. Sixteen of the sites registered zeroSDI which indicate the presence of only one (1) species.Table 29 shows the highest and lowest diversity indicesof the seagrass communities in each of the municipalitiescovered by the various surveys.

9.2.3 Seaweeds

9.2.3.1 Vegetative Cover

Seaweeds can be found to occur in seagrass beds althoughat times such associations were absent. Results ofassessment in 195 sites where seaweeds were present asshown on Table 30 indicate that only one site (Tagusao inQuezon municipality) or 0.51% was classified as excellentin terms of relative abundance measured as percentvegetative cover. Also, five sites (Sta. Monica, Sibaltan,Buluang and Palabuayan of El Nido; and B. Honda Pt.in Quezon) or 2.57% were classified as good and fourteen

(14) sites or 7.18% were considered fair in vegetativecover. The remaining 175 sites or 89.74% were classifiedas poor in vegetative cover.

Figure 44 is a graphical presentation of the percentagedistribution across condition categories of seaweedcommunities in Palawan.

9.2.3.2 Species Composition and Diversity

A total of 69 species belonging to 20 families and 4 classeswere recorded for the nineteen surveyed municipalities.The highest number of species encountered in one sitewas 29 and was documented at Binolican in Taytay andSiabtabon in Araceli. Two species namely Halimedamacroloba and H. opuntia were notably present in all ofthe survey sites. Appendix E-3 lists the seaweed speciesencountered during the surveys in the differentmunicipalities of Palawan.

The most diverse sites as indicated by the computedShannon Diversity Index (SDI) were Binolican in Taytaywith SDI of 2.86, Bantayan in Busuanga with SDI of2.39 and Pangolasian in Dumaran with SDI of 2.36. Theleast diverse sites with SDI of zero (only one specieswas encountered) were: Gardiner’s Island and Labog inS. Espanola; Salvacion and Punda in Busuanga; Cabuyao,Baldat, and Lamud in Culion; Poblacion in Araceli;Poblacion, Port Barton, Albaguen Is., and Gawid in SanVicente; Tagusao, B. Honda Pt., Tinagong Pati, Mariquitand Tabon in Quezon; Linda Island and Caguisan inNarra; Central in Agutaya; and Lucbuan in Magsaysay,Caponayan in Cuyo and Tagpait and Cutter Point inAborlan (Refer to Table 31).

Seagrasses are particularly morevulnerable as a resource than areseaweeds. They respond to thenegative impacts of eutrophication,siltation and toxic chemicals.


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Table 29. Species Diversity of Seagrass Communities, Palawan.

Shannon Weiner Index Municipality Highest Location Lowest Location

Value Value Aborlan Agutaya

1.90 1.91 1.51

Malunao Puntog Central

1.43 0.00 0.47

Puntog Marikit Pt. Villasol

Araceli 1.77 Dagman 0.00 Capansanlan

Bataraza 1.73 Sapa 0.10 Gull Reef

Brooke's Point 1.29 Maasin 0.38 Oring-oring

Busuanga 1.73 Punda 0.00 Coral Bay, Sagrada,

Cuyo 1.86 Basacar 0.75 Capanayan

Dumaran 1.72 Bacao 0.30 Cagsaleng

El Nido 1.95 Sta. Monica 0.11 Batacalan

Magsaysay 1.7 Canipo 0.94 Bodavan

Narra 1.91 Rasa Is. 0.61 George Island

Quezon 1.89 Nakoda Island 0.00 Double Is., Mariquit, Hummock Pt., Isugod and Tagusao

Rizal 1.79 Tinugpan 0.00 Sinadayang

Roxas 1.75 Green Island 0.00 Flat Island

S. Española 1.67 King's Paradise/ Arrecife Island

0.39 Sand Bar

Taytay 2.09 Casian 0.00 Canique, Langnayan

Table 30. Distribution of Condition Categories of Seaweed Communities by Municipality, Palawan.

Site Total No. of Survey Site

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Year

Coron 2 0 0 0 2 1999 Busuanga 9 0 0 0 9 1999 Culion 19 0 0 0 19 1999 Roxas 8 0 0 0 8 2004 Araceli 9 0 0 2 7 2000 San Vicente 9 0 0 2 7 2000 Taytay 15 0 0 1 14 2000 Brooke’s Point 7 0 0 2 5 2000 Dumaran 14 0 0 1 13 2001 Sofroñio Española 6 0 0 0 6 2001 Quezon 10 1 1 2 6 2001 Narra 12 0 0 0 12 2002 El Nido 14 0 4 3 7 2002 Magsaysay 10 0 0 0 10 2002 Agutaya 10 0 0 1 9 2002 Bataraza 10 0 0 0 10 2003 Cuyo 11 0 0 0 11 2003 Aborlan 6 0 0 0 6 2003 Rizal 14 0 0 0 14 2003

Total 195 1 5 14 175 Percentage 0.51 2.57 7.18 89.74

78 PALAWAN

Table 31. Species Diversity of Seaweed Communities, Palawan.

Shannon Weiner Index

Municipality Highest Site Lowest Site Value Value

Aborlan Agutaya

1.87 2.27

Malinao Island Algeciras

0 0

Tagpait, Cutter Point Central

Araceli 2.25 Taloto 0.00 Poblacion Brooke's Point 1.44 Maasin 0.19 Oring-oring Busuanga 2.39 Bantayan 0.00 Salvacion, Punda Coron 1.57 Bulalakaw 0.99 Colbi Island Culion 1.84 Botnongan 0.00 Lamud, Cabuyao, Baldat Cuyo 2.38 Balading 0 Caponayan Dumaran 2.36 Pangolasian 0.21 Capayas El Nido 1.91 Sibaltan Island 0.11 Batcalan Magsaysay 2.19 Caymamis; Cocoro 0 Lucbuan Narra 1.86 Burirao; Aramaywan 0 Linda and Caguisan Quezon 0.81 Nakoda Island 0.00 Tagusao, B. Honda Pt.,

T. Pati, Mariquit and Tabon Rizal 1.43 Tinagpan 0 Tabionan Roxas 2.12 Stanlake Island 0.51 Punao Island S. Española 2.5 Bintaugan 0.00 Gardiner's Island, Labog San Vicente 1.62 Kemdeng 0.00 Poblacion, Port Barton,

Gawid and Albaguen Island Taytay 2.86 Binolican 0.19 Batas I

9.3 CORAL REEF

9.3.1 Importance of Corals

Corals are communities of small animals called polypswhich feed on algae and bacteria found in tropical waters.Coral reefs are made up of calcium carbonate skeletonsthat are cemented together by calcareous algae and otherorganisms. Corals need warm, clear water to developsuch as those waters found in the Philippines.

Most corals found around Palawan are in shallow waterfringing reefs not reaching depth greater than 35 meters.Many are in near shore tidal areas with lower visibilitythan is expected for thriving reefs. Water temperaturein coral reefs found in Palawan have been recorded from25C-28C.

Coral reefs are considered among the most biologicallyproductive ecosystem in the world and supply the mainfood source for the Philippine Islands. They areecologically important because they serve as fish habitat,breeding and nursery grounds and as wave breakers toprotect inland shores. Corals are also considered ahabitat link between mangroves and seagrasses that arehighly productive and biologically diverse.

9.3.2 Benthic Cover

Results of the coral reef assessment conducted in Palawanemploying Line Intersect Method, Reef Check and MantaTow manifested a gloomy picture of the Provinces’ coralreef ecosystem as shown on Figure 45. Assessment ofthe best sites in terms of benthic life forms in 305 sitescovering nineteen (19) municipalities showed that only12 sites or 3.93 percent were considered in excellentcondition (75-100% live coral cover) and these arelocated at Middle Rock in San Vicente; Renambakan in

Putog Reef, Roxas.


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Figure 45. Reef Condition by Category, Palawan.

Table 32. Coral Reef Status Distribution by Category, Palawan.

Total No. of

Excellent Good Fair Poor

Site Survey Sites

No. % No. % No. % No. % Year

Aborlan 20 0 0.00 12 60.00 8 40.00 0 0.00 2003 Agutaya 21 1 4.76 4 19.05 8 38.10 8 38.10 2002 Araceli 3 0 0.00 1 33.33 2 66.67 0 0.00 2000 Bataraza 24 1 4.17 16 66.67 7 29.17 0 0.00 2003 Brooke's Point 7 0 0.00 3 42.86 3 42.86 1 14.29 2001 Busuanga 9 0 0.00 0 0.00 7 77.78 2 22.22 1999 Coron 6 1 16.67 1 16.67 0 0.00 4 66.67 1999 Culion 9 0 0.00 0 0.00 7 77.78 2 22.22 1999 Cuyo 21 2 9.52 6 28.58 2 9.52 11 52.38 2003 Dumaran 17 1 5.88 6 35.29 10 58.82 0 0.00 2001 El Nido 11 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 45.45 6 54.55 2002 Magsaysay 18 0 0.00 5 27.78 12 66.67 1 5.56 2001 Narra 18 0 0.00 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0.00 2003 Quezon 17 2 11.76 7 41.18 8 47.06 0 0.00 2001 Rizal 21 0 0 10 47.62 10 47.62 1 4.76 2003 Roxas 22 2 9.09 11 50.00 9 40.91 0 0.00 2004 S. Espanola 26 1 3.85 9 34.62 16 61.54 0 0.00 2001 San Vicente 22 1 4.55 3 13.64 12 54.55 6 27.27 2000 Taytay 13 0 0.00 1 7.69 1 7.69 11 84.62 2001

O V E R A L L 305 12 3.93 105 34.43 135 44.26 53 17.38

Dumaran; Nakoda Island and Mariquit in Quezon;Colby in Coron; Iwahig in Bataraza; Inamukan I in S.Española; Diit in Agutaya; Pandan Island I and PandanIsland II in Cuyo; and Submerged I and Puntog in Rizal.As excellent live coral cover is considered crucial forcoral recruitment and fishery production, it is expectedthat fish catch will be high in these areas.

Further, Figure 45 also shows that 135 sites or 44.26percent of all the reef sites surveyed were rated to be infair condition (25-49.9% live coral cover) while thosethat were assessed to be in good condition (50-74.9 %live coral cover) represents 34.43 percent (105 sites).Coral reefs with poor cover (25 percent live coral cover)constitute 17.38 percent (53 sites) of the total number

of survey sites. Status of coral reefs in Palawan bymunicipality is shown on Table 32.

Most of the survey sites can be characterized as largelycovered by dead corals with algae. This is an indicationthat coral death had occurred for sometime because algaewere able to colonize the coral skeleton. The survey alsoshowed that certain sites have high percentage of deadcorals or rubbles, an indication of rampant blast andcyanide fishing activities. Further, large amounts of algae(Halimeda sp. and Padina sp.) were noted in numerous

Coral bleaching in Priate Island, Barangay Igang-Igang,Bataraza.

Poor17.38%

Excellent3.93%

Good34.43%

Fair44.26%

80 PALAWAN

Giant Clam (Tridacna gigaws)Barangay Mabini, El Nido.

Soft corals of Barangay Sarong,Bataraza.

Foliose and massive corals inPaga-paga Island, Barangay

Malitud, Bataraza.

About 40% of the nation’s coralreefs can be found in Palawanand are still in better conditioncompared to the rest in thePhilippines.


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sites, a manifestation of a heavily degraded reef. Signsof coral bleaching brought about by cyanide fishingand other natural causes such as increased in sea watertemperature were also evident in some shallow reef sitesparticularly in Bataraza, Roxas, Culion, Araceli,Busuanga and San Vicente municipalities. Moreover,invertebrate species which are considered indicatorsof healthy reef ecosystems and local fisheries werefound to be extremely low in numbers and in fact wereabsent in some sites particularly in the municipalities ofRoxas. The presence of extremely high numbers ofpollution and threat indicators such as Diadema setosumurchin and the crown of thorns starfish were also notedin a number of sites in the municipalities of Busuanga.

Nonetheless, despite the ailing condition of Palawan’scoral reefs, important marine animals such as sea turtlesand dugong and associated invertebrates species likeTridacna are still observed in Palawan waters specificallyin Taytay, Roxas, Dumaran and Busuanga (Map 13 showsthe location of the survey sites where Tridacna specieswere encountered). Further, certain reef sites of Coron,Busuanga, Taytay and El Nido are being tapped as divesites of tourists, ecotourism being one of the promisingindustries in Palawan.

9.4 REEF FISHERIES

9.4.1 Importance of Reef Fish Communities

Fish communities are major resources playing animportant role in coral reef ecosystems. They serve asgrazers to control growth of algae on coral habitat. The

commercial importance of reef fish communities for localfisheries and tourism is immeasurable. Therefore, thehealth and productivity of reef and fisheries are criticalfrom both the ecological and commercial perspective. Asimple fish census concentrating on the target fisheryspecies in an area and certain indicators of reef healthcan be used to assess the status of the coral reef and itsassociated fish community, monitor changes and assesslevels of fishing pressure.

9.4.2 Reef Fish Abundance

Assessment of coral reef fish abundance using visual fishcensus showed that most survey sites revealed low fishcount compared to healthy reefs such as Tubbataha anda serious lack of commercial important species. As shownin Table 34 among the municipalities surveyed, Culion

Damsels and Catfish. Submerged reef, Roxas.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

Aborla

n

Agutay

a

Araceli

Bataraz

a

Brooke

’s Po

int

Busua

nga

Coron

Culion

Cuyo

Dumara

n

El Nido

Magsa

ysay

Narra

Quezo

nRiza

l

Roxas

S. Esp

añola

San V

icente

Tayta

y

Tubb

ataha

Municipality

Avg

. No

. of I

nd

ivid

ual

s/H

a.

Figure 46. Distribution of Reef Fish Density by Municipality, Palawan.

82 PALAWAN

Table 34. Reef Fish Density vis-a-vis Reef Condition by Municipality, Palawan.

Municipality

Average No. of

Ind./Ha.

Indicator Species No. of

Ind./Ha.

Target Speices No. of

Ind./Ha.

Coral Cover

(%)

Category

Survey Year

Aborlan 4,857 2,433 2,424 52.94 Good 2003 Agutaya 3,781 1,943 1,838 32.73 Fair 2002 Araceli 14,400 10,148 4,252 51.67 Good 2000 Bataraza 6,986 3,063 3,923 56.62 Good 2003 Brooke’s Point 900 900 49.87 Fair 2001 Busuanga 11,087 10,028 1,059 31.03 Fair 1999 Coron 13,840 10,240 3,600 1999 Culion 23,093 17,675 5,418 31.99 Fair 1999 Cuyo 4,428 2,264 2,164 48.42 Fair 2003 Dumaran 8,071 3,711 4,360 37.02 Fair 2001 El Nido 3,746 2,159 1,587 26.85 Fair 2002 Magsaysay 3,350 1,891 1,459 42.69 Fair 2002 Narra 4,414 2,478 1,936 50.48 Good 2002 Quezon 3,514 1,428 2,086 55.38 Good 2001 Rizal 1,929 959 970 49.15 Fair 2003 Roxas 4,086 2,534 1,552 47.13 Fair 2004 S. Española 3,474 1,423 2,051 46.06 Fair 2001 San Vicente 20,798 2,311 18,487 47.92 Fair 2000 Taytay 6,200 2,335 3,865 19.21 Poor 2001 Tubbataha 40,000 11,140 1992

showed the highest average fish density placed at 23,093individuals per hectare. Next to Culion were San Vicente(20,700 individual/ha), Araceli (14,400 individual/ha),Coron (13,840 individual/ha) and Busuanga (11,087individual/ha). Municipalities that manifested low fishdensities were Rizal (1,929 individual/ha) and Brooke’sPoint (900 individual/ha). On a per site basis, the highestfish density so far was estimated at 93,900 individual/ha and was documented in Oyster Bay in the municipalityof San Vicente. The lowest fish density of 200 individual/

Table 33. Reef Fish Density (No. of Individuals Per Hectare Reef Area) by Municipality, Palawan.

Municipality Average Highest Location Lowest Location Aborlan 4,857 9,900 Sombrero II 760 Tigman Agutaya 3,871 7,840 Mandit IV 1,260 Quinluban Island Araceli 14,400 23,440 Mantulali Island 7,520 Casiran Bataraza 6,986 37,840 Arreciffe I 1,040 Segyam Brooke’s Pt. 900 3,320 Kalaparan 480 Pangobilian Busuanga 11,087 27,600 Balagbagan 8,640 Kadius Culion 23,093 34,040 Chindonan Island I 11,040 Chindonan Island II Cuyo 4,428 6,660 Pamalican Island 2,000 Pandan Island II Dumaran 8,071 20,240 Talataen 840 Kapayas II El Nido 3,746 11,940 Bangkaloyan 1,200 Pinamantayan Pt. Magsaysay 3,350 5,280 Cocoro Island II 1,480 Taguayen Island Narra 4,414 8,160 San Isidro 460 Emelina Quezon 3,514 8020 Double Island 1,040 Tinagong Pati Rizal 1,929 4,600 Tinagpan 540 Gandan Point Roxas 4,086 13,640 Submerged Reef III 1,420 Flat Island S. Espanola 3,474 17,920 Kings II 200 Near Malalong San Vicente 20,789 93,920 Oyster 400 Alimanguan Taytay 6,200 10,400 Talakanen 1,920 Apulit Tubbataha 40,000

ha on the other hand was manifested by site NearMalalong in the municipality of S. Española.

Relating the results of the fish census to the reef conditionof the survey sites in terms of coral cover as shown onTable 34 it was observed that in some cases, sites withrelatively good coral cover have low fish count forcommercially important species, an indication ofoverfishing. Thus, it would then appear from the datathat coral reefs of Quezon, Narra and Aborlan are


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relatively overfished as the general condition is ratedgood but the density of the target or commerciallyimportant fish species is rather low. Figure 46 illustratesin graphical form the reef fish density in eachmunicipality surveyed.

Meanwhile, the overall status of reef fisheries in most ofthe survey sites is dominated by damsels, an indicator ofa degraded reef, which account for 28.1% of the totalfish count. Second in rank in fish abundance are fusiliers(planktivores) at 21.19%. It must be noted also thatbutterfly fish (4.10%), an indicator of a healthy reefcommunity were low in numbers and in fact were missingin other sites. The absence of large predators such asgroupers (2.17%) and sweetlips (0.16%) were likewiseobserved in most sites. Overall findings thereforeindicate heavy harvesting of marine species and overfishing. Fish density for each species in eachmunicipality surveyed is shown in Appendix E.4.

9.5 ISSUES

The coastal resources of Palawan have been under threatfrom various destructive activities both in the terrestrialand the coastal areas. In the coral reef, the biggest threatat present is the live fish industry which thrives on theillegal use of cyanide to catch fish alive causing coraldeath. Further, dynamite fishing as well as the use ofefficient gears within the municipal waters also contributeto coral destruction resulting in the decline in fish catch.

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Map 12. Feeding Trenches of Dugongs, Palawan, 1999-2004.

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88 PALAWAN


II. Executive Summ

aryH

uman R

esources

X

HUMAN RESOURCES

Human resource is a very valuable resource in thesustainable development of Palawan. Trends in populationgrowth are important in assessing population carryingcapacity of the Province especially since Palawan isgenerally mountainous and therefore any increase inpopulation is feared to adversely affect the uplands andother ecologically sensitive areas for lack of opportunitiesin the lowlands. Likewise, population structure is viewedto be relevant in economic development as youngpopulation tend to be less productive because of a highdependency ratio. Thus, monitoring of the Province’shuman resources will enable planners to formulatestrategic plans and programs to accommodate thegrowing population without necessarily compromisingthe fragile environment of the Province.

In describing the population of Palawan, the discussionwill be mainly focused in Puerto Princesa City and thetwenty three (23) municipalities excluding Kalayaan. Thisis because Kalayaan is a special municipality in the sensethat its inhabitants are all military personnel and thereforecould not be characterized in the same manner as the othermunicipalities.

10.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Results of the 2000 Population Census Survey carriedout by the National Statistics Office is reflected on Table36. As indicated, the total population of Palawan in 2000was 755,412. Puerto Princesa City, the capital ofPalawan registered the highest population at 161,912accounting for 21.43 percent of the province’s totalpopulation. Among the municipalities of Palawan, thetop five in terms of population are Narra (56,845), Taytay(53,657), Brooke’s Point (48,928), Roxas (47,242) andQuezon (41,669). Except for Kalayaan with populationcount of 223, the Municipality of Cagayancillomanifested the least population at 6,348 accounting foronly 0.84 percent of Palawan’s aggregate population

Other municipalities with relatively low population countare Linapacan (9,198), Agutaya (10,422), Magsaysay(10,885) and Araceli (10,894).

10.2 POPULATION DENSITY

The overall population density for Palawan in 2000 isestimated at 51 persons/sq km, an increase of 8 persons/sq km from the 1995 estimate of 43 persons/sq kmReferring to Table 36, Cagayancillo registered the highestpopulation density at 412 persons/sq.km., followed byMagsaysay (393), Agutaya (321) and Cuyo (319). Exceptfor Cuyo, these municipalities happen to be those whichalso registered the least population. The municipality of

90 PALAWAN

Table 36. Population Distribution by Municipality, Palawan, 2000.

Municipality

Population

Percent Population

Land Area (sq.km.)

Population Density (Persons/sq.m.)

Aborlan 25,540 3.38 908.80 28.10 Agutaya 10,422 1.38 32.50 320.68

Araceli 10,894 1.44 176.80 61.62 Balabac 25,257 3.34 581.66 43.42 Bataraza 41,458 5.49 957.00 43.32

Brooke's Point 48,928 6.48 857.42 57.06 Busuanga 16,287 2.16 392.90 41.45 Cagayancillo 6,348 0.84 15.40 412.21

Coron 32,243 4.27 951.49 33.89 Culion 14,302 1.89 262.91 54.40 Cuyo 18,257 2.42 57.30 318.62

Dumaran 16,616 2.20 435.00 38.20 El Nido 27,029 3.58 465.10 58.11 Kalayaan 223 0.03 0.25 892.00

Linapacan 9,198 1.22 155.20 59.27 Magsaysay 10,885 1.44 27.70 392.96 Narra 56,845 7.53 700.00 81.21

Puerto Princesa City 161,912 21.43 2,106.70 76.86 Quezon 41,669 5.52 812.80 51.27 Rizal 31,745 4.20 1,100.00 28.86

Roxas 47,242 6.25 1,220.30 38.71 San Vicente 21,654 2.87 842.50 25.70 Sofronio Espanola 26,801 3.55 445.98 60.09

Taytay 53,657 7.10 1,390.50 38.59

T O T A L 755,412 100.00 14,896 50.71

Table 37. Comparative Data on Population Density (persons/sq. km).

Census Region/ Philippines/ Year Palawan Region IV Philippines Palawan Palawan

1970

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San Vicente exhibited the least density although it ranks14th in population count.

Palawan’s population density remains to be the lowestamong the provinces in the country notwithstanding itshigh annual population growth rate. As shown onTable 37, there are approximately five times morepersons per square kilometer in the Philippines or inother Southern Tagalog provinces than in Palawan.However, this should not make planners complacentabout the growing population of the Province.Constrained with its mountainous topography which isgenerally incomparable with other areas in the country,Palawan’s capacity to absorb population increase isnonetheless very much restricted even if its populationdensity is far below the national or regional figure.

10.3 POPULATION GROWTH

Annual population growth rate per municipality basedon the 2000 population census is presented on Table 38.As shown, the Municipality of Rizal exhibited thehighest annual growth rate at 8.31 percent while the leastat -1.20 percent was manifested by Cagayancillo (againexcept Kalayaan which shows -8.57 annual growth rate)which incidentally, exhibited a negative growth rateimplying a declining population. Noteworthy are Rizaland Agutaya which showed exceedingly high annualgrowth rates placed at 8.31 and 8.09 percent respectivelyas compared to the other areas with rates ranging onlyfrom 0.34 to 4.9 percent. Extremely low annual growthrates are documented in Magsaysay (0.34%) and Araceli(0.68%).

Comparison of the annual growth rates based on the 1995and 2000 population census with the exclusion ofBrooke’s Point, Sofroñio Espanola, Coron and Culionshows that eleven municipalities (including PuertoPrincesa City) manifested increased growth rates whileeight exhibited reduced rates. As for Brooke’s Pointand Coron, no comparison of growth rates was attemptedbecause of the artificial reduction in population thereofbrought about by the creation of Española and Culionwhose population were previously accounted for inBrooke’s Point and Coron respectively. Noticeablethough is the abrupt reduction in the annual growth rateof Puerto Princesa City from 7.06 (the highest so far inthe 1995 Census) to 4.89 percent in the 2000 census. Itis believed that migration to Puerto Princesa City hasslowed down during the second half of the nineties.

Meanwhile, historical data as depicted in Table 39 showeda decreasing trend in the annual population growth ratefor the last five census periods.

Notwithstanding such trend, the annual population growthrates in Palawan for the past three decades continued tobe higher than the regional and national average. Previousstudies have shown that such high growth rates areattributable to in-migration. Accordingly, at the averageannual growth rate of 3.60 percent as computed based onthe 1995 and 2000 population censuses, it is projectedthat the population of Palawan will reach the one (1)million mark in about eight years time or by 2008 andwill double around year 2020. Figure 47 shows theprojected population of Palawan from 2000 to 2020.

Figure 47. Projected Population of Palawan, 2000-2020.

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92 PALAWAN

Table 39. Comparative Annual Average Population Growth Rates in Percent by Census Period.

Census Period

Palawan Province

Region IV Southern Tagalog

Philippines

1970 - 1975 4.86 3.19 2.78 1975 - 1980 4.38 3.25 2.71

1980 - 1990 3.58 3.05 2.35 1990 - 1995 3.67 3.53 2.32 1995 - 2000 3.60

Source: NSO Census of Population of 1975, 1980, 1990, 1995 and 2000

Table 38. Population Growth Rate by Municipality, Palawan, 1995-2000.

Municipality 1995 Population

2000 Population

Percent Population

Growth Rate (%)

Aborlan 21650 25,540 10.1480 3.6043 Agutaya 7250 10,422 9.2517 8.0872 Araceli 10556 10,894 9.2960 0.6777 Balabac 21677 25,257 10.1369 3.3296

Bataraza 33303 41,458 10.6324 4.8055 Busuanga 15843 16,287 9.6981 0.5940 Cagayancillo 6717 6,348 8.7559 -1.2035

Coron 27040 32,243 10.3811 3.8431 Culion 13024 14,302 9.5682 2.0261 Dumaran 13980 16,616 9.7181 3.7709

El Nido 21948 27,029 10.2047 4.5632 Kalayaan 349 223 5.4072 -9.1517 Linapacan 7269 9,198 9.1267 5.1729

Magsaysay 10714 10,885 9.2951 0.3399 Narra 48339 56,845 10.9481 3.5344 Puerto Princesa City 129577 161,912 11.9948 4.8896

Quezon 36856 41,669 10.6375 2.6650 Rizal 21876 31,745 10.3655 8.3058 Roxas 44370 47,242 10.7630 1.3531

San Vicente 19449 21,654 9.9829 2.3280 Sofronio Espanola 22986 26,801 10.1962 3.3452

Taytay 47095 53,657 10.8904 2.8347

T O T A L 640,486 755,412 13.5350 3.5998


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10.4 POPULATION STRUCTURE

Unlike population count, data on population structurecontained in this report are based on the 1995 populationcensus as the results of the 2000 census regardingpopulation structure are not yet released. Although notthe latest, this information still provides the generalpicture of Palawan’s population structure which does notchange much with time as data herein would show.

10.4.1 Sex Structure

The provincial sex ratio based on the 1995 PopulationCensus as demonstrated on Table 40 was computed at106.95 males per 100 females and is low relative to the1980 and 1990 Census figures recorded at 115.6 and 107.5respectively. A further examination of Table 40 alsoreveals that the computed sex ratios for Palawan arerelatively higher compared with the regional and nationalfigures for all census years mentioned. This means thatthe excess of males over females in Palawan is to a certainextent greater than with the other provinces of Region IVor of the whole country.

10.4.2 Age Structure

Records of the 1995 population census as presented inAppendix F-1 show that the province’s population isrelatively young with the child group comprising about42.34 percent of the total population. San Vicentemunicipality has the highest percentage (45.77%) of childgroup while Cuyo has the lowest placed at 35.97. On theother hand, the highest percentage of elderly populationwas recorded in Magsaysay (7.05%) while the lowest is inBalabac at 1.15 percent. The median age or the value whichdivides the age distribution into two equal parts wasestimated to be 17.34 or below 18 years which is anindication further that the population of Palawan as a wholeis relatively young.

Table 40. Population Sex Ratio on by Census Year.

Census Year

Area 1980 1990 1995

Palawan 115.6 107.5 106.95

Region IV 102.4 102.1 101.5

Philippines 100.7 101.1 101.5

Meanwhile, for the past 15 years (1980 to 1995) therewas no significant alteration in the age structure ofPalawan’s population as illustrated on Table 41. Datashow that changes in the percentage of householdpopulation belonging to the child age group, elderlygroup and the working age group over the same periodare barely 0.45, 0.26 and 0.71 percent respectively. Suchchanges are nil compared to the size of the population.It is therefore expected that the population will remainto be young in the coming decades.

In relation to the regional (Southern Tagalog) and thenational age distribution, Palawan’s population is said tobe younger since the percentage of its child age group ishigher by 4% as reflected on Table 42. The relativelyyoung population of Palawan is further reflected by thefact that its median age of 17.34 is lower than the regionalfigure of 19.7 and national figure of 19.43.

10.5 DEPENDENCY RATIO

Dependency ratio refers to the ratio of the dependentpopulation over the productive age group. A highdependency ratio is not a good indicator of a growing or

Palawan has become a target for settlers with thedepletion of natural resources all over the country.In 1995, population growth in the province waspegged at 3.93% due largely to migration. It slippedto 3.6% in 2000. 61% of the total population ofPalawan were migrants.

94 PALAWAN

Table 42. Comparative Data on Age Structure

Age Category Philippines Region IV Palawan

Dependent Age Group 41.85 41.36 44.92 0 - 14 38.33 38.05 42.34 65 and over 3.52 3.31 2.58

Working Age Group 58.15 58.64 55.09 15 - 24 20.02 19.81 19.33 25 - 64 38.13 38.83 35.76

Median Age 19.43 19.7 17.34

Dependency Ratio 71.97 70.53 81.52

developing economy. Productivity will tend to be lowdue to increase in economic burden.

Table 43 illustrates the dependency ratios in eachmunicipality of Palawan from 1980 to 1995. Asindicated in 1995, Coron, Linapacan and San Vicentehave the highest dependency ratio with 92 dependentsfor every 100 productive population. Dumaranmunicipality ranks second with 91 dependents for every100 economically active individuals. The municipalitiesof Busuanga and Cuyo manifested the lowestdependency ratio placed at 72 dependents for every 100productive individuals. Taking the province as a whole,the dependency ratio is placed at 82 dependents for every100 productive individuals.

A comparison of the 1980, 1990 and 1995 populationdata shows an insignificant change in dependency ratios.However, compared with the dependency ratios inSouthern Tagalog and in the Philippines placed at 70.53and 71.97 respectively, the difference is quite considerableas indicated on Table 42. It may be inferred then that

Table 41. Comparative Percent Distribution of Population by Age Group, Palawan.

Census Year Age Group

1980 1990 1995

Dependent Age Group 44.64 45.54 44.91 0-14 42.32 43.09 42.34

65 and over 2.32 2.45 2.58 Working Age Group 55.36 54.46 55.09 15-24 20.34 19.59 19.33 25-64 35.02 34.87 35.76 Source: NSO, Census of Population for 1980, 1990 & 1995

Palawan’s population manifests a more dependentpopulation compared to Region IV and of the countryas a whole. Thus, economic development would be evenmore difficult in Palawan than any other area in thePhilippines.


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Table 43. Dependency Ratios by Municipality, Palawan, 1980-1995.

Municipality 1980 1990 1995

Palawan 84:100 85:100 82:100

Aborlan 95:100 84:100 83:100 Agutaya 87:100 75:100 80:100 Araceli 79:100 80:100 80:100 Balabac 61:100 87:100 90:100 Bataraza 86:100 86:100 84:100 Brooke's Point 61:100 88:100 88:100 Busuanga 50:100 137:100 72:100 Cagayancillo 89:100 76:100 80:100 Coron 90:100 89:100 92:100 Cuyo 81:100 74:100 72:100 Dumaran 121:100 92:100 91:100 El Nido 87:100 86:100 90:100 Linapacan 112:100 95:100 92:100 Magsaysay 79:100 81:100 76:100 Narra 87:100 83:100 83:100 Quezon 79:100 85:100 86:100 Roxas 89:100 86:100 81:100 San Vicente 92:100 87:100 92:100 Sofronio Espanola 90:100 Taytay 90:100 188:100 89:100 Rizal 79:100 82:100

Source: NSO, 1980, 1990, 1995 Census of Population.

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100 PALAWAN

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Rio Tuba Nickel Mines Co. 1985-2003.

Soriano Mining Company. 1973-1984.

Tan. J.M.L. 1995. A Field Guide to Whales and Dolphins of the Philippines (reprinted 1997). Bookmark, Inc.

Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines. 1997. Philippine Red Data Book, College, Laguna, Philippines.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 2000. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. International Union forConservation of Nature and Natural Resources - The World Conservation Union.


APPENDICES

104 PALAWAN

AREALANDFORM TYPES (HA) PERCENT

01 Fishpond 525 0.04COASTAL 02 Mangrove and/or nipa 26070 3.9

03 Beach ridges and swales build-up 26594 1.8506 River Levee 1410 0.107 River terrace 6595 0.4609 Broad Plain 26799 1.87

BROAD ALLUVIAL PLAINS 10 Swamp and marshes, tree types 4555 0.3211 Swamp and marshes, grass types 8629 0.616 Infilled valley/localized valley 21276 1.4817 Inland valley/enclosed valley 31438 2.1918 Collu-alluvial valley 30008 2.0919 Narrow alluvial plains 17736 1.24

MINOR ALLUVIAL PLAINS 20 Broad alluvial valley 31545 2.1921 Alluvial terrace 39422 2.7422 Level to gently sloping 23532 1.63

TERRACES (Residual Soils) 23 Gently sloping to undulating 44357 3.0824 Undulating to rolling 42935 2.98

PLAINS 36 Limestone Plain 1560 1.1045 Plateau undissected 11115 0.77

PLATEAU 46 Plateau dissected 13672 0.9552 Undulating to rolling, dissected upper volcanic

plateau, steep side slope and dissected scarp 2542 0.1764 Limestone hills, low relief 5501 0.3865 Limestone hills, high relief 9217 0.64

HILLS (Sedimentary) 69 Shale/sandstone hills, low relief 14996 1.0470 Shale/sandstone hills, hig relief 31724 2.2180 Complex, unconsolidated sediments hills, low

and high relief 31015 2.1683 Basaltic hills, low relief 11483 0.8

HILLS (Volcanic) 84 Basaltic hills, high relief 9591 0.6689 Ultrabasic hills, low relief 11557 0.890 Ultrabasic hills, high relief 28012 1.95104 Metamorphic hills, low relief 85302 5.94

HILLS (Metamorphic) 105 Metamorphic hills, high relief 190902 13.29110 Meta-volcanic hills, low relief 228889 15.93111 Meta-volcanic hills, high relief 43813 3.05118 Karstic limestone mountain, rocky 66660 4.64131 Metamorphic mountain 15978 1.11

MOUNTAINS 132 Ultrabasic mountain 144804 1.03136 Low, meta-volcanic mountain 69978 4.87137 High, meta-volcanic mountain 44570 3.1169 Beach sand 22094 1.54170 River wash 2088 0.15

MISCELLANEOUS 172 Plateau scarpment 40621 2.83174 Lakes 80 0.01178 Quarry 1692 0.117182 Salbed 52 0.003

mm/annexA_1/emes manual (2001)

APPENDIX A-1. The Different Geomorphic Units and Land Management Units and their Extent of Palawan Province, 1988-89

LAND MANAGEMENT UNITS


WaterTexture Depth Holding Internal External

(cm) Capacity Soil Soil(%) Drainage Drainage

01 FISH POND

This land unit occupies the smallest area Sandy Moderately High Poorly Pondedlocated in the municipality of Roxas and Puerto clay loam deep drainedPrincesa City. They were formerly mangrove to clayarea and developed into fishponds. The area isapproximately 525 hectares or 0.04 percent.

02 MANGROVE

This land management unit is sporadically Loamy Moderately Medium Poorly Pondedlocated along the beach and mostly along sand to deep drainedmouth of rivers and creeks. The biggest area is clayfound at the head of the Malampaya Sound andin the municipality of Roxas. The approximatearea is 56,070 hectares or equivalent to 3.9%.

03 BEACH RIDGES AND SWALES

This land unit was classified along the Sandy to Shallow Low Somewhat Rapidseashore of Palawan Islands. It covers 26,594 silt loam excessivelyhectares or 1.85%. drained

06 RIVER LEVEE

This land unit was identified in Barangay Silt loam Deep Medium Moderately SlowAbongan, municipality of Taytay and covers to silty well drained1,410 hectares or 10%. clay loam to some-

what poorlydrained

07 RIVER TERRACE

The area of this soil unit was classified in Sandy Deep Medium Moderately SlowBrgy. Bacungan, Puerto Princesa City and in clay loam well drainedthe municipality of Quezon and Narra. It has to clayan approximated area of 6,595 has. or loamequivalent to 0.46%.

09 BROAD PLAIN

It was mapped in the municipality of Sandy Deep Medium Moderately SlowBataraza, Brooke's Point, Quezon, Rizal, clay loam well drainedNarra, Aborlan,Taytay and Puerto Princesa to clay to poorly City. The area is approximately 26,799 drained hectares or 1.87%.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

APPENDIX A-2. Physical Soil Characteristic by Land Management Unit, Palawan.

Land Management Unit

106 PALAWAN



16 INFILLED VALLEYS

This landscape was sporadically classified Sandy Deep Medium Moderately Slowin all the municipalities of the mainland and clay loam wellsome islands municipalities except Agutaya, to clay drained toCuyo and Magsaysay. The area covered is poorlyapproximately 21,279 has. or equivalent to drained 1.48%.

17 ENCLOSED VALLEYS

This land unit was mapped in the municipalities Sandy Deep Medium Moderately Slow to of Busuanga, Coron, El Nido, Taytay, San clay loam well drained moderateVicente, Dumaran, Roxas, Quezon, Rizal, to clay to poorlyBrooke's Point, Aborlan and Puerto Princesa drainedCity. It has an aggregate area of 31,438 has.or 2.19 percent.

18 COLLO-ALLUVIAL FAN

This LMU was mapped in the municipalities Sandy Deep Medium Moderately Slowof Narra, Brooke's Point and Bataraza with a clay loam well drainedtotal area of 30,008 has. or 2.09 percent. to clay to some-

what poorlydrained

19 NARROW ALLUVIAL PLAINS

Mapped in the municipality of Busuanga, Silty clay Deep Low Somewhat SlowCoron, El Nido, Taytay, Cuyo, Araceli, San loam to poorly Vicente, Dumaran, Roxas, Aborlan, Quezon, clay drained to Rizal, Brooke's Point, Bataraza and Puerto poorly Princesa City. It covered an aggregate area of drained17,736 has. or equivalent to 1.24%.

20 BROAD ALLUVIAL VALLEY

This land management unit is widely spread Sandy Deep Medium Moderately Slowin most of the municipalities of Palawan except clay loam well drainedCuyo, Magsaysay and Agutaya. The area is to clay to poorly31,545 hectares or equivalent to 2.19 percent. drained

21 ALLUVIAL TERRACE

Classified in the municipalities of Aborlan, Clay loam Moderately Medium Moderately Slow to Narra, Brooke's Point and Bataraza with an to clay Deep well drained Mediumaggregate area of 39,422 hectares or 2.74%. to some-

what poorlydrained

APPENDIX A-2. Physical Soil Characteristic by Land Management Unit, Palawan (continued).






22 LEVEL TO GENTLY SLOPING, RESIDUALTERRACE

Classified in most of the municipalities of Sandy moderately Low Well SlowPalawan and Puerto Princesa City except clay loam deep drained toNarra and Aborlan. The area covered is to clay somewhatapproximately 23,532 hectares or equivalent to poorly1.63%. drained

23 SLOPING TO UNDULATING RESIDUALTERRACE

Sporadically classified in most municipalities Sandy Moderately Medium Moderately Slow toof the province except Narra and Aborlan. It has clay loam deep well drained Mediuman approximate area of 44,357 hectares or to clay to some-3.08%. what poorly

drained24 UNDULATING TO ROLLING, RESIDUAL

TERRACE

Mapped in the municipalites of El Nido, Clay loam Moderately Medium Well MediumTaytay, Cuyo, Magsaysay, San Vicente, to clay deep drained toAraceli, Dumaran, Roxas, Aborlan, Narra, moderatelyQuezon, Brooke's Point, Bataraza and Puerto well drainedPrincesa City with an aggregate area of 42,935hectares or 2.98%.

36 LIMESTONE PLAIN

This land facet is located in the municipalities Clay Moderately High Somewhat Slowof Quezon, Rizal and Puerto Princesa City with a deep poorly total area of 15,860 hectares or 1.10%. drained

45 PLATTEAU, UNDISSECTED

Identified in the municipality of Coron with an Sandy Moderately Low Moderately Slow toaggregate area of 11,115 hectares or 0.77%. clay loam deep well medium

to clay drainedloam

46 PLATTEAU, DISSECTED

Located in the municipality of Busuanga, Sandy Shallow Low Moderately Slow toCoron, Quezon, Bataraza and Puerto Princesa clay loam well drained mediumCity. It has an aggregate area of 14,672 hectares to clay to well or 0.9%. loam drained




108 PALAWAN



64 LIMESTONE HILLS, LOW RELIEF

The area of this land management was Clay Moderately High Moderately Rapidmapped in the municipality of Quezon, Rizal, deep well drainedBrooke's Point, Bataraza. It has an aggregate to some-area of 5,501 hectares or equivalent to 0.38%. what poorly

drained65 LIMESTONE HILLS, HIGH RELIEF

This land management unit is found in the Clay Moderately Medium Moderately Rapidmunicipality of Quezon, Rizal, Brooke's Point deep well drainedandBatarazawith an approximate area of 9,217 to well hectares or 0.64%. drained

69 SHALE/SANDSTONE HILLS, LOW RELIEF

Classified in the municipality of Roxas, Clay loam Moderately Medium Moderately RapidQuezon, Rizal, Brooke's Point, Bataraza and to clay deep well drainedPuerto Princesa City. The area is approximately14,996 has. or 1.04%.

70 SHALE/SANDSTONE HILLS, HIGH RELIEF

Located in the municipality of Quezon, Clay loam Moderately Medium Moderately RapidRizal, Bataraza, Brooke's Point and Puerto to clay deep well drainedPrincesa City. It has an approximate area31,724 has. or equivalent to 2.21%.

80 UNCONSOLIDATED COMPLEX SEDIMENTHILLS, LOW AND HIGH RELIEF

Classified in the municipality of Bataraza, Sandy Shallow Low Well MediumBrooke's Point, Rizal, Quezon, Narra, Aborlan clay loam drainedand Puerto Princesa City. The area is to clayapproximately 31,015 hectares or equivalent to2.16%.

83 BASALTIC HILLS, LOW RELIEF

Identified in the municipality of Magsaysay, Sandy Shallow Medium Well RapidCuyo and Agutaya with an approximate area of clay loam drained11,438 hectares or 0.80%. to clay

84 BASALTIC HILLS, HIGH RELIEF

Found in the municipality of Agutaya, Cuyo Sandy Shallow Medium Well Rapidand Magsaysay with an aggregate area of 9,591 clay loam to high drainedhectares equivalent to 0.66 percent. to clay







89 ULTRABASIC HILLS, LOW RELIEF

This land unit was classified in the municipality Clay loam Moderately Medium Moderately Rapidof Bataraza, Brooke's Point, Quezon, Narra, to clay deep well drainedAborlan and Puerto Princesa City. The area is to wellapproximate 11,557 has. or 0.80 percent. drained

90 ULTRABASIC HILLS, HIGH RELIEF

The unit was identified in the municipality of Clay Shallow Medium Moderately RapidAborlan, Narra, Brook'es Point, Quezon, Rizal, well drainedBataraza and Puerto Princesa City. It has an to wellapproximate area of 28,012 has. or 1.95 percent. drained

104 METAMORPHIC HILLS, LOW RELIEF

This land unit occupies the low relief hills from Sandy Shallow Low Well Rapidthe municipality of Busuanga, Coron, El Nido, clay loam drainedTaytay, San Vicente, Araceli, Dumaran to Roxas to clay and the northern portion of Puerto Princesa City. loamIt is approximately 85,302 has. or 5.94 percent.

105 METAMORPHIC HILLS, HIGH RELIEF

This unit occupies the highest hills from Sandy Shallow Low Well RapidBusuanga to northern portion of Puerto Princesa clay loam drainedCity. It has an aggregate area of 190,902 has. or to clay 13.29 percent. loam

110 METAVOLCANIC HILLS, LOW RELIEF

Mapped in the municipality of El Nido, Roxas, Clay loam Moderately Low Well RapidSan Vicente, Quezon, Brooke's Point, Rizal, to clay deep drainedBataraza and Puerto Princesa City with a total area of 228,889 hectares or 15.96%.

111 METAVOLCANIC HILLS, HIGH RELIEF

Classified in the municipality of Bataraza, Clay loam Moderately Low Well Rapid toRizal, Brooke's Point, Quezon, Roxas, San to clay deep drained very rapidVicente, El Nido and Puerto Princesa City. Thearea is about 43,813 hectares or equivalent to3.05%.

131 METAMORPHIC MOUNTAINS

Mapped in the municipality of Roxas, Brooke's Sandy Shallow Low Well drainedRapid toPoint and Puerto Princesa City. It has an clay loam rapid very rapidaggregate area of 15,978 has. or 1.11 percent. to clay

loam




110 PALAWAN



132 ULTRABASIC MOUNTAIN

This unit classified in the municipality of Clay loam Shallow Low Moderately Rapid toBataraza, Rizal, Brooke's Point, Quezon, Narra, to clay well drained very rapidAborlan and Puerto Princesa City. It is to well represented by Mt. Calibugon, Scapado Peak, drainedTripal Top, Central Anipahan Peak, Bulian Peak,Paltate Range and Victoria range with highestelevation of more or less 1600 meters. The areacovered is approximately 14,804 hectares or equivalent to 1.03%.

136 LOW, META-VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN (LMU)

This LMU occupies an elevation from 500 to Clay loam Moderately Well drainedRapid1000 meters mapped widely in the municipality of to clay deepBrooke's Point and small area in El Nido and alsofound in the mountain boundary of Roxas and Puerto Princesa City toward south direction. It isrepresented by Addisonand Strip Peak. It has anapproximate area of 69,978 hectares or equivalentto 4.87%.

137 HIGH, META-VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN (LMU)

This represent the Mantalingan range from Clay loam Moderately Well drainedRapid1000 to more than 2200 meters highest elevation to clay deepfound in the municipality of Brooke's with anapproximate area of 44,473 hectares or 3.10percent.

mm/annexA_2/emes report 1999

Source: The Physical Environment (Volume I) Department of Agriculture Bureau of Soils and Management Manila, 1998





Cation OrganicReaction Exchange Matter Available

(pH) Capacity Content Phospho- Potas- Manga- Cal-(meq/100g) (%) rous sium nese cuim

01 FISH POND

This land unit occupies 3.5; maximum Adequate Medium Possibly High to High Highthe smallest area located in availabilityand Deficient Lowthe municipalities of Roxas possibleand Puerto Princesa City. toxicity ofThey were formerly mangrove micro-nutrientsarea and developed intofishponds. The area isapproximately 525 hectaresor 0.04 percent.

02 MANGROVE

This land management 4.2 to 5.2; Adequate Medium Very High High Highunit is sporadically located maximum Deficientalong the beach and mostly availability andalong mouth of rivers and possiblecreeks. The biggest area is toxicity offound at the head of the micro-nutrientsMalampaya Sound and in themunicipality of Roxas. Theapproximate area is 56,070hectares or equivalent to3.9%.

03 BEACH RIDGES AND SWALES

This land unit was 4.7 to 7.9; Marginal Low Deficient Low High Highclassifief along the seashore optimalofPalawan Islands. It covers availability of26,594 hectares or 1.85%. nutrients

06 RIVER LEVEE

This land unit was 4.1 to 4.6; Adequate Low Deficient Low High Highidentified in Barangay maximumAbongan, Municipality of availability andTaytay to covers 1,410 possiblehectares or 0.10%. toxicity of

micro-nutrients

APPENDIX A-3. Chemical Soil Characteristics by Land Management Unit, Palawan.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICSEXCHANGEABLE BASES


112 PALAWAN



07 RIVER TERRACE

The area of this soil unit 5.8 to 6.1; Adequate Medium Deficient Medium toHigh Highwas classified in Brgy. optimal LowBacungan, Puerto Princesa availability ofCity and in the municipality of nutrientsQuezon and Narra. It has anapproximate area of 6,595has. or equivalent to 0.46%.

09 BROAD PLAIN

It was mapped in the 3.9 to 6.7; Marginal Medium Deficient Low High Highmunicipality of Bataraza, marginalBrooke's Point, Quezon, availability of Rizal, Narra, Aborlan, Taytay nutrientsand Puerto Princesa City. The area is approximately26,799 hectares or itrepresents 1.87%.

16 INFILLED VALLEYS

This landscape was 4.1 to 6.5; Marginal Medium Deficient Medium High Highsporadically classified in all marginal to lowthe municipalities of the availability ofmainland and some island nutrientsmunicipalities exceptAgutaya, Cuyo andMagsaysay. The areacovered is approximately21,279 has. or equivalent to1.48%.

17 ENCLOSED VALLEYS

This land was mapped 4.2 to 4.7; Adequate Medium Possibly High to High Highin the municipalities of maximum deficient mediumBusuanga, Coron, El Nido, availability andTaytay, San Vicente, possibleDumaran , Roxas, Quezon, toxicity ofRizal, Brooke's Point, Aborlan micro-nutrientsand Puerto Princesa City. Ithas an aggregate area of31,438 has. or 2.19 percent.

EXCHANGEABLE BASESCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS


APPENDIX A-3. Chemical Soil Characteristics by Land Management Unit, Palawan (Continued).




18 COLLO-ALLUVIAL FAN

This LMU was mapped 4.7 to 6.6; Adequate Medium Adequate High to High Highin the municipalities of Narra, marginal mediumBrooke's Point and Bataraza availabilityofwith a total area of 30,008 has. nutrientsor 2.09 percent.

19 NARROW ALLUVIAL PLAINS

Municipality of Busuanga, 4.6 to 5.9; Marginal Low Deficient Low High HighCoron, El Nido, Taytay, Cuyo, maximumAraceli, San Vicente, availability and Dumaran, Roxas, Aborlan, possibleQuezon, Rizal, Brooke's toxicity ofPoint, Bataraza and Puerto micro-nutrientsPrincesa City. It covered anaggregate area of 17,736 has.or represent 1.24%.

20 BROAD ALLUVIALVALLEY

This land management 4.2 to 5.6; Marginal Medium Deficient Medium High Highunit is widely spread in most maximum to low to lowof the municipalities of availability andPalawan except Cuyo, possibleMagsaysay and Agutaya. toxicity ofThe area is 31,545 hectares micro-nutrientsor equivalent to 2.19 percent.

21 ALLUVIAL TERRACE

Classified in the 5.4; marginal Marginal Medium Possibly Low High Highmunicipalities of Aborlan, availability of DeficientNarra, Brooke's Point and nutrientsBataraza with an aggregatearea of 39,422 hectares orequivalent to 2.74%.




114 PALAWAN



22 LEVEL TO GENTLYSLOPING, RESIDUALTERRACE

Classified in most of the 4.2 to 5; Marginal Medium Deficient High to High Highmunicipalities of Palawan and maximum mediumPuerto Princesa City except availability andNarra and Aborlan. The area possiblecovered is approximately toxicity of23,532 hectares or equivalent micor-nutrientsto 1.63%.

23 SLOPING TO UNDULATINGRESIDUAL TERRACE

Sporadically classified in 4.0 to 5.9; Marginal Medium Possibly Medium High Highmost municipalities of the maximum deficientprovince except Narra and availability andAborlan. It has an possibleapproximate area of 44,357 toxicity ofhectares or 3.08%. micro-nutrients

24 UNDULATING TO ROLLING,RESIDUAL TERRACE

Mapped in the 4.2 to 6.9; Adequate Medium Possibly High High Highmunicipalities of El Nido, optimal deficientTaytay, Cuyo, Magsaysay, availability ofSan Vicente, Araceli, nutrientsDumaran, Roxas, Aborlan,Narra, Quezon, Brooke'sPoint, Bataraza and PuertoPrincesa City with anaggregate area of 42,935hectares. It represents2.98%.

36 LIMESTONE PLAIN

This land facet is located 5.4 to 6.1; Marginal Hight to Possibly Low High Hiighin the municipalities of optimal medium deficientQuezon, Rizal and Puerto availability ofPrincesa City with a total area nutrientsof 15,860 hectares or 1.10%.







45 PLATTEAU, UNDISSECTED

Identified in the munci- 4.7; maximum Marginal Medium Possibly Medium Low to Low topality of Coron with an availability and deficient to Low Medium Mediumaggregate area of 11,115 possiblehectares or 0.77%. toxicity of

micro-nutrients46 PLATTEAU DISSECTED

Located in the munici- 4.5 to 4.8; Deficient to Medium Deficient Low Low Lowpality in Busuanga, Coron, maximum marginal to lowQuezon, Bataraza and Puerto availability andPrincesa City. It has an possibleaggregate area of 14,672 toxicity ofhectares or 0.95%. micro-nutrients

64 LIMESTONE HILLS,LOW RELIEF

The area of this land 7.1 to 7.3; Adequate Medium Possibly High High Highmanagement was mapped in optimal deficientthe municipality of Quezon, availability ofRizal, Brooke's Point, nutrientsBataraza. It has anaggregate area of 5,501hectares or equivalent to0.38%.

65 LIMESTONE HILLS,HIGH RELIEF

This land management 5.8 to 6.1; optimalAdequate High to Possibly High to High Highunit is found in the availability of medium Deficient lowmunicipality of Quezon, Rizal, nutrientsBrooke's Point and Batarazawith an approximate area of9,217 hectares or 0.64%.

69 SHALE/SANDSTONEHILLS, LOW RELIEF

Classified in the munici- 5.8 to 6.1; Adequate Medium Deficient Low Medium Mediumpality of Roxas, Quezon, optimal to low to high to highRizal, Brooke's Point, availability ofBataraza and Puerto Princesa nutrientsCity. The area isapproximately 14,996 has.representing 1.04%.




116 PALAWAN



70 SHALE/SANDSTONEHILLS, HIGH RELIEF

Located in the munici- 4.5 to 5.00; Adequate Medium Very High to High Highpality of Quezon, Rizal, maximum to low deficient mediumBataraza, Brooke's Point and availability andPuerto Princesa City. It has possiblean approximate area of toxicity of 31,724 has. or equivalent to micro-nutrients2.21%.

80 COMPLEX UNCON-SOLIDATED SEDIMENTHILLS, LOW AND HIGHRELIEF

Classified in the munici- 4.9; maximum Deficient Medium Very Low High Highpality of Bataraza, Brooke's availability and deficientPoint, Rizal, Quezon, Narra, possibleAborlan and Puerto Princesa toxicity ofCity. The area is micro-nutrientapproximately 31,015hectares. It represents2.16%.

83 BASALTIC HILLS, LOWRELIEF

Identified in the munici- 4.9 to 5.2; Adequate Medium Deficient High High Highpality of Magsaysay, Cuyo marginaland Agutaya with an availability ofapproximate area of 11,438 nutrientshectares or 0.80%.

84 BASALTIC HILLS, HIGHRELIEF

Found in the municipality 6.0 to 6.2; Adequate Medium Deficient High High Highof Agutaya, Cuyo and optimalMagsaysay with an aggregate availability ofarea of 9,591 hectares or nutrientsequivalent to 0.66 percent.







89 ULTRABASIC HILLS,LOW RELIEF

This land unit was classi- 4.6 to 6.0; Adequate Medium Deficient Low High Highfied in the municipality of marginalBataraza, Brooke's Point, availability ofQuezon, Narra, Aborlan and nutrientsPuerto Princesa City. Thearea is approximate 11,557has. or 0.80 percent.

90 ULTRABASIC HILLS,HIGH RELIEF

This unit was identified 4.7 to 6.0; Adequate Medium Possibly Low High Highin the municipality of Aborlan, marginal deficientNarra, Bataraza and Puerto availability ofPrincesa City. It has an nutrientsapproximate area of 28,012has. or 1.95 percent.

104 METAMORPHIC HILLS.LOW RELIEF

The land unit occupies 4.1 to 4.9; Deficient Medium Deficient Medium Mediumthe low relief hills from the maximum to lowmunicipality of Busuanga, availability andCoron, El Nido, Taytay, San possibleVicente, Araceli, Dumaran to toxicity ofRoxas and the northern micro-nutrientsportion of Puerto PrincesaCity. It is approximately85.302 has. or 5.94 percent.

105 METAMORPHIC HILLS, HIGH RELIEF

The unit occupies the 4.2 to 4.9; Marginal Medium Deficient Medium Low Lowhighest hills from Busuanga maximum to lowto northern portion of Puerto availability andPrincesa City. It has an possibleaggregate area of 190,902 toxicity ofhas. or 13.29 percent. micro-nutrients

EXCHANGEABLE BASESLand Management Unit

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS


118 PALAWAN



110 METAVOLCANIC HILLS,LOW RELIEF

Mapped in the munici- 4.9; maximum Deficient Medium Possibly High Low Lowpality of El Nido, Roxas, San availability and deficientVicente, Quezon, Brooke's possiblePoint, Rizal, Bataraza and toxicity ofPuerto Princesa City with micro-nutrientstotal area of 228,889 hectaresor 15.93%.

111 METAVOLCANIC HILLS,HIGH RELIEF

Classified in the munici- 4.9; maximum Deficient Medium Possibly High Low Lowpality of Bataraza, Rizal, availability and deficientBrooke's Point, Quezon, possibleRoxas, San Vicent, El Nido toxicity ofand Puerto Princesa City. micro-nutrientsThe areas is about 43,813hectares or equivalent to3.0%.

mm/annexA_3/emes report 1999

Source: The Physical Environment (Volume I) Department of Agriculture Bureau of Soils and Management Manila, 1998





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708

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rea

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125

2377

176

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103

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956

316

5,69

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167

1,69

070

11,

787

206

861

6,27

213

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268

2,00

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kes

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176

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l1,

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796

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0067

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81

Cat

egor

y

Mun

icip

ality

120 PALAWAN

APPENDIX B-1. 1992 Land Cover by Category by Municipality, Palawan (continued).

Roxas Rizal San Sofronio TaytayVicente Espanola

Forest Cover 47,402 91,359 50,058 15,198 53,906Primary forest 29,772 42,715 38,105 5,556 20,785Mossy forest 31 4,131 28 725Residual forest 17,599 43,396 11,912 8,837 32,240Marginal forest 1,109 13 80 881Karst/limestone 8

Mangrove areas 3,512 2,352 995 834 6,510Brush land 28,758 16,614 10,487 11,560 20,737Coconut plantation 1,017 797 492 1,117Other plantationGrassland 13,233 13,600 7,437 12,423 28,640Paddy field 3,501 1,534 2,246 3,538 6,555Cropland 1,064 559 53 2,060 220Bare/rocky areas 37 153 302 18 3,447Mining areaBuilt-up area 262 22 25 101 12Fishpond 67Clouds/shadow 1,127 479 1,225 4,423 2,153Lakes 622

Total 99,913 127,469 73,320 51,339 122,802

Source: 1992 LANDSAT TM Tropical Forest Resources Survey Japan Forest Technical Association

MunicipalityCategory


APPE

ND

IX B

-2.

1998

Lan

d C

over

Dat

a by

Cat

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326

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413

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ing

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289

322

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####

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Land

Cov

er (1

998)

122 PALAWAN

APPENDIX B-2. 1998 Land Cover Data by Category by Municipality, Palawan (continued).

Roxas Rizal San Sofronio TaytayVicente Espanola

Forest Cover 52,671 104,538 57,916 19,270 71,806Primary forest 32,495 71,102 52,934 12,203 48,410Mossy forest 572 6,898 16 1,217Residual forest 19,537 26,240 4,577 5,750 23,392Marginal forest 6 29 13Karst/limestone 61 269 376 100 4

Mangrove areas 2,028 3,066 1,469 1,499 5,466Brushland 30,846 7,080 5,811 21,760 31,457Coconut plantation 3,794 5,800 1,823 2,416 5,429Other plantation 561 810 397 628 44Grassland 308 710 533 856 1,422Paddy field 7,095 3,005 3,337 2,840 13,506Cropland 631 1,171 296 1 1,489Bare/rocky areas 304 345 487 136 396Mining areaBuilt-up area 77 1,098 90 491 561Fishpond 43 340 125Water body 28 144 129 38 2,490

T O T A L 98,343 127,767 72,331 50,275 134,191

Source: 1998 LANDSAT TMPalawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDS)

Land Cover (1998)


APPE

ND

IX B

-3.

Com

para

tive

Land

Cov

er D

ata

by M

unic

ipal

ity, P

alaw

an.

1992

1998

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Cat

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124 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX B

-3.

Com

para

tive

Land

Cov

er D

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by M

unic

ipal

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APPE

ND

IX B

-3.

Com

para

tive

Land

Cov

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M

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126 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX B

-3.

Com

para

tive

Land

Cov

er D

ata

by M

unic

ipal

ity, P

alaw

an (c

ontin

ued)

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APPE

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Com

para

tive

Land

Cov

er D

ata

by M

unic

ipal

ity, P

alaw

an (c

ontin

ued)

.

1992

1998

Cha

nge

1992

1998

Cha

nge

1992

1998

Cha

nge

For

est C

over

50

,058

57,9

167,

858

15,1

9819

,270

4,07

253

,906

71,8

0617

,900

Prim

ary

fore

st38

,105

52,9

3414

,829

5,55

612

,203

6,64

720

,785

48,4

1027

,625

Mos

sy fo

rest

2816

-12

725

1,21

749

2R

esid

ual f

ores

t11

,912

4,57

7-7

,335

8,83

75,

750

-3,0

8732

,240

23,3

92-8

,848

Mar

gina

l for

est

1313

080

-80

881

-881

Kar

st/li

mes

tone

376

376

100

100

44

Man

grov

e ar

eas

995

1,46

947

483

41,

499

665

6,51

05,

466

-1,0

44B

rush

land

10,4

875,

811

-4,6

7611

,560

21,7

6010

,200

20,7

3731

,457

10,7

20C

ocon

ut p

lant

atio

n49

21,

823

1,33

11,

117

2,41

61,

299

5,42

95,

429

Oth

er p

lant

atio

n39

739

762

862

844

44G

rass

land

7,43

753

3-6

,904

12,4

2385

6-1

1,56

728

,640

1,42

2-2

7,21

8P

addy

fiel

d2,

246

3,33

71,

091

3,53

82,

840

-698

6,55

513

,506

6,95

1C

ropl

and

5329

624

32,

060

1-2

,059

220

1,48

91,

269

Bar

e/ro

cky

area

s30

248

718

518

136

118

3,44

739

6-3

,051

Min

ing

area

Bui

lt-up

are

a25

9065

101

491

390

1256

154

9F

ishp

ond

4343

6734

027

312

512

5La

kes/

Wat

er B

ody

129

129

3838

622

2,49

01,

868

Clo

uds/

shad

ow1,

225

-1,2

254,

423

-4,4

232,

153

-2,1

53

Tota

l73

,320

72,3

31-9

8951

,339

50,2

75-1

,064

122,

802

134,

191

11,3

89.0

0

Sou

rce:

1

992

LAN

DS

AT

TM

Tro

pica

l For

est R

esou

rces

Sur

vey

J

apan

For

est T

echn

ical

Ass

ocia

tion

19

98 L

AN

DS

AT

TM

Pal

awan

Cou

ncil f

or S

usta

inab

le D

evel

opm

ent S

taff

(PC

SD

S)

San

Vice

nte

Sofr

onio

Esp

anol

aTa

ytay

M

unic

ipal

ityC

ateg

ory

128 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-1.

List

of P

alaw

an W

ildlif

e Sp

ecie

s w

ith C

onse

rvat

ion

Stat

us.

IUC

NC

ITE

S

Cla

ss A

ves

Ord

er C

icon

iifor

mes

Fam

ily A

rdei

dae

Egr

etta

eul

opho

tes

Chi

nese

Egr

etV

U*

**

**

*G

orsa

chiu

s go

isag

iJa

pane

se N

ight

-Her

onE

N*

*O

rder

Fal

coni

form

esF

amily

Pan

dion

idae

Pan

dion

hal

iaet

usO

spre

yII

**

*F

amily

Acc

ipitr

idae

Avi

ceda

jerd

oni

Jerd

on's

Baz

aII

*Pe

rnis

ptil

orhy

nchu

sO

rient

al H

oney

Buz

zard

*II

**

Ela

nus

caer

uleu

sB

lack

-sho

ulde

red

Kite

II*

Hal

iast

ur in

dus

Bra

hmin

y K

iteII

**

**

**

Hal

iaee

tus

leuc

ogas

ter

Whi

te-b

ellie

d S

ea E

agle

II*

**

**

**

**

Icht

hyop

haga

icht

hyae

tus

Gre

y-he

aded

Fis

h-E

agle

IIC

ircus

spi

lono

tus

Eas

tern

Mar

sh-H

arrie

rII

*A

ccip

iter

gula

risJa

pane

se S

parr

owH

awk

II*

**

Acc

ipite

r so

loen

sis

Chi

nese

Gos

haw

kII

*A

ccip

iter t

rivirg

atus

Cre

sted

Gos

haw

k*

II*

**

**

**

But

astu

r in

dicu

sG

rey-

face

d B

uzza

rdII

**

*Sp

ilorn

is c

heel

aC

rest

ed S

erpe

nt-E

agle

*II

**

**

*H

iera

aetu

s ki

ener

iiR

ufou

s-be

llied

Eag

leII

*S

piza

etus

cirr

hatu

sC

hang

eabl

e H

awk-

Eag

leII

**

**

Fam

ily F

alco

nida

eF

alco

tinn

uncu

lus

Eur

asia

n K

estr

elII

**

Fal

co s

ever

usO

rient

al H

obby

II*

**

Fal

co p

ereg

rinus

Per

egrin

e F

alco

nI

**

Ord

er G

allif

orm

esF

amily

Meg

apod

iidae

Meg

apod

ius

cum

ingi

i *T

abon

Scr

ubF

owl

II*

**

**

**

**

*F

amily

Pha

sian

idae

Poly

plec

tron

em

phan

umPa

law

an P

eaco

ck P

heas

ant

*V

UI

**

**

**

Ord

er C

hara

driif

orm

esF

amily

Cha

radr

iidae

Cha

radr

ius

pero

nii

Mal

aysi

an P

love

rN

T*

**

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

e

RESTR

Con

serv

atio

n

VAR

Mta

Calauit

Busuanga

Culion

El Nido

Rasa

Mainland

Sta

tus

reco

rds

refle

ct C

alam

iane

s on

ly, n

o sp

ecifi

c ar

ea m

entio

ned

Ursula

Balabac

Tubbataha

Coron

SVRTF

PPSRNP


APPE

ND

IX C

-1.

List

of P

alaw

an W

ildlif

e Sp

ecie

s w

ith C

onse

rvat

ion

Stat

us (c

ontin

ued)

.

IUC

NC

ITE

SF

amily

Bur

hini

dae

Esa

cus

mag

niro

stris

Bea

ch T

hick

-Kne

eN

T*

Ord

er C

olum

bifo

rmes

Fam

ily C

olum

bida

eD

ucul

a pi

cker

ingi

iG

rey

Impe

rial-P

igeo

nV

U*

**

**

Cal

oena

s ni

coba

rica

Nic

obar

Pig

eon

NT

I*

**

**

Ord

er P

sitta

cifo

rmes

Fam

ily P

sitta

cida

eC

acat

ua h

aem

atur

opyg

iaPh

ilipp

ine

Coc

kato

oC

RI

**

**

**

**

**

Tan

ygna

thus

luci

onen

sis

Blu

e-na

ped

Par

rot*

*N

TII

**

**

**

**

*Pr

ioni

turu

s pl

aten

aeB

lue-

head

ed R

acqu

et-ta

il*

VU

II*

**

**

**

**

*O

rder

Str

igifo

rmes

Fam

ily T

yton

idae

Tyto

cap

ensi

sG

rass

Ow

lII

**

Fam

ily S

trig

idae

Otu

s m

anta

nane

nsis

Man

tana

ni S

cops

-Ow

l*

NT

II*

**

Otu

s fu

ligin

osus

Pala

wan

Sco

ps O

wl

*N

TII

**

**

Nin

ox s

cutu

lata

Bro

wn

Haw

k-O

wl

*II

*St

rix s

elop

uto

Spot

ted

Woo

d-O

wl

*II

**

**

Ord

er C

orac

iifor

mes

Fam

ily B

ucer

otid

aeA

nthr

acoc

eros

mar

chei

Pala

wan

Hor

nbill

*V

UII

**

**

**

**

**

*O

rder

Pas

serif

orm

esF

amily

Cam

peph

agid

aeP

eric

rotu

s ci

nnam

omeu

sS

mal

l Min

ivet

*N

T*

**

Fam

ily O

riolid

aeO

riolu

s xa

ntho

notu

sD

ark-

thro

ated

Orio

le*

NT

**

*F

amily

Par

idae

Paru

s am

abili

sPa

law

an T

it*

NT

**

**

**

**

Fam

ily T

imal

iidae

Mal

acop

tero

n pa

law

anen

seM

elod

ious

Bab

bler

***

*N

T*

**

**

*Pt

iloci

chla

falc

ata

Falc

ated

Gro

und-

Bab

bler

*V

U*

**

**

Stac

hyris

hyp

ogra

mm

ica

Pala

wan

Str

iped

-Bab

bler

*N

T*

*

Culion

El Nido

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

e

RESTR

Con

serv

atio

n

Ursula

SVRTF

PPSRNP

VAR

Mta

Calauit

Busuang

Sta

tus

Rasa

Mainland

Balabac

Tubbatah

Coron

130 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-1.

List

of P

alaw

an W

ildlif

e Sp

ecie

s w

ith C

onse

rvat

ion

Stat

us (c

ontin

ued)

.

IUC

NC

ITE

SF

amily

Mus

cica

pida

eFi

cedu

la p

late

nae

Pala

wan

Fly

catc

her

*E

N*

**

**

Cyo

rnis

lem

prie

riPa

law

an B

lue

Flyc

atch

er*

NT

**

**

**

**

*T

erps

ipho

ne a

troc

auda

taJa

pane

se P

arad

ise-

Fly

catc

her

NT

*Te

rpsi

phon

e cy

anes

cens

Blu

e Pa

radi

se-F

lyca

tche

r*

NT

**

**

**

**

Fam

ily S

turn

idae

Gra

cula

relig

iosa

Hill

Myn

a*

II*

**

**

*

Cla

ss M

amm

alia

Ord

er In

sect

ivor

aF

amily

Sor

icid

aeC

roci

dura

pal

awan

ensi

sPa

law

an S

hrew

*V

U*

**

Ord

er S

cand

entia

Fam

ily T

upai

idae

Tupa

ia p

alaw

anen

sis

Pala

wan

Tre

e Sh

rew

*V

UII

**

**

**

*O

rder

Chi

ropt

era

Fam

ily P

tero

podi

dae

Ace

rodo

n le

ucot

isPa

law

an F

lyin

g Fo

x*

VU

II*

**

**

Pte

ropu

s va

mpy

rus

Larg

e F

lyin

g F

oxII

**

Fam

ily R

hino

loph

idae

Rhi

nolo

phus

virg

oY

ello

w-fa

ced

Hor

sesh

oe B

atN

T*

**

Fam

ily V

espe

rtilio

nida

eM

yotis

mac

rota

rsus

Phi

lippi

ne L

arge

-foo

ted

Myo

tisN

T*

Fam

ily M

olos

sida

eC

heiro

mel

es to

rqua

tus

Gre

ater

Nak

ed B

at*

NT

*M

ops

sara

sino

rum

Sul

awes

i Mas

tiff B

atN

T*

Ord

er P

rimat

esF

amily

Cer

copi

thec

idae

Mac

aca

fasc

icul

aris

Long

-tai

led

Mac

aque

NT

II*

**

**

**

Ord

er P

holid

ota

Fam

ily M

anid

aeM

anis

java

nica

Mal

ayan

Pan

golin

NT

II*

**

**

Calauit

Busuang

Culion

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

e

RESTR

Con

serv

atio

n

PPSRNP

VAR

Coron

Rasa

Mainland

Sta

tus

Mta

Ursula

Balabac

Tubbatah

El Nido

SVRTF


APPE

ND

IX C

-1.

List

of P

alaw

an W

ildlif

e Sp

ecie

s w

ith C

onse

rvat

ion

Stat

us (c

ontin

ued)

.

IUC

NC

ITE

SO

rder

Rod

entia

Fam

ily S

ciur

idae

Hyl

opet

es n

igrip

esPa

law

an F

lyin

g Sq

uirr

el*

NT

**

*Su

ndas

ciur

us ju

venc

usN

orth

ern

Pala

wan

Tre

e Sq

uirr

el*

EN

**

*Su

ndas

ciur

us m

oelle

ndor

ffiC

ulio

n Tr

ee S

quirr

el*

NT

*Su

ndas

ciur

us ra

bori

Pala

wan

Mon

tane

Tre

e Sq

uirr

el*

VU

**

**

Sund

asci

urus

ste

erii

Sout

hern

Pal

awan

Tre

e Sq

uirr

el*

NT

**

Fam

ily M

urid

aeH

aero

mys

sp.

APa

law

an P

ygm

y Tr

ee M

ouse

*V

U*

*M

axom

ys p

angl

ima

Pala

wan

Spi

ny R

at*

NT

**

**

**

Pala

wan

omys

furv

usPa

law

an S

oft-f

urre

d M

ount

ain

Rat

*E

N*

Ord

er C

arni

vora

Fam

ily F

elid

aeP

riona

iluru

s be

ngal

ensi

sLe

opar

d C

atI

**

Fam

ily M

uste

lidae

Am

blon

yx c

iner

eus

Orie

ntal

Sm

all-c

law

ed O

tter

*N

TII

**

**

Myd

aus

mar

chei

Pala

wan

Stin

k-B

adge

r*

VU

**

**

**

*F

amily

Viv

errid

aeA

rctic

tis b

intu

rong

whi

tei

Bin

turo

ng /

Pal

awan

Bea

rCat

*V

U*

**

**

Ord

er A

rtio

dact

yla

Fam

ily S

uida

eS

us b

arba

tus

ahoe

noba

rbus

Bea

rded

Pig

*V

U*

**

**

*F

amily

Tra

gulid

aeT

ragu

lus

napu

nig

rican

sB

alab

ac C

hevr

otai

n*

EN

**

Fam

ily C

ervi

dae

Axi

s ca

lam

iane

nsis

Cal

amia

n D

eer

*E

NI

**

*O

rder

Cet

acea

Fam

ily B

alae

nopt

erid

aeB

alae

nopt

era

acut

oros

trat

aM

inke

Wha

leN

TI

*B

alae

nopt

era

eden

iB

ryde

's W

hale

DD

I*

Meg

apte

ra n

ovae

angl

iae

Hum

pbac

k W

hale

VU

I*

*F

amily

Del

phin

idae

Glo

bice

phal

a m

acro

rhyn

chus

Sho

rt-f

inne

d P

ilot W

hale

CD

II*

Ste

nella

atte

nuat

aP

antr

opic

al S

potte

d D

olph

inC

DII

*

Culion

El Nido

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

e

RESTR

Con

serv

atio

n

Ursula

SVRTF

PPSRNP

VAR

Mta

Calauit

Busuang

Sta

tus

Rasa

Mainland

Balabac

Tubbatah

Coron

132 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-1.

List

of P

alaw

an W

ildlif

e Sp

ecie

s w

ith C

onse

rvat

ion

Stat

us (c

ontin

ued)

.

IUC

NC

ITE

SS

tene

lla lo

ngiro

stris

Spi

nner

Dol

phin

CD

II*

*T

ursi

ops

trun

catu

sB

ottle

nose

Dol

phin

DD

II*

**

**

Fam

ily P

hyse

terid

aeP

hyse

ter

cato

don

Spe

rm W

hale

VU

I*

*F

amily

Pho

coen

idae

Neo

phoc

aena

pho

caen

oide

sF

inle

ss P

orpo

ise

DD

I*

*O

rder

Sire

nea

Fam

ily D

ugon

gida

eD

ugon

g du

gon

Dug

ong

VU

I*

**

**

Cla

ss R

eptil

iaO

rder

Tes

tudi

nata

Fam

ily C

helo

nida

eC

aret

ta c

aret

taLo

gger

head

Tur

tleE

NI

*C

helo

nia

myd

asG

reen

Tur

tleE

NI

**

**

*E

retm

oche

lys

imbr

icat

aH

awks

bill

Tur

tleE

NI

**

**

*Le

pido

chel

ys o

livac

eaO

live

Rid

ley

Tur

tleE

NI

*D

erm

oche

lys

coria

cea*

***

Leat

herb

ack

CR

I*

Ord

er C

roco

dilia

Fam

ily C

roco

dylid

aeC

roco

dylu

s m

indo

rens

isPh

ilipp

ine

Cro

codi

le**

***

CR

I*

Cro

cody

lus

poro

sus

Est

uarin

e C

roco

dile

I*

**

*O

rder

Sau

riaF

amily

Var

anid

aeVa

ranu

s sa

lvat

orM

onito

r Liz

ard

II*

**

**

Ord

er S

erpe

ntes

Fam

ily B

oida

eP

ytho

n re

ticul

atus

Ret

icul

ated

Pyt

hon

II*

**

Fam

ily E

lapi

dae

Naj

a su

mat

rana

Mal

ay C

omm

on C

obra

II*

Oph

ioph

agus

han

nah

Kin

g C

obra

II*

Calauit

Busuang

Culion

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

e

RESTR

Con

serv

atio

n

PPSRNP

VAR

Coron

Rasa

Mainland

Sta

tus

Mta

Ursula

Balabac

Tubbatah

El Nido

SVRTF


APPE

ND

IX C

-1.

List

of P

alaw

an W

ildlif

e Sp

ecie

s w

ith C

onse

rvat

ion

Stat

us (c

ontin

ued)

.

IUC

NC

ITE

SC

lass

Am

phib

iaO

rder

Anu

raF

amily

Dis

cogl

ossi

dae

Bar

bour

ula

busu

ange

nsis

Phili

ppin

e D

isco

glos

sid

Frog

*V

U*

**

*F

amily

Buf

onid

aePe

loph

ryne

alb

otae

niat

aPa

law

an T

oadl

et*

VU

**

Fam

ily R

anid

aeM

icrix

alus

mar

iae

Mar

y's

Frog

*V

U*

NO

TE: N

OM

EN

CLA

TUR

E F

OLL

OW

S T

HA

T O

F K

EN

NE

DY

, ET

AL.

, 200

0 FO

R A

VIF

AU

NA

; HE

AN

EY

, ET

AL.

, 199

8 FO

R M

AM

MA

LS; A

ND

AFU

AN

G A

ND

GO

NZA

LES

, 199

5 FO

R R

EP

TILE

S.

* T

he P

CS

D in

199

3 pa

ssed

res

olut

ion

no.9

3-22

dec

larin

g th

e T

abon

bird

as

an e

ndan

gere

d sp

ecie

s in

Pal

awan

** T

he B

lue-

nape

d P

arro

t was

cla

ssifi

ed b

y th

e IU

CN

as

End

ange

red

in 1

996,

but

the

2000

list

ing

re-c

lass

ifies

the

spec

ies

as N

ear-

thre

aten

ed,

w

hich

is r

athe

r in

appr

opria

te fo

r th

e P

alaw

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

***

The

Mel

odio

us B

abbl

er w

as c

lass

ified

by

the

IUC

N a

s E

ndan

gere

d in

199

6, b

ut th

e 20

00 li

stin

g re

-cla

ssifi

es th

e sp

ecie

s as

Nea

r-th

reat

ened

****

The

Lea

trhe

rbac

k w

as r

epor

ted

and

sigh

ted

at T

ariti

en, B

acun

gan,

Pue

rto

Prin

cesa

in 2

001

****

*The

Phi

lippi

ne C

roco

dile

is r

epor

ted

to b

e lo

cally

ext

inct

in th

e w

ild, b

ut th

e C

FI h

as b

red

the

spec

ies

in c

aptiv

ity

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

e

RESTR

Con

serv

atio

n

Mta

Calauit

Busuang

Culion

El Nido

Rasa

Mainland

Sta

tus

Ursula

Balabac

Tubbatah

Coron

SVRTF

PPSRNP

VAR

134 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-2.

List

of R

eptil

e Sp

ecie

s in

the

Pala

wan

Fau

nal R

egio

n.

CLA

SS R

EPTI

LIA

Ord

er T

estu

dina

taF

amily

Em

ydid

aeC

uora

am

boin

ensi

sM

alay

an F

resh

wat

er T

urtle

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Str

eam

s, S

wam

py o

r M

oist

Are

asC

ycle

mys

den

tata

Ser

rate

-she

lled

Leaf

Tur

tleS

PS

RN

PLE

LCT

erre

stria

lF

amily

Che

loni

dae

Car

etta

car

etta

Logg

erhe

ad T

urtle

Mai

nlan

d W

ater

sN

ELC

Mar

ine

Wat

ers

Che

loni

a m

ydas

Gre

en T

urtle

Bus

uang

a, E

l Nid

o, M

alam

paya

, Tub

bata

ha,

Urs

ula,

Ras

aN

ER

aM

arin

e W

ater

s

Ere

tmoc

hely

s im

bric

ata

Haw

ksbi

ll T

urtle

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, E

l Nid

o, M

alam

paya

, T

ubba

taha

, Ras

aN

ELC

Tro

pica

l and

Sub

-tro

pica

l Sea

s

Lepi

doch

elys

oliv

acea

Oliv

e R

idle

y T

urtle

El N

ido

NE

Ord

er C

roco

dilia

Fam

ily C

roco

dylid

aeC

roco

dylu

s m

indo

rens

isP

hilip

pine

Cro

codi

leB

usua

nga

LER

aIn

land

lake

s an

d H

eadw

ater

sC

roco

dylu

s po

rosu

sE

stua

rine

Cro

codi

leB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Mal

ampa

yaN

ER

aB

rack

ish

and

Fre

shw

ater

Riv

er S

yste

ms

Ord

er S

auria

Fam

ily G

ekko

nida

eC

osym

botu

s pl

atyu

rus

Fla

t-bo

died

Hou

se G

ecko

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Hum

an H

abita

tions

, Gar

dens

, Coc

onut

Gro

ves

Cyr

toda

ctyl

us a

nnul

atus

Sm

all B

ent-

toed

Gec

koM

ainl

and

LEC

For

este

d A

reas

(0-

1200

mas

l), L

imes

tone

Cav

es

Cyr

toda

ctyl

us r

edim

icul

usP

alaw

an B

ent-

toed

Gec

koT

hum

b P

eak

PE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

300-

1000

mas

l)

Geh

yra

mut

ilata

Ten

der-

skin

ned

Hou

se G

ecko

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Hum

an H

abita

tions

, Man

grov

es, B

rush

land

s, C

ocon

ut

Gro

ves,

Low

land

For

ests

(0-

500

mas

l)G

ekko

ath

ymus

Sm

ooth

-sca

led

Nar

row

-dis

ked

Gec

koT

hum

b P

eak

PE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

ted

Are

as

Gek

ko g

ecko

Tok

ay G

ecko

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa

NE

CH

uman

Hab

itatio

ns, M

angr

oves

, Bru

shla

nds,

Coc

onut

G

rove

s, L

owla

nd F

ores

tsG

ekko

mon

arch

usV

aria

ble-

back

ed N

arro

w-d

iske

d G

ecko

Mai

nlan

dLE

CF

ores

ted

Are

as

Gek

ko p

alaw

anen

sis

Pal

awan

Nar

row

-dis

ked

Gec

koM

ainl

and

PE

-Pw

nR

aLo

wla

nd F

ores

ts, S

mal

l Cav

es, D

ry S

trea

m B

eds

Hem

idac

tylu

s fr

enat

usC

omm

on H

ouse

Gec

koM

ainl

and,

Ras

aN

EC

Hum

an H

abita

tions

, Gar

dens

, Coc

onut

Gro

ves

Lupe

rosa

urus

pal

awan

ensi

sP

alaw

an F

lap-

legg

ed G

ecko

Cor

on, T

hum

b P

eak

PE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

ted

Are

asF

amily

Aga

mid

ae

Cal

otes

cris

tate

llus

Indo

nesi

an C

alot

esS

PS

RN

P, M

ainl

and

NE

CF

ores

ted

Are

as, S

tream

s, G

arde

ns, C

ocon

ut G

rove

s

Dra

co v

olan

s vo

lans

Mal

ay F

lyin

g Li

zard

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dN

EC

For

este

d A

reas

, Coc

onut

Gro

ves

Gon

yoce

phal

us s

empe

riW

hite

-spo

tted

Ang

lehe

adC

alam

iane

s G

roup

LER

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

0-10

00 m

asl)

Fam

ily S

cinc

idae

Das

ia g

riffin

iG

riffin

's K

eel-s

cale

d T

ree

Ski

nkS

PS

RN

P, M

ainl

and

PE

-Pw

nR

aLo

wla

nd F

ores

tsE

moi

a at

roco

stat

aG

ray

Sw

amp

Ski

nkM

ainl

and

NE

CR

ock

Cre

vice

s at

Man

grov

e A

reas

Lam

prol

epis

sm

arag

dina

Spo

tted

Gre

en T

ree

Ski

nkS

PS

RN

P, M

ainl

and

NE

CF

ores

ted

Are

as, G

arde

ns, C

ocon

ut G

rove

s (0

-666

m

asl)

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

eTy

pe L

ocal

ityEn

dem

icity

Occ

Hab

itat


APPE

ND

IX C

-2.

List

of R

eptil

e Sp

ecie

s in

the

Pala

wan

Fau

nal R

egio

n (c

ontin

ued)

.

Lipi

nia

quad

rivita

tum

Bla

ck-s

trip

ed S

lend

er T

ree

Ski

nkM

ainl

and

NE

CC

ultiv

ated

Are

as, C

ocon

ut G

rove

s, P

alm

s, F

ores

ted

Are

as (

0-76

0 m

asl)

Lygo

som

a qu

adru

pes

Orie

ntal

Sle

nder

Ski

nkC

uyo

NE

-Pw

nR

aC

ultiv

ated

Are

as, C

ocon

ut G

rove

s, F

ores

ted

Are

as

Mab

uya

m. m

ultic

arin

ata

Tw

o-st

riped

Mab

ouya

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Cos

mop

olita

n (0

-733

mas

l)M

abuy

a m

ultif

asci

ata

Com

mon

Mab

ouya

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Cos

mop

olita

n (0

-133

3 m

asl)

Sph

enom

orph

us p

alaw

anen

sis

Pal

awan

Sph

enom

orph

usV

icto

ria-A

napa

lan

Ran

geP

E-P

wn

Ra

For

este

d A

reas

Sph

enom

orph

us w

right

iW

right

's S

phen

omor

phus

Mai

nlan

dP

E-P

wn

Ra

For

este

d A

reas

Fam

ily D

ibam

idae

Dib

amus

leuc

urus

Mal

ay B

lind-

Ear

less

Ski

nkM

ainl

and

NE

Ra

Cul

tivat

ed A

reas

, For

este

d A

reas

(0-

600

mas

l)F

amily

Var

anid

ae

Var

anus

sal

vato

rM

onito

r Li

zard

Cor

on, M

ainl

and,

Mal

ampa

ya, S

PS

RN

P,

Urs

ula,

Ras

aLE

LCM

angr

oves

, Cul

tivat

ed A

reas

, For

este

d A

reas

(0-

1166

m

asl)

Ord

er S

erpe

ntes

Fam

ily T

yphl

opid

aeR

amph

otyp

hlop

s br

amin

usB

rahm

iny

Blin

d S

nake

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Cul

tivat

ed A

reas

, For

este

d A

reas

Fam

ily X

enop

eltid

aeX

enop

eltis

uni

colo

rS

unbe

am B

urro

win

g S

nake

Mai

nlan

dLE

Ra

Sub

terr

anea

nF

amily

Boi

dae

Pyt

hon

retic

ulat

usR

etic

ulat

ed P

ytho

nM

ainl

and,

Mal

ampa

yaN

ELC

For

este

d A

reas

(0-

1333

mas

l)F

amily

Acr

ocho

rdid

aeA

croc

hord

us g

ranu

latu

sS

mal

l War

ty S

nake

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Man

grov

es, R

iver

Out

lets

Fam

ily C

olub

ridae

Aha

etul

la p

. pra

ssin

aP

hilip

pine

Vin

e S

nake

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

For

este

d A

reas

(0-

800

mas

l)A

plop

eltu

ra b

oaS

nail-

eatin

g S

nake

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

dN

ER

aF

ores

ted

Are

asB

oiga

ang

ulat

aP

hilip

pine

Blu

nt-h

eade

d S

nake

SP

SR

NP

LER

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

0-25

00 m

asl)

Boi

ga c

ynod

onLa

rge

Blu

nt-h

eade

d T

ree

Sna

keM

ainl

and

NE

CF

ores

ted

Are

as (

low

alti

tude

s)B

oiga

den

drop

hila

mul

ticin

cta

Pal

awan

Blu

nt-h

eade

d T

ree

Sna

keB

alab

ac, S

PS

RN

P, R

asa

LEC

For

este

d A

reas

Boi

ga s

chul

tzei

Sch

ultz

's B

lunt

-hea

ded

Tre

e S

nake

SP

SR

NP

NE

UF

ores

ted

Are

asC

alam

aria

ger

vais

iG

erva

is' W

orm

Sna

keM

ainl

and

LEC

Sub

terr

anea

nC

alam

aria

pal

awan

ensi

sP

alaw

an W

orm

Sna

keM

ainl

and

PE

-Pw

nR

aS

ubte

rran

ean

Cal

amar

ia v

irgul

ata

Sou

ther

n W

orm

Sna

keM

ainl

and

NE

Ra

For

este

d A

reas

Cer

beru

s ry

ncho

psD

og-f

aced

Wat

er S

nake

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Man

grov

es, B

rack

ish

Wat

erC

hrys

opel

ea p

arad

isi

Par

adis

e T

ree

Sna

keM

ainl

and

NE

CC

ocon

ut G

rove

s, F

ores

ted

Are

as (

0-50

0 m

asl)

Den

drol

aphi

s c.

cau

dolin

eatu

sLi

ned

Sle

nder

Tre

e S

nake

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

aN

EC

Cul

tivat

ed A

reas

, Sw

amps

, Str

eam

s, F

ores

ted

Are

as

Den

drol

aphi

s pi

ctus

Com

mon

Bro

nze-

back

ed S

nake

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

aN

EC

For

este

d A

reas

, Str

eam

s, S

wam

psD

ryop

hiop

s ru

besc

ens

Mal

ay K

eel-b

ellie

d W

hip

Sna

keC

oron

NE

-Pw

nR

aN

o da

ta a

vaila

ble

Dry

ocal

amus

phi

lippi

nus

Phi

lippi

ne D

ryoc

alam

usB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and

PE

-Pw

nC

No

data

ava

ilabl

eE

laph

e er

ythr

ura

phili

ppin

aC

omm

on R

at S

nake

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, M

ainl

and

NE

CH

uman

Hab

itatio

ns a

long

Veg

etat

ed A

reas

Gon

yoso

ma

oxyc

epha

lum

Arb

orea

l Rat

Sna

keM

ainl

and

LEF

CF

ores

ted

Are

asLi

opel

tis p

hilip

pina

Phi

lippi

ne L

iope

ltine

Sna

keB

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

dP

E-P

wn

Unk

No

data

ava

ilabl

e

Occ

Hab

itat

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

eTy

pe L

ocal

ityEn

dem

icity

136 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-2.

List

of R

eptil

e Sp

ecie

s in

the

Pala

wan

Fau

nal R

egio

n (c

ontin

ued)

.

Liop

eltis

tric

olor

Indo

nesi

an L

iope

ltine

Sna

keM

ainl

and

NE

-Pw

nR

aN

o da

ta a

vaila

ble

Lyco

don

aulic

usC

omm

on W

olf S

nake

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Hum

an H

abita

tions

alo

ng V

eget

ated

Are

asLy

codo

n su

bcin

ctus

sea

liS

outh

ern

Wol

f Sna

keS

PS

RN

P, M

ainl

and

NE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

0-16

00 m

asl)

Olig

odon

per

kins

iP

erki

n's

Sho

rt-h

eade

d S

nake

Cul

ion

PE

-Pw

nR

aN

o da

ta a

vaila

ble

Olig

odon

ver

tebr

alis

Sou

ther

n S

hort

-hea

ded

Sna

keB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

aN

o da

ta a

vaila

ble

Opi

stho

trop

is ty

pica

Pal

awan

Str

eam

Sna

keM

ainl

and

PE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

t Str

eam

s (3

00 m

asl)

Psa

mm

odyn

aste

s pu

lver

ulen

tus

Dar

k-sp

otte

d R

ock-

Vip

erM

ainl

and

NE

CF

ores

ted

Are

as (

1000

+ m

asl)

Sib

ynop

his

bivi

ttatu

sW

hite

-str

iped

Sna

keC

ulio

n, T

hum

b P

eak

PE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

900

mas

l)Z

aocy

s ca

rinat

usK

eel-s

cale

d M

ount

ain

Rat

Sna

keS

PS

RN

P, M

ainl

and

NE

-Pw

nR

aN

o da

ta a

vaila

ble

Rha

bdop

his

chry

sarg

aS

outh

ern

Wat

er S

nake

SP

SR

NP

PE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

t Str

eam

sT

ropi

dono

phis

den

drop

hiop

sS

potte

d W

ater

Sna

keM

ainl

and

LEC

For

est S

trea

ms

(0-7

00 m

asl)

Fam

ily E

lapi

dae

Mat

icor

a in

test

inal

is b

iline

ata

Str

iped

Cor

al S

nake

Bus

uang

a, M

ainl

and

NE

Ra

For

este

d A

reas

Naj

a su

mat

rana

Mal

ay C

omm

on C

obra

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

For

este

d A

reas

Oph

ioph

agus

han

nah

Kin

g C

obra

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

aF

ores

ted

Are

asF

amily

Hyd

roph

idae

Hyd

roph

is b

elch

eri

Bel

cher

's H

ydro

phis

Mai

nlan

d w

ater

sN

ER

aM

arin

e W

ater

sH

ydro

phis

fasc

iatu

sS

mal

l-hea

ded

Hyd

roph

isM

ainl

and

wat

ers

NE

CM

arin

e W

ater

sH

ydro

phis

orn

atus

Orn

ate

Hyd

roph

isM

ainl

and

wat

ers

NE

CM

arin

e W

ater

sH

ydro

phis

spi

ralis

Spi

ral H

ydro

phis

Mai

nlan

d w

ater

sN

ER

aN

o da

ta a

vaila

ble

Lape

mis

har

dwic

kii

Har

dwic

k's

Sea

Sna

keM

ainl

and

wat

ers

NE

CT

urbi

d W

ater

sLa

ticau

da c

olub

rina

Yel

low

-lipp

ed S

ea S

nake

Mai

nlan

d w

ater

sN

EC

Coa

stal

Roc

ks a

nd C

oral

Ree

fsLa

ticau

da la

ticau

daB

lack

-lipp

ed S

ea S

nake

Mai

nlan

d w

ater

sN

EC

Coa

stal

Roc

ks a

nd C

oral

Ree

fsLa

ticau

da s

emifa

scia

taH

alf-

band

ed S

ea S

nake

Mai

nlan

d w

ater

sN

EC

Coa

stal

Roc

ks a

nd C

oral

Ree

fsP

elam

is p

latu

rus

Yel

low

-bel

lied

Sea

Sna

keM

ainl

and

wat

ers

NE

CC

oast

al S

hallo

w M

arin

e W

ater

sF

amily

Vip

erid

aeT

rimer

esur

us w

agle

riW

agle

r's P

it V

iper

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Man

grov

es, F

ores

ted

Are

asT

rimer

esur

us s

chul

tzei

Sch

ultz

e's

Pit

Vip

erR

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

0-10

00 m

asl)

NO

TE: N

OM

EN

CLA

TUR

E F

OLL

OW

S T

HA

T O

F A

FUA

NG

AN

D G

ON

ZALE

Z., 1

995

Occ

Hab

itat

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

eTy

pe L

ocal

ityEn

dem

icity


APPE

ND

IX C

-3.

List

of A

mph

ibia

ns S

peci

es in

the

Pala

wan

Fau

nal R

egio

n.

CLA

SS A

MPH

IBIA

Ord

er G

ymno

phio

naF

amily

Cae

cilii

dae

Icht

hyop

his

web

eri

Phi

lippi

ne C

aeci

lian

Mai

nlan

dLE

Ra

For

este

d A

reas

, Sub

terr

anea

nO

rder

Anu

raF

amily

Dis

cogl

ossi

dae

Bar

bour

ula

busu

ange

nsis

Phi

lippi

ne D

isco

glos

sid

Fro

gB

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dP

E-P

wn

Ra

Prim

ary

For

ests

, For

est S

trea

ms

Fam

ily P

elob

atid

aeLe

ptob

rach

ium

has

selti

Has

selt'

s T

oad

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dN

EU

For

este

d A

reas

(40

-134

0 m

asl)

Meg

ophr

ys m

onta

naS

outh

east

Asi

an H

orne

d T

oad

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dN

EC

For

este

d A

reas

, For

est S

trea

ms

(400

-182

5 m

asl)

Fam

ily B

ufon

idae

Buf

o m

arin

usG

iant

Mar

ine

Toa

d /

Com

mon

Toa

dM

ainl

and

NE

CO

pen

Are

as, F

ores

t Cle

arin

gsB

ufo

bipo

rcat

us p

hilip

pini

cus

Phi

lippi

ne T

oad

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, S

PS

RN

PLE

UO

pen

Are

as (

<100

mas

l)P

elop

hryn

e al

bota

enia

taP

alaw

an T

oadl

etT

hum

b P

eak,

Mt.

Bal

abag

PE

-Pw

nR

aM

ossy

For

ests

(13

33-1

500

mas

l)F

amily

Ran

idae

Mic

rixal

us m

aria

eM

ary'

s F

rog

Mt.

Bal

abag

(M

anta

linga

jan

Ran

ge)

PE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

850

mas

l)

Occ

idoz

yga

laev

isC

omm

on S

mal

l-hea

ded

Fro

gS

PS

RN

PN

EC

For

est S

trea

ms,

Ditc

hes,

Pon

ds, H

uman

Hab

itatio

ns

(0-1

200

mas

l)

Ran

a m

agna

aca

nthi

Gia

nt P

hilip

pine

Fro

gB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d,

SP

SR

NP

LEC

For

est S

trea

ms

(0-2

000

mas

l)

Ran

a m

icro

disc

a pa

law

anen

sis

Sm

all-d

iske

d F

rog

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

For

est F

loor

and

Str

eam

s (0

-200

0 m

asl)

Ran

a ni

coba

riens

isN

icob

ar F

rog

SP

SR

NP

, Mai

nlan

dN

EC

For

este

d A

reas

, Ditc

hes,

Cle

arin

gs, C

ultiv

ated

Are

as

Ran

a sa

ngui

nea

Sou

thea

st A

sian

Woo

d F

rog

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and

NE

-Pw

nU

For

est F

loor

and

Str

eam

s (0

-200

0 m

asl)

Ran

a si

gnat

a m

oelle

ndor

ffiV

aria

ble-

back

ed F

rog

Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

SP

SR

NP

NE

CF

ores

t Str

eam

s (0

-330

mas

l)S

taur

ois

nata

tor

Roc

k F

rog

Bus

uang

a, M

ainl

and,

SP

SR

NP

NE

CF

ores

t Str

eam

s (0

-130

0 m

asl)

Fam

ily R

haco

phor

idae

Nyc

tixal

us p

ictu

sP

eter

's T

ree

Fro

gM

ainl

and

NE

-Pw

nR

aF

ores

ted

Are

as (

150-

300

mas

l)P

hila

utus

long

icru

sR

ough

-ski

nned

Tre

e F

rog

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

dN

E-P

wn

Ra

For

este

d A

reas

(0-

1300

mas

l)

Pol

yped

ates

leuc

omys

tax

Com

mon

Tre

e F

rog

SP

SR

NP

NE

CF

ores

ted

Are

as, O

pen

Are

as, H

uman

Hab

itatio

ns

Pol

yped

ates

mac

rotis

Bro

wn-

Str

iped

Tre

e F

rog

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, D

umar

an,

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

For

este

d A

reas

, Cul

tivat

ed A

reas

Rha

coph

orus

eve

retti

Pal

awan

Tre

e F

rog

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

dN

E-P

wn

UF

ores

ted

Are

as (

350-

1000

mas

l)F

amily

Mic

rohy

lidae

Cha

perin

a fu

sca

Spo

tted-

belly

Nar

row

-mou

thed

Fro

gM

ainl

and

NE

CF

ores

t Str

eam

s (0

-122

0 m

asl)

Kal

oula

bal

eata

bal

eata

Sm

ooth

-fin

gere

d N

arro

w-m

outh

ed F

rog

Mai

nlan

dN

EC

Ter

rest

rial,

Arb

orea

l

NO

TE: N

OM

EN

CLA

TUR

E F

OLL

OW

S T

HA

T O

F A

LCA

LA A

ND

BR

OW

N, 1

998

Occ

Hab

itat

Spec

ies

Com

mon

Nam

eTy

pe L

ocal

ityEn

dem

icity

138 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion.

Ord

er P

odic

iped

iform

esF

amily

Pod

icip

edid

aeT

achy

bapt

us r

ufic

ollis

phili

ppen

sis

Littl

e G

rebe

Mai

nlan

dLE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Ord

er P

elec

anifo

rmes

Fam

ily A

nhin

gida

eA

nhin

ga m

elan

ogas

ter

mel

anog

aste

rO

rient

al D

arte

rM

ainl

and

NE

Res

iden

tLo

c U

ncom

mon

Fam

ily S

ulid

aeS

ula

dact

ylat

rape

rson

ata

Mas

ked

Boo

byT

ubba

taha

(no

rth

isle

t)N

ER

esid

ent

Rar

e

Sul

a su

laru

brip

esR

ed-f

oote

d B

ooby

Ban

cora

n, C

agay

anci

llo, C

awili

, Cal

usa,

Man

uc

Man

ukan

, Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

(so

uth

isle

t)N

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Sul

a le

ucog

aste

rpl

otus

Bro

wn

Boo

byA

rena

, Ban

cora

n, M

anuc

Man

ukan

, Ras

a, T

ubba

taha

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Fam

ily F

rega

tidae

Fre

gata

min

orm

inor

Gre

at F

rigat

ebird

Are

na, B

anco

ran,

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Caw

ili, M

anuc

M

anuk

an, T

ubba

taha

, Urs

ula

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Fre

gata

arie

lar

iel

Less

er F

rigat

ebird

Agu

taya

, Bal

abac

, Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cuy

o, M

ainl

and,

T

ubba

taha

, Urs

ula

NE

Mig

/Res

(?)

Unc

omm

on

Ord

er C

icon

iifor

mes

Fam

ily A

rdei

dae

Ard

ea s

umat

rana

(mon

otyp

ic)

Gre

at-b

illed

Her

onB

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

SP

, El N

ido,

Tub

bata

haN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Ard

ea p

urpu

rea

man

ilens

isP

urpl

e H

eron

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa

NE

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Egr

etta

gar

zetta

garz

etta

Littl

e E

gret

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a, S

P, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

Egr

etta

sac

rasa

cra

Eas

tern

Ree

f-E

gret

Bal

abac

, Ban

cora

n, C

agay

anci

llo, C

ulio

n, C

uyo,

D

alah

ican

, Lum

buca

n, M

anuc

Man

ucan

, Mai

nlan

d,

Tub

bata

ha, U

rsul

a, C

oron

, Ras

a, E

l Nid

o, S

PN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Egr

etta

eul

opho

tes

(mon

otyp

ic)

Chi

nese

Egr

etM

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

ha, C

alau

it, E

l Nid

o, S

P, V

A, R

asa

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

e

Egr

etta

inte

rmed

ia(m

onot

ypic

)In

term

edia

te E

gret

Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

y, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Loc

Unc

omm

onE

gret

ta a

lba

mod

esta

Gre

at E

gret

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

on

Bub

ulcu

s ib

isco

rom

andu

sC

attle

Egr

etB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cuy

o, D

alah

ican

, Mai

nlan

d, M

al-

Ty,

SP

, Tub

bata

haN

ER

es/M

igLo

c C

omm

on

But

orid

es s

tria

tus

carc

inop

hilu

sLi

ttle

Her

onC

agay

anci

llo, C

alam

iane

s, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

El

Nid

o, S

PN

ER

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Gor

sach

ius

gois

agi

(mon

otyp

ic)

Japa

nese

Nig

ht-H

eron

Mai

nlan

d, V

AN

EM

igra

ntR

are

rufo

linea

tus

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

dLE

-Pw

nku

tteri

Bus

uang

aLE

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Gor

sach

ius

mel

anol

ophu

sM

alay

an N

ight

-Her

onR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e


APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Nyc

ticor

ax n

yctic

orax

nyct

icor

axB

lack

-cro

wne

d N

ight

-Her

onB

usua

nga

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onN

yctic

orax

cal

edon

icus

man

illen

sis

Ruf

ous

Nig

ht-H

eron

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Ixob

rych

us s

inen

sis

(mon

otyp

ic)

Yel

low

Bitt

ern

Cuy

o, M

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

haN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onIx

obry

chus

eur

hyth

mus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Sch

renc

k's

Bitt

ern

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntR

are

Ixob

rych

us c

inna

mom

eus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Cin

nam

on B

itter

nM

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

ha, S

PN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Dup

etor

flav

icol

lisfla

vico

llis

Bla

ck B

itter

nM

ainl

and

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Ord

er A

nser

iform

esF

amily

Ana

tidae

Den

droc

ygna

arc

uata

arcu

ata

Wan

derin

g W

hist

ling-

Duc

kC

uyo,

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Ana

s qu

erqu

edul

a(m

onot

ypic

)G

arga

ney

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onA

ythy

a fu

ligul

a(m

onot

ypic

)T

ufte

d D

uck

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Ord

er F

alco

nifo

rmes

Fam

ily P

andi

onid

aeha

liaet

usM

ainl

and,

Ras

am

elvi

llens

isB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and

Fam

ily A

ccip

itrid

aeA

vice

da je

rdon

im

agni

rost

risJe

rdon

's B

aza

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onP

erni

s pt

ilorh

ynch

uspa

law

anen

sis

Orie

ntal

Hon

eyB

uzza

rdC

alau

it, M

ainl

and

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

onE

lanu

s ca

erul

eus

hypo

leuc

usB

lack

-sho

ulde

red

Kite

Bus

uang

aN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Hal

iast

ur in

dus

inte

rmed

ius

Bra

hmin

y K

iteC

alam

iane

s, C

alau

it, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Cor

on,

Mal

-Ty,

El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Hal

iaee

tus

leuc

ogas

ter

(mon

otyp

ic)

Whi

te-b

ellie

d S

ea E

agle

Ban

cora

n, C

alau

it, C

oron

, Cul

ion,

Man

uc M

anuk

an,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a, R

asa,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

, El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Icht

hyop

haga

icht

hyae

tus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Gre

y-he

aded

Fis

h-E

agle

Cal

amia

nes

NE

Res

iden

tR

are

Circ

us s

pilo

notu

ssp

ilono

tus

Eas

tern

Mar

sh-H

arrie

rM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onA

ccip

iter

gula

risgu

laris

Japa

nese

Spa

rrow

Haw

kM

ainl

and,

Ras

a, E

l Nid

oN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Acc

ipite

r so

loen

sis

(mon

otyp

ic)

Chi

nese

Gos

haw

kC

agay

anci

llo, M

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Acc

ipite

r tr

ivirg

atus

pala

wan

usC

rest

ed G

osha

wk

Bal

abac

, Cul

ion,

Lin

apac

an, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, U

rsul

a,

SP

, El N

ido

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

But

astu

r in

dicu

s(m

onot

ypic

)G

rey-

face

d B

uzza

rdB

alab

ac, C

agay

anci

llo, C

ulio

n, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntF

airly

Com

mon

Spi

lorn

is c

heel

apa

law

anen

sis

Cre

sted

Ser

pent

-Eag

leB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

o, R

asa

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

onH

iera

aetu

s ki

ener

iifo

rmos

usR

ufou

s-be

llied

Eag

leM

ainl

and

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Spi

zaet

us c

irrha

tus

limna

eetu

sC

hang

eabl

e H

awk-

Eag

leB

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, V

A, R

asa

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Fam

ily F

alco

nida

eF

alco

tinn

uncu

lus

inte

rstin

ctus

Eur

asia

n K

estr

elB

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Fal

co s

ever

usse

veru

sO

rient

al H

obby

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onF

alco

per

egrin

usca

lidus

Per

egrin

e F

alco

nC

oron

, Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Unc

omm

onP

andi

on h

alia

etus

Osp

rey

NE

Mig

rant

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e

140 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Ord

er G

allif

orm

esF

amily

Meg

apod

iidae

cum

ingi

iB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a,

El N

ido,

Ras

a, M

al-T

y, S

PN

E

pusi

llus

Cag

ayan

cillo

LEF

amily

Pha

sian

idae

Gal

lus

gallu

sph

ilipp

ensi

sR

ed J

ungl

eFow

lB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

y,

SP

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Pol

yple

ctro

n em

phan

um(m

onot

ypic

)P

alaw

an P

eaco

ck P

heas

ant

Mai

nlan

d, S

V, M

a, M

al-T

y, S

P, E

l Nid

o, C

ulio

nP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Cot

urni

x ch

inen

sis

linea

taB

lue-

brea

sted

Qua

ilC

alau

it, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

Mal

-Ty

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily T

urni

cida

eT

urni

x su

scita

tor

hayn

aldi

Bar

red

But

tonq

uail

Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

onO

rder

Gru

iform

esF

amily

Ral

lidae

Gal

liral

lus

stria

tus

stria

tus

Sla

ty-b

reas

ted

Rai

lB

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onG

allir

allu

s to

rqua

tus

torq

uatu

sB

arre

d R

ail

Cag

ayan

cillo

, El N

ido(

?), U

rsul

aN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Ral

lina

fasc

iata

(mon

otyp

ic)

Red

-legg

ed C

rake

Bal

abac

, Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

es?/

Mgr

?R

are

Ral

lina

euriz

onoi

des

euriz

onoi

des

Sla

ty-le

gged

Cra

keC

agay

anci

lloLE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Por

zana

pus

illa

pusi

llaB

aillo

n's

Cra

keM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onP

orza

na fu

sca

fusc

aR

uddy

-bre

aste

d C

rake

Cag

ayan

cillo

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Por

zana

cin

erea

ocul

aris

Whi

te-b

row

ed C

rake

Mai

nlan

dLE

Res

iden

tC

omm

onA

mau

rorn

is p

hoen

icur

usja

vani

caW

hite

-bre

aste

d W

ater

hen

Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

SP

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

onG

allic

rex

cine

rea

(mon

otyp

ic)

Wat

erco

ckM

ainl

and

NE

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Gal

linul

a ch

loro

pus

loza

noi

Com

mon

Moo

rhen

Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Ful

ica

atra

atra

Eur

asia

n C

oot

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Ord

er C

hara

driif

orm

esF

amily

Ros

trat

ulid

aeR

ostr

atul

a be

ngha

lens

isbe

ngha

lens

isG

reat

er P

aint

ed-S

nipe

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily C

hara

driid

aeP

luvi

alis

squ

atar

ola

(mon

otyp

ic)

Gre

y P

love

rC

alau

it, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

(no

rth

isle

t)N

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Plu

vial

is fu

lva

(mon

otyp

ic)

Asi

an G

olde

n-P

love

rB

alab

ac, C

alam

iane

s, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

dubi

usC

agay

anci

llo, M

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

haR

esid

ent

curo

nicu

sB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and,

Cuy

o (s

pp),

Urs

ula

Mig

rant

Cha

radr

ius

alex

andr

inus

deal

batu

sK

entis

h P

love

rC

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Tub

bata

ha, U

rsul

aN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onC

hara

driu

s pe

roni

i(m

onot

ypic

)M

alay

sian

Plo

ver

Bal

abac

, Dum

aran

, Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

aN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Cha

radr

ius

mon

golu

sm

ongo

lus

Less

er S

and-

Plo

ver

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cuy

o, M

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

ha, U

rsul

aN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Cha

radr

ius

dubi

usLi

ttle

Rin

ged-

Plo

ver

NE

Com

mon

Meg

apod

ius

cum

ingi

iT

abon

Scr

ubF

owl

Res

iden

tLo

c C

omm

on

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e


APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Cha

radr

ius

lesc

hena

ultii

(mon

otyp

ic)

Gre

ater

San

d-P

love

rC

agay

anci

llo, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onC

hara

driu

s ve

redu

s(m

onot

ypic

)O

rient

al P

love

rM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

eF

amily

Sco

lopa

cida

eN

umen

ius

arqu

ata

orie

ntal

isE

uras

ian

Cur

lew

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Num

eniu

s ph

aeop

usva

riega

tus

Whi

mbr

elC

agay

anci

llo, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onLi

mos

a la

ppon

ica

baue

riB

ar-t

aile

d G

odw

itC

uyo,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Lim

osa

limos

aB

lack

-tai

led

God

wit

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntR

are

Trin

ga to

tanu

seu

rhin

usC

omm

on R

edsh

ank

Bal

abac

, Ban

cora

n, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onT

ringa

neb

ular

ia(m

onot

ypic

)C

omm

on G

reen

shan

kM

ainl

and,

Ras

a, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

Trin

ga o

chro

pus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Gre

en S

andp

iper

Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

on

Trin

ga g

lare

ola

(mon

otyp

ic)

Woo

d S

andp

iper

Bus

uang

a, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

Trin

ga s

tagn

atili

s(m

onot

ypic

)M

arsh

San

dpip

erM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

on

Act

itis

hypo

leuc

os(m

onot

ypic

)C

omm

on S

andp

iper

Agu

taya

, Bal

abac

, Ban

cora

n, C

agay

anci

llo, C

ulio

n,

Cuy

o, D

alah

ican

, Lin

apac

an, M

anuc

Man

ukan

, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, E

l Nid

oN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Xen

us c

iner

eus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Ter

ek S

andp

iper

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

oN

EM

igra

ntF

airly

Com

mon

Het

eros

celu

s br

evip

es(m

onot

ypic

)G

rey-

taile

d T

attle

rC

agay

anci

llo, C

uyo,

Man

uc M

anuk

an, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Are

naria

inte

rpre

sin

terp

res

Rud

dy T

urns

tone

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Man

uc M

anuk

an, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntF

airly

Com

mon

Gal

linag

o st

enur

a(m

onot

ypic

)P

inta

il S

nipe

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntF

airly

Com

mon

Gal

linag

o m

egal

a(m

onot

ypic

)S

win

hoe'

s S

nipe

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onG

allin

ago

galli

nago

galli

nago

Com

mon

Sni

peM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Fai

rly C

omm

onC

alid

ris te

nuiro

stris

(mon

otyp

ic)

Gre

at K

not

Cuy

o, M

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

e to

Unc

Cal

idris

ruf

icol

lis(m

onot

ypic

)R

ufou

s-ne

cked

Stin

tB

alab

ac, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

Cal

idris

sub

min

uta

(mon

otyp

ic)

Long

-toe

d S

tint

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onC

alid

ris a

cum

inat

a(m

onot

ypic

)S

harp

-tai

led

San

dpip

erM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onC

alid

ris fe

rrug

inea

(mon

otyp

ic)

Cur

lew

San

dpip

erM

ainl

and,

Ras

aN

EM

igra

ntF

airly

Com

mon

Phi

lom

achu

s pu

gnax

(mon

otyp

ic)

Ruf

f (m

), R

eeve

(f)

Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

eLi

mic

ola

falc

inel

lus

sibi

rica

Bro

ad-b

illed

San

dpip

erM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onF

amily

Pha

laro

podi

dae

Pha

laro

pus

loba

tus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Red

-nec

ked

Pha

laro

peM

ainl

and,

Ram

esam

ey, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onF

amily

Gla

reol

idae

Gla

reol

a m

aldi

varu

m(m

onot

ypic

)O

rient

al P

ratin

cole

Ban

cora

n, M

ainl

and

NE

Res

/Mig

(?)

Com

mon

Fam

ily B

urhi

nida

eE

sacu

s m

agni

rost

rism

agni

rost

risB

each

Thi

ck-K

nee

Mai

nlan

dN

ER

esid

ent

Rar

e

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e

142 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Fam

ily R

ecur

viro

strid

aeH

iman

topu

s hi

man

topu

shi

man

topu

sB

lack

-win

ged

Stil

tM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onF

amily

Lar

idae

Laru

s rid

ibun

dus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Bla

ck-h

eade

d G

ull

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Fam

ily S

tern

idae

Gel

oche

lidon

nilo

tica

affin

isG

ull-b

illed

Ter

nM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

on

Ste

rna

sum

atra

na(m

onot

ypic

)B

lack

-nap

ed T

ern

Ban

cora

n, C

alau

it, C

oron

, Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a, R

asa,

El

Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Ste

rna

berg

iicr

ista

tus

Gre

at-c

rest

ed T

ern

Agu

taya

, Bal

abac

, Cal

amia

nes,

Cuy

o, M

anuc

M

anuk

an, M

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

ha, U

rsul

a, R

asa

NE

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Ste

rna

hiru

ndo

long

ipen

nis

Com

mon

Ter

nM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onS

tern

a do

ugal

liiba

ngsi

Ros

eate

Ter

nC

ulio

n, M

ainl

and

NE

Res

(?)

Rar

eS

tern

a an

aeth

etus

anae

thet

usB

ridle

d T

ern

Mai

nlan

d, S

ulu

Sea

nea

r T

ubba

taha

NE

Res

iden

tR

are

Ste

rna

fusc

ata

nubi

losa

Soo

ty T

ern

Tub

bata

ha, U

rsul

aN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onS

tern

a al

bifr

ons

sine

nsis

Littl

e T

ern

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

aN

ER

es/M

igU

ncom

mon

Chl

idon

ias

leuc

opte

rus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Whi

te-w

inge

d T

ern

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntF

airly

Com

mon

Chl

idon

ias

hybr

idus

hybr

idus

Whi

sker

ed T

ern

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

onA

nous

sto

lidus

pile

atus

Bro

wn

Nod

dyM

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

ha, R

asa

NE

Res

iden

tLo

c C

omm

onA

nous

min

utus

wor

cest

eri

Bla

ck N

oddy

Caw

ili, T

ubba

taha

NE

Res

iden

tLo

c C

omm

onO

rder

Col

umbi

form

esF

amily

Col

umbi

dae

Tre

ron

curv

irost

raer

imac

raT

hick

-bill

ed G

reen

-Pig

eon

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onT

rero

n ve

rnan

sve

rnan

sP

ink-

neck

ed G

reen

-Pig

eon

Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

El N

ido,

Ras

aLE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

giro

nier

iB

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

o,

Ras

aLE

-Pw

n

lecl

anch

eri

Cag

ayan

cillo

LEP

tilin

opus

mel

anos

pila

bang

ueye

nsis

Bla

ck-n

aped

Fru

it-D

ove

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o, U

rsul

aN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Duc

ula

aene

apa

law

anen

sis

Gre

en Im

peria

l-Pig

eon

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, D

umar

an,

Lina

paca

n, M

ainl

and,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

, Cor

on, E

l Nid

o,

Ras

a, U

rsul

aLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Duc

ula

pick

erin

gii

pick

erin

gii

Gre

y Im

peria

l-Pig

eon

Bal

abac

, Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cal

auit,

Cal

usa,

Caw

ili,

Lum

buca

n, M

angs

i, U

rsul

a, R

asa,

El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Duc

ula

bico

lor

bico

lor

Pie

d Im

peria

l-Pig

eon

Are

na, B

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a,

Ras

a, M

al-T

y, E

l Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Loc

Com

mon

Col

umba

viti

ensi

san

thra

cina

Met

allic

Pig

eon

Cal

auit,

Com

iran,

Lum

buca

n, M

ainl

and

NE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Mac

ropy

gia

phas

iane

llate

nuiro

stris

Red

dish

Cuc

koo-

Dov

eB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Ptil

inop

us le

clan

cher

iB

lack

-chi

nned

Fru

it-D

ove

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e


APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Str

epto

pelia

bito

rqua

tadu

sum

ieri

Isla

nd C

olla

red-

Dov

eA

guta

ya, B

usua

nga,

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a, C

oron

, Mal

-Ty,

El N

ido

LER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Str

epto

pelia

chi

nens

istig

rina

Spo

tted

Dov

eB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, S

PN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Geo

pelia

str

iata

stria

taZ

ebra

Dov

eM

ainl

and,

Urs

ula,

Mal

-Ty

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Cha

lcop

haps

indi

cain

dica

Em

eral

d D

ove

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Cuy

o, M

ainl

and,

El N

ido,

U

rsul

a, R

asa,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Cal

oena

s ni

coba

rica

nico

baric

aN

icob

ar P

igeo

nB

alab

ac, C

awili

, Lum

buca

n, M

angs

i, M

ainl

and,

Urs

ula,

R

asa,

El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tR

are

Ord

er P

sitta

cifo

rmes

Fam

ily P

sitta

cida

e

Cac

atua

hae

mat

urop

ygia

(mon

otyp

ic)

Phi

lippi

ne C

ocka

too

Bal

abac

, Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, B

usua

nga,

SV

, R

asa,

Cor

on, M

al-T

y, S

P, E

l Nid

oP

ER

esid

ent

Rar

e

Tan

ygna

thus

luci

onen

sis

salv

ador

iiB

lue-

nape

d P

arro

tB

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Cor

on, M

al-

Ty,

SP

, El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Prio

nitu

rus

plat

enae

(mon

otyp

ic)

Blu

e-he

aded

Rac

quet

-tai

lB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Dum

aran

, M

ainl

and,

SV

, VA

, Ma,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

, El N

ido,

Ras

aP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Ord

er C

ucul

iform

esF

amily

Cuc

uild

aeC

lam

ator

cor

oman

dus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Che

stnu

t-w

inge

d C

ucko

oM

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

eC

ucul

us s

parv

eroi

des

spar

vero

ides

Larg

e H

awk-

Cuc

koo

Bus

uang

a, M

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onC

ucul

us fu

gax

pect

oral

isH

odgs

on's

Haw

k-C

ucko

oC

agay

anci

llo, M

ainl

and,

El N

ido

LER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onho

rsfie

ldi

Mai

nlan

dsa

tura

tus

Man

gsi

Cac

oman

tis s

onne

ratii

schl

egel

iB

ande

d B

ay C

ucko

oM

ainl

and,

Ras

aN

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tR

are

Cac

oman

tis m

erul

inus

mer

ulin

usP

lain

tive

Cuc

koo

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o, R

asa,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Cac

oman

tis v

ario

losu

sse

pulc

ralis

Bru

sh C

ucko

oB

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o, T

ubba

taha

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

onC

hrys

ococ

cyx

xant

horh

ynch

usxa

ntho

rhyn

chus

Vio

let C

ucko

oM

ainl

and

NE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onS

urni

culu

s lu

gubr

ism

inim

usD

rong

o C

ucko

oB

alab

ac, C

alau

it, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, S

PLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Eud

ynam

is s

colo

pace

am

inda

nens

isC

omm

on K

oel

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cuy

o, L

umbu

can,

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o,

Urs

ula,

Cor

on, M

al-T

yLE

Res

iden

tLo

c C

omm

on

Pha

enic

opha

eus

curv

irost

risha

rrin

gton

iC

hest

nut-

brea

sted

Mal

koha

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, D

umar

an,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a, S

PLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Cen

trop

us s

inen

sis

bubu

tus

Gre

ater

Cou

cal

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

y, S

PN

ER

esid

ent

Loc

Com

mon

Cen

trop

us b

enga

lens

isja

vane

nsis

Less

er C

ouca

lB

alab

ac, C

alam

iane

s, C

alau

it, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, E

l Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Cen

trop

us v

iridi

svi

ridis

Phi

lippi

ne C

ouca

lC

agay

anci

llo, C

uyo,

Cor

onP

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Unc

omm

onC

ucul

us s

atur

atus

Orie

ntal

Cuc

koo

NE

Mig

rant

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e

144 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Ord

er S

trig

iform

esF

amily

Tyt

onid

aeT

yto

cape

nsis

amau

rono

taG

rass

Ow

lC

alam

iane

s, C

alau

it, M

ainl

and

LER

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

onF

amily

Str

igid

aem

anta

nane

nsis

Sou

ther

n co

ast,

Ras

a, U

rsul

aN

E-P

wn

cuye

nsis

Cuy

o, D

icab

aito

, Lin

apac

anLE

-Pw

nO

tus

fulig

inos

us(m

onot

ypic

)P

alaw

an S

cops

Ow

lM

ainl

and,

SP

, VA

, Ma,

Urs

ula

PE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onpa

law

anen

sis

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tja

poni

caC

uyo

NE

Mig

rant

Str

ix s

elop

uto

wie

pken

iS

potte

d W

ood-

Ow

lB

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onO

rder

Cap

rimul

gifo

rmes

Fam

ily P

odar

gida

eB

atra

chos

tom

us ja

vens

isch

asen

iJa

van

Fro

gmou

thB

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onF

amily

Cap

rimul

gida

eC

aprim

ulgu

s in

dicu

sjo

taka

Gre

y N

ight

jar

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntR

are

Cap

rimul

gus

mac

ruru

sjo

hnso

niLa

rge-

taile

d N

ight

jar

Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, C

oron

, Mal

-T

y, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Ord

er A

podi

form

esF

amily

Apo

dida

epa

law

anen

sis

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

o, S

V, V

A, M

aLE

-Pw

nam

elis

Cag

ayan

cillo

NE

Col

loca

lia m

earn

si(m

onot

ypic

)P

hilip

pine

Sw

iftle

tM

ainl

and

PE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Col

loca

lia fu

ciph

aga

germ

ani

Edi

ble-

nest

Sw

iftle

tC

agay

anci

llo, C

ulio

n, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, s

mal

l NW

is

land

s, S

P, E

l Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Col

loca

lia e

scul

enta

spp.

Glo

ssy

Sw

iftle

tB

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Col

loca

lia tr

oglo

dyte

s(m

onot

ypic

)P

ygm

y S

wift

let

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, C

oron

, Mal

-Ty,

SP

, El N

ido

PE

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Hiru

ndap

us g

igan

teus

giga

nteu

sB

row

n-ba

cked

Nee

dlet

ail

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

yN

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Apu

s pa

cific

uspa

cific

usF

ork-

taile

d S

wift

Urs

ula

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onO

rder

Cor

aciif

orm

esF

amily

Cor

aciid

ae

Eur

ysto

mus

orie

ntal

iscy

anoc

ollis

Dol

larb

irdB

usua

nga,

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cul

ion,

Cuy

o, M

ainl

and,

R

asa,

SP

NE

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Fam

ily A

lced

inid

ae

Alc

edo

atth

isbe

ngal

ensi

sC

omm

on K

ingf

ishe

rB

alab

ac, C

agay

anci

llo, C

ulio

n, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

Alc

edo

men

intin

gam

adon

iB

lue-

eare

d K

ingf

ishe

rB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e

Otu

s m

anta

nane

nsis

Man

tana

ni S

cops

-Ow

lR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Nin

ox s

cutu

lata

Bro

wn

Haw

k-O

wl

Unc

omm

on

Col

loca

lia v

anik

oren

sis

Isla

nd S

wift

let

Res

iden

tC

omm

on


APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Cey

x er

ithac

usru

fidor

saO

rient

al D

war

f Kin

gfis

her

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

SP

, El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Hal

cyon

cap

ensi

sgo

uldi

Sto

rk-b

illed

Kin

gfis

her

Bal

abac

, Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

y, S

P, R

asa

LER

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Hal

cyon

cor

oman

dalin

aeR

uddy

Kin

gfis

her

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Hal

cyon

pile

ata

(mon

otyp

ic)

Bla

ck-c

appe

d K

ingf

ishe

rB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and,

El N

ido

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

e

Hal

cyon

chl

oris

colla

risW

hite

-col

lare

d K

ingf

ishe

rB

anco

ran,

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cal

amia

nes,

Cal

auit,

Cuy

o,

Dal

ahic

an, L

umbu

can,

Man

uc M

anuk

an, M

ainl

and,

T

ubba

taha

, Urs

ula,

Ras

a, C

oron

, Mal

-Ty,

El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Fam

ily M

erop

idae

Mer

ops

virid

isam

eric

anus

Blu

e-th

roat

ed B

ee-e

ater

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cul

ion,

Dum

aran

, El N

ido

LER

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

onF

amily

Buc

erot

idae

Ant

hrac

ocer

os m

arch

ei(m

onot

ypic

)P

alaw

an H

ornb

illB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, M

a, V

A, C

ulio

n,

SV

, Cor

on, M

al-T

y, S

P, E

l Nid

oP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Ord

er P

icifo

rmes

Fam

ily P

icid

aeM

ulle

ripic

us p

ulve

rule

ntus

pulv

erul

entu

sG

reat

Sla

ty W

oodp

ecke

rB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and,

SP

NE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Chr

ysoc

olap

tes

luci

dus

eryt

hroc

epha

lus

Gre

ater

Fla

meb

ack

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, M

ainl

and,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

, El

Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Dry

ocop

us ja

vens

isha

rgitt

iW

hite

-bel

lied

Woo

dpec

ker

Mai

nlan

d, S

PLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

onD

inop

ium

java

nens

eev

eret

tiC

omm

on F

lam

ebac

kB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

SP

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Ord

er P

asse

rifor

mes

Fam

ily P

ittid

aepr

opin

qua

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, S

PLE

-Pw

nth

omps

oni

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion

LE-P

wn

eryt

hrog

aste

rC

agay

anci

lloLE

Pitt

a so

rdid

apa

law

anen

sis

Hoo

ded

Pitt

aB

alab

ac, C

alau

it, C

oron

, Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily H

irund

inid

aeR

ipar

ia r

ipar

iaiji

mae

San

d M

artin

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntR

are

Hiru

ndo

rust

ica

guttu

ralis

Bar

n S

wal

low

Bal

abac

, Ban

cora

n, C

uyo,

Man

uc M

anuk

an, M

ainl

and,

U

rsul

a, R

asa,

El N

ido,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Hiru

ndo

tahi

tica

java

nica

Pac

ific

Sw

allo

wB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cuy

o, D

alah

ican

, Lu

mbu

can,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Cor

on, M

al-T

y, E

l Nid

oN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Hiru

ndo

daur

ica

strio

lata

Red

-rum

ped

Sw

allo

wM

ainl

and

NE

Res

iden

tLo

c C

omm

on

End

emic

ityR

esid

ency

Occ

urre

nce

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

y

Pitt

a er

ythr

ogas

ter

Red

-bel

lied

Pitt

aR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

146 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Fam

ily C

ampe

phag

idae

Cor

acin

a st

riata

diff

icili

sB

ar-b

ellie

d C

ucko

o-S

hrik

eB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, C

oron

, Mal

-Ty,

S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Lala

ge n

igra

chile

nsis

Pie

d T

rille

rC

agay

anci

llo, C

alam

iane

s, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a,

Ras

a, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Per

icro

tus

diva

ricat

usdi

varic

atus

Ash

y M

iniv

etB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onP

eric

rotu

s ci

nnam

omeu

sig

neus

Sm

all M

iniv

etM

ainl

and,

Urs

ula,

SP

NE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

onF

amily

Chl

orop

seid

ae

Chl

orop

sis

pala

wan

ensi

s(m

onot

ypic

)Y

ello

w-t

hroa

ted

Leaf

bird

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

oron

, Cul

ion,

Dum

aran

, M

ainl

and,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

, El N

ido,

SV

, VA

, Ma,

Ras

aP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Aeg

ithin

a tip

hia

aequ

anim

isC

omm

on Io

raD

umar

an, M

ainl

and,

Mal

-Ty,

Ras

a, S

P, E

l Nid

oN

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Fam

ily P

ycno

notid

aeP

ycno

notu

s at

ricep

sat

ricep

sB

lack

-hea

ded

Bul

bul

Cal

auit,

Dum

aran

, Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o, R

asa,

SP

NE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Pyc

nono

tus

plum

osus

cine

reifr

ons

Oliv

e-w

inge

d B

ulbu

lB

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Cor

on, M

al-T

y, S

P,

El N

ido

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Crin

iger

bre

sfr

ater

Gre

y-ch

eeke

d B

ulbu

lB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

o, R

asa

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

onH

ypsi

pete

s pa

law

anen

sis

(mon

otyp

ic)

Sul

phur

-bel

lied

Bul

bul

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

o, V

A, M

aP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Fam

ily D

icru

ridae

Dic

ruru

s le

ucop

haeu

sle

ucop

haeu

sA

shy

Dro

ngo

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, S

P, E

l N

ido,

Cor

on, M

al-T

yN

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

pala

wan

ensi

sB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

y, S

P, E

l N

ido,

Ras

a, U

rsul

aLE

cuye

nsis

Cuy

oLE

-Pw

nF

amily

Orio

lidae

Orio

lus

xant

hono

tus

pers

uasu

sD

ark-

thro

ated

Orio

leC

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

SP

NE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Fai

rly C

omm

on

Orio

lus

chin

ensi

sch

inen

sis

Bla

ck-n

aped

Orio

leB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

o, R

asa,

Cor

on, M

al-T

y,

Urs

ula

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Iren

a pu

ella

twee

ddal

eiA

sian

Fai

ry B

lueb

irdB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l N

ido,

Ras

aLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily C

orvi

dae

Cor

vus

enca

pusi

llus

Sle

nder

-bill

ed C

row

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

oron

, Cul

ion,

Dal

ahic

an,

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

, El N

ido

LER

esid

ent

Loc

Com

mon

Cor

vus

mac

rorh

ynch

osph

ilipp

inus

Larg

e-bi

lled

Cro

wC

agay

anci

llo, C

uyo,

Mai

nlan

dLE

Res

iden

tC

omm

onF

amily

Par

idae

Par

us a

mab

ilis

(mon

otyp

ic)

Pal

awan

Tit

Bal

abac

, Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, M

a, V

A, S

V, S

P, E

l Nid

o,

Ras

aP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e

Dic

ruru

s ho

ttent

ottu

sS

pang

led

Dro

ngo

Res

iden

tC

omm

on


APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Fam

ily S

ittid

aeS

itta

fron

talis

pala

wan

aV

elve

t-fr

onte

d N

utha

tch

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, S

PLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily T

imal

iidae

Tric

hast

oma

cine

reic

eps

(mon

otyp

ic)

Ash

y-he

aded

Bab

bler

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, S

P, V

A, M

aP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

Mal

acop

tero

n pa

law

anen

se(m

onot

ypic

)M

elod

ious

Bab

bler

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, S

P, V

A, M

a, E

l Nid

oP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Ptil

ocic

hla

falc

ata

(mon

otyp

ic)

Fal

cate

d G

roun

d-B

abbl

erB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and,

SP

, VA

, Ma

PE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Sta

chyr

is h

ypog

ram

mic

a(m

onot

ypic

)P

alaw

an S

trip

ed-B

abbl

erM

ts B

oran

gbat

o, M

anta

linga

jan,

and

Vic

toria

, VA

PE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Mac

ronu

s gu

laris

woo

diS

trip

ed T

it-B

abbl

erB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily T

urdi

dae

Bra

chyp

tery

x m

onta

nasi

llim

ani

Whi

te-b

row

ed S

hortw

ing

Mts

Man

talin

gaja

n an

d V

icto

riaLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Cop

sych

us n

iger

(mon

otyp

ic)

Whi

te-v

ente

d S

ham

aB

alab

ac, B

anta

c, B

usua

nga,

Bat

as, C

oron

, Cul

ion,

D

umar

an, L

inap

acan

, Mai

nlan

d, M

a, U

rsul

a, R

asa,

SP

, E

l Nid

o, V

AP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Mon

ticol

a so

litar

ius

phili

ppen

sis

Blu

e R

ock-

Thr

ush

Agu

taya

, Bal

abac

, Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cul

ion,

Cuy

o,

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

oN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Zoo

ther

a da

uma

aure

aS

caly

Gro

und-

Thr

ush

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Tur

dus

obsc

urus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Eye

brow

ed T

hrus

hB

usua

nga,

Mai

nlan

d, S

PN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Fam

ily S

ylvi

idae

Ger

ygon

e su

lphu

rea

sim

plex

Gol

den-

belli

ed F

lyea

ter

Mai

nlan

dLE

Res

iden

tLo

c C

omm

onS

eice

rcus

mon

tisxa

ntho

pygi

usY

ello

w-b

reas

ted

War

bler

Mai

nlan

dLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

on

Phy

llosc

opus

bor

ealis

kenn

icot

tiA

rctic

War

bler

Bal

abac

, Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cul

ion,

Cuy

o, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a,

El N

ido,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Phy

llosc

opus

triv

irgat

uspe

ters

eni

Mou

ntai

n Le

af-W

arbl

erM

ainl

and,

SP

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

onA

croc

epha

lus

orie

ntal

is(m

onot

ypic

)O

rient

al R

eed-

War

bler

Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

Meg

alur

us p

alus

tris

forb

esi

Str

iate

d G

rass

bird

Mai

nlan

dLE

Res

iden

tC

omm

onLo

cust

ella

lanc

eola

ta(m

onot

ypic

)La

nceo

late

d W

arbl

erM

ainl

and,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Locu

stel

la o

chot

ensi

s(m

onot

ypic

)M

idde

ndor

ff's

War

bler

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntU

ncom

mon

Orth

otom

us c

ucul

latu

svi

ridic

ollis

Mou

ntai

n T

ailo

rbird

Mai

nlan

dLE

-Pw

nM

igra

ntF

airly

Com

mon

Ort

hoto

mus

ser

iceu

sse

riceu

sR

ufou

s-ta

iled

Tai

lorb

irdB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o, R

asa,

C

oron

, Mal

-Ty,

SP

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Cis

ticol

a ju

ncid

isni

gros

tria

taZ

ittin

g C

istic

ola

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

dLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Cet

tia v

ulca

nia

pala

wan

aS

unda

Bus

h-W

arbl

erM

t. M

anta

linga

jan

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tLo

c C

omm

onF

amily

Mus

cica

pida

eM

usci

capa

sib

irica

sibi

rica

Dar

k-si

ded

Fly

catc

her

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

dN

E-P

wn

Mig

rant

Rar

eM

usci

capa

dau

uric

ada

uuric

aA

sian

Bro

wn

Fly

catc

her

Mai

nlan

d, R

asa

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

e

Mus

cica

pa g

risei

stic

ta(m

onot

ypic

)G

rey-

stre

aked

Fly

catc

her

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

agay

anci

llo, C

ulio

n, C

uyo,

M

ainl

and,

El N

ido,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

End

emic

ityR

esid

ency

Occ

urre

nce

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

y

148 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Mus

cica

pa fe

rrug

inea

(mon

otyp

ic)

Fer

rugi

nous

Fly

catc

her

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntR

are

Fic

edul

a na

rcis

sina

narc

issi

naN

arci

ssus

Fly

catc

her

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntR

are

Fic

edul

a hy

pery

thra

rara

Sno

wy-

brow

ed F

lyca

tche

rM

anta

linga

jan

Ran

geLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fic

edul

a pl

aten

ae(m

onot

ypic

)P

alaw

an F

lyca

tche

rM

ainl

and,

SP

, El N

ido,

VA

, Ma

PE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Unc

omm

onF

iced

ula

wes

term

anni

pala

wan

ensi

sLi

ttle

Pie

d F

lyca

tche

rM

ts M

anta

linga

jan

and

Vic

toria

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tF

airly

Com

mon

cyan

omel

ana

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, S

P, T

ubba

taha

NE

cum

atili

sM

ainl

and

NE

Cyo

rnis

lem

prie

ri(m

onot

ypic

)P

alaw

an B

lue

Fly

catc

her

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

SP

, El

Nid

o, V

A, M

aP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Cyo

rnis

ruf

igas

tra

phili

ppin

ensi

sM

angr

ove

Blu

e F

lyca

tche

rM

ainl

and,

SP

, El N

ido

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Cul

icic

apa

helia

nthe

apa

naye

nsis

Citr

ine

Can

ary-

Fly

catc

her

Mai

nlan

dLE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Rhi

pidu

ra ja

vani

cani

grito

rqui

sP

ied

Fan

tail

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Cuy

o, M

ainl

and,

Urs

ula,

Ras

a, E

l Nid

oLE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Ter

psip

hone

atr

ocau

data

perio

phth

alm

ica

Japa

nese

Par

adis

e-F

lyca

tche

rM

ainl

and

NE

MB

Com

mon

Ter

psip

hone

cya

nesc

ens

(mon

otyp

ic)

Blu

e P

arad

ise-

Fly

catc

her

Ban

tac,

Bat

as, B

usua

nga,

Cor

on, C

ulio

n, L

inap

acan

, M

ainl

and,

SP

, El N

ido,

VA

, Ma,

Ras

aP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Hyp

othy

mis

azu

rea

azur

eaB

lack

-nap

ed M

onar

chB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cor

on, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

R

asa,

SP

, El N

ido

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily P

achy

ceph

alid

aeP

achy

ceph

ala

gris

ola

plat

eni

Man

grov

e W

hist

ler

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Fam

ily M

otac

illid

ae

Mot

acill

a ci

nere

aro

bust

aG

rey

Wag

tail

Bal

abac

, Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a, R

asa,

SP

, E

l Nid

o, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Com

mon

sim

illim

aB

alab

ac, C

alam

iane

s, C

alau

it, M

ainl

and

taiv

ana

Mai

nlan

dM

otac

illa

alba

ocul

aris

Whi

te W

agta

ilB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and

NE

Mig

rant

Rar

e

Ant

hus

nova

esee

land

iae

lugu

bris

Ric

hard

's P

ipit

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a,

Tub

bata

haN

ER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Ant

hus

cerv

inus

(mon

otyp

ic)

Red

-thr

oate

d P

ipit

Mai

nlan

dN

EM

igra

ntR

are

Ant

hus

hodg

soni

hodg

soni

Oliv

e T

ree-

Pip

itM

ainl

and,

El N

ido

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onA

nthu

s gu

stav

igu

stav

iP

echo

ra P

ipit

Cag

ayan

cillo

, Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

onF

amily

Arta

mid

ae

Art

amus

leuc

oryn

chus

leuc

oryn

chus

Whi

te-b

reas

ted

Woo

d-S

wal

low

Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, C

uyo,

Dal

ahic

an,

Lum

buca

n, M

angs

i, M

ainl

and,

Urs

ula,

El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Fam

ily L

aniid

aeLa

nius

sch

ach

nasu

tus

Long

-tai

led

Shr

ike

Cul

ion,

Urs

ula

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

yE

ndem

icity

Res

iden

cyO

ccur

renc

e

Cya

nopt

ila c

yano

mel

ana

Blu

e-an

d-W

hite

Fly

catc

her

Mig

rant

Rar

e

Com

mon

Mot

acill

a fla

vaY

ello

w W

agta

ilN

EM

igra

nt


APPE

ND

IX C

-4.

List

of A

vian

Spe

cies

in th

e Pa

law

an F

auna

l Reg

ion

(con

tinue

d).

Lani

us c

rista

tus

luci

onen

sis

Bro

wn

Shr

ike

Agu

taya

, Bal

abac

, Cag

ayan

cillo

, Cul

ion,

Cuy

o,

Lum

buca

n, M

ainl

and,

Urs

ula,

Ras

a, S

P, E

l Nid

o,

Tub

bata

haN

EM

igra

ntC

omm

on

Fam

ily S

turn

idae

Apl

onis

pan

ayen

sis

pana

yens

isA

sian

Glo

ssy

Sta

rling

Agu

taya

, Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

agay

anci

llo, C

alau

it,

Cul

ion,

Cuy

o, M

anuc

Man

ukan

, Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a,

Ras

a, C

oron

, SP

, El N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Stu

rnus

phi

lippe

nsis

(mon

otyp

ic)

Che

stnu

t-ch

eeke

d S

tarli

ngLi

napa

can,

Mai

nlan

d, T

ubba

taha

NE

Mig

rant

Unc

omm

on

Gra

cula

rel

igio

sapa

law

anen

sis

Hill

Myn

aB

alab

ac, B

usua

nga,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

y, S

P, E

l N

ido

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Fam

ily N

ecta

riniid

aeA

nthr

epte

s m

alac

ensi

spa

ragu

aeP

lain

-thr

oate

d S

unbi

rdB

alab

ac, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

Ras

a, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Nec

tarin

ia c

alco

stet

ha(m

onot

ypic

)C

oppe

r-th

roat

ed S

unbi

rdB

alab

ac, M

ainl

and,

Urs

ula,

Ras

a, E

l Nid

oN

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Nec

tarin

ia ju

gula

risau

rora

Oliv

e-ba

cked

Sun

bird

Agu

taya

, Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

agay

anci

llo, C

alau

it,

Cul

ion,

Cuy

o, D

umar

an, L

umbu

can,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a,

Ras

a, S

P, E

l Nid

oLE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Com

mon

Nec

tarin

ia s

pera

tatr

ochi

lus

Pur

ple-

thro

ated

Sun

bird

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, D

alah

ican

, Mai

nlan

d,

Urs

ula,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

, El N

ido,

Cor

on, R

asa

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Aet

hopy

ga s

helle

yish

elle

yiLo

vely

Sun

bird

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

SP

, El N

ido

PE

-Pw

nR

esid

ent

Loc

Com

mon

Ara

chno

ther

a lo

ngiro

stra

dilu

tior

Littl

e S

pide

rhun

ter

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

o, R

asa

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Fam

ily D

icae

idae

plat

eni

Bal

abac

, Mai

nlan

d, M

a, V

A, E

l Nid

o, R

asa,

Mal

-Ty,

SP

culio

nens

isB

usua

nga,

Cal

auit,

Cul

ion

Dic

aeum

aer

ugin

osum

affin

eS

trip

ed F

low

erpe

cker

Mai

nlan

d, S

P, E

l Nid

oP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tU

ncom

mon

Dic

aeum

pyg

mae

umpa

law

anor

umP

ygm

y F

low

erpe

cker

Bal

abac

, Cal

auit,

Cul

ion,

Mai

nlan

d, U

rsul

a, C

oron

, Mal

-T

y, S

P, E

l Nid

oP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Fam

ily Z

oste

ropi

dae

Zos

tero

ps n

igro

rum

richm

ondi

Yel

low

ish

Whi

te-E

yeC

agay

anci

lloP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

onZ

oste

rops

mon

tanu

spa

rkes

iM

ount

ain

Whi

te-E

yeM

ainl

and

LE-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

onF

amily

Plo

ceid

aeP

asse

r m

onta

nus

nasu

tus

Eur

asia

n T

ree

Spa

rrow

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, E

l Nid

o, T

ubba

taha

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

onF

amily

Est

rildi

dae

Lonc

hura

leuc

ogas

trapa

law

ana

Whi

te-b

ellie

d M

unia

Bal

abac

, Bus

uang

a, C

alau

it, C

ulio

n, M

ainl

and,

SP

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

Lonc

hura

pun

ctul

ata

caba

nisi

Sca

ly-b

reas

ted

Mun

iaC

alau

it, M

ainl

and,

El N

ido

LER

esid

ent

Com

mon

Lonc

hura

mal

acca

jago

riC

hest

nut M

unia

Bal

abac

, Cal

amia

nes,

Cal

auit,

Mai

nlan

d, M

al-T

y, E

l N

ido

NE

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

NO

TE: N

OM

EN

CLA

TUR

E F

OLL

OW

S T

HA

T O

F K

EN

NE

DY

, ET

AL.

, 200

0

End

emic

ityR

esid

ency

Occ

urre

nce

Spe

cies

Sub

spec

ies

Typ

eC

omm

on N

ame

Typ

e Lo

calit

y

Prio

noch

ilus

plat

eni

Pal

awan

Flo

wer

peck

erP

E-P

wn

Res

iden

tC

omm

on

150 PALAWAN

APPENDIX D-1a. Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) by Station by Year, Palawan.

YEAR Puerto Aborlan Brooke's Coron Cuyo Rio Tag- Cabayugan Poblacion Poblacion Magara Abongan Mainit Mean Princesa a/ Point a/ a/ Tuba bita Puerto El Nido Quezon Roxas Taytay Brookes

a/ a/ b/ Princesa Pointd/ d/ d/ d/ d/ d/

1949 2229.7 2229.7

1950 1330.0 1330.0

1951 1560.4 1560.4

1952 1788.1 1788.1

1953 1083.4 1083.4

1954 1587.3 1587.3

1955 1436.1 1436.1

1956 2117.5 2255.2 2186.4

1957 1263.7 1552.9 1408.3

1958 1680.4 1886.8 1783.6

1959 1785.7 1714.9 1750.3

1960 1599.4 1633.9 1616.7

1961 1125.7 1223.4 123.8 1383.7 964.2

1962 1673.1 2446.1 194.6 2603.7 1729.4

1963 1453.4 1556.9 1239.2 2370.1 1654.9

1964 1689.4 1612.6 1626.1 2290.5 1804.7

1965 1769.4 1881.7 3011.7 2350.6 2253.4

1966 1710.9 2425.8 2847.4 2092.1 2269.1

1967 1379.1 1595.3 2556.0 2967.5 2124.5

1968 1262.0 1279.7 2121.8 1705.1 1592.2

1969 1452.5 1164.7 2802.3 2365.6 1946.3

1970 1829.3 1542.3 2444.5 2112.8 1982.2

1971 1991.5 988.5 2494.7 2885.6 2090.1

1972 1034.1 1479.1 2193.8 1969.8 1669.2

1973 1890.0 1614.6 2083.6 2901.2 3699.9 2437.9

1974 1440.9 1434.4 2077.3 2207.8 4326.3 2297.3

1975 2147.1 1890.8 1844.3 1699.8 3950.5 2306.5

1976 1996.0 1566.8 2319.3 2227.3 2806.4 2183.2

1977 1653.0 1823.4 1211.8 2380.6 3427.9 2099.3

1978 1743.9 4951.4 1018.9 1878.2 2611.0 2440.7

1979 1492.8 1760.2 1135.8 3759.8 2281.4 2895.0 2220.8

1980 1714.5 1859.4 1617.0 1850.4 1878.2 4340.0 2209.9

1981 1569.0 1535.4 1700.3 1954.9 1598.3 2642.0 1833.3

1982 1357.2 1725.0 1249.2 3143.4 2097.3 3029.0 2100.2

1983 1582.0 1660.0 1560.0 2559.0 2277.0 1710.0 3320.0 2095.4

1984 1402.6 12234.5 1949.6 2985.2 2949.1 2393.3 3144.0 3865.5

1985 1362.3 2344.9 1877.9 1719.5 2681.6 2508.5 2082.5

1986 1353.9 1597.1 1395.8 1785.9 2027.7 2329.5 1748.3

1987 1064.8 1814.3 1256.9 3038.8 74.6 1777.5 1504.5

1988 1666.3 1632.2 902.6 2497.0 3390.4 2458.6 2091.2

1989 1513.8 1601.2 903.7 2918.7 1862.2 2069.9 1811.6

1990 1144.3 1437.3 507.8 2498.9 2767.2 1772.3 1688.0

1991 986.1 1288.8 524.7 2030.7 1218.6 1092.8 1190.3

1992 1380.9 1363.6 799.7 1977.7 1754.2 1126.4 1400.4

1993 1442.9 1848.7 789.5 2227.9 1671.4 1596.1

1994 1158.1 1633.0 1157.8 2280.9 1335.8 1513.1

1995 1748.6 1680.4 883.9 2329.0 1810.7 1690.5

1996 1281.6 1924.8 751.4 1677.4 1408.8

1997 1123.0 1093.7 807.1 1903.4 1747.7 2610.5 1038.7 1474.9

1998 1719.5 1961.9 1944.8 2400.0 1200.0 4382.3 2282.4 2210.0 2833.0 1944.8 2287.9

1999 2227.0 2570.2 3362.5 2626.9 2423.7 4205.5 3244.0 3845.6 3006.7 3362.5 3087.5

2000 1762.7 3430.3 2730.0 2370.3 4701.9 2229.7 3586.5 2078.6 3430.3 2924.5

2001 1535.0 3263.7 2971.3 2663.0 3760.7 5314.0 4144.9 2937.5 2867.5 6263.7 3572.1

2002 1086.2 2634.2 1917.3 3194.4 5219.0 1899.8 3149.5 2604.5 2608.5 2701.5

2003 907.7 1976.0 3676.6 3270.0 4963.5 2761.7 3049.2 2845.3 2931.3

Mean 1532.5 2319.2 1538.0 2276.8 2173.9 1906.3 3349.3 3790.3 4601.0 2829.0 3081.8 2739.9 3409.2 2734.4

Source: PAGASA and PCSDS


APPE

ND

IX D

-1b.

M

ean

Mon

thly

Rai

nfal

l (m

m) f

rom

Diff

eren

t Wea

ther

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

.

DU

RAT

ION

1949

to19

77-9

919

56-8

919

61-9

219

62-9

519

85-2

003

1973

-84

1997

-200

320

01-2

003

1997

-200

319

98-2

003

1998

-200

319

98-2

003

2003

1997

-200

2

PPC

Abor

lanBr

ooke

's Co

ron

Cuyo

Rio

Tuba

Tagb

itaCa

bayu

gan

Pobl

acio

n Po

blac

ion

Maga

raAb

onga

nMa

init

Poin

tPP

CEl

Nid

oQu

ezon

Roxa

sTa

ytay

Broo

kes P

t.

Janu

ary

29.4

122.

984

.615

.29.

168

.813

7.0

53.0

48.0

99.6

67.3

31.6

157.4

Febr

uary

22.8

71.8

36.6

23.4

0.6

46.8

161.

381

.438

.063

.449

.814

.880

.8

Mar

ch36

.912

4.7

36.0

10.4

5.9

53.4

70.5

135.3

37.0

121.1

172.0

67.5

138.1

April

42.3

139.

244

.721

.236

.274

.911

6.4

126.1

36.0

102.1

129.0

118.0

116.0

May

133.

510

7.1

116.

917

5.0

166.

613

0.3

222.

536

4.666

6.018

0.323

3.229

7.818

1.6

June

167.

326

2.0

141.

935

9.9

347.

220

9.8

358.

839

3.062

4.028

2.524

8.221

6.126

1.5

July

164.

132

2.9

161.

745

5.7

379.

621

2.2

426.

054

3.581

5.023

5.930

9.029

4.021

8.6

Augu

st18

0.0

265.

015

8.6

453.

940

6.0

240.

832

9.2

731.3

902.0

409.8

499.3

417.8

299.6

Sept

embe

r19

3.0

458.

916

3.4

342.

333

8.5

222.

537

0.9

499.1

499.0

338.9

401.9

297.8

209.8

Oct

ober

13.6

403.

917

1.1

251.

224

9.4

274.

547

3.5

501.0

602.7

432.0

405.1

360.2

337.5

Nov

embe

r20

3.7

474.

824

1.6

116.

712

9.4

176.

831

5.4

303.6

251.7

360.6

436.8

327.9

392.4

Dec

embe

r14

7.8

330.

020

0.9

65.8

35.9

111.

034

1.5

255.0

80.0

303.5

320.6

296.2

516.1

No.

of d

ry

mon

ths

51

45

54

12

52

23

1

No.

of I

nter

-

med

iate

mo.

74

82

37

42

04

42

6

No.

of w

et

mon

ths

07

05

41

78

76

67

5

Sou

rce:

PA

GA

SA

& P

CS

DS

152 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

.

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

16 -

pH

Val

ues

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

1996

1998

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Oct

.A

pr.

July

Dec

.M

ayA

ug.

May

Aug

Mar

Jun

Feb

Jun

Sep

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an:

09/9

610

/98

04/9

907

/99

12/9

905

/00

08/0

005

/01

08/0

103

/02

06/0

202

/03

06/0

309

/03

Iraa

n8.

307.

126.

867.

136.

406.

256.

907.

107.

327.

907.

307.

087.

627.

076.

257.

178.

30C

alat

egas

7.07

7.83

7.27

7.50

7.28

7.52

7.60

6.96

8.00

8.10

8.15

7.46

8.33

8.10

6.96

7.66

8.33

Ara

may

wan

8.10

8.03

7.97

7.70

7.83

7.89

7.60

8.24

8.38

7.56

8.71

6.95

6.95

7.91

8.75

Labo

g6.

857.

967.

737.

507.

307.

707.

807.

347.

777.

137.

666.

986.

857.

487.

96T

igap

lan

7.27

7.61

7.50

7.35

7.10

7.38

7.38

7.99

8.30

7.22

8.49

7.70

7.10

7.61

8.49

Abo

rlan

7.60

7.89

7.76

8.15

7.47

8.29

8.10

7.47

7.89

8.29

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

8.20

8.65

8.20

8.38

7.58

8.44

7.59

7.58

8.15

8.65

Pan

itian

8.20

8.16

7.82

7.40

8.15

6.93

6.93

7.78

8.20

Pul

ot8.

188.

147.

398.

277.

247.

247.

848.

27T

amla

ng7.

548.

037.

547.

788.

03

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

17 -

pH

Val

ues

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

n in

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an

1998

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayM

arJu

nS

epD

ecF

ebJu

nA

ugLo

wes

tA

vera

geH

ighe

stN

orth

ern

Pal

awan

:11

/98

04/9

907

/99

01/0

003

/00

07/0

001

/01

05/0

103

/02

06/0

209

/02

12/0

202

/03

06/0

308

/03

Gui

nera

tan

7.60

7.60

7.10

6.60

6.50

7.40

7.00

7.50

7.71

7.35

7.36

7.33

7.01

7.73

6.71

6.50

7.23

7.73

Inan

deng

7.61

6.60

7.20

6.90

5.90

7.18

7.15

7.05

7.79

7.22

6.96

6.99

6.76

7.20

7.40

5.90

7.06

7.79

Abo

ngan

7.80

6.70

6.96

6.96

6.60

7.00

7.45

7.35

7.38

7.26

7.26

7.18

6.81

7.24

7.17

6.60

7.14

7.80

Bac

unga

n8.

348.

228.

148.

307.

238.

337.

247.

237.

948.

34

2002

1999

1999

2000

2001

2001

2003

2003

2002

2000


APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

18 -

Con

cent

ratio

n of

Sus

pend

ed S

olid

s of

Wat

er S

ampl

es f

rom

Riv

er S

tatio

ns i

n S

outh

ern

Pal

awan

1996

1998

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an:

Sep

t.M

ar.

Oct

.A

pr.

July

Dec

.F

eb.

May

May

Aug

Mar

Jun

Feb

Jun

Sep

Dec

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

09/9

603

/98

10/9

804

/99

07/9

912

/99

05/0

008

/00

05/0

108

/01

03/0

206

/02

02/0

306

/03

09/0

312

/03

Iraa

n5

1010

728

910

9020

74

72

476

218

.71

90

Cal

ateg

as8

555

1245

1213

1931

4817

2313

3622

420

536

.25

224

Ara

may

wan

815

3818

3419

721

914

111

150

131

25.4

315

0

Labo

g21

4018

1224

136

5316

1735

236

226

39.4

223

6

Tig

apla

n4

222

66

715

56

64

58

122

7.68

22

Abo

rlan

2035

916

1282

378

827

.38

82

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

214

30

34

55

04.

5014

Pan

itian

1474

1648

3070

1914

38.7

174

Pul

ot11

1717

1447

1010

19.3

347

Tam

lang

524

22

10.3

324

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

19-

Con

cent

ratio

n of

Sus

pend

ed S

olid

s of

Wat

er S

ampl

es f

rom

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an

1998

1999

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an:

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayM

arJu

nS

epD

ecF

ebJu

nA

ugN

ovLo

wes

tA

vera

geH

ighe

st

11/9

804

/99

07/9

901

/00

03/0

007

/00

01/0

105

/01

03/0

206

/02

09/0

212

/02

02/0

306

/03

08/0

311

/03

Gui

nera

tan

1284

102

2215

454

1762

6438

014

422

512

873

780

236

422

4.28

1284

Inan

deng

338

194

1311

1318

1216

714

397

617

58

337

.47

167

Abo

ngan

263

2285

3734

2214

3712

255

1015

4013

524

548

.69

263

Bac

unga

n3

279

220

921

112

12.6

327

2000

2001

2002

2003

2001

2002

2003

1999

2000

154 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

20 -

Tur

bidi

ty (

FT

U)

Rea

ding

s of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

1996

1998

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.O

ct.

Apr

.Ju

lyD

ec.

Feb

.M

ayA

ug.

May

Aug

Mar

Jun

Feb

Jun

Sep

Dec

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an:

09/9

603

/98

10/9

804

/99

07/9

912

/99

02/0

005

/00

08/0

005

/01

08/0

103

/02

06/0

202

/03

06/0

309

/03

12/0

3

Iraa

n6

1116

157

249

856

7518

53

95

447

318

.68

75

Cal

ateg

as12

1165

9.0

5112

.513

.523

1833

5418

1419

4820

624

937

.12

206

Ara

may

wan

1219

3815

.535

20.5

8.5

2718

712

1610

141

157

26.3

014

1

Labo

g22

3911

11.0

23.0

12.0

1096

4412

2547

216

2010

42.0

021

6

Tig

apla

n0

416

43

68.

04

82

33

16

80

5.07

16

Abo

rlan

1437

814

1481

389

826

.88

81

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

24

31

612

31

14.

0012

Pan

itian

1663

448

3673

204

37.1

473

Pul

ot13

1020

1050

99

18.6

750

Tam

lang

829

11

12.6

729

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

21 -

Tur

bidi

ty (

FT

U)

Rea

ding

s of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in N

orth

ern

Pal

awan

1998

1999

2000

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayM

arJu

nS

epD

ecF

ebJu

nA

ugN

ovLo

wes

tAve

rage

Hig

hest

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an:

11/9

804

/99

07/9

901

/00

03/0

007

/00

01/0

105

/01

03/0

206

/02

09/0

212

/02

02/0

306

/03

08/0

311

/03

Gui

nera

tan

689

3314

1638

4313

5650

321

134

196

112

7773

620

013

170.

6773

6

Inan

deng

2915

148

2112

424

1216

020

813

2112

610

431

.06

160

Abo

ngan

221

6138

3535

2613

3714

3912

2010

6611

823

1047

.97

221

Bac

unga

n7

277

1023

2226

117

16.5

627

2001

2002

2003

2001

2002

2003


APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

22 -

Tem

pera

ture

Rea

ding

s of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in S

outh

ern

Pal

awan

1996

1998

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.O

ct.

Apr

.Ju

lyD

ec.

Feb

.M

ayA

ug.

May

Aug

Mar

Jun

Feb

Jun

Sep

Dec

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an:

09/9

603

/98

10/9

804

/99

07/9

912

/99

02/0

005

/00

08/0

005

/01

08/0

103

/02

06/0

202

/03

06/0

309

/03

12/0

3

Iraa

n29

.832

.027

.029

.128

.828

.328

.027

.828

.125

.028

.228

.630

.831

.326

.028

.225

.028

.56

32.0

0

Cal

ateg

as31

.929

.826

.831

.729

.128

.129

.329

.031

.528

.733

.431

.629

.331

.425

.428

.425

.429

.71

33.4

0

Ara

may

wan

31.1

34.8

23.4

31.6

29.2

28.5

30.1

29.8

23.6

31.0

28.6

25.8

28.1

23.4

28.8

834

.80

Labo

g28

.531

.627

.929

.428

.028

.229

.229

.827

.829

.933

.228

.825

.827

.825

.828

.99

33.2

0

Tig

apla

n26

.428

.825

.927

.628

.027

.527

.230

.030

.431

.429

.130

.128

.926

.726

.025

.928

.26

31.4

0

Abo

rlan

28.7

29.9

29.2

30.2

30.8

32.6

26.0

27.8

26.0

29.4

032

.60

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

31.1

29.8

31.2

32.2

29.3

32.8

27.0

28.4

27.0

30.2

232

.80

Pan

itian

28.6

32.0

29.7

33.3

25.5

27.6

25.5

29.4

533

.30

Pul

ot32

.331

.429

.729

.226

.927

.926

.929

.57

32.3

0

Tam

lang

26.4

23.7

23.4

23.4

24.5

026

.40

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

23 -

Tem

pera

ture

Rea

ding

s of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in N

orth

ern

Pal

awan

1998

1999

2000

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayM

arJu

nS

epD

ecF

ebJu

nA

ugN

ovLo

wes

tAve

rage

Hig

hest

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an:

11/9

804

/99

07/9

901

/00

03/0

007

/00

01/0

105

/01

03/0

206

/02

09/0

212

/02

02/0

306

/03

08/0

311

/03

Gui

nera

tan

26.3

28.3

30.1

26.6

28.6

27.3

26.6

27.7

27.0

27.7

27.6

26.2

25.6

28.0

25.3

26.0

25.3

27.1

830

.1

Inan

deng

26.4

28.4

29.6

27.9

29.0

28.3

29.2

30.3

31.6

27.0

29.2

29.4

27.9

28.0

27.4

28.0

26.4

28.6

031

.6

Abo

ngan

26.1

28.7

28.4

27.1

29.0

27.0

28.4

30.6

29.4

28.1

27.7

27.7

29.9

28.0

26.1

28.0

26.1

28.1

430

.6

Bac

unga

n29

.226

.827

.225

.925

.426

.025

.325

.025

.026

.35

29.2

2003

2001

2002

2003

2001

2002

156 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

24 -

Con

cent

ratio

n of

Dis

solv

ed O

xyge

n of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in S

outh

ern

Pal

awan

1996

1998

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.O

ct.

Apr

.Ju

lyF

eb.

May

Aug

.M

ayA

ugF

ebJu

nS

epD

ecLo

wes

t A

vera

geH

ighe

st

Sou

ther

n Pa

law

an09

/96

03/9

810

/98

04/9

907

/99

02/0

005

/00

08/0

005

/01

08/0

102

/03

06/0

309

/03

12/0

3

Iraa

n10

.50

7.89

7.93

4.68

4.88

5.25

6.30

5.0

5.4

5.4

5.1

7.1

7.4

4.68

6.37

10.5

0

Cal

ateg

as7.

448.

824.

854.

905.

075.

605.

25.

47.

04.

47.

17.

64.

406.

118.

82

Ara

may

wan

5.06

7.04

9.96

5.23

5.21

6.03

4.40

7.4

6.5

8.1

7.7

4.40

6.60

9.96

Labo

g7.

317.

924.

805.

206.

805.

906.

387.

74.

66.

37.

64.

606.

407.

92

Tig

apla

n8.

017.

378.

455.

205.

026.

715.

796.

905.

16.

77.

48.

65.

026.

778.

60

Abo

rlan

5.3

5.6

5.6

5.4

7.1

7.3

5.30

6.05

7.30

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

6.4

5.5

5.4

6.6

7.0

8.1

5.40

6.48

8.10

Pan

itian

5.1

6.6

5.4

7.3

7.9

5.10

6.48

7.90

Pul

ot5.

16.

26.

28.

35.

106.

438.

30

Tam

lang

7.7

8.1

9.3

7.70

8.38

9.30

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

25 -

Con

cent

ratio

n of

Dis

solv

ed O

xyge

n of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an

1998

1999

2000

2003

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayA

ugLo

wes

t A

vera

geH

ighe

st

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an11

/98

04/9

907

/99

01/0

003

/00

07/0

001

/01

05/0

108

/03

Gui

nera

tan

7.34

4.94

2.80

6.15

4.9

6.2

7.7

2.80

5.72

7.70

Inan

deng

7.81

4.59

3.07

5.74

5.6

5.4

6.2

3.07

5.49

7.81

Abo

ngan

7.31

4.15

5.40

5.20

4.7

5.4

7.3

4.15

5.64

7.31

Bac

unga

n8.

68.

608.

608.

60

2001

2003

2001

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

n


APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

26 -

Con

duct

ivity

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

1996

1998

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.O

ct.

Apr

.Ju

lyD

ec.

Feb

.M

ayA

ugM

arJu

nF

ebJu

nS

epD

ecLo

wes

t A

vera

geH

ighe

st

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an09

/96

03/9

810

/98

04/9

907

/99

12/9

902

/00

05/0

108

/01

03/0

206

/02

02/0

306

/03

09/0

312

/03

Labo

g44

047

960

227

358

359

327

377

1950

090

341

516

238

346

4155

07.0

6947

960.

00

Iraa

n98

417

9210

096

8898

9592

113

9211

089

9488

119.

604

417.

00

Cal

ateg

as35

022

629

135

835

036

334

131

440

640

441

938

028

037

222

634

6.70

141

9.00

Ara

may

wan

330

418

226

288

280

157

331

301

346

290

254

285

157

292.

088

418.

00

Tig

apla

n14

827

012

717

415

917

617

319

311

718

741

016

816

011

718

9.38

841

0.00

Abo

rlan

144

151

229

182

226

200

138

157

138

178.

375

229.

00

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

231

250

298

307

273

310

265

263

231

274.

625

310.

00

Pan

itian

285

296

268

293

390

228

293

228

342.

167

390.

00P

ulot

327

255

314

290

231

273

231

281.

667

327.

00T

amla

ng15

412

616

512

614

8.33

316

5.00

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

27 -

Con

duct

ivity

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an

1998

1999

2000

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayM

arJu

nS

epD

ecJa

nJu

nA

ugN

ovLo

wes

t A

vera

geH

ighe

stN

orth

ern

Pal

awan

11/9

804

/99

07/9

901

/00

03/0

007

/00

01/0

105

/01

08/0

306

/02

09/0

212

/02

01/0

306

/03

08/0

311

/03

Gui

nera

tan

3782

6465

4275

7475

6666

7472

7390

6580

3768

.644

90In

ande

ng49

5648

4943

5048

4652

4653

5150

7046

4843

50.3

2570

Abo

ngan

4673

6470

2366

6970

7374

6767

6054

6223

62.4

7374

Bac

unga

n47

734

536

144

230

283

378

3033

0.85

747

7

2001

2002

2003

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

n

2001

2002

2003

158 PALAWAN

APPE

NDIX

D-2

. D

ata

on W

ater

Qua

lity

Para

met

ers

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns, P

alaw

an (c

ontin

ued)

.

Data

for F

igur

e 28

- C

olor

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns i

n S

outh

ern

Pal

awan

1996

1998

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.O

ct.

Apr

.Ju

lyD

ec.

Feb

.M

ayA

ug.

May

Aug

Mar

Jun

Feb

Jun

Sep

Dec

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Sout

hern

Pal

awan

09/9

603

/98

10/9

804

/99

07/9

912

/99

02/0

005

/00

08/0

005

/01

08/0

103

/02

06/0

202

/03

06/0

309

/03

12/0

3

Iraan

2958

8176

4312

651

4428

241

398

3127

2310

186

3823

95.0

2941

3

Cal

ateg

as66

3735

244

277

7471

133

8918

828

596

7079

212

1022

131

3718

9.73

510

22

Ara

may

wan

6310

422

981

194

109

4213

889

4255

6426

720

2613

9.71

472

0

Labo

g12

621

739

161

6412

568

5452

324

154

119

170

1014

110

5422

2.46

710

14

Tiga

plan

016

101

2019

3253

2842

1115

158

1345

027

.767

101

Abo

rlan

114

223

3866

5440

415

950

3813

8.50

040

4

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

26

30

937

93

08.

625

37

Pan

itian

8233

885

237

156

356

113

8219

5.28

635

6

Pul

ot62

4581

4222

848

4284

.333

228

Tam

lang

1911

47

746

.667

114

Data

for F

igur

e 29

- Col

or o

f Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an

1998

1999

2000

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayM

arJu

nS

epD

ecFe

bJu

nA

ugN

ovLo

wes

tA

vera

geH

ighe

st

Nor

ther

n Pa

law

an11

/98

04/9

907

/99

01/0

003

/00

07/0

001

/01

05/0

103

/02

06/0

209

/02

12/0

202

/03

06/0

308

/03

11/0

3

Gui

nera

tan

3303

321

7979

196

249

9730

822

316

5673

283

456

235

728

8055

079

776.

531

3303

Inan

deng

159

7985

4011

459

2013

154

792

8957

6798

624

5120

157.

344

792

Abo

ngan

1171

187

207

159

195

130

7022

262

216

5210

811

530

260

013

352

245.

563

1171

Bac

unga

n36

140

4640

115

9412

157

3681

.125

140

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

n

2003

2001

2002

2003

2001

2002


APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

30 -

Chl

orid

e of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

1996

1998

1999

2000

Sep

t.M

ar.

Apr

.Ju

lyD

ec.

Feb

.M

ayA

ug.

May

Aug

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an09

/96

03/9

804

/99

07/9

912

/99

02/0

005

/00

08/0

005

/01

08/0

1

Iraa

n1.

06.

010

.03.

38.

321

.017

.019

.025

.541

.21.

015

.200

25.5

Cal

ateg

as6.

05.

07.

09.

112

.423

.021

.024

.050

.041

.25.

019

.900

50.0

Ara

may

wan

4.0

10.0

5.0

9.9

7.4

15.0

25.0

24.0

4.0

12.5

4025

.0

Labo

g20

.0>1

750

12.0

53.0

9.9

28.0

28.0

17.0

9.9

239.

740

1750

.0

Tig

apla

n2.

05.

04.

05.

86.

619

.526

.018

.02.

010

.860

26.0

Abo

rlan

43.0

33.0

33.0

38.0

0043

.0

Bat

ang-

Bat

ang

44.0

39.6

39.6

41.8

0044

.0

Pan

itian

34.5

Pul

ot

Tam

lang

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

31 -

Chl

orid

e of

Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in N

orth

ern

Pal

awan

1998

1999

2000

2002

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

Mar

.Ju

lyJa

nM

ayJu

nLo

wes

tA

vera

geH

ighe

stN

orth

ern

Pal

awan

11/9

804

/99

07/9

901

/00

03/0

007

/00

01/0

105

/01

06/0

2G

uine

rata

n26

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528

.422

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523

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ande

ng3.

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.029

.521

.021

.522

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021

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35.5

Abo

ngan

33.0

26.0

28.9

32.1

22.5

22.5

25.0

24.5

17.0

17.0

25.7

033

Bac

unga

n28

.028

.028

.00

28

Sam

plin

g 20

01

Sta

tion

2001

Sta

tion

Sam

plin

g

160 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

32 -

Tot

al A

lkal

inity

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

1996

1998

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.A

pr.

July

Dec

.F

eb.

Aug

.M

ayA

ugM

arF

ebJu

nS

epD

ecLo

wes

tA

vera

geH

ighe

st

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an09

/96

03/9

804

/99

07/9

912

/99

02/0

008

/00

05/0

108

/01

03/0

202

/03

06/0

309

/03

12/0

3

Iraa

n18

.021

5.0

28.0

35.0

25.0

36.0

27.0

31.5

33.0

28.0

28.0

43.2

28.5

33.0

18.0

43.5

1421

5.0

Cal

ateg

as17

8.0

53.0

140.

015

3.0

152.

017

8.0

154.

015

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148.

016

8.0

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018

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130

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0

Ara

may

wan

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011

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017

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Tig

apla

n75

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64.0

67.0

66.0

61.0

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67.0

92.0

69.0

73.0

61.0

74.8

3312

3.0

Abo

rlan

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82.0

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ang-

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ang

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511

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8

Pan

itian

118.

012

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512

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013

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112.

012

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112.

012

6.40

014

0.0

Tam

lang

58.5

74.0

74.0

58.5

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3374

.0

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

33 -

Tot

al A

lkal

inity

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an

1999

2000

Apr

.Ju

lyJa

n.M

ar.

July

Jan

May

Mar

Jun

Dec

Jun

Aug

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an04

/99

07/9

901

/00

03/0

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/01

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206

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206

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3

Gui

nera

tan

26.0

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20.5

20.0

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20.0

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16.0

27.0

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15.0

15.0

021

.983

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deng

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2001

2001

2002

2002

2003

2003

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

n


APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

34 -

Tot

al H

ardn

ess

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

1996

2002

Sep

Mar

Oct

Apr

Jul

Dec

Feb

May

Aug

May

Aug

Jun

Feb

Jun

Sep

Dec

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an09

/96

03/9

810

/98

04/9

907

/99

12/9

902

/00

05/0

008

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05/0

108

/01

06/0

202

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06/0

309

/03

12/0

3

Iraa

n31

238

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2931

125

3118

532

3129

3228

3228

61.0

723

8

Cal

ateg

as19

223

818

617

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139

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wan

118

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0

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915

317

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apla

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6

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8

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0

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510

212

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lang

7758

8058

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780

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

35 -

Tot

al h

ardn

ess

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns in

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an

1998

1999

2000

Nov

.A

pr.

July

Jan.

July

Jan

May

Mar

Jun

Dec

Jan

Jun

Aug

Nov

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an11

/98

04/9

907

/99

01/0

007

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01/0

105

/01

03/0

206

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12/0

201

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06/0

308

/03

11/0

3

Gui

nera

tan

830

1916

1713

934

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34

Inan

deng

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162

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0

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0

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unga

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6.43

023

1

2003

2001

2003

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

n

2001

2002

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

n

1998

1999

2000

162 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

36 -

Nitr

ogen

Nitr

ate

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns i

n S

outh

ern

Pal

awan

1996

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.O

ct.

Dec

.F

eb.

May

Aug

.M

ayA

ugM

arJu

nF

ebS

epD

ecLo

wes

tA

vera

geH

ighe

st

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an09

/96

03/9

810

/98

12/9

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/00

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008

/00

05/0

108

/01

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206

/02

02/0

309

/03

12/0

3

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n0.

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240.

400.

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ateg

as0.

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100.

200.

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874

4.6

Ara

may

wan

0.7

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043

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7

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009

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apla

n1.

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837

4.6

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rlan

0.46

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1.00

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61.

0

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ang-

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ang

1.20

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1.50

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5

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itian

0.45

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20.

7

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1.6

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lang

0.90

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30.

9

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

37 -

Nitr

ogen

Nitr

ate

of W

ater

Sam

ples

from

Riv

er S

tatio

ns i

n N

orth

ern

Pal

awan

1998

2000

Nov

.Ja

n.M

ar.

July

Jan

May

Mar

Jun

Sep

Dec

Aug

Nov

Low

estA

vera

geH

ighe

st

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an11

/98

01/0

003

/00

07/0

001

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103

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209

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208

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11/0

3

Gui

nera

tan

1.40

0.05

00.

220.

240.

050

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50.

10.

170.

90.

500.

000.

312

1.4

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deng

7.50

0.04

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80.

120.

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115

0.13

0.6

0.10

0.04

0.78

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5

Abo

ngan

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0.7

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6.7

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unga

n0.

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275

0.12

0.6

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80.

7

2002

2001

2002

2003

2003

1998

2001


APPE

ND

IX D

-2.

Dat

a on

Wat

er Q

ualit

y Pa

ram

eter

s fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

, Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

38 -

Nitr

ogen

Nitr

ite o

f Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

1996

1999

2000

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

nS

ept.

Mar

.Ju

lyD

ec.

Feb

.M

ayA

ug.

May

Aug

Mar

Jun

Feb

Sep

Low

est

Ave

rage

Hig

hest

09/9

603

/98

10/9

812

/99

02/0

005

/00

08/0

005

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08/0

103

/02

06/0

202

/03

09/0

3

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n0.

001

0.00

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ateg

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2

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450

0.00

7

Tam

lang

0.00

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003

0.00

30.

0035

00.

004

Dat

a fo

r Fig

ure

39 -

Nitr

ogen

Nitr

ite o

f Wat

er S

ampl

es fr

om R

iver

Sta

tions

in N

orth

ern

Pal

awan

1999

2000

2003

Apr

.Ju

lyJa

n.M

ar.

July

Jan

May

Mar

Jun

Sep

Dec

Aug

Low

estA

vera

geH

ighe

st

Nor

ther

n P

alaw

an04

/99

07/9

901

/00

03/0

007

/00

01/0

105

/01

03/0

206

/02

09/0

212

/02

08/0

3

Gui

nera

tan

0.01

50.

005

0.00

40.

003

0.01

90.

008

0.00

10.

003

0.11

90.

038

0.02

40.

001

0.00

10.

0200

00.

119

Inan

deng

0.00

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n0.

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005

1998

2001

2003

Sam

plin

g S

tatio

n

2002

Sou

ther

n P

alaw

an

2001

2002

164 PALAWAN

APPENDIX D-2. Data on Water Quality Parameters from River Stations, Palawan (continued).

Data for Figure 40 Phophorous(as Total Phosphates) Concentration of

Water Samples from River Stations in Southern Palawan

2000 2003

Aug Feb Lowest Average Highest

Southern Palawan

08/00 02/03

Calategas 0.33 0.03 0.33 0.18 0.03

Calategas 0.37 0.11 0.37 0.24 0.11

Aramaywan 0.32 0.2 0.32 0.23 0.20

Labog 0.47 0.32 0.47 0.40 0.32

Tigaplan 0.30 0.22 0.30 0.26 0.22

Aborlan 0.17 0.17 0.17

Batang-Batang 0.15 0.15 0.15

Panitian 0.30 0.30 0.30

Pulot 0.22 0.22 0.22

Tamlang 0.25 0.25 0.25

Data for Figure 41 Phophorous (as Total Phosphates) Concentration of Water Samples

from River Stations in Norther Palawan

2000

Sampling Station Jan. Mar. July Jan May Lowest Average Highest

Northern Palawan

01/00 03/00 07/00 01/01 05/01

Guineratan 0.20 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.12 0.20

Inandeng 0.15 0.0203 0.26 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.09 0.26

Abongan 0.34 0.68 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.26 0.68

2001

Sampling Station


APPE

ND

IX E

-1.

Lis

t of M

angr

ove

Spec

ies,

Pro

vinc

e of

Pal

awan

.

MU

NIC

IPA

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2004

2000

2002

2001

2003

2003

2002

2002

2003

2000

2000

2000

2001

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guie

ra p

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flora

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arai

xx

xx

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xx

15A

egic

eras

flor

idum

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duk-

tindu

kan

xx

xx

x16

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oeca

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a-bu

tax

xx

xx

xx

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egic

eras

cor

nicu

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x18

Tarr

ietia

syl

vatic

a19

Avi

cenn

ia m

arin

aB

unga

lon

xx

xx

xx

x20

Avi

cenn

ia a

lba

Pia

pix

x21

Avi

cenn

ia o

ffici

nalis

Api

-api

xx

xx

22A

vice

nnia

lana

taB

unga

lon

xx

23X

yloc

arpu

s ru

mph

ii

1S

cyph

ipho

ra h

ydro

philla

cea

Nila

dx

xx

x2

Her

itier

a lit

tora

lisD

ungo

n-la

tix

xx

xx

xx

x3

Lum

nitz

era

litto

rea

Sag

asa

xx

4N

ypa

frutic

ans

Nip

ax

xx

xx

5H

isbi

scus

tilia

ceus

Mal

ubag

ox

6A

cros

tichu

m a

ureu

mLa

golo

xx

7S

apiu

m in

dicu

m8

Thes

pesi

a po

puln

eaB

anilo

9E

ryth

rina

orie

ntal

isD

apda

p10

Ints

ia b

ijuga

Ipil

11P

anda

nus

tect

oriu

sP

rickl

y pa

ndan

12La

gers

troem

ia s

peci

osa

Ban

aba

13O

rchi

dsx

x14

Bau

hini

mal

abar

ica

But

a-bu

ta

SPEC

IES

True

Man

grov

es

Man

grov

e A

ssoc

iate

s

166 PALAWAN

APPENDIX E-1. List of Mangrove Species, Province of Palawan (continued).

MUNICIPALITY2000 1999 2001 1999 1999

Araceli Culion Dumaran Busuanga Coron

1 RhizophoraBakauan-bato x x x x x2 RhizophoraBakauan-babae x x x x x3 RhizophoraBakauan-lalake x x x x x4 Sonneratia Pedada x5 Ceriops tagTangal x x x x6 Bruguiera gBusain x x x x x7 Bruguiera sPototan x x x x8 Sonneratia Pagatpat x x x x x9 Bruguiera cPototan-lalake x x

10 XylocarpusTabigi x x x x11 Ceriops de Malatangal x x x x x12 LumnitzeraKulasi13 XylocarpusPiagau x x x x14 Bruguiera pLangarai x15 Aegiceras fTinduk-tindukan x16 ExcoecariaButa-buta x17 Aegiceras cSaging-saging x18 Tarrietia sylvatica x19 Avicennia mBungalon20 Avicennia aPiapi21 Avicennia oApi-api x22 Avicennia l Bungalon23 Xylocarpus rumphii x

1 ScyphiphorNilad x x2 Heritiera lit Dungon-lati x x x3 LumnitzeraSagasa x x x x4 Nypa frutic Nipa x5 Hisbiscus t Malubago x6 AcrostichumLagolo x x7 Sapium indicum x8 Thespesia Banilo x9 Erythrina o Dapdap x

10 Intsia bijugaIpil x11 Pandanus Prickly pandan x12 Lagerstroe Banaba x13 Orchids14 Bauhini maButa-buta x

SPECIES

True Mangroves

Mangrove Associates


APPE

ND

IX E

-2. L

ist o

f Sea

gras

s Sp

ecie

s, P

rovi

nce

of P

alaw

an.

2002

2002

1999

2003

1999

2000

2000

2001

2003

2003

2003

2001

2002

2002

Agu

taya

Nar

raR

oxas

Bat

araz

aC

ulio

nA

race

liB

rook

e's

Que

zon

Riz

alA

borla

nC

uyo

Sof

roni

oM

ag-

El

Poi

ntE

spañ

ola

says

ayN

ido

1E

nhal

us a

coro

ides

Enh

ax

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x2

Cym

odoc

ea ro

tund

ata

Cyr

ox

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x3

Hal

odul

e un

iner

vis

Hdu

nx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

4Th

alas

sia

hem

pric

hii

Tha

lx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x5

Syr

ingo

dium

isoe

tifol

ium

Syr

ix

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

6H

alop

hila

ova

lisH

ovs

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

7Th

alas

sode

ndro

n ci

liatu

mT

hci

xx

xx

xx

8H

alod

ule

pini

folia

Hdp

ix

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x9

Cym

odoc

ea s

erru

lata

Cys

ex

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

10H

alop

hila

bec

carii

Hab

ex

xx

xx

xx

xx

11H

alop

hila

min

orH

min

xx

xx

x12

Hal

ophi

la s

p.H

alo

x13

Hal

ophi

la d

ecip

iens

Had

ex

x

SEA

GR

ASS

SPE

CIE

S

2001

1999

2000

2001

1999

Dum

aran

Bus

uang

a nS

anT

ayta

yC

oron

Vic

ente

1E

nhal

us a

coro

ides

Enh

ax

xx

xx

2C

ymod

ocea

rotu

ndat

aC

yro

xx

xx

x3

Hal

odul

e un

iner

vis

Hdu

nx

xx

xx

4Th

alas

sia

hem

pric

hii

Tha

lx

xx

xx

5S

yrin

godi

um is

oetif

oliu

mS

yri

xx

xx

6H

alop

hila

ova

lisH

ovs

xx

xx

x7

Thal

asso

dend

ron

cilia

tum

Thc

ix

8H

alod

ule

pini

folia

Hdp

ix

xx

x9

Cym

odoc

ea s

erru

lata

Cys

ex

xx

xx

10H

alop

hila

bec

carii

Hab

ex

xx

11H

alop

hila

min

orH

min

xx

x12

Hal

ophi

la s

p.H

alo

13H

alop

hila

dec

ipie

nsH

ade

x

SEA

GR

ASS

SPE

CIE

S

168 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX E

-3.

List

of S

eaw

eed

Spec

ies,

Pro

vinc

e of

Pal

awan

.

2002

2002

1999

2003

1999

2000

2000

2001

2003

2003

2003

2001

2002

2002

Agu

taya

Nar

raR

oxas

Bat

araz

aC

ulio

nA

race

liB

rook

e's

Que

zon

Riz

alA

borla

nC

uyo

Sof

roni

oM

ag-

El

Poi

ntE

spañ

ola

says

ayN

ido

1H

alim

eda

opun

tiaH

aop

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

2H

alim

eda

mac

rolo

baH

ama

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

3A

ctin

otric

hia

sp.

Act

ix

xx

xx

xx

xx

x4

Avr

ainv

illea

sp.

Avl

ax

xx

x5

Val

onia

sp.

Val

ox

xx

xx

xx

6D

icty

ota

cerv

icor

nis

Dic

ex

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

7P

adin

a sp

.P

adi

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

8C

aule

rpa

serr

ulat

aC

asr

xx

xx

xx

xx

9C

aule

rpa

sertu

lario

ides

Cas

tx

xx

xx

xx

x10

Cau

lerp

a ra

cem

osa

Car

ax

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

11G

alax

aura

obl

onga

taG

alo

xx

x12

Sar

gass

um s

p.S

arg

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

x13

Cod

ium

edu

leC

odi

xx

xx

xx

xx

x14

Udo

tea

orie

ntal

isU

dor

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

15H

alim

eda

cylin

drac

eaH

acy

xx

xx

xx

xx

x16

Neo

mer

is s

p.N

eom

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

17C

aule

rpa

broc

hypu

sC

aba

xx

x18

Cha

etom

orph

a cr

assa

Chc

rx

xx

19H

ypne

a sp

.H

ypn

xx

xx

xx

xx

x20

Dic

tyos

phae

ria c

aver

nosa

Dic

ax

21E

uche

uma

sp.

Euc

hx

xx

22G

raci

laria

sal

icor

nia

Gra

sx

xx

xx

x23

Gra

cila

ria fi

rma

Gra

fx

24C

hlor

odes

mis

hild

ebra

ndtii

Chh

ix

x25

Ent

erom

orph

a in

test

inal

isE

nte

xx

xx

26G

raci

laris

sp.

Gra

cx

xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

27La

uren

cia

sp.

Laur

xx

xx

28H

ydro

clat

us c

lath

ratu

sH

ydr

xx

xx

29A

nady

omen

e pl

icat

aA

nad

x30

Turb

inar

ia s

p.T

urb

xx

xx

xx

x31

Am

phiro

a sp

.A

mph

x32

Cau

lerp

a ta

xifo

liaC

ata

xx

xx

xx

xx

33C

aule

rpa

lent

ilifer

aC

ale

xx

xx

xx

34C

aule

rpa

mic

roph

ysa

Cam

ix

35D

icty

osph

aeria

ver

slys

ilD

ive

x36

Hal

imed

aH

ali

x37

Ulv

a re

ticul

ata

Ulre

x38

Val

onia

fast

igia

taV

afa

x39

Chl

orod

esm

is fa

stig

iata

Chf

ax

x40

Cod

ium

ara

bicu

mC

oar

xx

xx

SEA

WEE

D S

PEC

IES


APPE

NDIX

E-3

. Li

st o

f Sea

wee

d Sp

ecie

s, P

rovi

nce

of P

alaw

an (c

ontin

ued)

.

2001

1999

2000

2001

1999

Dum

aran

Bus

uang

anS

anT

ayta

yC

oron

Vic

ente

1H

alim

eda

opun

tiaH

aop

xx

xx

x2

Hal

imed

a m

acro

loba

Ham

ax

xx

xx

3A

ctin

otric

hia

sp.

Act

ix

x4

Avr

ainv

illea

sp.

Avl

a5

Val

onia

sp.

Val

ox

6D

icty

ota

cerv

icor

nis

Dic

ex

xx

x7

Pad

ina

sp.

Pad

ix

xx

xx

8C

aule

rpa

serr

ulat

aC

asr

xx

xx

9C

aule

rpa

sertu

lario

ides

Cas

tx

x10

Cau

lerp

a ra

cem

osa

Car

ax

xx

11G

alax

aura

obl

onga

taG

alo

xx

12S

arga

ssum

sp.

Sar

gx

xx

x13

Cod

ium

edu

leC

odi

14U

dote

a or

ient

alis

Udo

rx

xx

x15

Hal

imed

a cy

lindr

acea

Hac

yx

x16

Neo

mer

is s

p.N

eom

xx

xx

x17

Cau

lerp

a br

ochy

pus

Cab

ax

18C

haet

omor

pha

cras

saC

hcr

19H

ypne

a sp

.H

ypn

xx

20D

icty

osph

aeria

cav

erno

saD

ica

21E

uche

uma

sp.

Euc

hx

22G

raci

laria

sal

icor

nia

Gra

s23

Gra

cila

ria fi

rma

Gra

f24

Chl

orod

esm

is h

ildeb

rand

tiiC

hhi

25E

nter

omor

pha

inte

stin

alis

Ent

e26

Gra

cila

ris s

p.G

rac

xx

27La

uren

cia

sp.

Laur

28H

ydro

clat

us c

lath

ratu

sH

ydr

xx

x29

Ana

dyom

ene

plic

ata

Ana

d30

Turb

inar

ia s

p.T

urb

xx

x31

Am

phiro

a sp

.A

mph

x32

Cau

lerp

a ta

xifo

liaC

ata

xx

x33

Cau

lerp

a le

ntilif

era

Cal

e34

Cau

lerp

a m

icro

phys

aC

ami

35D

icty

osph

aeria

ver

slys

ilD

ive

36H

alim

eda

Hal

i37

Ulv

a re

ticul

ata

Ulre

38V

alon

ia fa

stig

iata

Vaf

a39

Chl

orod

esm

is fa

stig

iata

Chf

a40

Cod

ium

ara

bicu

mC

oar

x

SEA

WEE

D S

PEC

IES

170 PALAWAN

APPE

ND

IX E

-3.

List

of S

eaw

eed

Spec

ies,

Pro

vinc

e of

Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

2002

2002

1999

2003

1999

2000

2000

2001

2003

2003

2003

2001

2002

2002

Agu

taya

Nar

raR

oxas

Bat

araz

aC

ulio

nA

race

liB

rook

e's

Que

zon

Riz

alA

borla

nC

uyo

Sof

roni

oM

ag-

El

Poi

ntE

spañ

ola

says

ayN

ido

41M

asto

pora

rose

aM

aro

xx

42C

lado

phor

a v

agab

unda

Cla

vx

43La

uren

cia

nidi

fica

Lani

xx

44Ja

nia

sp.

Jani

ax

x45

Hal

imed

a in

cras

sata

Hai

ncx

xx

46La

uren

cia

papi

llosa

Laup

x47

Hyp

nea

boe

rges

enii

Hyb

ox

48D

icty

ota

cave

rnos

aD

ica

x49

Cau

lerp

a cu

pres

siod

esC

auc

x50

Cau

lerp

a ur

villa

naC

aur

xx

51C

odiu

m e

duli

Coe

dx

x52

Tyde

mar

ia e

xped

ition

isT

yex

xx

53A

cata

bula

ria m

ajor

Acm

ax

54Li

agor

a ce

rano

ides

Lice

x55

Liag

ora

farin

osa

Lifa

x56

Aca

ntho

pora

spi

cife

raA

csp

x57

Bry

opsi

s pl

umos

oB

rlpx

58U

lva

Ulv

ax

59C

odiu

m s

p.C

oge

x60

Ana

dyom

ene

plic

ata

Anp

lx

61S

phac

elar

is tr

ibul

oide

sS

ptr

62H

alim

enia

dila

tata

Had

i63

Cau

lerp

a in

cras

sata

Cac

u64

Hal

imed

a ve

lasq

uezi

iH

ave

65A

ceta

bula

ria s

p.A

cet

66H

alic

oryn

e w

right

iiH

awr

67A

urai

nville

a er

ecta

Ave

r68

Dic

tyot

a di

chot

oma

Did

i69

Gra

cila

ria v

erru

cosa

Gra

v

SEA

WEE

D S

PEC

IES


APPE

ND

IX E

-3.

List

of S

eaw

eed

Spec

ies,

Pro

vinc

e of

Pal

awan

(con

tinue

d).

2001

1999

2000

2001

1999

Dum

aran

Bus

uang

a nS

anT

ayta

yC

oron

Vic

ente

41M

asto

pora

rose

aM

aro

xx

42C

lado

phor

a v

agab

unda

Cla

v43

Laur

enci

a ni

dific

aLa

ni44

Jani

a sp

.Ja

nia

x45

Hal

imed

a in

cras

sata

Hai

ncx

x46

Laur

enci

a pa

pillo

saLa

up47

Hyp

nea

boe

rges

enii

Hyb

o48

Dic

tyot

a ca

vern

osa

Dic

a49

Cau

lerp

a cu

pres

siod

esC

auc

50C

aule

rpa

urvi

llana

Cau

rx

xx

51C

odiu

m e

duli

Coe

dx

52Ty

dem

aria

exp

editi

onis

Tye

xx

xx

53A

cata

bula

ria m

ajor

Acm

a54

Liag

ora

cera

noid

esLi

ce55

Liag

ora

farin

osa

Lifa

56A

cant

hopo

ra s

pici

fera

Acs

p57

Bry

opsi

s pl

umos

oB

rlp58

Ulv

a U

lva

59C

odiu

m s

p.C

oge

60A

nady

omen

e pl

icat

aA

npl

x61

Sph

acel

aris

trib

uloi

des

Spt

rx

62H

alim

enia

dila

tata

Had

ix

63C

aule

rpa

incr

assa

taC

acu

x64

Hal

imed

a ve

lasq

uezi

iH

ave

x65

Ace

tabu

laria

sp.

Ace

tx

66H

alic

oryn

e w

right

iiH

awr

x67

Aur

ainv

illea

erec

taA

ver

x68

Dic

tyot

a di

chot

oma

Did

ix

69G

raci

laria

ver

ruco

saG

rav

x

SEA

WEE

D S

PEC

IES

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