Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

This language pack has been designed to help you get a good grasp of the basics of

Ancient Greek before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar

of Reading Greek Sections 1–10.

You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at

Cambridge. You will be expected to:

• identify any Greek word from the Reading Greek list included here

• write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be

given a starter form)

• write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here

(you will be given a starter form)

• translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you

will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack)

This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final

grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and

then, and to assist us and your Director of Studies in ensuring that we have got the

right people in the right groups from the start.

You do not need to own Reading Greek or to have worked with Reading Greek in order to

prepare for this assessment: all the material to be tested is presented here. If you have

worked with a different coursebook and would like advice on what the equivalent level

of attainment would be in your book, then contact us here at the Faculty.

As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the

following resources helpful.

We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. H. W.

Smyth’s Greek Grammar (revised by G. M. Messing) (ISBN 0-674-36250-0) is the most

extensive one-volume grammar in English; it can be found new or used for between £25

and £30; try to find a hardcover version as this will last better. Alternatively, W. W.

Goodwin’s Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN 1-85399-522-3) for about £20,

though second-hand copies can be found for as cheap as £5 on amazon.co.uk and

bookfinder.com. Again, hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than the new

paperback edition. (Avoid the Elementary version of this grammar; you can in fact

download the entire correct version for free from textkit.com, though printing it will

be a chore.)

There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there (e.g. Abbot and

Mansfield or Morwood), but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars

and simply do not have enough information to help you understand Ancient Greek at

the level required by your set texts (e.g. you will find very little help with advanced

syntax or the language of Homer in these).

If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the word-tables (or paradigms)

to supplement your grammar (though all the forms will be found in Smyth and

Goodwin), then we recommend H. J. K. Usher’s Outline of Greek Accidence. We will,

however, provide many paradigms here and in our Faculty classes, and you will find a

variety of supplementary online materials at:

http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2014

In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts we will meet in our

classes you will find these volumes helpful:

• A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888)

• English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman (ISBN-13: 978-0-93-403434-0;

ISBN-10: 0-93-403434-6)

As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend H. G. Liddell and R. Scott’s Abridged

Greek Lexicon (ISBN-13: 978-0-19-910205-1; ISBN-10: 0-19-910205-8); the Intermediate

version of this Lexicon is perhaps better, in that it has longer entries, but it has no

more entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and more expensive. The massive,

£140 Greek-English “LSJ” is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary for normal

reading purposes, though you can download it for free via a PC and Mac application

called “Diogenes” that’s online (just Google it) and even loaded into an iPhone very

cheaply via an app called “Ancient Greek” or one called “Lexiphanes” from the Apple

App Store.

You will find in this pack:

• a checklist of grammatical topics covered in Reading Greek 1–10

• a vocabulary list consisting of all the words in Reading Greek 1-10

• most of the paradigms presented in Reading Greek 1-10 (plus much more additional

information)

• a list of verb principal parts in Reading Greek 1–10

We have created two online activities to complement the pack:

• http://www.quia.com/jg/1994849.html (vocabulary tester)

• http://www.quia.com/jg/1994893.html (principal parts tester)

Good luck with your studies and see you soon!

checklist of grammar topics for Intensive Greek students On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some

choice): Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary from Reading Greek 1–10 (supplied here)

Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word listed on this page (you will be given a starter form—no dual forms are expected): N.B. not every paradigm required has been supplied n the pack

Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in this pack (you

will be given a starter form) Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as specified below

The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all.

adjectives and nouns, etc. • understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives

• declension and use of the definite article • noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (complete list and some tables

supplied in this pack)

• form and use of demonstratives, !"# and !$#, %&'("#, and )&!*# • form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns • form and use of comparatives, including irregulars for +,)-*#, .).*#, .)/*#, 01,)#, and 2%/3#

verbs • understanding of person, number, tense, voice, and mood in verbs

• understanding of verbal ‘aspect’ • conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (e.g. /34) in the present, imperfect, aorist, and future (indicative, imperative, and optative only—no subjunctive),

active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)

• conjugation of contract verbs in the present and imperfect indicative, active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) • conjugation of (50" ‘be’, (60$ ‘shall go’, and %6') ‘know’ in the present, past, and future; optative and imperative (no subjunctive), including participles

and infinitives (supplied in pack)

• understanding of contract futures, e.g. 0174 fut. 0(78 • understanding of 1st (= sigmatic) and 2nd aorists (thematic e.g. 9:)/%7 and athematic [= root] e.g. 9:;7) • root aorists 9:;7 and 9,747, plus infinitives and participles

• conjugation of <;0", '37)0)$, =2">!)0)$, and '"'40$, plus infinitives and participles

syntax • understanding of prepositions as occasioned in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (supplied in pack) • constructions with comparative adjectives • form and use of participles; understanding of participles used adverbially (= circumstantially)

• understanding of verbs that take participles, e.g. !?,@A74 • understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. :%3/%0)$ • understanding of indirect speech and indirect question

• understanding of optative + B7 N.B. You are not responsible for every form that appears in the tables supplied in the language pack (e.g. dual forms of any word or aorist passives or

the poetic forms of (50" ), only those forms covered by the descriptions above. The tables are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (e.g. when reading Homer). Note too that you will find many words printed with both iota subscript (e.g. C) and adscript (4$) forms as an aid to recognition; sometimes long (e.g. D) and short (E) marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements.

conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms

substantives 1. alpha stems (5 paradigms): !"#$%, &'"(), *+,)!!-, $).!%/, $0)$1)/

2. omicron stems (5): 2$*(345/, 67(5$, $58/, 9)$58$, $07/

3. consonant stems (15): :,41/, ;"(3$, 4(<;'), =>!3(, ?;@$, ?$>(, !(A>(%/, ;"$5/, ;"()/, B(3/, 4C,A/,

2D!E, F#*./, G)DA,0./, $)8/

4. adjectives (13): ?;)*C/, 2HA5/, I,03/, #(ED58/, ?,%*>/, 0J0,4A/, G0,!13$, &6./, '",)/, #)(10A/, 4</,

'";)/, 45,./

5. comparatives (10): ?;)*C/, 9)9C/, 9),C/, '";)/, '19(5/, K,1;5/, 45,./, =L6A5/, !)#./, M1,5/

6. participles (8): ,.3$, ,.D)/, ,E*01/, 6A65./, 60A9$./, ,0,E9@/, !A'7$, 45A7$

7. pronouns (13): :;@, )N!C/, :')E!C$, :'C/, ?,,>,5E/, O, P60, 5Q!5/, :90R$5/, !1/ & !A/, P/, PD!A/

8. adverbs

9. correlatives

verbs !"#$, !%#&, '%()

10. 0F'1 sum (7): pres. ind., inf., ptc., subj., opt. impv., impf.

11. 0S'A ibo (5): ‘—’

12. 5S6) (7): ‘—’

-* verbs: +,*

13. ,.3 present tense stem (10): active & middle/passive, etc.

14. ,.3 aorist tense stem (T,ED): first aorists) (12): active, middle, and passive

15. ,.3 perfect tense stem (,",E9): first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2): act. and m./p.

16. ,.3 future simple tense (,.D3) (6): active, middle, and passive

contract verbs 17. !A'+3: alpha contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive

18. 45A"3: epsilon contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive

19. 6%,C3: omicron contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive

20. irregular contracts 1 (15: U+3 5, #(+5')A 5, and =A;C3 5)

21. irregular contracts 2 (10: 4,"3 5 + 6"5')A 5)

root forms, etc. 22. thematic root aorists: T,A45$ (10=5x2)

23. athematic root aorists: TG%$ 4, T;$3$ 4, and T6E$ 4 (12=3x4)

24. second perfects: ID!%'A + 6"65A9) (10=2x5)

25. consonant stem perfects: ,",0A'')A 9!, (12=6x2)

-#& verbs: the ‘big four’ & varia 26. 6163'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive

27. T639) aor. (12): active, middle, and passive

28. !1*%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive

29. T*%9) aor. (12): active, middle, and passive

30. ID!%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive

31. TD!%D) aor. (16): active (1st and 2nd aor.), middle, and passive

32. I%'A pres. (10): active & middle/passive

33. 0V9) aor. (12): active, middle, and passive

34. 6019$E'A (10): active & middle/passive

35. W')A, 9+*%')A, and 90R')A present stem forms (13=3+5+5)

36. M%'1 and X'1 present stem forms (6=5+1)

TOTAL 364 key paradigms

first or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms

! "#$%& (Attic & for '-stem =Reading Greek 1a) ‘craft’

sing. dual pl. nom. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() voc. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() acc. "#$%&% "#$%' "#$%'* gen. "#$%&* "#$%()% "+$%,% dat. "#$%- / "#$%&) "#$%()% "#$%()*

! !.#/' (' stem =RG 1b) ‘day’ (N.B. Ionic shows & for these words: !.#/&)

sing. dual pl. nom. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() voc. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() acc. !.#/'% !.#/' !.#/'* gen. !.#/'* !.#/()% !.+/,% dat. !.#/0 / !.#/() !.#/()% !.#/()*

! 123(""4 (4 stem =RG 1c) ‘sea’

sing. dual pl. nom. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() voc. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() acc. 123(""4% 1(32""' 1(32""'* gen. 1(32""&* 1(32""()% 1(3("",% dat. 1(32""- / 1(32""&) 1(32""()% 1(32""()*

5 %(6"&* (Attic & for '-stem masculine =RG 1d) ‘sailor’

sing. dual pl. nom. %(6"&* %(6"' %(7"() voc. %(7"4 %(6"' %(7"() acc. %(6"&% %(6"' %(6"'* gen. %(6"89 %(6"()% %(9",% dat. %(6"- / %(6"&) %(6"()% %(6"()*

5 %+'%:'* ('-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) ‘young man’

sing. dual pl. nom. %+'%:'* %+'%:' %+'%:() voc. %+'%:' %+'%:' %+'%:() acc. %+'%:'v %+'%:' %+'%:'* gen. %+'%:89 %+'%:()% %+'%),% dat. %+'%:0 / %+'%:() %+'%:()% %+'%:()*

N.B. '-stem contracts such as ! ;< (< ;+'- ‘earth’), ! .%= (< .%('- ‘mina’), 5 >/.<* (< >/.+'- ‘Hermes’), and 5 ?8//=*

(< ?8/+'-) decline like "#$%&, !.#/', %(6"&*, and %+'%:'* respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases.

second or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms

!/" #$%&'()* (=RG 2a) ‘man’, ‘woman’, ‘human being’

sing. dual pl. nom. #$%&'()* +$%&,(' #$%&'()- voc. #$%&'(. +$%&,(' #$%&'()- acc. #$%&'()$ +$%&,(' +$%&,()/* gen. +$%&,()/ +$%&,()-$ +$%&,('$ dat. +$%&,(0 / +$%&,('- +$%&,()-$ +$%&,()-*

12 34&)$ (=RG 2b) ‘gift’

sing. dual pl. nom. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 voc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 acc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 gen. 3,&)/ 3,&)-$ 3,&'$ dat. 3,&0 / 3,&'- 3,&)-$ 3,&)-*

! $)6* (contracted from $7)-*) ‘mind’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)

sing. dual pl. nom. $)6* (< $7)-*) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) voc. $)6 (< $7.) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) acc. $)6$ (< $7)-$) $, (< $7') $)6* ($7)/*) gen. $)6 (< $7)/) $):$ (< $7)-$) $4$ (< $7'$) dat. $; / $4- (< $7'-) $):$ (< $7)-$) $):* (< $7)-*)

12 <5$)6$ (contracted from <5$=)-$) ‘basket’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)

sing. dual pl. nom. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) voc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) acc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) gen. <5$)6 (< <5$=)/) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$4$ (< <5$='$) dat. <5$; / <5$4- (< <5$='-) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$):* (< <5$=)-*)

! $.,* (so-called ‘Attic declension’ because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) ‘temple’

sing. dual pl. nom. $.,* (Ionic $?7-*) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) voc. $.,* (no special form) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) acc. $.,$ (Ion. $?7-$) $., (Ion. $?,) $.,* (Ion. $?)B*) gen. $., (Ion. $?)6) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.,$ (Ion. $?4$) dat. $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?;) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.@* / $.,-* (Ion. $?):*)

similar words: ! C.$=D.'*, " E'* ‘dawn’ (Ion. F,*), ! D.,* ‘people’ (Ion. DG7*), ! <HD'* ‘cable’ (Ion. <HD)*)

third or consonant-stem declension nouns

three key stop stems: ‘stops’ are labials (!, ", #), palatals ($, %, &), and dentals (', (, ))

* +,!-. (+,!/(-) ‘hope’ (=RG 3a * 012)

3 %4560 (%7580'-) ‘old man’

'9 !5:%;< (!5=%;<'-) ‘thing’ (=RG 3b) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. +,!-. +,!-(7 +,!-(7. %4560 %4580'7 %4580'7. !5:%;< !5>%;<'7 !5>%;<'< voc. +,!- +,!-(7 +,!-(7. %4580 %4580'7 %4580'7. !5:%;< !5>%;<'7 !5>%;<'< acc. +,!-(< +,!-(7 +,!-(<. %4580'< %4580'7 %4580'<. !5:%;< !5>%;<'7 !5>%;<'< gen. +,!-(8. +,!-(8/0 +,!-(60 %4580'8. %75?0'8/0 %75?0'60 !5>%;<'8. !5<%;>'8/0 !5<%;>'60 dat. +,!-(/ +,!-(8/0 +,!-@/(0) %4580'/ %75?0'8/0 %458A@/(0) !5>%;<'/ !5<%;>'8/0 !5>%;<@/(0) Cf. * )5-2 ‘hair’: )5-2, )5-2, '5-&<, '5/&?., '5/&-, etc. and 3/* B50C. ‘bird’: B50C., B50C, B50C0, B50C)8., B50C)/, etc. (similarly * &>5/. ‘grace’). three key liquid (,, 5) & nasal (0) stems

3 DE'65 (DF'85-) ‘speaker’

3 G%H0 (G%60-) ‘contest’ (=RG 3a 3 ,/;E0)

3 G0E5 (G075- or G0(5-) ‘man’ sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. DE'65 DE'857 DE'857. G%H0 G%I07 G%I07. G0E5 J05(7 J0(57. voc. DK'85 DE'857 DE'857. G%H0 G%I07 G%I07. J075 J05(7 J0(57. acc. DE'85< DE'857 DE'85<. G%I0< G%I07 G%I0<. J0(5< J05(7 J0(5<. gen. DE'858. DF'?58/0 DF'?560 G%I08. G%H08/0 G%H060 G0(5?. G0(58L0 G0(5I0 dat. DE'85/ DF'?58/0 DE'85@/(0) G%I0/ G%H08/0 G%I@/(0) G0(5- G0(58L0 G0(5>@/(0) three key sigma stems (stems in –7. and –<. with intervocalic @ disappearing; M.N. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)

3 '5/E5F. ('5/F57@-) ‘trireme’ (=RG 3d)

'9 %408. (%707@-) ‘kind’ (=RG 3c '9 !,K)8.)

'9 %45<. (%75<@-) ‘prize’ sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. '5/E5F. '5/E57/ (<77) '5/E57/. (<77.) %408. %407/ %40F (<7<) %45<. %45= (<<7) %45= (<<<) voc. '5/K57. '5/E57/ '5/E57/. %408. %407/ %40F %45<. %45= %45= acc. '5/E5F (<7<) '5/E57/ '5/E57/. %408. %407/ %40F %45<. %45= %45= gen. '5/E58A. (<78.) '5/E58/0 '5/E560 (<760) %408A. %708L0 %70I0 %456. (<<8.) %75O0 / %75I/0 %75I0 dat. '5/E57/ '5/E58/0 '5/E57@/(0) (<7@@/) %407/ %708L0 %407@/(0) %45</ %75O0 / %75I/0 %45<@/(0) M.N. P6$5>'F. like '5/E5F. yet Q75/$,K., Q75-$,7/., Q75/$,4=, Q75/$,48A., Q75/$,7L: stem is Q75/$,7(ϝ)7@-. N.B. * <R(H. ‘shame’ is the only –8. stem in Attic: <R(H., <R(H., <R(I (<8<), <R(8S. (<88.), <R(8L (similarly Ionic * TH. ‘dawn’).

six key semivowel stems

! "#$% (&#$ϝ-) ‘hero’

& '()*% ('+)*-) ‘city’ (=RG 3e)

,- ./,0 (1/,0-) ‘town’ (=RG 3f)

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()*% '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3

voc. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()* '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3

acc. "#$4 / "#$ / "#$5 "#$2 "#$4% / "#$% '()*5 '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3

gen. "#$+% / "#$ &#6+*5 &#6$5 '()2$% (-+% Trag.) '+)7+*5 '()2$5 ./,2$% 1/,7+*5 ./,2$5

dat. "#$* / "#8 / "#$* &#6+*5 "#$/*(5) '()2* '+)7+*5 '()2/*(5) ./,2* 1/,7+*5 ./,2/*(5)

! 9:;<% (9:;0-) ‘fish’ (=RG 3h =>#<%)

! ?4/*)2<% ‘king’ (=RG 3g)

& 54@% ‘ship’

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. 9:;<% 9:;<2 9:;<2% ?4/*)2<% ?4/*)A ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@% 5A2 5A2%

voc. 9:;< 9:;<2 9:;<2% ?4/*)2@ ?4/*)A ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@ 5A2 5A2%

acc. 9:;<5 9:;<2 9:;@% ?4/*)7C ?4/*)A ?4/*)7C% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@5 5A2 54@%

gen. 9:;<+% 9:;<+*5 9:;<$5 ?4/*)7$% ?4/*)7+*5 ?4/*)7$5 526% 52+B5 52D5

dat. 9:;<E 9:;<+*5 9:;</*(5) ?4/*)2B ?4/*)7+*5 ?4/*)2@/*(5) 53F 52+B5 540/G(5)

N.B. stems in –+*: & '2*;6 ‘persuasion’: '2*;6, '2*;+B, '2*;6, '2*;+@%, '2*;+B; similarly & H:6 ‘echo’ and I4'>6; duals and plurals are second declension.

some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])

'()*%

?4/*)2<%

54@% sing. pl. sing. pl. sing. pl. nom. '()*% '()*2% / -32% ?4/*)2<% ?4/*)A2% / -72% Hdt. 53@% 572% voc. '()* '()2*% ?4/*)2@ ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% 54@ 5A2% acc. '()*5 '()J% /-*4% /-34% ?4/*)A4 / -7K ?4/*)A4% 5A4 / 574 5A4% / 574% gen. '()*+% / -3+% '+)G$5 ?4/*)A+% / -7+% ?4/*)7$5 53(% / 52(% 53D5 dat. '()J / -*E / -3* '()*/*(5) / -G2//*(5) ?4/*)A* / -7E ?4/*)L2//* 53F 530/G(5) / 5L2//*(5) / 572//*(5)

three irregular nouns

& M05L ‘woman’

! 0N(% (0[N]+-, 0[N]2-, 0N-) ‘son’ (exclusively Homeric forms in red)

! O2<%

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. nom. M05L M054BP2 M054BP2% (Com. M054G) 0N(% / 0N7+% 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2<%

voc. M<54* M054BP2 M054BP2% 0N7 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2@

acc. M054BP4

(Com. M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4% (Com. M05R%) 0N(5 / 0N74 / 0Q4 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+<% / 0(N)2B% / 0N74% / 0Q4% SG4 (OA54)

gen. M054*P(% M054*P+B5 M054*PD5 0(N)+@ / 0(N)7+% / 0Q+% 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)D5 / 0(N)7$5 S*(% (O35(%)

dat. M054*PG M054*P+B5 M054*TG(5) 0(N)U / 0(N)2B / 0N7E / 0Q* 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)+B% / 0(N)7/*(5) / 0NR/*(5) S*F (O35G)

adjectives: 13 key paradigms

!"#$%& ' %( ‘good’

singular

dual

plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !"#$%& !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* voc. !"#$- !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* acc. !"#$%( !"#$'( !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+.& !"#$*& !"#$* gen. !"#$+/ !"#$0& !"#$+/ !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$2( !"#$2( !"#$2(

dat. !"#$3 / !"#$24

!"#$5 / !"#$04

!"#$3 / !"#$24 !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$+1& !"#$#1& !"#$+1&

674+& 8 +( ‘worthy’ nom 674+& !7,8 674+(

!7,9 !7,8 !7,9

674+4 674#4 674# voc. 674: !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# acc. 674+( !7,8( 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 !7,+;& !7,8& 674# gen. !7,+; !7,8& !7,+; !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,9( !7,9( !7,9(

dat. !7,< / !7,94

!7,= / !7,#4

!7,< / !7,94 !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,+4& !7,#4& !7,+4&

>?:9& 9( ‘propitious’ (‘Attic declension’) m.&f. n.

m.&f. n.

m.&f. n. nom. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# voc. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# acc. >?:9( >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:9& >?:# gen. >?:9 >?:9 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:9( >?:9( dat. >?:< / >?:94 >?:< / >?:94 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<& / >?:94& >?:<& / >?:94& N.B. similar adjectives @2& ‘safe’ (also @2+&) and A?-9& ‘full’; A?-9& has three endings: A?-9& A?-8 A?-9( BC?.

DEF@+/& 0 +/( ‘golden’ (contract adjectives in –:+& and –++&; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)

nom. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/(

DEF@) DEF@G DEF@)

DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G voc. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G acc. DEF@+/( DEF@0( DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+/& DEF@G& DEF@G gen. DEF@+/ DEF@0& DEF@+/ DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@2(

dat. DEF@3 / DEF@24

DEF@5 / DEF@04

DEF@3 / DEF@24 DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@+1& DEF@#1& DEF@+1&

N.B. similar adjectives !E".E:+& ‘silver’, @4H'E:+& ‘iron’, :I(++& ‘well disposed’, and JA?%+& ‘simple’.

!?K$'& -& ‘true’ (sigma stem with intervocalic @ disappearing; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom. !?K$'& !?K$-&

!?K$:1 (:@-:)

!?K$:1& (:@-:&) !?K$0 (:@-#) voc. !?K$-& !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 acc. !?K$0 (:@-#) !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 gen. !?K$+/& (:@-+&) !?K$+/& !?K$+1( !?K$2( !?K$2( dat. !?K$:1 (:@-4) !?K$:1 !?K$+1( !?K$-@4(() !?K$-@4(()

:I:?A4& 4 ‘hopeful’ nom. :I:?A4& :I:?A4

:L-?A4H:

:L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# voc. :I:?A4 :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# acc. :I:?A4( :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H#& :L-?A4H# gen. :L-?A4H+& :L-?A4H+& :L:?A,H+4( :L:?A,H9( :L:?A,H9( dat. :L-?A4H4 :L-?A4H4 :L:?A,H+4( :L-?A4@4(() :L-?A4@4(()

!"#$%&' (' ‘better’ nom. !"#$%&' !)#$*('

!"#$%('"

!"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& voc. !)#$*(' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& acc. !"#$%('- / !"#$%& !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('-+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& gen. !"#$%('(+ !"#$%('(+ !"#$*.'(*' !"#$*.'&' !"#$*.'&' dat. !"#$%('* !"#$%('* !"#$*.'(*' !"#$%(/*(') !"#$%(/*(')

012+ "34 2 ‘pleasant’ nom. 012+ 01"3- 012

01)" 01"%5 01)"

01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- voc. 012 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- acc. 012' 01"3-' 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"%5+ 01)- gen. 01)(+ 01"%5+ 01)(+ 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)&' 01"*6' 01)&'

dat. 01"3 01"%7 / 01"%-* 01"3 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)/*(') 01"%-*+ 01)/*(')

8)#5+ -*'4 -' ‘black’ nom. 8)#5+ 8)#-*'- 8)#-'

8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'"

8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- voc. 8)#-' 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- acc. 8)#-'- 8)#-*'-' 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'-+ 8"#-%'5+ 8)#-'- gen. 8)#-'(+ 8"#-%'9+ 8)#-'(+ 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8"#:'&' 8"#-*'6' 8"#:'&'

dat. 8)#-'* 8"#-%'; / 8"#-%'9* 8)#-'* 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'-*+ 8)#-/*(')

N.B. adjectives in -9', -"*'4, -"' decline similarly (e.g. $)<9', $)<"*'-, $)<"' [gen. $)<"'(+, $"<"%'9+ =$#] ‘tender’).

>-<%"*+ "//4 "' ‘graceful’ (stems in '$) nom. >-<%"*+ >-<%"//- >-<%"'

>-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$"

>-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$- voc. >-<%"' >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$- acc. >-<%"'$- >-<%"//-' >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$-+ >-<*)//5+ >-<%"'$- gen. >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)//9+ >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)'$&' >-<*"//6' >-<*)'$&'

dat. >-<%"'$* >-<*)//; / >-<*)//9* >-<%"'$* >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<%"/*(') >-<*)//-*+ >-<%"/*(')

N.B. adjectives in -."*+ and -?"*+ decline similarly (e.g. 8"#*$."*+ ‘honied’ and @&'?"*+ ‘voiced’; they can contract: 8"#*$(A+).

BC+ BC/4 BC' ‘all’ nom. BC+ BC/- BC'

dual not attested in Classical Greek

B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$- voc. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$- acc. B:'$- BC/-' BC' B:'$-+ B:/5+ B:'$- gen. B-'$.+ B:/9+ B-'$.+ B:'$&' B-/6' B:'$&' dat. B-'$% B:/; / B:/9* B-'$% BC/*(') B:/-*+ BC/*(')

8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D- nom. 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D-

8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#&

8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- voc. 8"D:#" 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- acc. 8)D-' 8"D:#9' 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(,+ 8"D:#5+ 8"D:#- gen. 8"D:#(, 8"D:#9+ 8"D:#(, 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&'

dat. 8"D:#E / 8"D:#&*

8"D:#; 8"D:#9*

8"D:#E / 8"D:#&* 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#(*+ 8"D:#-*+ 8"D:#(*+

B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 nom. B(#2+ B(##? B(#2

dual not attested

B(##(% B(##-% B(##: voc. B(#2 B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: acc. B(#2' B(##?' B(#2 B(##(2+ B(##:+ B(##: gen. B(##(A B(##F+ B(##(A B(##6' B(##6' B(##6'

dat. B(##G / B(##6*

B(##H / B(##F*

B(##G / B(##6* B(##(3+ B(##-3+ B(##(3+

comparative adjectives

regular comparative forms:

positive comparative superlative

e.g. -!" -#$%!" -#&#!"

important irregular comparative forms:

'(&)*" good '+$,-.- /%01#!" aptitude or worth

2$3#,.- 243#01#!" virtue 5%$,11.- 5%6#01#!" superiority

378.- (Att. 39.-) 3:1#!" desirability (3.;#$%!" poet.)

5&5*" bad 5&5,.- 56501#!" cowardice

<$,%.- <$,%01#!" insufficiency

=11.- =501#!" (can also go with +05%*" and >3,(!")

(rare yet adv. =501#& common)

5&3*" beautiful 5&33,.- 563301#!"

+4(&" great +$,?.- +4(01#!"

+05%*" small +05%*#$%!" +05%*#&#!"

@3611.- @36<01#!" size or quantity +$,.- (+$A1#!" rare) (can also go with >3,(!")

>3,(!" little (>3$,?.- rare) >3,(01#!"

>30(7#$%!" (late)

B!3C" much B3$,.- B3$A1#!"

also B34.-

DEF0!" easy DE.- DG1#!"

#&<C" quick )611.- #6<01#!" (#&<C1#&#!")

H,3!" dear (H,3#$%!" poet.) H,3#&#!"

H03&,#$%!" H03&,#&#!"

(H03,.- Hom.)

the declension of 2$3#,.- (watch carefully for alternate forms):

m./f. sing. neut. sing. m./f. pl. neut. pl.

nom. 2$3#,.- 243#0!- 2$3#,!-$" 2$3#,!-&

2$3#,!I" 2$3#,.

acc. 2$3#,!-& 243#0!- 2$3#,!-&" 2$3#,!-&

2$3#,. 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,.

gen. 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#0*-.- 2$3#0*-.-

dat. 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!10(-) 2$3#,!10(-)

participles: 8 key paradigms

!"#$, !"%&'(, !)%$: present active participle of !"#

singular

dual


nom. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+*

voc. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+*

acc. !"%$+* !"%&'*$ !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+*. !&%"'*. !"%$+*

gen. !"%$+%. !&%"'0. !"%$+%. !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !&1$+#$ !&%&'2$ !&1$+#$

dat. !"%$+/ !&%"'3 / !&%"'0/ !"%$+/ !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !"%&'/($) !&%"'*/. !"%&'/($)

!"'*., !"'*'(, !)'*$: aorist active participle of !"#

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+*

voc. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+*

acc. !"'*$+* !"'*'*$ !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+*. !&'4'*. !"'*$+*

gen. !"'*$+%. !&'4'0. !"'*$+%. !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4$+#$ !&'*'2$ !&'4$+#$

dat. !"'*$+/ !&'4'3 / !&'4'0/ !"'*$+/ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !"'*'/($) !&'4'*/. !"'*'/($)

!&5,6., !&5,7'(, !&58$: aorist passive participle of !"# (so +/5,6., pres. act. ptcp. of +6509/)

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+*

voc. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+*

acc. !&58$+* !&5,7'*$ !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+*. !&5,6'*. !&58$+*

gen. !&58$+%. !&5,6'0. !&58$+%. !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&58$+#$ !&5,/'2$ !&58$+#$

dat. !&58$+/ !&5,6'3 / !&5,6'0/ !&58$+/ !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&5,7'/($) !&5,6'*/. !&5,7'/($)

:/:%"., :/:%)'(, :/:1$: present active participle of :6:#9/ (so :%"., aor. act. ptcp. of :6:#9/) singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+*

voc. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+*

acc. :/:1$+* :/:%)'*$ :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+*. :/:%"'*. :/:1$+*

gen. :/:1$+%. :/:%"'0. :/:1$+%. :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%&'2$ :/:1$+#$

dat. :/:1$+/ :/:%"'3 / :/:%"'0/ :/:1$+/ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'*/. :/:%)'/($)

!"#$%&', !"#$%()*, !"#$%&%: present active participle of !"+$%,-# (so .&', 2nd aor. act. ptcp. of .&/)

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10

voc. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10

acc. !"#$%&%10 !"#$%()0% !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%10' !"#$%&)0' !"#$%&%10

gen. !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&)4' !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&%1/% !"#$%,)5% !"#$%&%1/%

dat. !"#$%&%1# !"#$%&)6 / !"#$%&)4# !"#$%&%1# !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%()#(%) !"#$%&)0#' !"#$%()#(%)

7"7,$8', 7"7,$,9*, 7"7,$:': perfect active participle of 7&/ singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10

voc. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10

acc. 7"7,$:10 7"7,$,90% 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:10' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:10

gen. 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,#5% 7"7,$:1/%

dat. 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$,+; / 7"7,$,+0# 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0#' 7"7,$:)#(%)

1#-5%, 1#-5)*, 1#-5%: present active participle of 1#-</

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10

voc. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10

acc. 1#-5%10 1#-5)0% 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%10' 1#-8)0' 1#-5%10

gen. 1#-5%13' 1#-8)4' 1#-5%13' 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-8%1/% 1#-/)5% 1#-8%1/%

dat. 1#-5%1# 1#-8)6 / 1#-8)4# 1#-5%1# 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-5)#(%) 1#-8)0#' 1#-5)#(%)

=3#5%, =3#3()*, =3#3(%: present active participle of =3#>/ (so !475%, pres. act. ptcp. of !47:/)

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10

voc. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10

acc. =3#3(%10 =3#3()0% =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%10' =3#3&)0' =3#3(%10

gen. =3#3(%13' =3#3&)4' =3#3(%13' =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3&%1/% =3#3,)5% =3#3&%1/%

dat. =3#3(%1# =3#3&)6 / =3#3&)4# =3#3(%1# =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3()#(%) =3#3&)0#' =3#3()#(%)

pronouns: 13 key paradigms

personal pronoun !"#

singular

dual

plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

nom. !"# $% ———— &# $'# $'() Hom. *+),- .+),- $'),- acc. !+/ / +) $/ / $) 0 / 1 &# $'# $'() Hom. *+2- .+2- $'2- gen. !+34 / +35 $34 / $35 36 / 3. &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+9& .+9& $'9& dat. !+3: / +3; $3: / $3; 3< / 3= &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+,& .+,& $',&

N.B. The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic; the third singulars are rare in Attic prose. Att. >?@A& = Hom. +;& Trag. &;&.

intensive pronoun >?@A-

singular

dual


nom. >?@A- >?@B >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3: >?@>: >?@C acc. >?@A& >?@B& >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3%- >?@C- >?@C gen. >?@34 >?@D- >?@34 >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@9& >?@9& >?@9&

dat. >?@7 /

>?@9; >?@E /

>?@D; >?@7 /

>?@9; >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@3,- >?@>,- >?@3,-

F.G. >?@A- as adjective (in predicate w.o. w/ def. art.) = ipse, in attributive w.o. w/ def. art. = idem, as an oblique pronoun = is.

reflexive pronoun !+>5@A& (no dual)

singular

plural 1 2 3 1 2 3

acc. !+>5@A&, B& $)>5@A&, B& ($>5@A&) 1>5@A&, B&, A (>.@A&) *+2- >?@3%-, C- .+2- >?@3%-, C- $'2- >?@3%-, C- or

1>5@3%- (>.@3%-)

gen. !+>5@34, D- $)>5@34, D- ($>5@34) 1>5@34, D-, 34 (>.@34) *+9& >?@9& .+9& >?@9& $'9& >?@9& or

1>5@9& (>.@9&)

dat. !+>5@7, E /

!+>5@9;, D; $)>5@7, E ($>5@7) /

$)>5@9;, D; ($>5@9;) 1>5@7, E, 7 / (>.@7)

1>5@9;, D;, 9; (>.@9;) *+,& >?@3,-, >,- .+,& >?@3,-, >,- $':$;& >?@3,-, >,- or

1>5@3,- (>.@3,-)

possessive pronoun !+A- (no dual), declines like H">IA-

singular

plural m. f. n. m. f. n.

1 !+A- !+B !+A& *+/@)J3- *+)@/JK *+/@)J3&

2 $A- $B $A& .+/@)J3- .+)@/JK .+/@)J3& 3 L- or 1A- Hom. M or 1B Hom. L& or 1A& Hom. $'/@)J3- $')@/JK $'/@)J3&

F.G. L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer.

reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)

dual

plural m. f. n. m. f. n.

acc. HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBN>- ONNPN>

gen. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& dat. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN3;- HNNBN>;- HNNBN3;-

definite article Q

singular

dual


nom. Q * @A @# @# @# 3= >= @C acc. @A& @B& @A @# @# @# @3%- @C- @C gen. @34 @D- @34 @3,& @3,& @3,& @9& @9& @9& dat. @7 / @9; @E / @D; @7 / @9; @3,& @3,& @3,& @3,- @>,- @3,-

N.B. @C and @>,& are very rare in the feminine dual.

demonstrative pronoun !"# (iste): can take deictic suffix -$: %"& singular

dual


nom. !"# '"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# +,"# -,"# (."# acc. ()/"# (0/"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# (+12"# (.2"# (."# gen. (+3"# (42"# (+3"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (6/"# (6/"# (6/"#

dat. (7"# / (68"#

(9"# / (48"#

(7"# / (68"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+52"# (-52"# (+52"#

N.B. other demonstratives built on !"#: (+2)2"# ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8)2"# ‘such’ (talis), (:;8<)2"# ‘of such an age’.

demonstrative pronoun +=(+> (hic): can take deictic suffix -$: +?(+2& singular

dual


nom. +=(+> -@(: (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc. (+3(+/ (-1(:/ (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+B> (-1(-> (-3(- gen. (+1(+B (-1(:> (+1(+B (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/

dat. (+1(C / (+1(A8

(-1(D / (-1(:8

(+1(C / (+1(A8 (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8> (-1(-8> (+1(+8>

N.B. other demonstratives built on +=(+>: (+2+3(+> ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8+3(+> ‘such’ (talis), (:;8<+3(+> ‘of such an age’.

demonstrative pronoun E<#5/+> (ille) singular

dual


nom. E<#5/+> E<#&/: E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#5/+8 E<#5/-8 E<#5/- acc. E<#5/+/ E<#&/:/ E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/+B> E<#&/-> E<#5/- gen. E<#&/+B E<#&/:> E<#&/+B E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/

dat. E<#&/C / E<#&/A8

E<#&/D / E<#&/:8

E<#&/C / E<#&/A8 E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8> E<#&/-8> E<#&/+8>

interrogative pronoun (&> (quis)

singular

dual

plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n.

nom. (&> (& (&/# (&/#> (&/- acc. (&/- (& (&/# (&/-> (&/- gen. (&/+> or (+3 (&/+> or (+3 (&/+8/ (&/A/ (&/A/ dat. (&/8 or (7 / (68 (&/8 or (7 / (68 (&/+8/ (&28(/) (&28(/)

indefinite pronoun (8> ([ali]quis): an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentence—freq. it has none)

singular

dual

plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n.

nom. (F> (F (8/G (8/G> (8/. (sts H((-) acc. (8/. (F (8/G (8/.> (8/. (sts H((-) gen. (8/)> or (+3 (8/)> or (+3 (8/+5/ (8/6/ (8/6/ dat. (8/& or (7 / (68 (8/& or (7 / (68 (8/+5/ (82&(/) (82&(/)

relative pronoun !> (qui)

singular

dual

plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n.

nom. !> ' ! I +, -, J acc. !/ '/ ! I +@> J> J gen. += K> += +L/ M/ M/ M/ dat. N / M8 O / K8 N / M8 +L/ +L> -L> +L>

indefinite relative pronoun !2(8> (quicumque): o3/, "0, or "0P+(# may be added: e.g. %/(8/--":-P+(-+3/

singular

dual

plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n.

nom. !2(8> '(8> ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +,(8/#> -,(8/#> J(8/- (sts J((-) acc. !/(8/- '/(8/- ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +@2(8/-> J2(8/-> J(8/- (sts J((-) gen. +=(8/+> or !(+B K2(8/+> +=(8/+> or !(+B +L/(8/+8/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ M/(8/A/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/

dat. N(8/8 / M8(8/8 or !(C / !(A8

O(8/8 / K8(8/8

N(8/8 / M8(8/8 or !(C / !(A8 +L/(8/+8/ +L2(828(/) or !(+8> -L2(828(/) +L2(828(/) or !(+8>

table of correlatives

interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative

indefinite relative

or indirect

interrogative

!"# (quis) !$# ([ali]quis)

% Homeric

&# Homeric (is)

&'( (iste)

)*!)# (hic)

+,(-.)# (ille)

&# (qui) &/!$# (quisquis or

quicumque)

01!(2)# (uter)

01!(2)# also

spelled 0)!(21#

(uter[cumque]) 3!(2)# (alter) %01!(2)#

%01!(2)#

(uter[cumque])

01/)# (quantus) 0)/1# (aliquantus)

!1/)# Poet.

!)/1/'( or

!)/)4!)# (tantus)

&/)# (quantus) %01/)#

(quantuscumque)

0)-)# (qualis) 0)$1# (qualis)

!)-)# Poet.

!)$1/'( or

!)$)4!)# (talis)

)5)# (qualis) %0)-)#

(qualiscumque)

067",)# 067",)#

!67",)# Poet.

!67$,1/'( or

!67$,)4!)#

87",)# %067",)#

0)4 (ubi) 0)9 (alicubi)

:.;< Poet. (e!)

+.;='( (ist!, h"c)

+.!<4;< (h"c, ill"c, ibi) +,(- (ill"c)

:.;< Poet.

)* (qu!)

&0)9

(qu!cumque)

01;(. (unde) 0);(. (alicunde)

:.;(. Poet. (hinc)

+.;>.'( (hinc)

+.!(4;(. (hinc, illinc)

+,(-;(. (illinc)

:.;(. Poet.

&;(. (unde)

%01;(.

(undecumque)

0)- (qu!) 0)$ (aliqu!)

:.;< Poet. (ist#c, h#c)

+.!<4;< (h#c, ill#c)

+,(-/( (ill#c)

:.;< Poet.

)5 (qu!)

&0)$

(qu!cumque)

01!( (quando)

0)!( (aliquando) !1!( (tum, tunc) &!( (quando) %01!(

(quandocumque)

06.",< ————

!6.",< Poet.

!6.$,='(

!6.$,<4!<

8.",< %06.",<

0? (qu$) 0@ (aliqu$)

!? Poet. (e$)

!?'( (ist$, h$c)

!<A!@ (h$c, ill$)

+,(".@ (ill$)

B (qu$) &0@

(qu$cumque)

0C# (qu!, qu") 0D#

(aliqu!, aliqu")

E# Poet. (e!)

!F# Poet. (e!)

G'( (ist!, h!c)

)H!D(#) (h!c, ill!)

+,(".D# (ill!)

I# (qu!, qu") &0D#

(qu!cumque)

0)/=,$#

(quotie[n]s)

0)/=,$#

(aliquotie[n]s)

!1/<,$#

(totie[n]s)

%/=,$#

(quotie[n]s)

%0)/=,$#

(quotienscumque)

01/!)#

(which in the

ordinal series?)

0)/!1# ———— ———— %01/!)#

adverbs (see Smyth §§341–345) 1. Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms, e.g.:

nominative: !"#, $!%#, &'%()# accusative: (very common) !*+,-', !-.", (/0*1', ,2(3*-', !-..4 genitive: !-5, -6, %7,-5, 8#9:, ;0!-<=', ;(!-<=' dative: !>, ,><3, ,%",?, <@(-A)B, 0-/'>, .4C*B locative: -D0-/, !-E, FAC(-E, C"*%A/, GC2'@A/, !4.%/, ;03E, !%'<@(3E instrumental: H'I, 04,I, -J!I, K<3, 0*LM9, .4C*N ablative: O:, -P,I:, 8,Q*I:

2. Typical adverb endings:

-I:: </0%)I:, 0%.+: -%: $(%, (4.%, ,4R%, S0%, TR% -%0/:: !-..40/:, (L*/40/:, <3040/: -<@': </%**2<@', AL..2U<@', H<@', !%*%U.2<@' -<-': V'<-', ARQ<-', &(M%<1', ,%L*@<1' -,/, -A,/: ;C3.-',), W..@'/A,)

3. Place-adverbs:

place where place from place towards -/, -C/, -A/ or -oL -C3' -<3, -X3, -A3 -D0-/, -D0-C/ -D0-C3' -D0%<3, -Y01'<3 H..-C/, &..%R-5 H..-C3', &..%R1C3' H..-A3, &..%R1A3 &(M-,Q*IC/ &(M-,Q*IC3' &(M-,Q*IA3 !%',%R-E !%',%R1C3' !%',%R1A3 %7,-5 %7,1C3' %7,1A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3' Z(1A3 GC2'@A/ GC2'@C3' GC2'%X3 [.L(!)%A/ [.L(!)%C3' [.L(!)%X3

4. Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms, superlatives on neuter plurals: 0%.+: 04../-' 04../A,% (4.% (\..-' (4./A,% 3] H(3/'-' H*/A,% A-M+: A-M=,3*-' A-M=,%,% H'I &'I,Q*I &'I,4,I !1**I !-**I,Q*I !-**I,4,I

prepositions

accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases

!"#$ round about, near concerning about (poetic) %&$ to, toward, for on on "'() after with among, in (Epic) &*+) to, contrary to from chez, apud &'+$ round about, concerning about, because of concerning &+,- to, toward on the side of at, besides, in addition to .&, under by, under under, by taking 2 cases

!/) up along, through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2*() along, over, down from, against according to .&3+ over, beyond above, on behalf of taking 1 case

!/($ opposite to, in return for !&, from, away from '4- (%-) into, to %2, %5 out, out of, from, from within %/ in &+, before, for 67/ (57/) with

case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories for the full accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have German (or even if you don’t) see Schwyzer vol. 2 and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr accusative can be said to fall into four major uses:

1. direct object 2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies 3. cognate accusative: uitam uiuo, !"#$% !&#'()*$& (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 4. adverbial accusative (! accusative of respect): quid, +&: ‘somewhat’

genitive N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. ‘adnominal’: genitives that ‘qualify’ nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna 2. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion: ADVERBIAL 3. possessive: +, -"-.&)/ $0+)1; N.B. hominis errare est, 2/!3,% 24$5)1 6738 +9/ *74":+;/ :<*-)<.7=7&/ 4. subjective: amor Dei 5. objective: amor Dei 6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, 7>% +):)1+)/ ?-37;% 7. of definition (‘appositional’): uirtus iustitiae (Eng. ‘the city of London’ but Lat. urbs Roma) 8. of description: homo eius modi 9. of price and value: magni facio, 6)..)1 @/ +)1+) 6)&A:$"*A/ 10. ‘time within which’: anni, B/&$<+)1 or C+)<% 11. of the sphere or ‘respect’: D !<:+'.$&/$ +E% B*E% $05$!"$% Eur. Med. 1028 12. Gk only: of separation (Lat. abl.) (normally with prepositions or prep. prefixes) dative (= Eng. ‘to’ and ‘for’) N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ DATIVE 2. LOCATIVE 3. INSTRUMENTAL 4. SYNCRETISTIC

1. of the indirect object: librum mihi da 2. of reference or advantage (or disadvantage): me tibi exorno 3. of agent: mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or 676)"A+$" *)& (Gk perfects only) 4. ethic: quid mihi Celsus agit? ‘Tell me, what is Celsus up to?’ (cf. Gk +)& ‘I tell you’—freq. in Homer and Plato) 5. of possession: est mihi liber: we normally find esse or 7F/$& here (or implied), but not always 6. predicative or purpose + reference: LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN: saluti urbi fuit, praesidio mihi es

7. Gk only: of instrument (Lat. abl.) 8. Gk only: of degree of difference: 6)..G *7"(;/ (Lat. abl.) 9. Gk only: of time and place (Lat. abl.) 10. Gk only: comitative: H3I/J ‘with time’ (Lat. abl.) (n.b. special idiom w/ dat. $0+I%) 11. Gk only: of manner: :6)<!K, :&4K (Lat. abl.) 12. Gk only: of cause: /I:J 26)5$/7L/ (Lat. abl.) ablative (= Eng. ‘from’, ‘with’, ‘by’, ‘in’) N.B. L-H-S’s Lat. categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ ABLATIVE 2. INSTRUMENT 3. LOCATIVE 1. of separation or ‘true’ ablative (Gk gen.): libera me metu 2. of agent: with ab in Latin (= M6I in Greek) 3. of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4. of comparison: be sure NOT to use quam or N as well! (Gk gen.) 5. of cause: morbo perire (Gk dat. and gen.) 6. of association: normally with cum: this is the origin of abl. abs. (Gk dat. and gen.) 7. of instrument: distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat.) 8. of description: uir magna sapientia 9. of specification (or respect): mirabile dictu, umero saucius 10. of degree of difference: multo maior (Gk dat.) 11. of manner: magno (cum) studio (Gk dat.) 12. of place or time: die tertio (Gk dat.) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr. 1965/1972. Lateinische Grammatik. Schwyzer, E. 1988. Griechische Grammatik5. Woodcock, E. 1959. A new Latin syntax.

conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms

A B C D E F G H I J

key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form

1 !"#$ sum pres. !"#$ !%&'( )& * !+,& +-.( /

2 fut. 0-1#'( 0-!-.'( 2-3#!&14 2-1$#,&

3 !%#( ibo pres. !%#( "5&'( "6& +7 +1(#( +.( 8'

4 1%9' pres. 1%9' !"95&'( !"964 !"9: !"9!$,& +-.( ;9,

5 fut. !+-1#'( !+-!-.'( !"-3#!&14 !"-1$#,&

6 thematic verbs pres. act. <=7 <=!(& <=7& <=7 <=1(#( <>! 0<?1&

7 pres. mid./pass. <=1#'( <=!-.'( <?3#!&14 <=7#'( <?1$#,& <=1? 2<?3#,&

8 1st aorists

(< -!(&7 @A<)

(< -'(&7 @A<)

aor. act. 0<?-' <>-'( <=-'4 <=-7 <=-'(#( <>-1&

9 aor. mid. 2<?-B#,& <=-'-.'( <?-B#!&14 <=-7#'( <?-'$#,& <>-'(

10 aor. pass. 2<=.,& <?.C&'( <?.!$4 <?.: <?.!$,& <=.,A(

11 aor. act. 0@A!(&' @A!D&'( @A!$&'4 @A!$&7 @A!$&'#( @A!D&1&

12 aor. act. 0E,&' EC&'( EF&'4 EF&7 EF&'(#( EC&1&

13 1st perfects perf. act. <5<?@' <!<?@5&'( <!<?@64 [<!<=@7] [<!<=@1(#(] <5<?@! 2<!<=@,

14 perf. mid./pass. <5<?#'( <!<=-.'( <!<?#5&14 [<!<=7#'(] [<!<?1$#,&] <5<?-1 2<!<=#,&

15 fut. perf. act. [<!<=G7] [<!<=G!(&] [<!<=G7&] [<!<=G1(#(]

16 fut. perf. mid./pass. [<!<=-1#'(] [<!<=-!-.'(] [<!<?-3#!&14] [<!<?-1$#,&]

17 future fut. simple act. <=-7 <=-!(& <=-7& <=-1(#(

18 fut. simple mid. <=-1#'( <=-!-.'( <?-3#!&14 <?-1$#,&

19 fut. simple pass. <?.F-1#'( <?.F-!-.'( <?.,-3#!&14 <?.,-1$#,&

20 alpha contracts pres. act. A(#B7 A(#H& A(#:& A(#: A(#I,& A$#' 2A$#7&

21 pres. mid./pass. A(#B1#'( A(#H-.'( A(#6#!&14 A(#:#'( A(#I#,& A(#: 2A(#6#,&

22 epsilon contracts pres. act. J1(57 J1(!D& J1(:& J1(: J1(1$,& J1$!( 2J1$1?&

23 pres. mid./pass. J1(51#'( J1(!D-.'( J1(1=#!&14 J1(:#'( J1(1$#,& J1(1> 2J1(1=#,&

24 omicron contracts pres. act. 9,<37 9,<1>& 9,<:& 9,<: 9,<1$,& 9F<1? 29,<1>&

25 pres. mid./pass. 9,<31#'( 9,<1>-.'( 9,<1=#!&14 9,<:#'( 9,<1$#,& 9,<1> 29,<1=#,&

26 irregular contracts KB7, LMB1#'(, N(O37, J<57, 951#'( 27 thematic root aorists aor. act. 0<(J1& <(J!D& <(J6& <$J7 <$J1(#( <$J!

28 aor. mid. 2<(J3#,& <(J5-.'( <(J3#!&14 <$J7#'( <(J1$#,& <(J1>

29 athematic root aorists aor. act. 0P,& PC&'( PB4 P: P'$,& PC.(

30 aor. act. 09?& 9>&'( 9=4 9=7 *9?$,& 9>.(

31 aor. act. 0O&7& O&:&'( O&1=4 O&: O&1$,& O&:.(

32 2nd perfects perf. act. 959(' 9!9(5&'( 9!9(64 *9!9$7 *9!9(!$,& 959(.( 29!9$,

33 consonant stems m./p. <5<!(##'(, J5J!(-#'(, J5JM'O#'(, 2<F<!O#'(, QOO!<#'(, J5E'-#'( 34 9$97#( pres. act. 9$97#( 9(93&'( 9(91=4 9(9: 9(91$,& 9$91? 29$91?&

35 097@' aor. act. 097@' 91>&'( 91=4 9: 91$,& 934

36 A$.,#( pres. act. A$.,#( A(.5&'( A(.!$4 A(.: A(.!$,& A$.!( 2A$.,&

37 0.,@' aor. act. 0.,@' .!D&'( .!$4 .: .!$,& .54

38 R-A,#( pres. act. R-A,#( S-AB&'( S-AB4 S-A: S-A'$,& R-A, R-A,&

39 0-A,-' 1st aor. act. 0-A,-' -AC-'( -AF-'4 -AF-7 -AF-'(#( -AC-1&

40 0-A,& 2nd aor. act. 0-A,& -AC&'( -AB4 -A: -A'$,& -AC.(

41 R,#( pres. act. R,#( S5&'( S!$4 S: S!$,& R!( R,&

42 !T@' aor. act. !T@' !T&'( !R4 U !R,& V4

43 9!$@&?#( pres. act. 9!$@&?#( 9!(@&=&'( 9!(@&=4 9!(@&=7 9!(@&=1(#( 9!$@&? 29!$@&?&

44 irregular athematics W#'(, @B.,#'(, @!D#'(, E,#$ & X#$

forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic, e.g. <!<?@Y4 * for perfect subjunctive <!<=@7

* = form rare or hypothetical

!"#$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — %&#'(

!"#'( Ion.

1 ) *+ Ion.

— )#!( 1 !,-( *./#/ Ep.

— !,-#!( prose

!0#!( poet., Pl. *./#!( Ep.

2 ,&1/ *&&. Hom.

*&2.( *&2!

2 !0 %&&$ Hom. !03 Ion.

%&24( %&2' 2 53 / 6/3 *73 Hom.

62.( 62! 2 !,-3 *./3 Hom.

!,-2.( !02.( Pl.

!,-2! prose

!02! poet., Pl.

3 *&2+ *&2+( *&2+( *&2+&8( Pl., Dem. 9(2+( Pl., inscrr.

3 %&2$(() %&24( !"&$(() *8&/(() Hom.

3 5 / 6/ *7 Hom. *7&/(() Hom. 5&/(() Hom. :2+ late

62.( )&/(() *+&/(() Ion.

3 !,- *./ Hom.

!";2-( !,2-( Pl.

!,-&8( prose

!0!( prose & poet., Pl.

INFINITIVE !0(8/ *##!(8/, *##!(, *#!(8/, *#!( Hom. PARTICIPLE <(, .=&>, 9( %?(, %.@&8, *.( Ion. imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 6 6( later 68, *.(, *&A.( Hom. *8 Ion. :#-( late

— 6#!( :#!18 late

1 *&.#8/ *&&.#8/ Hom.

not attested %&4#!18 %&.$#-( not attested %&.$#!18

2 6&18 63 rare 6&183 rare *-&18 Ion. *&A!3 Ep. *83 Hdt. 6&. late

6&2.( 62! 6&2! rare *82! Hdt.

2 *&!/ *&7 / *&-/

*&!&1.( *&!&1! *&./. *&./&1.( *&./&1!

3 6( 6!(, *-(, :-(, *&A!(() Hom. 6&2. late

:&2-( 6&8( *&A.( Ion. *&8( Hom.

3 *&28/ *&!28/ Hom. *&&!28/ Hom. %&&!B28/ Hom.

*&!&1.( *&.(28/ *&./2. %&.$&1-( *&./(2.

INFINITIVE *&!&18/ *&&!&18/ Hom. PARTICIPLE %&4#!(.3, --, -.( %&&4#!(.3 Hom.

!"#$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 !"#$ — %#!& 1 %' — %'#!& %(#!& Hom.

1 %($#$ )(*+&

— %($#!& 2 %,$ %-(& %-!

2 !" !".,/ Hom. !"0 Hesiod

%-(& %-! 2 %10 / %+$0 %1.,/ Hom.

%+-(& %+-! 2 %($0 %($-(& %($-! 3 %-' %-'& )2&-'& %-'./& Xen. Pl.

3 !".$(&) %-(& %/.$(&) 3 %1 / %+$ %1.$(&) Hom.

%+-(& %'.$(&) 3 %($ )(*-+& %($!&

INFINITIVE )3&/$ %#!&/$ %#!& Hom. PARTICIPLE )4& )(5.6 )2& imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7/ / 8$/ older

9!$& / :$!$& later :;/ Ion.

— 7#!& / 8$#!& 9!$#!& v. late 9(#!& Hom.

2 9!$.,/ / :$!$.,/ older 9!$0 / :$!$0 later :;!0 Hom.

7-(& / 8$-(&

7-! / 8$-! 9!$-! v. late

3 9!$(&) / :$!$(&) older 9!$ / :$!$ later :;!(&), 7!(&), %!(&) Hom.

9-+& / :$-+& %-+& Hom.

7./& / 8$./& 9!./& / :$!./& prose :;./&, %./&, :;(& Hom.

!"#$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — %&'()

!%#$'() Ion. %#'() Ion.

1 (*#+ (*#,- Ion. *#,- Hom. (%#- Hom.

— (*#+'() (*#,-'() Ion. (%#!'() Hom.

1 (*#(./) — (*#(0'() poetry & prose (*#(./'() prose

only

2 %&12 %&3!) %&3(

2 !"&1$ !"#$4 Ion. and

late !"&1$4 Comedy

%&3!) !%#$3!) Ion. and

late

%&3( !%#$3( Ion.

and late

2 (*#54 / (*#624

(*#63!) (*#63( (%#(3( Hom.

2 (*#(./4 (*#(03!) (*#(03( poetry & prose (*#(./3( prose only

3 %&3- %&3-) %&3-) %&3-&$)

late

3 !"#(()) %&3!) !%#$3!) Ion. and

late

%&$&2()) !%#$&2()) Ion.

and late

3 (*#5 / (*#62

(*#63!) (*#+&2()) (*#,-&2()) Ion.

3 (*#(./ (*#(.3/) (*#(0() poetry & prose (*#(./&$) prose

only

INFINITIVE (*#,)$2 %#'()$2, %#'() Hom. PARTICIPLE (*#74, (*#809, (*#:4 *#80$ Hom. imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 ;#/ ;#(2) later ;#($ Ion. <(.#(2) Ep.

— =&'() ;#(2'() late ;#('() rare

1 (%&!'$2 (*#>&- Ion.

not attested (*&:'(1$ (*#>&!'() Ion.

(*&!.'/) not attested (*&!.'(1$

2 ;#/&1$ ;#(24 later ;#(2&1$ Attic? <(.#/4 Hom.

=&3!) =&3( ;#(23( late ;#(3( rare ?#,$3( Ion.

2 (%&(2 (%&@ / (%&/2 (*#>&(24 Ion.

(%&(&1!) (%&(&1( (*#>&(3( Ion.

(%&!2! (%&!2&1!) (%&!2&1(

3 ;#(2()) ;#((()) Ion. <(.#/ Hom.

;&3/) =&$) ;#(&$) ;#(2&$) late %&$) Ep.

3 (%&(3$2 (*#>&(2 Ion.

(%&(&1!) (%&!)3$2 (*#>&!8&2()) Ion.

(%&!23! (*&!.&1/) (%&!2)3!

INFINITIVE (%&(&1$2 (*#>&(2) Ion., (*#>&('() Hom. PARTICIPLE (*&:'()!4, -/, -!)

!"# present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 !"# — !"$%&'

1 !"#

— !"#%&' 1 !"$(%( — !"$(%&'

2 !)& !"&*$' !"&*& 1 +!,$' — -!"$%&'

2 !"&(.

!"&*$' !"&*& 2 !"/. /

!"0(.

!"0*$' !"0*& 2 !"$(.

!"$(*$' !"$(*& 3 !,1*# !,1*#' !,2'*#' /

!,1*#34'

2 +!,&. -!"&*$' -!"&*&

3 !"&( !"&*$' !"$,3((') 3 !"/ /

!"0( !"0*$' !"#3((') 3 !"$( !,$5*0' !"$(&'

3 +!,&(') -!,1*0' +!,$'

INFINITIVE !"&('

PARTICIPLE !"#', !"$,36, !)$'

middle/passive



1 !"$%4( !,2%&7$' !,2%&74

1 !"#%4(

!,8%&7$' !,8%&74 1 !,$5%0' !,$5%&7$' !,$5%&74

2 !"$, !"&37$' !"&37& 1 -!,2%0' -!,2%&7$' -!,2%&74

2 !"&( /

!"/ /

!"0(

!"&37$' !"&37& 2 !"/ /

!"0(

!"037$' !"037& 2 !"$($

!"$(37$' !"$(37& 3 !,137# !,137#' !,137#' /

!,137#34'

2 -!"$, -!"&37$' -!"&37&

3 !"&*4( !"&37$' !"$'*4( 3 !"0*4( !"037$' !"#'*4( 3 !"$(*$ !,$5370' !"$('*$ 3 -!"&*$ -!,1370' -!"$'*$

INFINITIVE !"&374(

PARTICIPLE !,2%&'$. 0 $'

!"# aorist stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 $!%&' — (!"&')*+

1 !"&#

— !"&#)*+ 1 !"&',), — !"&',)*+

2 !-&.+ !"&'/.+ !"&'/* INFINITIVE !-&',

2 $!%&'0

(!"&'/.+ (!"&'/* 2 !"&10 /

!"&2,0

!"&2/.+ !"&2/* 2 !"&',0 /

!"&*,'0

!"&',/.+ !"&',/* 3 !%&3/# !%&3/#+ !%&3+/#+

PARTICIPLE !"&'0

!"&4&5

!-&5+

3 $!%&*(+) (!%&3/2+ $!%&'+ 3 !"&1 /

!"&2, !"&2/.+ !"&#&,(+) 3 !"&', /

!"&*,*(+)

!%&'6/2+ !"&',*+ /

!"&*,'+

middle



1 (!%&3)2+ (!%&3)*7.+ (!%&3)*7'

1 !"&#)',

!%&8)*7.+ !%&8)*7' 1 !%&'6)2+ !%&'6)*7.+ !%&'6)*7'

2 !-&', !"&'&7.+ !"&'&7*

INF. !"&'&7',

2 (!"&#

(!"&'&7.+ (!"&'&7* 2 !"&1 /

!"&2,

!"&2&7.+ !"&2&7* 2 !"&',. !"&',&7.+ !"&',&7* 3 !%&3&7# !%&3&7#+ !%&3&7#+

PT. !%&3)*+.0

2 .+

3 (!"&'/. (!%&3&72+ (!"&'+/. 3 !"&2/', !"&2&7.+ !"&#+/', 3 !"&',/. !%&'6&72+ !"&',+/.

passive



1 (!"72+ — (!"72)*+

1 !%79

— !%79)*+ 1 !%7*62+ — !%7*:)*+ /

!%7*62)*+

2 !"72/, !"72/.+ !"72/*

INF. !%7;+',

2 (!"720

(!"72/.+ (!"72/* 2 !%7<0 /

!%7;,0

!%7;/.+ !%7;/* 2 !%7*620 !%7*:/.+ /

!%7*62/.+

!%7*:/* /

!%7*62/*

3 !%7=/# !%7=/#+ !%7>+/#+

PT. !%7*60

!%7*:&5

!%7>+

3 (!"72 (!%7=/2+ (!"72&'+ 3 !%7< /

!%7;,

!%7;/.+ !%79&,(+) 3 !%7*62 !%7*6/2+ /

!%7*,=/2+

!%7*:*+ /

!%7*62&'+

!"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (N.B. These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms; second perfect forms [e.g. $%$&'( < $)$'&*(+] do not show the ,; otherwise

they are identical to first perfects.)

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple


1 !%!-,( — !.!",(*.'

1 !.!",#

— !.!",#*.' 1 !.!",&+*+ /

!.!-,&)/'

— !.!",&+*.'

2 !%!-,. !.!",.0&' !.!",.0.

2 !%!-,(1 !.!",(0&' !.!",(0. 2 !.!",21 /

!.!",/+1

!.!",/0&' !.!",/0. 2 !.!",&+1 /

!.!-,&)/1

!.!",&+0&' !.!",&+0. 3 !.!-,%0# !.!-,%0#' !.!-,3'0#' /

!.!-,%0#4('

3 !%!-,.(') !.!",(0&' !.!",54+(') 3 !.!",2 /

!.!",/+ !.!",/0&' !.!",#4+(') 3 !.!",&+ /

!.!-,&)/

!.!-,&)0/' !.!",&+.'

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic

!.!-,61 .7*+ ,0! !.!-,81 9 ,0! !.!-,81 .:/' ,0! !.!-,81 :4;+ ,0!

INFINITIVE !.!-,%'(+

PARTICIPLE !.!-,61, !.!-,-<(, !.!-,31

PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 =!.!",/ /

=!.!",.+'

— =!.!",.*.' /

=!.!",.+*.'

1 !.!">#

— !.!">&*.' 1 !.!">&+*+ — !.!">&+*.'

2 =!.!",/1 /

=!.!",.+1

=!.!",.0&' /

=!.!",.+0&'

=!.!",.0. /

=!.!",.+0.

2 !.!">.+1 !.!">.0&' !.!">.0. 2 !.!">&+1 !.!">&+0&' !.!">&+0.

3 =!.!",.+ =!.!-,%0/' /

=!.!-,.)0/'

=!.!",.4(' /

=!.!",.+4('

3 !.!">.+ !.!">.0&' !.!">&-4+(') 3 !.!">&+ !.!->&)0/' !.!">&+.'

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic

!.!-,81 ? ,0! !.!-,81 @4&*(+ ,0! !.!-,81 =4&)*/'

INFINITIVE !.!">.+', !.!-,81 @4.4;(+

PARTICIPLE !.!">#'

!"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic)

middle/passive

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly

for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) OPTATIVE very rare in simple

(mainly for $%$&'()* and (%(+'()*) IMPERATIVE rare in simple


1 !%!,()* !-!"(-./+ !-!"(-.)

1 !-!"#()*

!-!,0(-./+ !-!,0(-.) 1 !-!,/1('+ /

!-!,1('+

!-!,/1(-./+ /

!-!,1(-./+

!-!,/1(-.) /

!-!,1(-.)

2 !%!,2/ !%!,2./+ !%!,2.-

2 !%!,2)* !%!,2./+ !%!,2.- 2 !-!"3 /

!-!"'* !-!"'2./+ !-!"'2.- 2 !-!"/*/ /

!-!"4/

!-!"/*2./+ /

!-!"42./+

!-!"/*2.- /

!-!"42.-

3 !-!"2.# !-!"2.#+ !-!"2.#+ /

!-!"2.#2)+

3 !%!,&)* !%!,2./+ !%!,+&)*

3 !-!"'&)*

!-!"'2./+ !-!"#+&)* 3 !-!"/*&/ /

!-!"4&/

!-!,/12.'+ /

!-!,12.'+

!-!"/*+&/ /

!-!"4+&/

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic

!-!,(%+/5 -6(1, $&! !-!,(%+/5 7, $&! !-!,(%+/5 -8'+, $&! !-!,(%+/5 82.*, $&!

INFINITIVE !-!"2.)*

PARTICIPLE !-!,(%+/5 ' /+

PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 9!-!"('+ 9!-!"(-./+ 9!-!"(-.)

1 !-!"2/()*

!-!,2:(-./+ !-!,2:(-.) 1 !-!,2/1('+ !-!,2/1(-./+ !-!,2/1(-.)

2 9!%!,2/

9!%!,2./+ 9!%!,2.- 2 !-!"2-* /

!-!"23 /

!-!"2'*

!-!"2-2./+ !-!"2-2.- 2 !-!"2/*/ !-!"2/*2./+ !-!"2/*2.-

3 9!%!,&/ 9!-!"2.'+ 9!%!,+&/ 3 !-!"2-&)* !-!"2-2./+ !-!"2/+&)* 3 !-!"2/*&/ !-!,2/12.'+ !-!"2/*+&)*

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic

!-!,(%+/5 ;, $&! !-!,(%+/5 <2/()*, $&! !-!,(%+/5 92/1('+

INFINITIVE !-!"2-2.)*, !-!,(%+/5 <2-2.)*

PARTICIPLE !-!,2:(-+/5 ' /+

!"# future tense forms

active

INDICATIVE OPTATIVE

singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 !"$# — !"$%&'(

1 !"$%)&) — !"$%)&'(

INFINITIVE !"$')(

2 !"$')*

!"$'+%( !"$'+' 2 !"$%)*

!"$%)+%( !"$%)+' PARTICIPLE !"$#( !"$%,$- !.$%(

3 !"$') !"$'+%( !"$%,$)(() 3 !"$%) !,$%/+0( !"$%)'(

middle

INDICATIVE OPTATIVE


1 !"$%&1) !,$2&'3%( !,$2&'31

1 !,$%/&0( !,$%/&'3%( !,$%/&'31

INFINITIVE !"$'$31)

2 !"$') /

!"$4 /

!"$0)

!"$'$3%( !"$'$3' 2 !"$%)%

!"$%)$3%( !"$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,$2&'(%* 0 %(

3 !"$'+1) !"$'$3%( !"$%(+1) 3 !"$%)+% !,$%/$30( !"$%)(+%

passive

INDICATIVE OPTATIVE


1 !,35$%&1) !,30$2&'3%( !,30$2&'3%( 1 !,30$%/&0( !,30$%/&'3%( !,30$%/&'31

INFINITIVE !,35$'$31)

2 !,35$') /

!,35$4 /

!,35$0)

!,35$'$3%( !,35$'$3' 2 !,35$%)%

!,35$%)$3%( !,35$%)$3' PARTICIPLE !,30$2&'(%* 0 %(

3 !,35$'+1) !,35$'$3%( !,35$%(+1) 3 !,35$%)+% !,30$%/$30( !,35$%)(+%

!"#$% present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&#()

('-*#())

1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&#()

('-%#())

1 !"#+,) /

!"#-",)

('-*",))

or

!"#.#" /

!"#&"#" ('-*"#")

— !"#+,#() /

!"#-",#()

('-*",#())

or

!"#.#() /

!"#&"#()

('-*"#())

2 !/#0

('-()

!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

!"#1!(

('-(!()

1 2!/#%)

('-*))

— 2!"#&#()

('-*#())

2 !"#34 /

!"#1"4

('-("4)

!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

!"#1!(

('-(!()

2 !"#34 /

!"#1"4

('-54)

!"#1!*)

('-,!*))

!"#1!(

('-,!()

2 !"#+,4 /

!"#-",4

('-*",4)

or

!"#.4 /

!"#&"4

('-*"4)

!"#+,!*) /

!"#-",!*)

('-*",!*))

or

!"#.!*) /

!"#&"!*)

('-*"!*))

!"#+,!( /

!"#-",!(

('-*",!()

or

!"#.!( /

!"#&"!(

('-*"!()

3 !"#$!%

('-(!%)

!"#$!%)

('-(!%))

!"#-)!%)

('-*)!%)) /

!"#$!%6')

('-(!%6'))

2 2!/#04

('-(4)

2!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

2!"#1!(

('-(!()

3 !"#3 /

!"#1" ('-(")

!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

!"#&6"())

('-*76") 3 !"#3 /

!"#1" ('-5)

!"#1!*)

('-,!*))

!"#&6"())

('-%6") 3 !"#+, /

!"#-",

('-*",)

or

!"#. /

!"#&" ('-*")

!"#89!,) /

!"#%"9!,)

('-*",!,))

or

!"#+!,) /

!"#-"!,)

('-*"!,))

!"#+,6') /

!"#-",6')

('-*",6'))

or

!"#.() /

!"#&"()

('-*"())

3 2!/#0

('-()

2!"#$!,)

('-(!,))

2!/#%)

('-*))

INFINITIVE !"#1) ('-("))

PARTICIPLE !"#&) ('-%)), !"#&6: ('-*76:), !"#&) ('-*))

middle/passive



!"#&#'" ('-*#'")

!"#-#(;*)

('-*#(;*))

!"#-#(;'

('-*#(;')

1 !"#&#'" ('-%#'")

!"#-#(;*)

('-%#(;*))

!"#-#(;'

('-%#(;')

1 !"#+#,)/

!"#-"#,)

('-o"#,))

!"#+#(;*)/

!"#-"#(;*)

('-*"#(;*))

!"#+#(;'/

!"#-"#(;'

('-*"#(;')

2 !"#&

('-*7)

!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

!"#16;(

('-(6;()

1 2!"#-#,)

('-*#,))

2!"#-#(;*)

('-*#(;*))

2!"#-#(;'

('-o#(;')

!"#3 /

!"#1" ('-("/5)

!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

!"#16;(

('-(6;()

2 !"#3 /

!"#1" ('-5)

!"#16;*)

('-,6;*))

!"#16;(

('-,6;()

2 !"#.* /

!"#&"*

('-*"*)

!"#.6;*) /

!"#&"6;*)

('-*"6;*))

!"#.6;( /

!"#&"6;(

('-*"6;()

3 !"#$6;%

('-(6;%)

!"#$6;%)

('-(6;%))

!"#$6;%)

('-(6;%)) /

!"#$6;%6')

('-(6;%6'))

2 2!"#&

('-*7)

2!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

2!"#16;(

('-(6;()

!"#1!'" ('-(!'")

!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

!"#&)!'" ('-*)!'")

3 !"#1!'" ('-,!'")

!"#16;*)

('-,6;*))

!"#&)!'" ('-%)!'")

3 !"#.!* /

!"#&"!*

('-*"!*)

!"#+6;,)/

!"#-"6;,)

('-*"6;,))

!"#.)!* /

!"#&")!*

('-*")!*)

3 2!"#1!*

('-(!*)

2!"#$6;,)

('-(6;,))

2!"#&)!*

('-*)!*)

INFINITIVE !"#16;'" ('-(6;'")

PARTICIPLE !"#-#()*4 , *) ('-*#()*4)


active



1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#"()'*

('-")'*)

1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&)'*

('-%)'*)

1 !"#"+,*

('-"#,*)

or

!"#"-)# ('-"#)#)

— !"#"+,)'*

('-"#,)'*)

or

!"#"-)'*

('-"#)'*)

2 !"+'# ('-')

!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

!"#'-.'

('-'.')

1 /!"+"0*

('-"*)

— /!"#"()'*

('-")'*)

2 !"#'-1

('-'#1)

!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

!"#'-.'

('-'.')

2 !"#21 /

!"#3#1

('-41)

!"#3."*

('-,."*)

!"#3.'

('-,.')

2 !"#"+,1

('-"#,1)

or

!"#"-1

('-"#1)

!"#"+,."*

('-"#,."*)

or

!"#"-."*

('-"#."*)

!"#"+,.'

('-"#,.')

or

!"#"-.'

('-"#.')

3 !"#'+.%

('-'.%)

!"#'+.%*

('-'.%*)

!"#"5*.%*

('-"*.%*) /

!"#'+.%67*

('-'.%67*)

2 /!"+'#1

('-'1)

/!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

/!"#'-.'

('-'.')

3 !"#'- ('-'#)

!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

!"#"(6#(*)

('-"06#) 3 !"#2 /

!"#3# ('-4)

!"#3."*

('-,."*)

!"#&6#(*)

('-%6#) 3 !"#"+,

('-"#,)

or

!"#"- ('-"#)

!"#"#8.,*

('-"#,.,*)

or

!"#"+.,*

('-"#.,*)

!"#"+,67*

('-"#,67*)

or

!"#"-'*

('-"#'*)

3 /!"+'# ('-')

/!"#'+.,*

('-'.,*)

/!"+"0*

('-"*)

INFINITIVE !"#'-* ('-'#*)

PARTICIPLE !"#&* ('-%*), !"#"(69 ('-"069), !"#"(* ('-"*)

middle/passive



!"#"()7#

('-")7#) !"#"5)':"*

('-")':"*)

!"#"5)':7

('-")':7)

1 !"#&)7# ('-%)7#)

!"#;)':"*

('-%)':"*)

!"#;)':7

('-%)':7)

1 !"#"+),*

('-o#),*)

!"#"+)':"*

('-"#)':"*)

!"#"+)':7

('-"#)':7)

2 !"#"(

('-"0)

!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

!"#'-6:'

('-'6:')

1 /!"#"5),*

('-"),*)

/!"#"5)':"*

('-")':"*)

/!"#"5)':7

('-o)':7)

!"#'- /

!"#2 /

!"#3# ('-'#/4)

!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

!"#'-6:'

('-'6:')

2 !"#2 /

!"#3# ('-4)

!"#36:"*

('-,6:"*)

!"#36:'

('-,6:')

2 !"#"-"

('-"#")

!"#"-6:"*

('-"#6:"*)

!"#"-6:'

('-"#6:')

3 !"#'+6:%

('-'6:%)

!"#'+6:%*

('-'6:%*)

!"#'+6:%*

('-'6:%*) /

!"#'+6:%67*

('-'6:%67*)

2 /!"#"(

('-"0)

/!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

/!"#'-6:'

('-'6:')

!"#'-.7# ('-'.7#)

!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

!"#"(*.7# ('-"*.7#)

3 !"#3.7# ('-,.7#)

!"#36:"*

('-,6:"*)

!"#&*.7# ('-%*.7#)

3 !"#"-."

('-"#.")

!"#"+6:,*

('-"#6:,*)

!"#"-*."

('-"#*.")

3 /!"#'-."

('-'.")

/!"#'+6:,*

('-'6:,*)

/!"#"(*."

('-"*.")

INFINITIVE !"#'-6:7# ('-'6:7#)

PARTICIPLE !"#"5)'*"1 , "* ('-")'*"1)


active



1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#'()*+

('-')*+)

1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&)*+

('-%)*+)

1 !"#',"+

('-'-"+)

or

!"#'.)- ('-'-)-)

— !"#',")*+

('-'-")*+)

or

!"#'.)*+

('-'-)*+)

2 !/#'0

('-*)

!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

!"#'(1*

('-*1*)

1 2!/#'0+

('-'+)

— 2!"#'()*+

('-')*+)

2 !"#'.3

('-*-3)

!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

!"#'(1*

('-*1*)

2 !"#'.3

('-43)

!"#&1'+

('-"1'+)

!"#&1*

('-"1*)

2 !"#',"3

('-'-"3)

or

!"#'.3

('-'-3)

!"#',"1'+

('-'-"1'+)

or

!"#'.1'+

('-'-1'+)

!"#',"1*

('-'-"1*)

or

!"#'.1*

('-'-1*)

3 !"#'51%

('-*1%)

!"#'51%+

('-*1%+)

!"#'5+1%+

('-'+1%+) /

!"#'51%67+

('-*1%67+)

2 2!/#'03

('-*3)

2!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

2!"#'(1*

('-*1*)

3 !"#'. ('-*-)

!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

!"#'(6-(+)

('-'06-) 3 !"#'.

('-43)

!"#&1'+

('-"1'+)

!"#&6-(+)

('-%6-) 3 !"#',"

('-'-")

or

!"#'. ('-'-)

!"#'-/1"+

('-'-"1"+)

or

!"#',1"+

('-'-1"+)

!"#',"67+

('-'-"67+)

or

!"#'.*+

('-'-*+)

3 2!/#'0

('-*)

2!"#'51"+

('-*1"+)

2!/#'0+

('-'+)

INFINITIVE !"#'(+ ('-*-+)

PARTICIPLE !"#&+ ('-%+), !"#'(68 ('-'068), !"#'(+ ('-'+)

middle/passive



!"#'()7- ('-')7-)

!"#'5)*9'+

('-')*9'+)

!"#'5)*97

('-')*97)

1 !"#&)7- ('-%)7-)

!"#:)*9'+

('-%)*9'+)

!"#:)*97

('-%)*97)

1 !"#',)"+

('-o-)"+)

!"#',)*9'+

('-'-)*9'+)

!"#',)*97

('-'-)*97)

2 !"#'(

('-'0)

!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

!"#'(69*

('-*69*)

1 2!"#'5)"+

('-')"+)

2!"#'5)*9'+

('-')*9'+)

2!"#'5)*97

('-o)*97)

!"#'. ('-*-/4)

!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

!"#'(69*

('-*69*)

2 !"#'. ('-4)

!"#&69'+

('-"69'+)

!"#&69*

('-"69*)

2 !"#'.'

('-'-')

!"#'.69'+

('-'-69'+)

!"#'.69*

('-'-69*)

3 !"#'569%

('-*69%)

!"#'569%+

('-*69%+)

!"#'569%+

('-*69%+) /

!"#'569%67+

('-*69%67+)

2 2!"#'(

('-'0)

2!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

2!"#'(69*

('-*69*)

!"#'(17- ('-*17-)

!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

!"#'(+17- ('-'+17-)

3 !"#&17- ('-"17-)

!"#&69'+

('-"69'+)

!"#&+17- ('-%+17-)

3 !"#'.1'

('-'-1')

!"#',69"+

('-'-69"+)

!"#'.+1'

('-'-+1')

3 2!"#'(1'

('-*1')

2!"#'569"+

('-*69"+)

2!"#'(+1'

('-'+1')

INFINITIVE !"#'(697- ('-*697-)

PARTICIPLE !"#'5)*+'3 " '+ ('-')*+'3)

irregular contract verbs 1: long vowel stems

!"# (similarly $%&"#, '("#, ("#, )*%("#, +,"#, -."#, &"#)



1 !/ — !/,*(

1 !/ — !/,*(

1 !0,% / !/%,%

or

!12( / !3%2(

— !0,*( / !/%,*(

or

!12,*( / !3%2,*(

2 !4

!45% late

!467( !46* 1 8!#( /

8!2(

v. rare

— 9!/,*(

2 !:; /

!4%;

!467( !46* 2 !:; /

!4%;

!467( !46* 2 !0; / !/%;

or

!12; / !3%2;

!067( / !/%67(

or

!1267( / !3%267(

!06* / !/%6*

or

!126* / !3%26*

3 !<6# !<6#( !3(6#( /

!<6#+=(

2 8!2; 8!267( 9!46*

3 !: /

!4%

!467( !/+%(() 3 !: /

!4%

!467( !/+%(() 3 !0 / !/%

or

!12 / !3%2

!162( / !162(

or

!><62( / !#%<62(

!0*( / !/%*(

or

!12+=( / !3%2+=(

3 8!2 9!<62( 8!#(

INFINITIVE !4(

PARTICIPLE !/(, !/+?, !/(

-."7,=%



-./,=% -.3,*57( -.3,*5=

1 -./,=% -.3,*57( -.3,*5=

1 -.1,2( /

-.3%,2(

-.1,*57( /

-.3%,*57(

-.1,*5= /

-.3%,*5=

2 -./ -.4+57( -.4+5* 1 9-.3,2( 9-.3,*57( 9-.3,*5=

-.: /

-.4%

-.4+57( -.4+5* 2 -.: /

-.4%

-.4+57( -.4+5* 2 -.07 /

-./%7

-.0+57( /

-./%+57(

-.0+5* /

-./%+5*

3 -.<+5# -.<+5#( -.<+5#( /

-.<+5#+=(

2 9-./ 9-.4+57( 9-.4+5*

-.46=% -.4+57( -./(6=% 3 -.46=% -.4+57( -./(6=% 3 -.067 /

-./%67

-.1+52( /

-.3%+52(

-.0(67 /

-./%(67

3 9-.467 9-.<+52( 9-./(67

INFINITIVE -.4+5=%

PARTICIPLE -.3,*(7; 2 7(

@%AB# (can conjugate as @%A#- or @%A7- [i.e. like $2C7-]; similarly D$.B#)



@%A/ — @%A/,*( /

@%A7E,*(

1 @%A/ — @%A/,*( 1 @%A0,% / @%A12(

or

@%A7F,% / @%A7G2(

— @%A0,*( / @%A12,*(

or

@%A7F,*( / @%A7G2,*(

2 @%A/ /

@%A7E

@%A/67( /

@%A7E67(

@%A/6* /

@%A7E6*

1 9..GA#( /

9..GA7H(

— 9..%A/,*( /

9..%A7E,*(

@%A0; /

@%A7F;

@%A/67( /

@%A7E67(

@%A/6* /

@%A7E6*

2 @%A0; /

@%A7F;

@%A/67( @%A/6* 2 @%A0; / @%A02;

or

@%A7F; / @%A7G2;

@%A067( / @%A1267(

or

@%A7F67( / @%A7G267(

@%A06* / @%A126*

or

@%A7F6* / @%A7G26*

3 @%A36# /

@%A7I6#

@%A36#( /

@%A7I6#(

@%A3(6#( /

@%A36#+=(

or

@%A7I(6#( /

@%A7I6#+=(

2 9..GA#; /

9..GA7H;

9..%A/67( /

9..%A7E67(

9..%A/6* /

9..%A7E6*

@%A0 /

@%A7F

@%A/67( /

@%A7E67(

@%A/+%(() /

@%A7E+%(()

3 @%A0 /

@%A7F

@%A/67( @%A/+%(() 3 @%A0 / @%A02

or

@%A7F / @%A7G2

@%A162( / @%A><62(

or

@%A7G62( / @%A7%<62(

@%A0*( / @%A12+=(

or

@%A7F*( / @%A7G2+=(

3 9..GA# /

9..GA7H

9..%A362( /

9..%A7I62(

9..%A/+=( /

9..%A7E+=(

INFINITIVE @%A/( / @%A7E(

PARTICIPLE @%A/(, @%A/+?, @%A/( / @%A/(, @%A7E+=, @%A7E(

irregular contract verbs 2: monosyllabic -! stems (no contraction with " or #)

$%&# (so '(&#, (&# 2 [‘need’, not ‘bind’], )&#, *&#, +&#, ,&#, -.&#, /&#)



INF. $%!0+

1 $%&#

— $%&"1!+

1 $%&#

— $%&#1!+ 1 $%&"212 — $%&"21!+

2 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%!0-!

2 $%!03

$%!0-"+ $%!0-! 2 $%&43 /

$%&523

($%63 rare)

$%&5-"+ $%&5-! 2 $%&"23 $%&"2-"+ $%&"2-! 3 $%!7-# $%!7-#+

$%!8+-#+ /

$%!7-#9:+

PT. $%&#+

$%&";9<

$%&"+

3 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%&";92(+) 3 $%&4 /

$%&52 ($%6 rare)

$%&5-"+ $%&#92(+) 3 $%&"2 $%!"7-5+ $%&"2!+

IMPERFECT

singular dual plural

1 =$%!"+ — >$%&"1!+

2 =$%!23 >$%!0-"+ >$%!0-!

3 =$%!2 >$%!7-5+ =$%!"+

(&"1:2 2 (‘need’, ‘request’, so +&"1:2)



INF. (!09*:2

(&"1:2 (!81!*"+ (!81!*:

1 (&#1:2

(!?1!*"+ (!?1!*: 1 (!"715+ (!"71!*"+ (!"71!*:

2 (&"; (!09*"+ (!09*!

(&!2 or

(&4 / (&52

(!09*"+ (!09*!

((@9*! Com.)

2 (&4 /

(&52

(&59*"+ (&59*! 2 (&"2" (&"29*"+ (&"29*! 3 (!79*# (!79*#+

(!79*#+ /

(!79*#9:+

PT. (!81!+"3 5

"+

(!0-:2 (!09*"+ (&"+-:2 3 (&5-:2 (&59*"+ (&#+-:2 3 (&"2-" (!"79*5+ (&"2+-"

IMPERFECT


1 >(!815+ >(!81!*"+ >(!81!*:

2 >(&"; >(!0*9"+ >(!09*!

3 >(!0-" >(!79*5+ >(&"+-"

!"#$%& (< "'($)): thematic root aorist stem forms (so !*+"%&, !,+-%&, !,+./%&, !,.+-%&, !,.+0%&, !/+&%&, '1,%&, '2"%&, '1$%&, !-+0%&, !-#3%&, !"+*%&, !"+/%&, !"+3%&,

!0+/%&, !0%"%&, !$+/%&, !$'4%&, !$#/%&, !$#%&, !$%.%&, !$.+/%&, !43%&, !5+0%&, !5'-%&, !5'0%&, !5.+6%&, !5.+$%&, !573%&, '8.%& [also 98.%&], !:+6%&, !:76%&, ;6+6%& [dupl. root], <"/%&,

;&'6-%&, =0+.5%&, ;0$"+-%&, ;.+.%&, ;.#$%&, >:'"%&, ?:"%& -5": these forms conjugate just as !"7%& < "@) but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)

active



1 !"#$%& — A"($%0'&

1 "($)

— "($)0'& 1 "($%#0# — "($%#0'&

2 "($' "($'5%& "($'5'

2 !"#$'B

A"($'5%& A"($'5' 2 "($CB /

"($9#B

"($95%& "($95' 2 "($%#B

"($%#5%& "($%#5' 3 "#$D5) "#$D5)& "#$E&5)& /

"#$D5)4+&

3 !"#$'(&) A"#$D59& !"#$%& 3 "($C /

"($9# "($95%& "($)4#(&) 3 "($%# "#$%(59& "($%#'&

INFINITIVE "#$'F&

PARTICIPLE "#$G&, "#$%H4I, "#$E&

middle (so A6'&E09&, A$5E09&, A$7/E09&, J4$E09&, K6.E09&, L4/E09&, K.E09&, M-E09&, N$'43E09&, O"E09& -5")



1 A"#$E09& A"#$E0'/%& A"#$E0'/+

1 "($)0+#

"#$G0'/%& "($)0'/+ 1 "#$%(09& "#$%(0'/%& "($%#0'/+

2 "#$%H "($'4/%& "($'4/'

2 A"($%7

A"($'4/%& A"($'4/' 2 "($C /

"($9#

"($94/%& "($94/' 2 "($%#%

"($%#4/%& "($%#4/' 3 "#$D4/) "#$D4/)& "#$D4/)& /

"#$D4/)4+&

3 A"($'5% A"#$D4/9& A"($%&5% 3 "($95+# "($94/%& "($)&5+# 3 "($%#5% "#$%(4/9& "($%#&5%

INFINITIVE "#$D4/+#

PARTICIPLE "#$E0'&%B + %&

!"#$, !%&$, and !'$($: three key root aorist athematic stem forms !"#$ < ")*$( (so !+,#$ < +,-$( & !./#$ < 0./#12 3/4) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — !"#15$

1 "6

— "615$ 1 ")*#$ — ")715$ /

")*#15$ 2 "8,2

-"9 Poet. "8/:$ "8/5 INFINITIVE "8$)2

2 !"#;

!"#/:$ !"#/5 2 "<; /

"82;

"8/:$ "8/5 2 ")*#; ")7/:$ / ")*#/:$

")7/5 / ")*#/5

3 "=/( "=/($ "-$/($ / "=/(.)$

PARTICIPLE "-; ">.? "-$

3 !"# @"=/#$ !"#.)$ 3 "< / "82

"8/:$ "6.2($) 3 ")*# ")*/#$ / ")2=/#$

")75$ / ")*#.)$

A.B. Homer shows short-stem forms, e.g. "-/#$ (3 d.) and !")$ (3 pl.).

N.B. Homer shows forms such as "=C (uncontracted) and "5*:15$.

!%&$ < %D( (so !+&$ < +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !%E$ — !%E15$

1 %D(

— %D(15$ 1 %D#$

[%E*#$] — %F15$

[%D215$] 2 %F,2 %F/:$ %F/5 INFINITIVE %F$)2

2 !%E;

!%E/:$ !%E/5 2 %DC; /

%D#2;

%D#/:$ %D#/5 2 %D#; [%E*#;]

%F/:$ [%D2/:$]

%F/5 [%D2/5]

3 %D/( %D/($ %D$/($ / %D/(.)$

PARTICIPLE %D; %F.? %D$

3 !%E @%D/#$ !%E.)$ !%E$ Poet.

3 %DC / %D#2

%D#/:$ %D(.2($) 3 %D# [%E*#]

%D/#$ [%E*/#$]

%F5$ [%D25$]

!'$($ < '2'$G.3( (so H-4($ < I4*.3:1)2 and @"*($ < "2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !'$($ — !'$(15$

1 '$6

— '$615$ 1 '$:*#$ — '$:715$ /

'$:*#15$ 2 '$6,2 '$6/:$ '$6/5 INFINITIVE '$6$)2

2 !'$(;

!'$(/:$ !'$(/5 2 '$K; /

'$62; '$6/:$ '$6/5 2 '$:*#; '$:7/:$ /

'$:*#/:$ '$:7/5 / '$:*#/5

3 '$G/( '$G/($ '$J$/($ / '$G/(.)$

PARTICIPLE '$:D; '$:F.? '$J$

3 !'$( @'$G/#$ !'$(.)$ 3 '$K / '$62

'$6/:$ '$6.2($) 3 '$:*# '$:*/#$ / '$:2=/#$

'$:75$ / '$:*#.)$

N.B. Homer shows forms such as '$GL (uncontracted) and '$G:15$.

2nd perfect stem forms

!"#$%& (1st perfect '"#$() (#* used in singular; +,"#-($ (#* in pluperfect singular)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT


1 — — '"#)%+.

1 /"#0 — /"#0%+. 1 /"#)1$. — /"#)2%+. /

/"#)1$%+.

2 '"#)3& '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 1 — — '"#)%+.

2 —

'"#)#4. '"#)#+ 2 /"#56 /

/"#7&6

/"#7#4. /"#7#+ 2 /"#)1$6

/"#)2#4. /

/"#)1$#4.

/"#)2#+ /

/"#)1$#+

3 /"#8#9 /"#8#9. /"#8.#9. /

/"#8#9").

2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+

3 — '"#)#4. '"#:"&(.) 3 /"#5 /

/"#7& /"#7#4. /"#0"&(.) 3 /"#)1$ /"#)1#$. /

/"#)&-#$.

/"#)2+. /

/"#)1$").

3 — /"#8#$. '"#)").

INFINITIVE /"#8.)&

PARTICIPLE /"#;6, /"#0"<, /"#=6

>?>&) (1st perfect >?>4&() (#* freq. in singular; @>+>41($ (#* in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A.9B), C&CD;"(9, C)1.9, B1B.4%)&, >89, @B+1D9,

EDF4%)&, 3.G"(9, E4&(), (D8H9, %?%4.), I8"F9, I+139, I1I#9, #*89 (#*)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT

singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically >+>&+1$. (#*) singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 >?>&) — >?>&%+.

1 >+>19 — >+>19%+. 2 >?>&3& — >?>&#+ 1 @>+>1$ /

@>+>1+&.

— @>?>&%+. /

@>?>+&%+.

2 >?>&)6

>?>&#4. >?>&#+ 2 >+>1J6 /

>+>1$&6

>+>1$#4. >+>1$#+ 3 >+>1#9 — — 2 @>+>1$6 /

@>+>1+&6

@>?>&#4. /

@>?>+&#4.

@>?>&#+ /

@>?>+&#+

3 >?>&+(.) >?>&#4. >+>1)"&(.) 3 >+>1J /

>+>1$& >+>1$#4. >+>19"&(.)

3 @>+>1+& @>+>1#$. /

@>+>+1#$.

@>?>&"). /

@>?>+&").

INFINITIVE >+>&?.)&

PARTICIPLE >+>&;6, >+>&K2<, >+>&=6

consonant stem perfect middle/passives !"!#$%&$ < !#'(): stems ending ( * + (‘labials’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so ,(-), *.(-), *!.(-), /0.+), 1.(-), 2!"(-), 23(-), 204(-), ("%(), 5.(-), 5'(-), 62"(-7%&$, 628(-), 629(-), -0"(), -0'*), -4(-) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"!#$%%&$

!#!#'%%#17: !#!#'%%#1& 2 !"!#$;7 !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1#

INFINITIVE !#!#<+1&$

2 !"!#$;&$ !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1# 3 !#!#'+1) !#!#'+1): !#!#'+1): / !#!#'+1)6&:

PARTICIPLE !#!#$%%":7= > 7:

3 !"!#$(-&$ !"!#$+17: *!#!#'+&-&$

("(#$6%&$ < (#'1): stems ending - ? 1 (‘dentals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 6(":?), +0.@), ;#4?) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("(#$6%&$

(#(#'6%#17: (#(#'6%#1& 2 ("(#$67 ("(#$617: ("(#$61#

INFINITIVE (#(#<61&$

2 ("(#$6&$ ("(#$617: ("(#$61# 3 (#(#'61) (#(#'61): (#(#'61): / (#(#'61)6&:

PARTICIPLE (#(#$6%":7= > 7:

3 ("(#$6-&$ ("(#$617: *(#(#'6&-&$

("(0&/%&$ < (0.--): stems ending / 2 A (‘palatals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so B/), C!!.--), D2:"7%&$, (!"2), -&0.--), -.--), +#4/), +E!.--) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("(0&/%&$

(#(0./%#17: (#(0./%#1& 2 ("(0&F7 ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1#

INFINITIVE (#(0GA1&$

2 ("(0&F&$ ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# 3 (#(0.A1) (#(0.A1): (#(0.A1): / (#(0.A1)6&:

PARTICIPLE (#(0&/%":7= > 7:

3 ("(0&2-&$ ("(0&A17: *(#(0.A&-&$

H!8!#/%&$ < H!"/A): stem ending /A (subj. and opt. always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H!8!#/%&$

H!>!"/%#17: H!>!"/%#1& 2 H!8!#/F7 H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1#

INFINITIVE H!>!"/A1&$

2 H!8!#/F&$ H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# 3 H!>!"/A1) H!>!"/A1): H!>!"/A1): / H!>!"/A1)6&:

PARTICIPLE H!>!#/%":7= > 7:

3 H!8!#/2-&$ H!8!#/A17: *H!>!"/&-&$

I//#!%&$ < C//"!!): stems ending ! 0 (‘liquids’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so &J0), H/#'0), (7$2'!!), 6-"!!), 6+.!!), -'!!) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 I//#!%&$

K//"!%#17: K//"!%#1& 2 I//#!67 I//#!17: I//#!1#

INFINITIVE K//"!1&$

2 I//#!6&$ I//#!17: I//#!1# 3 K//"!1) K//"!1): K//"!1): / K//"!1)6&:

PARTICIPLE K//#!%":7= > 7:

3 I//#!-&$ I//#!17: *K//"!&-&$

("+&6%&$ < +&':): stems ending % : (‘nasals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 1#0%&':), !#&':), !E%&':7%&$, %&0&':), %$&':), %)0&':), F&':), F>0&':), (#0&':), (7$%&':), 5E(&':), 6>%&':), L+&':) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("+&6%&$

(#+.6%#17: (#+.6%#1& 2 ("+&:67 ("+&:17: ("+&:1#

INFINITIVE (#+.:1&$

2 ("+&:6&$ ("+&:17: ("+&:1# 3 (#+.:1) (#+.:1): (#+.:1): / (#+.:1)6&:

PARTICIPLE (#+&6%":7= > 7:

3 ("+&:-&$ ("+&:17: *(#+.:&-&$

* These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words, e.g. -#-.A&-&$ 3 pl. < -.--).

!"!#$% present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%& forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"!#$% — !"!'$()

1 !%!*

— !%!*$() 1 !%!'"&) — !%!'+$() /

!%!'"&$()

2 !"!', !"!'-') !"!'-( 1 .!"!',) — .!"!'$()

2 !"!#/

!"!'-') !"!'-( 2 !%!0/ /

!%!*%/

!%!*-') !%!*-( 2 !%!'"&/

!%!'+-') /

!%!'"&-')

!%!'+-( /

!%!'"&-(

3 !%!1-# !%!1-#) !%!1)-#) /

!%!1-#23)

2 .!"!',/ .!"!'-') .!"!'-(

3 !"!#2%()) !"!'-') !%!142%()) 3 !%!0 /

!%!*% !%!*-') !%!*2%()) 3 !%!'"& !%!'"-&) /

!%!'%5-&)

!%!'+() /

!%!'"&23)

3 .!"!', .!%!1-&) .!"!'23)

INFINITIVE !%!1)3%

PARTICIPLE !%!'6/, !%!'728, !%!1)

middle/passive



!"!'$3% !%!1$(9') !%!1$(93

1 !%!*$3%

!%!:$(9') !%!:$(93 1 !%!'"$&) !%!'"$(9') !%!'"$(93

2 !"!'2' !"!'29') !"!'29( 1 .!%!1$&) .!%!1$(9') .!%!1$(93

!"!'23%

!"!'29') !"!'29( 2 !%!0 /

!%!*%

!%!*29') !%!*29( 2 !%!'+'

!%!'+29') !%!'+29( 3 !%!129# !%!129#) !%!129#) /

!%!129#23)

2 .!"!'2' .!"!'29') .!"!'29(

!"!'-3% !"!'29') !"!')-3% 3 !%!*-3% !%!*29') !%!*)-3% 3 !%!'+-' !%!'"29&) !%!'+)-' 3 .!"!'-' .!%!129&) .!"!')-'

INFINITIVE !"!'293%

PARTICIPLE !%!1$()'/ & ')

!"!#$% aorist stem forms

active (2nd aorist: stem !&-)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


1 (!#)* — (!&$+,

1 !-

— !-$+, 1 !&"', — !&.$+, /

!&"'$+,

2 !/0 !/1&, !/1+ INFINITIVE !&2,*%

2 (!#)*0

(!&1&, (!&1+ 2 !30 /

!-%0

!-1&, !-1+ 2 !&"'0 !&.1&, /

!&"'1&,

!&.1+ /

!&"'1+

3 !/1# !/1#, !/,1#, /

!/1#4*,

PARTICIPLE !&50

!&246

!/,

3 (!#)+(,) 7!/1', (!&4*, 3 !3 /

!-% !-1&, !-4%(,) 3 !&"' !&"1', /

!&%81',

!&.+, /

!&"'4*,

middle (2nd aorist: stem !&-)



INF. !/49*%

1 7!/$', 7!/$+9&, 7!/$+9*

1 !-$*%

!:$+9&, !:$+9* 1 !&"$', !&"$+9&, !&"$+9*

2 !&2 !/49&, !/49+

2 (!&;

(!&49&, (!&49+ 2 !3 /

!-%

!-49&, !-49+ 2 !&.& !&.49&, !&.49+ 3 !/49# !/49#, !/49#, /

!/49#4*,

PT. !/$+,&0 '

&,

3 (!&1& 7!/49', (!&,1& 3 !-1*% !-49&, !-,1*% 3 !&.1& !&"49', !&.,1&

passive (1st aorist: stem + 9': !& + 9', like 7-<5-9'-,)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


INF. !&9=,*%

7!/9', — 7!/9'$+,

1 !&9-

— !&9-$+, 1 !&9+"', — !&9+.$+, /

!&9+"'$+,

2 !/9'1% !/9'1&, !/9'1+

7!/9'0

7!/9'1&, 7!/9'1+ 2 !&9>0 /

!&9=%0

!&9=1&, !&9=1+ 2 !&9+"'0 !&9+.1&, /

!&9+"'1&,

!&9+.1+ /

!&9+"'1+

3 !&981# !&981#, !&9?,1#, /

!&981#4*,

PT. !&9+"0

!&9+.46

!&9?,

7!/9' 7!&981', 7!/9'4*, 3 !&9> /

!&9=%

!&9=1&, !&9-4%(,) 3 !&9+"' !&9+"1', /

!&9+%81',

!&9+.+, /

!&9+"'4*,

!"#$%& present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%'(

1 !&#)

— !&#)%'( 1 !&#'"$( — !&#'*%'( /

!&#'"$%'(

2 !"#'& !"#'!+( !"#'!' 1 ,!"#$( — ,!"#'%'(

2 !"#$-

!"#'!+( !"#'!' 2 !&#.- /

!&#/&-

!&#/!+( !&#/!' 2 !&#'"$-

!&#'*!+( /

!&#'"$!+(

!&#'*!' /

!&#'"$!'

3 !&#0!1 !&#0!1( !&#0(!1( /

!&#0!123(

2 ,!"#'&- ,!"#'!+( ,!"#'!'

3 !"#$2&(() !"#'!+( !&#042&(() 3 !&#. /

!&#/& !&#/!+( !&#)2&(() 3 !&#'"$ !&#'"!$( /

!&#'&5!$(

!&#'*'( /

!&#'"$23(

3 ,!"#'& ,!&#0!$( ,!"#'23(

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE !&#0(3&

PARTICIPLE !&#'"-, !&#'*26, !&#0(

middle/passive



!"#'%3& !&#0%'#+( !&#0%'#3

1 !&#)%3&

!&#7%'#+( !&#7%'#3 1 !&#'"%$( !&#'"%'#+( !&#'"%'#3

2 !"#'2+ !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 1 ,!&#0%$( ,!&#0%'#+( ,!&#0%'#3

!"#'23&

!"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 2 !&#. /

!&#/&

!&#/2#+( !&#/2#' 2 !&#'*+

!&#'*2#+( !&#'*2#' 3 !&#02#1 !&#02#1( !&#02#1( /

!&#02#123(

2 ,!"#'2+ ,!"#'2#+( ,!"#'2#'

!"#'!3& !"#'2#+( !"#'(!3& 3 !&#/!3& !&#/2#+( !&#)(!3& 3 !&#'*!+ !&#'"2#$( !&#'*(!+ 3 ,!"#'!+ ,!&#02#$( ,!"#'(!+

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE !"#'2#3&

PARTICIPLE !&#0%'(+- $ +(

!"#$%& aorist stem forms

active (2nd aorist: stem #'-)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


1 (#$)* — (#'%'+

1 #,

— #,%'+ 1 #'"$+ — #'-%'+ /

#'"$%'+

2 #./ #.!0+ #.!' INFINITIVE #'-+*&

2 (#$)*/

(#'!0+ (#'!' 2 #1/ /

#2&/

#2!0+ #2!' 2 #'"$/ #'-!0+ /

#'"$!0+

#'-!' /

#'"$!'

3 #.!3 #.!3+ #.+!3+ /

#.!34*+

PARTICIPLE #'"/

#'-45

#.+

3 (#$)'(+) 6#.!$+ (#'4*+ 3 #1 /

#2& #2!0+ #,4&(+) 3 #'"$ #'"!$+ /

#'&7!$+

#'-'+ /

#'"$4*+

middle (2nd aorist: stem #'-)



INF. #.4#*&

1 6#.%$+ 6#.%'#0+ 6#.%'#*

1 #,%*&

#8%'#0+ #8%'#* 1 #'"%$+ #'"%'#0+ #'"%'#*

2 #09 #.4#0+ #.4#'

2 (#0:

(#'4#0+ (#'4#' 2 #1 /

#2&

#24#0+ #24#' 2 #'-0 #'-4#0+ #'-4#' 3 #.4#3 #.4#3+

#.4#3+ /

#.4#34*+

PT. #.%'+0/ $

0+

3 (#'!0 6#.4#$+ (#'+!0 3 #2!*& #24#0+ #,+!*& 3 #'-!0 #'"4#$+ #'-+!0

N.B. 0& for '& here is rare but Classical.

passive (1st aorist: stem + #$: #' + #$, like 6-;<-#$-+; #' deaspirates to !' before #$ by Grassmann’s law)



INF. !'#2+*&

1 6!.#$+ — 6!.#$%'+

1 !'#,

— !'#,%'+ 1 !'#'"$+ — !'#'-%'+ /

!'#'"$%'+

2 !.#$!& !.#$!0+ !.#$!'

2 6!.#$/

6!.#$!0+ 6!.#$!' 2 !'#1/ /

!'#2&/

!'#2!0+ !'#2!' 2 !'#'"$/ !'#'-!0+ /

!'#'"$!0+

!'#'-!' /

!'#'"$!'

3 !'#7!3 !'#7!3+ !'#.+!3+ /

!'#7!34*+

PT. !'#'"/

!'#'-45

!'#.+

3 6!.#$ 6!'#7!$+ 6!.#$4*+ 3 !'#1 /

!'#2&

!'#2!0+ !'#,4&(+) 3 !'#'"$ !'#'"!$+ /

!'#'&7!$+

!'#'-'+ /

!'#'"$4*+

!"#$%& present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%()

1 *"#+

— *"#+%() 1 *"#',$) — *"#'-%() /

*"#',$%()

2 !"#$ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 1 !"#$) — !"#'%()

2 !"#$/

!"#'#.) !"#'#( 2 *"#0/ /

*"#1&/

*"#1#.) *"#1#( 2 *"#',$/

*"#'-#.) /

*"#',$#.)

*"#'-#( /

*"#',$#(

3 *"#2#3 *"#2#3) *"#2)#3) /

*"#2#3"')

2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#(

3 !"#$"&()) !"#'#.) *"#4"&()) 3 *"#0 /

*"#1& *"#1#.) *"#+"&()) 3 *"#',$ *"#',#$) /

*"#'&5#$)

*"#'-() /

*"#',$"')

3 !"#$ *"#2#$) !"#'"')

INFINITIVE *"#2)'&

PARTICIPLE *"#2/, *"#4"6, *"#2)

middle/passive (so 78'%'&, 9:)'%'&, ;<,"#'%'&, =>'%'&, ?>@%'%'&, <>,'%'& ?#A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)



!"#'%'& *"#2%(B.) *"#2%(B'

1 *"#+%'&

*"#C%(B.) *"#C%(B' 1 *"#',%$) *"#',%(B.) *"#',%(B'

2 !"#'". !"#'"B.) !"#'"B( 1 *"#2%$) *"#2%(B.) !"#'%(B'

!"#'"'&

!"#'"B.) !"#'"B( 2 *"#0 /

*"#1&

*"#1"B.) *"#1"B( 2 *"#'-.

*"#'-"B.) *"#'-"B( 3 *"#2"B3 *"#2"B3) *"#2"B3) /

*"#2"B3"')

2 !"#'". !"#'"B.) !"#'"B(

!"#'#'& !"#'"B.) !"#')#'& 3 *"#1#'& *"#1"B.) *"#+)#'& 3 *"#'-#. *"#',"B$) *"#'-)#. 3 !"#'#. *"#2"B$) !"#')#.

INFINITIVE !"#'"B'&

PARTICIPLE *"#2%()./ $ .)

!"#$%& aorist stem forms

1st aorist active (stem "#$"'-, like ()"'- in *()"' < (+,, transitive: ‘make to stand’)



1 *"#$"' — -"#."'%/0

1 "#.",

— "#.",%/0 1 "#."'&%& — "#."'&%/0 2 "#1"20 "#."'#20 "#."'#/ INFINITIVE "#1"'&

2 *"#$"'3

-"#."'#20 -"#."'#/ 2 "#."43 /

"#."$&3

"#."$#20 "#."$#/ 2 "#."'&3 /

"#."/&'3

"#."'&#20 "#."'&#/ 3 "#$"5#, "#$"5#,0 "#$"50#,0 /

"#$"5#,"'0

PARTICIPLE "#."'3

"#."'"6

"#1"'0

3 *"#$"/(0) -"#$"5#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#."4 /

"#."$& "#."$#20 "#.","&(0) 3 "#."'& /

"#."/&/(0)

"#$"'7#$0 "#."'&/0 /

"#."/&'0

2nd aorist active (stem "#$-/"#'-, intransitive: ‘stand’)



1 *"#$0 — *"#$%/0

1 "#8

— "#8%/0 1 "#'7$0 — "#'9%/0 /

"#'7$%/0

2 "#1:& "#1#20 "#1#/ INFINITIVE "#10'&

2 *"#$3

*"#$#20 *"#$#/ 2 "#;3 /

"#1&3

"#1#20 "#1#/ 2 "#'7$3 "#'9#20 /

"#'7$#20

"#'9#/ /

"#'7$#/

3 "#.#, "#.#,0 "#50#,0 /

"#5#,"'0

PARTICIPLE "#53

"#<"6

"#50

3 *"#$ -"#.#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#; /

"#1& "#1#20 "#8"&(0) 3 "#'7$ "#'7#$0 /

"#'&.#$0

"#'9/0 /

"#'7$"'0

middle (1st aorist, like -()"5%$0, transitive: ‘make to stand’)



INF. "#."'":'& 1 -"#$"5%$0 -"#$"5%/:20 -"#$"5%/:'

1 "#.",%'&

"#$"=%/:20 "#$"=%/:' 1 "#$"'7%$0 "#$"'7%/:20 "#$"'7%/:'

2 "#1"'& "#."'":20 "#."'":/

2 -"#.",

-"#."'":20 -"#."'":/ 2 "#."4 /

"#."$&

"#."$":20 "#."$":/ 2 "#."'&2 "#."'&":20 "#."'&":/ 3 "#$"5":, "#$"5":,0

"#$"5":,0 /

"#$"5":,"'0

PT. "#$"5%/023

$ 20

3 -"#."'#2 -"#$"5":$0 -"#."'0#2 3 "#."$#'& "#."$":20 "#.",0#'& 3 "#."'&#2 "#$"'7":$0 "#."'&0#2

passive (1st aorist: stem + :$: "#' + :$, like --(+-:$-0)



INF. "#':10'& 1 -"#5:$0 — -"#5:$%/0

1 "#':8

— "#':8%/0 1 "#':/7$0 — "#':/9%/0 /

"#':/7$%/0

2 "#5:$#& "#5:$#20 "#5:$#/

2 -"#5:$3

-"#5:$#20 -"#5:$#/ 2 "#':;3 /

"#':1&3

"#':1#20 "#':1#/ 2 "#':/7$3 "#':/9#20 /

"#':/7$#20

"#':/9#/ /

"#':/7$#/

3 "#':.#, "#':.#,0 "#':>0#,0 /

"#':.#,"'0

PT. "#':/73

"#':/9"6

"#':>0

3 -"#5:$ -"#':.#$0 -"#5:$"'0 3 "#':; /

"#':1& "#':1#20 "#':8"&(0) 3 "#':/7$ "#':/7#$0 /

"#':/&.#$0

"#':/9/0 /

"#':/7$"'0

!"#$ present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#$ — !%#%&

1 '(

— '(#%& 1 '%)"& — '%*#%& /

'%)"#%&

2 !%$ !%+,& !%+% 1 !"& — !%#%&

2 !"- /

!%$-

!%+,& !%+% 2 '.- /

'/$-

'/+,& '/+% 2 '%)"-

'%*+,& /

'%)"+,&

'%*+% /

'%)"+%

3 '0+1 '0+1& '0&+1& /

'0+123&

2 !%$- !%+,& !%+%

3 !"2$(&) !%+,& '42$(&) 3 '. /

'/$ '/+,& '(2$(&) 3 '%)" '%)+"& /

'%$5+"&

'%*%& /

'%)"23&

3 !%$ '0+"& !%23&

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE '0&3$

PARTICIPLE '%)-, '%*26, '0&

middle/passive



!%#3$ '0#%7,& '0#%73

1 '(#3$

'8#%7,& '8#%73 1 '%)#"& '%)#%7,& '%)#%73

2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% 1 '0#"& '0#%7,& !%#%73

!%23$

!%27,& !%27% 2 '. /

'/$

'/27,& '/27% 2 '%*,

'%*27,& '%*27% 3 '0271 '0271& '0271& /

'027123&

2 !%2, !%27,& !%27%

!%+3$ !%27,& !%&+3$ 3 '/+3$ '/27,& '(&+3$ 3 '%*+, '%)27"& '%*&+, 3 !%+, '027"& !%&+,

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE !%273$

PARTICIPLE '0#%&,- " ,&

!"#$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)

active (2nd aorist: stem %-)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


1 &'( — )*#)+

1 ,

— ,#)+ 1 )!"+ — )*#)+ /

)!"#)+

2 -. -/0+ -/) INFINITIVE )*+($

2 &'(.

)*/0+ )*/) 2 1. /

&$.

&/0+ &/) 2 )!". )*/0+ /

)!"/0+

)*/) /

)!"/)

3 -/2 -/2+ -+/2+ /

-/23(+

PARTICIPLE )!.

)*34

-+

3 &')(+) )!/"+ )*3(+ 3 1 /

&$ &/0+ ,3$(+) 3 )!" )!/"+ /

)56/"+

)*)+ /

)!"3(+

middle (2nd aorist: stem %-)



INF. -37($

1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7(

1 ,#($

8#)70+ 8#)7( 1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7(

2 09 -370+ -37)

2 )*30

)*370+ )*37) 2 1 /

&$ &370+ &37) 2 )*0 )*370+ )*37) 3 -372 -372+

-372+ /

-3723(+

PT. -#)+0. "

0+

3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 3 &/($ &370+ ,+/($ 3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0

passive (1st aorist: stem + 7": % + 7", like :-;<-7"-+)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


INF. %7=+($

1 )!7"+ — )!7"#)+

1 %7>

— %7>#)+ 1 %7)?"+ — %7)@#)+ /

%7)?"#)+

2 -7"/$ -7"/0+ -7"/)

2 )!7".

)!7"/0+ )!7"/) 2 %7A. /

%7=$.

%7=/0+ %7=/) 2 %7)?". %7)@/0+ /

%7)?"/0+

%7)@/) /

%7)?"/)

3 %76/2 %76/2+ %7B+/2+ /

%76/23(+

PT. %7)?.

%7)@34

%7B+

3 )!7" )576/"+ )!7"3(+ 3 %7A /

%7=$

%7=/0+ %7>3$(+) 3 %7)?" %7)?/"+ /

%7)$6/"+

%7)@)+ /

%7)?"3(+

!"#$%&'( present stem forms (so )*%+'(, !,#%+'(, "-.*%+'(, /%%+'(, 0"1*%+'(, 02%%+'(, $".3%%+'(, $4.5%%+'(, $."'3%%+'(, $6#%%+'(, '#*%+'(, 47*%+'(, 899+'(, 8'%+'(, :';.*%+'(,

<"63%%+'(, <=*%+'(, >=*%+'(, >2%%+'(, ?@5%%+'(, ?$"!3%%+'(, ?6;.%+'(, ?6.2%%+'(, A2%%+'( $69)

active



INF. !"($%1%,(

1 !"#$%+'( — !"#$%+'"%

1 !"($%1B

— !"($%1B'"% 1 !"($%14('( — !"($%14('"%

2 !"#$%& !"#$%+64% !"#$%+6"

2 !"#$%+C

!"#$%+64% !"#$%+6" 2 !"($%1DC /

!"($%1E(C

!"($%1E64% !"($%1E6" 2 !"($%14(C !"($%14(64% !"($%14(6" 3 !"($%16B !"($%16B%

!"($%1%6B% /

!"($%16B?,%

PT. !"($%1C

!"($%F?G

!"($%1%

3 !"#$%+?((%) !"#$%+64% !"($%1,?((%) 3 !"($%1D /

!"($%1E(

!"($%1E64% !"($%1B?((%) 3 !"($%14( !"($%+4#6E% !"($%14("%

IMPERFECT


1 H!"#$%+% — H!"#$%+'"%

2 H!"#$%+C H!"#$%+64% H!"#$%+6"

3 H!"#$%+ H!"($%16E% H!"#$%+?,%

middle/passive (so ,7%+',(, ).%+',(, *3%+',(, 63%+',( $69)



INF. !"#$%+?I,(

!"#$%+',( !"($%1'"I4% !"($%1'"I,

1 !"($%1B',(

!"($%+2'"I4% !"($%+2'"I, 1 !"($%+4#'E% !"($%+4#'"I4% !"($%+4#'"I,

2 !"#$%+?4 !"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+?I"

!"#$%+?,(

!"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+?I" 2 !"($%1D /

!"($%1E(

!"($%1E?I4% !"($%1E?I" 2 !"($%14(4 !"($%14(?I4% !"($%14(?I" 3 !"($%1?IB !"($%1?IB%

!"($%1?IB% /

!"($%1?IB?,%

PT. !"($%1'"%4C

E 4%

!"#$%+6,( !"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+%6,( 3 !"($%1E6,( !"($%1E?I4% !"($%1B%6,( 3 !"($%14(64 !"($%+4#?IE% !"($%14(%64

IMPERFECT


1 H!"($%1'E% H!"($%1'"I4% H!"($%1'"I,

2 H!"#$%+?4 H!"#$%+I?4% H!"#$%+?I"

3 H!"#$%+64 H!"($%1?IE% H!"#$%+%64

!"#$ (poetic) present stem forms

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT

singular dual plural not attested


1 !"#$ %"&'() %"&'#

2 !*( !*'() !*'& 1 %"+) %"&'() %"&'#

2 !*#$

!*'() !*'& 3 %*', %*',) %*',)

2 !*( !*'() !*'&

3 !*-#$ !*'() !)-#$ 3 !*-( %*'+) !)-(

INFINITIVE !*'#$

PARTICIPLE %"&)(. + ()

/0'+"#$ (prose) present stem forms



/0'+"#$ /#'1"&'() /#'1"&'#

1 /#'2"#$

/#'3"&'() /#'3"&'# 1 /#'(4"+) /#'(4"&'() /#'(4"&'#

2 /0'+*( /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 1 5/#'1"+)

or

/#'1"+)

5/#'1"&'()

or

/#'1"&'()

5/#'1"&'#

or

/#'1"&'#

/0'+*#$

/0'+*'() /0'+*'& 2 /#'6 /

/#'7$

/#'7*'() /#'7*'& 2 /#'(8(

/#'(8*'() /#'(8*'& 3 /#'1*', /#'1*',) /#'1*',)

2 5/0'+*(

or

/#'7*(

5/0'+*'()

(r

/#'7*'()

5/0'+*'&

or

/#'7*'&

/0'+-#$ /0'+*'() /0'+)-#$ 3 /#'7-#$ /#'7*'() /#'2)-#$ 3 /#'(8-( /#'(4*'+) /#'(8)-(

3 5/0'+-(

or

/#'7*-(

or /#'7-(

5/#'1*'+)

or

/#'1*'+)

5/0'+)-(

or

/#'7)-( INFINITIVE /#'7*'#$ PARTICIPLE /#'1"&)(. + ()

/&8"#$ present stem forms

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 /&8"#$ /&4"&'() /&4"&'#

1 /9,"#$

/&3"&'() /&3"&'# 1 /&(4"+) /&(4"&'() /&(4"&'#

2 /&8*( /&8*'() /&8*'& 1 5/&4"+) 5/&4"&'() 5/&4"&'#

2 /&8*#$

/&8*'() /&8*'& 2 /9: /

/9+$

/9+*'() /9+*'& 2 /9($(

/9($*'() /9($*'& 3 /&4*', /&4*',) /&4*',) 2 ;/&$*( ;/&$*'() ;/&$*'&

3 /&8-#$ /&8*'() /&8)-#$ 3 /9+-#$ /9+*'() /9,)-#$ 3 /9($-( /&(4*'+) /9($)-( 3 ;/&$-( 5/&4*'+) ;/&$)-(

INFINITIVE /&8*'#$

PARTICIPLE /&4"&)(. + ()

!"#$ present stem forms (principal parts !"#$, !%&', (!"&) [(!"* also 2 aor.], —, +,!)#)-, —) active (so verbs in -*"-#-: ./#*"#-, 0$1*"#-, 2*$*"#-, +,1*"#-, +$3*"#-, &0$.*"#- 034; middle forms #/1*)#)-, +$4*)#)- 034 N.B. middle forms of !"#$ appear in Homer: 5!/#"* (!)&6 (!)36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — !)#,*

1 !7

— !7#8* 1 !)$"* — !)9#8* /

!)$"#8* (rare)

2 !):$ / !/:-

!/36* !/38 1 (!"* — (!)#8*

2 !;< / !%-< sts !%<

!)3=* !)3, 2 !>< / !?-<

!?36* !?38 2 !)$"<

not attested !)$"38 3 !/3' !/3'* !/*3'*

2 (!"&:) / (!"<

(!)36* (!)38

3 !"&$(*) !)3=* !@&$(*) 3 !> / !?-

!?36* !7&-(*) 3 !)$" not attested !)98* / !)$"&)* (rare)

3 (!" 5!/3"* (!)&)*

A.B. With the exception of the 2nd s., all pres. ind. forms are enclitic, like 8C#$ sum.

INFINITIVE !/*)- PARTICIPLE !/<, !D&E, !/* F#$ (Lat. a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F#$ 1 G*

2 — 2 —

3 F&$(*) 3 G

conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in three ways:

1. substantival clauses behave like nouns 2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand 3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at hand

This classification is based on an analogy: c lauses are being compared to words . Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives: 1a. Jim annoys me. 1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me. 1c. I can't stand Jim. 1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that. 2a. Jim ran quickly. 2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late. 2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late. 2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to. 3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake. 3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable. In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses:

1. substantival clauses a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below) b. indirect speech c. indirect question d. indirect command

2. adverbial clauses a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) —with verbs of effort —with verbs of fear c. causal clauses d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses e. proviso clauses f. conditional clauses g. concessive clauses h. temporal clauses i. comparison

3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses a. definite b. indefinite [c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk]

Reading Greek sections 1–10 principal parts

present future aorist English definition

!"# !$# %"&"'( lead

)*+,-# )*+,./# 0*1,2/& do wrong

3*# / )41*# 3/'5&+ 6/& sing

&78-# &78./# 49:'( take

&;<-# &;<./# =<2/& ask

),'># ),'>/'5&+ %,'?/& hear

)(&",@A# )(&",@/# 0(@",&/& compel

)B&<@# )B&<./# 0B@<2/& deceive

)B':'"-'5&+ )B':'"./'5&+ )B4:'"2/@52( speak in self-defence

)B'8-# )B'8./# 0BC82/& be at a loss

DB<# DE# FE& fasten

!8G# !8$# H8$& rule

)<+5@A# )<+5@/# 0<152/& dishonour

)I+,(-'5&+ )I1$'5&+ )I+,C52( arrive

J&*1A# J&*+-'5&+ 0J@*+/& walk

J&1(# J./'5&+ KJ2( go

J@::# J&:-# KJ&:'( throw

J+@A'5&+ J+@/'5&+ LJ+&/@52( use force

J:-B# J:-E'5&+ KJ:4E& look (at)

J'@# J'./'5&+ LJC2/& shout (for)

J'2M-# J'2M./# LJ'.M2/& aid

J'>:'5&+ J'?:./'5&+ LJ'?:.M2( wish

"4:@# "4:@/'5&+ L"-:&/& laugh

!"!#$%&' !#$%()*" +!#'# recognise

!,-.' !,-/' +!,*/* write

0-&#' 012()*" +0*&(# bite

034()*" 032()*" 5062-)7# receive

03' 061%' 5037%* want

0789' 078$%' 5018'%* show

0"*83!()*" 0"*832()*" 50"*862-)7# converse

0"0-%&' 0"0-2' 50:0*2* teach

0:0')" 0$%' +0'&* give

0"&-;' 0"&-%' 50:&*%* be a juror

0"$&' 0"$2' 50:'2* pursue

0(&3' 092' +0(2* think

0(<89' 0(<8$%' 50(=8'%* enslave

0,-' 0,-%' +0,*%* do

0=#*)*" 0<#1%()*" 50<#1>7# be able

0=' 0=%' 1. +0<%* transitive 2. +0<# intransitive

sink

5-' 5-%' 6?*%* allow

5>38' 5>681%' @>387%* wish

6A): +%()*" B# (impf.) be

6C)" ——— D* (impf.) go

586<>6,9' 586<>6,$%' @86<>3,'%* set free

E8&' E82' 6F8&<%* drag

58G:;' 58G"3' H8G"%* hope

526I-;' 526I-%' 521I*%* question closely

5G*"#3' 5G*"#3%' 5GJ#6%* praise

!"#$%&'&( !"($%)$*'&( +"($%),-. understand

/"*'&( /0*'&( 1$"2'-. follow

345*'&( 67'( 89,*. go

!4:%;: 1. !4:%)$: 2. !4)$*'&(

1. +4<%-$& 2. +42'-.

ask

!$,#: 3=*'&( 3>&?*. eat

6@4#$A: 6@4)$: -B4*. find

6C5*'&( 6CD*'&( -ED;'-. pray

35: 1. /D: 2. $5)$:

3$5*. have

F-%G: F-%)$: !F)%-$& seek

H?G*'&( H?)$*'&( H?-$;'-. lead

I=*'&( H$,)$*'&( I$,-. enjoy

H$J5;F: H$J5;$: H$K5&$& be quiet

,&J';F: ,&J';$*'&( !,&K'&$& wonder at

,6;*'&( ,6;$*'&( !,6&$;'-. watch

,.L$A: ,&.G*'&( 3,&.*. die

,K: ,K$: 3,J$& sacrifice

M$%-'( $%)$: 1. 3$%-$& transitive 2. 3$%-. intransitive

stand

A&,6K=: A&,6J=)$: !A&,6K=-$& sleep

A&,#F: A&,(G: !A;,($& sit

A&9G: A&9G: !A;96$& call

A&%-?*4G: A&%-?*4)$: A&%-?24-$& accuse

A696K: A696K$: !AG96J$& order

A96#: A96#$: A9L$:

3A96($& 3A9N$&

shut

A9G"%: A9G0: 3A960& steal

A9#.: A9(.G: 3A9(.& bend

!"#$%& !"#$'& (!)#*'* punish

!)+,& !)-& .!"-* hit

!/*,0& !/*,1'& (!/$,2'* hold sway

!/34& !/540& .!/54* judge

!,634& !,640& .!,654* kill

!&#7& !&#7'& (!8#9'* prevent

#*:;$4& #1-":*5 .#*;"4 take

#*4<$4& #1'& .#*<"4 escape notice of

#0=& 1. #0>& 2. (/0&

1. .#6>* 2. 6?+"4

say

#"=3%":*5 #"=50":*5 (#"=5'$:24 reckon

#7& #7'& .#9'* loose

:*4<$4& :*<1'":*5 .:*<"4 learn

:$@":*5 :*@0":*5 :*@0'":*5

(:*@6'$:24 fight

:0##& :6##1'& (:0##2'* intend

:0:A":*5 :0:-":*5 (:6:-$:24 blame

:04& :640& .:654* remain

:5'0& :5'1'& (:3'2'* hate

45!$& 45!1'& (43!2'* win

4"0& 4"1'& (4)2'* think

4":3%& 4":50& (4):5'* think

"?B* 6C'":*5 DB2 (impf.) know

"E!0& "E!1'& F!2'* dwell (in)

"E!,3/& "E!,5/0& F!,5/* pity

"?:*5 "?":*5

"E1'":*5 G1<24 think

H##9:5 I#0& 1. J#6'* transitive 2. K#):24 intransitive

destroy

!"#$%&#'() !"#$*&+#'() ,"#$*&-'./ bewail

0'#"#1+2 0'#"#1342 5'#"61.4( agree

0&-2 78#'() 9:;#/ see

!$9<"2 !$9)"342 1. ,$9<".4( 2. =$9"#/

owe

>(<?2 >(<4#'() @>()4( play

>-4A2 >9<4#'() @>(B#/ suffer

>(%2 >(%42 @>(*4( stop

>9<B2 >9<42 @>9)4( persuade

>9)&-#'() >9)&-4#'() C>9)&(4-'./ try

>+'>2 >+'82 @>9'8( send

>.;-2 >.;34#'() C>3;.4( leap

><>D2 >94+#'() @>94#/ fall

>"+2 >"9%4#'() @>"9*4( sail

>#)+2 >#)342 C>#<.4( make

>#&9%#'() >#&9%4#'() C>#&9*4-'./ march

>&#4(1#&9%2 >&#49&+2 >&#49E>#/ address

>2"+2 >2"342 C>F".4( G>9;6'./

sell

H<>D2 H<82 @&&)8( throw

4)2>-2 4)2>34#'() C4)F>.4( be silent

4I#>+2 4I+8#'() C4I98-'./ view

4>+/;2 4>9<42 @4>9)4( pour a libation

4>9%;2 4>9%42 @4>9*4( hurry

4J?2 4F42 @424( save

D<B.') B342 @B.I( put

D)'-2 D)'342 CD<'.4( honour

!"#$%& !"#$'(& )!*#$+(, dare

!-./& !-.0& 1. 1!-20, 2. 1!-2/"3

turn

!-.4& 5-,$."$,6 15-,$"3 run

!784%3& !29:"$,6 1!74"3 happen

!9/!& !7/!'(& )!9/!+(, strike

;/6(43."$,6 ;/"(4'("$,6 ;/2(4*$+3 promise

<,=3& <,3.& 1<+3, reveal

<.-& ">(& ?328@"3 ?328@,

bear

<298& <29:"$,6 1<78"3 flee

<+$= <'(& 1<+(, say

<A%3& <A'("$,6 1<A,(, anticipate

<A2=-& <A2-.& 1<A26-, destroy

<6#.& <6#'(& )<=#+(, love

<"B."$,6 <"B'("$,6 )<"B'A+3 fear

<-"3!=C& <-"3!6.& )<-*3!6(, think

<7#%!!& <7#%:& )<9#,:, guard

<&3.& <&3'(& )<D3+(, speak

4-%"$,6 4-'("$,6 )4-+(%$+3 use

4&-.& 4&-'(& )4D-+(, go

0+<=C"$,6 0+<6."$,6 )0+<6(%$+3 vote

Reading Greek sections 1–10 vocabulary

!"#$%& ' %( good / noble / courageous

)"* come!

!"+,- (.) market-place / agora

)",+/0+& +( from the country / boorish

)"1 lead / bring

!2/031 be unjust / commit a crime / do wrong

)2/0+& unjust

!24(#5+& +( impossible

621 / !*721 sing

!*7 always

8$9(#/ (#:) Athens

8$;(#<+& (=) Athenian

#:,31 take / capture / convict

#>531 ask (for)

#>57# (.) reason / cause

#?5/+& # +( responsible (for) / guilty (of)

!0+41 hear / listen to (+ gen. of person/thing)

!0,/@A& accurately / closely

!0,%B+C/& (.) acropolis

!C'$*/# (.) truth

!C;$9 the truth

!CC- but / alternatively

!CC'C+D& each other / one another

)CC+& ; + other / the rest of

EF# at the same time

!F#$'& 3& ignorant

!F*7(1( +( better

!F*C'& 3& uncaring

!FG%5*,+/ #/ # both

!(#@#7(1 go up

!(#"0-H1 force / compel

!(-"0; (.) necessity

!(-"0; IJ57 it is obligatory (for X [acc. or dat.] to — [inf.])

!(#/,31 pick up

!(#F3(1 wait / hold on

)(#K (=) prince / lord / king

!(#B*7$1 persuade over to oneLs side

!(#M1,31 retreat

!(2,*<+& # +( brave / manly

!(', (=) man

)($,1B+& (=) man / fellow

!(7J5#F#/ get up / emigrate

!(+F7# (.) lawlessness

)(1 up / above

)K/+& # +( worthy / worthy of (+ gen.)

!B-"1 lead away / take away

EB#& EB#J# EB#( all / the whole

!B3,M+F#/ depart / go away

!B3M+F#/ refrain / keep away (from) (+ gen.)

!B% (+ gen.) away from

!B+@#7(1 leave / depart

!B+$(NJ01 die

!B+0,7(+F#/ answer

!B+05*7(1 kill

!B+C31 I shall kill / destroy

!B+C+"3+F#/ defend oneself / make a speech in one’s own defence

!B+C+"7# (.) speech in one’s own defence

!B+C41 acquit / release

!B+,31 be at a loss / have no resources

!B+,7# perplexity / lack of provisions

!B+5,3M1 run away

!B+G#7(1 reveal / show

!B+G*4"1 escape / run off

!B+M1,31 go away / depart

EB51 light / fasten / fix

O,# (indicates a question)

),# then / in that case (inferring)

!,*5' (.) virtue / excellence

),/J5+& ; +( best / very good

),5/ just now / recently

),M+F#/ begin (+ gen.) / begin to (+ ptcp. or inf.)

!J3@*/# (.) irreverence to the gods

)J5D (5%) city (of Athens)

!5-, but

!5/F-H1 dishonour / hold in dishonour

#P again / moreover

#P$/& again

#Q,/+( tomorrow

!"#$% &% $ him / her / it /them

!"#$' & $ self

()*+,- drag off

().,%*/0!. arrive / come

1!234- walk / go (fut. 1!2.*/0!.)

1!5*-' deeply

1!56' 78! 6 deep

1!3%- I come / go / walk

19++: 7;' ,$<!,!' go to hell!

19<1!</' (=) barbarian / foreigner

1!<*-' )*<- take badly / find hard to bear

1!<6' 78! 6 heavy

1!>.+76' (=) king

1*1!./' ! /% secure

1*+#.>#/' ? /% best

17+#3-% /% better

1.94/0!. use force

13/' (=) life / means /livelihood

1+*@- look (at)

1/9- shout (for)

1/?5*- help / run to help

1/6+/0!. wish / want

1<!2*-' slowly

1-0$' (=) altar

A90/' (=) marriage

A9< for / because

AB< 2& really / I assure you

A7 at least / at any rate

A73#-% (=) neighbour

A7+9- laugh

A*<-% (=) old man

A7-<A$' (=) farmer

AC (D) land

A.A%E>,- know / think /resolve

A+F,6' 78! 6 sweet

A%E0? (D) mind / purpose / judgment / plan

A/G% at any rate

A<!G' (D) old woman

A<!)& (D) indictment / charge / case

A<!)H% A<9)/0!. indict X (acc.) on a charge of Y (gen.)

A<9)/0!. indict / charge

AF%& (D) woman / wife

2!30-% (=) god / daimon

29,%- bite / worry

2* and / but

278 it is necessary (for X [acc. or dat.] to — [inf.])

27.%$' & $% clever at (+ inf.) / dire / terrible

27I.9 (D) right hand

27I.$' 9 $% clever / right-hand

2*/0!. need / ask / beg (+ gen.)

27>@$#?' (=) master

27G</ over here

2*J/0!. receive

2& then / indeed

2C+/' ? /% clear / obvious

2?+$- show / reveal

2C0/' (=) people / deme

2&@/F of course / surely

2C#! then

2.9 + acc. because of

2.9 + gen. through

2.B #3; why?

2.!1!3%- cross

2.!19++- slander

2.!1/+& slander

2.!+*A/0!. converse

2.!%/*/0!. intend / plan

2.9%/.! (D) intention / plan

2.!)573<- corrupt / kill / destroy

2.29>,!+/' (=) teacher

2.29>,- teach

232-0. give / grant

2.*<J/0!. go through / relate

2.,94- be a juror / make a judgment

23,!./' ! /% just

2.,!>#&<./% (#$) law-court

2.,!>#&' (=) juror / dikast

23,? (D) lawsuit / penalty / justice

2.$#. because

2.E,- prosecute / pursue

!"#$% it seems a good idea to X (dat.) to do Y (inf.)

!"#&' seem / consider oneself to —

!()* (+) reputation / opinion

!",-(".*/ enslave

!"0-"1 (2) slave

!34.* (5() play / drama

!36' do / act

!78*.*/ be able

!7" two

!,95,:;1 &1 unlucky

!7' sink

!<3"8 (5() gift / bribe

=*,5(8 ; ( (*>5(8 ; ()

him/her/itself (pronoun)

=*,5"71 61 6 (*>5"71 61 6)

themselves (pronoun)

?6' allow

?@@71 (preposition) (+ gen.) near / nearby

?@#-$A' shut in / lock in

?@B I (sometimes emphatic)

C@'@$ I at least / I at any rate

?D&-' wish / want (to)

$E if

$E!B1 $E!,%* $E!(1 knowing

$E.A I am (= verb ‘to be’)

$F./ I shall go

$EG& speak! / tell me!

$E3;8H (+) peace

$E3;8H8 I@' live in/be at peace

$E1 (+ acc.) to / into / onto

$E9J*A8' enter / board

$E9&3:".*/ enter

$E9K&3' bring in / carry in

$F5* then / next

?# / ?) (+ gen.) out of

?#J6--' throw out

?#!&:".*/ receive in turn

?#!7".*/ undress

?#$%8"1 H " that

?#$%9$ (to) there

?##-H9A* (+) assembly / ekklesia

?#53&:' run out

?#K&3' carry out (often: for burial)

?#K$7@' escape

?-$,D$3A* (+) freedom

?-$,D$3(' free / set free

?-D& come! / go!

L--H8 (2) Greek

?-GAM' hope / expect (+ fut. inf.)

?.*,5(8 ;8 myself (pronoun)

?.J*A8' embark

?.(1 ; (8 my / mine

C.G$/3"1 "8 skilled / experienced

?.GAG5' fall into / fall on (+ ?8 or $E1)

?.G(3/"8 (5() market-place

?8 (+ dat.) in

?8 8N C:' intend / have in mind

?8 5"75O meanwhile

?8*85A"8 (+ gen.) opposite / in front of

C8!"8 inside

C8$/./ be in

P8$#* (+ gen.) because / for the sake of (usually placed after noun)

?8D6!$ here

?85*0D* here / at this point

?85$0D$8 from then / from there

?85,@:68' I meet with (+ dat.)

?)6@' lead out / bring out

?)*AK8H1 suddenly

?)*G*56' deceive / trick

?)&3:".*/ go out / come out

?)$56M' question closely

?)$,3A9#' find out

?G*/8&' praise

?G*8&3:".*/ return

?G$A when / since

?G$/!; when / since / because

CG$/5* then / next

?G&3:".*/ go against / attack

?GA + acc. at / against

?GA + gen. on

?G/#*-&".*/ call upon (to witness)

!"#$%&'&( know how to (+ inf.) / understand

)"*'&( follow

+,-*. (%/) task / work / job / duty

+,0*'&( go / come

!,1%21 ask

!$3#1 eat (fut. +4*'&()

)%5,*6 & *. one (or the other) of two

+%( still / yet

+%( 7&8 .9. even now / still now

:%*;'*6 < *. ready (to) (+ inf.)

5= well

5>4&#'1. *. happy / rich / blessed by the gods

5>3?6 (adv.) at once / straightaway

5@,#$71 find / come upon

5AB,1. *. well-disposed

5>0C (D) prayer

5A0*'&( pray

+01 have / hold

E5?6 (F) Zeus

G<%H1 look for / seek

I or

I (with comparatives) than

J 4K L6 he said

D-5'M. (F) leader

D-H*'&( think / consider / lead (+ dat.)

D4H16 with pleasure / happily

I4< by now / now / already

N4*'&( enjoy / be pleased

D4*.C (D) pleasure

D4?6 5;& ? sweet / pleasant

NO(*6 (F) sun

D'P6 &>%*?6 26 ourselves (pronoun)

D'5;6 we

D'H,& (D) day

D'H%5,*6 our(s)

D'#*.*6 (F) mule

J. 4K !-M I said

Q,&7OR6 (F) Herakles

D$S02G1 be quiet / keep quiet

D$S0#& (D) quiet / peace

N$S0*6 < quiet / peaceful

N%%1. *. lesser / weaker

32O&%%& (D) sea

32.&%*6 (F) death

3&S'2G1 wonder at / be amazed at

352 (D) goddess

352*'&( observe / watch

35&%C6 (F) spectator / member of audience

35/6 (F/D) god(-dess)

3.<%/6 C /. mortal

3/,ST*6 (F) noise / din / hustle and bustle

3?,& (D) door

3S$#& (D) a sacrifice

3?1 sacrifice

U4*? look! / here! / hey!

V5,/. (%/) sanctuary

V7H%<6 (F) suppliant

W""*6 (F) horse

X$16 perhaps

7&35?41 sleep

7&3#G*'&( sit down (intransitive)

7&3#G1 sit down (transitive)

7&3*,21 see / look down on

7&# and / also

7&8 4Y 7&# moreover

7&#"5, although (+ ptcp.)

7&#%*( and yet

7&7Z/7&7[6 "*(H1 treat badly / do harm to

7&7*4&#'1. *. unlucky / dogged by an evil daimon

7&7/6 C /. bad / evil / cowardly / lowly / mean

7&7[6 badly / evilly

7&OH1 call / summon

72OO($%*6 < *. most/very fine/beautiful/good

7&O/6 C /. beautiful / fine / good

7&O[6 finely / beautifully

7&%2 + acc. in / on / by / according to

7&%&T&#.1 go down / come down

7&%&4(72G1 condemn / convict (X [gen.] on a charge

of Y [acc.])

7&%&7O#.*'&( lie down

7&%&O&'T2.1 come across / overtake

!"#"$%& bring to an end / finish

!"#'()*+& prosecute X (gen.) on a charge of Y (acc.)

!"#'()*," (-) speech for the prosecution

!.$./0#12 (3) boatswain

!.$.%& order

!.4"$1 (-) head

!5*/6 (3) herald

!,78/7)2 (3) danger

!$+9#'2 (3) thief

!$+9#& steal

!)$:;& punish

!<9#& knock (on) / cut

!*"#+& hold sway / hold power (over)

!*.,##&7 )7 stronger / greater

!#5=" (#<) possession

!/>.*71#'2 (3) captain / helmsman

!%&7 (3) dog

!&$%& prevent / stop

?"!.8"@=<7@)2 (3) Spartan

$"=>:7)="@ take hold of (+ gen.)

$"=>:7& take / capture

$"=9:2 (-) torch

$"7A:7& escape notice of X (acc.) in -ing (+ nom. ptcp.)

$+(& say

$+=>)2 (3) boat / life-boat

$@=17 (3) harbour

$)(,;)="@ reckon / calculate / consider

$<()2 (3) argument / word / speech / story / tale / reason

$%& release

=: (+ acc.) by…!

="A'#12 (3) student

=:$@0#" especially / particularly / yes

="7A:7& learn / understand

=:*#/2 (3) witness

=:B' (-) fight / battle

=:B)="@ fight

=+("2 =.(:$' =+(" big / great

=+(@0#)2 ' )7 greatest (superlative of =+("2)

=.,;&7 )7 greater (comparative of =+("2)

=+$"2 =+$"@7" =+$"7 black

=+$$& be about to (+ fut. inf.) / intend / hesitate (+ pres. inf.)

=+=4)="@ blame / criticise / find fault with (+ acc. or dat.)

=+7…8+… on the one hand…on the other

=+7#)@ however / but

=+7& remain / wait for

=+*)2 (#<) share / part

=.#: + acc. after

=.#: + gen. with

=1 not / don’t! (with imperative)

=1 (with imperative) don’t!

='8"=C2 not at all / in no way

='8.,2 ='8.=," ='8+7 no / no one

='!+#@ no longer

=1#'* (-) mother

='B"71 (-) device / plan

=@"*<2 : <7 foul / polluted

=@0+& hate

=<7)2 ' )7 alone

=C7; surely not?

=C*)2 " )7 stupid / foolish

7", yes

7"/="B," (-) naval battle

7"D2 (-) ship

7"%#'2 (3) sailor

7"/#@!<2 1 <7 naval

7."7,"2 (3) young man

7."7,0!)2 (3) young man

7.!*<2 (3) corpse

7+)2 " )7 young

7.E*@)7 (#<) dockyard

71 (+ acc.) by…!

750)2 (-) island

7@!:& win / defeat

7,!' (-) victory / conquest

7)+& think / notice / mean / intend

7)=,;& think / acknowledge

7<=)2 (3) law / convention

7<0)2 (-) plague / disease

!"#$ (%) mind / sense

!#! now

!&! then (cf. !#! now)

!'( ()) night

(*!"$ / (+,!"$ (%) foreigner / guest / host

% -./0$ the same

% ) /0 the

% 1*!…% 2* one…another

% 34$ the whole of

5 /6; what? (in reply to /7;)

52+ 82+ /02+ this here

"92- know

":;-2+ homewards

"<;*/=$ (%) house-slave

"<;*> dwell (in) / live

":;=?6$ ()) dwelling

"<;7- ()) house

":;"6 at home

"<;/7@> pity

"91-6 think

o:1"6 alas! Oh dear!

"A"$ - "!

(exclamatory) what a! what sort of a!

BC7D"$ = "! small / few

5C"$ = "! whole of

BC"E'@"1-6 lament / mourn for

51"6"$ - "! like / similar to (+ dat.)

%1"C"D*> agree

%10!"6- ()) agreement / harmony

51>$ nevertheless / however

F!"1- (/0) name

53C- (/G) weapons / arms

%30?"$ = "! how much/many

53"& where? / where

%@G> see

B@H0$ I 0! straight / correct / right

5$ 8 5 who / what / which

5?"$ = "!

(exclamatory) how great!

5?3+@ 83+@ 53+@ who/which indeed

5/+ when

5/6 that / because

". / ".; / ".J no / not

".2-1K$ in no way / not at all

".2* and not / not even

".2+7$ ".2+17- ".2*! no / no one / nothing

".2*! nothing

".2*3"/+ never

".2*3> / "L3> not yet

".;*/6 no longer

".;"#! therefore

"L;"&! not…therefore

"M! so / then / really / therefore

".@-!0$ (%) sky / heavens

"L/+…"L/+ neither…nor

"N/"$ hey there! hey you!

"N/"$ -O/= /"#/" this

"P/"?7 -P/=7 /"&/7 this here

"O/>($) thus / so / in this way

BE+7C> owe

3GH"$ (/0) experience / suffering

3-627"! (/0) child / slave

3-7Q> (3@0$ + acc.) play / joke at

3-,$ (%) child / slave

3GC6! back / again

3-!/-J"# everywhere

3G!& very (much); at all

3-@G + dat. with / beside / in the presence of

3-@G + acc. along / alongside

3-@G + gen. from

3G@+616 be present / be at hand

3-@*J> give to / provide

R-@H+!S! (%) the Parthenon

34$ 34?- 34! all

3G?J> suffer / experience / undergo

3-/I@ (%) father

3-/@7$ ()) fatherland

3-'"1-6 stop (+ nom. ptcp.) / cease from (+ gen.)

3-'> stop

3+7H"1-6 trust / obey (+ dat.)

3+7H> persuade

!"#$%&'(# try / test

!)'!* send

!"$+ + acc. about

!"$+ + gen. about

!,-%* leap / jump

!+!.* fall / die

!/)* sail

!/)*0 ( *1 full of (+ gen.)

!/23&0 (.4) number / crowd / the people

!/51 (+ gen.) except

!/,6+&1 nearby / (+ gen.) near

!/&7&1 (.4) vessel / ship

!43"1; from where?

!&7; to where?

!&#)&'(# make

!&#)* make / do

!&#5.,0 (8) poet

!&7&0 ( &1; what sort of?

!&/)'#&# (&9) the enemy

!&/)'#&0 ( &1 hostile / enemy

!4/"'&0 (8) war

!4/#0 (:) city (state)

!&/+.,0 (8) citizen

!&//% many things

!&//%;#0 often

!&/< (adverbial) much

!&/<0 !&//5 !&/< many / much

!&1,$40 % 41 wicked / wretched

!&$"<&'(# march / journey / go

!4$$* far / far off

=&6"#->1 (8) Poseidon (god of sea)

!&.('40 (8) river

!&." once / ever

!4."$&1…? whether…or

!4."$&0 ( &1 which (of two)

!&@; where (at)?

!&<0 (8) foot

!$AB'( (.4) thing / matter / affair / (pl.) troubles

!$%B'(.( !($)C* cause trouble

!$)6D"#0 (&9) ambassadors

!$"6D"E.50 (8) ambassador

!$40 + acc. towards

!$40 + dat. near / in addition to (+ dat.)

!$40 + gen. in the name of / under the protection of

!$&6(B&$"<* address / speak to

!$&6)$C&'(# advance / go/come towards

!$&6.$)C* run towards

!$&.$)!* urge on / impel

!$>.&1 (adverbial) first / at first

!$>.&0 , &1 first

!@$ (.4) fire

!E$% (:) funeral pyre

!E$% (.%) fire-signal

!*/)* sell

!*0 somehow

!>0 BF$ &G; of course

HI-#&0 ( &1 easy

HJ-+*0 easily

H(K*-40 (8) rhapsode

H5.*$ (8) orator / politician

H+!.* throw / hurl

6(")(E.41 51 yourself (s.) (pronoun)

6(L>0 clearly

6"/51, (:) moon

6,'"7&1 (.4) sign / signal

67.&0 (8) food (pl. .F 67.()

6#*!%* be silent

6;"<, (.%) gear / furniture

6;&!)* look at / consider

640 5 41 your(s) (singular)

6&L+( (:) wisdom

6&L40 5 41 wise / clever

6!)1-* pour a libation

6!"<-* hurry

6!&1-(+ ((9) treaty / truce

6!&1-5 (:) libation

6!&E-5 (:) haste / zeal / seriousness

6.)1* groan

6.$(.,B40 (8) general

6.$(.#% (:) army

!" you (s.)

!#$$%&'( ()) relation

!#$$&*+,& -./ forgive / pardon (+ dat.)

!"& with (the help of) (+ dat.)

!#&0123/ live with / live together

!.%45& near / nearly / almost

!67/ save / keep safe

8/29:;,( ()) Socrates

!<0( = 0& safe

!/;'9 ()) saviour

!/;,9>= (?) safety / salvation

;@ &=#;12: lit. ‘the naval-things’ / naval matters

;@ !;9=;,$12: lit. ‘the leader's-things’ / leadership / generalship

;@ !;9=;1/;12: lit. ‘the soldier's-things’ / military matters

;:A=( ;:A=1&= ;:A=& wretched / unhappy

;B& my dear chap (condescendingly)

;:C1( (?) battle-array / order / rank

;=.3/( quickly

;%…2=>… A and B / both A and B

;%D.0( (;5) wall (of a city)

;3A0( (adverbial) in the end / finally

;3.&, (?) skill / art / expertise

;'+%90& today

;1 a / something

;>; (pronominal) what?

;>; (adverbial) why?

;>E,+1 put / place

;1+:/ honour

;>( what? who?

;1( ;1 a / a certain / someone

;>(; ;>; who? what?

;01 then (inference)

;010F;0( ;01=";, ;010F;0(&)

of this kind / of such a kind

;5A+= (?) daring

;0A+:/ dare / be daring / undertake

;5;% then

;93G0+=1 turn / turn in flight

;93./ run

;91'9=9.0( ()) trierarch

;#$.:&/ hit / chance on / happen on / be subject to (+ gen.) / happen (to) / be actually (+ ptcp.)

;"G;/ strike / hit

HI91( (?) aggression / violence

#J5( ()) son

K+B( =L;0"( :( yourselves (pronoun)

K+%D( you (pl.)

K+3;%90( = 0& your(s)

KG39 + gen. for / on behalf of

KG,93;,( ()) servant / slave

KG1!.&30+=1 (+ fut. inf.) I promise

KG5 + gen. by / at the hands of

H!;%90& (adverbial) later / further

H!;%90( = 0& later / last (of two)

KM=1930+=1 steal / take for oneself by stealth

M=>&0+=1 seem to be / appear to be (+ nom. ptcp.)

M39% come!

M39/ carry / bear

M%"$/ flee / be a defendant / be on trial

M,+> / -M,& I say / I said

M'( you (s.) say

ME:&/ anticipate X (acc.) in -ing (+ nom. ptcp.)

M1A3/ love / kiss

M>A0( ()) friend

M>A0( , 0& dear / friendly / one's own

M1A0!0M>= (?) philosophy

M1A5!0M0( ()) philosopher

M>A;=;0( , 0& most dear (superlative of M>A0()

M0I30+=1 fear / be afraid (of)

M5I0( ()) fear

M90&;>7/ think / worry

M90&;>( (?) thought / care / concern

M"A=C ()/?) guard

M#A:;;/ guard

M/&3/ speak / utter

M/&' (?) voice / language / speech

.=D9% hello! / farewell!

.=A%G5( ' 5& difficult / hard

.%>9 (?) hand

.%>9/& 0& worse

!"#$%&' use / employ (+ dat.)

!"(& ()#) debts

!"* it is necessary (for X [acc.] to — [inf.])

!"*%&)& ()#) money

!"*+'%$, - $. useful / profitable

!"-+)/, * /. good / fine / serviceable

!"/.$, (0) time

!1"(1 go / come

!1"2$. ()/) place / space / region

34567, falsely

3-829$%&' vote (fut. 3-8'($%&')

3:8$, (;) vote / voting-pebble

< O (addressing someone)

= what…! (+ gen.)

>, (conjunction) that

>, (exclamatory) how!

>, (relative adverb) as

?+@4" like / as

Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

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