Bharat Ratna

Awarded by

Government of IndiaCountry India

Type National civilian

Ribbon

Obverse An image of theSun along with thewords "BharatRatna", inscribed inDevanagari script,on a peepal (Ficusreligiosa) leaf

Reverse A platinum StateEmblem of Indiaplaced in the centrewith the nationalmotto, "SatyamevaJayate" (Truthalone triumphs) inDevanagari script

StatisticsEstablished 1954

First awarded 1954

C.Rajagopalachari

SarvepalliRadhakrishnan

C. V. Raman

Bharat RatnaThe Bharat Ratna (Hindi pronunciation: [bʰaːrət ̪ rətn̪ə]; Jewel of India)[1] is the

highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted in 1954, the award isconferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order",without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[2][3][4] The award wasoriginally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and publicservices, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of humanendeavour" in December 2011.[5] The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna aremade by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nomineesbeing awarded per year. Recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by thePresident and a peepal-leaf–shaped medallion; there is no monetary grantassociated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian orderof precedence.

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari,philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and scientist C. V. Raman, who werehonoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals,including 12 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did notprovide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them.Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to behonoured posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40,became the youngest recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve wasawarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens,the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, andto two non-Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former SouthAfrican President Nelson Mandela. On 24 December 2014, the Indian governmentannounced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya(posthumously) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspendedfrom July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government;and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, thegovernment's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bosewas opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, includingsome members of his extended family. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision,the press communiqué announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only timewhen the award was announced but not conferred.

Several bestowals of the award have met with criticism. The posthumous award forM. G. Ramachandran (1988) was considered to have been aimed at placating thevoters for the upcoming assembly election and posthumous awards of MadanMohan Malaviya (2015) and Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) drew criticism for they diedbefore the award was instituted.

Last awarded 2015

Madan MohanMalaviya(Posthumous)

Atal BihariVajpayee

Total awarded 45

PrecedenceNext (lower) Padma

Vibhushan

History

Regulations

Specifications

Controversies

Criticism

Popular demands

List of recipients

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of twocivilian awards—Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (ClassI), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the PadmaVibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the PadmaBhushan and the Padma Shri.[3]

There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indiancitizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South Africanpresident Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive thehonour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, theaward has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10]

The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourthPrime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was rescindedon 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14][15] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992,when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court,challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995,following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][16]

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race,occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did notallow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the firstrecipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][17]

Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to thePresident with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded thehonour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Under theterms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, althoughrecipients may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicatethat they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[19]

Contents

History

Regulations

As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by theDepartment of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette,conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require theauthority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender theirmedals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]

The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 13⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burstdesign on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreathset along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto,"Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2]

A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 25⁄16 inches (59 mm) long,17⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, onthe obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm)from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem ofIndia and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be wornaround the neck.[3][11][20] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][21] The Bharat Ratna medals areproduced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, PadmaShri, and Param Veer Chakra.[22]

The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed againstthe conferral of the award.[13][23][24][25][26]

Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer theaward posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The decision triggered much criticism and a PILwas filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[23] The petitioner took objection to theconferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personalityhigher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a personwith past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously asthe Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requestedthe whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission. Bose's family membersexpressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[27][28]

To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge SujataV. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per theappropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, andPadma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered inthe recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only anannouncement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing thename in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and ShankarDayal Sharma (1992–97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[27]

Specifications

Controversies

In 1992, a press releasewas published to conferthe award posthumouslyon Bose which was latercancelled by theSupreme Court in 1997.

On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revokedand declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumousmention of Bose and his death.[27][29]

Civilian awards as "Titles" (1992)

In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and anotherin the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilianawards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh HighCourt issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formedcomprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are nottitles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[16]

C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2013)

Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna,multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, suchas Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was"physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award butrather should be annulled.[24] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Actindicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkarwas an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influencethe voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[25]

Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player DhyanChand."[26][c]

On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-pollingstates did not amount to a violation of the code.[30] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao andTendulkar.[31]

In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former ChiefMinister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[32][33]

The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, whowere bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[34] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[35] thedecision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for theTamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R.Ambedkar to please the Dalits.[36][32]

The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award wasinstituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honourpeople like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate RabindranathTagore,[39] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[40] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime MinisterP. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly in 2015, the Prime MinisterNarendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with criticism.[41] Janardan Dwivedi, politicianof the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the PrimeMinister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[43]

Criticism

A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[44] The awardfor Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an AcademyHonorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, ayear after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee toPresident K. R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to thePresident,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya JanataParty (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal BihariVajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader,Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister, said that he would decline thehonour, even if awarded.[52] Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal fortheir respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, regional political party ShivSena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglectedby previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for hiscontribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54]

Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[55] In 2011,82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry ofYouth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter AbhinavBindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National RifleAssociation of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketerSachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59]

A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of HomeAffairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with theinformation under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past andwere forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V.Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations andconferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[60][61]

Key

+ Naturalized citizen recipient * Non-citizen recipient # Posthumous recipient

Popular demands

List of recipients

List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10]

Year Laureates Notes

1954

C. Rajagopalachari

An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer,Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-General of independent India. He was Chief Minister ofMadras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54);and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party.[62]

SarvepalliRadhakrishnan

Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's first Vice-President (1952–62) and second President (1962–67).[63][64]

Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as"Teachers' Day" in India.[65]

C. V. Raman

Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and thediscovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering",Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics andelectromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physicsin 1930.[66]

1955

Bhagwan Das

Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is aco-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and workedwith Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of BanarasHindu University.[67]

M. Visvesvaraya

Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18),Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of theIndian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as"Engineer's Day" in India.[68]

Jawaharlal Nehru Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and thelongest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).[49][69]

1957 Govind Ballabh Pant

Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces(1937–39, 1946–50) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh(1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–61.[70]

1958 Dhondo Keshav Karve Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for hisworks related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu

widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association(1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started ShreematiNathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in1916.[8][71]

1961

Bidhan Chandra Roy

A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, andsocial worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of ModernWest Bengal".[72] He was second Chief Minister of WestBengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed asNational Doctors' Day in India.[51]

– Purushottam DasTandon

Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independenceactivist and served as speaker of the Uttar PradeshLegislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in acampaign to get official language status to Hindi.[73]

1962 Rajendra Prasad

Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[74]

Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in thenon-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[75] Hewas later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[63]

1963

– Zakir Husain

Independence activist and education philosopher, Husainserved as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University(1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, hewas elected as second Vice-President of India (1962–67) andwent on to become the third President of India (1967–69).[63][64]

Pandurang VamanKane

Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[77] Kane is best known for hisfive volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancientand Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the"monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages andbeing published from 1930 to 1962.[78]

1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri[i]#Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier,Hail the Farmer"),[79] Independence activist Shastri served assecond Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the countryduring the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[49][80]

1971 Indira Gandhi

Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[81] Gandhi was the PrimeMinister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[49] During theIndo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supportedBangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of anew country, Bangladesh.[82]

1975 V. V. Giri While studying at the University College Dublin, Giri wasinvolved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement. Returning to India,he organized labour unions and brought them to take activeparticipation in Indian freedom struggle. Post-independence,Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and

Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became thefirst acting President and was eventually elected as the fourthPresident of India (1969–74).[63][83][84]

1976 K. Kamaraj[ii]#Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a ChiefMinister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62,and 1962–63.[85][86]

1980 Mother Teresa +

"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and thefounder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded theNobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and wasbeatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II andcanonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.[87]

1983 Vinoba Bhave[iii]#

Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associateof Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodanmovement, "Land-Gift Movement".[88] He was given thehonorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded theRamon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarianwork.[89]

1987 Khan Abdul GhaffarKhan*

Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activistand Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi.He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded KhudaiKhidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[90]

1988M. G.Ramachandran[iv][d]#

Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as ChiefMinister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84,1985–87.[85]

1990

B. R. Ambedkar[v]#

Social reformer and leader of the Dalits,[92] Ambedkar wasthe Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also servedas the first Law Minister of India.[93] Ambedkar predominantlycampaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, theHindu varna system.[94] He was associated with the DalitBuddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religionalong with his close to half a million followers on 14 October1956.[95]

Nelson Mandela* Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa,Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99).[96]

Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa",[97] Mandela'sAfrican National Congress movement was influenced byGandhian philosophy.[98] In 1993, he was awarded the NobelPeace Prize.[99]

1991

Rajiv Gandhi[vi]# Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from1984 to 1989.[49]

Vallabhbhai Patel[vii]#

Widely known as the "Iron Man of India",[100] Patel was anindependence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India(1947–50). Post independence, "Sardar" ("Leader") Patelworked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princelystates into the Indian union.[101][102]

Morarji Desai[e]

Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister ofIndia (1977–79).[49] He is the only Indian national to beawarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award givenby the Government of Pakistan.[104]

1992

Abul Kalam Azad[viii][f]#

Independence activist Azad was India's first Minister ofEducation and worked towards free primary education. Hewas widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11November is observed as National Education Day inIndia.[107]

J. R. D. Tata

Industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata foundedIndia's first airline Air India. He is the founder of variousinstitutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, TataMotors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, andNational Centre for the Performing Arts.[108]

Satyajit Ray

Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[109]

film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition toIndian cinema.[110] In 1984, Ray was awarded theDadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award incinema.[111]

1997 Gulzarilal Nanda Independence activist Nanda was two times interim PrimeMinister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairmanof the Planning Commission.[49][112]

Aruna Asaf Ali[ix]#

Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting theIndian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's firstmayor in 1958.[113]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Aerospace and defence scientist, Kalam was involved in thedevelopment of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III andwas the architect of Integrated Guided Missile DevelopmentProgram. He worked for Indian National Committee for SpaceResearch, Indian Space Research Organisation, DefenceResearch and Development Laboratory and was appointed asthe Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Secretary toDepartment of Defence Research and Development andDirector General of Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation.[114] Later, he served as the eleventh Presidentof India from 2002 until 2007.[63]

1998

M. S. SubbulakshmiCarnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi, often hailed as"Queen of songs", is the first Indian musician to receive theRamon Magsaysay award.[115]

ChidambaramSubramaniam

Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture ofIndia (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contributiontowards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, heworked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, andthe International Maize and Wheat Research Institute,Mexico.[116]

1999

JayaprakashNarayan[x]#

Independence activist, social reformer, and commonlyreferred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), Narayan is betterknown for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement"initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt andexploitative Congress government".[117]

Amartya Sen

Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences(1998),[118] Sen has done research over several topicsincluding social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy,welfare economics, decision theory, development economics,public health, and gender studies.[119]

Gopinath Bordoloi[xi]#

Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister ofAssam (1946–50).[120] His efforts and association with thethen Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widelyacknowledged while keeping Assam united with India whenparts of it were to merge with East Pakistan.[121]

Ravi Shankar Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "theworld's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music",

sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work withWestern musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and GeorgeHarrison.[122]

2001

Lata Mangeshkar

Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[123] playbacksinger Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and hassung songs in over 36 languages.[124] In 1989, Mangeshkarwas awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highestaward in cinema.[111]

Bismillah Khan

Hindustani classical shehnai player, Khan played theinstrument for more than eight decades and is credited tohave brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indianmusic.[125]

2008 Bhimsen Joshi

Hindustani classical vocalist, Joshi was a disciple of Kiranagharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for theKhyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm andaccurate notes".[126][127]

2014

C. N. R. Rao

The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universitiesincluding Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professorRao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State andMaterials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure.He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48books.[128]

Sachin Tendulkar

Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 internationalcricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. Heholds various cricket records including the only player to havescored one hundred international centuries, the first batsmanto score a double century in a One Day International and theonly player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODIand Test cricket.[129][130]

2015

Madan MohanMalaviya[xii]#

Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder ofAkhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras HinduUniversity and served as the university's vice-chancellor from1919 until 1938. He was the President of Indian NationalCongress for four terms and was the Chairman of HindustanTimes from 1924 to 1946.[131]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was electednine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha andserved as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996,1998, 1999–2004.[49] He was Minister of External Affairsduring 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian"in 1994.[132]

a. The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held atBrabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday, 18 April 1958.[9]

b. Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction,shall be conferred by the State".[18]

c. The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde, Sports MinisterBhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department.

d. In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, but declined as theinvitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[91]

e. Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless andpoliticized".[103]

f. Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India (1947–58) citingthat the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients.[35][105][106]

Posthumous recipients

i. Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966, at the age of 61.

ii. K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975, at the age of 72.

iii. Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982, at the age of 87.

iv. M. G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987, at the age of 70.

v. B. R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956, at the age of 65.

vi. Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991, at the age of 46.

vii. Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950, at the age of 75.

viii. Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958, at the age of 69.

ix. Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996, at the age of 87.

x. Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979, at the age of 76.

xi. Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950, at the age of 60.

xii. Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946, at the age of 84.

1. "Atal Behari Vajpayee: India honours former PM with Bharat Ratna" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151014000840/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30595436). BBC. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30595436) on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

2. Lal, Shavax A. (1954). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf) (PDF). The Gazette of India. ThePresident's Secretariat (published 2 January 1954): 2. Archived from the original (http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf) (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. "The President ispleased to institute an award to be designated Bharat Ratna and to make the following Regulations"

Explanatory notes

References

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Bibliography

Further reading