Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities

149© The Author(s) 2018Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6

Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6

150 Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities

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Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th Guangdong

Provincial People’s Congress

Name PositionParty member

1 Wan, Qingliang Member of Standing Committee of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Party Secretary of Guangzhou

Y

2 Wang, Bo Deputy Chairman and Director of the Legislative Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

3 Wang, Rong Member of Standing Committee of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Party Secretary of Shenzhen

Y

4 Wang, Chu President of Guangdong Bureau of People’s Daily

Y

5 Wang, Yunxin Director of Guangdong Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control Centre

Y

6 Wang, Ruli Vice President of Guangdong Research Institute for Urban and Rural Planning and Design

Y

7 Wang, Keguang Vice Director of Guangdong Branch of the General Administration of Customs

Y

8 Wang, Xuehua Vice Dean of School of Physical Science and Engineering Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University

Y

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6

154 Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th…


9 Mao, Guiping Dean of Guangzhou College of Guangdong Science and Technology Vocational College

Y

10 Hu, Chunhe Director of Guangdong Tobacco Monopoly Administration

Y

11 Yu, Canxian Director of Network Security, Guangdong Public Security Department

Y

12 Lu, Jiahui Commissioner of Audit Office in Guangzhou Y13 Rong, Tiewen Deputy Minister of CCP Guangdong Provincial

CommitteeY

14 Zhu, Xiaodan Deputy Secretary of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Governor

Y

15 Zhu, Xiaoling Chairman of Guangdong Transportation Group

Y

16 Zhu, Mingguo Deputy Secretary of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Secretary of Guangdong Political and Judiciary Commission

Y

17 Zhu, Suisheng Former Deputy Secretary of Guangdong Political and Judiciary Commission

Y

18 Xiang, Jing Vice Director of Guangdong Institute of local taxation science

Y

19 Liu, Kun Vice Governor Y20 Liu, Tao Chairman of Partners General Assembly of

Guangdong Junhou Law FirmN

21 Liu, Zaisheng Director of Administration Bureau of East South China Sea Petroleum, CNOOC

Y

22 Liu, Zhigeng Vice Governor Y23 Liu, Honghui Director of Provincial Sun Yat-Sen Library Y24 Liu, Fushou Director of Guangdong Bureau of CBRC Y25 Xu, Guangchao Vice Head of the Organization Department

of CCP Guangdong Provincial CommitteeY

26 Xu, Jiarui Vice President of Sun Yat-Sen University N27 Xu, Ruisheng Vice Governor N28 Ruan, Richeng Director of Guangdong Bureau for Complete

Plants of Machinery and EquipmentY

29 Sun, Jie Labour Union Chairman of Guangzhou Railway Group

Y

30 Li, Jia Member of Standing Committee of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Party Secretary of Zhuhai

Y

31 Li, Yumei Member of Standing Committee of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Head of Organisation Department

Y

32 Li, Zhihong Director of Guangdong Restructuring Office Y

155


33 Li, Zhujiang Deputy Secretary-general of the Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress

Y

34 Li, Huanxin Deputy Director of the Commission of Legislative Affairs of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

35 Yang, Ying Vice Chairman of Guangdong Provincial Committee of Zhi Gong Party

Y

36 Yang, Xingfen Vice Director of Guangdong CDC Y37 Yang, Jianchu Director of Guangdong Economic and

Information CommissionY

38 Xiao, Zhiheng Executive Vice Governor Y39 Wu, Yi Vice Chairman of Guangdong Provincial

Committee of Zhi Gong PartyY

40 Qiu, Xiaosu Director of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of Guangdong People’s Congress

Y

41 He, Yao Director of Safety Supervision of Water Resources Department of Guangdong

N

42 He, Guowei Director of Seed Administration Station of Guangdong

Y

43 Xin, Pu Vice Director of Material Department, China Southern Power Grid

N

44 Min, Rui Assistant Judge of Guangdong Provincial People’s High Court

Y

45 Wang, Yang Member of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, Party Secretary of Guangdong

Y

46 Zhang, Hua Vice Chairman of Guangdong Provincial Committee of Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party

Y

47 Zhang, Bei Director of Comprehensive Department of Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University

N

48 Zhang, Xiaozhuang

Director of Guangdong Maternal and Child Health Hospital

Y

49 Zhang, Fangqiu President of Guangdong Academy of Forestry Science

Y

50 Zhang, Yuhang Executive Deputy Director of Guangdong Administration Office of Socialist Legal System

Y

51 Chen, Dan Vice Chairman of Guangdong Federation of Industry and Commerce

Y

Appendix 2: The List of Candidates for Deputies to the 12th…



52 Chen, Gang Deputy Director of Cancer Centre of Guangdong People’s Hospital

N

53 Chen, Jian Director of Guangdong Energy Conservation Supervision Centre

Y

54 Chen, Hai Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of China Democratic National Construction Association

Y

55 Chen, Xiaochuan

Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

56 Chen, Shandi Member of Standing Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

57 Chen, Yunxian Vice Governor Y58 Chen, Danqing Chief Engineer of Guangdong Environmental

Monitoring CentreN

59 Chen, Hongping Chairman of the Rural Agricultural Commission of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

60 Chen, Weixiong Party Secretary of Department of Justice of Guangdong Province

Y

61 Chen, Zongwen Executive Vice Chairman of Guangdong Labour Union

Y

62 Chen, Jianbiao Deputy Chief Engineer of Guangdong Provincial Architectural Design Institute

Y

63 Chen, Qincheng Executive President of Social Organization Association

Y

64 Chen, Junfeng Director of Guangdong Provincial Party History Research Office

Y

65 Chen, Jiaji Party Secretary of Department of Agriculture of Guangdong

Y

66 Chen, Jixing Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

67 Chen, Yikui Deputy Secretary General of the Standing Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

68 Chen, Dexing General Manager of Guangdong Telecommunication Company

Y

69 Chen, Yaoguang Director of Department of Land and Resources of Guangdong

Y

70 Zhao, Yufang Vice Governor Y71 Lin, Xiong Member of Standing Committee of CCP

Guangdong Provincial CommitteeY

72 Lin, Xiang Head of the Department of Supervision of Guangdong Provincial Certified Public Accountants Association

Y



73 Lin, Musheng Standing Committee Member and Secretary General of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee

Y

74 Lin, Shaochun Vice Governor Y75 Lin, Jinxiong Deputy Director of Committee on Agriculture

and Rural Develop of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

76 Lin, Xiuyu Deputy Director of Committee of Finance and Economics of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

77 Lin, Haokun Head of Department of Supervision of Guangdong Province

Y

78 Ou, Guangyuan Chairman of the Standing Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

79 Ou, Zhenzhi Head of Department of Human Resources of Guangdong Province

Y

80 Luo, Jijing Deputy Head of Organization Department of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee

Y

81 Jin, Zhengjia Deputy Secretary General of Standing Committee of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

82 Zhou, Liqiong Executive Vice Chairman of Women’s Federation of Guangdong Province

Y

83 Zheng, Hong President of Guangdong Provincial Procuratorate

Y

84 Zheng, E President of Guangdong Provincial High Court

Y

85 Zheng, Chiqin Principal of Guangdong Experimental High School

Y

86 Zheng, Jikun Vice President of Guangdong International Friendship Association

N

87 Fang, Wencui Vice Dean of the Law School of Guangdong College of Business

N

88 Fang, Qingfang Director of Department of Housing and Urban and Rural Construction of Guangdong Province

Y

89 Hu, Jun President of Jinan University Y90 Hu, Xian Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of

China Association for Promoting DemocracyY

91 Hu, Jinmu Director of Guangdong State Tax Bureau Y92 Shi, Gang ICBC Guangdong Brach President Y93 Xu, Shaohua Member of Standing Committee of CCP

Guangdong Provincial Committee, Executive Vice Governor

Y



94 Ling, Haichan Coach of Guangdong Sports School Y95 Huang, Ping Deputy Director of Budget Commission of

Standing Committee of Guangdong People’s Congress

Y

96 Huang, Yao Vice Dean of Law School, Sun Yat-Sen University

Y

97 Huang, Longyun Chairman of Guangdong Commission of CPPCC

Y

98 Huang, Xianyao Member of Standing Committee of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Secretary of Commission for Discipline and Inspection

Y

99 Huang, Huahua Deputy Director of Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee of NPC

Y

100 Huang, Baiqing Department of Water Resources of Guangdong Province

Y

101 Huang, Shanchun

Member of Standing Committee of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Political Commissar of Guangdong Provincial Military Command

Y

102 Cui, Jian Secretary General of the Standing Committee of Guangdong People’s Congress

Y

103 Tuo, Zhen Member of Standing Committee of CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee, Head of Department of Propaganda

Y

104 Yan, Jingping Executive Vice Chairman of Guangdong Women’s Federation

Y

105 Liang, Ming Secretary of CCP Committee of Guangdong Provincial Association for Science and Technology

Y

106 Liang, Wanli Director of Health Committee of Guangdong People’s Congress

Y

107 Liang, Shaofen Deputy Director of Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs of People’s Congress of Guangdong Province

Y

108 Jiang, Zheng Journalist of Yangcheng Evening News Y109 Jiang, Bin Vice Head of Department of Propaganda, CCP

Guangdong Provincial CommitteeY

110 Jiang, Leyi Executive Vice Head of Department of the United Front Work, CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee

Y

111 Zeng, Xiangxiao President of Guangdong Institute for Scientific and Technological Information

Y

112 Zeng, Yingru Secretary of Guangdong Youth League Committee

Y



113 Wen, Zhenxi Director of Division of Capital and Market, Financial Service Office of Guangdong Province

Y

114 Lei, Yulan Deputy Secretary of CCP Committee of Standing Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress

Y

115 Zhu, Guoxiang Deputy Director of Committee for Overseas Chinese, Ethnic and Religious Affairs of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress

Y

116 Tan, Zezhong Executive Vice President of Guangdong Provincial Party School

Y

117 Fan, Hong’en Vice President of Guangdong Christian Association

Y

118 Li, Zhiming Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang

Y

119 Pan, Li Chairman of Guangdong Yuedean Group Y120 Pan, Jiang Deputy Director of League of Voters of

Standing Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress

Y

121 Pan, Zichun Deputy Director of Committee of Finance and Economics of Guangdong Provincial People’s Congress

Y

122 Wei, Demin Vice Chairman of Guangdong Committee of Jiusan Society

Y

123 Wang, Guangquan

Director Candidate of Standing Committee of Zhuhai Municipal People’s Congress

Y

124 Wang, Zhongbing

Deputy Secretary of CCP Zhanjiang Municipal Committee, Mayor of Zhanjiang

Y

125 Wang, Yuanming

Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Zhongshan Municipal People’s Congress

Y

126 Wang, Dekun Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Jieyang Municipal People’s Congress

Y

127 Deng, Guangrong

Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Qingyuan Municipal People’s Congress

Y

128 Deng, Haiguang Secretary of CCP Maoming Municipal Committee

Y

129 Ai, Xuefeng Deputy Secretary of CCP Shaoguan Municipal Committee, Mayor of Shaoguan

Y

130 Qiu, Zhiyong Deputy Secretary of CCP Yangjiang Municipal Committee, Mayor of Yangjiang

Y



131 Zhu, Zejun Secretary of CCP Meizhou Municipal Committee

Y

132 Liu, Hai Secretary of CCP Jiangmen Municipal Committee

Y

133 Liu, Xiaohua Secretary of CCP Zhanjiang Municipal Committee

Y

134 Liu, Yuelun Deputy Secretary of CCP Foshan Municipal Committee, Mayor of Foshan

Y

135 Guan, Zeshuang Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Yangjiang Municipal People’s Congress

Y

136 Jiang, Ling Deputy Secretary of CCP Qingyuan Municipal Committee, Mayor of Qingyuan

Y

137 Xu, Guang Secretary of CCP Chaozhou Municipal Committee

Y

138 Xu, Qin Deputy Secretary of CCP Shenzhen Municipal Committee, Mayor of Shenzhen

Y

139 Sun, De Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Zhaoqing Municipal People’s Congress

Y

140 Li, Shibao Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Shaoguan Municipal People’s Congress

Y

141 Li, Qingxiong Deputy Secretary of CCP Chaozhou Municipal Committee, Mayor of Chaozhou

Y

142 Li, Yiwei Secretary of CCP Foshan Municipal Committee

Y

143 Yang, Qing Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Shanwei Municipal People’s Congress

Y

144 Yang, Jianhua Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Foshan Municipal People’s Congress

Y

145 Wu, Jiebin Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Maoming Municipal People’s Congress

Y

146 Wu, Zili Deputy Secretary of CCP Shanwei Municipal Committee, Mayor of Shanwei

Y

147 He, Ningka Deputy Secretary of CCP Zhuhai Municipal Committee, Mayor of Zhuhai

Y

148 He, Zhongyou Secretary of CCP Heyuan Municipal Committee

Y

149 Zhang, Guifang Director of Standing Committee of Guangzhou Municipal People’s Congress

Y



150 Chen, Dong Deputy Secretary of CCP Jieyang Municipal Committee, Mayor of Jieyang

Y

151 Chen, Shiqi Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Huizhou Municipal People’s Congress

Y

152 Chen, Liangxian Candidate of Deputy Secretary of CCP Zhongshan Municipal Committee, Mayor of Zhongshan

Y

153 Chen, Maohui Candidate of Secretary of CCP Shantou Municipal Committee

Y

154 Chen, Jianhua Deputy Secretary of CCP Guangzhou Municipal Committee, Mayor of Guangzhou

Y

155 Chen, Yiwei Deputy Secretary of CCP Huizhou Municipal Committee, Mayor of Huizhou

Y

156 Chen, Lvping Secretary of CCP Jieyang Municipal Committee

Y

157 Lin, Bihong Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Meizhou Municipal People’s Congress

Y

158 Zhuo, Zhiqiang Deputy Secretary of CCP Yunfu Municipal Committee, Mayor of Yunfu

Y

159 Pang, Guomei Deputy Secretary of CCP Jiangmen Municipal Committee, Mayor of Jiangmen

Y

160 Zheng, Renhao Deputy Secretary of CCP Shantou Municipal Committee, Mayor of Shantou

Y

161 Zheng, Riqiang Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Zhanjiang Municipal People’s Congress

Y

162 Zheng, Zhentao Secretary of CCP Shaoguan Municipal Committee

Y

163 Zheng, Yanxiong

Secretary of CCP Shanwei Municipal Committee

Y

164 Yuan, Baocheng Deputy Secretary of CCP Dongguan Municipal Committee, Mayor of Dongguan

Y

165 Xu, Jianhua Secretary of CCP Dongguan Municipal Committee

Y

166 Xu, Pinghua Secretary of CCP Zhaoqing Municipal Committee

Y

167 Guo, Feng Deputy Secretary of CCP Zhaoqing Municipal Committee, Mayor of Zhaoqing

Y

168 Huang, Qiang Secretary of CCP Yunfu Municipal Committee Y169 Huang,

ShaoliangExecutive Deputy Director of Standing

Committee of Heyuan Municipal People’s Congress

Y



170 Huang, Shuangfu

Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Dongguan Municipal People’s Congress

Y

171 Huang, Yebin Secretary of CCP Huizhou Municipal Committee

Y

172 Huang, Junchao Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Shantou Municipal People’s Congress

Y

173 Cui, Fengchi Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Yunfu Municipal People’s Congress

Y

174 Liang, Qingzhao Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Jiangmen Municipal People’s Congress

Y

175 Liang, Yimin Deputy Secretary of CCP Maoming Municipal Committee, Mayor of Maoming

Y

176 Peng, Jianwen Deputy Secretary of CCP Heyuan Municipal Committee, Mayor of Heyuan

Y

177 Ge, Changwei Secretary of CCP Qingyuan Municipal Committee

Y

178 Xie, Liepeng Executive Deputy Director of Standing Committee of Chaozhou Municipal People’s Congress

Y

179 Tan, Juntie Deputy Secretary of CCP Meizhou Municipal Committee, Mayor of Meizhou

Y

180 Xue, Xiaofeng Secretary of CCP Zhongshan Municipal Committee

Y

181 Wei, Hongguang

Secretary of CCP Yangjiang Municipal Committee

Y

Source: http://renshi.people.com.cn/n/2012/1027/c139617-19407664.html, available on 27 October, 2012Note: ‘Party member’ includes both CCP member and member of Democratic

Parties which are under the leadership of CCP

http://renshi.people.com.cn/n/2012/1027/c139617-19407664.html


ProvincePopulation at the end of 2016(10 thousand)

Increase (10 thousand)

Guangdong 10,999 150Shandong 9946.64 99.48Sichuan 8262 58Henan 9532.42 52.42Anhui 6195.5 51.9Zhejiang 5590 51Hebei 7470.05 45.13Guangxi 4838 42Hunan 6822 39Xinjiang 2398.08 38.08Fujian 3874 35Hubei 5885 33.5Chongqing 3048.43 31.88Yunnan 4770.5 28.7Jiangxi 4592.3 26.7Guizhou 3555 25.5Jiangsu 7998.6 22.3Shaanxi 3812.62 19.75Shanxi 3681.64 17.52Tianjin 1562.12 15.17Gansu 2609.95 10.4Inner Mongolia 2520.1 9.1

Appendix 3: Population of China’s 31 Provinces/Independent Municipalities

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6

164 Appendix 3: Population of China’s 31 Provinces/Independent…

ProvincePopulation at the end of 2016(10 thousand)

Increase (10 thousand)

Ningxia 674.9 7.02Tibet 330.54 6.57Hainan 917.13 6.31Qinghai 593.46 5.03Shanghai 2419.7 4.43Beijing 2172.9 2.4Liaoning 4377.8 −4.6Heilongjiang 3799.2 −12.18Jilin 2733.03 −20.29

Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2016


Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS5G, 21978 Reforms and Opening-up, 731993 Tax-Sharing Reform, 74, 762008 global financial crisis, 1052008 global financial meltdown, 50

AAbsolute poverty, 144Academics, 18, 26Accommodation, 143Added value, 46Administration, 67, 69Administrative rank, 37Advanced economies, 8, 26Advancement, 6Agent, 10, 20, 41, 71, 78, 125, 143

Agrarian utopia, 114Agricultural recession, 115Agricultural sector, 20, 114, 115AI, 6Airports, 126, 128, 137Alibaba, 2All citizens, 81Alternative source, 76Aluminium, 57Anbang Insurance, 79Annual interest, 51, 127Annual loss, 142Anti-corruption campaign, 71Anti-migration control, 9Apartment block, 5, 40, 44, 53, 97,

137Arbitrage, 78, 125, 130, 136Arbitrator, 79

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6

166 Index

Army, 68Arranger, 67Artificial intelligence, 2Asset, 143, 145, 146Authoritarianism, 66Automobile, 38, 49, 59n43Average annual income, 45

BBackwardness, 3Baiyin, 37Bank, 91, 92, 98, 99, 107, 126–129,

137, 141loan, 137, 141managers, 126

Bank-government loan alliance, 127Bankruptcy, 98, 128Barter trade, 51Basic infrastructure, 39Behavioural pattern, 8, 88Beijing, 3, 30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 46,

50, 56, 69–71, 73–77, 98n9, 99, 101, 101n10, 103–105, 104n16, 118–120, 118n4, 119n5, 119n6, 119n9, 124, 126, 129, 131, 144

Beneficiary, 81Big-push, 31Big-push model, 17Binhai, 37Biochemical, 38Bird cage, 84Bite the bullet, 7Black hole, 42Board of directors, 80Bonus, 19Broadband, 2Budget, 40, 75, 84, 109, 124–125

Budget deficit, 124Build and Transfer, 40Building block, 16Building bubble, 42Building contractor, 42Building wastes, 42Burden, 91, 103, 109, 137Bureaucracy, 17, 38, 68Bureaucrats, 9, 10, 17, 26, 35, 37,

44, 57, 61, 67–73, 84, 88, 99, 125, 126

Business, 3dispute, 79loss, 58, 124n1

Buying for letting, 104Buying for living, 104

CCadre, 67–73, 80, 84, 88, 99, 125,

126, 129Canal, 48Capital, 6, 9, 9n11, 70, 77–81, 83,

84city, 32, 33, 37n9formation, 137goods, 92investment, 6, 14, 19, 30, 49,

115, 137, 138investment intensifies, 19market, 78, 80, 92

Capital-intensive, 126Capitalism, 80–83Capitalist boss, 73Cash, 40, 46, 50, 51, 98, 126, 136,

145Causality, 54Cement producer, 42Central bank, 91, 105

167 Index

Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 80

Central government, 20, 29, 37, 46, 58n42, 73–76, 80, 113, 116, 119, 124, 125, 130, 144

Centralised political system, 70Centrality, 113Central-local dichotomy, 74Central-local reciprocity, 124Centrally planned economy, 136Chain reaction, 77Cheap land, 72, 94Cheap worker, 72China, 2–10, 4n3, 7n5, 7n7, 7n9,

9n12China Bank Regulatory

Commission, 80China Insurance Regulatory

Commission, 79, 79n6China Model, 6China’s East Coast, 59, 60China’s National Development Bank,

101China Statistical Yearbook, 101Chinese Communist Party, 2, 2n1,

67Chinese economy, 5, 15, 77, 126,

138, 143Chinese puzzle, 88Chongqing, 37Citizen, 5, 7, 10City-bound emigration, 104City-bound immigration, 16City-bound migration, 14, 15, 19City-bound rural migration, 17City-building, 72, 94, 119City planning, 18Civil service, 68Classical, 6, 9n11

Coal, 30, 45, 46, 49–53deposit, 45export, 52mine, 30, 52production, 52

‘Coal-based’ national energy strategy, 46

Coalmine, 46Coastal China, 31, 56, 141Coastal cities, 43Coastal provinces, 56, 142Coastal regions, 9, 30, 57, 119Collaterals, 91, 108, 126Collectivisation, 137, 143Command, 6Commercial land, 20Commercial use, 125, 126Commodities, 46, 105, 109Commodity production, 105Comparative advantages, 9, 9n11,

17, 91n2Compensation, 16, 124Competitor, 6Compliment, 32Conflict, 66Congress, 67–69Congress of People’s Representatives,

67Conspiracy, 51Constitution, 115Constraint, 124–125, 124n1Construction cost, 40, 44Construction-pulled Urban Growth,

26–44Consultancy, 7Consumer, 5, 6

goods, 92, 99, 105, 108goods market, 93purchasing power, 54

168 Index

Consumption, 41, 74, 92, 101–103, 105–107, 138, 141, 144

Consumption tax, 74Contemporary China, 38, 91Contract, 115Conventional wisdom, 5Copper, 56n38, 57, 58Corporate debts, 129Corporation, 91Corruption, 3, 144–145, 145n18Cost, 30, 39–42, 46, 52–54, 58, 59,

72, 73, 91, 94, 101–103, 119, 120, 142, 145

Cost-free, 52Counter-cyclical pattern, 59Counterpart, 2, 16County authorities, 68County-level governments, 107–108Coupon, 53CPI, 88, 91, 92, 105, 139Crisis, 6, 71, 73, 130, 131, 136,

144–146Crop value, 125, 143Cultural Revolution, 2, 73Currency quantitative easing, 88–93,

105Custom, 74

control, 38duties, 56

DDaily consumption, 107Danger, 103, 132da xibei, 3Deal, 39, 46, 51, 71, 78, 79, 83,

124, 125Debt burden, 124

Debt crisis, 4, 50, 129Debt-free, 128Debt repayments, 50Debt-revenue ratio, 129Decade, 136, 137, 141, 142, 144,

145Decision-maker, 9Decision-making, 16, 17Decoration, 97Defence industry, 30Deficit, 16, 33, 53, 75De-leverage, 132Demand, 49, 52, 53, 57, 59, 83, 92,

94, 99, 103–105, 119Democracy, 10, 119Democratisation, 119Demonstration effect, 72, 84, 88Deng Xiaoping, 8, 15, 73, 78, 84,

108, 114, 144, 145reform, 15

Department, 67, 69De-pollution treatment, 141Deposit, 91Depression, 5Deprivation, 143Desert region, 31, 48, 84, 88Developer, 40, 42, 51, 73, 79Developing countries, 16Development, 4–6, 10Development zone, 56, 57Dictatorship, 6Differentiation, 16Diminishing returns, 104, 114Direct investment, 141Directs and steers, 67Discount, 40, 56Discrimination, 119Discrimination policy, 119

169 Index

Distorted economy, 145Distortions, 5, 17–20, 88, 137–142,

145Diversification, 49Domestic consumption, 144Domestic debts, 124, 129, 130Domestic market, 91Domestic servant, 71Dongsheng, 48Double-edged sword, 60, 137

EEast Asia, 119East coast, 15, 43, 129East District, 35Eco-balance, 142E-commerce, 2Economic decision makers, 56Economic development, 5, 28Economic dualism, 17Economic growth, 10Economic modernisation, 15Economic progress, 17Economic Readjustment, 73Economic recession, 72, 120Economic recovery, 137Economic reform, 8Economic rent, 136Economic structure, 20, 115, 132,

137, 144, 145Economy, 2, 4–6, 9, 9n11, 9n12Eco-system, 142Education subsidies, 48Educational background, 67Effectiveness, 141Efforts, 136Egalitarianism, 48

Egalitarian system, 71Elbow-out effect, 109Election campaign, 67Electronic devices, 42Employment, 143

opportunities, 16, 18, 41, 43, 72rate, 72structure, 114–115

Endogenous growth model, 4Energy, 78, 79

consumption, 28price, 45, 46, 49

Energy-dependent enterprise, 31Enterprise, 78, 80, 83, 129, 130,

137, 141Entitlement, 16, 16n3, 20Entrepreneur, 56, 80Environmental damage, 58, 58n42Environmental degradation, 4, 10, 141Equipment maintenance, 53Ethnic and religious group, 8Europe, 4, 9European Union, 144Even if we are not ready, we make it

ready, 76Exception, 96, 117Excessive debts, 101Excessive investment, 141Export, 136, 138, 141, 144

earnings, 91market, 136surpluses, 91

Export-orientation, 144Export-oriented industrialisation, 91Export-oriented manufacturing, 141External expansion, 3External market, 137, 141Extra-budget revenues, 20

170 Index

FFactor endowment, 9Fake democracy, 68Famers’ compensations, 39Far west region, 3Farming, 98, 105, 107, 109

colonies, 29–30productivity, 29sector, 114zone, 72

Feasible factor, 94fenshuizhi gaige, 74Financial block, 38Financial burden, 101Financial compensation, 78Financial institution, 92Financial leverage, 126Financial loss, 53Financial meltdown, 104Financial subsidies, 31Firm, 6First-hand experience, 7Fiscal arrangement, 75Fiscal capacity, 74Fiscal judiciary, 37Fishery, 142Fluctuation, 84Food bill, 57Food output, 143Food shortage, 114Foot soldier, 68Foreign currencies, 91Four modernisations, 114Four-star tourist destination, 49Fragile ecology, 29Free conversion, 91Freedom, 79Freedom to pollute, 57Free-standing city, 37

Fringe benefit, 96Frontier region, 141Full employment, 18, 81Full government guarantee, 128Full-time farmers, 143

GG7, 6Gamble, 73Gansu Province, 7, 9n12GDP, 4, 10, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 39,

42–46, 46n20, 51–54, 52n30, 52n32, 52n33, 57, 59–61, 66, 70, 72, 73, 76–78, 84, 88, 93, 94, 96–98, 103, 108, 108n18, 123, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132, 136–138, 141, 142, 144, 144n13, 145

fetish, 26, 44ranking, 72

GDP-cum-promotions, 44General public, 66, 67, 70Generation, 2, 8Geographic trap, 34Ghost City, 32, 32n6Ghost town, 45, 59–60Giffen goods, 99Global banking crisis, 50Global economy, 5Global governance, 2Globalisation, 2, 143Global manufacturing, 6Global order, 2Gobi Desert, 37Gold mine, 92Good old days, 50Government, 6

bonds, 76

171 Index

borrowing, 91budgetary cost, 19bureaucrat, 144control, 78debt, 124, 125, 127–132employee, 41, 68, 144fiscal capacity, 125, 132goal, 66institutions, 66joint guarantee, 128land hoarding, 127land leasing, 91, 92revenues, 19, 27, 52, 54, 76, 78,

99, 107spending, 75stimulus packet, 130subsidies, 128surcharge, 56taxation, 46

Government-run hospitals, 119Government-run schools, 119Grassroots community, 68Great Leap Forward, 73Growth, 2–6, 8–10, 136–138, 141,

144–146data, 4and development plan, 39mechanism, 14model of dualism, 14trajectory, 31, 55

Guangdong, 68The Guardian, 32, 32n6

HHainan Province, 142Handlers, 67Hard-budget, 84Hard budget constraint, 124

Hard currencies, 136Harris-Todaro model, 16–17Harsh reality, 83Health care schemes, 67Heavy chemicals, 34Heavy industrial goods, 57Heavy industry, 9, 59Heavy rental discount, 41Hebei Province, 97Heihe-Tengchong Divide, 27Hidden debt, 129Hidden unemployment, 14High housing price, 103–104High-tech, 6High-tech firm, 42Historical materialism, 9Holiday resort, 71House building, 44Household borrower, 127Household consumption, 108, 109Household devices, 97Household dispensable incomes, 105Housing

availability, 49benefit, 144bubble, 4, 103, 104construction, 40, 54, 94cost, 15developer, 49development, 53exchange program, 53market, 49, 50, 53, 54, 93–105,

109prices, 51, 92, 98, 101, 103–105recession, 103rent, 104sector, 99subsidy, 48value, 141

172 Index

How the state rules, 66H-T Divide, 27, 31Hu Huanyong, 27Huawei, 2Hukou, 9, 16, 18, 19, 114, 117, 118Human resource, 67Human rights, 3Humans combat and win the war

against nature, 29Hydraulic power station, 30

IIdentity, 60Ideology, 9, 29Illegal banking, 51Illegal organisation, 10Illnesses, 142Improvement, 10Incentives, 19, 37, 41, 66, 68, 76,

83, 104, 114, 126Income, 76, 77, 91, 93, 101,

104n16, 105, 108, 129, 144, 145

distribution, 143–145gap, 108inequality, 3polarisation, 4

Income-debt ratio, 129Incomplete citizenship, 117Indebtedness, 109Independent candidate, 68Individual income, 145Industrial capacity, 30Industrial centre, 33–34Industrial configuration, 31Industrial goods, 117Industrial growth, 31, 33, 59, 143

Industrial hollowing, 20Industrialisation, 27–28, 31, 33, 39,

60, 66, 70, 73, 78, 84, 88, 114–117

Industrial output value, 42Industrial park, 37, 38Industrial pollution, 57, 58n42Industrial relationship, 42Industrial take-off, 38Industry-cum-water pollution, 142Inefficiency, 83Inefficient model, 60Inferior location, 43Inflation, 88, 92, 105Infrastructure, 4, 7, 38–40, 44, 48,

56, 124, 130Initial push, 77Inner Mongolia, 31, 48n22, 52n31,

96, 129Innovation, 73, 76Input, 66, 83Institution, 66, 68, 113, 128–132Integration, 37Interest group, 136, 137Interior province, 31Internal discussion, 68Internal selection, 68Internet, 2Invention, 73, 76Inventor, 72Investment, 72, 73, 77, 78

alternatives, 104rate, 4returns, 98–99, 104, 105,

138–141Investment-intensive, 138Investor, 49, 56, 73, 77–79, 92, 98,

104, 139, 141

173 Index

Irrationality, 73Issuance, 77IT, 38

JJiangsu, 142Job, 115, 119n5, 120Job-seek, 78Judicator, 79

KKangbashi, 48, 49Keynesian approach, 88Keynesianism, 2Keynesian measures, 107Keynesian policy, 88Key policy factor, 39Krugman, Paul R., 10

LLabour, 14–18, 21, 70, 73, 77, 78,

80, 81, 83employment, 52flow, 16market, 15, 16migration, 15quality, 16shortage, 15supply, 15

Labourers, 6Land

arbitrage, 20, 21and capital, 80creation, 142lease scheme, 39

leases, 19, 39, 40, 49, 54, 56, 77, 126, 128

market, 20, 78ownership, 137supply, 105transfer, 78

Land-cum-debt, 127Land-for-loans, 99Land-leasing, 39, 78Landless farmer, 21Land Management Law, 125Lanzhou, 26–44, 37n8, 38n10,

38n11, 40n12, 42n13, 42n14, 46, 49, 55–57, 66, 72

Large state-owned mine, 53Law and order, 71, 72Law-maker, 68, 79Leadership, 6League table, 33, 52, 56, 103Lease, 96, 99, 108, 125, 126, 126n5,

128, 136, 143Lease-hold rights, 39Lease term, 96Leasing fees, 19Legitimacy, 10, 70, 83, 84, 136Leninist, 2Lewis, Arthur, 14, 16, 17

dualistic economic transition, 15Lewis model, 14–15Lewis transition, 15

Liability, 99, 117, 124–125, 128, 146

Liangjiang, 37Liquidity, 104, 107, 109Livelihood, 117Living condition, 15, 55Living cost, 15Loan, 78, 91, 92, 99, 126, 127

174 Index

Loaned cash, 126Local authorities, 39, 44, 49, 70, 73,

77Local conditions, 123Local congress, 68Local constraint, 60Local economic growth, 19,

115–116Local economy, 44, 51, 57Local electorates, 67Local fiscal autonomy, 21Local government, 4, 7, 19, 20, 27,

33, 40, 44, 48, 49, 51–55, 57, 58, 60, 70, 72, 73, 75–77, 84, 91–94, 96, 108, 109, 113, 116, 124–128, 136, 142, 143

Local government revenues, 19Local law, 71Local official, 10Local resident, 68Local resources, 73, 76Local tax base, 125Local tax revenues, 19, 126Long term loans, 99Loss-maker, 128Low-cost housing, 40Low level equilibrium trap, 14Low quality land, 56Low-tech, 126Loyalty, 71

MM0, 91M2, 88, 91Machinery, 38Macro-economic structure, 136

Magistrate, 67–69Majority, 137Mandarins, 4Mandatory foreign currencies

conversion, 91Manipulation, 66, 69Manufacturing, 9, 14, 17, 26, 31,

37, 98, 105, 107, 109, 124, 127, 130, 132, 138

Manufacturing sector, 98, 105Mao, 9, 14, 15, 16n3, 19Maoism, 29, 66, 117, 136Maoist collective ownership, 125Maoist economy, 114Maoist rural-urban registration, 19Marginal product, 14, 15Market, 2, 4, 5, 14–16, 18, 20, 21

activities, 78, 83, 136bird, 84demand, 27economy, 2, 15, 66, 77–79, 83law, 61mechanisms, 5

Marshes, 142Marxian communism, 2Marxian jargon, 80Marxism, 9, 80Mass consumption, 6Material life, 70, 71Mayor, 67–69McKinnoncalls, Ronald I., 88Means of production, 80Media black-out, 70Medical care, 71, 103, 119, 144Merchant, 51Meritocracy, 73Microchips, 6Military, 70

175 Index

Millennia, 2Mine owner, 46Mineral-processing, 56Mini-Forbidden City, 32Mini-Great Wall, 32Minimal standards of living, 7Mining, 9, 49, 52, 53Mini-Parthenon, 32Mini-Sphinx, 32Mini-Summer Palace, 32Minsheng Bank, 80, 80n8, 80n9Minsky Moment, 132, 132n18Miracle, 145Model, 2, 6Modern economy, 16, 17, 114Modern growth, 6Modernisation, 6, 18, 114Modernity, 14–16Modern state, 18Momentum, 94, 109Monetary market, 91Money, 88n1, 91, 97, 105–108, 124,

126, 128, 128n7, 132, 139Money-lenders, 50Money supply, 91, 93, 105Monopolised land lease deals, 39Monopolistic, 20, 78, 125Monopoly, 78, 83Monopsonic price, 125, 143Monopsonistic, 20, 78Monopsony, 78, 83Mortgages, 50, 57, 92, 97, 101, 103,

107, 109Motivation, 8Motor road, 30Mudslide attack, 41Multiple identities, 79–80Municipal government, 39–41

NNanny state, 7Nation, 2n1, 7, 9n11, 15, 20, 20n14National Commission for Economic

Planning, 38National economy, 59, 137National Environmental Protection

Ministry, 58National food provision, 143Nationalisation of village farmland,

93Nationalised land, 92Nationalization, 125, 143National poverty alleviation

programs, 53National subsidies, 45National treasuries, 74Nation-wide resident-employment

registration, 114Natural choice, 9Natural law, 29, 61Near-free market, 80Negative consequence, 142Negative externalities, 88Negative growth, 104Negative impact, 57Negative implication, 10Negative outcome, 8Neo-classical economics, 6Neo-statism, 4Nepotism, 38Net income, 103New District, 32, 33, 37–44, 38n10New Economic Policy, 2New economy, 14, 15New Enclosure Movement, 20New land, 142New materials, 38

176 Index

New technologies, 2, 56New York, 103, 104New York Times, 45, 45n15Nominal salaries, 144, 145Nominee, 68, 69Non-farming use, 143nongken bingtuan, 29Non-material production, 105North-China Plain, 141, 141n5, 142Northwest, 8–10Northwest China, 27, 58n42, 142n6Nuisance, 143

OObligation, 18, 66, 125Official, 3, 7, 7n5, 7n9, 8, 10Official statistics, 128, 145Oil import, 46Old district, 48One-hour economic circle, 37Open labour market, 14Open recruitment, 80Opportunity cost, 16Optimism, 3Ordinary citizens’ income, 5Ordinary families, 101Ordinary people, 66, 71Ordos, 44–55, 46n16, 46n18,

46n19, 48n21, 48n22, 48n23, 50n24, 50n25, 51n27, 51n28, 52n30, 52n33, 53n35, 53n36, 54n37, 66, 72, 129

Organization, 7Orthodox, 80Output, 30, 42, 46, 50, 52, 53, 59Over-borrow, 88Overproduction, 4, 137

Ppar, 91n2, 96, 97, 99, 101,

103–105, 104n15, 104n16, 108, 114, 117–120, 119n5, 124, 126, 129, 132, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145

Pareto optimum, 18Party, 66–77, 79, 83, 84, 114, 119,

124, 136, 144cadre, 144control, 69members, 10, 68official, 136

Party-state, 5–10, 17, 66–77, 79, 83, 84

Payment, 40, 42, 46, 50, 92, 99, 119n5, 127

Peasantry, 137, 143Peer pressure, 72, 73, 84, 88Penalties, 124Pensions, 67, 71, 144People, 66–69, 72, 80n9, 92,

101–103, 119, 143People’s Liberation Army, 29People’s representatives, 67–69Per capita income, 46, 104Perfect plan, 66Perfect storm, 72Permission, 78Personal achievement, 71Personnel, 67, 69Personnel performance, 67Pessimism, 3Petrochemical centre, 34Petrochemicals, 38Physical construction, 55Physiocracy, 114Planning Commission, 78

177 Index

Policy implications, 21Political/ideological return, 84Political loyalty, 53Pollutant and redundant factories,

42Pollution allowance, 59Pollution control, 73, 120Pollution-intensive mode of

production, 141Ponzi scheme, 51Population, 2, 8, 9, 9n12

density, 27, 29, 43, 94increase, 17

Post-Mao, 4Poverty, 7, 7n5, 33, 53Poverty line, 7, 7n5Poverty-stricken, 7Power, 136, 145

centre, 38corrupts, 71

Pragmatism, 83Premodern, 14Premodern economy, 14Prerequisite, 43, 78, 103Pressure, 92, 105Primary education, 51Prime age, 43Principle-agent problem, 10, 71Principle of secrecy, 10Priority, 30, 35, 49, 56, 114Private asset, 80Private contractor, 40Private debts, 109Private investors, 78, 79, 127Private land ownership, 20, 137Private ownership, 81, 83Private savings, 5, 107

Private sector, 39, 78, 137Production capacity, 145Production distortion, 142Production function, 77Productivity, 139Profit, 81, 84, 99, 126n5, 128,

139n1, 143Project, 19, 20, 29–33, 37–43, 51,

56, 72, 73, 77, 78, 94, 124, 126, 128

Proletarians, 137Proliferation, 48, 73Promotion, 10, 71–73, 76, 99, 103,

125Promotion-cum-merits, 27Promotion mechanism, 76Properties, 92, 93n4, 98, 99, 104,

108, 139, 141Property-hoarding, 104, 105Property market, 105, 107Property rights, 115Prosperity, 3, 96Pro-urban and pro-industrial

government, 60Provincial authorities, 68Provincial economy, 33Provincial governor, 67, 69Provincial level, 9Pubic goods provision, 120Public building, 48Public goods, 103, 117Public housing, 48, 53Public office, 136Public savings, 137Public works, 40Pudong, 37Purchasing power, 108

178 Index

QQing, 4Qing Period, 114Qinghai Province, 55Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 55Quality, 117quanmin, 81Quantitative analysis, 10Quantitative easing, 91, 107, 124,

126Quantitative easy, 105

RRadical change, 116Radically developing West China, 29Railway link, 40Ratchet effect, 72, 73, 84, 88Ratio, 88, 91, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104,

108, 114, 119, 129, 136, 141, 143

Rationale, 21, 66Real estate, 39, 41, 49, 79, 96, 105,

107, 109, 124, 130, 139, 141Reality, 2, 7, 10Real market cost, 40Recession, 51–52, 58, 96, 105, 136Red card, 58Re-distribution, 143–145Reform, 18, 20, 74, 76, 78, 83, 84,

88, 136, 144, 145, 145n16Refugee camp, 41Regional authorities, 20Regional fiscal autonomy, 20Regional growth differentials, 27Regional growth disparity, 28Regional growth pattern, 20Regional infrastructure, 31Relationship, 113

Relatively barren locations, 9Relative poverty, 144Relocated household, 48Relocation, 31, 33, 41ren ding sheng tian, 9, 29Renewable resource, 99Rent-free, 41Rent-seeking, 19, 136Representative, 67–69Reputation, 98Resident, 26, 38, 40–43, 48, 49, 53,

56, 60, 67–69, 80, 80n8, 80n9, 93, 93n4, 101, 101n10, 114, 119, 119n5, 126, 126n5, 142

Residential district, 38Residential properties, 93Resource, 4–7

allocation, 38, 77, 80, 83, 145allocator, 83endowment, 51, 55

Restriction, 58Return, 14Revenue, 27, 39–40, 49, 51–54, 57,

70, 74–76, 78, 84, 99–101, 105, 107, 127, 129

Revisionist, 16Revolutionary, 7River-side cities, 43Road link, 39Rubber stamp, 68Rule, 66, 70, 71, 83, 114, 124, 143,

145Rule of law, 3Ruling party, 4Run-away government debts, 99Run-away industrial pollution, 3Rural background, 51Rural economies, 17

179 Index

Rural emigration, 16, 143Rural household, 117Rural hukou, 117Rural immigrants, 16, 19, 117n1,

119, 143Rural immigrant-workers, 15Rural market, 118Rural migrant workers, 143Rural Minimum Living Standard

Security System, 7Rural population, 45, 48, 117Rural residents, 60Rural-urban gap, 137Rural-urban income gap, 15, 144Rural-urban integration, 18Rural workforce, 15

SSack-in effect, 109Salary, 144san tong, 39Savings rate, 4School catchment area, 136Sea shore, 142Secondary and tertiary sectors, 43Secondary sector, 26Secondary vested interested groups,

136Second World War, 5Secretaries, 69–71Sectoral recessions, 5Selected government officials, 69Selector, 67Self-discipline, 124Self-serving tendency, 19Self-sponsored immigrants, 117Semi-market, 77, 80–84Semi-urbanisation, 18, 19

Serve the people, 7Shandong Province, 15Shanghai, 37, 46, 60n47, 79, 79n7,

99, 103, 104, 104n16, 119, 119n6, 120

shangyeyong di, 20Shi Yuzhu, 80Short cut, 15Short run, 6, 53, 141Short-termism, 88shuiwu baogan, 74Social group, 113Social inequality, 117Social justice, 15Social welfare, 15–18, 16n3, 73, 117

entitlement, 16provision, 15, 137

Socialist Transformation, 73, 78Society, 2, 5Socio-economic change, 5Socio-economic externalities, 18Socio-political revolution, 15SOE, 78, 79, 84, 139n2, 139n3Soft-budget, 84, 124, 124n1Soft-landing, 6Soil pollution, 141Solar panel, 56, 137Solidarity, 70Solider-turned migrants, 30Song Ping, 38, 38n10South Korea, 119Soviet bureaucrats, 17Soviet Union, 14, 33Space, 34, 35, 49Spendavailable fund, 88Stability, 5Stalinist planner economy, 2Stalin-Maoism, 83Stalin-Maoist economy, 83

180 Index

Stalin’s Soviet Union, 66Standard, 70Standing member, 70State, 4, 4n3, 6–9, 113, 114, 116,

119, 120, 123–126, 124n1, 136–146, 141n4

capitalism, 81, 136control, 66, 78, 80, 83failure, 6, 8, 9, 18, 66, 114,

136–145grid, 39ownership, 136planning, 84sector, 5

State Bureau of Statistics, 26State Council, 37, 56, 75, 76n3, 128State-cum-human biomass, 69State-led, 19, 28–31, 66, 70, 123,

137, 141, 146growth, 124growth model, 124, 137, 141, 146

State-owned banks, 50, 78, 91, 99, 137State-owned commercial bank, 4State-owned enterprise, 78State-owned land, 60State-owned leasable land, 99State-owned mega-companies, 139State-owned mine, 53State-owned sector, 50State-run allocation, 38State-run capitalism, 81Statistics, 7Steel, 30, 34, 35, 42, 59n43, 117,

132, 137Subsidies, 56, 57Success, 53Super-tanker, 6Supply, 6, 27, 49, 53, 83, 91, 94, 96,

105, 137

Supply-led approach, 27Surface water, 33, 141, 142Surplus, 14, 75, 81, 91, 143Survival, 136Sustainability, 54, 84System, 69–71, 78, 81, 83, 114,

115, 117, 120, 125, 137, 142

TTaiwan, 119Take-off, 57, 137Targeted amount, 42Taxation, 56, 107Tax base, 125Taxes, 117, 143Tax-farming, 74Tax holidays, 31, 56, 96Taxman, 125Tax rebate, 56Technological change, 15Technology, 14, 15Telecommunication, 78Territory, 8A textbook change, 114Three links, 39Tianjin, 27, 37, 43, 46, 46n20, 120,

142Tier One cities, 103, 104Time bomb, 104Tokyo, 103, 104Top-down, 70Total investment, 31, 48Touching cobbles to cross the river, 8Tourism, 9, 31Trade centre, 35, 38Trade network, 29Trade-off, 7Trade surpluses, 91

181 Index

Tradition, 137Traditional economy, 14–16Transformable country, 2Transition, 15Transport, 29, 30, 38, 43, 52, 60, 78Transport hub, 29, 38Trap, 14Travel allowance, 41Troika package, 56, 57Trotskian ‘permanent revolution,’, 2Turning point, 46, 59, 74, 105, 125

UUltrasound, 5UN, 7, 7n5, 7n7Unclean air, 60Underground water, 141Unemployed workers, 57Unemployment, 16, 18, 57, 72, 132

benefit safety net, 58rate, 16

Unique autonomy, 113Unlimited one-way migration, 103Upper market, 49Urban bias, 143Urban-biased GDP creation, 124Urban capital, 115Urban centres, 27, 43, 55, 60Urban developer, 20Urban expansion, 2, 19, 48Urban facilities and services, 117Urban/industrial settlement, 88Urbanisation, 8–10, 16–19, 16n3,

26, 39, 44, 48, 54, 55, 60, 66, 70, 73, 78, 84, 88, 94, 96, 103, 104, 114, 117, 119–120, 123, 144

Urbanisation rate, 88, 103, 104

Urban population, 26, 60, 93n4, 103, 114

Urban project, 94Urban sector, 19, 143US, 30, 77n5, 104n16USSR, 30Utilitarianism, 83

VValue Added Tax, 57, 74Vanke, 79Vast majority, 68Veblen goods, 99Vested interests, 10, 137Village collective farmland, 78Village farmland, 143Village land, 125Village products, 117Virtual economy, 105Visible hands, 9

WWage, 14–16, 53, 58, 73, 84, 92,

105, 117, 144–145Wage bill, 144–145Wage-earner, 144War economies, 5Warehousing, 38Water-intensive farming, 9Water link, 39Water scarcity, 29Water transport, 43Wealth, 45, 46, 48, 108, 126, 136Welfare entitlement, 15, 16, 16n3,

18, 19, 145Welfare provision, 48Wen Jiabao, 38

182 Index

West, 2, 4West China, 29–32, 94, 96, 123,

127, 129, 141Western democracy, 67Western democratic societies, 124Westernisation Movement, 4Winter for manufacturing, 26Win-win plan, 71Workforce, 78, 81, 84, 114, 120,

137, 143, 144Workshop of the World, 98World Bank, 88World market, 46

Xxibu da kaifa, 29Xining, 55–60, 66, 72Xinjiang, 29Xinjiang farming colonies, 30Xinqu, 32, 38n10, 38n11, 42n14X-ray, 5

YYangzi River, 43, 129Yellow River, 33, 36, 142Yuan, 31, 33, 38–46, 46n20,

48–54, 48n21, 51n27, 52n33, 56, 67, 69n1, 70, 76, 76n3, 78, 79n7, 91, 92, 99, 101, 104n16, 105, 126, 128–130, 129n13, 139n3, 141n5, 142, 144, 145, 145n16

Yuzhong County, 35

ZZero-sum, 71Zero-sum game, 107, 109Zhejiang, 37, 45, 128n9, 142zhengzhiju changwei, 70Zhou Xiaochuan, 132Zhoushan, 37Zhu Rongji, 74

Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities

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