annual report National Institute of Oceanography Goa, India

annual report

1999-2000

National Institute of OceanographyGoa, India

The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), one of the fortylaboratories of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research(CSIR), was founded on 1 January, 1966. The institute carriesout research in different aspects of coastal and open oceanenvironments. Over the last three decades it has grown intothe largest ocean research organisation in the Indian OceanRegion. The experience and expertise of the institute isextensively utilised by its stake holders. The institute providesconsultancy and contract services in several aspects connectedwith the sea.

The institute with main laboratories in Goa has three regionalcentres. The staff strength during the year was 600 and thefunds handled including ship costs exceeded Rs. 500 millions.

mission

"to continuously improve our understanding of the seasaround us and to translate this knowledge to benefit all"

NIO Post Office, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004, IndiaPhones: 221322, 226253fax : 91(0)832-223340, 229102e-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

Regional Centres

• Sea Shell Building, Seven Bungalows

Versova, Mumbai - 400 061

Phones: 6363773, 6326419, 6335549fax : 91(0)22-6326426e-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

•Post Box No. 1616, Dr. Salim Ali RoadKochi-682 014Phones: 390814, 391312fax : 91(0)484-390618e-mail: [email protected]

• 176, Lawson's Bay Colony

Visakhapatnam - 530 017

Phones: 504570, 539180fax : 91(0)891-543595e-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

• director's report 1

• contract services 6

• coastal environment 12

• engineering, techniques &technology 17

• offshore processes &

resources 21

• bilateral programmes 34

• data & information 38

• human resource development 44

• patents & publications 55

CONTENTS

national institute of oceanographya constituent laboratory of csir, india

This report straddles the end of the20th and the beginning of the 21St

century. Not many of us today areoverly interested in the events thatled to the establishment of theNational Institute of Oceanography.It would be remiss of me howeverif I did not mention this aspect hereand in this issue of the AnnualReport that straddles this impor-tant year end. A brief mention ofsome of the important milestonesare given in the box, and I referyou to "Understanding the IndianOcean" by TSS Rao, one of theoriginal participants on the firstAnton Bruun cruise between 1963and 1964, for more details.

director's report1999-2000

" The genesis of the International Indian OceanExpedition [IIOE] may be traced back to 1937, whenTW Vaughan, in his report on the International Aspectsof Oceanography, brought to the attention of theoceanographic community, the fact that very little wasknown about the Indian Ocean and it was time to planand bridge this big gap in our knowledge."

Excerpts from TSS Rao's bookLloyd Barkner, President of the International Council ofScientific Unions (ICSU) requested Roger Revelle, Directorof the Scripps Institution of Oceanography to appoint aSpecial Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), so thatoceanographers could play a major role in the proceedings andplan of the ICSU.

At the first meeting of the SCOR held at Woods HoleOceanographic Institution (WHOI), in August 1957, it wasdecided to plan an international expedition to the IndianOcean. SCOR also recommended that during the third andfourth years of the expedition the 16 ships shouldsimultaneously cruise in the Indian Ocean and make acombined assault on the largest unknown area of the Earth :the deep waters of the Indian Ocean and its sea-bed.

Soon there came into being a publication called the IndianOcean Bubble, at irregular intervals, and the editor invitedfreelance discussion on the proposed IIOE. In the secondissue of the Bubble, February 1959, a letter to the editorexpressing the hope that the Indian Ocean Programme wouldbe so designed as to aid directly the development of one ormore oceanographic research centres in the countriesbordering the Indian Ocean. [This wish was fully realisedwith the establishment of the National Institute ofOceanography at Goa, India on 1 January, 1966].

Ex-Directors

Drs. NK Panikkar. SZ Oasim, VVR Varadachari HN Siddiquie & BN Desai

Establishment of NIO - Prof. J.E. Smith,Plymouth laboratory ( UK) hintingDr. Panikkar.

The IIOE and its impact on NIO

The National Institute ofOceanography was fortunate ingetting the beginning that itdid - born out of internationalcollaboration in a peer effort atunderstanding the Indian Ocean.The drivers that were spelt out forthis expedition by the IIOE on theone hand, and the scientists fromIndia on the other, were almostsimilar - living and non-livingresources; understanding ofnear-shore processes with respectto sustainable use of the ocean -especially discharge of pollutants;and study of the monsoons. It isinteresting to note that except forfisheries [which is not the mandateof the institute], our presentprogrammes continue to addressthese same problems, albeit inmore finely tuned form as ourunderstanding of ocean processesimproves.

Two important studies undertakenduring the year are described, thethreads of which query can betraced back 4 decades and more.

• This year we report someprecursors to the onset of thesummer monsoon. Based on ananalysis of weekly SST maps,an area of high SST has beennoted to develop in theLakshadweep Sea off thesouthwest coast of India inFebruary. This patch continuesto retain its identity until theonset of the summer monsoon,and we hypothesize that theSST high is helpful in providingthe conditions that areconducive for the genesis of themonsoon vortex onset. Until thedynamics of the monsoonsystem are more completelyunderstood, any identifiablefeature in understanding orpredicting the monsoons, iswelcome.

• Much of our biogeochemicalresearch has been on studyingthe exchange of greenhousegases across the air-seainterface. The institute has donesignificant work in identifyingthe role of the Arabian Sea andthe Bay of Bengal in carbondioxide, dimethyl sulphide, andnitrous oxide exchanges.Recent work closer in-shoreshows that the summerupwelling off the West Coast,coupled with land run-off, leadsto intense denitrification,[reaching levels of ~ 250 nanomoles], a level not reportedfrom any of the world's ocean todate. This condition, arisingfrom anoxia, is feared to affectfisheries and requires closerscrutiny. Our study reiteratesthat the seas themselves aremajor contributors to the green-house gas budget, but the effectof human activities could be atrigger enhancing these effects.Addressing this as a globalissue [since these effects areknown to occur in over 50 sitesworld wide], would be going fullcircle - in that the Indian Oceancharacteristics would now bethe raison d'etre that generatesglobal questions.

The IIOE was successful not onlybecause the science was definedbut also because it was able to getmany countries to participate in theexpedition. We have encouragedand supported this tradition ofcollaboration. The increasingnumber of Memoranda ofUnderstanding with differentoceanographic organisationsaround the world, the variousprojects that we engage in withcolleagues from India and abroad,and most importantly the jointpublications that result from theseefforts, are all pointers to thecontinuance of a tradition that gaverise to the IIOE. I estimate that in

support of the one-ocean concept,and all that it implies, the NIO isdoing reasonably well.

A corollary to collaboration isawareness building, an activity thatneeds to be continuously pursuedto all levels of society. Ouroutreach activities have beenincreasing steadily - the number ofsymposia and conferences beingone of the more basic indicators.

Education is another activity thatwe have been addressing moredirectly in recent times. Thus is inline with the thrust of our DirectorGeneral, Dr. Mashelkar, who asPresident of the 87th IndianScience Congress, placed beforethe Prime Minister a 5 pointagenda, referring to it as thePanchsheel [5 virtues] of the NewMillennium. They are — Childcentered education; Womancentered family; Human centereddevelopment; Knowledge centeredsociety; and Innovation centeredIndia. This year we have increasedour outreach programmes ineducation for school and collegestudents as well as for schoolteachers and media persons. Wehave much to do in this regard,and even though it is an extrademand on our colleagues' time,we shall be putting an increasingthrust, if for no other reason thanto interest bright young students tothe excitement of research in theocean sciences.

Society and technology, andour response

There are also new areas that wehave addressed as an organisationresponding to change and itsdifferent drivers, reflected in themission statement that we evolvedsome 6 years ago.

Two note worthy areas have beenthe translating of knowledge forstakeholders, and the effects of

2

technology on ocean science.Translating our science into usefulproducts for industry and otherstakeholders has not only been animportant national task, but hasalso brought in corpus funds thathave supported research in whatwe perceive to be important areas.We have been assisting industry ingenerating Environmental ImpactAssessment [EIA] statements,marine structural design criteria,and bathymetric and seabedsurveys.

A related activity has been therecognition of Intellectual Propertyas a major driver to improve thequality of our research. Patentingof our work in biotechnology,instrumentation, and drugs fromthe sea, has been steadilyincreasing and an increasingnumber of patents are now beingfiled abroad.

The areas where technology willdrive science are difficult topredict, and no-where has thisbeen more apparent than in therole of satellite oceanography. Inthe 1960's operational satelliteswere not an option, else theconcept of an Indian OceanExpedition may have taken asignificantly different turn.OCEANSAT-1, the country'sfirst operational oceanographicsatellite, launched on 26 May 1999from Sriharikota, gaveoceanographic science in India amajor fillip. The satellite carries two

on-board payloads - an OceanColor Monitor [OCM] and a Multi-channel Scanning MicrowaveRadiometer [MSMR]. The OCMhas the highest resolution ofcontemporary colour sensors, andwill be an important data generatorfor biological, sediment andpollution monitoring studies.Coastal algorithms will need to bederived for specific sites, and theOCM with its high resolution will bean important tool along with theSeaWiFS [colour] and NOAA-14[SST] satellite data that we receiveat the institute. The instituteplaces on record its thanks tothe Indian Space ResearchOrganisation for thetechnologically advancedOCEANSAT-1.

And other things

The East Coast of India hasalways been prone to extremeevents such as the cyclones,storms and storm surges thatregularly strike the coast fromChennai to Bengal. Orissa wasdevastated by 3 successive majorcyclones, including a super-cyclone that caused major loss oflife and left in its wake manyserious questions. The NIO visitedthe most affected parts of Orissawith some relief materials.However, a more appropriatecontribution to mitigation would bea concerted and committed jointstudy on the Asian monsoon andassociated extreme events, not

only with ocean science andmeteorology institutes in India, butas a partner in a regional effort atas well. This aspect is now beingaddressed.

The institute continues conductingseminars and symposia of varioustypes. This year we hosted 4events. These were the SCORExecutive meeting, an Indo-Myanmar Workshop, the thirdInternational Society of Offshoreand Polar Engineers [ISOPE]Ocean Mining Symposium, and theCommonwealth Science Forum. Itseemed fitting that SCORconducted its executive meeting inGoa. Perhaps at this meet themodern day equivalent of the IIOEwas discussed, and a new set ofcapabilities is in the process ofbeing built up somewhere. Wehope so.

It is always a pleasure when ourcolleagues are recognized for theirwork. Dr Satish Shetye wasawarded the Millennium Medal andDr VV Sarma the Young ScientistAward, both at the 87th IndianScience Congress. Dr AK Chaubeywas awarded the Krishnan GoldMedal. These are fine indicators ofa laboratory, and we thank andcongratulate them.

Jai Hind.

Ehrlich Desa

3

contract services

CSIR funding vis-a-vis revenue fromcontracts (Rs. in crores).

Areawise projects.

Ongoing projects in different coastal states.

The investment climate during 1999 - 2000 was notgood for 'green' field projects in the country generally.Environmental Impact Assessment [EIA] which arecritical for new projects in the coastal zone, and whichare the base projects from which most of our ExternalCash Flow [ECF] derives, was therefore at a low level.This aspect reflected in the ECF of the institute, whichdropped to about 60% of the CSIR grant, from a'normal' level of being about equal to CSIR funds.

Another factor contributing to this drop has been thelarge number of entities, from industry as well as fromgovernmental agencies that are now offering EIAconsultancies.

As a counter, the institute is therefore moving toservices that focus more on models and less on justdata reportage. This change-over will take some time,but we have begun the process of validating ournumerical models, and adding on a water qualityparameter module, as well as an eco-system module.We are sure that as a national laboratory, with accessto a pool of talented scientists, we will be in a positionto offer higher value-added products that utilize fielddata more effectively.

This is a step in the direction of predictability wherewe will be able to offer the Ministry of Environment"What if scenarios", and allow more informed deci-sions to be taken. We, therefore, view the dip in ECFto have been the right catalyzer in our offering betterservices to industry, and to the environment.

6

Project Leader/contactTitle Sponsoring Agency *EPABX Ext... e-mail:

[email protected]@darya.nio.org

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Rapid Environmental ImpactAssessment studies for SPM/COTand sub-sea pipeline off Gopalpur(different investigations)

EIA during capital dredging in thearea for mooring buoys and nearberths no. 10 and 11 at Mormugao Port

Monitoring of eco-biologicalcharacteristics of the JatadharmohanCreek and nearshore regions offParadip to assess the changes in theecological conditions before,during and after dredging

Intertidal corridor selection forconnecting pipeline between SPM& COT at Vadinar

EIA for seawater intake and releasein Kori creek for GMDCL's Power station

Detailed ecological survey at NararaBet for proposed pipeline corridor ofESSAR at Vadinar

Comprehensive EIA for proposeddevelopment of Port at Dholera

Marine release of treated effluentsfrom TCL in Mithapur Bay

EIA of proposed Setubandh betweenOkha and Beyt Shankhodhar

Rapid/Comprehensive EIA studiesfor container bulk terminal relateddredging and rail project

Release of treated effluent in KolakEstuary

Rapid EIA of proposed solar saltworks of ACL at Mundra

EIA of proposed pipeline crossingat Panvel Creek

Monitoring of Amba Estuary (Mayand Nov. during 1999)

Probable impact of temporaryeffluent discharge from RPLrefinery at Moti Khavdi

Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd. (BPCL),Mumbai

Mormugao Port Trust (MPT), Mormugao

Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), New Delhi

Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd. (BORL),Mumbai

Gujarat Mineral DevelopmentCorporation Ltd.

ESSAR Oil Ltd., Mumbai

Dholera Port Ltd., Ahmedabad

Tata Chemicals Ltd. (TCL), Mithapur

Gujarat Maritime Board, Ahmedabad

Gujarat Adani Port Ltd., Mundra

Welspin Terry Towels, Vapi, Gujarat

Adani Chemicals Ltd., Ahmedabad

Tata Consultancy Services, Pune

Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd.(IPCL), Nagothane

Reliance Petroleum Ltd. (RPL), Mumbai

S.Y.S. Singbal*4255. singbal

X.N.Verlencar*4218, verlecar

M.D. Rajagopal*4268, rgopal

K. Govindan

+6363773/6326419/6335549

-do-

-do-

M.D. Zingde+6363773/6326419/[email protected] ©csniob.ren.nic.in

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

R.V. Sarma@504570/539180

7

Title Sponsoring Agency

Project Leader/contact*EPABX Ext., e-mail:[email protected]@darya.nio.org

Environmental studies with respectto water quality characteristics ofChilka Lake

Monitoring of Chilka Lake during1999 - 2000 seasons (postdredging): biology

Rapid EIA and EMP (Marine &Estuarine) for 195 MW of BargeMounted Power Plant at Mangalore(different investigations)

EIA for the site selectionfor the intake and outfall points forNaphtha fired power station

EIA study for proposed routing ofNaphtha pipeline at Baina Beach,Vasco-da-Gama, Goa

Release of overflow from ash pondof GEB thermal power plant in KoriCreek and EIA

Environmental monitoring of Dahej

EIA of proposed LNG terminalat Dahej

Optimisation of discharge and intakepoints off Pillaiperumalnallur -Modelling component, Supplementarystudies

Thermal plume and dilution modelsfor discharge of heated cooling waterand effluents into the sea offCuddalore for the proposed thermalpower plant of Cuddalore PowerCompany Ltd.

Impact of Furfural doping on marineorganisms

Chilka Development Authority,Bhubaneshwar

Chilka Development Authority,Bhubaneshwar

Euro India Power Corp. (P) Ltd.,Bangalore

Tractebel Electricity & Gas Ltd.,Bangalore

Zuari Industries Ltd.. Zuarinagar. Goa

Gujarat Electricity Board

Birla Copper Works, Dahej

Petronet LNG Ltd., New Delhi

KIER International Ltd., U.K

S.G. Prabhu Matondkar*4233, sgpm

-do-

-do-

K.K.C. Nair#390306/390814

[email protected]

V. Sanil Kumar

*4327, sanil

A.N. Kadam+6363773/6326419/6335549

-do-

Vijayalakshmi R. Nair+6363773/6326419/6335

M.T. Babu*4296, mtbabu

Cuddalore Power Company Ltd.. Chennai V. Kesava Das#390306/390814

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Classy D'SilvaMumbai *4436, classy

Geological and Geophysical Surveys

Surveys for demarcating suitablesubmarine pipeline route

Textural and chemical characteri-zation of surficial sediment collectedfrom the areas around offshore oilinstallations

Tractebel Electricity & Gas Intl.,Bangalore

Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.,Goa

M.C. Pathak*4431, mcpathak

V.K. Banakar*4361, banakar

8



Bathymetric survey in the Malcolmchannel, Bhavnagar

Bathymetric survey for seawaterintake structure

Bathymetric and seabed surveys forconstruction of adjacentKrishnapatinam, Nellore, AP

Dredging at Port Muldwarka

Hydroair Tectonics Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai K.L Kotnala*4321, kotnala

Navayuga Engg. Company, Visakhapatnam K. Mohana Rao@504570/539180

Tata Projects Ltd.

Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd., Mumbai

A.R. Gujar & M.C.Pathak*4359, agujar

V. Sanil Kumar*4327, sanil

Engineering

Measurements of tides at Chilkalake - Phase I & II

Studies on waves off Mundra

Directional wave measurementsoff Kalpeni

Location of seawater intake andoutfall at Kilarasadi, Tuticorin

Model studies on beach profilechanges off Pillaiperumalnallur,Tamil Nadu

Modelling studies for offshorefacilities off Pillaiperumalnallur(Supplementary studies)

Engineering services for marineoffshore facilities of PPN PowerGenerating Company. Chennai

Engineering consultancy services formarine facilities of Gujarat Adani PortLtd., Mundra

Calibration of wave recorderonboard FORV Sagar Sampada

Chilka Development Authority, Orrisa

Adani Port Ltd. Ahmedabad

Lakshadweep Harbour Works, Kavaratti

Tractebel Electricity & Gas Intl.,Bangalore

KIER International Ltd., UK

-do-


NORINCO Pvt., Ltd.. Kochi

Vani B. Peshwe*4349. vani

-do-

-do-

K.K.C. Nair#390306/[email protected]

Seelam Jayakumar*4316, jay

-do-

PPN Power Generating Co. Ltd., Chennai -do-

N.M. Anand*4265, anand

G. Nampoothiri*4306, ngovind

Coastal Zone Management

Delineation of HTL off Navinal island

Delineation of HTL off Narara Reefoff Vadinar

Demarcation of high tide line(Phase-ll)


Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd., Mumbai -do-

Gujarat Adani Port Ltd, Ahmedabad


-do-

9



Demarcation of high water line atKrishnapatnam near Nellore, AndhraPradesh

Demarcation of high water line at Surat

Demarcation of high water line atGanpatipule, Maharashtra State

Fixing of high water line at Ratnagiri

High tide line demarcation at Jaffrabad

Demarcation of high water line at Vadinar(Phase II)

Integrated management of marineenvironment of the Gulf of Kachchh

BBI Power, Krishnapatnam

Govt. of Gujarat, Gandhinagar


Kalpataru Land (Surat) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai -do-

Abhishek Beach Resort, Ganpatipule, -do-

Ratnagiri

Finolex Industries Ltd., Ratnagiri

Narmada Cement Company Ltd., Gujarat

Bharat Oman Refinery Ltd., Mumbai

-do-

-do-

-do-

Ehrlich Desa4000, ehrlich

Others

Processing and encryption of Navalmarine geophysical data for theIndian Ocean Region on CD-ROM

Major and trace metal analysis ofsome synthetic Co-Mn basedcompounds

Chemical analyses of sedimentand fresh samples and texturalclassification of sediment fromthe areas around offshore oilinstallations

Quality analysis of Mn-Acetatecompound

Bioassay studies on the effect oftreated effluents on selectedspecimens (Fish/Prawns)

Marine ecological studies of beachmixing processes in Kerela and TamilNadu

Analysis of PCB in dry paints andengine oil

Toxicity testing of IGSURF 9100dispersant

Toxicity testing of Castrol oildispersant

Evaluation of the oil spill dispersantSpillcare-O

Physical Oceanographic Laboratory,Kochi

Gama Manganese Chemicals, Vasco

Institute of Petroleum Safety andEnvironment Management, Goa

J.S. Sarupria*4211, sarujs

V.K. Banakar*4361, banakar

-do-

METASAL Speciality Chemicals Pvt Ltd., -do-Vasco

Cheminor Drugs Ltd.,Visakhapatnam B.S. Ingole*4242, baban

Metallurgical & Engg. Consultants (I) Ltd. Sarala Devi#390306/390814

Central Pollution Control Board, Vadodara Anupam Sarkar*4206, asarkar

Kalina Metal and Engg. Works, Mumbai Classy D'Silva*4436, classy

-do- -do-

Spillcare-O Metaclean Pvt. Ltd.,Chennai S.R Fondekar*4286, fondekar

10



Ground transfer the centreline alignment

Proposal for contour/seismicsurvey for Mundra Port

Consultancy services for the offshorework of PPN Combined Cycle Power

Preparation of tender document

Hydroair Tectonics Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai

Gujarat Adani Port Ltd., Ahmedabad

Rajiv Nigam*4340, nigam

V. Subrahmanyam*4334, svan

PPN Power Generating Co. Ltd., Chennai M.C. Pathak*4431, mcpathak

Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd., New Delhi -do-

Grant-in-Aid

Bay of Bengal and MonsoonExperiment (BOBMEX) under theICRP Programme

Role of marine microaerophilicand anaerobic bacteria on DimethylSulphide (DMS) abundance in anestuarine ecosystem (Biochemistryof DMS in estuarine ecosystem)

Microbiology reference facilityunder Coastal Ocean Monitoring &Prediction System (COMAPS)

Delineation of outer limits ofcontinental shelf

Development of GIS baseddatabases and informationsystem for COMAPS

Production of Indian horse-shoe crab Amoebocyte in vitro

Dept. of Science & Technology (DST),New Delhi

DST, New Delhi

Dept. of Ocean Development (DOD),New Delhi

DOD, New Delhi*4318, kodagali

DOD, New Delhi

L.V.G. Rao*4222, Ivgrao

Shanta Achuthankutty*4239, shanta

D. Chandramohan*4281, mohan

V.N. Kodagali

J.S. Sarupriya*4211, sarujs

Dept. of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi Anil Chatterji*4354, anil

11

coastal environment

• EIA • COMAP • Coastal & EstuarineDynamics • Biodiversity & BiomedicalPotential • Marine Archaeology

Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA)

Chemical studies carried out in theMandovi estuary, Goa, to understandthe effects of mining rejects showedlow levels of phosphate and nitrateduring premonsoon. However,reduced levels of phosphateaccompanied by elevated levels ofnitrate near the discharge point ofmining rejects indicate that thesuspended sediments derived fromthe mining rejects adsorb phosphateand remove it from the water column.Increase in nitrate is mainly due toammonium nitrate used in miningexplosives. (De Sousa, S.N., 1999. Indian

J. Mar. Sci., 28:355-359).

A study on the occurrence of Vibriochoterae was carried out along thecoastal waters off Mangalore (westcoast). These organisms arepathologically significant and havebeen implicated in diarrhoea as wellas infections in human beings. Thestudy indicated high incidence ofVibrio cholerae in these nearshorewaters while offshore waters showeda gradual diminishing trend. Thefrequent isolation of these organismsfrom an ecosystem indicate a possiblehealth hazard. (Sreeja, S. and O.

Raveendran, 1999. Fish Tech., 36: 96-99).

Particulate organic carbon (POC) andparticulate humic material (PHM)studied in the Arabian Sea close tothe coast during winter andintermonsoon period showedcontrasting features. Increased POCdue to higher biological productionwas observed in the north as a resultof winter overturning. Abundance ofPHM seems to be related to theintensity of biological activity, thenature of organic material and the

spatial and temporal variations inbiochemical conditions. (Sardessai, S.et al., 1999. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28: 5-9).

Coastal Ocean Monitoring andPrediction (COMAP)

The Coastal Ocean Monitoring andPrediction Programme has beenpartially funded by the Department ofOcean Development (DOD) since1992. Seven organizations involved inthe programme along the east andwest coast of India, make regularbiannual observations at differentstations. The data collected are mainlybiological, chemical andmicrobiological. The programme isaimed at building up a data base oflong term time-series measurementsto determine the level of pollutantsand their fluxes and to developmodels that describe the behaviour ofpollutants.

West Coast

Two sets of observations were madeduring November-December, 1999and February-March 2000 along 3transects off Goa (Mormugoa, Velsao,Tiracol), 3 transects off Karnataka(Karwar, Honavar, Mangalore) and 2transects off Maharashtra (Malvan,Ratnagiri). About 125 water sampleswere collected for analysis ofchemical and biological parameters.The water quality data indicates thatthe coastal waters between Ratnagiriand Mangalore are healthy. Theenvironmental parameters showvalues normal for the coastal area ofthe region. Distribution of dissolvedoxygen and nutrients indicate intenseoxidation of organic matter in deeperwaters. This is supported by biologicalstudies which suggest that the area is

biologically rich with high density ofphytoplankton, high zooplanktonpopulation density and benthic fauna.BOD measurements do not indicateany organic pollution in the coastalregion. A study on the occurrence ofVibrio cholerae off Mangalore,however, indicated a high incidence ofthese organisms (described earlier).

East Coast

Monitoring along the Andhra coastincluded two cruises on board theCRV Sagar Purvi during June 99 andMarch 2000 besides an intensive hotspot monitoring in Visakhapatnamharbour, Kakinada Bay and Godavariestuary. Nine stations and 5 pointsources of industrial effluents wereselected for chemical and biologicalobservations in Visakhapatnamharbour and to determine the wasteload and its assimilation capacity ofthe coastal waters. The concentrationof nutrients (NO3, NH4, PO4) washigher in the inner harbour comparedto the outer harbour and showed adistinct tidal influence. The analysis ofdifferent industrial effluent samplesrevealed high concentrations ofphosphates and ammoniaconcomitant with high-suspendedsolids and BOD. The eutrophicconditions of Visakhapatnam innerharbour are caused by the flow ofthese effluents. The highconcentration of chlorophyll andphytoplankton, observed in theVisakhapatnam harbour, is similarlyattributed to the eutrophication.The phytoplankton standing stockwas dominated by the Skeletonemacostatum and Thalassiosira spp.Skeletonema costatum is tolerantof salinity fluctuations whileThalassiosira can survive in polluted

12

waters (high ammonia concentration)and bloom in harbour waters. Thezooplankton population dominated bycopepods, was low in the innerharbour compared to the outerharbour. Polychaetes which are highlytolerant of sewage and industrialpollutants, dominated the benthicpopulation.

Coastal & Estuarine Dynamics

Numerical modelling of tidalpropagation off the west coast ofIndia

Characteristics of tidal propagation offthe west coast of India were using aninhouse 2D barotropic model tosimulate the tidal propagation in thecoastal regions. The Bombay Highand Gulf of Khambhat regions werestudied with a grid resolution of about6.37 km. The observed sea level atBombay and currents from theBombay High region and from a

shallow station off the port of Dahanucompare favourably with the fieldssimulated by the model. Another 2Dmodel, having a fine grid resolution ofabout 1.5 km, was developed for thestudy of tidal propagation in the Gulfof Kutch. A comparison of modelresults with moored current meterobservations shows that the modelreproduces the amplitudes andphases of surface elevations andcurrents satisfactorily, relative to theobservations. Both these Gulfsexperience very high tidal ranges. Ithas been shown that the high tidalranges that occur in the Gulf ofKhambhat are mainly due togeometric amplification, while in theGulf of Kutch, they are caused mainlyby resonance in the semi-diurnalperiods. (Unnikrishnan, A.S., S.R. Shetye

and G.S. Michael, 1999. Proc. Indian Acad.

Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 108(3), 155-177;

Unnikrishnan, A.S., A.D. Gouveia and P.

Vethamony, Journal of Waterway, Port.

Coastal and Ocean Engineering, ASCE,

125(6), 276-284.)

The numerical model grid (6.37 x 6.37 km) used for the tidal propagationstudies. C1 & C2 are the locations of current meter observations.

Seasonal cycle of sea level andcurrents along the coast of India

The seasonal cycle of sea level alongthe Indian coast matches theobserved alongshore coastal currentscomputed from ship drifts. Acomparison with the local alongshorewinds, however, shows a mismatch,suggesting that remote forcing of thecoastal circulation is important.Numerical models of the north IndianOcean are able to simulate theseasonal cycle of coastal currents andsurface circulation in the north IndianOcean, but fail to reproduce theseasonal cycle of sea level along theIndian coast. This failure is due to theirneglect of salinity, variations in thisbeing large off the Indian coast,especially in the east. (Shankar, D.,2000, Curr. Sci., 78(3), 279-288).

Sea level during storm surges asseen in tide-gauge records alongthe east coast of India

A preliminary analysis of hourly sealevel recorded by tide gauges of theSurvey of India (SOI) at Paradip,Visakhapatnam and Chennai helpedin identification of storm surges in therecord. For instance, three periodswere identified, 6-10 August 1979,6-10 August 1981 and 24-27September 1981, when storms formedover the Bay of Bengal and crossedthe east coast of India. During eachevent, the impact was largest atParadip and weakest at Chennai. Inthe first event, the sea level at Paradipwas depressed, whereas there was asurge during the second and thirdevents. The analysis shows thathistorical SOI tide-gauge data wouldbe useful for testing the numericalmodels that are now emerging, as animportant component of defence fromstorm surges in the Bay. (Sundar, D.,Shankar D. and S.R. Shetye. 1999. Curr.

Sci., 77(10). 1325-1332)

Anoxia along the west coast

To understand the biogeochemicaldynamics of the west coast of India,several cruises covering thesouthwest (SW) monsoon seasons,were undertaken since 1997 under

13

the Land-Ocean Interactions in theCoastal Zone (LOICZ) programme.It was found that coastal upwellingtogether with land run-off during theSW monsoon was found to lead tooxygen-deficient conditions. This wasdue to the decreased vertical mixingcaused by prevalence of low salinitysurface waters. Under suboxicconditions, bacteria utilize alternateoxidants such as nitrate and sulphatefor oxidation of organic matter andhence, high nitrite and low nitratecompliment each other, suggestingthe occurrence of intensedenitrification. Furthermore, very highconcentration of ammonia togetherwith hydrogen sulphide reveals theprevalent intense anoxia.

Most significantly, nitrous oxide ishighly abundant in the neighbourhoodof intense denitrification reachinglevels of ~ 250 nM, not known to occurin world oceans hitherto.Simultaneously, total consumption ofnitrous oxide occurs in anoxic watersince this greenhouse gas is alsoreduced (along with sulphate) duringthe bacterial oxidation near the coast.The results strongly suggest that thecoastal upwelling zones experiencingsuboxic conditions emit potentiallyhigher levels of nitrous oxide toatmosphere than under normalconditions. The occurrence of coastalanoxia affecting the coastal biologicalresources, also facilitate higher

production of nitrous oxide and itsejection to atmosphere. (Naqvi et al. -communicated to Nature).

Biodiversity & BiomedicalPotential

A new Chaetognath species

It was observed that sometimesconfinement of organisms to enclosedwaters promote speciations as wasevident from the discovery of a newchaetognath species Sagittamadhupratapi from the Agatti Atoll,Laccadive Archipelago reported forthe first time. The species belongs tothe "hispida" group. Though collectionswere made from other atolls, thisspecies was found restricted to Agatti,suggesting that the species isendemic. It appears that the isolatedwaters of lagoons promote speciationas this, as well as another speciesdwelling in the area which is new toscience yet undescribed. Isolationfrom surrounding neritic populations ofchaetognaths is probably one of thereasons for endemism. (Casanova, J.P.and V.R. Nair, 1999. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28:

169-172).

Bothid larvae

Flat fishes though forming a smallpercentage of the total fish population,

are highly preferred as food. Bothidlarvae, sparsely distributed in theIndian Ocean, are mostly confined tocoastal waters. Their density wasfound to be higher in the Bay ofBengal, with maximum number in theMalacca Straits. The Bay of Bengalconsidered the cradle for larvalbothids, holds 45.9% populationcompared to 38.4% in the ArabianSea. Engyprosopon grandisquamis - adominant species contribute to 23.2%of the total larval population. (Devi,C.B.L.., 1999. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28:198-210).

Coral Reef

The environmental surveys carried outin six of ten inhabited islands ofLakshadweep, during October-November showed that the lagoonwaters in all the six islands arevirtually pollution-free. Biophysicalsurveys in seven islands showed livecoral coverage to be less ihan 20%.The recovery from the massivebleaching of 1998 has been onlymarginal.

As an outreach activity encouragingstakeholder participation in coralmonitoring and conservation, theinstitute organised a training inSCUBA diving and biophysicalsurveys for five islanders. Aninformative booklet about coral reefswas also released.

14

Cross-shelf sections of temperature, salinity, oxygen, CTD-chlorophyll, inorganic nitrogen species andhydrogen sulphide off Goa during 3 - 4 October, 1998.

Scientists and islanders who participated in the SCUBA diving programme.

anaspidean mollusc Dolabellaauricalaria, this is the first report of ahalogenated squalene-derivedpolyether from this organism. Inaddition, several 3β-hydroxy sterolsincluding cholesterol, 24-methyl andethyl sterols and a novel compound,6β-hydroxy, cholest-4-en-3-one toohave been isolated from thisorganism.

Marine Archaeology

The salient features of archaeologicalexplorations in Dwarka, Somnath andGoa waters are furnished here.

Pharmacologically activecompounds

A zoanthus animal collected from Goawas found to cause severe eye andskin inflammations. Preliminarystudies had indicated its crude extractto have oxytocic and anti-serotonin &anti-nicotinic activities. Later, theactive principles were located in theethyl acetate and petroleum etherfractions respectively. Bioassay guidedpurification of the active fractions ledto the isolation of 2-deoxyecdysterone(oxytocic) and peridininol(antiserotonin & antinicotinic activity)as the active compounds.

2-Deoxyecdysterone is a knownsteroidal hormone. Its activity wascomparable to that of standardoxytocin and PGF2alpha commonly usedoxytocic agents. Normally, steroidalhormones are present as complexmixtures in natural sources.

However, 2-deoxyecdysterone was theonly such hormone present in thismarine animal which makes itspurification rather easy. This is alsothe first report of occurrence of thiscompound in a zoanthus species.

Peridininol, a C37 carotenoid is knownto be present only in marinedinoflagellates. Examination of theanimal under a microscope hadrevealed the presence of somedinoflagellates in it. This pigment maynot therefore be a true animalmetabolite, but produced by the

associated dinoflagellates.Pharmacological studies with theisolated guinea pig ileum tissue haveconfirmed the anti-serotonin and anti-nicotinic activities of this compound,which may find possible therapeuticuse in abdominal colics, diarrhoeaand other intestinal disorders.

Other natural products

The red alga Chondria armata isknown to be a rich source for severalhalogen-containing compoundspossessing diverse biologicalactivities. Our preliminary studies hadindicated its MeOH extract to possessantiviral and hypotensive activities.But isolation of the active metabolitescould not be achieved for severalyears due to the labile nature of thesemolecules. The improved isolation andseparation techniques such as gelchromatography, reverse phaseHPLC, etc. have enabled isolation oftwo halogenated polyethercompounds from this organism.Structure of one of these compoundshas been established as Armatol A.Although similar compounds havepreviously been isolated from the redalga Laurencia sp. and the

Armatol A

Dwarka

Explorations undertaken during theyear revealed two zones ofunderwater artefacts - structures ofstone blocks with three single-holesand four stone anchors at waterdepths 4 - 6 m and at 12 - 15 mdepths, twenty triangular andprismatic stone anchors. This placemight have been an ancientanchorage point, the type and shapesof anchors indicating probable visits ofboats from different places.

Somnath

The underwater explorations inSomnath yielded 11 single holedstone objects most of them at 8 - 11 mwater depth. Most of these are hardrocks (Basalt ?) circular in shape andwith a hole in the centre. Some alsohad smaller holes on the sides. It issurmised that the stones were usedtor fixing ropes for anchorage of boats.

Onshore explorations atGopakapattanam

The onshore explorations andexcavations of the ancient port ofGopakapattanam (Goa) revealedmassive laterite stone walls (1246.5and 92 m long respectively) along theZuari river bank. During high tide theport wall remains submerged.Excavation in intertidal zone revealedsix course along with foot stepsattached to the wall.

15

Single holed stone objects and triangular stoneanchors from Somnath and Dwarka watersrespectively.

Project monitoring committee on a visit to LateHarappan Settlement site at Khuda Dost, BetDwarka.

Exploration of shipwrecks in Sunchireef revealed an iron anchor, fourcannons, broken rudder and welldressed granite blocks on the rockybed. The cannons resemble thosearchived at the museum of Old Goa.

Remains of stone wall andsix course steps at ancientGopakapattanam port site.

16

Shipwrecks in Goa waters

engineering, techniques &technology

• Coastal Engineering • Instrumentation• Biotechnology • Biofouling & Corrosion• Aquaculture

Coastal Engineering

Directional spread parameter atintermediate water depth

The characteristics of directionalspread parameters at intermediatewater depth were investigated basedon a cosine power '2s' directionalspreading model. This is based onwave measurements carried out usinga Datawell directional waverider buoyin 23 m water depth. Directionalspreading function estimated basedon the Maximum Entropy Method iscompared with those obtained using acosine power '2s' parameter model. Aset of empirical equations relating thedirectional spreading parametercorresponding to the peak of wavespectrum to other wave parameterssuch as significant wave height andperiod were derived. Wave directionalspreading at peak wave frequency, itwas seen, can be related to the non-linearity parameter, which allowsestimation of directional spreadingwithout reference to wind information.(Sanil Kumar, V., M.C. Deo, N.M. Anand,

K. Ashok Kumar, 2000. Ocean Engg., 2:

889-905)

Directional waves

In a study on spreading of waveenergy in the long term, the entireomni-directional data collected wascategorised into 8 wave directionsectors. Sectorial data was fitted to thecommonly adopted Weibull distributionusing the moments fit. Design Hs

values corresponding to 100-yearreturn period for all direction sectorswere estimated. The 100-year Hs valueobtained without categorising data intosectors (or the omni-directional value)was also evaluated. Directionalcategorisation of Hs data reduces Hs

value for that sector, compared to theomni-directional Hs values. Thusdirectional distribution of wave energylowered wave heights estimated formarine structures. As an example, theconventional procedure for omni-directional 100-year Hs was comparedto the theoretical distribution of Weibullfor each sectorial data set convolutedto yield an equivalent 'all direction'distribution of Hs values. The 100-yearHs value estimated by this procedurewas 4.6% lower than the conventionalomni-directional method.

A high pressure retaining deep seawater sampler

For studies related to deep seamicrobiology, it is desirable to use asampler which can retain the sampleat the in-situ hydrostatic pressure.Normally water samples from deepsea are collected by samplers whichdo not retain the in-situ pressurecondition. In order to meet thisrequirement, a Pressure RetainingDeep Sea Water Sampler was devised(Patent No. NF-361/99). This samplercontains a spring loaded valveopposing the ambient hydrostaticpressure. Hydrostatic pressureunseats the valve and sea waterenters the sampler at thepredetermined depth. The valve thencloses and retains the sample at thein-situ hydrostatic pressure. The watersample is further sub-sampled underthe same pressure conditions forfurther analysis and study, on board.

Instrumentation

Sea truth validation of oceancolour sensor

Coastal waters present uniquechallenges to their study by satellite

Newly designed deep sea water sampler.

colour sensors. Coastal waterscontain a mix of chlorophyll,suspended sediments, and dissolvedorganic matter resulting in a complexwater-leaving signal reaching thesatellite sensor. We validatedSeaWiFS data for the coastal watersof the Arabian Sea focussing on bio-optical measurements. The range ofchlorophyll concentrations laybetween 0.2 and 2 mg/m3. Althoughthe matches between in-situ andsatellite data were sparse, theyindicate that direct application of thealgorithm of choice - the OC2algorithm - in the coastal waters of theArabian Sea underestimateschlorophyll-a concentrations by asmuch as 40%. Various authors havereported both under- andoverestimation of SeaWiFS water-leaving radiances when compared toin-situ radiometric measurements,attributed to difficulties in correctingatmospheric effects accurately in thecoastal regions, where aerosols arelikely to be absorbing. Until a morecomprehensive bio-optical data set isassembled, however, the OC2algorithm will continue to be used.

India launched her first operationaloceanographic satellite OCEANSAT Ion 26 May 1999. The satellite carriestwo sensors, namely the OceanColour Monitor (OCM) and the Multi-

17

Participants of ORV Sagar Kanya cruise 149C.

channel Scanning MicrowaveRadiometer (MSMR). The former isdesigned to study the biologicalproductivity of the sea and the latterfor air-sea interaction and themonsoon. The OCM has 6 spectralchannels in the visible at 412, 443,490, 510, 555 and 670 nm with a halfpower bandwidth of 20 nm. There are2 channels in the near infrared at 765and 865 nm with a width of 40 nm.The MSMR has eight spectralchannels in microwave part of theelectromagnetic spectrum includinghorizontal and vertical polarizationmodes at 6.6 GHz, 10.6 GHz, 18.3GHz and 21.8 GHz.

Cruises SK 149C and SK 152 on ORVSagar Kanya were organized tovalidate the OCM. The OCM revisittime is 48 hours, in contrast SeaWiFSrevisit period of 24 hours, though theOCM has a resolution approximately 9times higher than SeaWiFS.Coincident passes when both OCMand SeaWiFS could be validated wereon 21, 23, 25 and 27 November. Apassing Leonids meteorites clusterhad prompted SeaWiFS to beswitched off between 16 and 19November as a precautionarymeasure. Validation was howeverundisturbed for the OCM, and duringthe 6 pass days it was decided toincrease spatial coverage for OCM bytaking three stations during the day.

The critical observations for OCMvalidation were radiometric andinherent optical propertiesmeasurements, biologicalobservations, CTD profiles, aerosoloptical depth and meteorologicalrecords. The CTD also provided the

water samples for the biologicalstudies on chlorophyll-a estimation.(Desa E., et al., Communicated to

Curr. Sci.).

Field-performance enhancementof sea level gauges

Sea level measurements are subjectto various site-related errors, primarilydue to flows, waves, differential waterdensity in the vicinity of the gaugeand, in some situations, suspendedsediment. Widely used sea levelrecorders that are adversely affectedby these site-related influences arefloat-driven gauges, pressure gauges,

and guided air-acoustic gauges. Sincemean sea-level is being analysed inthe context of climate change, wehave anlysed the errors that occur inour gauges with respect to suspendedsediments.

Our measurements of water level intwo turbid natural water bodies (Hugliestuary, India; Humber estuary, UnitedKingdom) using a pressure transducerindicate that suspended sedimentsaffect the accuracy of water levelmeasurement, when the measuredbulk density of water is used tocompute water level from pressure.The observed under-estimation wepostulate arises from a reduction of in-situ density of turbid natural waters.We have observed that the effectivedepth-mean density values, peff ofthese turbid water bodies are less than(~2.70% - 6.5%) their bulk densities,and also less than (~0.4% - 4.5%) thatof the density of the same water afterremoval of suspended sediments. Thevalues of peff varied slightly from mid-tide to slack water period of the sametidal cycle, with peff being lower at mid-tide. Based on this new finding, it waspossible to increase the accuracy ofwater level measurements using two

SeaWiFS derived chlorophyll-a during SK 149C.

18

Pigment algorithm (Cruise SK-149C and SK-152).

Comparison of bulk density, clear-water density and effectivedensity of turbid waters of the Humber estuary, North Sea (UK), asa function of tidal height.

industries. Various dyes in industrialeffluents, which are an environmentalnuisance are also decolourized by thesame fungus (Patent NF-160/99).Further, it decolourized melanoidinpigments in spent wash distillerywaste. About 60-70% decolourisationwas achieved within 3 days at roomtemperature. This was also effective inthe presence of 50% diluted seawater(Patent NF-334/99). A process forproducing an unique xylan-degradingenzymes was developed usinganother fungus, a strain of Aspergillusniger (Patent NF-30/2000).

An improved process was alsodeveloped for the treatment of spentwash using marine algae and amarine sponge (Patents NF-318/98and NF-2/99). Marine algae andsponges were also shown to beeffective in the treatment of agro-based liquor waste and effluents andto produce potable water (PatentsNF-319/99, NF-3/99 and NF-318/99).

Molecular biological studies on the18S ribosomal RNA ofthraustochytrids, a group of single-celled marine protists, have yieldedfresh insight into the phylogeneticrelationship of different species withinthis group. Thraustochytrids containhigh amounts of omega-3polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA),which are important for human healthand in aquaculture. The PUFAcontents of these organisms could beenhanced beyond normal levels by

or more precisely separated pressuretransducers, to estimate density.(Joseph, A. et al, 1999. J. Atmos. Ocean.

Techno!., 16: 1150-1155)

Biotechnology

Terrestrial species of fungi isolatedfrom marine habitats could haveimportant applications inbiotechnology. The production ofvarious enzymes in several such fungiwere studied. The basidiomycetousfungus, Flavodon flavus, isolated fromsea grass produced high amounts ofthe lignin-modifying enzyme, laccase,that has applications in paper

Dr. Chandralata Raghukumar demonstrating the effectiveness of thewhite rot fungus in decolourising melanoidin pigments in spent wash.

19

subjecting these organisms to higherviscosity levels in the culture medium(Patent NF-79/2000).

Biofouling & Corrosion

The major aim of marine materialresearch is to understand biofoulingand corrosion processes in the seaand to develop means to preventmaterial deterioration from theseprocesses. The various aspects ofstudy include the dynamics of biofilmformation, development of biomarkersfor biofilm evaluation, and elucidationof inter-relationships betweendeterioration processes. Part of theseinvestigations were also carried outunder Indo-US collaboration.

Naturally occurring microbialexopolysaccharides seem to exertcontrol over corrosion of metals inmarine waters. Biofilm biomass,both as organic carbon andexopolysaccharides increased over28 days in an experiment where mildsteel panels were deployed in surfacewaters. In addition to bacteria anddiatoms, thraustochytrid protists werealso observed to form part of thebiofilm microbial communities.Scanning electron microscopy showedthat the species Ulkenia profundaGaertner attached directly to glassand aluminium surfaces, in theabsence of formation of ectoplasmicnets.

The search for natural compoundsthat prevent biofouling on marinesurfaces, continued. The crudemethanol extract of the sponge Irciniasp. inhibited the settlement of thediatom Amphora sp. and barnaclelarvae in the laboratory. This extractwas also effective againstmacrofoulers in the field (Patent NF-27/2000). One of the natural surfacesthat is relatively clean of biofoulingorganisms is the carapace of thefemale horseshoe crab, Tachypleusgigas. Males harbour a relativelydenser fouling of epibionts. ScanningElectron Microscopy revealed that thesurface of male carapace was rougherand more hydrophobic than that of thefemale. Star-shaped openings on thefemale carapace could be those of

Photo micrograph of carapace (Tachypleusgigas) showing star shaped openings(dorsal view).

The rough zones of horseshoe crab (Prs. &Opt,) harboured highest number of barnacles.

pore glands, whose exudates keepthe carapace clean of epibionts. Aprocess for the preparation of anantifouling extract from femalehorseshoe crab was developed(Patent NF-53-2000).

Aquaculture

In an ongoing effort to developaquaculture diets, a new synergisticfeed for shrimps was formulated(Patent NF-335/99). Besides, acomparative study on the growthperformance and biochemicalcomposition of mixed culture of thesingle-celled algae, Isochrysisgalbana and Chaetoceros calcitranswith monocultures was carried out.This has implications in shrimphatcheries where different speciesand size groups of larvae are to befed. A cladoceran used by us in ouraquaculture studies has the potentialfor use as alternate live feed tosupplement Artemia in shrimphatcheries. A study on the role of

salinity in algal grazing andparthenogenetic reproduction in thisanimal showed that gut concentrationsof pigments, which is an indication ofalgal consumption, was significantlyhigher at lower salinities. Growth andneonate production were also higher atlower salinities. Salinity increase alsoadversely affected the size and age ofprimiparous females. The resultsindicate that the cladoceran is adaptedto low saline estuarine environment.

The horseshoe crab, belonging toTachypleus gigas continues to beinvestigated for useful compounds.Field studies have shown that thespecies occurs sympatrically alongwith another horseshoe crab species,Carcinoscorplus rotundicauda alongthe Orissa coast. Another interestingorganism for useful compounds isPerna viridis (green mussel). Animproved process was developed forthe preparation of pharmacologicallyactive mussel hydrolysate from thisbivalve (Patent NF-159/2000), incollaboration with the Pasteur Institute,St. Petersburg, Russia.

20

offshore processes &resources

Bay of Bengal

Physical and BiologicalProcesses

The northeastern arm of the Indian Ocean, the

Bay of Bengal, is the most turbulent region in

the Indian Ocean. The bay is a positive water

body wherein precipitation ami run-off

together exceed evaporation. Intense run-off

from rivers of the subcontinent results in

strong surface stratification that inhibits

vertical exchange. Besides, weak upwelling

and winter cooling phenomena only facilitate

restricted supply of nutrients from subsurface

layers. Hence the biological production is

expected to be comparatively lower in the Bay

of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea The

variability in biological productivity and its

dependence on the physical farcing is little

known in this area. The intensive run-off

contributes large volumes of suspended loads

into the bay promoting enhanced removal of

organic matter from the water column. The

effect of the magnitude of run-off on sea level

is however not well known and, our studies

have focused on these aspects.

Sea level changes from variabilityin rainfall

A link between rainfall and sea levelwas found through changes in salinityin coastal waters. Rivers fed bysouthwest monsoon (June-September) contribute a large fractionof the runoff to the Bay of Bengal,from where it is transported to thewest coast of India by an equatorwardEast India Coastal Current. Thiscurrent is triggered partly by thewithdrawal of the southwest monsoon.The West India Coastal Currentcarries the low-salinity water from thebay northward together with the runofffrom local rivers. The advection of theriverine inflow to Mumbai occurswithin a season, but the slow mixing inthe ocean forces changes in the

cross-shore density gradient to occuron longer time-scales. This densitygradient leads to a two-layergeostrophic circulation with a surfacecurrent, having the lighter water on itsright, and an undercurrent. Lower(higher) salinity at the coast implieshigher (lower) coastal sea level and arise (fall) of the pycnocline at thecoast. Thus, the inter-decadalvariability of sea level along the Indiancoast can be linked directly to thevariability of the monsoon (rainfall),the major feature of the climate of theregion; but by a mechanism that isdifferent from those generallyproposed to link sea level to climatechange (i.e. hypotheses usuallyinvoke a change in volume because ofice melting or thermal expansion).(Shankar D. and S.R. Shetye, 1999. J.

Geophys. Res. (C: Oceans). 104(C11):

26031-26042).

Physical forcing on productivity inthe bay

The seasonal changes in primaryproductivity (PP) in the Bay of Bengalare not well known. Production isgenerally driven by changes incirculation and the consequentnutrient inputs to the sunlit layers.Data collected during three cruisesbetween 1989 and 1992, in thewestern Bay of Bengal together withremotely sensed ocean colour data(OCTS and SeaWiFS) revealedsignificant changes in biologicalproduction driven by seasonalvariability in physical dynamics.During the pre-SW monsoon theproductivity (average depth integratedchlorophyll a of 18.8-30.4 mg m2 andPP of 0.16-1.05 g C m-2d-1) in the bayappears to be sustained by upwellingand occurrence of eddies that disruptstrong stratification; huge volumes ofriver run-off into the bay leads to theformation of low salinity surface layer

that inhibits vertical exchangebetween deep and surface layers. Theproduction was found to be more inthe area where nutrients werepumped into the surface layersbecause of eddy formation. On theother hand, despite the increase innutrient availability in SW monsoondue to enhanced vertical mixing andriver run-off the productivity (averagedepth integrated chlorophyll a of 97-165 mg m2 and PP of 0.30-0.55 g Cm-2 d-1) did not increase in proportionto the physical forcing because of theintense cloud cover lowering isolationlevels. In the NE monsoon, however,production (average depth integratedchlorophyll a of 26.2-27.6 mg m-2 andPP of 0.30-0.44 g C m-2 d-1) washigher in the northern part of the baydriven by the availability of rivertransported nutrients and increasedsolar irradiation. These trendsare in excellent agreement withsatellite images of the region. (Gomes,H.R. et al, 2000. Cont. Shelf Res., 20:

313-330).

Vertical stability effect onchlorophyll in the bay

Hydrographic data collected duringMay-June 1996 indicated two gyralcirculation in the Bay of Bengal; acyclonic gyre to the west of AndamanIslands and an anticyclonic gyre in thenorthwest bay. The prevailingcirculation systems result in intensesouthward flow in the central bay.Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM)occurred in the ranges of 30-50 m incoastal regions and 50-100 m in theopen sea. These DCM were locatedbelow the surface mixed layer andabove the deep stability maximum(DSM). Deep DSM (140 m) and DCM(100 m) were associated withanticyclonic gyre whereas shallowDSM (80 m) and DCM (50 m)occurred in the cyclonic gyre.

21

These trends clearly reveal theinfluence of meso-scale circulation onthe vertical and spatial distribution ofchlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal.(Murty, V.S.N., et al., 2000. Deep-Sea

Res., 47: 859-873).

Tectonics

The age of the oceanic crust in theBay of Bengal, its distal areas and oneither side of the Ninetyeast Ridge, isyet to be established unambiguously.Major plate reorganisations at about95 ± 5 and 42 Ma, several ridge jumpsduring the early Tertiary period andthe presence of aseismic ridges(Ninetyeast Ridge and 85°E Ridge),have complicated the sequence ofmagnetic lineations. Abandonedspreading centres, pairs of magneticlineations about the centres and originof the ridges, are the key constraintsrequired to understand the pasttectonic processes and evolution ofthe Bay of Bengal and its distal areas.In one such exercise to map traces ofearly Tertiary ridge jumps we collecteddata on magnetic, gravity, seismicreflections and deep sea drilled coresin the distal Bengal fan. This studywas a first in the Indian Ocean wheremagnetic interpretations have beensupported by other geophysical datasets. The two studies reported belowaddress this aspect.

and high amplitude (of the order of600 to 700 nT). Two-dimensionalmodelling of these anomalies usingconventional and inversion methods,indicated a severely faulted and foldedbasement of the order of 1 to 6 km.Three closely spaced river channels(Nagavali, Vamsadhra and Nelimarla)trending NW-SE are associated withthe faulted and folded basement. Thefault associated with the Nelimarlariver channel, that extends into theoffshore zone may have been thepossible cause of the tremor. Strongmagnetic anomalies, complexbasement structure and exposed rockoutcrops in the inner-shelf (20 m) inthe vicinity of the epicentre ofVizianagaram earth tremor provideevidence of Neo-tectonic activity inthis region. The epicentral region fallsin a shallow marine environment, idealfor generating a geophysical databasefor stable continental region earth-quakes. These observations, geo-physical data and geomorphologicalinformation establishing a linkbetween onland and offshore tectoniclineaments may prove useful inunderstanding the factors responsiblefor tectonic activity. (Subrahmanyam,A.S.. et al., 1999 . Curr. Sci., 76:

1251-1255).

Abandoned spreading centreidentified

Magnetic data from the northeasternIndian Ocean reveal east-westtrending magnetic lineations 28through 34, an abandoned spreadingcentre and part of the CretaceousMagnetic Quiet Zone. These are usedto reconstruct past tectonic processesof this area. Offsets in the magneticlineations outline the existence of fourN-S trending fracture zones: 80°E,82°E, 84.5°E, and 86°E. The 84.5°EFracture Zone acts as a boundaryseparating oceanic crust of differentmagnetic isochron patterns. The pairsof magnetic lineations 30 through32n.2 between the 86°E FractureZone and the Ninetyeast Ridge revealan abandoned spreading centre ofabout 65 Ma age, parallel to ~0.5°Slatitude. The structure of theabandoned spreading centre is well-identified in seismic reflection data asan undulating basement topographicrise covered by up to 2 km of BengalFan sediments. The spreading centremight have initiated its activity alongwith other spreading centres of theWharton Ridge and India-AntarcticaRidge, after the first major platereorganisation of the Indian Ocean

Neotectonism - offshoreevidences

A minor tremor measuring 4.5 on theRichter scale occurred around 4.58p.m. on 18 December 1995, with itsepicentre located in the Bay of Bengal,nearly 30 km east of Vizianagaram onthe Andhra Pradesh coast. Thelocation of the epicentre was around18°42'E. It is significant that theepicentre falls in the inner-shelf offVizianagaram, where a suite of rocks(Santapalle Rocks) outcrop at a waterdepth of around 30 m. Bathymetry andmagnetic data were collected over thisregion along closely spaced, coastparallel profiles covering the shelfregions. Observed magneticanomalies were of short wavelength Seismic reflection image of the abandoned spreading centre with identified

magnetic anomalies and gravity data.

22

(about 95± Ma) but ceased shortlyafter formation of anomaly 30 (about65 Ma). Then it jumped southwardbetween anomalies 32n.2 and 33. Thejump captured the oceanic crust ofanomalies 30 through 32n.2 thatinitially formed on the Antarctica plate,but were later transferred to the IndianPlate. The spreading centres in thevicinity of the Nintyeast Ridge jumpedseveral times southward to maintain aclose proximity to the Karguelenhotspot. (Krishna, K.S. and D.G. Rao,

2000 Mar Geol., 162:215-224).

Sea are well documented, as arethe biological and chemicalconsequences of this phenomenon.Overall, the conditions found in thesuboxic portion of the water column inthe Arabian Sea were not greatlydifferent from earlier reports withrespect to oxygen, nitrate and nitritedistributions. Within the mainthermocline, portions of the suboxicwaters with secondary nitrite maximawere found, suggesting active nitratereduction. In particular, there was notmuch evidence for the occurrence ofsecondary nitrite maxima in waterswith oxygen concentrations greaterthan ~4.5 µM. Distributions oforganisms showed strong

Physical, Chemical andBiological Processes

Upper ocean heating - Role ofchlorophyll pigments

The chlorophyll concentration influ-ences absorption of solar radiationleading to local heating of the upperocean waters. Mixed layer embedded

Oxygen minimum layer andorganisms

The Arabian Sea has the thickestoxygen deficient zone and it is animportant area to study the extent andvariation of oxygen with time, in viewof changing climate. Characteristics ofthis oxygen minimum zone (OMZ)over the complete monsoon cycle of1995 were studied. The suboxicconditions within the northern Arabian

Time longitude plot anomalous SSTrepresenting the effect of biological healing(°C) along 20°N in the Arabian Sea.

relationships to the oxygen profiles,especially where the OMZ ispronounced, but the biologicalresponses to the OMZ varied with thetype of the organism. ADCP acousticbackscatter measurements show dielvertical migration of plankton ornekton and movement into the OMZ.Daytime acoustic returns from depthwere strong, and the dawn sinkingand dusk rise of the fauna wereobvious. However, at night thebiomass remaining in the suboxiczone was so low that no ADCP signal

23

Dr. Prasanna Kumar preparing for an MoUv/ith JAMSTEC.

Although the CZCS data are not idealto simulate the ocean state, especiallyin the Arabian Sea where large dustevents and cloud cover make atmos-phere correction inaccurate, they areuseful to examine the impact ofchlorophyll pigments on upper oceanheating. (Nakamolo. S.. el at, 2000.

Geophy. Res. Lett, 27: 747-750).

ocean isopycnal general circulationmodel (OPYC) together with remotelysensed chlorophyll pigmentconcentration data from the CoastalZone Colour Scanner (CZCS) wasused to estimate the biological heatingrate and modulation of mixed layer.The results indicate that thechlorophyll pigments alter the mixedlayer heat budget significantly. TheSST increases by upto 0.6°C andmixed layer thickness decreases,while the sub-surface temperaturedecreases due to reduced penetrationof solar radiation. These changes inthe model mixed layer are consistentwith JGOFS-Arabian Seaobservations during 1994-95.Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea is the northward extension of

the western Indian Ocean. Evaporation

dominates over precipitation in this region

making it a "negative" water body. Intense

evaporation results, in the formation of high

density waters that sink and flow southward.

Besides, the formation of high density miter

masses in the marginal seas (the Red Sea and

tile Persian (gulf) ensure that Arabian Sea

water column is well structured one. Seasonal

variability in heat exchanges at ocean

boundary layer drive the atmosphere

circulation thai leads to alteration in wind

driven physical forcing of the Arabian Sea.

Consequently, the Arabian Sea is one of the

most productive regions of the world oceans

supported by vertical pumping of nutrients

driven by strong upwelling in the southwest

monsoon and convection in winter. The very

high surface production leads to oxygen-

deficient conditions at mid-depth and to the

occurrence of denitrification. Therefore,

understanding of the occurrence of sea surface

temperatures highs, the variability and extents

of sub-oxic conditions, and living and dead

organic matter are important and are dealt

with here.

Dr. S. W.A. Naqvi preparing the sampling bottle. Dr. T. Yoshinari, State Universityof New York at Albany is looking on.

was detectable at these depths. Thereare at least two groups of organisms,one that stays in the upper mixedlayer and another that makes dailyexcursions. A subsurface zooplanktonpeak in the lower OMZ (near the lower~4.5 µM oxycline) was also typicallypresent; these animals occurred dayand night and did not verticallymigrate. (Morrison, J.M., et al., 1999.

Deep-Sea Res. (II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr),

46: 1903-1931).

Phaeocystis bloom

Phaeocystis is one of the few marinephytoplankton that form gelatinouscolonies, of non-motile cells that mayexceed 10 mm in diameter, and isknown to inhabit largely temperateand polar regions. Phaeocystisoccurrence has not been reportedfrom the Arabian Sea, an areaotherwise dominated by diatoms. Athick bloom of Phaeocystis globosawas found in the central Arabian Seaduring the summer monsoon of 1996.The intensity of the bloom was as highas 3750 x 106 cells m-2 and the carboncontent ranged between 33 and 550μg I-1. Almost 90% of thephytoplankton population wascomposed of this species in the bloomarea. It, however, did not exhibit anyquantitative relation with chlorophyll,perhaps because it was in senescentphase when the sampling was carriedout. It is important to know whetherthis species is introduced and adapted

24

to new environments due to humaninfluence and how will it influence foodchains in future. (Madhupratap, M., et al.,

2000. Oceanol. Acta, 23:83-90).

Mesozooplankton and myctophids

An important feature of the ArabianSea is the occurrence of highmesozooplankton biomass in thesurface mixed layer almost round theyear despite the fact that the extent ofproductivity in this region is highlyvariable both in space and time. Thegeneric composition of thesemesozooplankton does not changewith season and is mostly dominatedby copepods of < 2 mm size.Maintenance of such high biomass ofmesozooplankton seems to sustain ahuge stock of mesopelagic fish (~100

Phaeocystis colony.

million metric tonnes) mostlybelonging to Myctophidae. These arestrong diel migrators and ascend tothe surface layer at night but areotherwise adapted to subsurfaceoxygen deficient waters. Myctophidsare found to occur in high densitiesboth in inshore and offshore. (Nair,K.K.C. Nair, et at.. 1999. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,

28: 138-145).

The evolution of the crust between theLaccadives-Laxmi Ridge and thewestern continental margin of India,and the origin of the Pratap Ridgecomplex and the Panikkar Ridge/seamounts in the Laxmi Basin, areimportant problems that needaddressal in the eastern Arabian Sea.Interpretation of integratedgeophysical data may provide certainclues regarding the opening andevolution of the Arabian Sea.

Meandering Indus channels :Multibeam bathymetric study

The Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputrariver systems contribute large volumesof sediments to the northern IndianOcean region, forming large deep-seafans. The discharge of sediments bythe river Indus has accumulated into apile over 2 km thick, forming one ofthe largest deep sea fans in the world.Though there are many reports on theoccurrence of channels in differentregions of the fan, five distinctchannels far from the mouth (as far upto 12°18'N; 67° to 68°30'E ) have been

deciphered during multibeam

bathymetric (Hydrosweep) surveys in

the Arabian Sea. The channels

show steep slope angles at 15 - 30°.

The limonite(???), meander patterns

and associated morphological

features of these channels are similar

to meander patterns and associated

flood plain features of the world's

largest fluvial systems.

(Kodagali, V.N., and P. Jauhari, 1999.

Curr. Sci., 76:240-243).

Indian Ocean

The Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB). the

largest basin in the Indian Ocean, extends

from 0 to 25°S and 70° to 90° E. A large

number of seamounts and hills dot the

seafloor. together with fracture -ones and

lineations. The second largest ferromanganese

(FeMn) deposits of the world oceans occur in

this basin and are carpeted by siliceous

sediments. The FeMn deposits [manganese

nodules and crusts) have been studied

extensively and intensively for two decades.

These deposits, besides their economic

potential, are good indicators of the

environment under which they formed, as

reflected by their interned growth features.

Cobalt-rich crusts have also been studied and

are of special interest as likely resources for

cobalt, besides being excellent recorders of

palaeoceanographic conditions.

Oilier than the Fe-Mn deposits, a variety of

volcanics are associated with the morpho-

structural features of the CIOB. Because of

the continuous exposure to seawater, the

volcanics tend so be altered and give rise to

authigenic minerals. Although the CIOB is 60

Ma old yet evidences, for localised and recent

volcano-hydrothermal signatures exist.

The oceanic ridges that occur in the vicinity of

the CIOB are also significant. This ridge

system, made up of the Central Indian (CIR).

South East Indian (SEIR) and South West

Indian (SWIR) ridges, constitute a large part

of the global oceanic ridge chain. Many of the

features observed in the CIOB are a result of

their formation from the ancient SEIR. The

tectonic, volcanic and geochemical nature of

the Indian Ocean ridge system is unique and is

the subject of investigation under the

Institute's Ridge programme. The Institute has

also become an associate member of the

International Ridge study community.

Dr. R. Banerjee looking for microlayers inthe polished nodule section.

Photo-micrograph of nodules, (a) Growth hiatus indicated by accretion,(b) Dendritic microstructure, (c) Biogenic test inside a nodule,(d) Laminated microstructure at the contact with nucleus, (e) Undissolvedradiolaria inside nodule (SEM) & (f) Philipsite crystals inside nodule (SEM).

25

Resources

Internal structure and chemistry ofMn-nodules

Deep-sea ferromanganese nodules

occur over large areas and on many

different sediment types of the Central

Indian Basin. Selected nodule

samples were studied to determine

their chemical and mineralogical

compositions and microstructural

features. Repeated laminations of

variable thickness, alternately

dominated by minerals, todorokite and

vernadite are characteristic of these

nodules. Electron microprobe line

scans have drawn inter-laminar

partitioning of Mn-Cu-Ni and Fe-Co.

The bulk chemical compositions of

these nodules plot in both the

hydrogenetic and early diagenetic

fields on the Fe-Mn-(Ni+Cu+Co) x 10

ternary diagram. The binary diagram

depicting the covariation of Mn+Ni+Cu

against Fe+Co shows two distinct

parallel regression lines. One is

delineated by nodules from

terrigenous, siliceous ooze and

siliceous ooze-terrigenous sediments;

and the other by nodules from red

clay, siliceous ooze-red clay and

calcareous ooze-red clay The degree

of diagenetic influence in the nodules

varied with the type of the host. Thenodules show dendritic, laminated,and globular microstructures formedby primary growth of Fe-Mn oxidelaminae. Depositional hiatuses in theprimary microstructures indicate thatthe growth of these nodules wasepisodic. The oxide laminations showextremely complex growth patterns.Scattered biogenic remains andmineral grains acted as accessory'seeds' for growth of oxide layers inaddition to the main nuclei. None ofthe primary microstructures can beuniquely linked to a particulargrowth process or growth rate. Radialcracks, cutting across primarymicrostructures, are often filled bytodorokite of a later generation. Post-depositional modifications of thenodules were largely controlled byaccreted biogenic remains asindicated by their progressivedissolution with increasing depth fromnodule surfaces, their pseudomorphicreplacement by todorokite and thelater growth of phillipsite andtodorokite in the microfossil moulds.The growth patterns of the in-filledoxides are often controlled entirely bythe cavity-walls and are discordantwith the primary growth fabric. Thisindicates that the dissemination plotsusing bulk chemistry needs to beviewed with caution. Later generationveins of todorokite cut across andchaotically disrupted the primarylaminae. (Banerjee, R., et al., 1999. Mar.

Geol. 157: 145-158).

Micronodule geochemistry

Ferromanganese micro-nodules wereearlier reported to occur in the Bay ofBengal. An attempt was recentlymade to determine the influence ofsedimentation on Mn accretionaryprocesses in this high terrigenousarea. Based on down core variationsin O/Mn ratio in sediment and inmicro-nodules, Mn content, organiccarbon and abundance of micro-nodules in two box core sedimentsfrom high and low sedimentationregions of the Bay of Bengal, 0-20 and0-40 cm levels were identified as "Mnoxidation zone" in the western and theeastern regions of the Bay. Despite

26

similarity in bottom water oxygen andorganic carbon contents of the region,a higher abundance of micro-nodulesdown to the deeper levels wasobserved in the area of lowsedimentation. But increasedenrichment of Mn was observed in theupper layers of core 1, located in thearea of higher sediment accumulation.Rapid recycling of Mn (faster burial-transfer to Mn reduction zone-Mndissolution and its upward diffusion-re-precipitation) increasing upwardflux of Mn(ll) and associated higherconsumption of O2, limits the width ofMn oxidation zone. This appears tobe responsible for Mn enrichment inthe area of high sedimentation. Theresults also suggest that though theavailability of Mn controls theformation of micronodules, theirresidence time in the Mn oxic zoneregulates their growth and influencestheir morphology. (Chauhan, O.S. andCh. M. Rao, 1999. Mar. Geol., 16: 39-47).

Ferromanganese encrustation andcobalt enrichment

After many years of intense surveys inMn-nodule areas, global attention isdriven towards the search for cobalt-rich Fe-Mn crusts. Samples offerromanganese encrustation (Fe-Mncrusts) dredged from the upper flankof the Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount,above the Carbonate CompensationDepth in the Northern Central IndianOcean were analysed for Al, Fe, Mn,Ca, Ba, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn and V andfound to be rich in Co (upto 0.88%).Mineralogically, these Fe-Mn crustscontain poorly crystallised δ-MnO2 andminor amount of carbonate fluorapa-tite and feldspars. The low Mn/Feratios (<2), δ-MnO2 dominant

mineralogy and the interlementassociations show that these crustsare formed by slow hydrogeneticprecipitation of colloidal Fe-Mnoxyhydroxides. Fe, Mn, Co, Zn and Vexhibit mutually strong positiveassociation (r=0.7) indicating theirincorporation into the Fe-Mn crustduring the hydrogenetic precipitation.The Al on the other hand, appears tobe independent and a diluant forhydrogenetic component. Therefore,the Al in the Fe-Mn crusts might bedue to the presence of finelithogeneous detritus intermixed withhydrogenetic component. Anotherdetrital indicator element 'Ti', insteadof showing affinity to Al exhibits affinitytowards hydrogenetic oxide elementssuggesting a possible incorporationinto Fe-Mn oxides analogous to othertransition metals. (Parthiban, G. andV.K. Banakar, 1999. Indian Mineral., 33:125-132).

Pseudo side-scan images fornodule exploration

The deep ocean floor, a storehouse ofvast quantities of mineral resourcesand manganese nodules is one of theimportant resource there. A semi-quantitative method to evaluatenodule resource estimation, using theroot mean square (rms) backscatteramplitude gain values from amultibeam echosounding system, wasproposed. Normally, the echosoundingsystem provides information onlyabout water depths whereas sidescanimages can give information on thelarge and small scale roughness andseafloor texture. The multibeamsystem - Hydrosweep on ORV SagarKanya does not provide sidescanimages but, does give the rms

Cobalt rich Fe-Mn crust from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount.

amplitude values for each of the 59pre-formed beams. The rms amplitudevalues are utilised to generate pseudosidescan images of the seafloor. Anarea of about 6600 km2 in the CentralIndian Basin was mapped using theHydrosweep system. Depth contourand pseudo sidescan images of thearea were generated. A comparisonof nodule abundance values withthe sidescan image shows that, thelight grey patches relate to highmanganese nodule abundance (morethan 10 kg/m2) and the dark tonescorrespond to low abundance (up to4 kg/m2). As multibeam mapping canbe carried out at normal ship speeds,the pseudo sidescan images can bean useful and inexpensive tool formanganese nodule exploration.(Kodagali, V.N., et al., 1999. In: Proc. Third

ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Goa,

India, 97-104).

Impact assessment studies

Detailed laboratory studies werecarried out to decipher the impact ofthe benthic disturbance simulatedduring 1997 to understand theenvironmental impact of nodule miningin the CIB. Varying effects werediscernible at different levels of eco-systems. Photographic data in the pre-disturbance phase revealed typicallyundisturbed conditions with extensivebiological activity in the form of benthicorganisms as well as their traces suchas fecal casts, tracks, trails. In thepost-disturbance, distinct features ofdisturber tracks, sediment piles andresedimented areas in and around thedisturbance site were seen.

There was a negative effect on benthicbiomass and a decrease in bacterialnumbers and related biochemicalparameters (seen from the reductionin meiobenthos abundance within thedisturbance zone), when compared tothe pre-disturbance sample.

No effects of the disturbance plumecould be observed from CTD androsette profiles at 20 m altitude even 5days after the completion of thedisturbance. Time series sedimenttraps deployed at 7 m above the

seabed close to the disturbance trackcollected higher amounts ofresuspended sediment, compared tothose further removed from the track.The trap having the highest sedimentcollection corresponded in location tothe general deepsea current pattern inthe area.

The sediment strength showed anincrease from 0 to ~7 kPa towards thebottom due to the semi-liquid nature ofsediment at the top. While the shearstrength after disturbance in the towingzone decreased in the top layers, butincreased in the lower sections due toresuspension and loosening of thesurface sediment layers. (Sharma R.,1999. In: Proc. Third ISOPE Ocean Mining

Symposium, Goa, India, 118-125.)

Gas Hydrates along thecontinental margin of India

Gas hydrates, known to occur inmarine sediments on the continentalmargins, are widely considered as apromising alternate energy resource.These hydrates can be detected overa large area very efficiently, fromseismic reflection data by the identifi-cation of anomalous reflectionsknown as bottom simulating reflection(BSR) that roughly parallels theseafloor. The BSRs are the manifesta-tions of high acoustic velocityhydrated sediment layer overlying lowvelocity water-saturated or very lowvelocity gas-filled sediment. Theacoustic impedance contrast betweenthe hydrated sediment layer and thegas filled sediments results in a

27

Seismic data processing lor identification of BSRs (Proxy lor gashydrate occurrence).

reverse polarity reflection with respectto that of seafloor at the base of GasHydrate Stability Zone (GHSZ). It wasour objective to locate and map thespatial distribution of BSR-likefeatures on the western continentalmargin of India, from the 5000 line kmof regional seismic reflection data thatwe had collected. Special processingand analysis suggests the presence ofBSR-like features at several locationsbetween 1000 and 3000 m waterdepths and 200 to 900 m (TWT) belowthe seafloor. The spatial extension ofthese features along the profilesvaries from few hundred meters toover 10 km and the depth to theobserved BSRs generally agrees withthe base of the GHSZ. Detailedanalyses of high-resolution seismicdata from the continental shelf andslope helped in identifying regions ofgas-charged sediments, gas seepsand gas hydrate horizons for the Goa-Mangalore area. These positiveindications call for detailed multi-disciplinary investigations of theIndian offshore areas for exploring gashydrate deposits, which could becomethe fuel resource of the future.Analysis of high-resolution seismicreflection profiler data also revealedbright, high amplitude seismicreflectors 25 m below the seafloor(bsf), and distinct pulldown structures140 m bsf at 200 m water depth.These clearly indicate gassy

sediments. Similar occurrence ofBSRs at about 240-340 m (TWT) bsfbetween 1160 and 1825 m waterdepth suggests the occurrence of gashydrates off Cape Comorin-Quilon.(Ramprasad. T., et al., Tech. Rep.. NIO/

CON-3/99).

Paleoceanography &Sedimentology

Reconstruction of paleomonsoonalprecipitation

Benthic foraminiferal distribution,diversity and skeletal morphologywere studied in the surface sedimentsand two cores from shallow regionsoff central west coast of India. A totalof 177 species, comprising 72 genera,47 families, 26 super families and 5suborders have been identified.Spatial distribution maps revealed lowabundance of angular-asymmetricforms (<25%) at the river mouthsprobably due to river discharge (lowsalinity). On the other hand, rounded-symmetrical morpho-forms seem toprefer the low salinity areas (abun-dance >50%). Lateral distribution ofthese two morpho-groups have helpedin identifying two major wet periods ataround 3200 years BP and 1000 ADseparated by a dry spell at around~2000 years BP. (Nigam R. and Khare

N., 1999. Micropaleontol.. 45: 285-303).

Pyloniid radiolarian andastronomical forcing on monsoons

Oceanic micro-zooplanktons such asradiolarians are surface dwellers andsensitive to monsoon driven SSTs andsalinity. Variation in the abundance ofone such radiolarian Pyloniid groupshas been studied in a sediment corefrom the central Indian Basin (7.49°S,80.01°E; water depth ~5463 m) toreconstruct the paleoclimatic history.The Pyloniids percentage distributionat 5 kyr intervals during the last 500kyr exhibited sinusoidal changes. Thissuggest several short and long termperiodic fluctuations during the pastmonsoons. Spectral analysis of thedata revealed the triplet peaks at theEarth's orbital cycles at theeccentricity (405, 129 & 95 kyr),obliquity (41 & 30 kyr) andprecessional (23, 19 & 17 kyr) peaks.The results suggest the effect ofastronomical forcing on the monsoonsin the equatorial Indian Ocean duringthe last 500 kyr. (Gupta, S.M., 1999. Man& Environ., 24: 99-107).

Ferromanganese crusts

Ferromanganese crusts provide agood record of paleo-climatic historycompared to deep sea sediments.For example, detailed analysis ofvery short sections (few mm) mayprovide a long record comparable toseveral metres of history recorded bysediments. Paleoclimatic eventsdeciphered from major elementgeochemistry and Pb and Nd isotopiccomposition of seven hydrogenousferromanganese crusts from theAtlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceanswere compared. Average crust growthrates and age-depth relationshipswere determined for the last 10 Myrusing 10Be/9Be profiles. Acomparison of 10Be/9Be- and Co-based chronology of three Co-richcrusts supports the use ofextrapolated 10Be/9Be-based growthrates. The data show that the flux ofCo into Co-poor crusts has beenconsiderably lower. The distribution ofPb and Nd isotopes in the deepoceans over the last 60 Myr areinterpreted to be controlled by two

28

Typical Pyloniid speciesTetrapera octacantha (x 550).

Scanning electronmicroscopy ofPyloniid species.

Pyloniids (monsoon index) vs. precession in the last500 k years.

Pyloniids: monsoon index showing astronomical cycles.

main factors: (a) variations ofoceanic mixing patterns and flowpaths of water masses with distinctisotopic signatures related to majorpaleo-geographic changes and(b) variability of supply rates orprovenance of detrital materialdelivered to the ocean, linked toclimate change (glaciations) or majortectonic uplift. In this study, Co is theonly element which shows arelationship to Pb and Nd isotopes inPacific crust. A possible link tochanges of Pacific deep waterproperties associated with anenhanced northward advection ofAntarctic bottom water from about 14Ma is consistent with the Pb but notwith the Nd isotopic results. The self-consistent profiles of the Pb and Ndisotopes suggest that post-depositional diagenetic processes inhydrogenous crusts, includingphosphatization events, have beeninsignificant for particle reactiveelements such as Pb, Be, and Nd.Isotope time series of Pb and Ndshow no systematic relationships withmajor element contents of the crusts,which supports their use as tracers ofpaleo-seawater isotopic composition.(Frank, M., et al. 1999. Geochim.

Cosmochim. Acta, 63: 1689-1708).

Excess aluminium in the CentralIndian Basin sediments

Although aluminium in marinesediments is traditionally consideredto represent lithogenous sources,recent reports have linked excess AI(AI from non-crustal sources) tosurface biological productivity, opalproductivity or authigenic clay mineralformation. The Al/Ti ratios in the CIBinterface sediments were high (48.5)and are up to 3 times that of a shale(which represents upper crustalcomposition). Higher Al/Ti or AIexcess values are considered with thevolcanic unaltered glass shardspresent in the sediments, consideredhere. Glass shards have high Al/Tiratios (~ 175) and may contribute tothe excess aluminium to thesediments, making the excess AI opalproductivity proxy more complicated.(Pattan. J.N. and P. Shane, 1999. Mar.

Geol., 161:247-255).

29

Volcanogenic sediments

Occurrence of volcanic materials suchas magnetite-rich spherules, Ti-richparticles and possibly nontronite wererecovered at 19°S and 76°E from thepelagic clay in the Central IndianOcean Basin (CIOB). Most of themagnetite spherules have metallicsheen with some showing large, well-developed crystal faces. The chemicaland mineralogical evidences of thespherules and nontronite suggestlocalised volcanic hydrothermalactivity. Considering radiolarian agedating of the sediment, the age of thevolcano-hydrothermal episode seemsto be between 425 and 650 ka. Thespherules and the associatedmaterials are compared with similaroccurrences 555 km to the north inthe vicinity of the 76°30'E fracturezone. It is inferred that there couldhave been widespread localvolcanism in the CIOB in the past.(Iyer, S.D.. et al., 1999. Mar. Geol., 158:

15-25).

Basaltic glass

Basaltic glasses were found to bealtered to varying extents throughtheir interaction with the seawater,resulting in the formation ofpalagonite. Consistent with earlierfindings the major chemical changesobserved were, the loss of Si, Mg andCa and a gain of Na and K whilst, Feand Ti remained immobile. Thisindicates that basaltic glasses haveundergone initial to intermediatestages of palagonitisation under lowtemperature oxidative alterations.Subsequent accretion offerromanganese oxides over theglasses have halted the progress ofalteration. (Iyer S.D., 1999. J. Geol. Soc.

India, 54: 609-620).

Monsoon

The seasonal reversal of winddirections along the Indian Ocean isoften referred to as the monsson. Itflows from the southwest (SW) duringone half of the year and from thenortheast during the other.

30

The SW monsoon (summer from Juneto September) rainfall displaysconsiderable inter-annual variability.The most characteristic changes seenare the onset and withdrawal phases,extent, and the strength of themonsoon. Rain gauges, which havebeen in existence in India for morethan 150 years, have recorded thismonsoon rainfall, and are used instudying inter-annual variability. Theseimportant aspects are:

• onset date over the Kerala coast

• the total quantum of monsoonrainfall and

• the duration of active/break periodwithin the monsoon cycle.

Further the interaction of monsoonwith the other global phenomena such

as El-Nino and Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is also important. Thoughseveral earlier studies have shown astrong negative correlation betweenEl-Nino and monsoon rainfall over theIndian subcontinent, the recent ENSOof 1997, which was one of the mostintense during the last century, thesubcontinent received normal rainfall.In order to look into the role of thevarious air-sea interaction processesover the Indian and Pacific Oceans onthe Monsoon and ENSO, we havemade composites of deficit monsoonand El Nino years (1987 and 1992),normal/excess and El-Nino years(1997 and 1994), normal and nonEl-Nino years (1989, 1993, 1995,1996 and 1998) and excess and nonEl-Nino years (1988 and 1990). In thisstudy, we look at the fields of seasurface temperature, wind speed,

Dr. Sridhar Iyer looking forvolcanic particles.

Photo-micrographs of altered basalts.

latent heat flux and rainfall and theirassociation with the Monsoon andEl-Nino using the Hamburg OceanAtmosphere Parameters and Fluxesfrom Satellite data (HOAPS). Weobserved positive latent heat fluxanomalies (difference between excessand El-Nino year (1997) and deficitand El-Nino year (1992)) persisting fora period of 9 months over the ArabianSea and Bay of Bengal following thesummer monsoon, which could play asignificant role on the monsoonactivity over the Indian subcontinent.In the case of SST, negativeanomalies were prevalent during thewinter and spring seasons in thecentral and eastern equatorial PacificOcean. But with the onset of summermonsoon, large positive anomalieswere observed in the easternequatorial Pacific, off South America,the maximum anomalies wereobserved in the fall season of about6°C. The convective activity which wasactive in the central equatorial PacificOcean during deficit andEl-Nino (1992) shifted to westernequatorial Indian Ocean during theexcess and El-Nino year (1997) duringthe winter and spring seasons. Duringthe summer and fall seasons, theconvective activity shifted fromeastern equatorial Indian Oceanduring a deficit and El-Nino (1992) toeastern Pacific Ocean during anexcess and El-Nino year (1997).(Ramesh Kumar, M.R. and J. Schulz.

2000: Monsoon-ENSO interaction).

Onset vortex of monsoon fromSST high

Changes in sea surface temperaturesare closely linked to atmosphericprocesses. The north Indian Oceanbecomes the warmest area of theworld oceans prior to the onset ofsouthwest monsoon in June. Duringthis period a zonal band of high seasurface temperature (SST), the"thermal equator" (TE), moves over thisregion concurrently with theIntertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).Using a weekly SST data set, it isshown that another SST high developsoff southwest India in theLakshadweep Sea in March, well

SST anomalies (as differences between excess and deficitmonsoon composites) for winter, spring, summer and fall seasons.

31

before the TE moves into the area, andthat it continues to retain its identityuntil the onset of monsoon. The SSThigh has its genesis about six monthsearlier in the Bay of Bengal. Thecollapse of the southwest monsoon inOctober and the onset of the northeastmonsoon trigger downwelling coastalKelvin waves that propagate along theperiphery of the Bay of Bengal, forcingan equatorward East India CoastalCurrent, which brings low-salinity waterfrom the bay to the southeasternArabian Sea during the northeastmonsoon (November-January). As the

Kelvin waves continue to propagatepoleward along the west coast of Indiaafter turning around Sri Lanka, theyradiate downwelling Rossby waves thatproduce a 'high" in sea level offsouthwest India. The downwelling andthe surface layer of low-salinity waterlead to the formation of a SST high inJanuary. By March, with the increase insolar insolation due to the northwardmarch of the Sun and the deep stablesurface layer, the SST high reaches amature phase, particularly in theLakshadweep Sea. By May, the high isfound to merge with TE as it moves

into this region along with ITCZ. It isspeculated that at this time the highhelps in producing conditions that areconducive for the genesis of themonsoon onset vortex. (Shenoi, S.S.C..et al., 1 999. J. Geophys Res., 104(C7):

15703-15712).

Heat content variability in theIndian Ocean

The Indian Ocean Experiment(INDOEX), an internationalprogramme, aims to understand therelative roles of aerosols and clouds inthe atmospheric radiation budget withparticular reference to southwardtransport of anthropogenic aerosolsfrom the subcontinent, by the ITCZduring the NE monsoon. The surfacemeteorological data and upper oceantemperature profiles, obtained on-board ORV Sagar Kanya (cruise 120)during the second pre-INDOEXCampaign (December 1996-January1997) for evaluating the north-southvariability of surface heat fluxes andupper oceanic heat content, revealeda southward decrease in the heatcontent in the upper 200 m by50 x 108 J.m2 along the cruise. A netheat loss on either side of the equatorwith a marginal gain (because of weakwinds) at the equator was observed.In the vicinity of the ITCZ, around 8°S,where sea surface temperature wasmaximum, the heat content wasconspicuously low suggesting adivergence regime in the watercolumn (0-200 m) due to a shearbetween southern equatorial andequatorial counter currents. (RamaRao. E.P, et al., 1999. Curr. Sci.,

76: 1001-1004).

Other studies

Basalts from the back-arc basinsof SW Pacific

Southwest Pacific is a complextectonic region comprising of severaltrenches (Maine, Tunga, New Guinea,etc.) and back-arc basins. Studies ofback-arc basins for their structure,tectonic setup and petrologicalvariations are vital in understanding

Evolution of weekly SST during Jan-Jun 1989. The SST high first appears offSW India in early March and retains its identity until the end of May, eventhough it merges with the thermal equator by the end of April.

32

their evolution. Hydrothermalmineralization has also been reportedat several of these sites. Therefore, astudy of petrography, petrochemistryand mineral chemistry of basalts fromthe Woodlark, Hanns and Lau basinsfrom the SW Pacific has beenundertaken to understand theirmagmatic evolution. Basalts from thewestern Woodlark basin indicatemixing of a near pristine magma withfractionated basaltic melt in shallowmagma chambers. Basalts fromManns Basin & Central Lau spreadCentre (Lau Basin) are typical N-MORBs. They exhibit olivinefractionation under highly oxidisingconditions. While basalts fromMangilan Triple Junction (Lau Basin)are enriched in Al, K, Zr, indicating acontribution from a subducting plate.(Mudholkar, A.V. and A.L. Paropkari,

1999. Geo-Mar. Lett., 18: 305-314)

Antarctic lacustrine bacteria

Studies in the Antarctic region havefocussed on biomass and activities inthe terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems, and have indicated that thebacteria-based food webs are asimportant in overall energy andmaterial cycling in the high latitudeoceans as they are at lower latitudes.In the course of analysing Antarcticwater samples from lakes, the unusualphenomenon of retrievable viablecounts (RVCs) of total anaerobicbacteria (AnB) far exceeding theaerobic ones in the form of colony

Complexly zoned plagicclase lath in Lau-basin basalt. b & c euhedral olivine &olivine with rounded edges in basalts fromDobre Seamount.

forming units (CFUs), was noticed.The averages of general heterotrophicAnB were > Thiobacillus denitrificanslike organisms (TDLO) were > lactateand acetate fermentors (FB) were >sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were> aerobic bacteria (AB) in lacustnneenvironment where the dissolvedoxygen is known to range from10.4 -13.8 mg I-1. It has been acommon observation that the

retrievable aerobic counts in the formof CFUs are generally higher thananaerobic counts in surface layers ofany water body. Exceptions are fromspecialized ecosystems like offshoreoil wells or deep, anaerobic, alkalineaquifers; where the anaerobic countsare higher than the aerobic. In theAntarctic lake waters where theoxygen concentration is generallyhigh, it was intriguing to encountermore anaerobic bacteria than aerobicforms in the surface waters. Theimportance of the anaerobic forms vis-a-vis the aerobic ones have howeverreceived little attention. It was alsoobserved that the direct viable countscarried out in these water samplesshowed higher viability under reducingconditions.

Thus, the field observations indicatethat the potential expression ofanaerobic growth by the bacterialpopulation (viable and retrievablenumbers) is much higher than theaerobic when the waters havegenerally high dissolved oxygencontent. This paradoxical expressionof increased anaerobic viability underoxygenated condition is more evidentin the lacustrine environment than themarine. It is suggested that thisphenomenon could be a strategyadopted by bacteria to expressviability under reducing conditionswhen the concentration of dissolvedoxygen in the surrounding waters ishigh/saturating. (Loka Bharathi, PA.

et al., 1999. Curr. Sci., 76: 1585-1587).

33

bilateralprogrammes

Indo-US

The Indian Ocean Ridge System

(Tectonics and petrologic implications offracture zones on crystal generation)

Funded by the ONR/USIF (Grant no:ONR N00014-97-1-0925) and initiatedin 1997, this project involvescollaboration among scientists fromNational Institute of Oceanography(Goa & Visakhapatnam centres),National Geophysical ResearchInstitute (Hyderabad) and SOEST,University of Hawaii (Honolulu).

Under the project the NNW-SSEoriented Central Indian Ridge (CIR)between latitudes 50°S and 180°S isbeing investigated, with specialemphasis on the intersection pointsbetween four major NE-SW trendingfracture zones (FZ) and the CIR. Thestudy is focused on understanding thespreading rate dependent ridgecharacterisation - geophysical,petrologic, geochemical andhydrological, effect of ridgesegmentation on melt chemistry,eruption style and conduit geometry ofnear-axis seamounts and their relationto fracture zones, and tectonic controlon hydrothermal fluid circulation.

In the last year, a detailed analysis ofmagnetic and bathymetric data over apart of the CIR- between 7°S and12°S was carried out to constrain theeffect of the deepest intersection point(with Vema FZ at 6200 m) along theCIR on the present day accretionaryprocess. The spreading dynamics forthe last 10 Ma is documented to findthat mean half spreading rate north ofVema FZ is low (18 mm/yr), comparedto the south of this FZ (21 mm/yr).

The investigation has also isolated anarea in segment 3 where conjugateanomalies 1, 2 and 2A are found to besimilar in nature to those of theadjacent segment 2. This appears to

34

be a case of unique overprint, relatedto de-magnetisation. It is possible thatthe rocks near the fracture zone werede-magnetised when the thermalanomaly associated with ridge axis inthe neighbouring area (segment 2)passed close to this isolated area, andre-magnetised when rocks cooledagain below their Curie temperature.This segment 3 is very narrow to havethick crust of basalt and may includeserpentinised outcrops, magnetisedthrough magnetite crystals createdduring the process of serpentinisation.This 'overprint magnetisationhypothesis', would be confirmed, infuture, through petrology.

The physical process of observeddifferential spreading in the CIR -Vema FZ intersection area may beaccommodated at shallow level bysmall jumps of neo-volcanic zone. Thisindicates that tectonic evolution mayhave been controlled by nearlycontinuous tectonic extension, withdistinct periods of volcanicconstructions.

Studies on microfilm formation inrelation to physico-chemical,biological and biochemicalparameters

To evaluate influence of quality oflarvae on metamorphosis

Balanus amphitrite, an acorn barnacleis a dominant fouling organism withworld-wide distribution. Larvaldevelopment in this species includesplanktotrophic naupliar instars and anon-feeding, pre-juvenile cypridinstar. The cyprid larva depends onenergy reserves incorporated duringnaupliar development for its survivaland metamorphosis. The relationshipbetween the two nucleic acids (DNAand RNA) is an index of cellsmetabolic intensity and can be relatedto growth and nutritional condition.We assessed the influence of foodconcentration (Chaetoceros calcitrans

at 1 and 2 x 1 0 5 cells.ml-1) andtemperature (20 and 30°C) at whichthe larvae were reared on the nucleicacid concentrations of the nauplii andthe cyprids. Food concentration andtemperature jointly determined thenaupliar instar duration. The totalnaupliar development period lasted9-11 days at 20°C, long whencompared to 5-6 days observed at30°C. The evidence gathered from theexperiments indicate that the naupliarexperience determines the cypridmetamorphosis capability. The RNAconcentrations of the larvae raised at20°C which had longer total naupliarduration was considerably less thanthose raised at 30°C. This differencein RNA concentration reflected in thecapability of the cyprids to surviveaging at 5°C. The cyprids raised at20°C could successfully metamor-phose for 2-4 days whereas thoseraised at 30°C could do so for8-16 days. Such differences in thecapability to metamorphose will be ofcritical importance to recruitment andearly post settlement mortality.

Comparative physiology oftemperate and tropical marinewood borers

Spatial and temporal distribution offungi and wood-borers in the coastaltropical waters of Goa

Marine wood-degrading fungi arebelieved to contribute to the settle-ment and growth of wood-borers inthe sea. However, little information isavailable on the association betweenspecies of these two groups oforganisms. In view of this, the occur-rence of marine lignicolous fungi andwood-borers in mango (Mangiferaindica Linn.) panels submerged in thecoastal waters of Goa, India, duringdifferent seasons, was studied. Threetest sites were selected along theMandovi and Zuari estuarine systems.A total of 33 fungi (20 Ascomycota,1 Basidiomycota, 12 Mitosporic fungi)

and 8 wood-borers (7 Teredinids and1 Pholad) were recorded.

Contrary to earlier observations, morefungi appeared as early colonizers onwood during the first month of submer-gence than later. Periconia prolificaand Antennospora quadricornutacolonized wood throughout the periodof submergence. Our study indicatesthat in Goa waters, these two fungiand the wood-borers Martesia striataand Lyrodus pedicellatus are highlyversatile in their occurrence and werepresent throughout the year, at allsites. The numerous variations indistributional patterns observed in thisstudy highlight the need to examinethe response of marine fungi tophysico-chemical parameters at theindividual species level.

Role of exopolysaccharides inparticle sedimentation

Seasonal variations in amino acidcomposition of suspended particulatematerial (SPM)

The SPM of the Dona Paula bay wasanalyzed for protein amino acids,the nonprotein amino acidsg-aminobutyric acid and ornithine, andbulk parameters such as particulateorganic carbon (POC), particulateorganic nitrogen (PON), chlorophyll-aand total hydrolyzable amino acids(THAA). The THAA concentrationsexhibit significant correlation with theconcentrations of chlorophyll-asuggesting that phytoplanktons werethe major source of amino acids. Themole fractions of most amino acids didnot show strong variations over theperiod of observation and were similarto those observed in the three majorsources of organic matter - marinediatoms, macroalgae and mangroveleaves. The observed negativerelationship between dissolvedoxygen and the concentrations ofg-aminobutyric acid indicatesmicrobial decomposition which is incontrast with the general observationthat this nonprotein amino acid ispreserved in the marine environment.The pattern of amino acidsdistribution, especially nonproteinamino acids, reported in this study

add to the global picture of amino aciddistribution.

Laboratory and field studies on theefficacy of antifouling agents andtheir probable impact on bio-ecology of marine organisms

Screening of mangrove leaves extractagainst fouling organisms

A compound, tentatively identified asterpinoid was found to be effectiveagainst fouling diatoms N. subinflata,N. crucicula, Amphora sp. andNitzschia sp. at concentrations (Ec50)of 160, 60, 200 and 45 ppmrespectively. It was found to control50% attachment of mussels inlaboratory at a concentration of180 ppm. The compound exhibitedtemperature dependent activity andthe activity increased with decrease oftemperature from 30 to 20°C. TheEc50 of the compound for N.subinflata at 20°C was 40 ppm,whereas, it was 160 ppm at 30°C.Further, it has been observed that theuptake of nitrate and phosphate werenot affected significantly in the cellsexposed to different concentrations,whereas, the silicate uptake wasfound to have been affectedconsiderably. Secondly the enzyme,'NR', which is responsible for nitrogenincorporation in the cell was found tobe unaffected.

Indo-ltaly

Nudibranchs (Opisthobranchs,Mollusca) are a class of marinemulluscs which have no hardcalcareous shell outside their body. Toprotect themselves from predation.they resort to chemical defencemethods. They are also well knownfor their rather specialized feedinghabits. Thus majority of them feed onlyon one type of algae or sponge. Thetoxic compounds ingested throughfood or their derivatives are then usedagainst predators.

In collaboration with the scientistsfrom CNR, Italy, we studied thesecondary metabolites of twonudibranchs (Volvatella sp. &Glossodoris atromarginata) as

well as their prey organisms (Greenalga Caulerpa sp. and a spongebelonging to the genus Spongia sp.respectively). The alga is a well knownsource for several sesquiterpenecompounds such as caulerpin,caulerpenyne, etc. The nudibranch,Volvatella sp. which primarily feeds onthe algae Caulerpa sp. also had thesame terpenes. In addition to this, anew, rather unstable moleculevolvatellin(1) too has been isolatedfrom these animals for the first time.

Two new scalaranes, viz., 12-ketodeoxoscalarin(2) and 12-deacetyl-12-epideoxoscalarin(3) alongwith theknown metabolite, heteronemin(4)were isolated from the nudibranch G.atromarginata and its associatedsponge. Among these compounds(2) & (4) showed selective cytotoxicityagainst human thyroid carcinoma(25% & 30% mortality).

Chondriol A - a new bromotriterpenepolyether from the Indian Ocean algaChondria armata has been identifiedfrom the chloroform fraction of thisalga. The new structure wasestablished on the basis of 1D and 2DNMR spectra, and the relativestereochemistry based on NOESYand NOE data.

Indo-Germany

Particulate Mn fluxes in theArabian Sea

An Indo-German collaborative projectbetween NIO and University ofHamburg on understanding thepresent day sedimentation in theNorthern and Equatorial IndianOcean in relation to climaticprocesses using the moored sedimenttraps has been in progress since1986. Total fluxes, biogenic andlithogenic (on inter-annual basis)were measured routinely during last14 years.

Particulate manganese (Mn) fluxesmeasured in samples retrieved fromsix time series sediment traps,representing the period betweenJanuary 1993 and 1994, showed thatthe annual settling fluxes were

35

3-6 times higher in the west comparedto those in the east and centralArabian Sea. Annual detrital Mn (Mndt)flux was nearly the same in theeastern and western Arabian Sea, butexcess Mn (Mnex) fluxes were muchhigher (4 times) in the westernArabian Sea. Atmospheric inputscannot account for these high-Mnfluxes. Central and eastern ArabianSea traps are overlain by a thick andintense denitrification layer, which maycause reductive dissolution of Mnoxides from settling particles andconsequently low Mnex fluxes. As theexchange of intermediate watersbetween the Arabian Sea and the restof the Indian Ocean is confined largelyto the western Arabian Sea, relativelymore oxic and dynamic conditionsprevail in this region. Increasedoxidizing conditions coupled withhigher inputs of dissolved Mn throughintermediate and surface advectiveprocesses might have led to in situoxidation of Mn, thus resulting inhigher vertical fluxes on Mnex. Mnex

fluxes in traps at ~1000 m depthexhibited seasonal variability with aminimum during the winter monsoon(January-February) and maximumduring the pre- and early- southwestmonsoon (March-June). This variation

is correlated with watermassmovements and bacterial abundanceobserved during the Joint GlobalOcean Flux Study (JGOFS).Thepossible involvement of bacteria andthe microbial loop is one suggestedexplanation for the concentration andvertical transport of excess Mn. (Nair,T.M.B., el al., 1999. Deep-Sea Res.

(I. Oceanogr. Res. Pap.), 46: 1827-1839)

Total fluxes during 1992-1994

Recently, studies were conducted onthe intercepted particle to understandfactors controlling vertical flux ofbiogenic particles in the Arabian Sea.In this connection particle fluxes weremeasured using six time-seriessediment traps at three sites in thewestern (16°20'N; 60°30'E), central(14°31'N; 64°46'E) and eastern(15°31'N; 68°43'E) Arabian Sea. Trapdeployment depths were between 900and 3000 m and collection period wasfrom December 1992 to February1994. Annual particle fluxes showedan east-west trend with minimumfluxes (22.25 g m-2) in the easternArabian Sea and maximum fluxes(69.81 g m-2) in the western ArabianSea. Carbonate contributed mainly byforaminifers and coccolithophorids,

are the dominant component in all thetraps. Opal fluxes were maximum inthe western Arabian Sea. At all thelocations, lithogenic percentagesincreased with depth whereas organiccarbon percentages decreased.Particle flux patterns show a strongseasonally with peak fluxes duringthe southwest (SW) monsoon (June toSeptember). Relatively high fluxeswere also observed during thenortheast (NE) monsoon (Decemberto February). In the western ArabianSea, particle fluxes are dominatedmainly by carbonates during the earlySW monsoon but by biogenic silicaduring the late SW monsoon. Theincrease in particle fluxes during theearly SW monsoon is related tovariations in the mixed layer depthwhich, in turn, is controlled by thestrength of the Findlater Jet and thecurl of the wind stress. The increase inbiogenic silica fluxes during the lateSW monsoon is related to theadvection of nutrient-rich water fromthe Oman and Somali upwellingareas. In the eastern Arabian Sea,particle fluxes are high during the NEmonsoon due to the effects of wintercooling. (Nair. T.M.B., et al.,1999. J. Gcol.

Soc. India. 54(4): 369-378)

Spatial variation of Mn fluxes in the Arabian Sea. Inset shows the trap locationswith respect to the geographic extension of denitrification layer (NO2 > 1 μmol).

Indo-Russia

Hydrocarbons

A study on the bulk distributions andmolecular structures of n-alkanes andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) in organic matter of thesediments from the Bay of Bengal andthe Eastern and Central Indian Basinswas undertaken. The former tworegions represent areas characterisedby 'normal' sedimentation while thethird one mainly represents a regionof 'active tectonism'. Content of thehydrocarbons in the sediments of'normal' sedimentation rangesbetween 4.6 and 10.5 mg/g andaromatic hydrocarbons rangesbetween 0 and 0.38 mg/g. n-Alkanesin the sediments of the northern deeppart of the Bay of Bengal consistmostly of long-chain structures (total

C25-C33 up to 70%) with a highcarbon preference index (CPI = 3.01 -3.43), indicating a large contribution oforganic matter from terrigenoussources. The sediments from theEastern Indian Basin have n-alkanedistributions in which the long-chaincomponents did not exceed 52.5%and the CPI was 1.7-1.90, indicatingthat the hydrocarbons are mostlyderived from marine sources. Sharpincreases of hydrocarbons are foundin the vicinity of the tectonically activeregion of the Central Indian Basin,particularly in the sediments collectedfrom the fracture zone. The totalconcentration of hydrocarbonsincrease to 170 mg/g and thearomatic hydrocarbons fraction to156.3 mg/g. The proportion of short-chain n-alkanes increases up to 70%.CPI decreases to 0.76-1.12, and highconcentrations of n-C16 (16-40%)

occur, all of which are absent in theother samples. The molecular contentof PAH includes the unsubstitutedindividual structures: biphenyl,fluorene, pyrene, perylene,benzo(ghi)perylene, and the groups ofhomologues of naphthalene,benzofluorene, phenanthrene andchrysene. The association of thePAH and composition of paraffinhydrocarbons in the surficialsediments of deformation zoneindicate that these are the resultantproducts of hydrothermal processes.It is, therefore, suggested that theassociation and composition of thehydrocarbons in sediments can beutilised as a paleoceanographicparameter to decipher the historyof tectonism of an area. (Chernova, T.G.et al, 1999. Mar. Chem. 66: 231-243)

37

data & information

• data & information• library• publications & public relations

Data & Information

The Responsible NationalOceanographic Data Centre (RNODC)continued data acquisition, processingand dissemination activities. Whilecontinuing work on the projectsfunded by the Department of OceanDevelopment, a couple of newprojects valued at Rs.19.8 lakhs,mainly to develop GIS basedbiochemical data bases for coastaland estuarine users were taken up.The newly developed data basescomply with ISO-9001 requirements.

A. Data acquisition

The following data sets were acquiredduring the year.

No. of Obs./Parameter Profiles Source

CTD 234 SagarKanya (Cr. 120, 147A&B)

CTD 31 MV Polar (18th Antarctic Expdtn.)

XBT 88 MV Polar (18th Antarctic Expdtn.)

XBT 119 Sagar Kanya (Cr. 147A&B)

Nutrients 56 Sagar Kanya (Cr. 63)

Total CO2 247 Sagar Kanya (Cr. 63,70, 87, 91, 99, 109, 115,

121)

Chlorophyll 30 Sagar Kanya (Cr. 110, 110A, 122, 127)

Surface met buoys 880 Sea Truth Programme of Data Buoys

Radiation 81 SagarKanya (Cr. 110, 110A, 122, 127)

COMAPS data 24 sets DOD COMAPS CentresSponsored research 23 sets Field participantsdata

Revised JGOFS 1 CD JGOFS Core Office, NorwayInternational

B. Database development

Following are the databases availableat RNODC data bank in RDBMS:

Station inventory No. of Records

(i) Oceanographic stations 16,198and cruises

(li) Coastal stations (COMAPS) 4,305(iii) Sponsored project stations 1,933(iv) Time series stations 3,759

Databases

for Indian Ocean

(i) CTD 5,24,526(ii) Hydrocast 34,532(iii) BT (MBT, XBT, DBT) 3,22,158

(iv) Surface meteorological 14,412parameters

(v) Total CO2 2,758(vi) Drifting buoys and sea 19,947

surface parameters

(vii) Wave (height & period) 1957

(viii) Biological parameters 48,233

for coastal stations(i) Physical parameters 9640

(ii) Chemical and pollution 20,088parameters

(iii) Biological parameters 22,848(iv) Sediment analysis 825

C. Data processing

Marine geophysical data set of theIndian Ocean

More than 1,518,500 records ofmarine geophysical data sets onbathymetry, magnetics and gravitywere processed on request fromNPOL, Kochi and encrypted on CD.These data sets were collected during295 cruises participation of USA,China, U.K., Russia, France, SouthAfrica, Germany, Japan and India. TheCD also includes data coveragecharts and summary.

Hydrographic data of the IndianOcean

The hydrographic data sets from IIOE,RV Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanyacruises undertaken during 1960 to1994 were processed for NIO-HYDRO_CD.

A test CD is under modification. TheCD will also have user friendlyinterface softwares.

Data dissemination

A total of 21 data requests from SAC,Ahmedabad; DNOM, New Delhi;CSMCRI, Bhavnagar; MOD,New Delhi; NHO, Dehradun; CMFRI,Kochi; IOC, Paris; WDC-A,Washington; Universities and IITswere serviced.

Inventory information on coastaloceanographic data collected underthe coastal Oceanographic Monitoringand Prediction System (COMAPS)project supported by the Dept. ofOcean Development was provided toIOC, Paris, under intimation to theDOD.

CDs with JGOFS (India) processeddata on different parameters and userfriendly software were distributed tousers from Australia, Canada, Greece,Iran, Japan, Kenya, France, Qatar,Bangladesh, Germany, UK, USA,Russia.

38

Library

The library continued to providevarious services besides acting asNational Information Centre for MarineSciences (NICMAS of NISSAT) andNational Input Centre of ASFIS. Thefollowing major jobs were executedduring the year:

• A CD server of 14 trays and CDcontents server of 17 GBnomenclatured as Walmiki and Vyaswere installed for data base accessi-bility on LAN.

• The document lending and borrow-ing facility was computerised.

• A Library web-site was launched onLAN (intranet).

The website provides access to:

- Indian Ocean literature(INDOCEAN)

- Library catalogue (OCEANLINE)

- NIO's contributions (NIOPUB)

- Details of borrowed documents(CIRC) and

- Current literature in select journals(CURRENT RESEARCH).

The website also provides info on howto link ASFA data bases on the LAN.

• Under NICMAS supported byNISSAT, DSIR, Govt. of India, aWebsite on the Indian Ocean( HYPERLINK http://www.indian-ocean.org) _http://www.indian-

ocean.org) was developed andlaunched in November 1999. TheINDOCEAN database holds over23,000 references.

• A Letter of Agreement was signed bythe NICMAS with the Food &Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of theUnited Nations for a grant ofUS$15,000 towards digitization ofthe Aquatic Sciences & FisheriesAbstracts published during 1974.

• Work on the development ofWebsites and Databases on theIndian Mangroves and Coral Reefssupported by the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, Govt. ofIndia was initiated.

• Through various chargeableservices. Library earned a modestrevenue of Rs. 1 lakh.

Various internal publications such asthe Annual Report, Technical Reports,Cruise Reports and SponsoredProject Reports were brought out.Support services in drawing &drafting, photography, desktoppublishing, printing & binding wascontinued. Visitors and participants ofvarious meets and workshops wereguided and provided with necessaryinformation.

Science Forum

Science Forum involving mediapersons and science writers, wasformed to provide an interactiveplatform between science generatorsand science disseminators. TheForum meets every month andscientists present their area of workand its societal importance.

National Technology Day

The Institute observed the firstNational Technology Day on 11 May1999. This was to commemorate thesuccess of triple nuclear tests atPokhran, test firing of Trishul missileand test flight of NAL built traineraircraft Hansa-3.

The institute was open to the generalpublic. In an invited lecture

Representatives from thenational dailies & newsagencies at the ScienceForum.

Appraising Institute's activities.

39

Publications & Public Relations

Dr. P.C. Pandey. Director, AntarcticStudy Centre, spoke on "Remotesensing techniques and their applica-tions" with special reference to theOceanSat - 1 .

Orientation course in oceanography

A fortnight orientation course wasorganised for the students of classesX to XII. This was basically to providea forum for students to interact withbench level scientists to facilitatecareer development. The courseincluded visits to different depart-ments and demonstration of modernlaboratory facilities.

Summer Course

One week summer course on "KnowYour Beach" was organised forstudents of classes VII to X. Fortystudents from different schoolsparticipated. The course included visitto two different beaches, besideslectures, video shows and equipmentdemonstrations.

CSIR Foundation Day

The Institute observed 26 September"CSIR Foundation Day". Rich tributeswere paid to late Sir ArcotRamaswamy Mudaliar, one of thevisionaries, whose initiatives led to thefoundation of the CSIR. The Institutewas declared open to the public. Toprank class X students of the year 1999(about 100 from different educationalboards) were invited alongwith theirteachers and parents for a briefing onthe activities of NIO and CSIR'sProgramme on Youth for Leadership inScience (CPYLS) - besides generallectures and film shows. A student-scientist interaction session was alsoheld.

Employees who superannuated fromservice and those who had completed25 years of service in CSIR werefelicitated. Dr. B.U. Nayak, DeputyDirector, NIO, who served over fouryears as Director of CWPRS, Pune(on deputation) said, "CSIR has a verygood work culture and one startsrealising it only when one is awayfrom it".

Feed back fromthe studentparticipants.

Orientation course- Participants andfaculty with theDirector-

Participants of Summercourse - lab to field.

40

'CSIR is an open organisation andtherefore prone to criticism. It gives usstrength and it is what makes CSIRstrong and continuously evolve" saidDr. Ehrlich Desa, Director whileaddressing the gathering.

INMEX-99

The Institute participated at the IndiaInternational Maritime Expo (INMEX-99) held in Panaji (Capital city of Goa)from 6-10 October. The Expo organ-ised by M/s Devaiah Associates,Bangalore, had the participation ofmaritime industries such as port,harbour, shipping & fishing.

National Science Day

The institute observed 28 February'National Science Day'. Apart fromdeclaring the institute open to thepublic, talks on "Swimmers hold on!"by Dr. S. Prasanna Kumar and"Thermal studies of Southern Oceanduring the recent expedition toAntarctica" by Shri A.K. Saran werearranged.

Dr. B.U. Nayak expressing his views.

Visitors on the National Science Day.

Visitors

Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi, Union Minister for HumanResources Development, Science and Technologyand Department of Ocean Development, visited theInstitute on 1 April. Dr. Joshi in his remarks, observedthat the oceans are store house of various resources.The vast wealth that it holds has been attracting theattention of the several market forces. It is necessarythat information on various methods of explorationwhich is scattered now, be pooled together foroptimum use of the ocean. He expressed theimportance of making ocean science as part of thecurricula for schools and colleges.

Dr. Desa seen appraising the Minister oninstitute's activities.

Dr. A.G. Untawale presenting replica of the seal found in marinearchaeological exploration in Dwarka.

42

May, 6

Shri M.N. Buch, Advisor to the Governor, Govt. ofGoa, visited the Institute. In his impressions in thevisitors' book Mr. Buch wrote "a fascinating visit whichhas taken almost 18 years since my first wish in1981".

Jun, 2-18

Mr. Andreas Albert, Meteorological Institute, Univer-sity of Munich, Germany.

Aug, 27-28

A five -member Korean Delegation led by Mr. Sung-ho Joo, Director, Marine Development Division.

Nov, 15

Madame Marie-Claude Devauges, Ministry of ForeignAffairs, Paris.

Nov, 20 - 22 Jan. 2k

Russian participants of ILTP project B.14.

Dec,17-21

Prof. T.N. Krishnamurthy, Florida State University,Tallahassee, USA.

Feb, 9-14

Dr. Suman Chaudhary, Marine Geophysicist, OxfordUniversity.

Feb, 22

Dr. G. Buffoni, Italian Council for New Technology,Energy and Environment, Italy.

Mar, 1-7

M/s. Graham Bruce Hancock, Stefan Wickham,R. Adrian Parrott and Mrs. Santha Faiia Hancock,United Kingdom, visited Dwarka with the NIO team.

Mar, 2

Mr. Martin Foth, Programme Manager, Carl DuisbergGesellschaft (CDG), Germany.

Mar, 13-26

Drs. Bonnie Wolff-Boenisch and Claudia Willamowski,Paris (under the ongoing Indo-French Project).

Indo-Russia collaboration: participants of ILTP B.2.14 protect.From left Dr. K.S. Krishna, Prof. Yu P. Neprochnov, Dr. T.G.Chernova, Prof. V.K. Gaur (Area Coordinator), Dr. D. Gopata Raoand Dr. B.N. Grinko.

43

K.H. Vora explaining archaeologicalfindings to Shri Buch.

The Korean delegation.

Training/Colloquia in the campus

human resourcedevelopment

• Training/Colloquia

• Deputations

• Cruises led

• Awards

Membership of Committees

A. Training

Date

19 - 21 Apr.

20 - 22 Apr.

16-21 Jun.

19-23 Jul.

6 - 9 Aug.

10-29 Aug.

30 Nov.- 19 Dec.

17-21 Dec.

1 Feb. - 7 Mar.

Title Participants

Self Awareness, Self Concept, 38Motivation towards work andDeveloping positive approach

Awareness of responsibilities to 30NIO & to others, and Decision making

Eflicient Time Management, Speedy 33processing of documents, Establishing& meeting deadlines and Working co-operatively

Stress Management through 22

breathing process

Training in LINUX 44

Training in LINUX 40

Survival swimming 18

Survival swimming 7

Presentation skills 20

Numerical Methods& Linear Programming 24

B. Colloquia / Lectures

Date

15 Apr.

16 Apr.

14 May

31 May

1 Jun.

44

Title

Intel Processors and motherboards

What made space programme a success story ?

Anomalous events in the Indian Oceanand Ocean colour variability in Ihe Indo-Pacitic

Environment and pollution

Molecular studies in plants reproductivedevelopment

Speaker

Mr. Vinesh Paperwalla, Intel India

Dr. George Joseph (Padmabhushan),Director, SAC, Ahmedabad

Dr. Raghu Murtugudde,Research Scientist NASA/GSFC, USA

Prof. V.K. Srivastava. Chairman,World Environment Organisation

Dr. Joseph P. Mascarenhas,The State University, New York

1998-99 1997-98 1999-2k

Trainers

Fr. R D'Souza,Goa Institute ofManagement (GIM), Panaji

Prof. C.M. Ramesh,GIM, Panaji

Prof. Mary Ipe,GIM, Panaji

Vyakti Vikas Kendra,Bangalore

Les Menezes, GIM, Panaji

Dr. Ryan I. Fernandes, St. Xavier'sCollege, Mapusa

8 Jun.

23 Aug.

24 Aug.

29 Aug.

7 Sep.

13 Dec.

17-21 Dec.

23, 27 & 28 Dec.

3 Jan.

16-18 Feb.

8 Mar.

Physiology and molecular biology of ligninmodifying enzymes from selected wood-rot fungi

Dholavira - a Harappan site: some thoughts onmaritime connections

Some aspects of Quaternary geomorphologyand archaeology of coastal India with particularreference to Saurashtra. Konkan and Bengal

TEX & rapid front - end development toolstor LINUX

Total synthesis of 2- & 9- Pupukeanous

Numerical techniques for solving problemsinvolving differential equations

1) Superensemble for climate forecasts2) Coupled atmosphere-ocean modelling

Theory of inversion and mathematical modelling

Organization Transformation - Leadership

Water Budget of India

Fire fighting measures

Dr. Trevor D'Souza,Michigan State University, USA

Dr. R.S. Bisht, Director (Explorations),Archaeological Survey of India, Pune

Dr. S.N. Raiguru,Deccan College, Pune

Dr. G.R. Bhatt,Goa University, Panaji

Prof. Srikrishna,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Dr. Ryan Fernandes,St. Xavier's College, Mapusa

Prof. T.N. Krishnamurty,Florida State University. Tallahasse, USA

Prof. V.K. Gaur,Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore

Col. S.P. Wahi,Ex-Chairman, ONGC

Prof. Rama, Visiting Scientist, NGRI, Hyderabad

Mr. Lewis Sequeira Vaz,Lewis Enterprises, Vasco

The trainees who were assigned project work on selectedtopics presented them on the concluding day. Therepresentatives from SAC, Ahmedabad, ISRO, Bangalore,NIO, Goa University, Dept. of Sci. Tech. & Envt. & NCAORGoa formed the faculty. About sixty personnel participated.

Prof. V.S. Hegde, Deputy Director, Earth ObservationSystem, Programme Office and Dr. N. Tyagi, ProjectDirector, IRS-P4 from ISRO, Bangalore addressed theparticipants.

Dr. Tyagi addressing the trainees

During the year training on Remote sensing applications toOcean studies was held twice, (7 July to 2 August and 21February to 10 March 2000). These were organised jointly withthe National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS)Bangalore, mainly for the University teachers and personnelfrom R&D organisations, to create an awareness in remotesensing applications. The course included basics in imageprocessing, use of GIS packages, interpretation of oceansatellite data etc. with special reference to Oceansat-1.

Dr. P.C. Pandey, Director, NCAOR delivering the lecture.

45

The first Commonwealth Science Forum

The first Commonwealth Science Forum (CSF) was held atthe Institute from 23-25 September. The Forum, a group ofscientists and policy makers had discussion on Access,bioprospecting, intellectual property rights (IPR) and benefit-sharing aspects by the CSC member countries.

Dr. R.A. Mashelkar, Director Genera! CSIR. in his keyaddress stressed the need for a joint agenda of action andrational strategies for preserving and adding value tobioresource to traditional knowledge, for mankind's benefit.He opined that innovations in the IP System was needed.He a.'so suggested shorter duration patents for smallerinnovations, including specific improvements in thetraditional knowledge. Prof. J.H. Seyani. Chief ProgrammeOfficer. CSF also spoke.

Nineth National Congress on Corrosion Control

The National Corrosion Council of India (NCC) inassociation with the CECRI, Karaikudi and NIO, Goa, heldthe ninth National Congress on Corrosion Control from16-18, September. The congress was inaugurated by theGovernor of Goa Lt Gen. J.F.R. Jacob (Retd.). About 100papers were presented on various aspects of corrosion,protective methods, biofouling etc. An exhibition andtechnical sessions were held at another venue. Drs.Raghavan, Director. CECRI, Karaikudi. Ehrlich Desa,Director, NIO and Palaniswamy, Chairman/Secretary, NCCspoke on the occasion.

Ocean Mining Symposium

The third biennial Ocean Mining Symposium was organisedfrom 8 to 10 November under the aegis of the InternationalSociety of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE). Scientistsand engineers from USA. Germany, Japan. Poland, Finland.China, Korea participated and presented papers on differentaspects of ocean mining. A special session on "Engineeringand environmental assessment of deep seabed mining" wasalso held.

The symposium opened on 8 November with key lectures byDr. E. Desa, Director, NIO and Co-chairman ISOPE, on"Opportunities for offshore mineral exploration in IndianOcean" and Prof. Jin Chung of Colorado School of Mines(and Chairman, ISOPE) on "Deep ocean mining and oceanmining working group". The symposium concluded with aplenary lecture by Dr. A.E. Muthunayagam, Secretary, Dept.of Ocean Development (Govt of India) and Co-chairman,ISOPE, on "Nodule resources in the Indian Ocean". TheProceeding of the Symposium edited by Drs. Jim S. Chungand Rahul Sharma, was released. Dr. Rahul Sharma (on dais) replying to a query on

Indian polymetallic nodule programme

46

Dr. Desa welcoming the Congress.

Dr Mashelkar addressing the CSF and media.

Indo-Myanmar Joint Workshop in Oceanography

The Ministry of External Alfairs. Government of India duringNovember 25-28,1998, had initiated a joint workshop withMyanmar in Yangon. During the workshop, scientists fromMyanmar had expressed their interest in oceanographyparticularly of Andaman Sea and aspects like storm surgepredictions, sea level changes. The present workshop was afollow up.

The workshop held at the Institute was attended by 15experts representing government and researchorganisations. Prof. Swe Thwin. led the Myanmar delegationof four scientists. Shri B.N. Krishnamurthy, Director,Department of Ocean Development (DOD), Mr. AchalMalhotra, Ministry of External Affairs and Dr. SumitraVijayaraghavan were actively involved in organising theworkshop. A memorandum of understanding was alsosigned.

National Meet on Mangroves & Corals

The Meeting of the National Committee on "Conservationand Management of Mangroves and Coral Reefs" was heldunder the auspices of Ministry of Environment and Forests,Govt. of India from 12-14 February, 2000.

The meeting was chaired by Mr. Vinod Vaish, SpecialSecretary, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India.Other dignitaries from the Ministry present were - Mr. R.J.Khwaja, Joint Secretary and Dr. E.V. Mulley. Joint Director,Secretaries of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt.of Maharashtra and Orissa. Chief Wildlife Wardens, CoastGuard and other officials.

Two books were released on this occasion, one on"Mangrove Ecosystem" written in Marathi and another on"101 questions on corals" in English. Two Beta websites,one on "Indian Mangroves" and another on "Indian Corals"were launched.

Dr. E. Desa welcoming the SCOR executive members. Onhis left are Dr Elizabeth Gross. Prof. John Field andDr. B.L.K. Somayajulu.

SCOR Executive Meeting

The meeting was formally opened at theInstitute on 25 October. Further sessions werecontinued till 28 October at another venue.

On invitation. Prof. John Field, University ofCape Town, South Africa and President,SCOR, spoke on the 'Role of the ocean inglobal climate change" and Dr. Peter Burkill,Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK spoke on"What controls productivity during upwelling inthe Arabian Sea". Dr. Elizabeth Gross,Executive Director, SCOR appraised themembers about the activities of SCOR.

Prof. Swe Thwinand ShriKrishnamurthysigning the MoU.

Dr. Tapaswidemonstrating thewebsitesdeveloped by him.

Mr. Vaish(second right)releasing thebooks.

47

Dr. Elizabeth Grossappraising aboutSCOR.

Deputations

A. Deputations with the institute

(i) From overseas

Mr. Ahmed Wahid-eldin,National Institute ofOceanography and Fisheries,Cairo, Egypt

Mr. Pham Ba Trung,Institute of OceanographyNha Trang, Vietnam

Duration

Feb. 20-Jun. 17

Jan. 10- Feb. 18

Purpose

TWAS South-South FellowshipScheme (Guide: Dr. Rahul Sharma)

Exposure training in MarineGeophysics : Utilities & Techniques

Mr. Pham Ba Trung receiving certificate of appreciationfrom the Director

Ms. Ling with institute'smicrobiologists.

Mr. Nguyen Huu SuuInstitute of OceanographyVietnam

Ms Koh Li LingSingapore National University

(ii) From within the country

Mr. Rahul SahajpalCentre for Advanced Study in GeologyPanjab University, Chandigarh

National Hydrographic SchoolVasco-da-Gama (10 personnel)

Ms. Surekha Prabhu and Ms. PreetiChaudhary, BIOCON India Pvt. Ltd.,Bangalore

Jan. 17 - Mar. 10

Feb. 21-25

Jun. 1 - Jul. 12

Nov. 29 - Dec. 24

Dec. 20-24

Training in "Coastal Structures"

Training on techniques for isolation offungi associated with corals

Training and a short project on"Biogenic Silica in the CentralIndian Basin Sediments"(Guide: Dr. B. Nagendernath)

Industrial Offshore Surveys -a Long 'H' Course

Training on technique for isolation offungi from marine substrates

Drs. N.H. Hashimi (third left),L V. Subbaraju and otherassociated members seen withthe Long 'H' course trainees.

48

During the year, 55 members of the stall were deputed to 18countries, 40 were on invitation. Deputations to US (11) werefor participation in meetings on bilateral programmes.

Three overseas members, two from Vietnam and one fromEgypt were at the Institute for 1 to 4 months.

B. Deputations from the Institute

(i) Overseas

Meetings/Discussion

Dr. Ehrlich Desa

-do-

-do-

Dr. MP Tapaswi

-do-

Dr. S Prasanna Kumar

Drs. Ehrlich Desa &N. Bahulayan

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi

-do-

Dr. M.D Zingde

Dr. M.V.M. Walar

Dr. M. Dileep Kumar

Mr. V.V. Gopalakrishna

Country visited

China

France/Poland

Poland

USA

-do-

Japan

Russia

Argentina

USA

USA

Sri Lanka

Germany

USA

Duration

Apr 26-29

Jun. 29-Jul. 3

Jul. 4-5

May 25-28

May 31-Jun. 3

Sep. 12-Oct. 31

Oct. 16-23

Nov. 15-18

Jan. 24-28

Dec. 1-3

Ja n 10-12

Feb. 20-24

Mar. 28-31

Apr. 27-29

Apr. 28-30

May 10-11

May 25-30

Purpose

Second meeting of the Joint Steering Committee,Global Ocean Observing System.

Delegation member to the General Assembly of IOC.

Visit to a Polish Shipyard for a replacement ofOceanographic vessel

Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA)Board Meeting

GE-MIM Meeting.

To study Indian Ocean warm pool usingOGCM - under ESTO invitation

Third meeting of the Indo-Russian sub-working groupon Oceanology.

Fourth LOICZ Open Science Meeting.

AGU/ASLO Ocean Science Meeting.

Meeting for the Parmers in Observing the GlobalOcean (POGO).

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)planning meeting.

Surface Ocean Layer Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)Open Science Meeting.

Third session of SOOP Implementation Panel Meeting.

Conference on Oceanology lnternational-99 Pacific RIM.

START/LOICZ/IGBP workshop on Estuarine Modellingand Coastal Zone Management.

WOCE Northern Indian Ocean workshop.

Conference on Multi-Platform Exploration Ocean Drilling

(POST-2003).

Workshops/Conferences/Symposia

Dr. M.R. Nayak Singapore

Drs. M.D. Zingde, Sri LankaS.W.A. Naqvi &Kalidas Sawkar

Dr. Shankar Doraiswamy USA

Dr. D. Gopala Rao Canada

49

Dr. C. Raghukumar Hongkong

Mr. J.S. Sarupria USA

Mr. V.V. Gopalakrishna Australia

Dr. Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay USA

Dr. Ehrlich Desa Germany

Dr. S. Prasanna Kumar USA

Dr. M.V.M. Wafar Kenya

Dr. S.R. Shetye Japan

Dr. M.R. Anantha Sreepada Bangkok

Training/Visiting Scientist

Mr. P.K. Dinesh Kumar Sweden

Dr. D. Gopala Rao UK

Mr. P.D. Kunte Japan

Dr. Vijayalakshmi Nair Japan

(EOL 3 months)

Drs. Sujata Kaisary & UKVijay Kumar Rathod

Dr. V. Subrahmanyam & CanadaMr. G. Prabhakar S. Murty

Dr. A.K. Chaubey France

Mr. M. Fernando Vijayan USA

Dr. P.V. Shirodkar China

Mr. Ramadasan & USAMs. Ancy Rodrigues

Mr. Antonio Mascarenhas Canada

Dr. C.G. Naik & ItalyMr P.S. Parmeswaran

Mr. K. Ashok Kumar Doha Qatar

Dr. V. Purnachandra Rao France

Mr. Desmond Gracias Germany

Dr. K.S. Sreekrishna UK

Jul. 4-9

Jul. 12-15

Aug. 10-12

Sep. 22-25

Oct. 2-9

Oct. 18-22

Feb. 9-11

Mar. 6-7

Feb. 17- Mar. 2

Apr. 7-May 12

May 31-Jun.2

Jun. 8 (3 months)

Jun. 1 - Aug. 31

Jul. 12-Aug. 6

Aug. 10-31

Sep. 1 (one year)

Sep. 26-Oct. 13

Oct. 25-Jan. 10(on leave)

Oct. 18-30

Nov. 6-14

Nov. 9 -Dec. 23

Nov. 15-Feb. 2

Nov. 16-Dec. 14

Jan. 3-23

Feb. 1 (3 months)

7th International Marine and Freshwater MycologySymposium.

International Godar Review Conference.

To attend the International workshop on SOOP.

RIDGE-2000 Conference.

Joint IOC/SCOR/SCOPE workshop:Assessment of the state of Marine Science and itscontributions to sustainable development.

Workshop on Remote Sensing Data Analysis andAssimilation. Invited talk at the University of Oklahoma.

Second Annual CORDIO workshop.

Symposium on Indo-Pacific Climate.

International Conference on Aquaculture in the thirdmillennium.

Advanced International Training Programme in Coastaland Marine Environmental Pollution Prevention.

Bullard Laboratories tor discussions on possiblecollaboration with Cambridge scientists.

JSPS Ronpaku Fellowship under Indo-JapanCooperative Science Programme.

Visiting Professor at the Ocean Research Institute,Univ. of Tokyo.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training(ICZOMAT) at University of New Castle upon Tyneunder Colombo Plan.

Equipment training on 2D/3D processing andinterpretation of geophysical data sets on GeosoftBasic Mapping & processing system.

IFCPAR funded project Paleo-propagating ridges and theplate tectonic evolution

USIF Project or Denitrification in the Arabian Sea - directmeasurements of rate and effect on nitrous oxide cycling.

Third World Academy of Sciences FellowshipProgramme on "Multi-Element Isotope Studies of OceanicRegions and their implications in paleoceanography".

Training on HRPT Satellite Receiving Station and visitto the University of Miami.

Training on a free tall spectroradiometer OCP-100FF.

CSIR-CNR S&T Bilateral Exchange Programme.

To setup and maintain current meter facilityat the Univ. of Qatar.

Studies on paleoceanography and paleoclimate ofwestern continental margin of India during Quaternary.

Training under the CSIR-FZJ Joint Project onCoupling of upper ocean and particle sedimentationprocesses in the Northern Indian Ocean.

INSA-Royal Society Exchange Programme to study theIndian Ocean Lithosphere at the University ofSouthampton.

50

51

Dr. P.V. Narvekar Australia Mar. 21-24 To attend the training on Varian Liberty series II AXIALICP-AES Instrument for Elemental Analysis.

Dr. M.R. Ramesh Kumar Germany Mar. 31 CSIR Bilateral Exchange Programme :"Air-sea interaction processes over the tropicalIndian Ocean and its relationship to Indian summermonsoon using Satellite Data".

Cruise participation

Mr. V.V. Gopalakrishna Mumbai-Mauritius Jul. 18-28 XBT Surveys

Dr. M.S.S. Sarma Madras-Singapore Nov. 27-Dec. 11 XBT Surveys

Dr. Y.V.B. Sarma Mumbai-Mauritius Oct. 29-Nov. 8 XBT Surveys

Mr. V.V. Gopalakrishna Mauritius-Singapore Feb. 15-26 XBT Surveys.

(ii) Within the country

Place deputed to Duration Purpose

Drs. A.G. Untawale & Administrative Staff College, Jul. 6 -11 R&D Management CourseSumitra-Vijayaraghavan Hyderabad

S/shri T.K. Ramankutty & HMD, Pune Nov. 21-23 Workshop on Cost EffectiveK.S. Naik Purchase Management

Shri R.L Chavan NAARM, Hyderabad Nov. 29-Dec. 10 Videography training

Mrs. P.V. Viji, Vilma D'Cruz, Income Tax Dept., Panaji Feb. 21-28 Familiarisation on tax deductionS/shri T.C. Fernandes, at Source and Personal TaxationJohn Gonsalves &D.K. Narvekar

Dr. P.V. Narvekar NGRI, Hyderabad Feb. 26-28 Training course on ICP-AES

Dr. C. Mohandass Kadmat, Lakshadweep Feb. 26 - Mar. 9 SCUBA Diving

Cruises led

Cruise DatesNo. Chief Scientist

AreaPort: From - To

Objectives

ORV Sagar Kanya

142

145

146A

146B

147A

147B

148

TL

149

TL

150

22 - 30 Mar 99P.V. Narvekar

16 May-2 Jun 99R. Alagarsamy

8-11 June 99V. Ramesh Babu

16 Jun - 12 Jul 99P.M. Muraleedharan

16 Ju l -8 Aug 99V.S.N. Murty

10 -31 Aug 99V. Ramesh Babu

4 Sep - 11 Oct 99S.W.A. Naqvi

15-29 Nov 99Ehrlich Desa

2 Dec - 9 Dec 99S.W.A Naqvi

12- 19 Dec 99G.P. Naik

24 Jan - 22 Feb 2kM.V.S. Gupta

Arabian SeaMormugao - Mormugao

Chennai - Mormugao

Arabian SeaMormugao - Mormugao

Indian OceanMormugao - Chennai

Bay of BengalChennai - Paradip

Bay of BengalParadip - Chennai

Indian OceanChennai - Mormugao

Arabian SeaMormugao-Mormugao

Arabian Sea

Arabian SeaMormugao - Surat

Equatorial Indian Ocean& Southern Bay of Bengal

Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone(LOICZ) programme.

LOICZ and Indo-French project work.

Trial cruise for installation and demonstration of LADCP.

To collect sea truth data for validating the sensor -MSMR onboard the satellite "Oceansat-1".

(i) To collect time series data on temperature, salinityand currents (VM-ADCP) in the upper 500 m at astationary location, (ii) To obtain vertical profile ofcurrents (using the LADCP) in the upper 1000 m.

- do -

LOICZ Programme

Special cruise to collect sea truth for validation of OCMon board Oceansat-1.

LOICZ Programme

Core penetration trial cruise for the operation of rock drill.

For sediment trap mooring operations under the Indo-GermanBilateral Programme and deployment of a current meter mooringat the Equator, 93° long, under the GOOS Programme.

CRV Sagar Paschimi

SP1 8-18 Nov 99R. Nagarajan

SP2 24 Feb - 4 Mar 2kR. Nagarajan

Ratnagiri - Mangalore

Ratnagiri - Mangalore

Field observation in connection with COMAPS Programme.

- d o -

RV AA Sidorenko

20

22

24

27

27 Jul - 30 Aug 99A.B. Valsangkar

15 Oct-21 Nov 99M. Shyam Prasad

4 Jan- 17 Feb 99V.N. Kodagali

20 Mar - 24 Apr 2kB. Nagender Nath

Indian OceanMormugao - Kochi

Indian OceanMormugao - Mormugao

Indian OceanMormugao - Tuticorin

Indian Ocean

Bulk polymetallic nodule collection.

PMN survey and exploration (bulk nodule collection)

PMN survey and exploration (bulk nodule collection)

EIA studies for nodule mining in Central Indian Basin.

52

Awards

ISCA Millennium Award

Dr. Satish Shetye, Fellow of theIndian Academy of Sciences,Bangalore and the NationalScience Academy, Delhi, was :presented the New MillenniumScience Medal at the 87th Sessionof the Indian Science Congress (3-9 Jan. 2k) at Pune. He was one ofthe 22 leading Indian scientistsinvited to speak on his vision. Dr. Shetye spoke on the "Roleof the Bay of Bengal in sustaining the rain-bearing monsoon"and critical issues that needed future study.

Krishnan Gold Medal

Dr A.K. Chaubey was awarded the 1999Krishnan Gold Medal for his significantcontributions in Marine Geophysics.

Dr. Chaubey's investigations on thewestern continental margin of Indiaenabled the identification of thesequence of Early Tertiary oceanicmagnetic lineations in the Arabian Seaand in recognising the processes offormation of the oceanic crust of theArabian Sea

ISCA Young Scientist Award

Dr. V.V.S.S. Sarma, Senior ResearchFellow, studying biogeochemicalcycling of CO2 in the Arabian Sea,received the ISCA Young ScientistAward at the 87th session of the IndianScience Congress. His contribution tothe JGOFS programmes helped inunderstanding the biogeochemicalcycling of CO2 in the Arabian Sea.

Ph.D

S.U. Panampunnayil,for her thesis "Studies on Mysidacea (Crustacea) of theIndian Ocean with reference to the Indian waters"(University of Mumbai). Guide: Dr. Vijayalakshmi R.Nair.

Rosamma Stephen,for her thesis "Studies on Copepods of the IndianOcean with reference to the West Coast of India"(University of Mumbai), Dr. Vijayalakshmi R. Nair.

A.A. Fernandes,for his thesis "Study of the directional spectrum ofocean waves using array, buoy and radarmeasurements" (Goa University),Guide: Dr. H.B. Menon.

Amal Jayakumar.for his thesis "Biogeochemical cycling of methane andnitrous oxide in the northern Indian Ocean" (GoaUniversity), Guide: Dr. R. Sen Gupta.

Shankar Doraiswamy,for his thesis "Low-frequency variability of sea levelalong the coast of India". Guide: Dr. S.R. Shetye

N.H. Khadge,for his thesis "Shear strength and physical properties ofvarious deep sea sediments from the Central IndianOcean Basin" (Goa University), Guide: Shri R.R. Nair

Dr. Sridhar Iyer, Scientist, geological oceanography, received the ISCA Best PosterPresentation award under the Earth System Sciences, for the poster titled "InRidge :India's Ridge Research Initiative" by Sridhar Iyer and Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay. The posterhighlighted the new initiatives for the decade.

53

Membership of Committees

National Committees active duringthe year

• Dr. E. Desa- Governing Bodies of National Center for

Antarctic & Ocean Research, NationalInstitute of Ocean Technology, and IndianNational Centre for OceanographicInformation Services

- Chairman of Standing Committee ofDOD on Survey of Polymetallic NodulesProgramme.

- Steering Committee of DOD on LegalContinental Shelf (LCS )

- Chairman, Wide Area Network & Internet,CSIR, Policy Development, CSIR,Intellectural Property Rights

- Task Force for CZM Plans. Ministry ofEnvironment & Forests, New Delhi

- Scientific Committee on OceanographicResearch, SCOR-lndia

- Indian Climate Research Programme,Dept. of Science & Technology

- Naval Research Board, DefenceResearch & Development Organisation

- National Science Museums and GoaChapter of Science Museums

- Advisory Committee on Environment,ONGC, Dehra Dun

- Central Advisory Board of Archaeology(CABA)

- Academic & Executive Councils ofUniversity of Goa - Visitor's Nominee

- President, Indian Geophysical Union- Chairman, TOLIC (Town Official Lan-

guage Implementation Committee), CSIRSports Promotion Board, New Delhi

• Mr. L.V.G. Rao- INDOEX National Steering Committee- ICRP (DST) Action Group/Working Group

on Ocean-Atmosphere Programme

- Standing Committee on Ocean Re-sources (SC-O)

- Sagar Kanya (DOD) Scientific AdvisoryCommittee

- Steering Committee (DOD) for OceanObserving System

- Indian National Committee for GAME- Academic Council, Cochin University of

Science and Technology

- ISRO-GBP Working Group on Land-Air-Ocean Interaction

- ISRO/DOD Committee on Manpower &Training requirements for ocean satellitedata utilisation

• Dr. A.G. Untawale- Editorial Boards of Conservation of

Biodiversity in India, Min. of Environment& Forests and Indian Journal of MarineScience

• Dr. M.R. Nayak- Fellow, Institution of Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineers

- Fellow, International Institute ofManagement Sciences, Calcutta

- Society of Electronics Engineers

- Syllabus Committee, Govt. Polytechnic,Goa

• Dr. D. Chandramohan- National Representative of Marine

Biotechnology

• Dr. D. Gopala Rao- Board of Post-Graduate Studies in Marine

Geology and Geophysics, Cochin

- Expert Committee on Bay of Bengal FanStudies, DOD, New Delhi

• Dr. S.R. Shetye- Editorial Board of Current Science- Editorial Board of Proceedings of Indian

Academy of Sciences (Earth & PlanetarySciences)

- Research Advisory Committee. DOD,New Delhi

- Member Secretary, National Committeelor IUGG, Indian National ScienceAcademy, New Delhi

• Dr. K.K.C. Nair- Scientific Advisory Committee, FORV

Sagar Sampada- Board of Studies/Board of Examination,

Marine Sciences, Cochin University ofScience and Technology

- Academic Council Cochin University ofScience and Technology

• Dr. N.H. Hashimi

- Board of Studies in Geology, ShivajiUniversity, Kolhapur

• Dr. S.WA Naqvi- National Committee for International

Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP)

- National Co-ordinator. Land-OceanInteraction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)

- Member, National Steering Committee forINDOEX (Indian Ocean Experiment)

- Member, Indian Ocean Synthesis GroupJGOFS

• Dr. N. Bahulayan

- Board of Studies in AtmosphericSciences, Cochin University of Scienceand Technology

- National Committee for WCRP(World Climate Research Programme)constituted by the Indian NationalScience Academy, New Delhi

• Dr. C.T. Achuthankutty- Goa State Expert Committee for Prawn

Farms

- Executive Committee, Indian Society ofCrustacean Biology

- National Core Committee on PrawnNutrition

• Dr. N.B. Bhosle- Board of Studies in Microbiology and

Marine Biotechnology, Goa University

• Dr. Usha Goswami- Doctoral Committee, Department of

Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, GoaUniversity

- Board of Examiners, Masters of FisheriesScience and Vice-Chairman, CentralInstitute of Fisheries Education (DeemedUniversity), Mumbai

• Dr. C.G. Naik- Board of Studies in Chemistry, Goa

University

• Dr. R. Nigam- Executive Council, Paleontological

Society of India- Executive Committee of the Indian

Geophysical Union

• Dr. L.V. Subba Raju- Central Geological Programming Board

lor Marine Geology of GSI

• Dr. M. V. Ramana- Post-Graduate Board of Studies,

Mangalore University

• Dr. R. Nigam- Co-ordinating Scientist, IPAGES-II of

Indian Programme of IGBP

• Dr. M. Dileep Kumar- Planning Committee SOLAS

• Dr. P. Vethamony- Board of Adjudicators for Ph.D. Thesis,

Kerala University

• Dr. V.N. Kodagali- Standing Committee of DOD on

Bathymetry for LCS Project- Committee on Management of

A.A. Sidorenko

• Dr. S. Raghukumar- President, Association of Microbiologists

of India, Goa Chapter

- Council, Mycological Society of India

• Shri M.C. Pathak- High Power Committee on Coastal

Mapping, Department of Science andTechnology

- Committee on Fixation of High WaterLine, Govt. of Goa

• Dr. A. Sarkar- IAWQ, Referee of Water Research,

Antarctic Science, speciality group onenvironments

• Dr. M. Wafar- Technical Policy Core Group for National

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan(MoEF/UNDP)

• Dr. Ranu Gupta- Board of Examiners for M.Sc. and Ph.D

of Cochin Univeristy of Science &Technology

• Dr. Baban Ingole- Editorial Board, Environment Bulletin- Board of Studies, Goa University.

54

patents &publications

Break-up of published papers

During the year 22 patents and 8 copyrightapplications were filed which includedseven outside India. Joint patents withGoa University and National ChemicalLaboratory were also tiled.

Information Technology Group (ITG) filedsix applications on softwares written forroutine use. The other two applicatorswere lor processing and interpretingbackscatter signals of the multibeam data.

Patents

An improved process lor the treatment ofspent wash using marine a!ga toproduce potable water - P.P. Moghe(NCL). V.V. Panchanidhikar (NCL). A.G.Untawale (NIO). V.K. Dhargalkar (NIO)(NF-318/98).

An improved process for the treatment ofagro based black liquor waste toproduce potable water - P.P. Moghe(NCL). V.V. Panchanidhikar (NCL). A.G.Untawale (NIO) & V.K. Dhargalkar (NIO)(NF-319/99).

An improved process for the treatment ofspent wash using marine sponge toproduce potable water - P.P. Moghe(NCL). V.V. Panchanidhikar (NCL). A.G.Untawale (NIO), V.K. Dhargalkar (NIO) &B.S. Ingole (NIO) (NF-2/99).

An improved process for the treatment ofblack liquor waste from paper mill usingmarine sponge - P.P. Moghe (NCL). V.V.Panchanidhikar (NCL). A.G. Untawale(NIO). V.K. Dhargalkar (NlO) & B.S. Ingole(NIO) (NF-3/99).

Effluent treatment process using marinealga - P.P. Moghe (NCL). V.V.Panchanidhikar (NCL). A.G. Untawale

Cumulative impactfactors

(NIO) & V.K. Dhargalkar (NIO) (NF-319/99) and US dt. 13/1/2000.

A process for decolonization of molassesspent wash in distillery waste -Chandralata Raghukumar (NF-334/99).

Novel white rot lignin modifying fungusFlavadon flavus and a process forremoving dye from dye containing wateror soil using the fungus - ChandralataRaghukumar (NIO). T.M. Desouza (US),R.G. Thorn (US). C.A. Reddy (US)(NF-160/99) and US 7/12/1999.

A process for production of xylan degrad-ing enzymes - Chandralata Raghukumar(NIO) & Usha Muralidharan (GU) (NF-30/2000).

An improved process for the preparation ofpharmacologically active musselhydrolysate from marine bivalve (Pernaviridis) - Anil Chatterji, Z.A. Ansari & B.S.Ingole (NF-159/2000).

A process for the preparation of ananlifouling extract from a female horseshoe crab - A.C. Anil, J. Patil, AnilChatterji & 12 others (NF-53/2000).

A culture method for enhancing levels ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids inthraustochytrid fungi - S. Raghukumar, D.Chandramohan & E. Desa (NF-79/2000)and US dt. 30/3/2000.

A process for isolation of 2-deoxyecdysterone from Zoanthus sp - CynthiaGonsalves, S. Parameswaran. C.G. Naik &C.T. Achuthankutty (NF-28/2000) and USdt. 21/3/2000, Europe dt. 30/3/2000.

A process for isolation of peridininol, acarotenoid pigment from Zoanthussp. - Cynthia Gonsalves. S. Parameswaran.C.G. Naik & C.T. Achuthankutty (NF-26/2000).

A synergistic antifouling composition fromIrcinia sp. of marine sponge and amethod for the preparation thereof - N.L.Thakur & A.C. Anil. (NF-27/2000) and USdt. 30/3/2000.

A process for the preparation of novelsynergistic feed for the juvenile shrimps -Anil Chatterji and Z.A. Ansari (NF-335/99).

An Internet accessible real time weatherinformation system - R.G. Prabhu Desai, J.Antony, Ehrlich Desa, Prakash Mehra, ElgarDesa & Albert Gouveia (NF-267/99).

A high pressure retaining deep sea watersampler - G.P. Naik & ChandralataRaghukumar. (NF-361/99).

CopyrightsA software package for interpreting

backscatter signals of the multibeamdata "INBASI ana INBASIB" - R.Chakraborty & V.N. Kodagali (CR 24/99 dt.31.1.2000).

A software package "PROBASI" forprocessing backscatter signals (CR 23/99 dt. 19.1.2000).

Stores management package (Bhandar) -Swati Sainekar, Tata Sudhakar, HarishMaijekar, Kavila Singh & Albert Gouveia(CR 1/2000 dt. 24.2.2000).

PC Complaints software application -Prince Varghese. Kavia Singh & AlbertGouveia (CR 2/2000 dt. 24-2-2000)

Leave software application - Joshy Thomas.Kavita Singh & Albert Gouveia (CR 3/2000dt. 24.2.2000).

Job request software application - SwatiSainekar. Kavita Singh & Albert Gouveia(CR 4/2000 dt. 24.2.2000).

Purchase requisition application - PrinceVarghese. Kavita Singh & Albert Gouveia(CR 5/2000 dt. 24.2.2000).

The NIO diary - Kenneth Conception. KavitaSingh, Albert Gouveia & Ehrlich Desa(CR 6/2000 dt. 24.2.2000).

55

Publications

Books

Mineral Wealth of the Ocean by A K.Ghosh and Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay.Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi,268 pp.. Price Rs. 350/-

This book covers the origin,distribution, exploration, mining andmanagement of marine minerals.Dr. Mukhopadhyay has shared theexperiences ol his active participationin the national programme on"Exploration of polymetallic nodules inthe Central Indian Basin" in this book.

Mangrove Ecosystem: A boon torthe coast (Mangrove Pranali:Kinaryasathi Vardaan) (in Marathi) bySayeeda Wafar & Arvind Unlawale,58+x pp.

The chapters in this book deal withdistribution of mangroves, biodiversity,factors affecting mangroves,conservation and management,methods of afforestation etc. Onechapter gives description and line

diagrams of the commonly found mangroves on the westcoast of India. The publication ol this book was supported bythe Ministry of Environment & Forests. Govt. of India.

Larvae of Bothidae

(Pleuronectiformes-Pisces),Illustrated Key by C.B. LalithambikaDevi, 35 pp.

This illustrated key describes fhemeristic and morphometric peculiari-ties ol 37 species of bothid larvaebelonging to 12 genera from theIndo-Pacific region

Harappan Maritime Legacies ofGujarat by Anirudh Singh Gaur,Asian Publication Services, NewDelhi. 287 pp. Price: Rs. 600/- or US S30.

The book is Dr. Gaur's docloral workcarried out under the guidance of Dr.K. Rajan, Tamil University, Tanjavur.

It covers maritime aspects of theIndus Civilisation (3000 BC to 1500

BC) in Gujarat and incluaes an extensive study of Harappanand Late Harappan port towns. It also touches upon therecent underwater excavations off Dwarka, Bet Dwarka andSomnath carried out by NIO.

56

Papers in SCI journals

Banakar, V. and J.R. Hein, 2000. Growthresponse of a deep-waterferromanganese crust to evolution of theNeogene Indian Ocean. Mar. Geol., 162:529-540.

Banerjee. R., S. Roy, S. Dasgupta, S.Mukhopadhyay and H. Miura, 1999.Petrogenesis of ferromanganesenodules from east of the ChagosArchipelago, Central Indian Basin. IndianOcean. Mar. Geol.. 157: 145-158.

Casanova, J.R and V.R Nair, 1999. A newspecies of the genus Sagitta (PhylumChaetognatha) from the Agatti lagoon(Laccadive Archipelago, Indian Ocean)with comments on endemism. Indian J.Mar.Sci., 28: 169-172.

Chakraborty, B. and D. Pathak. 1999.Seabottom backscatter studies in thewestern continental shelf of India. J.Sound Vibrat., 219: 51-62.

Chakraborty, B., V.N. Kodagali and H.W.Schenke, I999. Seabottom roughnessstudy using a hydrosweep-multibeamsystem. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 105(2, Pt.2): 1266.

Chatterji, A., 1999. New record of thesympatric distribution of two Asianspecies of the horseshoe crab. Curr.Sci., 77: 746-747.

Chauhan, O.S. and Ch.M. Rao, 1999.Influence of sedimentation on enrich-ment of manganese and growth offerromanganese micronodules, BengalFan, India. Mar. Geol., 161: 39-47.

Chernova, T.G., A.L. Paropkari, Yu.I. Pikovskiiand T.A. Alekseeva. 1999. Hydrocarbons inthe Bay of Bengal and Central IndianBasin bottom sediments: Indicators ofgeochemical processes in thelithosphere. Mar. Chem., 66:231-243.

DeSouza, S.N.. 1999. Effect of mining rejectson the nutrient chemistry of Mandoviestuary, Goa. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28:198-210.

DeSouza, S.N., 1999. Effect of mining rejectson the nutrient chemistry of Mandoviestuary, Goa. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28:355-359.

Devi, C.B.L., 1999. Bothid larvae(Pleuronectiformes - Pisces) of theIndian Ocean. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28:198-210.

Dileep Kumar, M., 1999. The effect ofpressure and temperature on aluminiumhydrolysis: Implications to trace metalscavenging in natural waters. Indian. J.Mar. Sci., 28: 1-4.

Fernandes. A.A.. Y.V.B. Sarma and H.B.Menon, 2000. Directional spectrumof ocean waves from arraymeasurements using phase/time/pathdifference methods. Ocean Engg., 27:345-363.

Fontana, Angelo, Maria Letizia Ciavatta, MolloErnesto, C.G. Naik, S. Wahidulla, L. D'Souza

and G.Cimino, 1999. Volvatellin,Caulerpenyne - related product from theSacoglossan Volvatella sp. J. Nat. Prod.,62:931-933.

Fontana, Angelo, Paolo Cavaliere. NiconUngur, L. D'Souza, P.S. Parameswaran andG. Cimino. 1999. New scalaranes fromthe Nudibranch Glossodorisatromarginala and its sponge prey. J.Nat. Prod., 62: 1367-1370.

Frank, M., R.K. O'Nions, J.R. Hein and V.K.Banakar, 1999. Sixty Myr records of majorelements and Pb-Nd isotopes fromhydrogenous ferromanganese crusts:Reconstruction of seawaterpaleochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta., 63: 1689-1708.

Goes. J.I., S. Caeiro and M.R. Gomes, 1999.Phytoplankton-zooplankton inter-relationships in tropical waters - Grazingand gut pigment dynamics. Indian J. Mar.Sci.. 28: 116-124.

Gomes. H.R., J.I. Goes and T. Saino, 2001.Influence of physical processes andfreshwater discharge on the seasonallyof phytoplankton regime in the Bay ofBengal. Con. Shelf Res., 20: 313-330.

Govenkar, M.B. and S. Wahidulla, 2000. Freesterols of the red alga Chondria armata(Kutz.) Okamura. Botanica Marina, 43:201-204.

Honda, D., T. Yokochi. T. Nakahara. S.Raghukumar, N. Nakagin, K. Sehaumannand T. Higashihara. 1999. Molecularphytogeny of labyrinthulids andthraustochytrids based on thesequencing of 185 ribosomal RNA gene.J. Eukaryotic Microbiol., 46:637-647.

Iyer, S.D., 1999. Alteration of basalticglasses from the Central Indian Ocean.J. Geol. Soc. India, 54: 609-620.

Iyer, S.D., 1999. Ferromanganese oxideson sharks' teeth from Central IndianOcean Basin. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28:263-269.

Iyer, S.D., R. Mukhopadhyay and D.C. Popko,1999. Ferrobasalts from the CentralIndian Ocean Basin. Geo-Mar. Lett., 18:297-304.

Iyer, S.D., S.M. Gupta, S.N. Charan and O.P.Mills, 1999. Volcanogenic-hydrothermaliron-rich materials from the southern partof the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Mar.Geol., 158: 15-25.

Iyer, S.D., 2000. Reflections on the IndianScience Congress - Correspondence.Curr. Sci., 78: 538-539.

Joseph, A., E. Desa, E.S. Desa, D. Smith, V.B.Peshwe, Vijaykumar and J.A.E. Desa, 1999.Evaluation of pressure transducers underturbid natural waters. J. Atmos. Ocean.Techno!., 16: 1150-1155.

Kiran. Y.V. and A.C. Anil, 1999. Record ofimposex in Cronia konkanensis(Gastropoda: Muricidae) from Indianwaters. Mar. Environ. Res., 48: 123-130.

Krishna. K.S., D.G. Rao, L.V. Subbaraju, A.K.Chaubey, V.S. Shcherbakov, A.I. Pilipenkoand I.V.R. Murthy. 1999. Paleocene on-spreading-axis hotspot volcanism alongthe Ninetyeast Ridge: An interactionbetween the Kerguelen hotspot and theWharton spreading center. Proc. IndianAcad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 108:255-267.

Krishna, K.S. and D.G. Rao. 2000. Aban-doned Paleocene spreading center inthe northeastern Indian Ocean:Evidence from magnetic and seismicreflection data. Mar. Geol., 162: 215-224.

Krishnamurti, A.J. and V.R. Nair, 1999.Concentration of metals in fishes fromThane and Bassein creeks of Bombay,India. Indian J. Mar. Sci, 28: 39-44.

Krishnamurti, A.J. and V.R. Nair, 1999.Concentration of metals in shrimps andcrabs from Thane-Bassein creeksystem, Maharashtra. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,28: 92-95.

Loka Bharathi, P.A., S. Nair, M.J. DeSouza andD. Chandramohan. 1999. Truce withoxygen - Anaerobiosis outcompeteaerobiosis in the Antarctic lacustrinebacteria. Curr. Sci., 76: 1585-1587.

Madhupratap. M., 1999. Free-livingcopepods of the Arabian Sea: Distribu-tions and research perspectives. IndianJ. Mar. Sci., 28: 146-149.

Madhupratap. M., Surekha Sawant andMangesh Gauns, 2000. A first report on abloom of the marine prymnesiophycean,Phaeocystis globosa from the ArabianSea. Oceanol. Acta, 23: 83-90.

Mascarenhas, A., 1999. The coastalregulation zone of Goa: Oceanographic,environmental and societal perspectives.Curr. Sci., 77: 1598-1605.

Morrison. J.M., LA. Codispoti, S.L. Smith, K.Wishner, C. Flagg, W.D. Gardner, S. Gaurin,S.W.A. Naqvi, V. Manghnani, L. Prosperieand J.S. Gundersen, 1999. The oxygenminimum zone in the Arabian Sea during1995. Deep-Sea Res. (II: Top. Stud.Oceanogr.), 46: 1903-1931.

Mudholkar, A.V. and A.L. Paropkari, 1999.Evolution of basalts from three back-arcbasins of southwest Pacific. Geo-Mar.Lett., 18: 305-314.

Mukhopadhyay, R., S.D. Iyer, R. Banerjee andR.K. Drolia, 1999. Studying the IndianOcean ridge system: Agenda for the newcentury. J. Geol., Soc. India. 54: 659-661.

Murty, V.S.N., G.V.M. Gupta. V.V. Sarma, B.P.Rao, D. Jyothi, P.N.M. Shastri and Y.Supraveena. 2000. Effect of verticalstability and circulation on the depth ofthe chlorophyll maximum in the Bay ofBengal during May-June, 1996. Deep-Sea Res. (Part I), 47:859-873.

Mustafa, S., V.R. Nair and K. Govindan, 1999.Zooplankton community of Bhayandarand Thane salt pans around Bombay.Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28: 184-191.

57

Naidu, P.D. and B.A. Malmgren. 1999.Quaternary carbonate record from theequatorial Indian Ocean and itsrelationship with productivity changes.Mar. Geol., 161:49-62.

Nair, K.K.C , M. Madhupratap, T.C.Gopalakrishnan, P. Haridas and M. Gauns.1999. The Arabian Sea: Physicalenvironment, zooplankton andmyctophid abundance. Indian J. Mar.

Sci., 28: 138-145.

Nair. T.M.B., V. Ramaswamy, G. Parthiban andR. Shankar, 1999. Factors controllingvertical fluxes of particles in the ArabianSea. J. Geol. Soc. India, 54: 369-378.

Nair. T.M.B., V. Ramaswamy. R. Shankar andV. Ittekkot, 1999. Seasonal and spatialvariations in settling manganese fluxesin the Northern Arabian Sea. Deep-SeaRes. (I. Oceanogr. Res. Pap.), 46: 1827-1839

Nair. V.R. A.J. Krishnamurti and S.N.Gajbhiye, !999. Trophic structure andlevels of selected metals in thezooplankton community of Thane-Bassein creek, Bombay. Indian J. Mar.Sci., 28: 173-183.

Nakamoto. S., S. Prasanna Kumar, J.M.Oberhuber, K. Muneyama and R. Frouin.2000. Chlorophyll modulation of seasurface temperature in the Arabian Seain a mixed-layer isopycnal generalcirculation model. Geophys Res Lett..27: 747-750.

Naqvi S.W.A. and D.A. Jayakumar. 2000.Ocean biogeochemistry and atmos-pheric composition: Significance of theArabian Sea. Curr. Sci., 78: 289-299.

Naqvi. S.W.A., T. Yoshinari, J.A. Brandes.A.H. Devol, D.A. Jayakumar, P.V. Narvekar.M.A. Allabel and L.A. Codispoti, 1998.Nitrogen isotopic studies in the suboxicArabian Sea. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.(Earth Planet Sci.). 107: 367-378.

Narsimha, L. Thakur and A.C. Anil, 1999.Antibacterial activity of the spongeIrcinia ramoss. Importance of its surfaceassociated bacteria. J.Chem. Ecol., 26:57-71.

Nigam, R. and N. Khare, I999. Spatial andtemporal distribution of foraminifera insediments off the central west coast ofIndia and use of their test morphologiesfor the reconstruction of paleomonsoonalprecipitation. Micropaleontol., 45: 285-303.

Panampunnayil, S.U., 1999. Two newspecies of Mysidacea (Crustacea)Anchialina lobatus and Gastrosaccussarae, from south west Australia. J.Plankton Res., 21:685-698.

Pathak, S.C., V. Kulshrestha, A.K. Choubey,A.H. Parulekar, 1999. Insect drift over thenorthern Arabian Sea in early summer. J.Biosci., 24: 233-240.

Patra, P.K., S. Lal, S. Venkataramani, S.N.DeSouza, V.V.S.S. Sarma and S. Sardesai,1999. Seasonal and spatial variability inN2O distribution in the Arabian Sea.

Deep-Sea Res. (I. Oceanogr. Res. Pap.),46: 529-543.

Pattan. J.N. and P. Shane, 1999. Excessaluminium in deep sea sediments of theCentral Indian Basin. Mar. Geol., 161:247-255.

Phatarpekar. P.V., R.A. Sreepada, C. Pednekarand C.T. Achuthankutty, 1999. A compara-tive study on growth performance andbiochemicl composition of mixed cultureof Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceroscalcitrans with monocultures.Aquaculture, 181: 141-155.

Prahha Devi, Solimabi Waliidullah, L. DeSouzaand S.Y Kamat, 1998. Larvicidal activity ofsome marine macrophytes againstArtemia salina. Adv. Biosci., 17(2): 75-84.

Prakash Babu. C, H.J. Brumsack and B.Schnetger, 1999. Distribution of organiccarbon in surface sediments along theeastern Arabian Sea: A revisit. Mar.Geol.. 162: 91-103.

Prasanna Kumar. S. and T.G. Prasad, 1999.Formation and spreading of Arabian Seahigh-salinity watermass. J. Geophys.Res. (C : Oceans), 104(C1): 1455-1464.

Raghukumar, C., T.M. DeSouza, R G. Thornand C.A. Reddy, 1999. Lignin-modifyingenzymes of Flavodon flavus - aBasidiomycete isolated from a coastalmarine environment. Appl. Environ.Microbiol., 65: 2103-2111.

Raghukumar. S. and C. Raghukumar. I999.Thraustochytrid fungoid protists infaecal pellets of the tunicate Pegaeconloederata, their tolerance to deep-sea conditions and implication indegradation processes. Mar. Ecol. Prog.Ser, 190: 133-140.

Rama Rao. P.P., V. Ramesh Babu andL.V.G. Rao, 1999. Heat content variabilityin the tropical Indian Ocean duringsecond pre-lNDOEX campaign (borealwinter 1996-1997). Curr. Sci.. 76:1001-1004.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., P.M. Muraleedharanand P.V. Sathe, 1999. On the role of seasurface temperature variability over theTropical Indian Ocean in relation tosummer monsoon using satellite data.Remote Sens. Environ., 70: 238-243.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., S.S.C. Shenoi and P.Schluessel, I999. On the role of the crossequatorial flow on summer monsoonrainfall over India using NCEP/NCARreanalysis data. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.,70:201-213.

Rao, B.R.L. and M. Veerayya, 2000. Influenceof marginal highs on the accumulation oforganic carbon along the continentalslope off western India. Deep-Sea Res.(Pt. II). 47: 303-327.

Sanil Kumar, V, M.C. Deo, N.M. Anand andK. Ashok Kumar, 2000. Directional spreadparameter at intermediate water depth.Ocean Engg., 27: 889-905.

Sanlhakumari, V. and V.R. Nair, 1999.Distribution of hydromedusae from theexclusive economic zone of the westand east coast of India. Indian J. Mar.Sci., 28: 150-157.

Santhakumari. V., L.R. Tiwari and V.R. Nair,1999. Species composition, abundanceand distribution of hydromedusae fromDharamtar estuarine system, adjoiningBombay harbour. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 28:158-162.

Sardessai. S.. 1999. Amino acids in thesedimentary humic and fluvic acids.Indian J. Mar. Sci.. 28: 394-399.

Sardessai, S., V.V.S.S. Sarma and M. DileepKumar. 1999. Particulate organiccarbon and particulate humic materialin the Arabian Sea. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,28: 5-9

Sarma, Y.V.B., E.P.R. Rao, P.K. Saji andV.V.S.S. Sarma, 1999. Hydrography andcirculation of the Bay of Bengal duringwithdrawal phase of the southwestmonsoon. Oceanol. Acta. 22: 453-471.

Shankar, D., 2000. Seasonal cycle of sealevel and currents along the coast ofIndia. Curr. Sci.. 78: 279-288.

Shankar. D. and S.R. Shelve, 1999. Areinterdecadel sea level changes alongthe Indian coast influenced byvariability of monsoon rainfall? J.Geophys. Res. (C: Oceans), 104(C11):26031-26042

Shenoi. S.C., 1999. On the suitability ofglobal algorithms lor the retrieval of SSTfrom the north Indian Ocean usingNOAA/AVHRR data. Int. J. RemoteSensing. 20: 11-29.

Shenoi, S.C., D. Shankar and S.R. Shetye,1999. On the sea surface temperaturehigh in the Lakshadweep Sea before theonset of the southwest monsoon. J.Geophys. Res.. 104(C7); 15703-15712.

Shetye, S.R., 1999. Propagation of tides inthe Mandovi and Zuari estuaries.Sadhana. 24: 5-16.

Shetye, S.R., 1998. West India coastalcurrent and Lakshadweep high/low.Sadhana, 23: 637-651.

Shetye, S.R., 1999. Tides in the Gulf ofKutch, India. Cont. Shelf Res., 19:1771-1782.

Shirodkar. P.V., Y.K. Somyajulu, Y.V.B. Sarmaand R. Vijaykumar, 1999. Hydrographiccharacteristics of the Indian sector of theSouthern Ocean. Curr. Sci., 77:1273-1282.

Shrivastava, Y., G.G. Mahabre, C.T.Achuthankutty, S.C. Goswami and M.Madhupratap, 1999. Parthenogeneticreproduction of Diaphanosomacelebensis (Crustacea: Cladocera):Effect of alga and algal density onsurvival, growth, life span and neonateproduction. Mar. Biol., 135:663-670.

58

Shyam Prasad, M. and M. Sudhakar, 1999.Australasian miniteklites discovered inthe Indian Ocean. Meteoritics & Planet.Sci., 34: 179-184.

Subrahmanyam, C, N.K. Thakur, T.G. Rao, R.Khanna, M.V. Ramana and V.Subrahmanyam, 1999. Tectonics of theBay of Bengal: New insights fromsatellite-gravity and ship-borne geo-physical data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,171:237-251.

Subrahmanyam, A.S., K. Venkateswarlu,K.S.R. Murthy, M.M.M. Rao, K.M. Rao andY.S.N. Raju, 1999. Neotectonism: Anoffshore evidence from easterncontinental shelf off Visakhapatnam.Curr. Sci.,76: 1251-1255.

Sundar, D., D. Shankar and S.R. Shetye. 1999.Sea level during storm surges as seen intide-gauge records along the east coastof India. Curr. Sci., 77: 1325-1332.

Sundaresh, A.S. Gaur, K. Gudigar, Sila Tripati,K.H. Vora and S.N. Bandodkar, 1999. Stoneanchors from the Okhamandal region,Gujarat coast, India. Int. J. Naut.Archeol., 28: 229-252.

Thadathil. P., A.K. Ghosh, J. Patanaik and I.Ratnakaran, 1999. A quality controlprocedure for surface temperature andsurface layer inversion in the XBT dataarchive from the Indian Ocean. J. Atmos.Ocean. Technol., 16: 980-982.

Tnpati, S., 1999. Marine investigations in theLakshadweep Islands, India. Antiquity,73: 827-835.

Unnikrishnan, A.S., A.D. Gouveia and P.Vethamony, 1999. Tidal regime in Gulf ofKutch, west coast of India by 2D model.J. Waterways, Port, Coast. Ocean Engg.,125: 276-284.

Unnikrishnan, A.S., S.R. Shetye and G.S.Michael. 1999. Tidal propagation in theGulf of Khambhat, Bombay High andsurrounding areas. Proc. Indian Acad.Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), 108: 155-177.

Yennawar, P.L., N.L. Thakur, A.C. Anil, K.Venkat and A.B. Wagh, 1999. Ecology ofthe wood-boring bivalve Martesia striata(Pholadidae) in Indian waters. Estuar.Coast. Shelf. Sci., 49(Suppl. A): 123-130.

Papers in Non-SCI journals

Gaur, A.S. and Sundaresh. 1998. Underwaterexploration off Poompuhar and possiblecauses of its submergence. Puratattva,28: 84-90.

Gupta, S.M., 1999. Radiolarian monsoonalindex Pyloniid group responds toastronomical forcing in the last -500000years: Evidence from the Central IndianOcean. Man & Environ., 24: 99-107.

Khadge, N.H., 1998. Physical properties ofa sediment core from the Central IndianBasin. J. Indian Geophys. Un., 2: 1-6.

Parthiban, G. and V.K. Banakar, 1999.Chemistry and possible source potentialof cobalt rich ferromanganese crust fromAfanasiy-Nikitin seamount in the IndianOcean. Indian Mineral., 33: 125-132.

Raghukumar, S. and C. Raghukumar. 1999.Marine fungi: A critique. Aquat. Microb.Newslett., 38(2): 26-27.

Ramana, M.V., T. Ramprasad, M. Desa and V.Subrahmanyarn, 2000. Integratedgeophysical studies over the 85°E ridge:Evaluation and interpretation. VisakhaSci. J., 4(1): 45-56.

Sadhuram. Y. and D.P. Rao. 199S. Moisturesource for summer monsson rainfall overIndia. J. Appl. Hydro!., 11: 63-70.

Sadhuram, Y. and N.C. Wells. 1999. Role ofthe Indian Ocean on the southernoscillation, atmospheric circulationindices and monsson rainfall over India.Global Atmos. Ocean System, 7: 47-72.

Sathe, P.V. and P.M. Muraleedharan, 1999.Retrieval of sea surface air temperaturefrom satellite data over Indian Ocean: Anempirical approach. Asian Meteorol.Online Newslett. (AMON), http://weather.ou.edu/ -spark/AMON/3(1).

Sreeja. S. and O. Raveendran, 1999.Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae Non Oland their dispersion phenomena in thecoastal waters at Mangalore. Fish.Tech., 36:96-99.

Tapaswi. M.P. and B.S. Maheswarappa, 1999.Some trends in Indian OceanographicResearch publications (1963-1992). Lib.Sci. with Slant Doc. Inf. Stud., 36: 173-192.

Contributions in Proceedings &Books

The following papers were contributed tothe Proceedings of the Third (1999) ISOPEOcean Mining Symposium, (Eds.) J.S.Chung and R. Sharma, InternationalSociety ol Offshore and Polar Engineers,Cupertino, CA (USA):

Desa, E., 1999. Opportunities for offshoremineral exploration in the Indian Ocean,6-13.

DeSousa, S.N. and S.D. Sardessai, 1999.Baseline studies and evaluation ofeffects of surface discharge of deep-seamining - INDEX area, 145-150.

Fernandes, A.A., S. Pednekar and P.Vethamony, 1999. Inter-comparisonbetween Aanderaa and Potok currentmeters deployed during INDEXProgramme, 169-176.

Ingole, B.S., Z.A. Ansari, S.G.P. Matondkarand N. Rodrigues, 1999. Immediateresponse of meio- and macrobenthos todisturbance caused by benthic disturber,191-197.

Khadge, N.H., 1999. Effect of benthicdisturbance on geotechnical characteris-tics of sediments from nodule miningarea in the central Indian Basin, 138-144.

Kodagali, V.N., 1999. Influence ofbathymetry in manganese nodule pilotmine site selection: A case study fromthe central Indian Basin, 99-104.

Kodagali, V.N. and B. Chakraborty, 1999.Multibeam echosounder pseudosidescan images as a tool for manga-nese nodule exploration, 97-104.

Muny, V.S.N., V. Ramesh Babu, A.Suryanarayana and B.S. Beena, 1999.Current structure and kinetic energy ofthe abyssal waters in the central IndianOcean Basin, 216-226.

Ramesh Babu. V., V.S.N. Murty, A.Suryanarayana and B.S. Beena, 1999.Watermass structure at benthicdisturbance site (INDEX area) andanticipated mining effects onhydrophysical properties, 208-215.

Sharma, R., 1999. Indian deepsea environ-ment experiment (INDEX): Achievementsand applications, 118-125.

Sheelu, G., P.A. Loka Bharathi, S. Nair, C.Raghukumar and C. Mohandas, 1999.Validation ol EIA sampling methods -Bacterial and biochemical analyses,198-202.

Suryanarayana. A., V.S.N. Murty, V. RameshBabu and B.S. Beena, 1999. Surfacemeteorological conditions at benthicdisturbance site - INDEX area duringaustral winter. 1997, 203-207.

Valsangkar. A.B.. N.V. Ambre and M.Rodrigues, 1999. Sedimentologicalimpacts of INDEX experiment, 131-137.

Vijay Kumar, B., 1999. The implementation ofagreement and Indian interests,105-109.

The following papers were contributed tothe Ocean Science: Trends and FutureDirections, (Ed.) B.L.K. Somayajulu, IndianNational Science Academy, New Delhi:

Chandramohan. D., 1999. Understandingmarine microbes - Trends and futuredirections, 151-175.

Naqvi, S.W.A., 1999. Nitrogen cycling in thesuboxic Arabian Sea : Implications foratmospheric chemistry and climate, 87-111.

Shetye, S.R., I999. Dynamics of circulationof the waters around India. 1-21.

Zingde, M.D., 1999. Marine pollution - Whatare we heading for?, 229-245.

The following papers were contributed tothe Fourth Indian Fisheries Forum:

Balachandran, K.K., V.N. Sankaranarayanan,Thresiamma Joseph and Maheswari Nair.1999. Non-conservative controls ondistribution of dissolved silicate inCochin backwaters, 77-789.

Nair, K.K.C., Mickovic Brenislav, H.Rosenthal, K.V. Jayalakshmy and Jutta Nost,1999. Experimental studies on theCannibalistic habit of Macrobrachiumrosenbergii (de Man). 227-232.

Saraladevi, K., P. Sheeba, T. Balasubramanian,P. Venugopal and V.N. Sankaranarayanan,1999. Benthic fauna of southwest andsoutheast coast of India, 24-28.

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The following papers were contributed toISME Mangrove Ecosystems, (Ed.) M.Vannucci, International Society forMangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa (Japan),Technical Report, 5:

Chavan, V.S., T.G. Jagtap and A.G. Untawale.1999. Asia-Pacific mangrove informationnetwork (APMIN) : A conceptual model.,1-15.

Jagtap, T.G. and A.G. Untawale, 1999. Atollmangroves and associated flora fromRepublic of Maldives, Indian Ocean, 17-25.

Achuthankutty, C.T. and R.A. Sreepada, 1998.Brackish water shrimp farming : Possibleimpacts on estuarine ecosystems. In:Advances in Aquatic Biology andFisheries, Prof. N. Balakrishnan Nairfelicitation volume, (Ed.) P. Natarajan,University of Kerala, 175-189.

Achuthankutty, C.T., 1998. Sustainableshrimp farming in India - Prospects andchallenges. In: Technological Advance-ments in Fisheries. Proceedings of theNational Symposium on TechnologicalAdvancements in Fisheries and itsImpact on Rural Development held atKochi (Eds.) M.S. Hameed and B.M.Kurup. CUSAT, Kochi, 54-59.

Joseph, A., 1999. Modern techniques of sealevel measurement. In: Encyclopedia ofMicrocomputers, (Eds.) A. Kent and J.G.Williams, Marcel Dekker, New York,23(Suppl. 2): 319-344.

Nayak. M.R., A. Gouveia, G. Navelkar and K.Singh, 1999. Marine informationtechnology - Indian Ocean scenerio. In:Enabling Technology tor a SustainableEnvironment, Oceanology International99 - Pacific Rim, World Trade Centre,Singapore, 27-29 Apr 1999. SpearheadExhibitions, Surrey, UK, 383-388.

Pathak, M.C., V. Subrahmanyam, N.H.Hashimi, A.R. Gujar, R. Nigam and K.L.Kotnala, 1999. An assessment of seabedconditions for port development: A casestudy of Nagore, East coast of India. In:GEO shore, (Eds.) S.K. Singh and S.Lacasse, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi,359-364.

Pettigrew, T.J., J.K. Casey, D.J. Miller, K.Araki, R. Boissonnas, K. Busby, K Einaudi,M. Gerdom, Z.P. Guo, H. Hopkins, G.Myers, D.G. Rao, T. Shibata and P. Thy,1999). Leg 179 Summary. In: Proceed-ings of the Ocean Drilling Programme,Initial Reports, Volume 179. HammerDrilling and NERO covering Leg 179 ofthe cruises of the Drilling Vessel JOIDESResolution Atlantis Bank, Southwest IndianRidge (Ed.) J.M. Scroggs, ODP, TexasA&M Univ., USA, 1-26.

Tapaswi, M.P., I998. National InformationCentre for Marine Sciences (NICMAS) -An excellent source of information toraquaculturists. In: Proceedings of theWorkshop on Natl. Aquaculture Week,Vijayawada, Chennai, Mandapam Campand Tuticorin, India, Jan-Feb 1997, AFI,Chennai, India, 258-261.

Technical Reports

Tripathi, Sila and K.H. Vora. Exploration andexcavation of shipwrecks in Goa waters(NIO/TR-1/99)

Gopalakrishna, V.V., et.al. On line XBT dataquality control procedures (NIO/TR-2/99)

Sundaresh. Marine archaeological explora-tions off Dwarka and Betdwarka - PhaseII (NIO/TR-3/99)

Gopalakrishna, V.V. Monitoring of thermalstructure along Visakhapatnam Madras-Singapore shipping route (NIO/TR-4/99)

Gopalakrishna, V.V. XBT observations in theIndian Ocean under National TogaProgramme (along Madras-Port Blair-Calcutta) (NIO/TR-5/99)

Rao. M.M.M., et.al. Interpretation of gravityanomalies due to a fault structure by naturalgeneralised approval (NIO/TR-6/99)

Chatterji, Anil and A.C. Anil Evaluation ofIndian Horse-shoe crab for the presenceof antifouling compounds (NIO/TR-7/99)

Sanil Kumar, V. Directional wave modelling(NIO/TR-8/99)

Raghukumar, Lata and S. Raghukumar. Coraland seagrass mortality in reefs:microbial pathogens and environmentaldisturbances (NIO/TR-1/2000)

Sawkar. K. and A.G- Untawale. Rural develop-ment in Canacona (NIO/TR-2/2000)

Sponsored Project Reports

Fondekar, S.P. Evaluation of the oil spilldispersant spillcare-O (NIO/SP-8/99)

Prabhu Matondkar, S.G. Comprehensiveenvironmental impact assessment offixed jetty and jetty approach off Nagore,Tamil Nadu (NIO/SP-9/99)

Banakar, V.K., et al. Chemical analyses ofsediment and fish samples and texturalclassification of sediment from the areasaround offshore oil installations (NIO/SP-10/99)

Nampoothiri, G., et al. Calibration ofwave recording system transducers onboard FORV Sagar Sampada(NIO/SP-11/99)

Ansari, Z.A., et al. Comprehensive environ-mental impact assessment of marineactivities for the proposed fertilizer plantat Paradip, Orissa (NIO/SP-12/99)

Sarma, V.V., et al. Comprehensive EIA studieson effects of treated water from HaldiaRefinery on aquatic life and mangroves atriver Hooghly (NIO/SP-13/99)

Anand, N.M. & M.C. Pathak. Environmentalimpact assessment for the proposedrouting of naphtha pipeline at BaynaBeach, Vasco da Gama, Goa (NIO/SP-14/99)

Nair, K.K.C. Rapid marine environmentalimpact assessment of proposed marinefacilities for naphtha fired power stationat Kilarasadi, Tuticorin (NIO/SP-15/99)

De Souza, S.N., et al. Consultancy servicesfor disposal of treated sewage effluentsin the estuary of river Mandovi atCampal, Panaji (NIO/SP-16/99)

Singbal, S.Y.S., et al. Rapid marine environ-mental impact assessment for SPM/COTand sub-sea pipeline off Jhatipadar(NIO/SP-17/99)

Prabhu Matondkar, S.G., et al. Rapid EIA(marine & estuarine) and EMP (marine &estuarine) for 195 MW barge mountedpower plant at Mangalore, Karnataka(NIO/SP-18/99)

Desa, E.S., et al. Measurement of tides alSatpada and Senpatna in Chilka Lake(NIO/SP-19/99)

Ashok Kumar, K. Studies on directionalwaves off Kalpeni island (NIO/SP-20/99)

Sarkar, A. & M.S. Shailaja. Analysis of PCBSin environmental samples (NIO/SP-21/2000)

Ashok Kumar, K. et al. Studies on waves offMundra. (NIO/SP-22/99)

Rajagopal, M.D. et al. Marine environmentalimpact assessment for the proposedoffshore stockyard and berth (NIO/SP-24/99)

Naik, C.G. and Sundaresh. Srisailam Daminspection of plunge pool area byunderwater videography photography(NIO/SP-25/99)

Rajagopal, M.D. Report on geo-technicalbathymetry and water quality studies ofJatadharmohan creek, Paradip, Orissa(NIO/SP-26/99)

D'Silva, Classy. Evaluation of castrol oil spilldispersant (NIO/SP-1/2000)

Sarkar, Anupam and M.S. Shailaja. Analysisof PCBS in dry paints and engine oil(NIO/SP-Z'2000)

Desa. E., K.L. Kotnala, M.C. Pathak & N.H.Hashimi. Bathymetric and seabedsurveys off Mangalore (NIO/SP-3/2000)

Pathak, M.C. et al. Bathymetric and seabedsurvey for suggesting a suitablesubmarine pipeline adjacent to Tuticorin(NIO/SP-4/2000)

Banakar, V.K. Chemical analyses ofsediment and fish samples and texturalclassification of sediment collected fromthe areas around offshore oil installa-tions (NIO/SP-5/2000)

Rajagopal, M.D., et al. EIA for the proposeddredging of the outer channel of theChilka Lake (NIO/SP-6/2000)

Consultancy Reports

Ramprasad, T. Processing of existingregional seismic profiles of the continen-tal margins of India (NIO/CON-3/99)

Rajagopal, M.D. Dredging scheme forreclamation of the proposed refinery siteof IOCL, New Delhi (NIO/CON-4/99)

Nampoothiri, G., et al. Calibration of waverecording system transducers on boardORV Sagar Kanya (NIO/CON-1/2000)

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Composition of Councils

Research Council(Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2000)

Chairperson

Dr. A.E. MuthunayagamSecretaryDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentC.G.O. Complex, Lodi RoadNew Delhi-110 003

MembersShri B.S.J. SwamySr. Vice PresidentReliance Industries Ltd.Maker Chamber IVNirmal PointMumbai - 400 021

Dr. George JosephDirectorSpace Applications CentreJodhpur Tokra, SAC P.O.Ahmedabad - 380 053

Dr. Kuldeep ChandraDirectorKDM Institute for Petroleum Exploration9, ONGCDehradun-248 195

Director GeneralIndia Meteorological DepartmentMausam BhavanLodi RoadNew Delhi-110 003

Secretary/NomineeDepartment of EnvironmentParyavaran BhavanCGO ComplexLodi RoadNew Delhi -110 003

Dr. Harsh K. GuptaDirectorNational Geophysical Research InstituteUppal RoadHyderabad -500 007

Dr. S.A.H. AbidiDirectorCentral Institute of Fisheries EducationJaiprakash RoadVersova, Andheri (West)Mumbai - 400 061

Prof. K.S. ValdiyaJawaharlal Nehru Centre forAdvanced Scientific ResearchIndian Institute of Science CampusBangalore - 560 012

Dr. E. DesaDirector, NIO

Dr. Satish Shetye (Secretary)Scientist, NIO

Management Council(Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2000)

Chairperson

Dr. E. DesaDirector, NIO

Members

Dr. Venkata KrishnanScientistNational Chemical LaboratoryPune-411 008

Dr. R.P. BajpayeeScientistCentral Scientific Instruments OrganisationSector 30Chandigarh 160 020

Dr. S.Y.S. SingbalScientist, NIO, Goa

Dr. S.G. DalaiScientist, NIO

Dr. (Mrs.) Analia MesquitaScientist, NIO

Shri R. MadhanScientist, NIO

DG CSIR or his nominee

Shri M. KrishnaSr. F&AO, NIO

Shri K.G.K. Nair (Secretary)COA, NIO

Published by: Director, NIO, Goa Compilation, Layout & Production: Publication & Reprography SectionPrinted at: Vakil & Sons Ltd., MumbaiAcknowledgements: We Ehrlich Desa & S.R. Bhat are thankful to Drs. B. Nagender Nath, Sridhar Iyer, S. Raghukumar, S.W.A. Naqvi, M. Dileep Kumar, A.C. Anil,Elgar Desa, M.R. Ramesh Kumar, S.N. Poi Fondekar and Rajiv Nigam for all their help in preparation of this report. Thanks to S.P. Sharma, A.Y. Mahale &B.C. Ribeiro for editorial and DTP assistance.

annual report National Institute of Oceanography Goa, India

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Transcript of annual report National Institute of Oceanography Goa, India