Anna S O Hor Cu Ure - Forgotten Books

Anna S O Hor cu ure

IN NORTH AMER ICA

FO R TH E YE A R 1 8 8 9

A W I T N E S S O F P A S S I N G E VE N T S A N D A R ECO R D O F

P R OGR E S S

I H . BA I L E Y

COP YRIGHTED 1 889

N EW YORK

R U R A L P U B L I S H I N G C O M P A N Y

1 890

HORTlCULTURlST’

S

RULE-BOOK.

A compendium of useful information for FruitGrowers. T ruck-Gardeners , Florists and others .

Completed to the close of the year 1 889. Flexible

cloth, small xzmo, 236 pages . Price, 31 .

I t is just such a portable book as many racticaland ex erimental gardeners will want at d, tor

its con ensed informat ion on the multitude of subjects which are constant ly com ing b efore them .

JO H N J . T H OMAS .

We havenever seen in any simi lar treatisea collectton of facts so comprehensive, so Practical ly instructive, so conmsely and accurate y stated —E .

S . CARMAN.

I t. is difficult to conceive how a greater amount ofpractical , every-day information relating to fruitsand vegetables could be condensed into smallercompass than is contained in this manual .—F. M .

H EXAME R .

uonn cuu un t m ess or

J . non e" wru u uo, H ARMS OU RG, P A .

P REFACE.

A series of A nnals of Horticulture, Of which the present

volume is the initial, is projected for the purpose of preserving in convenient form a record and epitome of yearly progress in horticulture. Our horticultural interests are becoming so various and extensive, and records of them are so

widely scattered , that such compendiums are a necessity ; andsummaries of the most important d iscoveries and d iscussions

must have a d irect and immed iate practical use, whol ly as idefrom their values as history.

A leading feature of the series must necessarily be complete records of the introduction of horticultural plants ; andthe author desires that these volumes shall comprise the standard publication of new varieties . So far as record is concerned

these publications can serve the purpose of the certificates issued for new varieties by the R oyal Horticultural Society inE ngland , and by sim ilar organizations in other countries and

to this end, all North American originators and introducersare solicited to make records Of their novelties and introduct ions . I t certainly requires no argument to convince bothdealer and purchaser that all interests will be greatly subservedby such annual records .Complete lists of all the varieties of fruits, kitchen garden

vegetables and ornamentals now cu ltivated in North America ,are needed . Such lists are indispensable to an understanding

of the present condition of our horticulture, and they become

VARD UN IVERS ITY HERBARI UM

TH E GI FT OF

4 A nnals of H orticul ture.

CH A P TE R 1 1 12—0 R N AME N T A L S : Chrysanthemums , continued .

3 . Chrysanthemum S hows of 1 889 . By John T horpe .

§ 4 . S ome of the N ew Chrysanthemums . By johnT horpe.

5 . Chrysanthemum s of 1 889 . By H . P . Walcott .3. R oses . By E . G . H I I I

CH A PTE R I V .

P LANT D I SEA SE S A N D1 . Vegetable2 . E conomic E ntomologyA rsen ites for the P lum Curculio .

D esirability of L aws to Control Insect R avagesand P lant

CH A P T E R V .

N AT IONAL A N D E DUCAT IONAL I NTERE STS .

H. orticu ltural Work of the National D epartment

On ricu lture .

2 . H orticultural Work Of the Experiment Stat ions .

3. Irregu larit ies in Weights and Measures

4 . The National Flower D iscussion5 . M issouri Botan ic Gardens .

CH A PTE R V I .

CONVENT ION S OF N AT IONAL S OC IET IES P ERTA IN ING TOH ORT ICULTURE FO R T H E YEAR 1 889

1 . A merican P omological Society2 . Society Of A merican Florists3. American A ssociation Of Nurserymen .

4 . A ssociation Of American Cemetery Superintend

ents

5 . The Northwestern Cider and Vinegar-Makers ’

6. American Seed T rade A ssoc iat ion .

Contents . 5

P A R T [l — Specz'

al A nnals .

CHA PTE R VI I .

A NNALS OF P LANTS 96

1 . Introductions Of 1 889 96

2 . Catalogue Of American Kitchen Garden Vegetables 1 06

3. P lant Portraits Of 1 4 1

CH A P T E R V 1 11 .

D IRECTORIE S1 . D irectory Of the National, State, Provincial and

other Most Important H orticultural Societiesin North America

2 . L ist of Horticulturists , or Horticulturists and

Botanists , of E xperiment Stat ions in NorthAmerica

3 . The Botan ic Gardens Of theWorld.

4 . Some American Seedsmen and NurserymenCHA P TE R IX.

T OOLS A N D CONVEN IENCES OF T H E YEAR

CHA P TE R X.

R ECENT H ORT ICULTURAL L ITERATURE1 . R egister Of E xperimental Horticulture

g 1 . T itle I ndex.

2 . S ubject I ndex .

2 . Books of 1 889

3 . Horticultural Periodicals Of the World

CHA P T E R X I .

N E CROLOGY OF


CHA P TE R X I I .

H ORTICULTURE I N OTHER L AND S. Horticu lture I n Paraguay . .BV D r. Thomas Mor

2 . T rees and Fru its of the “ P alm H ills Of India.

By R ev . S . B . FairbankIndex

R T I CU L T U R E may be divided into four

general subjects : Pomology, O lericul

ture, Floricu lture and L andscape Horticu lture. Pomology considers the scienceand culture of fru its, O lericu lture has todo with vegetable gardening, floriculture

grows herbaceous or various small plants for their individualmerits as objects of ornament , while landscape hort icultureshapes and applies the conceptionS

‘

of landscape gardeningand is well n igh inseparable from it . E ach of these subjectsmay be again divided into many divisions, any one Of which

is large enough to absorb the thought and practice Of a lifet ime. There are perhaps no branches of business which inolude S O many diverse subjects and practices as horticulture.

E ven agriculture or general farming, in the restricted sense

in which we now u se these terms , is much less various in itsconstitution than this . The breeds and fam ilies Of domesticanimals are many t imes outnumbered by the species Of plantswhich fall to the domain of hort icu lture, While all the practices of general agriculture are much fewer and mostly lessvarious than those required of the horticulturist .Horticulture considers an immense range Of industry and

appeals to widely diverse motives and emotions . In par

t icu lar, it appeals strongly to all the finer instincts , de

manding a h igh appreciation of expression in nature, and

inspiring an elevated feeling for works of art . It is

also a vocation of specializations . Particular and explicitknowledge is nowhere more needed than here ; and watch


fulness Of every detail in a mu ltitude Of plants and endeavors

is essent ial to success . S O it comes that horticu lturists are

usually good Ob servers . In fact, in the finer branches, goodObservation is the chief requirement and the most important

stock in trade. A s horticu lture appeals to the emotions as

wel l'

as to the sim ple requirements Of existence, it follows thatit becomes a most fitting vocation for a full and happy life.

A ll th is demands a cu lture in the individual, and a keenness Ofperception which few occupations require ; for occupations

are rare in which high emotion is necesssary to the conduct

of their elementary principles . A ll the beau ty and variety Of

contiguous nature and the most interest ing types Of the

vegetation of the world , become plastic materials in the hands

Of the cultivator . I t is but a step from all this material formand color into that larger realm wh ich composes landscapesand paints imaginations, a step so small that hort iculture allbut passes into fine art .

Unhappily,there are comparatively few horticulturists who

possess the delicacy Of feeling necessary to the full enjoyment

Of the art, and there are perhaps fewer still who have the

special knowledge necessary to the largest material success .

There are few , even , who know the scope of horticulture.

Pomology and floricu l ture are so widely separate in the mindsOf most cultivators that no affinities are seen between them .

The horticu lturist must possess both narrowness Of application and breadth Of view . H e not only needs books , but hemust have them . TO read and to digest his thoughts must be

come a part Of his business rather than wholly his pleasure.

P A R T I .

CHAP TER I .

Y IE LD S A N D P R ICE S OF 1 889 .

In general, fru it crops have been under the average, andprices have ru led good to high . The causes Of the light cropsare difiicu l t to determine. The failure in the apple crop inmany parts Of the country is largely if not ent irely the resultO f very heavy crops last year . Cold weather, yellows andinsects have lessened the peach crop . Continued cold and wetweather in most parts of the east has seriously interfered withmany fru its and vegetables . In a large part Of the M ississippiV alley and westward to the mountains there has been verydry weather , and in many regions drought has been excessive.

Very dry weather early in the season lessened product ion insom e parts Of the south . L ate rains have injured the raisin ,grape and other crops Of Californ ia .

T/ze apple crop has been light , as a Whole. The large applegrowing districts of N ew York produced almost nothing formarket , and all through N ew E ngland the product ion was

very sm all . In Illinois the crop was light to fair . M ichigan , onthe contrary, produced an enorm ous crop , it being estimatedat a million barrels

,probably half Of the entire crop Of the

Un ited States . M issouri and Kansas also gave fair crops .

T he western crop is in less dem and for exportat ion than the

eastern , and as a consequence E uropean shipments have beencomparat ively small , and prices have ru led h igh . The totalexportations from North American ports for the week ending

A—I

1 0 A nnals of H orticul ture.

November 3oth were barrels, against for the

corresponding week in 1 888 . This may be considered anaverage measure of the extent of foreign shipment this yearas compared with last . The apple crop of E urope was light

,

on the whole. E ngland had a small crop,Scot land fair

,

France and Belgium very poor, Holland small , Germany fairto good . D enmark has had a large and fine crop

,how

ever, and the fru it has come into direct compet ition with theAmerican product . Northern Spain has also put considerablefruit upon the E nglish market , for the first time in the historyof active American exportation .

Tasman ia is now sending apples to the E nglish markets .

The first shipments from Tasman ia to L ondon were madeabou t three years ago . They come On the market after theshipments from North America and E urope have ceased

,and

therefore command good prices . They closely resembleAmerican apples in color and general appearance. Thesesouthern fruits cannot compete with the American product .however

,as they arrive out of season and the price paid for

American apples would not be remunerative to Tasmaniangrowers . The long distance through which they must betransported demands thorough packing . They arrive in

crates holding about 40 pounds of fruit .P eac/zes were generally a light crop in the eastern United

States . The orchards on the D elaware and Chesapeakepeninsula produced less than half a full crop , and probablyless than two-thirds an average crop . The larger yields werein the lower two-thirds of the peninsula . In the northerncounties hundreds of orchards gave no crop ; a few yieldedsparingly and a very few produced a nearly full crop on some

varieties . Prices on the peninsula have ruled high . A longthe railroad in D elaware the best yellow fruit sold for $ 1 to

per basket of five-eighths bushel . A poor quality of

white fru it brought from 40 to 60 cents , and the best whitefruit sold as high as 90 cents and $ 1 . The M ichigan cropwas light but fine . The center of peach growing in the

famous M ichigan fruit belt lies in A llegan county, but the cropthere was exceedingly light , while in Berrien county, at thesouthern lim it of the peach growing district , the crop was

fair . In Southern I llinois the crop was poor, owing, in largemeasure, to the depredations of insects . Through the south

Yields and P rices of 1 889 . 1 1

an average crop was Obtained . In Georgia, however, thecrop was probably the best ever grown . But the crop is

usually neglected in the south , and it does not attain the im

portance that it might in northern markets . The peach interests of the east are suffering seriously from the yellows . InD elaware, for instance, the capac ity is scarcely more than athird as great as ten or even fewer years ago . The M ichigangrowers have fought the disease vigorously and are sufferingl ittle.

Grapes were fair to good in N ew York , a failure in the fru itregion of M ichigan, and the N ew Jersey, D elaware, andSouthern I llinois crops were much injured by rot .me F lorida orange crop is considerably below that of 1 888 ,

owing to the very dry weather of A pril and May . The outputthis year will probably not exceed boxes , while thecrop of last year was about boxes . This reductionmeans more than a shortage of boxes, for more treesare coming into bearing each year . The crop will probablybring remunerative prices to growers , and yet it is largeenough to supply the market at reasonable figures .

Berries have been a good crop generally . In M ichigan ,

Southern I llinois , and throughout the south the yields werefu lly average to large. Berries are yearly becom ing more important in the southern states .

S trawoerries have been a heavy crop , but the quality, part icularly in the east , has been poor, owing to the cold and wetweather . Most of the large markets were glutted in the

height of the season . Yet , on the whole, prices have averaged fair to good . The strawberry market season is constantly lengthening . The N ew York season now extends overabout four months . I t Opens late in February or early inMarch with the Florida berries , closing about the first weekin July with consignments from Central and Northern N ew

York . Berries from the vicinity of Charleston arrive abouttwo weeks after the Florida crop , and Jersey berries come inabout June first .Cranoerries have been a very light crop in N ew Jersey and

the west . In N ew E ngland the crop has been fair to good .

The poor crop in the west and the comparative scarcity of

apples have made a brisk demand for cranberries . The

American Cranberry Growers ’ A ssociation state that the N ew

1 2 A nnals of H orticulture .

E ngland crop is 22% per cent . short, the western crops 37%

per cent . short, while the shortage of the N ew Jersey cropamounts to 40 per cent . L ate advices report the Cape Codcrop to be large. A disastrous hail storm in Ju ly is estimatedto have destroyed barrels of growing fruit , and to haveseriously injured the vines . The fire-worm also wrought muchdamage.

Cal ifornia — The fru it product in California has been good ,on the whole. The total value of the fruit crops of the statehas been estimated at exceeding the estimate for1 888 . The orange crop is estimat ed at boxes .

T he raisin crop in California was seriously injured by laterains, and much of the crop will be thrown into the poorgrades . The total shipments of Californ i a fruits, dried,c anned and green, for the first ten months of 1 889 were

pounds, against pounds in 1 888 ,and pounds in 1 887 . Messrs . Schacht

, L emckeSteiner, of San Francisco, make the following estimates

of the total dried fruit output of California in 1 889 R aisins ,pounds, of which pounds are packed

in boxes ; prunes, pounds of French and 200,

000 pounds of German and H ungarian ; apricots ,000 pounds ; sun-dried peaches, pounds ; bleachedpeeled and unpeeled peaches , pounds nectarines ,

pounds pitted plums, pounds apples 400 ,

000 pounds evaporated and sun-dried peas ,pounds . The 1 889 raisin crop is estimated to fillboxes had the weather been favorable, the crop wou ld probably have reached boxes .

Vegetable crops, in general , have been good , with prices better than last year . The watermelon crop of the south hasbeen large. The importation of cabbages has been large

,a

single steamer arriving from Copenhagen early in 1 890 with acargo of packages .

P otatoes have been a very poor and light crop throughoutthe east , owing to damage by rot . In many large potatogrowing regions the crop which is fit to store is not sufficientto supply the local demand . The crop in some parts ofthe west has been large, however . I t was light in Califormia . A dvices from E ngland and Scotland report full andsound crops , and importations will probably be great , yet

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trees come into bearing, very perfect methods of distribut

ing the product must be devised , particularly as the Califo rn iagroves are placing large quant ities upon the market . The

Florida Fru it E xchange dec ided that all oranges should besold at auction this year, rather than by the customary comm ission method . A ll sales are to be made in Jacksonville,N ew York , Boston , Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago , Cincinnati , St . L ouis and N ew O rleans . This means that shipmentsare to be consigned to a few points , rather than scattered overthe country as heretofore. The exchange has probably handled two-thirds Of the Florida crop this year .

A Florida O range Combine ”was formed in N ew York

early in September, to which “ all responsible and reputable houses in the trade shall be eligible, ” all “ Florida or

ange growers to be adm itted free of any dues . The objectsought by this association has been a subject of considerablediscussion , and an excerpt from the constitut ion is thereforeinserted “ The object of this association shall be to preventconsignments of Florida oranges, by concentration of the sameat some central point or points , viz . : Jacksonville or Cainsville, or wherever it may be found most pract icable to do so,

and we hereby pledge ourselves to establish a buyer in Floridaat such pointand buy all the oranges our sect ion may demand ,in honest rivalry with other sections of the Un ited States ,thus fixing a uniform price for all grades throughout the trade.

While we pledge ourselves to buy, in Florida , along withothers , that port ion of the crop which will supply our section ,we expect the Florida grower to cease consignment of his

fru it , unless the same is consigned to a member of this organization , as it is apparent to any fair-minded man that one couldnot safely purchase and sell against commission fru it . We,

therefore, pledge ourselves not to buy fru it of any m an or setof men engaged in consigning any portion of his or theircrop , except as stated above. This association will establish auniform grade, and at all times get the best possible information for the

. use of growers on picking, carrying and packing ,and improve the transportation in every possible way by inducing the different lines to use the most improved cars , andwhen possible put on special orange trains runn ing on fasttime, and provide a uniform system of marketing the entirecrop by auct ion , and in every way make the interest of the

P r ices and Yields of 1 889 . 1 5

grower identical with our own . This shall in no way affectany arrangements previously made between members andgrowers .

”

The orange industry is increasing with great rapid ity inNorth America . Florida and Californ ia are the leading compet itors at present , but it appears as if Mexico will soon produce large and fine crops . The em igration to Mexico of

thrifty Americans has been large during the past few years ,and it is from this populat ion that we are to expect greatestimportations .

CHAPTER I I .

FR U IT INT E R E ST S .

1 . Trees and Shrubs for at Coc N orth .

§ 1 . FOR T H E P RA IR IE STATES .

There is much agitation concern ing the merits of particularfruits and ornamentals for the cold prairie states, where the

greatest hardiness is requ ired . There are two lines of effortfor the product ion of varieties suited to this region ,— the im

portation of variet ies from R ussia, with a few from the northernChinese region , and the originat ion of hardier sorts directlyfrom our American stock . It is no doubt true that the ultimateprogress will come as the result of both these endeavors ; andthe present unsettled condition of affairs must in the end be

productive of good , wholly aside from matters of present variet ies , as it spreads and popularizes an agitation for the commongood . The mass of foreign variet ies which have been thrownupon the country has led,

in the present eagerness of the publicmind and in the absence of comprehensive tests , to great confusion and often to premature denunciation of the whole project . In order to aid in simplifying this confusion of variet ies ,I have invited P rofesssor Budd , of the Iowa A gricultural College, who is particularly conspicuous in the introduct ion of

plants for Iowa and adjoining states, to prepare lists of thevarieties which at present appear to possess greatest merit .These are plants “ which are doing well over a large part ofthe northwest . ”

Fruit I nterests .

Apples for P rair ie S tates

R ed A strachan , 1 Col l .* T h is is notordinary R ed A strachan . T he treeis hardier and fruit less acid and

not so high ly colored .

Noble R edstreak , 6 1 Dept .L ongfield, 1 6 1 Dept . , 57 M .

Sweet S tripe,1 96 Col l .

R ecumbent , 240 Col l .Borovinka, 245 Col l .A rabka, 257 Col l . , 1 55 M .

Winter S tripe, 260 Co l l . , 33 M .

R osy A port , 269 Dept .L ead , 277 Coll . , 3 and 9 2 M . , 40

Fischer.

Veronesh R einette, 282 Dept .Swi tzer, 304 Dept .R ed Queen , 3 1 6 Dept .Yel low T ransparent , 334 Dept .T haler, 342 Dept . , 1 47 M .

Kibernal , 378 Dept .R epka Malenka,

°

4 1 8 Dept .Cross , 4 1 3 Col l .L ubsk R einet te, 444 Col l .Kiev R einette, 447 Col l .Beaut ifu l A rcad, 453 Dept .R epka Kislaja , 466 Dept .Zusofi

’

s Winter, 585 Dept .R omna , 599 Dept . , 1 1 M .

GoldenWh i te.

P l ikanofi’, 980 Dept .

Veronesh R ed , 1 277 C011 . H as

proved a fine w inter apple in

S outhern I owa .

O strokofi’

s Glass , 4 M .

R oyal Table, 5 M .

P ears for P rairie S tates

Bessem ianka .

L imber Twig .

Gakovska .

A u tumn Bergamot .Kurskaya .

Victorina .

Early Bergamot

‘Notes are here made upon two im rtations from Russia, one an im ortation made in1 878 by the I owa Agricultural College, s ignated by CoI I . , the other the epartment of Agriculture importatI On of 1 870 , recorded in the above as D ept. M refers to introductionsfrom Moscow . T he Fischer numbers were obtained from Veronesh ,

Russia.

Engl ish Borovinka, 9 M .

Blushed Calvi l le,22 M .

S kisch A pple, 1 5 M .

U kraine, 1 0 M .

L arge Anis , 27 M .

R epka A port , 1 37 M .

Kursk R einette, 20 M .

B irth , 1 6 1 M .

S krisch Sweet , 8 M .

S andy Glass , 24 M .

Marmalade, 1 44 M .

S i lken , 75 and 1 04 M .

Gravensteiner, 1 35 M .

Breskovka, 1 52 M .

A port , 23 M .

Grandmother, 6 M .

Vargu l , 1 6 M .

Vargulek , 1 2 M . , 55 Fischer .

Good Peasant , 3 1 M .

Karabovka, 2 1 M . , 1 4 Fischer .

Green Sweet , 2 Fischer .

Antonovka , 8 Fischer .

A utumn A port , 4 1 Fischer .

Golden R einette, 5 1 Fischer .

B lackwood , 58 Fischer .

R osovka, 52 Fischer .

Veronesh A rabka, 94 Fischer .

Win ter Citron .

Bogdanofi’.

Crimea (Bogdanofi) .S hepherd .

PersianS tek l ianka

Zweibel Borsdorf.

Boiken .

1 8 A nnals of H orticulture.

P lums for P rairie S tatesWhite O tschakofi .

Yellow , 43 F ischer .

Yel low A ubert .R ed A ubert .

A l l the above plums are of foreign origin . Concerning thenative plums, Professor Budd writes as follows in the P rairieFarmer of Nov . 23d, giving also some notes on foreign varieties

T he recent trying winters and summers have given us much valuableexperience with the plum . O f the native varieties of the Americanaspec ies , D e S oto , Wolf, Cheney , R ol l ingstone and Wyant have given the

best satisfaction of those long on trial . A l l of these have proved regu larand bountifu l bearers of real ly good fruit , and the curculio rarely th ins thecrop of perfect specimens below the profi table standpoint . I n size and

qual i ty the D e S oto , Wyant and Cheney we place in the front l ist . “

For

dessert use theWyant is a fair substitute for the peach , when used uncookedwith cream and sugar, with the pi t and skin removed .

O f the Chickasaw species , the Maquoketa, Forest Rose, and P ottawat

tom ie have proved hardiest in tree, the most regular in bearing , and the

best in quality . Of thenative p lums cooked at the station , las t season , thesewere pronounced better than any of the Americana varieties , by a majorityof testers .

O f the European species the variety long cu l tivated in this country thathas stood best , and borne the most regular crops of good fru i t , is the R ichland , which is now receiving much attention in parts of I ndiana , I l linoisand I owa .

O f the varieties first introduced by the I owa A gricu l tural Col lege fromEast Europe, the Early R ed, B lack Prune,

Moldavka, Hungarian , Yel lowA ubert , and White O tschakofi , have been most favorably reported . Of

th is list , the Early R ed, Moldavka and Yel low A ubert have been m ostw idely fru ited, and as yet have been m ost favorably reported over a greatpart of the prairie states , and east of the A tlantic.

“WS uch varieties as Green Gage, McL aughlin , L awrence, Jefferson , I m

perial Gage, Prince’

s Yel low Gage, Sm ith ’s Orleans, Reine Claude Bavay .Bradshaw , and others , are found to be tender in tree, imperfect in fol iage,

tender in fruit-bud, and worth less for general planting , or even trial byamateurs in the northwest . "

C/zerries for Soutlzern I owa

A bbesse de O ignies . Gros Gobet .R ed O ranien. R ed Muscatel ler .

Amarel le Bunt . Double Glass .

Duchesse de Angouleme. Vilne Sweet .

Cherries for Central and N orthern I owa

S pate Amarel le. Gros L ang L oth .

Schattan Amarel le. King's Amarel le.

Fruit I nterests . 1 9

C/zerries for Central and N orthern I owa— ( cont inued )Amarel le Bouquet . L ithaurWeichsel .Ostheim . Griotte du Nord .

Shubianca. Juniat Amarel le.

Doppelte Natte. Heart-shaped Weichsel .Griotte I mperial . George Glass .

Brusseler Braune. Orel .L utovka . 23 O rel .Bessarabian . 24 O rel .Sk lanka . 25 Orel .Frauendorfer Weichsel . 26 O rel .S traus Weichsel . 27 O rel .

P eaches-w

Some of the Chinese variet ies have fru ited and they are

very prom i smg.

ApricotT he Shense (A cme Of Nebraska) , from Northern China , is

the best .Ornamentals

P opu lus Bol leana .

S . Baby lonica ,from Central R ussia .

S . N apoleonis .

S . aurea ,

S keplzera’ia argentea , nat ive.

E la'agnus angusttfol ia .

E l ceagnus macrop/iy l la .

Betu la a loa .

A lnus incana, nat ive.

H ippop/za'angustzfol ia .

H a l imodendron argenteum .

§ 2 . FOR T H E NORTHEA ST .

There are considerable areas in the northern portionsof our eastern states where hort iculture would thrive bu t

for the extreme winters , and the remark will apply to largeparts of Ontario , Quebec and other eastern provinces . Inthese regions , the western agitat ion concerning iron-cladshas part icular value ; yet hum idity of atmosphere, soiland other conditions , are so different in the two regionsthat each sect ion must in a large measure discover methods and varieties for itself. Mr . Charles Gibb, Of Quebec, and D r. T . H . Hoskins

,of Northern Vermont , are known

as the leading promoters of a better horticu lture in the cold

V iburnum L antana .

P /zi ladelpl ms scabra .

Berber is A murensis .

P runus tri loba .

R osa rugosa .

Spirreas , particularly tri looa,Van

H outtei,D ouglasii and N obleana .

Tamar ix A murenszs .

Hydrangea panicu lata .

L igustrunz vu lgare, from Poland andCentral R ussia .

L onicera Tartarica .

20 A nnals of H orticulture.

regions of the St . L awrence basin . D r. H oskins makes thefollowing list , for this occasion , of the fru its which have provedmost reliable for the region of L ake Memphremagog

Yel low T ransparent . A lexander.

Peach of Montreal . A ntonovka .

T etofsky . McI ntosh R ed .

O ldenburgh . L ongfield .

Shiawassee. S cott ’s Winter .

Wealthy . Bethel of Vermont .

None yet except the Bessem ianka. Probably several other R ussians wi l lprove valuable.

Clzerr ies

Griotte du Nord . O stheim Weichsel , and probably a

Brown Brussels . dozen m ore kinds from North Germany and R ussia.

Moore’

s A rctic .A ugust R ed, and probably other R uss ians .

Grape growing is practiced to a large extent in some partsof our northern borders . D r. H oskins makes the followingstatements concerning this grape industry °

Very few of the fruit growers in the Midd le S tates are aware of the

progress of grape growing in Canada and along our northern border, inN ew York and N ew England . T here are some favored local ities along theborder— as Mr . Jack ’s , Chateauguay Basin , P . Q . ,

— where even the Concordand the N iagara prove a commercial success but as a ru le, the Concord istoo late, and even theWorden is uncertain . I have been growing grapes onL ake Memphremagog for now nearly 25 years with success , yet the localityis not so favorable as on L ake Cham plain and the S t . L awrence river . Evenon the O ttawa, grape cu l ture is proving pecuniari ly profi table. T here isnoth ing whatever in the way of th is crop except the shortness of the sea

son , and as we are getting earl ier varieties constantly , th is is not insuperab le. T he T alman is sure in the worst seasons , and though too poor, yet itfinds a ready sale at a fair price . The Delaware, Adirondac, Moore’

s Early ,Brighton , Salem , Hartford , E umelan and I srael la , al l succeed wel l , and thenew Green Mountain seems l ikely to prove a first-rate early wh ite grape.

I t does not appear improbable,in view of these facts , that lower Canada and

northern N ew England shal l eventual ly be able to supp ly its own marketswith a sufficiency of home-grown grapes .


P een-to . It is of medium size, slightly long in shape, havinga small suture, and short recurved point . In color it is a richwax , or cream , slightly t inged with red on one side juicy, ofmost delic ious flavor, being free from the noyeau found I n the

P een-to , and parts fairly well from the seed . The tree is a

vigorous grower and heavy bearer . This is being largelyplanted .

l ite A driatic Fig. Th is was introduced into the ex

treme sou th scarcely four years ago and has proved its adaptability to the various soils and climate of the Gu lf coast . InSouthern Florida, where the tropical rainy season is felt themost , the fruit cannot profitably be grown for drying , butabove this section the tree promises well for either drying orsh ipping to market ,

in a fresh state, in much the same way as

strawberries .

San P edro fig, with all its good recommendations fromCalifornia, has not yet done at all as well in Florida as the former. The tree grows thriftily, but when half grown the youngfigs drop . A s yet no cause can be found for this unfortunatehabit .Ferenze fig has grown well for two seasons , but has not yet

fruited to any amount . It is said to be excellent for drying .

O riental plums are all doing remarkably well over the

whole south . In extreme Southern Florida only isolatedspecimens amount to anything, and these have extra care andattention . A lthough Of such undoubted merit , the Kelseydoes not bring remunerat ive prices , as it is shipped duringthe summer months when other plums and choice fru its are inabundance farther north .

In oranges there are some improvements . R ev . L ymanPhelps , of Sanford , Florida , has , by crossing originated anew one called the “ Jaffa Blood . This was produced bydirect pollination , and the resu lt is a terminal bud sportfrom the Jaffa orange. Mr . E . H . H art , Federal Point ,Florida , has grown V illa Franca lemon with the characters ofthe Navel orange. By simply inserting buds of a Navel inthe forks of a lemon tree, direct pollination was secured, andresulted in lemons having navels, with the shape of the orange .

Of course this is only a curiosity, but it serves to illus tratewhatmay be done in pollination Of citrus fruits .

Musa paradisiaca var iegata has fruited the fruit resembles

Fruit I nterests. 23

closely the ordinary plantain , but is striped lengthwise withwhite. We find the L arge Fig banana a most excellent sort .In flavor it is between a H art ’ s Cho ice and Dwarf (Cavendish) ,but more closely resembles the latter . The plant is very prol ific and fruits as quickly after planting as does Hart ’ s Choice.

Musa E nsete, the ornamental banana, does not succeed in

Southern Florida . The soil is too thin and light . I t needsrank manuring and plenty of water .

P sidiunz Guineense, the Guinea guava, has fruited for thefirst time in Florida . The fru it is pear-shaped , with a veryrich flavor ; a novice with guavas would not eat many. The

Cattley guava and the Chinese or Yellow guava still continuepopular . They will grow in any soil , and while growingvigorously, bear enormously . The fruit does not make as

good jelly nor as much of it, as variet ies of our common

guava ( P . guaiaoa) , and many are disappointed in this respect .I t can , however , be canned and preserved in other ways, being excellent when cooked .

Solarium Guatemalense, the widely advert ised melon-pear ormelon-shrub, produces well when manured heavily and wateredexcessively .

A new pomegranate called “ P urple-seeded is advertisedfrom Northern Florida . The proprietor advances many goodqualities for it . I t is not disseminated widely yet, even fortrial . The introduced varieties from California Papershell, Hermosillo and Spanish R uby— have been planted cons iderably along the Gulf, but no mention of them is made inthe horticultural papers . The fruit of each sort is exceedingly delicious and trees bear well if properly cared for.

The kaki or Japan persimmon finds greater favor every year ,and much credit is due Mr . Van D eman for his painstakingcare in assorting the many names and bringing order out of

chaos . The growers responded liberally in sending specimens of fruit to him for examination and comparison , andsoon we may see advert ised strictly correctly named trees .

The olive is coming rapidly into demand . Young trees ofa variety of sorts , but chiefly P icholine, are bearing in variousplaces . The soil and climate are suited for this tree over thegreater portion of Florida and the region bordering closely onthe Gulf westward .

L eConte and Keiffer pears are growing and bearing in the

A nnals of H orticulture.

L ake region of Florida . There is reported blight on the

L eConte in Southern Georgia, but nothing definite is knownabou t it yet

N iagara grapes are being almost exclusively planted in

p lace of others this year . The success of this grape in

O rlando , especially, has created a widespread interest overthe rest of Southern Florida . O ther grapes of betterquality even are not being planted except by the “ carefulfew.

” Whether the Niagara business will be overdone is amooted question .

Much has been said and written about fibre plants this yearand S isal hemp in particular , but no one has taken hold of the

industry on a commercial scale as yet . There is no reasonwhy Florida cannot produce at least a part of the cordagenecessary for use in the United States, and at a good profit .The casava (Manilzot aipi) is now cu ltivated extensively

over the south . This produces immense crops of roots whichare available as food for m an and for all our domestic animals .

P ropagation is carried on by cutt ing up' ripened stalks in the

way sugar cane is planted . These are kept over winter in adry situation , oor “ hilled up in dry sand .

Jamaica Indian sorrel (H ibiscus Sabdarzf a) is now plantedcommonly over Southern Florida . This forms large bushes

,

sometimes ten feet high , with a blossom at every leaf. The

red fleshy calyx is stewed , and tastes very like cranberries . A

fine jelly is made also . The R oselle hemp is obtained fromthe branches by decort ication .

The McN eil l pea, a cow pea of recent origin , is attractingattention in Northern Florida . It is very prolific

,and first

rate for the table, besides furnishing heavy feed for stock .

P ennisetunz sp . from India , a fodder grass of the greatestv igor, since its introduct ion to Florida has grown remarkably .

T he seeds sown in May produce rich grass which can be cut

when two and a-half feet high four or five t imes by the last OfO ctober . If the seed is left uncut on the grass t ill dead-ripe,enough falls off to seed the ground for next season . This isadapted to dry soils and is superior to anything yet tried .

Fruit I nterests .

25

§ a. N OTE S ON FLORIDA PEA CH E S . RV c. L . TABE R , GL E N sr .

MA RY , FLORIDA .

Amongst the new fruits adapted to the south I know ofnothing that promises better than the A ngel Peach ,wh ich I have first placed

.

upon the market for this winter ’ strade. My attention was first called to th is peach a

o

l ittle

over one year ago, and after investigating its mer i ts I

promptly bought the original orchard tree, paying a large sum

for it . The A ngel is a seedling from the Peen-to , originated nearWaldo , in this state, and retains all the vigor , productivenessand adaptab ility of the parent Peen-to . Some of the important characteristics of this valuable variety are as follows, vizFirst. T he A ngel is an early peach , and a perfect freestoneSecond . I t is of perfect shape— almost exactly round .

Third . It i s a very large peach , of high color, and exceedingly h andsome.

Fou rth. I t comes into bearing very early, and is exceedinglyp rolific.

F ifth . I t is entirely devoid of the noyeau flavor, characteris

t ic of the P een-to and some of its seedlings . The flesh is"

white, melting and ju icy ; a delicious, rich , sub-acid Of ex:

qu isite flavor .S ix th . T he A ngel blooms a full month later than the

P een-to , thus avoiding frosts that would prove destructive tothe P een-to and admitting of the A ngel being grown muchfarther north than that variety ; at the same time there is no

quest ion as to its equal adaptability to the extreme south, witheither the P een-to itself or any other of its numerous seedl ings .

D uring the past seven years I have tested upward of onehundred and twenty-five variet ies of peaches in my own or

chards and have made several introductions of new varieties ofunusual merit for the extreme south . I am offering several newvarieties this year in addition to the A ngel but cons ider thisvariety t he best of any of the new introductions . Two othervarieties are, however, worthy of special notice, viz : The

Laura, a very large, round , early clingstone which originatedfrom the P een-to , and the Imperial , a large, oblong, earlyfreestone which originated from the H oney .

I am also offering, for the first time, the new apri


cot Santa Fe, which originated on the shore of L akeSanta Fe in this state, and from which it is named . I t is aremarkably early variety, ripen ing the last of May, and for

the past five years the original tree has not m issed a crop,

while the majority of the variet ies of apricots are extremelyuncertain in this state. The Santa Fe is a very fine

variety and its reliability makes it doubly valuable here.

3 . Tendencies in Cal iforn ia H orticulture.

One of the m ost remarkable developments of American horticu lture in the last few years has been the growth of the driedand canned fru it industries of California . California horticulture is developing in every direct ion with wonderfu l rapidity,and it is d ifficult to signalize any branch of it for particulard iscussion in an annals of current progress ; yet its most conspicuous feature at the present time appears to be the tendency and determination to drive all foreign preserved fruitproducts from American markets . This has been most markedin raisins . T he raisin output has increased from 20

pound boxes I n 1 873 to boxes in 1 888 . The productshave m et with good demand in the east , and they are evennow finding lucrat ive markets in the old world . So briskhas been the compet ition , that Spanish or Malaga raisins areeach year decreasing in quant ity in our markets . In 1 882

nearly boxes of Malaga raisins , out of a total cropof boxes , were marketed in the United States, whilein 1 888 , only boxes , out of a total crop of

boxes , came to this country . The United States Consul atMalaga hears a pred iction in Malaga itself that Californ iarais ins will soon largely supply the markets of Spain " It iscertain ly evident that American markets will soon be suppliedentirely with the American product . I t is said that the ad

vantage of Californ ia rais ins over Span ish is that they do notcandy ” so soon , and can be kept longer.

P runes from Cal ifornia are competing sharply for control ofAmerican markets . Fig cu lture is also attracting great at

tention ,and dates are among the possibilit ies . The follow

ing com prehensive report upon figs by a comm ittee of the

California State H orticultural Soc iety presents the latest andbest compendium of the fig industry

Fruit I nterests . 27

Your comm ittee* on“ T he Fig , after devoting cofisiderab le time and

labor to carefu l ly exam ining very m any varieties grown and cured in th i sS tate, and comparing them with the imported Smyrna , or Fig of Com

m erce, respectfu l ly report that we have arrived at the fo l lowing conc luS ionsFirst— T hat the true type Sm yrna fig , the variety known as the “

Fig of

Commerce, as imported and sold in the m arkets of th is country , has not beenproduced , so far as th is comm ittee cou ld discover , in th is S tate up to thepresen t time .

S econd— T hat the different fig trees growing in th is S tate, known and de

s ignated as the true Sm yrna , have not thus far produced the true typeS myrna or F ig of Commerce .

T h ird —T hat al l of these varieties , including theWh i te A driatic , are producing fru i t valuable for drying and are worthy the attention of a l l who de

s ire to grow figs , ei ther for profi t or pleasure.

Fourth—T hat the footh i l l regions of the S tate are especial ly adapted tothe grow ing of figs and produce the finest qual it ies , and these uplands are,

in our judgment , preferable to the low lands of our interior val leys for suc

cessfu l fig cul ture .

Fifth—T hat growers of figs in Cal ifornia are impat ient and expect toom uch of their trees . T he Smyrna fig tree does not produce and mature itstrue type fru i t unti l the eighth or tenth year from planting , even at Smyrna,

the home of the fig . Why shou ld we reasonably expect better resu l ts inCal ifornia But som e Cal ifornia growers do expect most extraord inaryresu lts from very young , scattered fig trees . T hey expect an abundant cropof mature figs from three or four-year-old trees , and stand ready to condem n

the trees if such resul ts are not real ized .

CU R I NG , P R E P A R I N G A N D P A CK I N G T H E F I G FO R MA R R E T .

— T h is com

m ittee, after a carefu l investigation , further find and are prepared tosay that very m any changes from present methods are desirable , and thatthere is a chance for great improvement . U nder th is head , we wi l l subd ivide as fo l lows :First— T he fig shou ld be al lowed to thorough ly m ature and ripen upon

the tree before i t is gathered . By this we do not mean to be understoodthat the fig shou ld be over-ripe .

Second— T hat the fig m ay be im proved by bleach ing, but that at presentour growers su lphur entirely too long . S ix to eight hours in the su lphurbox w i l l ru in any fru it , particu larly the del icate fig , as i t destroys the flavor,

bleaches the pulp and flowers of the fru i t and renders i t tasteless and pract ical ly worth less for market . T he t im e requ ired to arrest fermentation and

prevent oxidization is from ten to th irty m inu tes , vary ing as to conditionsand circum stances .

T hird— Figs shou ld be thorough ly sweated in bulk after dry ing , care being exercised not to dry them too m uch , and after thorough evaporation and

sweating. they shou ld be d ipped in clear, scalding water before packing .

T he sweating process wi l l equal ize and soften the fig and prevent i t fromturn ing sour after being packed .

Fourth— T he figs shou ld be graded , both as to size and qual ity , into threeuniform sizes , N os . 1 , 2 and 3 . Grades N os . 1 and 2 shou ld be m ore or

less hand led and then packed in layers in boxes of conven ient size. GradeN O . 3 ,

being the smal l , poor figs , shou ld be packed in canvas bags holdingabout s ixty pounds .

‘B . N . Rowley, G . P . Rixford , A lfred T . Perkins .


4 . Or iental Fru its .

I t has long been known that the ornamental plants of Japanand some parts of China are peculiarly well adapted to the soiland climate of the A t lantic States . I n fact , the floras Of thosecountries are in many respects remarkably sim ilar to that ofour A lleghany region . The nature of these s im ilarities and

the reasons for them were long ago presen ted in a strikinggeneralization by A sa Gray . O ur Pacific coast flora has feweraffin ities with our eastern flora than the eastern has with theJapanese. We shou ld expect that our eastern pomologymust derive many acqu is it ions from Japan and northernChina, and such is notably the case, particularly if we considerthe very recent period in wh ich the most important introduct ions have been made . Yet the kinds are fewer and less var

ious than we are led to expect from our experience with oriental ornamentals . Comparat ively few of them are adapted tothe Northern states, and such as are hardy are litt le knownP runus S imoni is hardy even in Canada and Iowa ; certainChinese peaches and apricots give prom ise in the north off

spring of the Japanese or Ch inese pears possess more or lessvalue in the northern and central states , and the northernlimits of profitable cu lture of the Japanese plums are not de

term ined . Mr . Charles G ibb , of the province of Quebec,well known through his knowledge of fru its in the extreme

north , is now traveling in A s ia with the hope of find ing , part icu larly in Mandchuria, fru its of great hardiness . We shallat least hope to learn how much we are to expect from thesecountries . In the meantime

, it m ay be useful to make an inventory of our fru its of oriental origin .

To southern hort iculture, several of the Japanese and Chinese fru its have already come to be of commerc ial value.

The Japanese pers immon , or Kaki (D iospyros Kaki ) , I s probably the most i m p o r t a n t . “ N ine fru it ing seasons ju stpassed ,

” writes Mr . Berckm ans ,“ have sat isfactorily settled

the question as to the value of this fru it for the cotton—growing belt of the southern states , where the tree is perfect lyhardy . The merits of this fru it are the early bearing age of

the trees , as well as wonderfu l fertility, as it is quite commonto see one-year-old trees planted in spring produce a crop of

from twenty to fifty well-developed persimmons the following


tribu ted by Mr . Berckm ans in 1 858 . P een-to ( P runus plat) ;carpa) peach originated with Mr . Berckmans in 1 869 from p itssent from A ustralia, where it was probably introducedfrom China . Seedlings of these peaches are among the leading fru its Of the sou th . There have been recent in troductionsof a d ifferent race of Ch inese peaches , which appear to beadapted to the very northernmost borders of our presentpeach districts . I n 1 88 1 the Iowa A gricu ltural College imported eleven varieties from the “ h ill country northwest of

P ekin . They have larger, th icker leaves than our commonsorts , ripen their wood earlier in fall and have proved thirtyper cent . hardier than our old sorts .

A n apricot from northwestern China also gives promise inthe north .

The apricot p lum ( P runus S imoni ) was in troduced into th iscountry, by way of France, probably less than ten years ago .

I t is cu lt ivated mostly as a curiosity, yet it possesses severalpoints of excellence as a market fru it . I t is hardy even inIowa . Improved variet ies will undoubtedly soon appear .

Several variet ies of Japanese plums ( P runus H attan) are

now well d istribu ted in this country . The first introduct ionappears to have been made into California in the

variety being the one now commonly planted as Kelsey . T he

Japanese p lums are fru its of large size and great beau ty, ‘ andMr . Berckm ans thinks that “ for our southern states they opena new era in plum cu lture. The varieties are confused , butthey are at present probably less than a dozen .

The Ch inese or Sand pear ( P yrus S inensis) was perhaps thefirst fru it introduced into the Un ited States from China orJapan . The Sand pear possesses no commercial value, bu tsome of its seedlings are widely grown . The leading ones arethe Kieffer and L eConte. I t is supposed that most of the

American Offspring of the China Sand pear are hybrids withour common pear, but these statements need verification .

The quality of the Chinese and Japanese pears , and theirseedlings , is poor, bu t the fru it appears to be particu larlyadapted to large areas of our country . A bout a dozen variet iesare now grown in America .

* 1 87 1 is commonly given as the date of introduction of the Kelsey . Mr. Wicksonmakes the fol lowing record :

“T rees brought from Japan by the late Mr. H ough, of Vaca

vil le, in 1 870, and purchased by the late John Kelsey , of Berkeley ,who propagated and

fru ited them for several years . First w ide d istribution was made by W. P . H ammon Coin 1 884 , who named the fruit after Mr. Kelsey .

”— Catiforn ia Frm ts , 346 .

Fruit I nterests . 3 1

A score or more of Japanese oranges are now cult ivated inth is country . One of the first in troduct ions , or perhaps the

first , was the Satsuma Mandarin , which has brought to Floridain 1 876. Much may be expected of the oriental oranges inth is country, when further introduct ions and adaptations havebeen made . They mostly represent a d istinct and peculiartype . P rofessor Georgeson describes them as follows :

T he Japanese oranges are as differen t from our idea of an orange as

they can wel l be, separating from the peel almost as easi ly as a grape,di

viding into sections at the s lightest pu l l , each section l ike a separate fru i t ,each piece d issolving in your mouth wi th the flavor of cherries , leaving nopu lp beh ind .

O ther oriental fruits wh ich are now grown in America are

the following : Japanese chestnu t , Chinese walnut , kumquat( Citrus j aponica) , loquat ( E r iobotrya j aponica) , hoven ia (H o

z'enia dulcis) , a jujube (Zizyplzus fn/uba) , litchi (N eplzal iumL itclzi ) , and a myrica (Alyr ica rubra) . The last was in troduced during 1 889 by H . H . Berger Co .

, of S an Franc isco .

A recent number of the P acific R ural P ress describes it as

followsAl i/rim rubra

, S ieb . Zucc .

— T h is evergreen frui t-bearing tree,indigen

ous to Japan ,has on ly lately attracted the attent ion of botanists . I t is a

native of the southern parts of Japan , atta ins a height of forty to fifty feet ,and a diameter of two and one-half to three feet . T he fo liage, resem blesthe magnol ias and is of a firm leathery texture. T he fru i t blossom appearsearly in spring , and the frui t ripens during the month of Ju ly . I t t e

sembles in shape a firm blackberry , an inch long by three-fourths of

an inch in diameter . I t contains a single seed-stone of l ight weight .T here are two varieties of th is fru i t . T he one is a dark red , almos tblack , the other a l ight rose wh ich is superior in flavor to the dark . T he

frui t is h igh ly flavored , v inous and sweet , and answers al l purposes towhich our blackberry is pu t . I t is del icious as a dessert fru i t , m akes a

fine preserve,jel ly or jam . T he ju ice extracted from i t m ay be taken as a

refreshing beverage in its fresh state, and after being al lowed to ferm entproduces a fine w ine set w ith alcohol , a brandy is gained from i t equal toour famous blackberry brandy . T he tree i tself is high ly ornamental , thebark is usefu l for dyeing a fawn color, and the timber is used in Japan forthe m ost elegant cabinet-ware, having a finer mottled grain than the bird ’

s

eye m aple T he wood is l ight , tough and very durable. T he tree is perfectly hardy in al l lati tudes where the thermometer w i l l not fal l below 1 5

°

above zero . I t wou ld succeed adm irably throughou t Cal ifornia,T exas ,

Mexico and al l the sou thern states of the U n ion . T he propagation of th isusefu l tree is best carried on from seed , to wh ich i t comes true, or by grafting scions from a fruit-bearing tree on seedl ings , wh ich thus wi l l come in

bearing in a couple of years . T he seed ought to be sown in leaf-m old andloam y soi l wi th bottom heat if obtainable. T he same ought to be kept


wel l shaded and mu lched . T he natives of the Japan provinces where th istree form s smal l forests say that the seed best germ inates when , hav ing be eneaten by birds , it is passed through in the excrements into soft leaf-m old inshady places , when it germ inates in a few days or, if the seeds have by accident been thrown into a rubbish heap of soi l and other vegetable matter , on

being cleaned away say after a m onth ’

s time, the seeds are found wellsprouted among the waste. T he seed is l ight and ripens during Ju ly andA ugust .

CHAPTER I I I

OR NAME NT ALS .

1 . R ecent Tendencies in Ornamental Gardening and

in Ornamentals .

1 . EVOLUT ION I N TASTE .

The last year or two has witnessed a grat ifying tendency inornamental garden ing to return to old spec ies and to singleflowered variet ies . For many years the monstrous doubleflowers and hort icultural curiosities have eclipsed s implerplants . It has seemed as if the freaks of fashion were determ ined to draw the gardener away from nature into a curiosityshop of monstrous forms and intense colors . This des ire forabnorm al forms of plants no doubt had its incept ion in the

O ffering of striking variet ies by dealers , bu t the desire appearsto have outrun the means of its grat ificat ion and to have dem anded impossibilit ies of the agents which gave it b irth .

T he resu lt has been that seedsm en and plantsmen have exer

c ised every ingenu ity to satisfy the public demand . L ike al l

mere fashion , however , th is love of novelty and monstros itymust reach a t ime when it shall s ink into the purer and morepermanent love of s implic ity in nature . It is not necessarythat al l monstrosity and curiosity in plant. variation should bed iscarded , but it is a ru le which every person of artistic tastem ust hold that the abnorm al and unusual shall never rival thenormal or natural . The two characters hold the relat ion of

spice and nutriment . There is at the present t ime a prom inent reaction in favor of the older herbaceous perennials and

a steadily growing des ire for nat ive plants . This “renaissance

of herbaceous perenn ials , ” as E dward L incoln happily char


acterizes the movement , brings back to our gardens the en

dearments of long associations and carries us towards the

love of nature rather than the adm iration of the conservatory .

The most prominent phase of conventionalism in ornam en

tation , however, finds expression in carpet “bedding S O in

tense has becom e the pra i se of gaud iness and mass in colorthat carpet bedding has even become confounded with landscape garden ing, and it very often receives that appellat ion .

L andscape gardeners have planted them selves firmly againstthe current , but they have for the most part acqu ired unpopu

larity for their pains . A most powerfu l invective has latelybeen hurled at this consum ing fashion by William McMil lan,

of the Buffalo parks . Indeed , Mr . McMil lan ’

s essay carriesso much of the gist of an appreciation of nature and at thesame t ime exposes so much of the grossness of the fashion ,that it deserves the first p lace I n our horticu ltural literature ofthe year . This paper was presented before the Society ofAmerican Florists , and has been published in some of the

periodicals ; and everywhere it has aroused discuss ion . I t isthe utterance of a taste which is near to nature and which caninterpret her. I t m ay be above the average or even the frequent conception of beauty, bu t its standard is unassailableand immutable.

“ On a warm summer day, when a gentlebreeze fans the foliage of the birch or poplar, the rythm ical

whispering and danc ing mot ion of the leaves , will, to a loverof these trees, hum sweet music in his ear, and reveal abeauty not heard or seen by other people.

§ 2 . GENERAL NOTE S OF ORNAMENT A L S . BY F. L . TEMP LE ,CAMBRIDGE , MA S S .

To give even an ou tline treating Of the growth and development of the present passion for ornamental plants and trees ,which is so marked a feature of American horticulture at thisday, would requ ire large space, but some facts are too interest ing to pass over in silence, although they do not come

strictly under annals of 1 889 .

O ur early settlers were people of some cu lture, and broughtfrom E urope with them the love of flowers and the hab its ofusing

‘

them , and never lost fu lly th is refined instinct , even whentheir descendants passed their lives in remote and rude sectionsof the eastern states . They also brought with them the few pre

Ornamentals . 35

C ions kinds of shrubs and plan ts that were the people’

s favorites— th is always means those of extreme hard iness and vigoras well as beauty— and planted them near their rude homes ,

and to-day there is no more pathet ic s ight in N ew E nglandthan to see on the long-forgotten s ite of some early settler’

s

cabin a great mass of the good old lilac or patch of the doublesoapwort , two p lants which deserve to be called the “ colomists ’ comforts .

For many years all the garden plants that were planted bythe people in our new country were the “

slips ” of such hardyk inds , given by one friend to another, and as I can myselfvouch from early recollections in a country town

,they were

treasured and watched with loving care t ill able to endure a l l

accidents . But when the great i ncrease in means of trans

portation , by express and by ma il , of al l sorts of art icles came ,

th is love for beau t iful growing things sudden ly asserted itselfand sought full grat ificat ion after so long repress ion . N ur

ser ies and floral establishments sprung up as if by magic, and

found good support . These again st imulated the hunger forp lant beauty by seeking out new and showy plants from everypart of the earth . H ardy plants were at first almos t the so lekinds used , but gradually the more showy tropical sorts came

to be thought more ornamental , and the now waning rage for“ bedding plants ”

had its day. A fter satisfying the naturalcuriosity for seeing new forms and colors

,we are now going

back to the larger use of the permanent hardy shrubs and

trees , and are us ing the tender plants in their proper sub

ord inate relations , where they are of great value and w illalways hold an honorable place . But the day when a bed of

scarlet geraniums was esteemed sufficient plant ing for a lawnaround a noble house is gone forever, and a truer tastehas beendeveloped and acknowledged by trying and comparing boththese methods— that of a glare of tropic colors last ing two

months and then ten m onths of bare ground , and that of

generous and adequate massing of shrubs with rich fol iageand good flowers and this refined taste has finally settled theprinciples which shall regulate the treatment of our home

grounds .

Besides the un iversal acknowledgment that now obtainsamong all persons of any cu lture on this subject , that foliageis the main thing needed to satisfy the eye and form the sub


stantial body of all plantations for ornament , the growing use

of shrubbery has had a special effect which is of great importance . I t has caused us to study our rich native flora in the

way of shrubs , and to m ake use of the many charm ing nat ivesthat exist so abundantly in our fields and forests . This is themost healthy and hopefu l phase of the whole subject , and isproof that the real and permanent beauty is now apprec iated,and that glare is at a discount .O ur land is far more rich than E urope in fine decorative

nat ive shrubs , and th is is a fact that E uropeans were qu ick tosee and make use of, wh ile we have sadly neglected them as arule, until the present awakening of taste has demonstratedtheir value and caused their use in many important p laces .

In this existing impulse of our people to decorate their homes

with plants , the thoroughly trained landscape gardener hasdone a noble work . I t is largely through his honest and oftenunapprec iated efforts to plant as true taste requ ires , and whatthings are most natural and characteristic for the given

p lace rather than what untrained taste sometimes suggests ,that a better knowledge of the true u ses of plants and treeshas been taught . H is Object lessons have been like good seed ,

and now fash ion— most potent of all modern causes— has

caught the sp irit of it , and ordains that all grounds shall be at

once and properly planted . We are st ill in the trans it ionstate from the earlier barrenness of ornament of the average“ yard” of old days through that of “ bedd ing ” glories intothe final and restfu l method of treatment , Where masses of

pleasing foliage, lighted up with flowers and varied in forms ,

and enduring most of all the year , gi‘

ve a sense of rest to thet ired soul , instead of an ephemeral glare of colors , succeededby sudden ru in at first frost , eked out by a long refrain O f

bare ground .

In this present elast ic condit ion of our national ways ofplant ing , it would be u seful to compare the pract ice of the

O lder nations who have had longer t ime to study this matter .

I n looking at them relat ively, we find that the greatest difference lies in the far larger use made of evergreen shrubs ,especially broad-leaved evergreens , in E urope. They p lantfor the whole year ; we plant for the summ er . E ngland is

famous for her laurels and rhododendrons , and uses them so

freely that the main difference between the appearance of a

A nnals of H orticul ture.

to assume the bush form , bu t is a tree in every sen se of the

term,always w ith a s ingle stem , and never sends up suckers

from the roots . It will be prized most , perhaps , as a spec imentree on the lawn , though other uses may be found for it . Ihad the pecu liar pleasure of rais ing the first seedlings of thissuperb tree grown in a commerc ial p lace, and of introduc ingit to use, and feel much pride in its steady increase of popu

larity .

A nother species of the same beaut iful fam ily is the new

weep ing Ch inese lilac ( Syr inga l igustr ina P ekinensis pendula) ,weeping form of a spec ies from the mountains of P ekin .

Th is sort has a habit as pendu lous as that of the Kilmarnockw illow

,with wh ite blossoms with the odor of honey . I t is

one of the most interest ing of the class of weep ing trees nowso popular.

Syr inga wil losa is another species of dwarf hab it with fol iagel ike that of Syr inga E modi , but more showy in flower . I t is

probably a geographical variety of that species . I t is a verycharming shrub , w ith its low round form , large leaves and

large bright rose-colored sp ikes of bloom .

Syr inga oblata is a species closely allied to the commonl ilac

, but with very broad heart shaped , thick and dark foliageof most striking appearance. I t has the further value of notm ildewing . I t is greatly adm ired . I t will be used by landscape gardeners for massing whenever plentifu l enough ,

asthe bad habit of turning white with mildew the last half of

the season spoils our common lilac for use as a shrub for largemassing in parks or otherwise.

P yrus Malus P arkmanni (or H al leana) , the finest of all thecharm ing double flowering Japanese crab-apples , is a smalltree producing foliage much like a laurel or kalm ia, and

blossom buds almost exactly like those of carm ine-colored tearoses and which expand into sem i-double rosy carm ine flowers .

T here is no flowering tree in cultivat ion in our lat itude so ex

qu isitely beau t iful during its period of bloom as this hardyand easily grown “ tea-rose crab .

”

O ther new trees of first-class men ts as ornaments , are

A cer sac/zarr inunz columnare, a sugar maple, with the habitof a L ombardy poplar ; Ginbo biloba fastigiata, with s im ilarhab it ; A cer saclzarr inurn,

“ A u tumn L eaves ,” a form of the

s ugar maple, which has foliage al l summer Of solid yellow,

Ornanzentals . 39

with fine green pencilings at the ribs and veins , with edgesshading towards white, prec isely as this species colors in the

au tumn ; Clematis D aridiana , a species from China, halfshrubby, very strong grower , flowers blue in whorls of 1 0 to 20,with very sweet odor, the leaves when ripe, or when driedem itting a strong and delightful scent of “

new mown hay,

and are used in bags for perm anently scent ing the house, orC lothing chest ; P inus strobus zebrina , a variety of the wh itep ine,

having white bars of half an inch in breadth across theneedles ; R obinia pseudacacia nu

'

moswfol ia , a variety with verysmall foliage, in effect as fine as a tree fern ; Cytisus

L aburnum pendulum, a weep ing form of the Scotch L aburnum ,

of much beau ty ; S al ix z'itel ina var. Britzensis, a neat

growmg willow having the bark on new growth of a brightorange crimson , during winter and spring, the most effec

t ive of all willows for winter effect flydrangea z'estita , a new

hardy hydrangea , which forms a large bush six to seven feeth igh , with flat

,round cymes as large as those of O tak sa ,

with white blossoms, and blooming two months earlier thanH ydrangea paniculata grandij

‘lora , very showy .

2 . Cbrysantbemums .

1 . BRIEF H I S TORY .

T he centenary of the introduction of the Chrysanthemuminto E urope was celebrated in E ngland early in November .

A lready the most popular of flowers , this celebration has

served to still further popularize the Chrysanthemum , and tos timulate exhibit ions in all parts of theworld . A collocation of

al l the records of chrysanthm um culture has shown thatwonderful progress has been made in variet ies , that virtuallyin a half century a comparat ively unprom ising plant has

given rise to variations of most unusual character and of

surprising usefulness .

“ I t is proper to observe, writes C . H arman P ayne, in

the Gardeners’ Magazine,

“ that when we speak of the cen

tenary of the Chrysanthemum the intention is to refer to theimportation of the first of the large flowering species . L ongbefore this event took place we possessed tolerably accurateaccounts of the existence of such a flower , and it is reasonablyc onjectured that a small-flowering variety was in cu lt ivat ion


F I G . 1 . K lKU ,T H E O R I G I N A L L A R GE CH R VS A N T H E MUM , 1 789 .

in th is country [E ngland] some few years previous to the in

troduction of the one from wh ich we date the un interruptedhistory of this popular autumn favorite. The

year 1 789 is a memorable one in the history of France, and

Ornanzentals. 4 1

in the annals of horticulture it is not by any means of meanimportance. Up to that date the dahlia was unknown in

E u rope, the Moutan paeony had not been brought from China,and the Chrysanthemum was still only known to the florist ofthe period as a decorative subject frequently employed by theChinese artist on his tapestry and ornamental papers . D ur

ing that eventful year a Monsieur P ierre B lancard,a mer

chant of Marseilles , introduced from China three varietiesof Chrysanthemums , one with white flowers , the second withviolet flowers , and the third with purple. The last only washe successfu l in preserving, and there is no record of his everhaving attempted any subsequent importations . The nextyear several plants of this purp le-flowered Chrysanthemumwere sent over to E ngland . This variety, known as the“ Kiku” —which is the Japanese name for Chrysanthemumis represented , reduced , in fig . 1 .

T he first Chrysanthemum seedlings appear to have beenraised by M . Bernet , of T ou louse, France. The seeds weresown in 1 826. H e subsequently produced many varieties ,and they attained to cons iderable popu larity for the period .

“ None of these are now grown in this country, says Mr .

P ayne, “ for they belonged to a type long since discarded byE nglish growers, who for a long run of years refused to becontent with anything

“

short of a strictly symmetrical globu larincurved flower as an exhibition subject . Some, however, ofthese early seedlings bore resemblance to the reflexed class,and there is good ground for believing that Christine, Templeof Solomon , and Chevel ier D omage, st ill cu ltivated by loversof that class , were the product of M . Bernet ’ s seed-bed.

”

A bou t 1 835 the first E nglish seedlings appeared , and in 1 836

a Jersey Island gardener began the origination of new varieties,and he obtained some 500 seedlings in a short time. Thiss uccess stimulated E nglish gardeners , and from this datenumerous new sorts have appeared . The first pompon ap

peared in 1 846.

CH RYS A NTH EMUM NOTE S . BY EDW IN L ONSDA L E , CHESTNUTH I L L

,P H ILADELP H IA .

Chrysanthemum cu lture in this country dates back but afew years . The first show held in P hiladelphia , worthy of thename

, took place no longer ago than 1 883 or 1 884 ; and al


though H orticultural H all was well fi lled with p lants on thatoccasion , only one collection was what is known as “ potgrown .

”The balance had been grown in the open ground

al l summer and lifted and potted a few weeks previous to theday of open ing the show . I t seems hardly cred ible to the

chrysanthemum expert of to-day, without reflection , that suchrapid strides could have been made in so short a time. In allwell-regulated chrysanthemum communities it wou ld now be

cons idered the height of absurdity to even th ink of growing theplants in any other way than in pots all summer for exhibi

t ion purposes .

When abou t twenty-five or thirty new varieties were an

nounced by H . Waterer , as having been received from Japanin the autumn of 1 883, much interest was aroused in horticultural c ircles . I f I remember correctly, water-color paintings accompanied the cons ignment , and the plants werenumbered . Whether the varieties were labeled carelesslyor became m ixed in transit will never be known , bu t it iscertain that there were deplorable mixtures when the p lantsflowered the following fall . Several sets were exported toE urope,

and as a consequence, great dissatisfact ion resulted .

The m istake was made in distributing the varieties before theyhad flowered in this country . The error has not been t e

peated, for all chrysanthemums imported from any countryare now flowered , and carefully compared with existing varieties before they are offered to the public , and great care is ex

ercised in keeping them true to name. H ad Mr . Watererheld back his collection until each variety had flowered

, his

profits would have been far greater , for the majority of thevariet ies were so much superior to anything in that lineheretofore imported from Japan , that after they had been exhibited, the sales for themwould have been lim ited only to the number of plants propagated . They were all distinctively Japanesevarieties , though representing different types . Mrs . CharlesH . Wheeler was a great improvem ent over anything that hadbeen known in chrysanthemums . I ts constitu tion is not of

the strongest , but when seen in good condit ion it alwaysleaves a favorable impression . Mrs . Frank Thomson , thoughnot of the type which meets with the most favor in E ngland , isnevertheless one of the best for this cl imate, being a healthygrower and freely produc ing its very large flowers . I t is con

Ornamentals. 43

sidered too coarse in E urope, especially in E ngland,where

the compact Chinese sect ion seems to be looked upon withthe most favor . The Chinese varieties do not flourish satisfactorily in many localit ies in this country, especially whengrown out-of-doors al l summer . M ildew plays sad havocw ith them , frequently destroying the foliage . Mrs . GeorgeBu llock , of the Waterer collection , would , I think , suit the

people of E ngland . I t is a robust grower, yet qu ite dwarf inhab it , and its dark , healthy foliage forms an ample setting forits large, pure, white flowers , which are fu ll to the center .

T he floret-petals are narrow and somewhat erect , though notby any means st iff. I t is a great favorite here, both for ex

hibition and cut-flower purposes . I t is believed to be identical with D omination and M ilkmaid , and it is to be regrettedthat some repu table men in the business retain all three of the

names on their lists without a word of caution or explanat ion .

A good word cou ld be said for nearly every variety of the collection .

Shortly after these new and unique varieties were introdu ced to commerce, Mr. W . K . H arris began to experimentw ith seed saving and seedling raising , and it is now generallyconceded that he has raised more sterling varieties than allother growers in this country combined .

A demand for very large flowers on long stiff stems for cut

flowers has sprung up in most of the large cities and the

selection of seedlings is influenced to a large extent to supp lythat demand .

The prices realized this year have been fairly remunerat iveto the grower, especially in the N ew York market , where thewholesale price frequently goes as high as $50 per 1 00 blooms .

In P hiladelphia the highest price paid was $25 per 1 00, and

these were for the choicest Of the choice.

A ccording to the E uropean standard , it is not correct tasteto cultivate, to the exclusion of all other varieties, what aretermed the coarse sorts . There are large numbers of the

Japanese varieties to which the name coarse ”. cannot be ap

plied , however . A n instance is James Y . Murk land, wh ichmay be termed single. I t Shows the center very conspicuously .

I t has three or four rows of exqu isite white floret-petals, whichhave a tendency to curl . This was raised by Mr. JohnThorpe

, the p ioneer chrysanthemum man in this country .


This variety was , for about three years , a favorite in P hiladelphia, as also was Sadie Martinot, which is almost identical withMurk land, except in color . Now they are d isplaced by varieties like Mrs . Wm . K . H arris (yellow) and Mrs . M . J . Thomas

(white) . I t appears that the larger variet ies appeal to the

public eye more qu ickly than the small ones , but tastes Willchange soon, for more refined flowers must become favorites .

A list of the new varieties which are to be introducedthrough the channels of trade is given here. Most of themare seedlings raised within the city limits of P hiladelphia ;those imported have not been nearly so satisfactory for thepast year or so .

Those to be sent ou t by H . Waterer are as followsR eward. ( H arris ) R eddish maroon , very distinct in color

immense spreading flower .

P resident H arrison. (Monahan . ) R ed, with a salmon tint,deep red in the center of the flower

,which is cup

-shapedenormous flower good grower .

M rs . Frank Cl inton . L ight canary yellow in color, flowerfu ll to the center plant of good hab it qu ite distinct .Gipsy . Bright mahogany red ; very effective ; incurved

flower ; good grower .

M odel . L ight pink, somewhat deeper in color than L il

lian B . Bird ; a pleasing shade ; qu ite double, resemblingthe variety Gold in shape.

M iss M innie Wanamaker . Full flower, yellow center ou terfloret-petals white and drooping .

l ite Cap. Upper part of flower white, deep violet purplebeneath , incurving when first open , afterwards drooping ;qu ite distinct .

Twilzglzt. L arge flat fu ll flower, in shape similar to E xcel lent lemon-yellow center ; outer floret-petals white ; veryfine.

E dwin L onsdale. This is said to be the deepest and richestcolored variety ever seen . I t does not fade like so many highcolored varieties large full flower dwarf in habit .M rs . Clzar les D issel . Immense flower, incurved ; light

though bright pink in color ; a great improvement on M rs .

Frank Thomson ; one of the largest chrysanthemums in cu l

tivation .


f olin L ane. (Harris ) L ovely pink in color, incurved inshape. I t is considered the best pink in existence for cut

flowers .

Clzar les A . R eeser . ( H arris ) Violet pink, a new shadenot easy to describe reflexed flower good hab it . Th is willmake a good variety for specimen plants for exhibition .

Clara R iemen. ( R iemen . ) L avender, shading to silveryrose, white centre ; large spreading flower, of good substance.

T . H . Spau lding will send out : A da Spaulding , A ddieD ecker, A ntoinette Martin , Cyclone, E . Gurney H ill, G . P .

R awson , Garnet, J . R . P itcher,Mrs . D . D . L . Farson , Marie

Ward , Mrs . T . A . E dison, Mrs . Benjam in Harrison, Zenobia .

3. CH RYSA NTH EMUM SHOWS OF 1 889 . BY JOH N TH ORPE , I NT H E AMERICAN GARDEN .

Never before have there been such shows as those ofthe present year. I t is really su rprising how the cultivationof the chrysanthemum is taken up, and with what enthusiasmit is diffused . I t has been said for three or four years thatafter another year this chrysanthemum craze will be at anend, as there will be noth ing new to offer , and the people willt ire withou t novelty. Those who made such predictions cando so again, and at the end of a decade they will be fartherfrom the end than now, so far as public interest is concerned .

The magnificence and extent of the exhibitions of this year onthe whole surpass any we have had in the country before.

The decorations and arrangements of each exhibition havebeen a special feature, al l different , all in good taste and thoroughly well done. There have been the finest 1 2 plants andthe finest 300 cut-flowers ever seen in the country . There are

seedlings surpassing all we have in cultivat ion ; one, a noveltyfrom Japan , that may be sought for more than the famous Mrs .

A lpheus H ardy .

T/ze slzow of tlze N ational Clzrysantlzemum Society was lzeld at

I ndianapol is, N ovember 5 tlz to l atte— The Show was a successin every way . The decorations were exquisitely done anddelightfully effective. Wreaths of laurel in festoons hungfrom point to point, from which again hung Florida moss( Til landsia usneoides) yet not in sufficient quantities to interferewith the general arrangements . The balcony was draped

Ornamenta ls. 47

with white cloth on which were Japanese emblems in brightco lors . From the center of the hall was suspended a pyram id of brilliant colors of Japanese construct ion . The hallwas brilliantly lighted by electric light . The plants wete arranged in informal groups on the floor

,and were very

effective. They came from H enry R ieman , Fred D orner,Bet terman Bros . , Hil l Co . and John Hack . The competit ion was severe in many of the classes , Mr . R ieman winningthe first in the class for 25 plants . The greatest interest centered in the competit ion for the national prize, a silver cupgiven by Mrs . President H arrison for the best new seedling ,for wh ich there were upwards of a dozen entries . A fter anhour ’ s hard work, the cup was awarded to T . H . Spaulding forA da Spaulding, a globe-flowered Japanese of immense size, thelower half of the flower being rosy pink and the upper halfpure white. Mr . R iem an

’

s E mily R ieman , a large, full,p ink-shaded Japanese Mr . D orner

’

s E mily D orner, a broadpetalled whorled bronze, and M istletoe, a bright silver and

lake incurved globular flower, were also very fine, and wereawarded first-class certificates of merit . Mr . Spau lding ob

tained first-class certificates for E . G . H ill , Mrs . B . H arrisonand Cyclone. H ill Co . were awarded a first-class cert ificatefor a French variety, Souvenir de l ’ E xposition de Marseilles .

F irs t prize for 25 varieties, 1 2 of each , cut-flowers on longstems

,was awarded to John R ose, gardener to F . T . MoFad

den . This exhibit was the best I have ever seen ; there wasnot a weak flower in the whole of this showing . Here is his

list com plete : Mrs . A . Hardy, Golden D ragon , Grandiflorum ,

Mrs . Irving Clark , Mrs . E . W . Clarke, JohnWelsh , Mrs . L angtry, A lcyon, Mrs . Townsend , L . Canning, W . W . Coles , G . F .

Moseman , D uchess, Fair Maid of Guernsey, Source d’Or,

John Thorpe, Yeddo , L a Tonkin , Christmas E ve, Wm . M .

S ingerly, L ouis Bonamay, Mons . A . D eleaux, Martha H arding, Marvel , Cull ingfordii . The competition in the otherc lasses for cut-flowers was brisk and the displays good . The

competition for designs of various kinds was very close, andas a ru le good taste and good workmanship were displayedthroughout .The display of roses proved that as good flowers can

be grown in the west as in the east . Mr . Hunt ’ s collectionhas not been surpassed at any November exhibition in


the country, his Mermets , H ostes and A lbany being superb.

Mr . H ill showed several new kinds , wh ich had many ad

m irers, notably D uchess of L eeds and Gustave N abonnand.

Mrs . H . H ilker won the prize offered by Mr . H unt for -a

collection of roses , among which were superb flowers ofS om brieu l and Marechal N iel . Mr . A . Wiegand won the

o riental prize with an ottoman of chrysanthemums . The

s ecretary, Mr . W . H . Berterm an ,and the whole of the I ndiana

F lorists ’ C lub were indefatigable in their work and effortsto please.

Clzicago. My conferree writes that the show was a glorioussuccess , and that they havemade seven-league strides s incelast year, the interest shown being almost at fever heat . The

p lants were better, the cut-flowers were better and the wholeShow far superior to any ever held there.

Cincinnati . The plants shown by Frank H unt ’ s gardenerwere equal to many of the best shown in the country . O ther

plants were of great merit , while the cut-flowers of Mr . P eterson and Mr . S underbruch were almost equal to those shownby Mr . McFadden at Indianapolis . The competition in designs of various flowers was up to the Cincinnati standard .

The decorations of the hall were elaborate and in good taste,reflecting great cred it upon President M itchell and the Cin

cinnati Florists ’ Club .

D etroit. The exhibition far surpassed the most sangu ineexpectations , the p lants and cut-flowers being exceedinglyfine. A telegram received on the second day of the Showsays It looks now as if we shall have every m an ,

womanand child in D etroit to see our magnificent exhibition .

”

P lziladelplzia . The P ennsylvania H orticu ltural Society hasth is year surpassed any of its previous efforts . Three yearsago , when R obert Craig showed his 25 plants , admitted thento be invincible, it was said that that was the lim it to specimens in pots , and from that time we Shou ld recede. Whatpoor prophets , ,

the winners of the first prize this year were2 5 per cent . better. The winners of the second prize were 20

per cent . , the winner of the th ird prize 1 2 per cent . , and the

three other collections were equal to the champions of’86.

The first prize of $ 1 00 for 1 2 plants was awarded to JamesVerner, gardener to A . J . D rexel ; second to Gordon Sm irl ,

Ornamenta ls. 49

gardener to Wm . M . S ingerly ; third to Wm . K . Harris ;fourth to George L . Fowler, gardener to Joel J . Bailey ; fifthto John McCleary, and sixth to J . W . Colflesh . The plantswinn ing the first prize were marvels of skillfu l cu lt ivation ,counterparts of each other in size, and nearly equal in num

bers of flowers . They were nearly five feet in diameter the tallest p lant from floor line to topmost flower was 3 feet 1 0 inches ,the average number of flowers being 94 , all perfect in color andshape. The foliage was fresh and bright , and but few supports could be seen . They were well staged and plainlylabelled . The second lot was only a few points behind , thep lants being even larger but not qu ite as even or as wells taged ; the third lot was similar , being perhaps a littlem ore uneven in size. The competit ion in al l the other chrysanthemum plant collect ions was n ip and tuck , and never before have there been so m any good plants gathered together .I n the cut-flower division , excellent flowers were shown byJuo . Cullen and W . K . H arris . The interest in the 47 seedlings shown for the various prizes proved to be most intense,and it was not without serious deliberation that the premiums

were awarded . The Blanc prize, a silver cup, was awardedto H ugh Graham Sons for a superb yellow variety, lighterin color than Mrs . W . K . H arris , and of fine habit , namedH enry E lkins Widener. A S ilver medal went to T . H .

Spaulding for A da Spaulding . A silver medal to P eterH enderson for L ou is Boehmer

,a lovely variety, silvery p ink

in color and a counterpart of Mrs . A lpheus H ardy . To

John Thorpe, for Coronet , rich yellow and bronze, was awardeda silver medal To W . K . H arris , s ilver medal for VioletR ose, a grand double carm ine rose kind . To John M .

H ughes , gardener to G . W . Childs , for Mrs . L ey, an incurved

p ink and white flower. To Thomas Monahan , silver medalfor E l D orado , a superb rich yellow . Certificates of meritwere awarded to several other valuable seedlings . P itcherManda, of the United States Nurseries , showed many promising seedlings and some new variet ies of merit .Superb collections of roses were exh ibited by Messrs . Craig ;

Coles Whiteley,E vans Battles

, P ennock Bros .

,and Kift

Sons . Among the disp lays of decorative foliage palms and

ferns , there were some of the most perfect specimens everlooked upon . For 25 ornamental foliage plants, Wm . Joycewas


first , R obert Work second . For 25 palms , Thom as L ongtook first prize . O ther exhibitors were Wm . L afferty

, R obertWork , H ugh G raham Sons

, H . A . B reer , H . H eacock , J .

H . Cam pbell Son , C . D . Ball . Of palms alone, there was

sufficient to make a large exhibition . The designs were not

up to the standard . Interesting displays of fru its and . vege

tables were shown . The decoration of the hall was in goodtaste. Fine effects were produced by the use of evergreenbranches and fine colored oak foliage. The secretary, D . D .

L . Farson , and his able assistants, rendered valuable aid to

all concerned .

Boston . T he plants were equal to any ever shown at theH ub ,

”the cut-flowers being a decided improvement on las t

year . Magn ificent flowers of Jardin des P lantes and Cu llingford ii were the greatest attractions among older kinds .

Best 1 2 flowers were shown by Mr . Brydon,of Yarmouthport ,

Me. Some promising seedlings were exhibited by several exhibitors , and the show promises to be more successfu l thanany of its predecessors .

Orange, I V. j . The exhibits were confined to a few persons .

The most interesting groups were the grand standards , shownby John Farrell , gardener to Wm . Barr

,and George A tkinson ,

gardener to Thos . H . Spau lding . These plants were coveredwith flowers most perfect in form and of largest s ize . Goodbush plants were also shown by the above and Mr . P age. Cut

flowers of the finest quality were shown by Wm . T ricker,gardener to Judge Benedict ; T hos . H . Spaulding, John Cu llen , the United States Nurseries and John H . Taylor . The

d isp lay of roses by Messrs . May and T aylor was excellent ,and called forth mamy encom iums . A group of chrysanthe

mums in six-inch pots , shown by Messrs . Spaulding and Barr ,and a select collection of stove and greenhouse plants fromthe United States Nursery, were very attractive. Carnationswere Shown by Mr . T aylor and Wm . McGowan ,

the lattershowing L izzie McGowan ,

a very promising new white seed

ling .

Ornamentals . 5 1

§ 4 . SOME OF T H E N EW CH RYS A NT H EMUM S . BY JO H N T H ORPE ,I N T H E A MER I CAN GA RDEN .

O ut of nearly varieties to be found in cult ivation , itwou ld be strange if there were not some kinds that it wouldbe difficult to improve in any way . There are m any of theo lder sorts which it would seem impossible to displace, as theyhold their posit ions each year in spite of the hundreds of newcomers . Yet there are more and better new kinds this yearthan ever before. I t is of these and the new ones of lastyear that we wish to present a list . That American-grownseedlings are far surpass ing the E uropean kinds cannot begainsaid . That is to say, the American-raised seedlings givemore satisfact ion , as a ru le, in America than do the varietiesproduced in E urope.

Of last year ’ s American seedlings, the following are reallyfirst-class : Beau ty of Castlewood , red and gold ; E . H . Fitler,gold and bronze Coronet , golden orange Mrs . W . K . H arris ,pure gold ; Colossal, white and p ink ; E xcellent , rose-pink andlilac A driance

,lovely shade of rosy lilac M iss A nna H arts

horn , pure white ; V iolet R ose, carm ine, shaded rosy purple,superb ; L lewellyn , red and gold Mrs . Wm . Barr, plumpurple, new color, fine Mrs . Judge Benedict , white anemoneMrs . M . J . Thomas , white ; Mrs . Irving Clarke, pink ; Thos .

C . P rice, Mermet p ink MaryWheeler, silvery blush Sunnyside, white ; Mrs . A . Carnegie, crimson ; Zillah , bronze and

cherry red Mrs . A . C . Burpee, chrome bronze.

Of Japanese importat ions , first is Mrs . A lpheus H ardy, withits chaste and d istinct character ; Kiota, golden yellowL ilian B . B ird, silvery blush Mrs . Fottler, rosy pink ; N ee

sima, gold W . H . L incoln , glorious yellow . O ther Japaneseimportations by way of E urope are H . Cannell , yellow ; E d .

Molyneux , .crimson and gold . L ady L awrence, Mrs . D un

nett and Mrs . H . Cannell are identical with R obert Bottomley, Mrs . J . N . Gerard and Christmas E ve, wh ich we have hadfor the last four years .

Of the E nglish raised kinds , Sunflower, rich yellow ; A valanche, white ; Mrs . F . Jameson , bronze salmon ; M rs . JohnWright

,white Stanstead , white ; Carew Underwood , red and

bronze, are all good . Among the continental seedlings, out of1 40 kinds the past two years, the following are worthy Mme.


Mezard , purple, spotted white ; Mme. Camille R ichard, salmon rose ; M . E d. A ndré, bronze ; M . C . A . Carriere, white,perfect shape, very large ; Shasta, pure white, with narrow incurving petals R amona , golden yellow, same type as aboveBohemia, mahogany red,

reflexed, solid flower ; John L ane,s ilvery pink, large and good Crown P rince, bronze and gold ;Mrs . J . K . E mlen , crimson and bronze ; P aeony, purple red

with strap-like petals ; M istletoe, silvery blush and purplecrimson , incurved and very distinct ; E m ily D orner, bronzewith whorled petals , large ; E mily R ieman , soft p ink , shadedwh ite, fair S ize ; Mrs . W . H . T rotter, a pecu liar flower

,part

incurved and part reflexed, p ink and silver ; E l D orado , intense gold color , incurved ; A dirondack, white, reflexed, fine

L ady Selkirk , pearly white, incurved Mrs . D eW itt Smith ,blush p ink and silver, large and fine ; Zenobia, very large, t eflexed and whorled , white ; E lliott F . Shepard , paper yellow ;L ondon H umphrey, pink , large, distinct ; Mrs . L ey, white,l ike D om ination , with p ink shadings L emonade, brightlemon , early ; Cypiere, rose and white ; Mme. E d. R ey, cur

rant-red ; P erle P oitevine, white ; E xposition de Triomphede Marsiel les , buff ; Comte de Monstic, red ; M . H . P ayne,flame red ; M . Bernard , amaranth ; M . P aukousk i, anemone,bronze ; Sab ine, anemone, lemon and white ; Nelson

,am a

rau th , anemone ; Veil d ’

Or, gold ; M . Garnar, gold ; Mad .

Baco , rose-pink Claude S ahut, blush , tubu lar A lcyon, solidrose-pink Mm e . L . L eroy, pure white.

H ere are 20 American seedlings , 8 Japanese importations ,6 E ngl ish varieties and 1 9 French kinds— a total of 43, and all

m eritorious .

Of the new seedlings which have been shown at our exhi

bit ions or have come under my notice, the following prom iseto be most valuable acqu is itions : A da Spau lding , a large andfine globe-shaped Japanese of sturdy habit , silvery white andblush-rose, beautifu l ; Grove P . R awson , buff and apricot ,new color, very fine ; H enry E lkins Widener, clear goldenyellow, excellent Mrs . Thos . A . E dison , incurved , pink ,silvery, reflexed,

distinct ; Cyclone, an immense white flowerof a new shape E . G . H ill, rich chrome and bronze, flowersof fine shape, reflexed and fu ll R osebank Gem , large flower,p ink and wh ite, distinct shape Pecul iarity, a variety withtube petals , d istinct pouch-like, notched and toothed at the


tation from Japan , am ong some very promising chry santhe

mums , another specimen of Mrs . H ardy . Among the seedlings of this variety raised by Mr . Manda, and shown by himduring the season , there has been no appearance of hairs .

One of the seedlings , named Bohem ia, is a large, dark flowerof decided promise. Strangely enough , there does not appearto have been any sport from Mrs . H ardy, though the unusuallylarge numbers of that variety wh ich have been grown thisseason would lead one to expect this not unusual occurrence.

Of the varieties of recent introduction , the following may benoted A lcyon , Délie, Superbe Flore, Madam e P epee, Val

d’

Andorre, E d . A udigu ier, W . H . L incoln, L . B . B ird and

John Thorpe, all Japanese, have done well ; Mrs . G . Wright ,A valanche and Condor are three good whites of the reflexed

Japanese type ; Mrs . H Cannell, white, incurved Japanese,has not done well, while Mr. H . Cannell, though not a veryfree flowerer, appears to be a real addition to the large yellowsof the old Grandiflorum class Mrs . N . D avis , a yellow sportfrom P rincess of T eck

,has al l the good qualities of one of the

best of the large incurved Chinese kinds Marie Q uvray hasnot shown itself to be a valuab le addition to the long list ofearly flowering varieties of more or less d ist inct violet shadeM . Garnier, a Japanese, with yellow ground , shaded and stripedbrown-red, is a fine variety Souvenir d ’

A lfred Motte, reflexedJapanese of a pecu liar color, magenta and buff, is worth add

ing to a large collection , and S O , too , is Mrs . Falconer Jameson ,one of Cannell ’ s new varieties, a flower colored buff and red,with yellow points L a Tosca, Japanese, fiery crimson , stripedbrown

,though a small flower , is good and distinct Cythere;

of the same class , purple-amaranth and shaded du ll red, is alsogood Magicienne, a Japanese, Chamois with light rose tints ,is a large and early flower V ieil 01 , though very rich in color,is too flimsy in substance to be usefu l ; E toile de L yon , a deepl ilac-rose, margined w ith silver, of large size, though it has

not done well here, has succeeded so well on the other side ofthe ocean that it Should be given a second trial .The incurved Chinese flowers have fallen into undeserved

neglect in later years, and the few valuable add itions to th isc lass have not attracted the attention due them . One of the

best of these newcomers is M . R oux, a seedling raised byBoucharlat and introduced in 1 884 . It has retained, even

Ornamenta ls . 55

this year, its good qualities of a low habit of growth and wellshaped , closely incurved flowers , of a bright Chamois yellow .

R alph Brocklebank , a yellow sport of the old variety Meg Mer

fi lles , has the same serious defect , a dark center.

The seedlings of the year of American production are notvery numerous, nor are they, as a whole

,very prom ising .

T hey have generally been exhibited as s ingle large flowers

grown to the fu llest size that high cultivat ion can give them .

I t is not easy, therefore, to say how valuable they will provefor general cultivation . I t is , unfortunately, true that many ofthe best new seedlings have been plants of bad constitut ion ,capable of yielding, in the hands of expert gardeners , wonderfu l resu lts , but comparatively valueless for the average grower.

Some most remarkable flowers , exhibited at the Boston showby Mr . Brydon , gardener to Mr. Simpkins , were largely of

this class . Better flowers were never exhibited here,and

,

probably, better cou ld not be seen on any exhibition table inthe world bu t if the ordinary grower shou ld select these plantsfor his own collection he wou ld inevitably be disappo in tedin the resu lts of his cu ltivation . Mrs . A ndrew Carnegie, oneof. last year ’ s seedlings , was Shown by Mr . Brydon in goodform and bright color , but the same flower, as exh ibited byother growers , was du ll and unworthy of its reputation . A da

Spau lding is not attract ive in color, at least was not so at theBoston exhibition , and is no better in s ize and form than manymore highly colored flowers already in the market . The otherconspicuous seedlings of 1 889 , so far as they have been seen ,m ust , in my opinion , await the results of another season ’

s

cultivation before they can be awarded a very high place onthe list .

3 . R oses .

SOME OF T H E NEWER VA R I ET I E S OF RO S E S . BY E . G . H I L L , I N

GA RDEN A N D FORE S T .

The list of new roses for 1 888 and spring of 1 889 was an umu sually large one, abou t equally divided between the H ybridP erpetuals and those known as E ver-bloomers in this country,including Teas , Polyanthas , H ybrid T eas , Noisettes , Bourbons and Ch inas . I t is impossible to determ ine the value orquality of a H ybrid

,P erpetual with a single summer ’ s trial,


but my notes made in E ngland and on the Continent duringA ugust last may indicate varieties that will probably prove usefu l in this country. O scar I I , King of Sweden , was introduced by S oupert Notting, of L uxembourg . Color is the

remarkable feature abou t this rose, it being'

a maroon-brownor

,to pu t it another way, a brown-crimson . A strong, vigor

ous grower,with large leathery foliage, it produces flowers

qu ite double and of fair form . I t has a rival in S ir R owlandH ill , an E nglish introduction of the previous year . This is a

fine, erect grower, and , if vigorous enough when grown on itsroots , will be much sought after when known in America . I t

,

too , is a maroon-crimson , with just enough lustre to light theflower up nicely . I t is S imilar to D uke of E dinburgh in habitand form . Both the above roses are decided departures incolor, and from what I saw of them , they appeared very freein the production of flowers . Caroline d’

A rden ,raised by

D ixon , of L angport , Ireland , is a rose of much promise fromits sturdy habit and fine

, open-faced flowers, which are produced in abundance considering the size of the flowers . I t

is of a bright cherry-rose, one of those appealing tints thatone cannot help liking . Countess d

’E u (Verdier) is a fine

globu lar flower of a bright cerise-rose color, flushed with ver

m ilion . I t is a rose of excellent shape and a fascinatingcolor . Marquis of Salisbury, raised by L eveque, is of a brightrose-crimson , shaded with silver . I ts attractive color, withits fine shape and great masses of flowers, impressed me

greatly.

D uchess of A lbany and D uchess of L eeds , both E nglishraised roses , are classed as H ybrid Perpetuals in E urope, butthey are both bred like the well known L a France. The firstis a rose of decided value. A s seen growing with the originators , Messrs . W illiam Pau l Son , it was all that cou ld bedesired , being larger in size, deeper in color and strongerin growth than its parent , L a France. D uchess of L eeds , atcertain stages of its development, is finely colored, and has a

bright , crisp appearance. I ts weak point is its slaty or deadp ink color when fully expanded . The outer or reverse side of

the petals is always of good color . To my notion it is a good ,usefu l rose, but would not please the fastidious on account ofits short petals and ashen color when fully Open . The two

sports from L ady Mary Fitzwilliam , Wh ite L ady (Paul) and

Ornamenta ls . 57

Maid of the M ist ( H . Bennett ) , are very fine as seen growingand flowering in the genial cl I m ate of E ngland , bu t are of nou se here on accoun t of their inability to withstand the fungousd isease commonly termed black spot . One of the finest rosesin E ngland is the parent of these two white sports , but it isvalueless here on account of the disease mentioned . CheshuntScarlet (George P au l) is a brilliant crimson-scarlet , and the

nearest approach to a pure scarlet of any rose we know . I tis from that splend id race of roses beginn ing with D uke of

E d inburgh and running through most of the seedlings raised atthe Cheshunt nurseries . I t is sem i-double, with broad petals ,and will make up in color for deficiencies in other d irections .

Marchioness of L orne, as grown at Waltham, is very nearly

an ideal rose, splendid in form , bright crimson-rose in color,

sweet-scented , produc ing its buds and bloom with a lavishness unknown to most roses of its class . Unfortunately, itdoes not ma intain its perpetual flowering character whentransplanted to American soil, as plants introduced lastspring behave like all other remontants . The roses men

tioned above are likely to prove valuable, and are distinctenough from existing kinds to warrant a trial on this s ide thewater .

Count Henri R ignon is a fine, distinct Hybrid T ea, raisedby P ernet, of L yons— a grand rose, as seen in the gardens inthe sou th of France, and it gives much prom ise on this side of

the A tlantic . I t is equal to American Beau ty in size, bu t of

a light,silvery flesh tint , which is decidedly pleasing, Our

growers might try forcing this variety in the way that Ameri

can Beauty is grown . I t wou ld sell if well done. E rnestMetz, a large silvery pink flower , tinged with flesh color, ofextra large size, and Madame P ierre Gu illot , a rose of the

Watteville type, are the two most prom ising teas of the yearand for bedding purposes in the open ground they will pleasethe fancy of critical rosarians . They are the product of thatcau tious and conscient ious m an , M . P ierre Guillot, of L yons ,who has done more, perhaps , than any other one m an to en

rich our gardens with good varieties .

We are testing other varieties of T ea R oses , but the propagator ’ s knife has despoiled them to such an extent that theymust wait until we can judge them properly . I m ight m en

tion The Queen , raised in this country, a sport from that O ld

A—4


favorite, Souven ir d’

U n Am i, and a fine rose for bedding inthe open ground . Clotilde S oupert , said to be a hybridP olyan tha , is , perhaps , the rose of most value on th is s ide, outof the many introduct ions of 1 889 . I t is nearly the size of the

fine H ybrid Noisette, Bou le de Neige, but differs from thatvariety in being short-j ointed and tru ly perpetual, as much so

as any of the common Chinas . I t also prom ises to be hardyin our northern clim ate, and if so it will be of great value.

Whether it is a P olyantha or a H ybrid No isette matters littleif it cont inues to do as it has done the past summer. I t wasraised by S oupert Notting

,L uxembourg , who declare it to

be a true descendant of the Japanese Fairy or PolyanthaR oses .

CHAPTER IV.

P LANT D IS E A S E S A N D INS E CT S .

I . Vegetable P athology .

The subject of vegetable pathology is yet so new that theterm itself is unfam iliar . It has long been known that plantshave diseases , but in a popular and practical way the knowledge has been productive of few resu lts until the present time.

I n general , the most destructive diseases are those causedby the attacks of parasit ic plants , yet there are d iseases of

nu trition . The term vegetable pathology has come by cus

tom to apply only to d iseases wh ich are fungous or fungoidin their nature, a lim itation which in many respects is unfortu

nate.

Great activity has been shown in the study of injuriousfungi in very recent years, and resu lts of inestimable econom icvalue have been obtained . The investigation has been un

dertaken by specialists connected with the agricu ltural colleges , and later by those working with the experiment stat ions

,

but the work fostered by the D epartment of A gricu lture hasbeen the most systematic and various . The section of vege

table pathology has a considerable force of skilled m en in the

laboratory and field . D uring 1 889 agents of the sect ion werelocated in N ew Jersey, D elaware, V irginia, South Carolina,Mississippi, M issouri, M ichigan , Wisconsin and California .

A great range of subjects has been investigated , and the

literature of plant diseases is increasing with great rap idity .

The most S ignal advantages of these invest igations havebeen those in connection with the diseases of grapes .

The black-rot and m ildews have been SO d isastrous togrape culture in many parts Of the country that growers


have often despaired of further profit . Yet the experimentsundertaken by the D epartment of A gricu lture in 1 888

show that both these diseases can be almost wholly con

trolled .

“ The results have been such as to justify the

conclus ion that we now have both downy m ildew and

black-rot,the two worst enem ies to American viticu lture, en

tit ely under our control . ” E xperiments of the present yearjustify this statement . The cost of the application of reme

dies , while considerable, is not burdensome,and the results

appear to be certain and positive. Invest igations made by theD elaware E xperimental Station in 1 889 upon “ a vineyard of

twelve hundred vines, which occupy an area of squarefeet , or approximately one and four-tenth acres, gave the following figures :

“ The net cash income from sprayed vinesduring the past season was The treatment necessaryto protect these vines from the d isease known as black-rot involved an ou tlay of $36. 1 0, leaving a cash balance of $ 1 08 . 30 .

Proof is furnished that withou t this treatment the total net income from the vineyard wou ld have been O thershave secured cheaper results with apparently no loss of efficI ency.

The resu lts at tained with grape d iseases are prophetic ofwhat m ay be expected in other directions . A lready the

potato-rot has been treated with every indication of success .

The leaf-blight of the pear and powdery mildew of the apple,diseases which are often ru inous to nursery stock, and the

first of which renders the growing of pear stocks a failure in

most parts of the country, have recently been treated witheminent success upon a very large scale. A block ofpear seedlings and several blocks of apple seedlings, aggregating about stocks, growing in the vicinity of Washington , were almost entirely rid of disease at a very low cost .The treatment for many of these parasitic diseases consist s

in spraying the plants at proper seasons with some preparation of sulphur and copper. The greatest success has beenobtained with the Bordeaux m ixture, a simple combination of

sulphate of copper and lime. The cost of making and applying this material to apple seedlings , averaging a footand a half in height, was found by Mr . Galloway

,of the D e

partment of A griculture, under whose direction the above ex

periments were conducted,to be 79% cents . A block of

62 A nna ls of H orticul ture.

tionize our dealings with many or most injurious insects .

T heir use,both in extent of territory covered and in the kinds

of insects attacked , is increasing with great rapidity .

But the boldest stroke in checking insect ravages is the

wholesale introduction from a foreign country of parasitic insects to prey upon the injurious ones . P erhaps the mos tdestructive insects to fru it trees in this country are the

white.

and red orange scales . These insects have ru inedmany orange groves in California, and have caused widespread alarm on the P acific coast . The white scale, I ceryaP urclzasi , is particu larly destruct ive, and is exceedingly difficu lt to combat . P rofessor R iley, of the National D epartment of A griculture, determined that the insect is a nativeof A ustralia, where it is kept in check by certain paras ites . A movement was at once set on foot to importthese paras ites , and two of the agents of the departmentwere dispatched to A ustralia for this purpose. A lady-birdbeetle,

known as Vedal ia cardinal is, has so far given best resu lts in destroying the scale. Mr. Coqu il let , of L os A ngeles ,who has had charge of the breeding oft hese insects, describesthe progress of the work as follows :

* “ The first consignment of these lady-b irds reached m e on the 3oth of November and numbered twenty-eight specimens ; the sec

ond consignment of forty-four spec imens arrived D ecember29th, and the third consignment of fifty-seven specimensreached m e January 24th ,

making one hundred and twentyn ine specimens in all . These, as received , were placed undera tent on an icerya-infested orange tree, kindly placed at mydisposal by Mr. J . W . Wolfsk il l , of this city . H ere theywere allowed to breed unmolested , and early in A pril it was

found that nearly all the iceryas on the inclosed tree had beendestroyed by these voracious lady-birds . A ccord ingly, on the

1 2 th of A pril, one side of the tent was removed , and the

lady-bird s were perm itted to spread to the adjoining trees .

A t this date I began send ing ou t colonies to various parts ofthe state. By the 1 2 th of June we had thussent out of these lady-birds , distribut ing them to twohundred and eight different orchardists , and in nearly everyinstance the colon izing of these lady-b irds on icerya-infestedtrees in the open air proved successful . The orange and

‘I nsect L ife, ii . 73.

P lant D iseases and I nsects . 63

other trees — abou t seventy-five in number— and also the

shrubs and plants growing in Mr . Wolfskil l’

s yard , have beenpractically cleared of iceryas by these lady-b irds , and the

latter have of their own accord spread to the adjo ining treesto a d istance of fu lly three-fourths of a m ile from the originaltree .

“ Bes ides the three consignments of these lady-birds re

ferred to above,I also received two later consignments . The

firs t Of these reached me February z I st,and numbered thirty

five specimens these I colon ized on an icerya-infested orangetree in the large orange grove belonging to Colonel J . R . D ob

bins , of San Gabriel . T he last consignment of three hundredand fifty specimens arrived March 2oth one-third of these Ileft with Colonel D obbins , while the remainder I colonized onorange trees in the extensive grove owned by Messrs . A . B .

and A . Scott Chapman , in the S an Gabriel Valley . A l l of

these colon ies have thrived exceedingly well .Professor H enry speaks* in unqualified praise of the suc

cess of this enterprise,and en tertains great hope for the de

struction of the scale.

“ Without doubt it is the best strokeever made by the A gricultural D epartment at Wash ington .

D oubtless other efforts have been product ive of greater b0food ,

bu t they were of such character that the people cou ld notclearly see and appreciate the benefits

,so that the D epartment

did not receive the credit it deserved . H ere is the finestillustrat ion possible of the value of the D epartmen t to givepeop le aid in t ime of distress . A nd the d istress was verygreat indeed ; of al l scale pests , the white scale seems the

most difficu lt to Cope w ith , and had no remedy been found itwou ld probably have destroyed the citru s industry of the

state, for its spreading to every grove would probably be onlya matter of time.

”

3 . A rsenites for the P lum Curcul io.

One of the most important resu lts of the year is the obtaining of undoubted proof of the efficiency of arsen ical spray inchecking the ravages of the curcu lio upon stone fru its . The

question has been stubbornly argued on both s ides and it is anoteworthy fact that growers , rather than entom olog ists or ex

* insect L ife, ii . 1 4 1 .

64 A nnals of H or ticulture.

perim enters, have been the first in recommending arsenites forthe curculio . I t is impossible to trace the pract ice O f spraym g for the curcu lio to its origin , or to say definitely who firstadvanced the idea . The practice is mostly, however, a resu ltof the general success of arsenites in treatment of t he codlinmoth , although there is record of its suggestion before the

spray was used upon the apple .

* So long ago as 1 87 1 G . M .

Sm ith , of Wisconsin , recommended this remedy to the S aI ntJoseph , M ichigan , Horticu ltural S ociety, '

j' and there have been

occasional recommendat ions of a s im ilar character through thepress in the m eantime. The first scientist to recommend the

arsen ites for the curculio appears to have been R iley , whou rged the matter before the M ississippi Valley Horticu lturalSociety at N ew O rleans early in 1 885 . In 1 885 , Forbes , ofI llinois , began experiments upon the effic iency of spraying forthe codlin moth , and incidentally he made Observat ions uponits effect upon curcu lios which had attacked the apples . Itwas found that over two-thirds of the apples liable to attackby codlin moth were saved , and over half of those liable to theattacks of the plum curculio . The first distinct record by asc ient ist of the applicat ion of the spray to stone fru its for theexpress purpose of combatting the curculio appears to be thatmade by Cook, in 1 887 : 1Paris green in the proportion of one tablespoonfu l to s ix gal lons of

water was very thorough ly sprayed upon four plum trees May 1 8 th . T he

petals had al l fal len , but the dried calyxes stil l clung to the fru i t . On

A ugust 20th the trees were visi ted , when i t was found that the two treatedtrees of theW i ld Goose variety had dropped al l their frui t , as had the nu

treated trees of the same kind . A nother treated tree of a yel low variety wasloaded w i th plums , of wh ich only fifteen per cent . were stung , and thosenot bad ly . T he fourth treated was a purple variety , and had not less thanseventy-five per cent . of its fru i t bad ly stung .

This test possesses little value from the fact that untreatedtrees do not appear to have been compared w ith the sprayedtrees yet the statements cam e from so prom inent an au thoritythat attention was no doubt called to the matter.

Saunders§ also made statements in 1 887 concerning the

S pray ofarsenical substances appears to have been first recommended for the destructionof the canker worm , and it was in combatting this insect that its effects upon the cod lin mothwere observed . L eBaron recommended P aris green for the cankerworm as early as 1 872.

I t was near the close of that decade that statements concerning the killin of the codlin moth

by P aris green began to gain currency. Cook , of M ichigan, was the rst entomologist toconfirm the statements .

Riley , R ep. Com . Agr. 1 888 , 69 . I R ep. M ich . Bd . Agr. 1 887 , 40.

R ep . Fruit Growers’A ss . , Ont .

,1 887 , 58 .

P lant D iseases and I nsects . 65

benefits derived from the use of P aris green upon s tone fru its ,bu t he had not made experiments .

The first publication of a well cons idered experiment wasm ade by Weed in Ju ly, Thirty-five E arly R ichmondcherry trees were sprayed with L ondon purple, and othertrees in the orchard received no treatm ent . Upon eight ofthe sprayed trees and seven of the unsprayed trees the cherries were picked and ind ividually exam ined . O f cherries from the sprayed trees , 280 were wormy ; while of

from the unsprayed trees , were wormy, showing a per

centage of benefit in favor of spraying of per cent . H is

conclusions were as follows : “1 . That three-fourths of the

cherries liable to injury by the plum curcu lio can be saved bytwo or three applicat ions of L ondon purple in a water spraymade soon after the blossoms fall . 2 . That if an interval of amon th occurs between the last applicat ion and the ripening of

the fru it no danger to health need be apprehended from its

use . A s a precaut ionary measure, however, I wou ld advisein all cases , and especially when there are few rains duringthis in terval , that the fru it be thoroughly washed before it isu sed .

” In O ctober , 1 888 , Cook published new experim ents TA few trees were sprayed three t imes , June 6th, 1 2th and 2oth .

T he fru it was unusually free from injury, although “ cherryand apple trees near by

,not sprayed , suffered seriou sly .

”

“ From these experiments,and those of former years , I con

olude that while one application w ill not save our plums and

cherries and prevent apples from being stung , two or threeapplications m ay be of s ignal advantage.

”I n Ju ly, 1 889 ,

Forbes recorded valuable experimen ts in the same direction iH e states that “ there can certainly be no further quest ion of

the liability of the curcu l io to po ison ing by very moderateamounts of either L ondon purple or P aris green while feeding On the leaves and fru it of peach or plum . Cook has ex

perim ented again during the past season , and he gives a re

view of his experience . 5 “ For six or seven years I havesprayed plum trees once and even twice with no apparen t effect . Test trees , close beside the trees sprayed , and that werenot treated , were as free from attack as were the trees thatwere sprayed , and the trees treated were no more exem pt from

l"Bull . 4, second series , Ohio E xp. S ta. I BM] . 39 M ich . E xp S ta.

I lnsect L ife,i i . 3 . Bul l . 53, M ich . E xp . S ta .

66 A nna ls of H orticul ture.

attack than others . In 1 888 I studied this matter very Closely

, and concluded that as the plum is a smoothfru it , with no calyx cup like that of the apple in which the

poison m ay lodge,and as the curculio lays its egg anywhere

on the smooth rind,the po ison would be very easily washed

off, or even blown off by the wind . I thus concluded thatmy want of success was very likely due to a want of thoroughness . In 1 888 I sprayed certain trees three t imes , at intervalsof eight days , and om itted to treat other trees close alon

gs ide. The benefit from spraying was very marked .

The arsen ites will protect against the plum curcu lio ifthey can be kept on the tree or fru it . But in the case of veryfrequent rains the jarring method will not only be cheaper ,but much more effect ive .

”

Weed ’

s second experiments were published* September,1 889 . O f cherries examined from sprayed trees , 360were wormy ; while of from unsprayed trees ,were wormy

,showing a benefit from the use of L ondon purple

of per cen t . of those fru its liable to injury . T he conclusions wh ich he draws from his crit ical experiments are as

follows :

T h is series of experiments , carried on through two seasons upon two varieties of cherry trees and four varieties of plum trees , during wh ich a grandtotal of cherries have been ind ividual ly exam ined , seem s to me to

confirm the conclusions provisional ly announced one year ago ,wh ich may

now be pu t in the following form : ( I ) T hat about three-fourths of the

cherries l iable to injury by the plum curcu l io can be saved by two or threeappl ications of L ondon purple in a water spray , in the proport ion of one

ounce to ten gal lons water. (2 ) T hat a sufficiently large proportion of the

plum crop can be saved by the same treatment to insure a good yield whena fair amount of fru i t is set . ( 3) T hat if an interval of a month or moreoccurs between the last appl icatiou and the ripening of the fru i t , no dangerto heal th need be apprehended from its use . (4) T hat spray ing w ith thearsenites is cheaper and more practical than any other known method of

preventing the I njuries of th is insect .The report of the Un ited States E ntomologist for 1 888 , re

cently received , records two tests , which were made underhis d irect ion . In 1 887 A lwood experimented upon GreenGage plums , spraying the trees twice with P aris green . The

record Shows that considerable benefit was derived from the

use of the po ison ..O sborn , of Iowa , made experiments in

1 888 upon several variet ies of nat ive plums . H e finds that

lI‘Bul l . 6. vo‘. l l . Ohio E xp. S ta .

P lant D iseases and I nsects. 67

by “ combining the ent ire coun t of all variet ies, we have forsprayed trees a final of per cent . punctured or stung,and per cent . contain ing larvae, against a final ofper cent . stung and per cent . containing larva: for the

check trees .

”

The history of sprayn for cu rculio proves that the insectcan be kept in check by ‘this means , although the advantagesderived from the po ison are less marked than in the case ofthe codlin moth . The codlin moth deposits its egg in the cupor blossom end of the fruit , wh ile the little apple is yet erect .I n this cup the poison is caught . The curcul io , on the otherhand , punctures the side of a fru it , and most of the fru itsupon which it works are smooth , and the poison does not

adhere well . R iley and H oward state these facts as followsOn the whole the remedy is one wh ich is a desirable addit ion to our list,

although i t w i l l never become so great a success as the application of thesepoisons for the codl ing moth , and for two reasons : ( 1 ) T he egg is de

posi ted and the beetle gnaws preferably upon the smooth cheek of the fruit ,where the poison does not so read i ly adhere, and from wh ich it is m oreeas i ly washed off. ( 2) T he larva , eating d irectly from the flap, does not

come in contact with the poison as does the larva of the cod l in moth .

But the insect gets the poison from the leaves as well asfrom the fru it . Until recently it has been supposed t hat theadu lt curculio , like many other insects , does not eat , and one

of our best entomologists stated in 1 886 that “ Paris green ,kerosene emulsion , and other poisons are of no avail againstthe curculio . H e will not eat them .

”The persistence of cer

tain fru it growers , however, that spraying is effective againstthe curcu lio has led to many invest igations of the feedinghabits of the adult insect . Forbes ’

experiments* are part icu

larly good . Curculios in confinement ate leaves , flowers and

fru its of the plum , leaves of peach , and flowers of rose, honeysuckle and snowball . In v iew of the fact the insects feedthus indiscriminately, Forbes concludes that it may be “ worthwhile to make the attempt to attract the adult to floweringplan ts in the orchard , other than the peach , with the hope of

poison ing it there ( especially late in the season) without us ingthese dangerous insect icides on fru its afterwards to be eaten .

”

O f insects in confinement , fed upon poisoned foliage,some

d ied the second or third day, and others soon followed . T he

‘i nsect L ife, ii . 3 ( 1 88 l


following table is an interesting and important one,in show

ing the effects of sprays of different strengths as com paredw ith wholesome food

N o P oison . 1 lb . to roogals . I lb . to zoogals . I lb . to 300ga ls . I lb . to 5oogalsD ates . —1 2 I nsects .

—1 2 I nsects .—1 2 I nsects .

— 22 I nsects .

— 22 I nsects .

T otal ,A l l strengths of the poison m ixture here kil led the beetles feeding on i t ,

the difference being seen in the rapid i ty with wh ich they took effect . I n fourdays from poisoning, the ratios kil led were 42 per cent . in lot two , 33 per

cent . in lot three, 27 per cent . in lot four and 1 8 per cent . in lot five.

The success of the arsenites in combatt ing curculio on the

plum and Cherry has led fru it growers to apply them to thepeach . This has been particularly true in the peach belt ”of M ichigan during the past season . But it was found atO nce that peach foliage is easily injured by the poison, andthis experience has opened again the question of the properstrength of the spray . Cook has published the best experiments in this connection . H e finds* that “ L ondon purple ismore injurious to foliage than is Paris green ; and whitearsen ic— arsenious acid— is more harmfu l than either. Th isis doubtless owing to the soluble arsenic which I s quite abnudant in L ondon purple, and almost absent in Paris green .

A s pea'

ch foliage is especially susceptible to injury he recom

mends that only P aris green be applied to it .

For econom i c reasons , as well as to avo id I njury to foliage,recent tendency 1 5 towards weaker m ixtures . I t I s probablethat a pound of poison to 2 5o

'

gallons of water is strongenough for any use, wh ile for the peach and other trees particularly liable to injury, a m ixture of half this strength i s

best . But the spray shou ld always be fine and it shou ld bedriven into the tree with great force. There is some evi

dence to Show that m ixtures of equal strength act d ifferentlyll'Bull . 53 , M ich . E xp. S ta .


injurious to fru it or fru it trees . E arly in the year litigationoccurred in Western N ew York over the operation of the

yellows law , but the outcome of the su it threw no new lightupon the disease and established no principles of procedure .

The yellows comm issioners , authorized by the statute, destroyedtrees which they supposed to be diseased and which the ownerrefused to remove. Upon the refusal of the owner to pay forthe labor of the comm issioners , the county brought su it formisdemeanor . The defendant contended that the trees in quest ion were not d iseased , and in the absence Of spec imens or thetestimony of experts , the jury disagreed . Many witnesseswere cal led to testify to the general nature Of yellows , and twoor three experts were summoned . But while the court allowedthe giving of much general test imony as a matter of generalinformation and education , the case rested upon the conditionof the trees in question . I t seems necessary to make thisexplanat ion , from the fact that the statement has been madethat this su it was a victory of those who contend that yellowsis a more condit ion of the tree, rather than a specific disease,and that it must establish a precedent for the overthrow ofyellows laws .

The extraordinary increase recently in ways of combattinginsects and plant diseases will enable legislation to be madeintelligently and practically, and the next few years must seegreat progress in wholesale control of these evils . T here iscertainly no reason why laws for the control of diseases andenem ies of crops shou ld not be as salutary as existing lawsfor the checking of diseases of domest ic animals . E uropeanstates have already taken measures in this d irection . Francehas recently made such a law ,

aimed at injurious insects,injurious

,fungi , cl autres oegetaux nuisibles a l

’

agricul ture, orother plants harmfu l to agriculture.

”

CHAPTER V.

NAT IONAL A N D E DUCAT IONAL

INT E R E ST S .

1 . H orticu ltural Work of til e N ational D epartment

qf Agr i culture.

Several features of the Nationa l D epartment of A gricu ltureare of vital importance to the horticu lturist . The BotanicalD ivision, particularly in its section of Vegetable P athology,D ivision of E ntomology and D ivision of E conomic O rn ithology and Mammalogy

,are all directly related to work in the

garden and orchard . The Seed D ivision also particularly coo

n

cerns the gardener. The original object of the Seed D ivisionwas to distribu te rare and new spec ies and varieties , but it hasdone comparatively little of th is work . There is a determ inat ion expressed on the part of the D epartment to increase theusefu lness of this D ivision . P articu lar efforts are being madeto distribute valuable forage grasses and cereals . The general policy of the present adm inistration in this d irection is

ou tlined in the following statement from the Secretary of

A gricultureT he d istribu tion of seeds to experiment stations and agricultural col leges

has now become an important part of the work of th is Division , and the

w isdom of th is course is so apparent that the pol icy of placing seeds of

new and presumably valuab le plants at the disposal of the officers of theseinsti tut ions wi l l be sedulous ly adhered to . From them the Departm entmay reasonably ant icipate getting such reports , includ ing such data as the

date of sowing or planting, the time of maturing and harvesting , the

quanti ty of seed p lanted , the amount and qual ity of the product , the character of the soi l and cl imate, as wi l l enable the Department to arrive at

reasonable conclusions as to the relative value of seeds so furnished , so


that we may then be m ore certain of furnish ing to our farmers in the

various sections represen ted by these insti tu tions the seeds best adapted totheir wants and m ost certain to insure them good returns . W ith a view to

securing the best seeds , I have made a departure from the methods heretofore in vogue, by engaging the services of a special agent whose whole dutyis to visi t , personal ly , different sections of the country , and inspect , as faras possib le , the product of seeds offered to the Department , and to look upsuch as seem to possess special ly desirable characteristics . T he work donein th is l ine has more than justified the expediency of undertaking i t . T he

resu l ts wh ich may be secured by wise d issem ination of seeds are of greatvalue . By the substitution of superior varieties for such as have become

deteriorated or d iseased and by the introduction of the seeds of new

p lants , through the cu l tI vation of which the resources and wealth of our

people may be largely increased , the producers of th is country can not fai lto reap very great benefi ts .

The D ivision of Gardens and Grounds has in charge the careof the grounds of the D epartment , the managem ent of the conservatories , and “ the introduction ,

propagat ion and cu ltureof econom ic or usefu l plants , and the d istribut ion of suchplants in localities where climat ic and other conditions seem

favorable to their growth .

”

A s a main purpose of the Department , through th is Division , is thatof introducing , or assisting the introduction , of new or but l ittle known use

fu l plan ts , i t wi l l have served this purpose when these plants have ei thermerited the attention of cultivators or have proved to be fai lures ; in theform er case their further propagation is taken up by commercial growers ,who can supply al l demands , so that the services of the Department are no

longer important in that particu lar plant , and its m eans can be directed andemp loyed for other purposes of a sim i lar character .

The testing Of new varieties was formerly a prominent feature of the work of th is D ivision , but inadequate space has

compelled the abandonment of the enterprise. A movementis now making to revive this invest igation upon a new S ite .

But it is through theD ivis ion of P omology that horticu lturists hope for most direct results . This D ivision was inst itutedA ugust 1 , 1 886, by the appo intment of H . E . Van D eman , ofKansas , as P omologist . T here are now in the employment ofthe D ivision , aside from the P omologist , three clerks and one

artist , bes ides several special field agents who serve as oc

casion requ ires . The first work undertaken was to acquaintthe hort icu lturists of the country with the fact of the organ ization and to secure their co-operation . The P omologist vis itedin an Official way nearly all of the State H orticultural andP omolog ical Societies as well as those of a nat ional character .

N ational and E ducational I nterests . 73

A list of the names of the members of these societies has beencollected and alphabetically arranged , together with all thosewho have indicated by their correspondence or otherwise theirdesire to co-operate with this D ivision . A system of bookshas been arranged and carried into practice which includesthe names of about of the leading fru it-growers of thecountry, and which gives the kinds of fru its and the amountof each grown by the persons named . These names are allarranged by States and counties and reference can be madeat once to those persons engaged in the growing of any fru it .I t is the policy Of the D ivision to collect specific informa

tion and to publish special bu lletins or monographs on the

d ifferent classes of fru its . Two great opportunities— the

neglected horticulture of the Sou th , and the study of nativewild fru its— at once presented themselves , and work has beenlargely in those directions . Bu lletin 1 , which was publishedin 1 887 , contains the most accurate reports obtainable on thesubject Of trop ical and sem i-tropical fru its as cu ltivated in the

United States at that time. Bu lletin 2 relates to the R ussianand other fruits as grown in the extreme Northern States inthe year 1 887 . A monograph is being prepared which willdescribe completely the wild grapes of North America . Thiswill appear, it is expected , during the com ing year . D uringthe summer of 1 889 , T . V . Munson, of Texas, was commiss ioned as a special agent of the D epartment to investigate thewild fru its of theWestern States and Territories , and he travelod, in company with Mr . C . L . H opkins, a clerk of the D ivision , over m iles , in the course of the work . Obser

vations were made upon all wild fru its , and a report thereonis to be published in due time.

Much of the office work consists in replying to inqu iries t egarding the various topics connected with practical pomology,and the naming of variet ies of fruits which are sent for identification and study . More than specimens are thus exam ined each year , and the number is increasing . I t is the

pu rpose of the D ivision to secure specimens of all the new

fru its, and drawings and water-color paint ings are made of

them , all of which are preserved as a permanent record in theoffice. Critical notes are made of every specimen received .

T he attention Of the D ivision is also directed to invest igationsin foreign countries and to the importat ion of such fru its as


will be likely to prove valuable in this country . In pursuanceof this idea, within the last year there have been imported fromthe P hil l ippine Islands eleven named varieties of the best cocoanuts grown there, wh ich were received in good condition,and which have been planted in the extreme southern part ofFlorida . This is the first lot of named cocoanu ts yet introduced into this country . S ix named varieties of the bestmangoes grown in the vicinity ofBombay, India, were Obtainedand have been planted at L ake Worth , Florida, where the

commoner variet ies of mangoes were already succeed ing ad

m irably. Steps have been taken to secure the choicest grapes ,figs , O lives and peaches grown in Southern E urope, in P ersiaand in P alestine.

The varieties of t he kaki or Japanese persimmon, whichhave been introduced , are almost wholly incorrect as to names,so far as the trees have borne. Th is is due, in a great measure, to carelessness and ignorance on the part of the Japanesenurserymen , and perhaps to careless handling of the trees after they have reached this country . R ecogn izing this fact ,the P omological D ivision has been endeavoring for the lastthree years to correct the nomenclature of this fru it . I llustrations and descript ions have been Obtained from Japan , andcorrespondence has been undertaken with the best au thorit ieson the subject in that country and in this , as well as with thefruit growers in the southern states and in California . In1 887 these invest igations resu lted in determ ining the correctnames of three varieties and the resu lt was incorporated in

the report of the P omologist for that year . In 1 888 the prevalence of the yellow fever in the state of Florida , from whichthe largest share Of the specimens have been obtained

, pre

vented the cont inuation of the work in a great measure, so

that very little progress was made that year . In the fall of1 889 a very large number of specimens were Obtained from allthe states in which th is fru it grows , and material progress hasbeen made . A t least six additional varieties have been thoroughly identified . I t seems now qu ite likely that the nomenclature of this fru it will be in a great measure corrected .

There is much d ifference in the quality and market value.

Among the best varieties may be named Yemon, H ach iya,

Tane-Nashi , Yeddo-Ichi , Yamato , H yakume,D aidai Maru

and Tsuru . Information has been received that in the

N ationa l and E ducational I nterests . 75

northern part of Japan and Korea there exist native varietiesOf the persimmon which will endure as great a degree of coldas the wild persimmon Of this country, and the D ivision isnow making efforts to secure them .

2 . H orti cu ltural Work qf tbe E xper iment S tations .

The experiment stations, established under act of Congress,

are for the most part completely organized . I t is yet tooearly to expect much original work of a high character

,for

the enterprise is not yet three years old, * and most of thestations have been obliged to start with unskilled staffs

,and

in the face of ignorance and misapprehension . Necessarily aconsp icuous part Of the work so far done has been of a some

what temporary nature, but it has gratified public desire andhas given assurance that activity and enterprise characterizethe stations . It is probable that much of this energy of ex

perim ent will soon subside, but there will no doubt be a corresponding elevat ion in the character of work undertaken .

There is an unfortunate common m isapprehension , which of

ten assumes the form of a carping critic ism , that al l experi

ment performed by the stations shou ld be new . I t is no partof the national law nor of the opinions of those who have hadmuch to do in shaping the policy of the stations

,that all the

work shou ld be novel in its character . The stations are

created , in the language of the law,

“ in order to aid in acqu ir

ing and diffusing among the people of the United States use

ful and practical information on subjects connected with agricu lture, and to promote scientific investigation and experimentrespecting the principles and applications of agricu lturalscience.

”Because a certain problem has been well investi

gated in Germany or France is no reason why it may not bestudied here, even under sim ilar conditions and applications .

Some of the most usefu l studies are those which repeat old ex

perim ents or wh ich afford new illustrations Of well knownfacts . The stations exist primarily to instruct the farmer

,

not to advance science in the abstract . When it so happensthat the experimenter can afford usefu l instruct i o n a n d M =-t he

same t ime add a new law or fact to the su m s at CO I U TP bU S , Ohh-.c d that the varI ety tests of

1“T he H atch bill was signed by President Cle‘a I lated by the Office Of E xperi


has attained his highest privilege, but the greater part of investigation must necessarily fall short of this . E xcept inmatters of general science, the investigat ions Of E uropeanstudents possess little or at most indirect value to the American farmer . The work is accomplished under conditions andupon plants which are unfam iliar and it is also a fact ,however much it m ay be deplored , that the remoteness of theexperimenter usually curtails interest in his work . A Ger

man experiment, for instance, is worth much m ore to the

American farmer when repeated in this country than whenpublished first hand . Moreover , there is no means by whichthe detailed work of foreign investigators can be placed before the mass of our farmers . The researches are too heavyfor the agricu ltural press, and it is cons idered impolitic for theexperiment stat ions to issue them as bu llet ins . A l l these factsappear to be overlooked by various scientific journals whichpersist in comparing all work with E uropean standards and ininveigh ing against all experiment which is not new. A certainexperimenter recently thought it legitimate to make variousresearches because “ there have been no general inqu iries inthis country into the exact effects of these conditions , or theirimportance to the cult ivator whereupon an editor of asc ientific journal remarked, Well, what Of it ? There havebeen in other countries .

”

In short , thework of E uropean investigators is of chief use,in America, to the experimenter rather than to the farmer,and it is the privilege of the experimenter to make whateveruse of it that seems fit . I t may suggest work for himself, orhe may supplement it . H ere arises the question as to howfar the experimenter shall quote volumes and au thorities, inhis bu lletins, for sim ilar work done elsewhere. I t is doubtfu lpolicy to load a popu lar bu lletin with references unintelligibleto the cu ltivator it seems better to make a S imple statementof the foreign resu lts, if it is thought best to d iscuss them atall . Many bu lletin-makers write as if their audiences were co

workers ratherthan farmers . Yet the whole matter Of collation with foreign experiments is an open question , and it mayS O IVG

HIJS C I I if attent i on i s once called to i t . There are some

Yeddo I crilf necessity technical and interest a smalland Tsuru . I nformation hhp ical ities

.

of composition are neces

new in sc i ence. But the mass


ment Stations of the National D epartment of A gricu lture,and be issued by that office as occasional bulletins . Thisac t ion, by combining many reports, will add value to the

work of the stations , while it does not prevent the officerfrom publishing his independent resu lts . I t was decided ,also

,that uniform ity in names of varieties should be secured,

and inasmuch as no organization had undertaken reform in

the nomenclature of kitchen garden vegetables, a committeewas appointed to consider the matter. The American Pomological Society has prosecu ted a vigorous reform in the nomenclature of fru its , and the Society of American Florists hasresolved to make the endeavor to control the names of florists ’plants . I t now remains for some organization to extend theagitation to ornamental trees and shrubs . The comm ittee appointed by the station hort iculturists assert that

Brevity , accuracy and good taste in the nam ing of vegetables are perfectly compatiblewi th the purposes of trade, and i t therefore sol ic i ts co-operation in this work , not only from al l writers upon horticultural topics butalso from al l dealers in garden seeds and suppl ies . A name is bestowedupon any p lant so lely for the purpose of designating i t ; it is not the province of a name to describe the plant . A l l description is properly a partof the text . T h is description shou ld present a characterization of the

variety , rather than a mere lis t of adjectives intended to catch the eye.

T he comm ittee desire to suggest that a variety never be described under aname which is accepted as a synonym ; if the synonym is used as a leader,it should stand only for the purpose of making a reference to the propername ; as , I vory Bal l— see Wbi te Apple.

The following rules were formu lated , and the Office of E xperiment Stations has distribu ted them to the seedmen and thepress of the country

1 . T he name of a variety shou ld cons ist of a single word , or at most, oftwo words A phrase, descriptive or otherwise, is never al lowable ; as ,

P ride of I ta ly ,K ing of Mammot/i s

,E ar l iest of A l l .

2 . The name shou ld not be superlative or bombastic . I n particular, al lsuch epithets as N ew

,L arge, Giant, Fine, S elected, I mproved and

.

the l ikeshou ld be om itted . I f the grower or dealer has a superior stock of a

variety , the fact shou ld be stated in the description immediately after thename, rather than as a part of the name itself as , Tropby , selected stock .

"

3 :I f a grower or dealer has procured a new select strain of a wel l known

varIety , it shal l be legitimate for him to use his own name in connectionwith the established name of the variety ; as , s

’

t/i’

s Winnigstadt, j ones’

s

Cardina l .

4 . When personal names are given to varieties, titles shou ld be om ittedas , Maj or , Genera l , Queen .


5 . T he term hybricfit shou ld not be used , except in those rare instances in

wh ich the variety is known to be of hybrid origin .

6. The originator has the prior right to name the variety ; but the oldestname which conform s to these rules should be adopted .

7 . T h is comm i ttee reserves the right , in its own publ ications , to reviseobjectionable names in conform ity wi th these ru les .

A very important movement in connect ion with the experi

ment stations is the organizat ion in the National D epartmentof A gricu lture of an Office of E xperiment Stations . The du tyof this office, as outlined by the Secretary of A griculture, is“ to indicate lines Of inqu iry for the stat ions , to promote theco-ordination of their work, to furnish them needed adviceand ass istance, and to collate and publish the results of theirexperiments . To this end it conducts a large and increasingcorrespondence relat ing to the scientific , administrative, and

general interests of the individual stations and the enterpriseas a whole. I ts representatives visit stat ions, agricu ltu ral colleges and kindred institu tions . It collect stat ist ics and otherinformation regarding agricu ltural science ; compiles resu ltsof inqu iry, past and present , in this country and in E urope,which are greatly needed and earnestly called for by the station workers and others interested in agricu ltural science ;and pu ts the resu lt of station work in pract ical form for gen

eral distribut ion in farmers ’ bulletins .

”

In general, the Secretary of A griculture regards the developm ent of the experiment station enterprise in thi s country as

a noteworthy illustrat ion of the readiness of the Americanpeople to grasp and to u t ilize new and valuable ideas . Be

ginning only fourteen years ago, it has grown out to the

farthest limits of the land , enlisted the best colleges and uni

versities and the ablest investigators , and secured both stateand nat ional resources for its maintenance. I t now employsnearly four hundred workers ‘to promote agriculture by scient ific investigation and experiment ,

’ and to diffuse as well asincrease the knowledge which improves farm pract ice andelevates farm life. I t has the favor of a great army of practi

c al farmers, to whom it has already brought substantialbenefits . The experience thus far gained evinces the wisdomof Congress in distribut ing the work throughou t the country‘A hybr id is the product of true species . The c are few ,

if any , instances of true hybridsamong common garden vegetables . The ofvarieties gives rise to a cross .


where it may be adapted to the wants of the various sections,and placing it in connection with institutions of learning whichare, in general, laboring faithfu lly to fu lfill the trust imposedupon them . Crudity and m istakes are here and there apparent . But the general effort of the stations toward the

greatest usefu lness, the wise action of the A ssociation of Ameri

can A gricultural Colleges and E xperiment Stations, the cordialsupport of the people, state legislatures and Congress , andthe practical resu lts already obtained , imply that the nationalgovernment has made no mistake in undertaking this enterprise ou a larger scale than has been attempted elsewhere inthe world .

3 . I rregulari ties in Weights and Measures.

The increase in shipment and interchange of horticu lturalproducts is constantly bringing into greater prominence the

irregularities and variations in commercial weights and measures . I t 1 5 time that uniform ity were demanded I n the variousStates . The weights Of a bushel of produce often differ muchbetween adjoining States, and growers multiply the confusionby shipping in packages Of almost every description and ca

pacity. I t is probably not desirable that the style of package for any fru it shall be uniform throughou t the country, forit is found that some markets demand certain fashions ; and itis also true that conditions of shipment sometimes determ ineto a great extent the character of the package. Yet all interests would be subserved if packages were to hold the quantity which they are said to hold , if a peck basket were to holdeight quarts and a half-peck four quarts and there is also nocessity for a general uniform ity in shape, within certain geograph ical lim its , yet leaving the details to the taste or necessit ies Of the grower . The fru it exchanges which are now

springing up will no doubt enforce un iformity, to a great extent , for substantial uniformity within State lim its is in manyways desirable.

The old perplexity concerning the size of the berry quartis still unsettled , and will probably so remain until a nationalstandard is promulgated . I t is a singular anomaly that berries are usually sold by liqu id measure. The wine or liquid

N ational and E ducational I nterests . 8 1

quart contains 57% cubic inches, while the dry quart contains Many local organizations have attempted to in

augurate uniformity in the berry quart , and have alwaysin their first efforts , so far as the writer is aware, recom

mended the use of the fu ll or dry quart ; but some haveabandoned their efforts , and at least one has become so fardiscouraged as to adopt wine measure, for its “

efforts to Ob

tain uniformity on the dry measure box have been a failure.

There are a number of difficu lties attending the adoption ofuniform quarts . The greatest perplexity comes from the

settling of berries in shipment . If the box is designed tohold a fu ll quart when level fu ll , the berries will need to beheaped to provide for settling . In this case the grower givesthe market more than he is requ ired to give. I t is thereforeurged that the wine or “ snide ” quart is the fairer one, for

when heaped it holds abou t a fu ll quart . This may be truewhen long shipments are made, but those within easy reach ofmarket do not need to heap their boxes to any extent , andthese persons therefore sell under measure. A nd the merefact that boxes of different sizes are in the market , oftenstanding side by side, fosters an unpleasant impression in themind of the customer . The remedy for this evil, and of nu

merous others , of which th is may serve as a type, is the

measuring of shrinkable produce by weight . The customs

in the P acific States can be profitably studied in this connection .

The whole subject of weights and measures in referenceto produce needs correction by Congress . Movements havealready been made in this d irection . The N ew Jersey StateBoard of A griculture recently sent a comm ittee to Washington , for the purpose of investigating the question of anational standard, under the leadership of the late D r. GeorgeH . Cook . D r . Cook reported that he “ was surprised tofind that there had been no legislat ion whatever on the question by our general government . ” In certain cases, Congress has fixed the weights of produce.

“ For instance, thecustoms-revenue officers , in fixing the amount of du ties uponimported grain

,are directed to allow 60 pounds per bushel

for wheat, 56 for corn and rye, 48 for barley, 32 for oats , 60for peas and 42 for buckwheat Certain federal officers‘J . R . Dodge, Rep. Com . Agr. 1 877 , 1 97 .


have established by custom , definite weights for certain commodities . Beyond these limits , however, the government appears never to have established any uniformity in measures .

4 . The N ational Flower D iscussion .

The most prominent discuss ion of the year upon matterspertaining to plants has been upon the selection of a nationalflower. The movement appears to have begun with an articlefrom Jean Kincaid in the Boston D aily Globe, May 1 3, 1 888 ,since which time almost the entire press of the country hasgiven the discussion prominence. Mr . P rang has issued anart istic souvenir with various native flowers in colors, andasks for votes upon the choice of a nat ional emblem . Thisvote is to be announced at the opening Of the yearO ther novel plans of awakening interest in the movementand securing opinions have been devised . There appears tobe less agitat ion concerning the feasibility or necessity of

adopting a national flower than upon the selection of one .

T he fact appears to be too often overlooked , althought it hasoften been expressed, that national flowers are the product ofevents or of pecu liar fitness in the plant . T here are neitherof these incent ives to the choice of a flower for America . I f

an emblem is to be selected de nooo it should possess characteristics of the nat ion while at the same t ime it conforms toparticu lar requ irements . Such a plant does not exist . I f we

must have the emblems , they must appear as the representatives of particular regions or part icu lar events . The H orti

cul tural A rt j ournal suggests that each state select its own .

This simplifies the problem by extending it , and p laces it uponthe basis of the coats Of arms of the states . It may be pert inent to inqu ire

,in the present issue, who is to make the

choice. A committee on the national flower, of the Societyof American F lorists , declined to assume the responsibility :

“ Your comm ittee report that they have given much consideration to the subject assigned to them, without being ableto recommend any particular flower . There are so manycandidates for favor and such a diversity of opin ion upon the

Of these votes , 70 per cent. favored the golden-rod , 1 6 theMayflower, and the remaining1 4 P er cent. were d1vided among the daisy, laurel , dandel ion, sunflower and some others .


subject that it is impossible, at the present time, to select a

flower with any probability that it will be accepted by the peopleof the United States with any degree of unanimity . It isbetter, in the judgment of the committee, to leave the matteropen for discussion .

”

Numbers of p lants have been pressed for public favor . T he

conspicuous ones are golden rod , Indian corn, apple, mountain laurel (Kalmia) , Mayflower (En aea water lily, magnoliaaster . The features which a national ower should compriseare adm irably stated in The A merican Garden for Septemberby GeorgeW . W . Houghton ,

in support of the apple blossom1 . Preferably it should be the flower of a native plant , though not neces

sarily,for our popu lation is the resu lt of transplanting , and an imported

flower, provid ing i t has been thorough ly Americanized , wou ld have a cer

tain appropriateness .

2 . I t should be general ly d istribu ted throughout the country , so that citizens of every state m ight feel that they had a part in i t ; and it must becommon and fam i l iar to al l .3 . I t should preferably suggest uti l ity as wel l as beauty , in order to cor

rectly characterize the prevail ing sp iri t of our age, and of our country inparticu lar .

4 . I t should be as litt le variable as possible in form and color, so thateither wi l l be suggestive.

5 . I t shou ld neither be so large that it cannot be worn in the button-holeor in a lady ’s bonnet , nor so smal l that its form is unfam i l iar. On the lat

ter score I wou ld ru le out al l composite flowers .

6 . I ts form shou ld be distinct and characteristic , so that it may readi lybe recognized when used for decorative purposes , wi thou t the necessity ofcolor, and even when simpl ified to the merest out l ine .

7 . I t should have some sentiment about it ; and , to fu lfi l l this condition ,

it is high ly desirable that it should have an agreeable odor. Without th isattri

l

bute of sentiment it is imposs ible that it shou ld take any hold on the

pub ic.

5 . M issour i Botani c Gardens .

America has at last the opportunity to possess a great botanio garden . The magnificent fortune of the late HenryShaw of St . L ouis has been left to the maintenance andaugmentation of the gardens which he established many yearsago . Provis ions of the broadest and most liberal nature havebeen made, and the trustees are m en of sound bu siness worthand are fu lly aware of the responsibility which falls upon them .

The fortune which falls to the support of this garden “ hasbeen appraised, ” writes Garden and Forest,

“ at nearly


000, and produces a net income of about but as a

large part of Mr. Shaw ’ s property is invested in unimprovedreal estate within the city limits Of St . L ou is , the income of

his estate may be expected to increase enormous ly with the

growth of that city ; and P rofessor William T release, the

newly appo inted director , will , in all probability, soon findhimself at the head of a better endowed establishment thanany other of its kind which has ever existed . There is nobotanic garden in the world , with the exception of that at

Kew,where the annual expenditures are not far from $ 1 00 ,

000 , which enjoys an income of anything like and avast amount of good and usefu l work can be accomplishedevery year with that sum of money .

” This institution will bemore than a garden . I t will in time comprise a great botanical museum, with a comprehensive herbarium , of which the

inestimable collect ions of E ngelmann form a nucleus . I twill also become a great educational center where botany andall its correlatives will be taught . In short

,there appears to

be every reason to expect that this will in time become the

botanical center of the new world .

The horticu ltural features of th is great project are boldlydrawn . I t is to be a school of pract ice as well as study . I twill afford facilities for the train ing of gardeners .

I n accordance wi th the intent ion of its honored Founder, the T rusteesof the Garden propose to prov ide adequate theoretical and practical instruction for young men desirous of becom ing gardeners . I t is not intendedat present that many persons shal l be trained at the same same t ime,

nor

that the instruction so p lanned shal l dupl icate the excel lent courses in agricu l ture now offered by the numerous S tate Col leges of the country , but thatit shal l be qu i te dist inct and l im ited to what is thought to‘ be necessary fortraining practical gardeners .

”

Garden scholarships have been established , with the following aims and provisions

S cholarsh ips , not exceeding six in number, wi l l be awarded by the D irector of the Garden ,

prior to the first of A pri l next . I n case the entirenumber are not then awarded , the remainder w i l l not be awarded until thecorrespond ing period of the fol lowing year, and vacancies wh ich may sub

sequently arise wi l l be fi l led annual ly , after published announcement .T he pupi ls who are fortunate enough to secure these scho larsh ips wil l

be lodged in comfortable room s in a spac ious dwel l ing adjoining the Garden ,

under the charge of the Head Gardener or some other competent person .

I t is not the intention of the T rustees to furnish table board , but goodboard can be obtained in the lodging house or elsewhere, at the usual cost .

CHAPTER VI .

CON VE N T I ON S OF N AT I ON A L SOCIE T IE SP E R T A IN ING T O H OR T ICULTUR E FOR

T H E YE A R 1 889 .

1 . A meri can P omologi cal S ociety .

The 22d session of the American P omological Society washeld in O cala, Florida, February 20, 2 1 and 22 . The conven

tion was well attended and the papers and discussions through .

out were elevated and instructive. The R eport of this meeting is the largest yet issued by the Society, and is in some re

spects the best . I t is particu larly fu ll upon the citrus andother sub-trop ical fru its . Indeed , it is the best contributionyet made to the knowledge of our Southern horticu ltureand the meeting is one of the most important events in the

neglected yet growing horticu lture of the Gu lf States . The

leading papers and discussions of the volume are as followsPres ident ’s A ddress— Prosper J . Berckmans .

Cross-Ferti l ization— J. C . Neal .U nso lved Problem s in Pomology— E . S . Goff.

T he Plum Curcu l io—C . V . R i ley .

R esu l ts of R ecent Experiments in the T reatment of V ine DiseasesB . T . Gal loway .

T he Chem istry of Peach Yel lows— E . F . Sm i th .

Botanical Names— D . W . A dams .

R eserve Food Materials in Frui t T rees and S hrubs in Mid-WinterB . D . Halsted .

Gluts ,their Cause and R emedy— Barnett Brothers .

T he Packing of Fru i t for Market— P . M . A ugur.

Honesty in Packing Fru it— E . Will iam s .

Fruit Marketing and Fru i t Exchanges— A . M . Brown .

T he Delaware Fru it Exchange— W'

esley Webb .

Conventions of N ational Societies— 1 889 . 87

Report of Sub-T ropical Comm ittee—A . H . Manvil le, J . C . Neal ,H . G . Hubbard , George L . T aber.

T ropical Fru i ts— E . N . Reasoner.

Varieties of the Sweet Orange—E . H . Hart .Orange Growing in Florida— C . F . A . B ielby.The O range I ndustry in the U nited S tates , from a Commercial S tand

point—George R . Fairbanks.

The L emon in Florida—H . S . Kedney .

The Minor Citrus Fruits—T . W . Moore.

The Fig I ndus try in Florida—Harrison R eed .

T he Fig and the Pomegranate—D . R edmond .

T he Pineapple— James H . Wh ite .

Pineapp le Cu lture in Florida—G . L outrel L ucas .

Ornamental Palm s—Theo . L . Mead .

T he Diospyros Kaki—B . F . L ivingston .

The Grape in Florida—E . M . Dubois .

Vi tis vinifera in Florida— H . Von L u ttichau .

S trawberry Grow ing in Florida— S tephen Powers .

Peach Growing in Florida—George L . T aber.

T he Apple and Pear in Florida— J. H . Girardeau .

T he American Pomological Society , and its R u les of PomologyT . T . L yon .

Judging Citrus Fruits— H . E . Van Dem an .

T esting and I ntroducing N ew Frui ts— C . L . Watrous .

Commercial A pp le O rchards of Ontario—L . Woolverton .

Cherry Growing in the Mississ ippi Val ley— J . L . Budd .

A Prom ising N ew Fruit from the Plains [P runus pum i laJ— CharlesE . Bessey .

Fruit Cultu re in Cal ifornia—D . B . Wier .

T he I mprovemen t of our American Grapes—GeorgeW . Campbel l .N ut Cu lture—H . M . Engle.

The following new fru its were discussedYel low T ransparent and Murphy A pples ; L ucretia, Minnewaski andErie blackberries Crandal l currant ; T riumph Gooseberry L utie,

Jewel l ,Berckmans and Green Mountain Grapes ; Peen-to peach ; I daho pear ;Kelsey and S atsuma plums .

The State reports , though comparatively few, are valuable.

The Catalogue of Fruits, which is one of the features of thetransactions of this Society, is invaluable.

The next meeting will probably be held in Chicago .

2 . S ociety of A meri can Florists.

The fifth annual convention of the Society of AmericanFlorists convened in Buffalo, N ew York

,on A ugust 2oth

,

and continued in session until the 23rd . The meeting wasthe best in the history of the society. Several important


topics were reported upon by committees . The committee onexpress rates on p lants reported the adoption by leading ex

press companies oi the following “uniform schedu le of rates

for plants of all kinds : “ When packed close in boxes orcrates, regular merchandise rates when packed open , doublerates ; when not so packed, single rates . ” A committee appointed to consider the status of duty on bulbs was “ continned with instructions to use their best endeavors to havethe du ty on bulbs rescinded .

”

A committee upon “exaggerations in illustrated cata

lognes made the following report, which, after much dis

cussion was accepted as read and referred to the execut ivecommittee for final action, with power to act

1 .

“ T hat catalogue makers be invited , beforepublishing a cut of any new

flower, plant , fruit , or vegetable, to subm i t such cut to the Execu tive Comm ittee of the S ociety of American F lorists , or to any three members of thatcomm ittee, together wi th a specimen of the original flower, fruit, etc . , as

the case may be, for comparison ; and that the said comm ittee or sub-com

m ittee be authorized , in the name of the S ociety of American Florists , toaccept and approve such cuts as they find true to nature, and the publisherbe given certificates of such approval , wi th liberty to print the same in his

catalogues .

2 . T hat al l publishers of il lustrated catalogues be invited to send inspecimen copies for competition at our annual exhibitions and that a certificate of h ighest merit be given to the best catalogue subm i tted , and a

special certificate of merit be given to every catalogue that is found to bequite free from false, exaggerated , and m isleading i l lustrations .

3 . T hat when the attention of the comm ittee is cal led to any cataloguewh ich continues persistently to show false and m islead ing cuts, i t shal l bethe duty of the comm ittee to cal l the attention of the publisher to the occasion for complaint, and if he fai ls or refuses to remove the

‘offend ing cu tsthen to bring the matter before the next general convention so that thename of such recalcitrant publisher may become general ly known .

The committee on uniformity in pots reported progress inthe lines of its former efforts . Several manufacturers are nowmaking the standard pots . These pots are graded entirely byins ide measurements, the depth and breadth being equal, andthey are rimmed or shouldered .

A gratifying feature of the exhibit at the convention was anumber of herbariums, presented in competition for a one

hundred dollar prize offered by P eter Henderson . The comm ittee on herbariums state that “ of all the exhibits in the

build ing there is not one which has received so much attention and afforded so much pleasure as thI s one. This goes to

Conventions of N ational Societies— 1 889 . 89

show that the work of the society need not be confined to thenarrow limits of commercial floricu lture.

”

The Florists ’ Hail A ssociation of America, which is a sec

tion of the Society of American Florists, met A ugust 2 1 st .

The following extracts are made from the secretary’ s re

port

A fter over two years of practical working, we are ready to assert thatto-day no more perfect system of insurance exists on the American continent than that adopted by the Florists ’ Hai l A ssociation of America . One

hundred and forty-two persons having banded themselves together for thepurpose of securing themselves against loss by hai l , find that after pay ingal l losses and expenses from June 1 , 1 887 , to A ugust 1 2 , 1 889 (except thesalary of the secretary for the past year and a smal l bi l l for prin ting) , theyhave a fund of in hand . I n addition to this the membersh ip feehas accumu lated a reserve fund of after deducting which hasbeen refunded to those who subscribed towards the guarantee-fund and af

terwards became members of the assoc iation . T he resu l t has been securedto the members of the Florists ’ Hai l A ssociation by the payment of sixcents per hundred square feet of double thick glass , and eight cents perhundred square feet of single th ick g lass . T hemembership fee having beenplaced at interest , has this year brought to the assessment fund of the as

sociation , the sum of $33 , as wi l l be seen by the treasurer’

s report .T he total amount of glass now insured is square feet , of which

square feet is double th ick , and square feet is single th ick .

T he total assessments col lected upon the same have been and the

total membersh ip fees No assessment other than that paid bymembers upon j oining has been levied , and i t st i l l remains a question of

the fu ture,how often i t may be necessary to levy the same. T he glass in

sured is located in twenty-two states and Winnipeg , Manitoba, the statesof Georgia, A labama and Dakota having been added to those reported las tyear . was paid during the year for glass broken by hai l .

A n effort on the part of your secretary to locate the bail belt has met withthe fol lowing resu lts : So far as he has been able to learn ,

hai l has fa l lenduring the past year at Flatbush , N . Y . ; S hort Hil ls , N . J. ; S pring Val ley ,N . Y . ; Chicago , I l l . ; S t . I gnace, Mich . ; Peoria, I l l . ; N ew Hanover Co . ,

N .

C . ; L iberty , Mo L arned , Kas . ; Montclair, N . J. ; A tlanta , Ga Bel l Co . ,

T ex L ake Forest , I l l Danvil le, Va . ; L a Crosse, W is . ; I ndependence, Mo . ;

Morrison , I l l . ; Kansas Ci ty Mo . ; City of Mexico , Mcxx Marion , I a. ; A b i

lene, Kas Bonner S prings , Kas . ; O conomowoc , Wis Cedar R apids , I aO swego , N . Y S t . A lbans , V t . ; Martinsburgh , W . Va Great Bend , Kas . ;

Montreal , Can . ; Clinton , I a . ; U pper Sandusky , O . ; Pembina , D ak . ; L ynn ,

Mass ; Prarie du Ch ien , Wis L ake Geneva ,W is . , and Denver, Col . From

Montreal to Mexico , from Denver to S t . A lbans , the florist’

s fickle struc

ture is as l iable to be crushed by hai l as to be burned by fire .

A National Chrysanthemum Society was organized as a

branch of the Society of American Florists . The objectssought by this organization , as previously outlined by Mr .

A—6


Thorpe,

*are as follows I . The supervision and discrim i

nation to be given to seedlings before they are distributed .

2 . The consideration and selection to be given to collectionsfor all purposes . 3. The best method for producing the bestspecimens of all kinds and for all purposes . 4 . The supervision , as far as possible, over those distributing chrysanthe

mums , So as to insure their being true to name. 5 . The for

m ation and establ ishing of societies in al l cities , towns, andvil lages where one does not already exist . “ The societyShou ld also publish a catalogue of all worthy existing varieties , properly classed and accurately described , and give theraiser ’ s name and year of introduction where known . Thisshou ld appear annual ly in future.

”T

The Florists ’ P rotective A ssociation was also organized .

I t s object shall be the protection of its members from the

designs of dishonest persons .

”

A prominent discussion before the Society, and one whichhas been prolific of comment in the press , is the matter oftechnical education for florists . T here is thought to be noplace in America where florists can acqu ire at the same time

an education and a trade. The discussions abound in crudities , but they m ay eventually crystallize into some definite and

practicable venture . One of the cardinal m istakes in th isconnection is the supposition that the first requ isite to a

superintendent or director of a florists ’

school is a techn icaland comprehensive knowledge of floricu lture . I f educationis desired , the first requisite is ability to teach . Very few of

the florists connected with our technical schools possess in ahigh or even adequate degree this prime requirement . The

ideal teacher is , of course, the one who combines abil ity toteach with skillfu l handicraft , but the former is themore important . The best teachers are those who fire the ambitions of

their pupils , and it often happens that the pupil outstrips themaster . To possess knowledge is one thing ; to be able toimpart it attractively is quite another .

Many important discussions upon matters connected withthe trade were conducted , and several attractive papers wereread . A list of the papers follows :R oses—W . C . Barry , fol lowed by much discussion .

T he E levat ion of Our Business— R obert Craig .

‘Am . Florist , IV , 255 . 1 Am Florist , V , 68 .

Conventions of N ational Societies— 1 889 . 9 1

Education— H . H . Battles .

T he Establishmen t of an Experimental Garden— John T horpe.

U seful S ummer B loom ing Flowers— A . E . Wh i tt le.

H orticu l tural Exh ibit ions— Edwin L onsdale.

On the Making and A ppl icat ion of Heat in Greenhouses— J . S . Wil liam s .

L andscape Gardening [in h igh colors]—William McMil lan .

O rch ids , the Natural Habitat of the L eading Varieties— I . Fostermann .

The next meet ing of the Soc iety is to be held in Boston,

A ugust 1 9 to 22 .

3 . A mer ican A ssociation of N urserymen .

The fourteenth annual meeting of the American A ssociationof Nurserymen was held in Chicago , June 5 and 6. The convention was an important one, and the discussions were various , brisk and valuable . The volume of proceedings lacksonly a good index to make it an invaluable contribu tion to our

horticultural literature. The papers presented are as followsS uggest ions for the I mprovement of the Nursery Business—S . M . Emery .

Plum s and Plum Cu lture— S . D . Willard .

T he Grape I ndustry in Missouri— George E . Meissner .

Commerc ial Ferti lizers for the Nursery— T hom as Meehan .

Packing and S h ipp ing Nursery S tock— N . H . A lbaugh .

T he Nursery O utlook— Frankl in Davis .

Forestry— C . J . Carpenter .

S uccession of Forest Growths—R obert E . Douglas .

R eform in Names for Fruits— H . E . Van Deman .

Grow ing Vines and S tocks— S i las Wilson .

Greenhouses— Peter Henderson .

I mproved I mplements— L . G . Bragg .

Boxing T rees Free of Charge—H . S . A nderson .

Winter Protection of Nursery S tock— Z . K . Jewett .N ew Grapes— GeorgeW . Campbel l .Nomenclature— John J . T homas .

Newer Varieties of Peaches—George B . T homas .

Notes on S trawberries— M . Crawford .

T he I rresponsible S alesman— T . C . Ferrel l .Classification of Nursery Freight—Will iam Pi tkin .

Managing Nursery A gents—W i l l iam Pi tkin .

Nurserymen and L ocal H orticu l ture— A nthony L amb .

In connection with this A ssociation , The A merican F lorist

makes the following statement concern ing express rates

H on . S .M . Emery , Chairman of the comm i ttee appoin ted by the

American A ssociation of Nurserymen for the purpose of securing lower rateson express l ines , reports to Secretary Charles A . Green that a new classifi

v . 1 00.


cation has been agreed upon which amounts to a reduction of 20 to 25 percent . on al l express l ines on al l sh ipments of trees and shrubs boxed or

baled . S uch packages are now classed with produce.

"

The organization has previously secured a reduction infreight rates .

The next meeting of the A ssociat ion will convene on the

first Wednesday in June, 1 890, in N ew York City.

4 . A ssociation of A mer i can Cemetery S uper intendents .

The third annual meet ing of this organ ization was held inD etroit , September 1 7 , 1 8 and .1 9 . The meeting was a suc

cessful one, both in attendance and in the character of paperspresented .

The work of this association is largely in the lines of ornamental gardening, as applied to cemeteries, and is thereforegermane for record here . In fact , every hort iculturist whohopes to follow closely the progress of his art in its highestphases must fam iliarize himself with the discussions of thisorganization . The following papers, of hort icultural interest ,were presented at the last meet ing

T he I deal Cemetery S uperintendent— Frank Higgins .

H ow Cemeteries wil l be Benefited by our A ssociation—W . A . Morrow .

What L awn Seed is the Best — B . D . Judson .

Cemeteries with in City L im its— A . W . B laine.

What T rees and S hrubs are the most Desirable for Cemetery Decoration—J. G . Barker.

R esponsibi l ities of Cemetery S uperintendents—T . McCarthy.

L andscape Gardening in Cemeteries— F . Eurich .

Monuments and Headstones— O . C . S imonds .

L awns— N . C . Wi lder .

Roads— J . W . L overing .

The next meeting will be held in Boston during the sessionof the Society of American Florists .

5 . The N orthwestern Cider and Vinegar-Mahers

’

A ssociation,

Convened in Chicago, D ecember 1 7 and 1 8 , with a good at

tendance. The following account of the meet ing is adaptedfrom The P rairie Farmer , of D ecember 28th


The next meeting will be held in St . L ouis , on the thirdweek in D ecember, 1 890 .

6. A mer ican S eed A ssociation

Met at Washington , June 1 1 and 1 2 . The meeting was

well attended . The business of the A ssociation is wholly of atrade character . A uniform disclaimer of responsibility inselling seeds was adopted . The next meeting will be held inJune, 1 890, in Saratoga, N . Y.

CHAPTER VI I .

ANNALS OF P LANT S .

I . I ntroductions of 1 889.

A L I ST OF TH E FRU I T S , VEGET A BL E S A N D ORNAMENT A L PL A N T SI NT RODUCED I NTO A MER I CA N T RA DE DURI NG T H E YEA R.

The following list is a record of the names introduced toAmerican trade and commerce during 1 889 . There has beenno attempt whatever to determ ine synonyms nor to revisenames ; in fact , several names which are known to be syno

nyms for older plants are adm itted . The list is simply a rec

ord,not a systematic collocation . P roofs of the list have been

sent to many leading dealers and growers , and the list is nowsubmitted with the confidence that it is sufficiently completeand accurate to constitute a historical record . It cannot behoped that there are no om issions, nor that absolute accuracyof date of introduction has been secured in every instance. I tis impossible to determine upon the date of introduction of

many things . They have often been introduced privately, dis

tributed among friends , and have thus found their way intocommerce several years before they were formally introducedto the trade. Some have been offered in one year, and yet thestock was so limited that they were really not introduced unt ilthe following year . This is the case with the chrysanthemums

marked 1 890 ; they were held back because of “scarc i ty

.

ofthe stock. In some cases well known plants have been reintroduced from their native countries . Some which have longbeen known in private collections are now first offered for sale.

Novelties offered by foreign dealers have been excluded fromthe present volume.


Begonia bicolor. Mexico . H orsford.

L ubbersii . S outh America. S au l .

Berberis nervosa. U . S . N ur .

B lackberry , T hompson ’

s Early Mammoth . Cleveland N urs. CoBouvardia, Etna . (Garden hybrid . ) S aul .

flavescens . (Garden hybrid . ) S au l .

lutea flore-pleno . (Garden hybrid . ) S au l .White Bouquet . H enderson .

Boweia volubilis . A leafless l il iaceous plant Natal . R easoner.

Brunsvigia, sp. Zu lu land . R easoner .

Cabbage, A u tumn King . H enderson .

Gregory ’s Hard-heading .Hard-head ing R ed. Burpee.

Market Gardener’

s No . 2 . 7ohnson 63° S tabes.

S outhern Cross . H a l loch.

S trang . H a l loch.

Calam us , three species . I ndian R attan palms. R easoner

Cal l iops is , N ew Double. Chi l ds .

Cal l iphuria H artnegiana. R easoner .

Caryota Blancoi . A variety of the “ T oddy palm . R easoner

Cau liflower, Early A labaster . j ohnson 67° S tokes .

Early Padi l la . T il l inglzast.

Early Puritan Ferry .

Cattleya Eldorado alba . S outh A merica. S au l .

P ercival l iana alba . S outh Am erica. U . S . N ur ,

T riana Sm ith iae. S outh America . U . S . N u r .

Celery , Kalamazoo Broad-ribbed . 7eunson é’ S tohes.Chicory , A sparagus . Chi lds .

Chrysanthemum ,Adirondac . U . S . N urseries.

Ada S paulding . Spau lding.

A laska. U . S . N ur .

Brunh i ld . U . S . N ur . 1 890.

Charity . H al/och.

Cortez . U . S . N ur .

Cyclone.

E . G . Hill .Elsie.

George Pratt . H enderson.

Grove P . R awson .

H enry Elkins W idener .

H uron . U . S . N ur . 1 899 .

Kioto .

L eopard . H enderson .

L i l l ian B . B ird .

L ou is Boehmer. I mported.

Malabar. U . S . N ur .

Man itou . U . S . N ur .

M iss M . A . Haggis .

Monadnoc . U . S . N ur .

Montauk . U . S . War . 1 890.

Montezuma. U . S . N ur .

A nnals of P lants . 99

Chrysanthemum , Moonstone. U . S . N ur . 1 890 .

Mountain of Snow .

Mrs . A lpheus H ardy . U . S . N ur . Sparingly distribu ted in 1 888 .

Mrs . A ndrew Carnegie. Tlzorpe.

Mrs . D eWitt Sm i th . U . S . N ur

Mrs . Fottler .

Mrs . S . Co leman .

Mrs . T homas A . Edison .

Narragansett . U . S . N u r .

N ympha a . H . PV. H a les .

Omar . I mported .

O riole .

O sceola . U . S . N u r . 1 890 .

Pecul iari tyR amona . U . S . N ur .

R ose Hill .R ose Queen . H a l lock .

R osebank Gem .

S achem . U . S . N ur .

S em iram is . U . S . N ur . 1 890 .

S hasta. U . S . N ur . 1 890 .

T acoma. U . S . N ur . 1 890 .

T ecumseh . U . S . N ur . 1 890 .

V . H . Hal lock . H a l lock .

Vio let T om l in .

Wh i te Cap. H a l lock .

Cissampelos heterophy l la. A j apanese climber . R easoner .

Clerodendron delectum . East I ndies . S au l .

Cocoanut (Cocos nucifera) . T he fol lowing varieties , by D ivision of P omol

ogy ,D epartment of Agri cu l ture, from Ph i l ippine I s lands .

Bahan .

Baraves .

Bosa .

caputiform is .

Cayomanis .

Daj i l i .grand is .

Maputi .Pequenitos .

Po lac .

rubescens .

Cocos Dattel . R easoner .

Coleus , B lack Dwarf. H enderson .

Colocasia enchlora . R easoner .

odora . R easoner .

Colvil lea racemosa . From Mauri tius . R easoner

Cordy l ine superbiens . R easoner .

Corn , Burl ington Hybrid . j olznson 67° S tokes .

Durkee. Gregory .

Early Conqueror . Faust .

Gidd ings . Giddings 63° R ead .


Corn , Gold Coin . L ivingston .

Maule’

s XX S ugar . Mau le.

Corypha umbracu l ifera . T he famous “ Tal ipot Palm . R ensau -rCrinum crassifol ium . R easoner .

Cryptostegia grandiflora . From I ndia . T he juice. exposed to sunshine ,produces pure caoutchouc . R easoner .

Crytolepis Buchanani A n I ndian twining shrub . Reasoner .

Cucum ber, Wh i te Pearl . Burpee.

Cycas Bel lefontii . R easoner .

comoriensis . R easoner .

Cypriped ium . T he fol lowing have been introduced by the U nited S tates“

N urseries

albo-purpureum superbum . Hybrid.A rgus platypetalum . I nd ia .

bel latu lum superbum . I nd ia.

Boxal l ii aureum . I ndia .

atratum magnificum . I ndie

grande. I ndia .

calurum R ougierii . Hybrid .

Carnusianum . Hybrid .

Cal ifornicum . U nited S tates .

Chelsiense. Hybrid .

conspicuum . Hybrid .

p ictum . Hybrid .

Godefroyae Sm i thee. I nd ia.

H aynaldianum superbum . I ndia.

H arrisianum luteclum . Hybrid.insigne corrugata. A ssam .

Cau lsonianum . A ssam .

Wal lacei . A ssam .

interm ed ium . Hybrid .

la vigatum Canne rtianum . I nd ia.

L awrenceanum H ycanum . Borneoauriculum . Borneo.

I emonieri i . Hybrid .

Mackenii . R easoner .

magniflorum . South America.

marmorophyl lum superbum . Borneo.

Marshal l ianum . Borneo .Masereel iauum . H ybri l .

P ageanum . Borneo .

P itcherianum . Hybrid .

P leistochlorum . Hybrid .

purpuratum Kimbal l ianum . China.

Savageanum . Hybrid .

Schl im ii giganteum . S outh America.

S chomburgkianum . S ou th Am erica.

S tonei candidum ."

,Borneo .

tonsum cupreum . S umatra .

Wal l isii superbum . S ou th America.

Cyrtanthus sangu ineus . R easoner .


Grape,Vitis Munsoniana , S impson S outh Florida, everbearing

riparia ,Michaux . Excel lent for hyb ridiz ing .

rubra,Michx. Very handsome. ornam entai .

rupestris , S heele . Excel lent to nvbn d ize with others .

S impsoni i , Munson . N ative 01 F lori daS olonis , Engelm . Excel lent for nvbn d i zing.

vu lpina, L innaeus . Muscadines , Sou thern S tates .

V . A rizonica , Cal ifornica , Cand icans . L m secomn , monticola, S olonis ,have been long in cu ltivation by Berckmans .

Haemanthus Katherinae . R easoner .

H el iotrope, Dark Bouquet . Burpee.

H eterospathe elata. R easoner .

Hevea Braz i liensis . Producing para rubber. R easoner.

Hydrangea aspera . Berckmans .

stel lata rubra plena . H enderson .

Pekinens is . Ch ina . S au l .

I smene Macleayana . R easoner .

I ris Carol iniana , n . sp. U . S . N ur . Discovered in North Carolina by W .

A . Manda.

L aelia autumnal is alba . Mexico . U . S . N ur .

A rnold iana,n . sp. Mexico . U . S . N ur .

Forstermanii . Mexico . U . S . N ur .

purpurata pretexta. Braz i l . U . S . N ur .

L ettuce, Cal ifornia A l l-Heart . j ol mson 67° S tokesGold Nugget . Burpee.

N ew Queen . Faust .

White R ussian S ummer . j o/znson 67° S tokes .

L i l ium Carniol icum . U . S . N ur .

L ivistona altissima . Palmate-leaved palm from T imor . R easoner .

ol ivaeform is . R easoner .

subglobosa . R esemb l ing the so-cal led L atania Borbonica (L . clzinensis) .R easoner .

Maakia Am urense. Berckmans .

Magnol ia S ou langeana nigra . Berckmans .

Mango , A lphonse. D iv . P omology , D ept . Agr .

Banchore. D iv . P omology , D ept . Agr .

Banchore of Dhirie. D iv . P omology , D ept . Agr .

D evarubria . D iv. P omology ,D ept . Agr .

Mulgoba . D iv . P omology , D ept . Agr .

Pirie . D iv . P omology ,D ept . Agr .

Mangoes , Bombay , from North West I ndia . R easoner .

Marigold , Dah l ia-dowered . Cl a’

l ds.

Marsdenia R oyleii . A fiber and dye plant from the East I ndies . R easonerMoraea, sp . Zulu land . R easoner .

Morus alba . Variety from the Himalayas . R easoner .

Mulberry , L ampas , or Everbearing . Manson .

Musa textil is . T he “ Mani l la ” banana, producing Mani l la hemp ofcommerce . D iv . P omology ,D ept of Agr icu l ture.

Muskmelon , Colorado Giant . j olinson 6 ° S tokes .

Delmonico . H enderson .

I rondequoit Vick .

A nnals of P lants. 1 03

Muskmelon, Persian Monarch . j o/mson 6 ° S tokes.

S almon and Green. L andret/z.

.Myrica rubra . Berger ,

N uttal ia cerasiform is . Berckmans .

splendidum . Guatemala . S au l .

Oncid ium triquetrum violaceum . From jamaica . R easoner .

On ion , Madrid Giant . j o/mson 6 ° S tokes .

Michigan Yel low Globe . Ferry .

R ed and Wh ite Victoria. Burpee.

O pun tia vestita. R easoner .

O thera Japonica. Berckmans .

P ea , S utton ’

s S atisfaction . j onnson 6° S tokes .

Peach , A ngel . Taber .

Dwarf Japan Blood . Ckampl in .

I mperial . Taoer .

L aura . Taoer .

R ed Cey lon. R easoner .

Pear, I daho . I dako P ear Co. T h is fruit has been before the publ ic for twoor three years , but it is first formal ly introduced the presen t year .

Pecan , R iverside . Al ienson .

Pepper, Coral Gem Bouquet. Beyer .

Persimmon . Early Golden . Cliampl in .

Ph i lodendron A ndreanum . Central America . Sau l .

P hlogacanthus thyrsiflorus . From Northern I ndia. R easoner .

Drummondi i , Chi ld ’s jubilee. Clzi/ds .

Ph lox,Pearl . U . S . N ur .

Plum , A bundance. L ovett .

Burbank No . 2 . L utlzer Burbank, S anta R osa ,

Cal

H awkeye. Terrj f.S aratoga . Green .

S atsuma Blood . Burbank .

S haw . L ovett.

Pomelo , Aurantium . Mott .

Poppy , Fairy B lush . Burpee.

R ed Bi rd . D ingee 6° Conard.

Potato , A ll igator . R awson .

Ben . Harrison . Giddings 6° R ead.

Bliss '

R ough Diamond . [I a/lock .

Burpee’

s Extra Early , or Seed l ing N O . 37 . Burpee.

Early Market . Vick .

Fil lbasket . E astman.

Gov . Foraker. S tine.

I owa Beauty . I owa S eed Co.

L ondon . P earce.

Minister."

‘7erard.

Mrs . Foraker. S tine.

Murray ’s Go ld-Flake. S tine.

N ew Eyeless S eedl ing. Vauglzan .

Pride of S t. Paul . Fisker and Fisher .

Pride of the Market . Titl ing/zest .

Pride of the Table. Til l ingliast .


Potato , Pride of the Field . Ti l l inglzast .Pride of Wisconsin . Currie Bros .

R ed S nowflake. H arrington .

R oger'

s S eed l ing . Giddings 6° R ead.

R ural N ew-Yorker N O . 2 . Tliorburn .

S eneca Beauty . L ivingston .

S uperior . Burpee.

1 889 . Faust.

P ourthioe v i l losa . Berckmans .

P runus P lantierii , fl . pl . Berckmans

serotina pendu la . Berckmans .

subcordata . Munson .

Pumpkin , Golden O blong . Burpee.

Jonathan . H enderson .

R adish , R ed R ocket . H enderson .

S tartle. Yo/mson 6 ° S tokes .

R aspberry , Ada . T F . L ongnecker ,D ayton ,

0,

Muskingum . F . R . P a lmer .

Palmer . F . R . P a lmer ,Mansfield, 0.

Progress . L ovett .

R einwardtia tetragyna . H imalayas . S au l ,

R icinus Cambogiensis . H enderson .

R ose, Com tesse A nna T nun . S evera l firms.Duchess of A lbany . S evera l firms .

Duchesse d ’ A uerstadt . S evera l fi rms.

E dward P ail leron . S evera lfi rms .

E lie Beauvil ian . S evera l firms .

Gloire de L ibourne. D ingee 6° Conara .

G loire d ’ O l ivet . Berckmans .

Mad . A gathe R oux . S evera l firms .

Mad . Ernest Piard . S evera l firms .

Mad . Claire Jaubert . Severa l firms .

Queen . D ingee 6° Conard.

R ainbow . 701 m H . S ievers , S an FranciscoS ouv . de Mad . Metral . S evera l firms.

T herese L ambert . S evera l firms .

Vick ’

s Caprice. Vick .

R ubus , m ixed raspberry plants from South S lopes , Himalaya mountains .

R easoner .

S chubertia grandiflora . S ou th America. S au l ,

S ci lla Veransii , from Cape of Good Hope. R easoner

S enecio japonicus . U . S . N ur .

Kaempferi . U . S . N ur .

S phaeralcea um bel lata . S au l ,

Squash , Golden Custard . H enderson .

Woodbury . Giddings 6° R eed.

S trawberry , Crawford . S torrs 6 ° H arrison Co.

Durand ’s Nectar . H enderson .

Eureka . Cleveland N urserv Co,

First S eason . Cl u'

las .

Great Pacific . D .P iper ,

Forreston,I l l .


2 . Catalogue of A mer ican Ki tchen Garden Vegetables .

A L I ST O E TH E VEGET A BL E S , EXCL US I VE OF MED I C I NA L H ERB S ,OFFERED FO R S A L E I N NORT H AMER I CA I N 1 889 , WI T H REV I SI ON OF T H E NAME S BY T H E COMM I TT EE ON NOMENCL A TUREOF VEGET A BL ES A PPO I NT ED BY T H E A S SOCI AT I ON OF AMERI CA NA GRI CUL TURA L CO L L EGES A N D EXPER I MENT ST A T I ONS .

S tatement of tile Comm ittee on N omenclature.— The commit

tee, ih revising the names ofAmerican vegetables, has laboredupon the principle that a name is bestowed upon any plantsolely for the purpose of designating it .

” In other words, I Lhas endeavored to make every name as Short and simple as

possible, and yet avoid confusion . I t has been thought bestin this list to keep separate all names which have been independently applied to varieties , and, therefore, no attempt hasbeen made to determine synonyms . The five rules governingthe form of the name, adopted by this comm ittee, have formedthe basis of all changes . These ru les are 1 . The name of avariety Should consist of a single word, or at most of two words .

A phrase, descript ive or otherwise, is never allowable. 2 . The

name Should not be superlative or bombastic . 3. I f a groweror dealer has procured a new select strain of a well-knownvariety, it Shall be legit imate for him to use his own name in

connection with the established name of the variety. 4 . Whenpersonal names are given to varieties, titles Should be omitted .

5 . The term hybrid should not be used, except in those rareinstances in which the variety is known to be of hybrid origin .

It is impossible to make all published names of vegetablesconform to the above rules . The rules are of necessity idealthey are particularly designed to control the making of new

names rather than for the reformation of old ones . The com

m ittee has made all changes thoughtfully, and yet it is awarethat its work may be often open to objection . In such casesit desires the aid of any honest criticism . In the applicationof the code, many minor rules have been drawn, but thereare many instances in which no rule or precedent could apply,and purely arbitrary decisions were necessary. The followingminor rules will explain the attitude of the commit tee : 1 . I n

al l the revisions the comm ittee has S imply modified the existing names ; no new words have been introduced . 2 . So far

as p ract icable, it has selected for the proper name the one

A nnals of P lants. 1 07

most important word in each customary appellation . 3. Therehas been no attempt in the names to give credit or honor toany person ; the purpose of the name is to designate the

plant , and all other considerations are extraneous . If theoriginator or introducer desires to a ssociate his name with hisproduct , the proper way is to give the plant simply his name,omitting the burden of adjectives . 4 . In proper names thepossessive case has been omitted , and the name, if allowed toremain, Stands in apposi t ion , or as an adjective. The only departure from this rule is in the case of new strains of oldvarieties ( see R ule 3 in Code) . Thus, in peas, L axton

’s Pro

l ific becomes L axton P rolific . H ere the personal name wouldhave been dropped altogether only that the term prolific is so

much used and abused that it means nothing by itself and tohave used the personal name alone would have added confusion, because there are several other L axton peas . 5 . The

word seedl ing, which is meaningless in this connection, isalways dropped, and the personal name attached to it becomesthe name of the variety . 6. In a few old variet ies which are

now little grown it has not seemed worth while to attempt torevise the name. A n example may be found in P resident Gar

field tomato , which , it is to be hoped, will be forgotten beforeany new name cou ld have been learned . 7 . A l l descriptiveadjectives have been om itted whenever the change would notbe likely to lead to confusion . In some cases , however, threeof these adjectives must be retained in order to distinguishthe variety ; as, D warf R ound P urple and L arge R ound Purpleegg

-plants . D warf and L arge are necessary to distingu ish thevarieties from each other, R ound is necessary to distingu ishboth from the L ong P urple, and P urple distingu ishes themfrom the Long White. 8 . In phrases which could not beshortened to a word the connective is usually dropped , or inrare cases the phrase is transposed : First in the Market hasbeen made First Market , and Champion of America becomesAmerican Champion .

The committee is aware that its labor is largely self-imposed,and that it is in no manner dictatory ; but if it shall succeedin inspiring “ brevity, accuracy, and good taste in the nam ingof vegetables in the future, it will have done enough.

L . H . BA I L EY,E . S . GOFF,W . J . GR E E N .


A N I S E—P impinel la A nisum .

A R T I CH OKECampania (N ewEarly Vio let Campania) .French Globe (French G r e e n

Globe) .

Giant Globe (Giant Green Globe) .L arge Globe.

Naples (L arge Green Naples) .Paris (L argest Paris) .Wh ite French (Mammoth Wh i teFrench ) .7 varieties .

A S PAR AGUSColossal .Cross-bred (Moore’

s Cross-bred) .Eclipse .

Giant (Moore'

s Giant) .H ub .

Mammoth .

Palmetto .

Ph i ladelphia (Philadelphia Mam

moth) .Purple-top ( L arge Purple-top) .

9 varieties .

BAL M—Mel issa ofi cina l is .

BAS I L— Ocymum Basil icum .

BE AN

A lgiers B lack (A lgiersBlack Wax

Dwarf) .A lgiers Wh i te (Wh i te A lgerian . )Andalusian (A ndalusian Wax) .A roostook (Early A roostook ) .A tlantic (Jones ’

A tlantic) .Best Dwarf (Best of al l Dwarf) .Bismarck .

B lack-eyed Wax.

Black Wax.

B lue-podded Butter.

BossBoston P ea (Boston Smal l P ea) .Boston Wax.

Broad Wax.

Brockton .

Burl ingame (Burlingame’

s Medium ) .Cal ifornia Branch .

Cal ifornia Pole (Bound ’s Cal ifornia Po le) .Canad ian (Canadian Wonder. )

Carol ina, or S ieva (Dwarf,Car

ol ina) .Champ ion ( L ow’

s Champion) .China (Early Ch ina, Early Ch inaDwarf) .China R ed-eye.

Cluster (D reer'

s Early Cluster) .Concord .

Crim son Flageolet .

CrystalWax (Crystal WhiteWax) .Cy l inder Black Wax .

Cyl inder I vory-pod ( C y l i n d e rI vory-pod Wax) .

DateWax (DateWax Dwarf).Detroi t Wax

D un-colored (Early D un-colored) .Dutch Case-knife.

Dutch R unner ( I mproved Du tchR unner)Dwarf Bonnemain .

Dwarf Horticul tural .Dwarf Mont d'

O r.

Dwarf Prolific .Dwarf WhiteWax.

Early S ix-weeks (Early Yel lowS ix-weeks) .Em i le (French Em i le) .Erfurt (R uby of Erfurt) .Etampes , or Canterbury (FrenchEtampes , Engl ish Canterbury) .

Everbearing Wax.

ExcelsiorWax.

Feejee (E arly Feejee) .First Market (L andreth’

s First inthe Market) .Flageolet Wax (Flageolet DwarfWax) .

French A sparagus .

Fu lmer (Fu lmer’

s Early) .Galega, or L arge R efugee.

German Wax (Dwarf Germ an

B lack Wax) .German Wax Pole.

Giant Wax.

Goddard , or Boston (Goddard ’sHorticul tural Boston Favorite) .GoldenButter (DwarfGolden Butter) .Golden Cluster (Golden ClusterWax Pole) .Golden R efugee.

1 1 0 A nnals of H orti cu l ture.

BE AN , continued .

Whi te-seeded R unner (N ewWh iteseeded R unner) .Wh ite Valentine.

WhiteWax .

W i l l iam (Emperor W i l liam) .

Woodward (Woodward Pole) .Yard L ong , or Cuban A sparagusYel low CranberryYellow-eye.

Yosem ite ( Yosem i te Mam . Wax)Zulu (Wh i te Zulu )

1 4 1 var i eties .

BEAN , ENGL I S H — Vida Faba .

Broad W indsor.

Mazagan (Early Mazagan) .Nonparei l (Nonpareil L ong-pod) .

Sword L ong-pod4 var ieties ,

BE AN , L I MA A N D SO-CAL L E D L I MASBurpee’

s Bush .

Chal lenger.

D reer (D reer’

s I mproved . )Extra Early .

Henderson ’

s Bush (Henderson'

s

N ew Bush L ima) .Jersey (Jersey Extra Early) .

Kumerle (Kumerle’

s Dwarf) .King (King of the Garden) .L arge Whi te.

Mammoth-podded (Ford ’s Mam

moth-poddedPotato .

S peckled (Speckled Early) .

Vermont .1 3 varieties .

BE E T

A rlington (A rl ington Favorite)Bastian ’

s Blood T urnip .

Bastian Early (Bastian '

s Early ) .Bastian H alf-long (Bastian ’

s Halflong Blood R ed) .

Bassano (Early Flat Bassano) .Blood T urnip (Early and I mprovedBlood T urnip ) .

Braz i l ian Variegated .

Crim son-veined Braz i l ian .

Crosby ’s EgyptianDel l .Dewing

’

s Blood T urnip (D ewing’

s

I mproved Blood T urnip)

Dracaena-leaved .

Early B loodEarly Crim son .

Early T urnip .

Eclipse.

E dmand’

s Blood T urnip .

Egyptian (Egyptian T urnip)Fifty D ay .

Golden-veined Braz i lian .

Grange (Grange A utumn Wh i teCap) .

Half-long Dark , or Pear-S haped .

I mperial (Knauer’

s I mproved I mperial) .

Jewel (N ew Early Jewel ) .L ong B lood ( I mproved L o n gB lood R ed) .

L andreth Early ( L andreth’

s VeryEarly ) .Mi tchel l ’s T urnip (Mitchel l 's DarkR ed T urnip) .

N e Plus U ltraPineapple.

S carlet-ribbed Ch i l ian .

S carlet-veined Brazi l ian .

S ilesian S ugar.

S i lver-ribbed ( L a r ge R i b b e dS i lver) .

Smooth B lood ( L ong S m o o t hBlood R ed) .

S trasburg (Pyriform S trasburg) .Swiss Chard , S ilver. or Sea-KaleBeet .

T urin (Extra Early F lat T urin) .Victoria .

Victoria Chard (Victoria B loodR ed Swiss Chard ) .

Whi te.

Yel low-ribbed Ch i l ian .

Yel low T urnip (Early Yel low T urnip) .

42 varieties.

BE E T , MANGE L WUR ZE L and S UGARBE E T S

A lexander Sugar (A lexander’

s N ew

Wh i te S ugar) .Burpee Garnish ing (Burpee’

s Gar

h ishing) .Cattle Post (Maule'

s Cattle Post) .C h am p i on Yel low. or OrangeG lobe .

A nnals of P lants.

Bear , (MA N GR L or S UGAR ) , continued.

Dwarf Curled .

I mperial (Breck'

s I mperial SugarI ntermediate(G iant I ntermediateJersey (E veritt’s Jersey Queen) .

J(umbo.

i n v e r Globe (Kinver Yel lowGlobe) .

L ane (L ane’

s S ugar) .L ong R ed .

L ong Yel low .

Mammoth L ong (Mammoth L ongR ed) .Negro ( L ong Negro) .N orbiton (N orbiton Giant) .O berndorf ( L arge Yel low Oberndorf) .

O range County (O range CountyColossal L ong Yellow) .

O range Globe.

Prize L ong (Mammoth Prize L ongR ed) .

R ed-topped (R ed-topped S ugar) .R ed Globe.

R ed T ankard (N ew R ed-fleshedTankard) .

S ilesian .

V i lm o r i n (V ilmorin ’

s I mprovedWh ite S ugar) .Warden Orange (Warden O rangeGlobe) .Warden Yel low (Warden ’

s PrizeYel low Globe) .Wh ite French .

Wh ite S ugar .

Yel low Ovoid .

Yellow Mammoth .

3 1 varieties .

BORAGE—Borago ofi cina l is .

BR US S E L S S PR OUT SDalmeny (Dalmeny Park) .Dwarf (Dwarf I mproved ) .Perfection .

R oseberry (Best French) .Scrymgeour ( S crymgeour

’

sGiant) .S utton ( S utton ’

s Match less) .Tal l French .

7 varieties .

BURNE T— P oterium S angnisorba

I I I

CABBAG EA dvance (Extra Early Advance) .A l l Head (Maule’

s A l l Head) .A l l Seasons .

American S avoy (Ameri can Im

proved Savoy) .A u tumn King .Bacalan (Early Bacalan) .Bergen (Bergen Head) .Berkshire (Berkshire Beau tyBleichfield (Early BleichfielBlood-red Erfurt (Early Blood

red Erfurt) .B loomsdale (Bloomsdale E a r l yMarket) .

Bristol (P . K . L arge Bristol) .B r i d g ep o r t (Bridgeport L ate.

Bridgeport Drumhead) .Bucks County Flat Dutch .

Bulgarian (Bulgarian Mammoth )Canaj oharie (Early Canajoharie) .Cannon Bal l (E arly CannonBal l) .Caste.

Cox (Cox Early S pring) .Champion.

Chase (ChaseExcelsior) .

Ch inese ( P e-tsai) .Cone Early Cone)Curl S avoy .

Danish Bal l-head .

Danish Winter (Danish RoundWinter) .Deep Head (Early Deep Head) .Denmark (Denmark Drumhead) .Drumhead Savoy .

Drumhead S avoy .

Drumhead Winter (N ew Drumhead Winter) .Dutch Drumhead (Early DutchDrumhead) .Dwarf Erfurt.Dwarf Flat Dutch (Early DwarfFlat DutchDwarf York Early Dwarf York) .Early Drumhead .

Early Erfurt (Extra EarlyErfurt) .Early Flat Dutch .

Early Wakefield (Early JerseyWakefield) .Emperor (Giant Emperor) .Etampes (Early Etampes) .

I I 2 A nnals of H orti culture.

CABBAGE , continued.

Everitt (E veritt ’s Earl iest) .Everi tt Giant (E veritt’s E a r ] yGiant) .

E veritt’

s Drumhead (E v e r i t t 5

Prize Drumhead) .veritt

’

s S ummer ( E veritt’

s EarlyS ummer.

Excelsior (Excelsior Flat Dutch ) .Express .

Faust Crimson ( F au s t ’ s EarlyCrim son) .

Faust Earliest (Faust’s E a . ofA l l ) .Filder .

Filderkraut .

Fottler Brunswick (Fottler’

s I mproved Brunswick . )Green Glazed .

Hard-head ing (Gregory ’s Hardhead ing) .

Henderson ’

s S ummer (Henderson ’

s Early S ummer) .Hyde Park .

L andreth Ear l i es t (L andreth ’s

Earl iest) .L ate Flat Dutch American L argeL ate Flat D utc

L ate Drumhead (American L argeL ate Drumhead ) .

L ightning (Salzer'

s L ightning) .L ittle Pixie.

L ouisvi l le Drumhead .

L ondon (Early L ondon) .L uxemburg .

Marblehead (Marblehead M ammoth) .Market Gardener .

Market Gardener 2 (Market Gardener

’

s No .

Midsummer Savoy .

Mohawk (Early Mohawk Market).M o n t r e a l (Montreal Market) .Mountain (L arge L ate Mountain)Netted Savoy .

Newark (Newark E a r l y FlatDutch) .Nonpareil .N orth Carol ina (North CarolinaBuncombe) .

O xheart (Early French 0} heart).

ParisMarket (ParisEarly I Market

Paris Savoy (Early Paris S avoy ).Peerless (L ow ’

s Early Peerless ) .Perfection S avoy (P e r fec t i onDrumhead S avoy) .Prem ier .

Prem ium Drumhead .

Prem ium F lat Dutch .

Puget S ound .

Queen (N ew Queen ) .R ed Erfurt (Early R edDutch E rfurt ) .

R ed Drumhead .R ed Dutch .

R eynolds (R eynolds ’ Early) .R ock R ed (Mammoth R ock R ed) .S chiltzer .

S c hw e i n fu r t ( L a r g e E a r l yS chweinfurt) .

Short-stem ( S hort-stem D r u mhead ) .

S ilver-leaf ( S i lver-leaf D r u mhead) .

S outhern Cross .

S t . Denn is .

S t . John ’

s-day Early ( S t . John ’

s

day Early Drumhead) .S tone Mason .

S trang .

Succession (Henderson '

s S ucces

sion) .S ure Head .

T ourlavi l le (Early T ourlav i lle) .U lm S avoy (Early Dwarf U lmSavoy ) .

Vandergaw .

Warren .

Winnigstadt (Early W innigstadt) .Wonderful ( J o h n s on S tokes’Wonderful ) .Wyman (EarlyWyman) .Year R ound (A l l theYear R ound).York (Early York ) .

1 1 0 varieties .

CAR AWAY—Cam m Carui .

Common .

German .

CAR DOONP uvis .

S olid ( L arge Sol id , L arge SolidS talked ) .

S panish ( L arge Spanish) .

1 1 4 A nnals of H orticulture.

CA U L I BL OWBR A N D BROCCO L I , continued.

Purple Cape.

S outhhampton .

S ulphur-colored .

S ea Foam ( E x t r a Early S e a

Foam) .Snow B a l l (Extra Early S nowBall

Snow S t o rm (D reer’

s EarliestSnow S torm ) .

S tadtholder ( L arge L a t e S tadtholder) .Walcheren Walcheren Wh ite ;L arge L ateWalcheren) .

Wh ite Cape.

Wh ite Sprouting .

White Mammoth (L arge Wh iteMammoth) .53 varieties .

CE L E R I ACp le (A pple-sha ed) .E rfiu t Giant .

p

L argeE rfurt .

Prague e Smooth Prague) .T horburn (T orburn

'

s Giant) .T urnip-rooted .

6 varieties .

C E L E R YAmerican (AmericanWh ite S ol id) .A rl ington (Early A rl ington) .Boston Market (Boston MarketDwarf) .

Bouquet .Covent Garden (Covent GardenR ed . )Crawford (Crawford Half-dwarfWh i te) .

C lark (Major Clark ’s Pink) .

Dwarf Crimson .

Dwarf Golden-heart .DwarfWh ite.

Dwarf R ed .

Dwarf R ose (N ew Dwarf R ose) .Endive-leaved (D w a r f Endiveleaved) .Eureka (Eureka Self-blanching) .Fern-leaved .

Golden S elf-blanch ing D w a r f

Golden S elf-blanching) .Giant Golden-heart .Go lden Dwarf.

Half Dwarf.

Heartwel l (Perfection Heartwell) .I ncomparable Crimson .

I mperial ( I mperial Dwarf L argeribbed) .Kalam azoo (Kalamazoo Broadribbed .

L a Plume ( L a Plume Chestnut) .L arge S o l id ( S ol id L arge Wh ite ;Giant Wh ite S ol id ) .

L eviathan ( Sealey ’

s L eviathan) .

L ondon (L ondon R ed) .

Mammoth R ed .

Manches ter (Manchester Crimson) .

Paris (Paris Golden Yel low) .Pascal (Giant Pascal) .

S i lver S pray (N ew S i lver S pray) .

S andringham ( S a n d r i n g h a mDwarfWh i te) .

I vory (S olid I vory) .Wh i teWalnut .Wh i te Plume.

Yel low S 0 l i d (Golden YellowL arge S o lid ) .3 7 varieties .

CH E R V I LCurled (Curled Double) .T uberous (T uberous-ro .oted)CH I CO R Y , OR S U CCORvBrussels , or Whitloof ( L a r g erooted BrusselsCommon , orWilMagdeburg (L arge-rooted M a gdeburg) .

CH I VE S , O R C I VE S —A l l ium S ena-noprasum .

COL L AR D S , O R CO L EWOR TGeorgia .

Marrow (L andreth ’S Marrow .)R osette (T rue R osette) .S outhern .

White-leaved .

CO R I AND E R— Coriandrum sativum .

CO RN , P OP

Amber (Early Amber) .

California Cal ifornia Golden) .

Dwarf Gol eEight-

c

rowed (Early L arge Eightrowed) .Egyptian .

A nnacs of P lants.

.COR N,P O P continued .

E xcelS I Or.

Golden R ice.

Mapledale (Mapledale Prolific ) .

Monarch (Monarch Wh ite R ice) .Nonpareil .Prem ium (Prem ium Pearl) .Queen (Queen

'

s Golden) .

R ed R ice.

S ilver L ace.

S i lver Pearl .Snowbal l ( I l l inois Snowbal l) .

S triped R ice.

T om T humb (G o l d e n T om

T humb) .

Variegated .

White Pearl .Wh i te R ice.

Wisconsin (W i s c o n s i n E i g htrowed) .22 varieties

CORN , SWE E TA cme (A cme Evergreen) .

A dams (Early A dams , Burl ington) .

A lbany .

Amber Cream .

A sy lum .

Bal lard (Bal lard 's Early) .Banana .

Black Mexican .

Bonanza .

Boston Market .Boynton .

Burbank (Burbank’

s Early) .Burl ington (Burlington Hybrid) .Burvis (Burvis

’ Mammoth) .

Champion .

Chicago Market .Concord (Moore'

s Early Concord) .Conqueror (Early Conqueror) .Cory (Cory Early) .Crawford .

Crosby (Crosby 's Early S ugar) .

Dean (Early Dean) .Durkee .

Egyptian (Washington Market) .

Eight rowed (E i g h t -r o w e dS ugarEureka Pearson’

s Eureka Early) .

Evergreen ( S towel l 's Evergreen) .

1 1 5

Excelsior.

Farquhar (F a rqu h ar’

s E ar l yCrop) .

First Best (First and Best) .Ford (Ford ’s Early) .Gem ( L i ttle Gem) .Genesee (Early Genesee) .

Giddings .

Gold Coin (L i v in g s t o n ’

s GoldCoin) .Hawaii (Hawai i S ugar) .Henderson (Henderson ’

s Sugar) .

Hickox (Hickox I mproved ) .Honey (N ew Honey) .King (King of the Earl ies) .L andreth (Early L andreth Mar

ket

L eet (L eet ’s Early) .

L ondon ( L ondon Market) .

Mammoth (Mammoth S ugar) .Mammoth L ate.

Marblehead Early .

Marblehead Mammoth .

Mau le (Mau le’

s XX S ugar) .

Minnesota (Dol ly Dutton , or E x

tra Early Dwarf) .

Mitchel l (Mitchell 's Extra Early) .

Narragansett (Early N arragan

sett) .N ew England (N ew E n gl a n dE ight-rowed) .Northern Pedigree.

Old Colony .

O range (Early Orange) .O range County (O range CountyCream) .

P ee and Kay .

Perfection .

Perry (Perry 's Hybrid) .Pratt (Pratt ’s Early) .

Pride (Pride of America) .

Quaker (N e Plus U l tra) .Queen (N ew Queen) .

R oslyn (R oslyn Hybrid) .R uby (R uby Queen) .

R ussel (R ussel’

s Prolific)S haker ( S haker’

s Early) .Sm ith ( Sm ith ’s Early) .S onyea ( S onyea I ntermed iate) .S outhern (Early S outhern Sweet) .Squantum (S quantum S ugar) .


COR N , SWE E T , continued.

S tabler (S tabler‘

s Early) .T om T humb (Extra Early T omT humb) .

T riumph .

T uscarora .

Vermont (Vermont Pedigree).76 varieties .

COR N S AL AD , FE T T I CUSBroad-leaved .

Green Cabbaging.L arge-seeded .

L ettuce-leaved .

Round-leaved (L a r g e R o u n dleaved) .

Smal l-seeded .

6 varieties .

CR E S S , O R PE PPE R GR AS S .

American , or L and .

A ustralian .

Broad-leaved .

Broad-leaved Winter .

Curled Garden .

Extra Curled .

Fine Curled .

I ron Clad .

U pland , Barbarea vu lgaris .

9 varieties .

CRBS S , WAT E R .

Common .

Erfurt Sweet .CUCU MBE RA rl ington ( I mproved A rlington) .A rnstadt (Giant of A rnstadt ) .A stonisher.

Bismarck .

Black S p i n e (Cuthil l ’s BlackSpine) .

Blue Gown .

Boston M ar k e t (Early BostonMarket) .

Boston Pickling .

Carter Best (Carter’

s Best of A l l ) .Champion (Carter ’

s Champion) .Chester (Early Chester) .Chicago ( I mproved Chicago Pick

lingChina (L ong China) .Choice ( L andreth ’

s Choice) .Cleveland (Cleveland Pickling) .Cluster (Early Cluster) .

Edinburgh (Duke of Edinburgh) .Engl ish Champion (Champion of

England) .Evergreen .

Florida (F lorida Emerald) .Frame (Early Frame) .Gol iath .

Grant (General Grant) .Grecian (L ong Grecian) .Green Mountain .

Green Prol ific .I nd ianapolis ( I ndianapolis L ongGreen) .Kenyon ( L ord Kenyon '

s Favorite) .cashire (L ancashireWi tch) .

L andreth First ( L andreth ’

s First) .L ondon (L ondon L ong Green) .L ong Gem (Pearson ’

s L ong Gem ) .L ong Green .

L ong Prickly , or Jersey Pickle(Extra L ong Green Prickly) .

L ong R idge (S tockwood 's L ongR idge) .

L ongest (L ongest of A l l ) .L orne Marquis of L orne) .

L ynch iL ynch '

s S tar of theWesr) .Medium Green (Nichol ’s MediumGreen) .Model (Carter’

s Model) .Netted R ussian E a r l y NettedRussian) .

N oas (N oas’

Forcing) .N orbiton (N orbiton

'

s Giant) .

Paragon (Kelway’

s Paragon) .Pearl (White Pearl) .

Peerless .

Pera (Giant Pera) .Perfect Pickling (O . K . PerfectPickl ing) .Prize Fighter.

R abley (Monroe'

s R abley) .R and 's White S pine (R and ’s I mproved White Spine) .Russian (E arly Russian) .

Serpent , or Snake. Cucumis Mela,

var .

Short Green (Gherkin) .S ion H o u s e ( I mproved S i o nHouse) .

S outhgate (L ong G r een Southgate .


KAL E, O R BOR E CO L E , continued .

Norfolk (Norfo lk Curled) .Phoenix.

Purple German (German DwarfPurple) .Purple Vienna (Early Purple V ienna) .

R ed S cotch (Tal l R ed or PurpleS cotch ) .

S iberian (German G r e e n s , or

S prou ts) .S pring.

S triped ( S triped Garnish ing) .T housand-headed .

T ree (T al l T ree) .

Variegated ( S triped a n d Variegated) .Wh ite V i c h u a ( E a r l y Wh iteVienna) .29 var ieties .

KOH L R ABIErfurt (Earl iest Erfurt) .Goliath .

Green .

L ate Purple ( L ate Purp le Gian t) .

Purple V i e n n a (Early PurpleVienna) .

S hort-leaved Vienna (Early S hortleaved Vienna) .

Wh i te Vienna (Early Whi te Vi

enna)7 var ieti es .

L AVE ND E R— L avandu la vera .

L E E x

American Flag (L arge AmericanFlag) .

Carentan ( L arge Carentan) .

I tal ian (N ew Giant I talian) .L ondon F l ag (Broad L ondonFlag) .Musselburgh .

‘

Perpetual (Perpetual French ) .R ouen ( L arge R ouen) .S cotch ( S cotch Champion) .

8 varieties .

L E TTUCEA lexandria Cos (A lexandriaWh i teCOS ) .

American Gathering .

A siatic (A siatic Cabbage,I mperial

,

or Grand A dm iral) .

Bal loon N ew Bal loon) .Batavia (Batavia Brown Head) .Beauty (American Beauty ) .Beauregard ( L ac iniated Beaure

gard) .Black-seeded Butter (N . Y . B lackseeded Butter) .

Black-seeded S impson .

B londe d ’ E te.

B loomsdale (BloomsdaleRel iable) .B loomsdale Fringed (B loomsdaleGreen Fringed) .

B loom sdale S ummer (B loomsdaleEarly S ummer) .

Bossin .

Boston M a r k e t (White-seededT ennis Ball ) .

Boston Curled .

Bronze Curled .

Brown Dutch .

Brown Genoa .

Buttercup .

Bu tterhead ( L arge Butterhead ) .Cal ifornia B u t t e r (Cal iforniaCream Butter) .Cal ifornia Heart (Cal ifornia A l l

Heart) .Charter (N ew Charter) .Cbavigne (Early Chavigne) .Chicago (Chicago Forcing) .Curled I ndia .

Deacon .

Defiance Cabbage.

Defiance Summer .

Drumhead , or Malta.

Dwarf Green (Dwarf Green VeryEarly ) .Egg , or Forcing (Early Egg) .Emperor (Emperor Forcing) .Eureka .

Everlasting .

Frankfort (Frankfort Head ) .Golden Curl .Golden Head (0 . K . G o l d enHead) .Golden Heart (Burpee’

s GoldenHeart) .

Golden S potted .

Grand R apids (G r a n d R apidsForcing) .Gray-seeded Butter.

A nnals of P lants. 9 1 1

L E'

I‘

T U CE , continued.

G r ee n Fringed , or Cal iforniaCurled (N ew Green Fringed ) .

Green Paris (Green Paris Cos ) .Ham i lton (Ham i l ton M a r k e tHead) .Hammersm i th .

I I anson .

Hard Head .

HardyWinter (Hardy GreenW inter

Hil l H il l Bronze Head ) .Hubbard (Hubbard Market) .I ce ( I ce Drumhead) .I mperial ( I mperial White Cab

bage)I nd ia ( L arge I ndia) .Kingsholm Cos .

L andreth C u t t i n g (L andreth’

s

Earl iest Cutting) .L andreth F 0 r e i n g (L andreth ’

s

Forcing) .

L argest (L argest of A l l ) .Mammoth Head (Price Knickerbocker

’

s Mammoth Head ) .Mammoth Market .Marblehead (Marblehead M am

moth) .Marvel , or R ed Besson .

Midsummer .

Mexican COS (Gian t Mexican Cos) .Neapol itan (Neapol itan Cabbage) .N ew Y o r k (Henderson ’

s N ew

York) .N ew York Head .

N ew York Market .Nonsuch .

ugget (Gold Nugget) .

Oak-lea (American O ak-leaved) .Oh io Cabbage.

Oh iot(E arly Ohio) .

Onon aga .

O range County (O range CountyButter) .Paris S ugar .

Passion (L arge Passion ) .Peach (N ew Whi te Peach ) .Perpetual .Perpignan (Benary’

s Perpignan) .Philadelphia (Ph i ladelph iaButter) .Prem ium (Prem ium Cabbage) .

Princess ( L arge Princess Head ) .Prize Head (Early Prize Head ) .Queen (Faust

’

s N ew Queen) .R andolph (R andolph ’s Favorite) .R omaine (R omaineWhi te Cos ) .R oyal ( I mproved Royal Cabbage) .R ussian ( N e w Wh i te R ussian

S ummer) .S alamander .

S atisfaction , or Cut-leaf.

S hotwel l (S hotwel l ’s Brown-head) .S i lesian (Early Curled S i lesian) .

S i lver Bal l (Burpee'

s S i lver Bal l ) .S impson ( Early Curled S impson) .

8 p 0 t t e d Cabbaging ( I mprovedS potted Cabbaging) .

Spotted Du tch (Early Du tch Butter S potted ) .

S t . L ouis (S t . L ouis Market) .S tandwel l , or L ong S tand ing .

S tone-head (S tone-head GoldenYellow) .

S tone T ennis-bal l .S tubborn Feeder .

S tubborn Head .

S ugar L oaf.

S u p er b (S uperb Heat-resistingCOS ) .

Surehead (P . W . Co .

’

s S ure

head )T omhannock .

T om T humb .

Versail les (Versai lles Cabbage) .Victoria.

Wai te (Waite’

s N ew Cabbage) .Wh i te Curled (W h i t e CurledHead) .W h i t e Forcing (Wh i te ForcingI I ead) .Whi te Paris (Paris Wh i te Cos) .W h i t e S ummer (L arge Wh i teS ummer Cabbage) .Year R ound A l l theYear R ound) .

Yel low CO S (Giant Yel low Cos) .

Yel low-seeded Bu tter ( I mprovedYel low-seeded Bu tter ) .

1 1 9 var ieties .

MAR I GOL D , P OT Ca lendu la ofi ci

MAR JOR AM , SWE E T— Origanum Mar

j orana

I 20 A nnals of H orticul ture.

MARJOR AM , P OT— Origanum Onites

MART YN I ACraniolaria.

L ou isianian .

Proboscidea.

MUS H R OOMEngl ish Spawn .

French Spawn .

MUS H ME L ON

A lgiers (A lgiers Cantaloupe) .A rl ington (A rl ington Green N ut

meg) .A tlant ic City .

Bal t imore.

Banana (Banana Cantaloupe) .Bay View (Hybrid Bay View) .Bird (Bird Cantaloupe) .Black Paris ( L arge Black Paris) .B lenheim (Blenheim Orange) .Boston (Boston Nutmeg) .Cal ifornia (Cal ifornia Nectar) .Cal ifornia Citron .

Cape May (Extra Early CapeMay) .Casaba , or Persian .

Cavaillon (Green-fleshed Cavai l lon) .

Champion (Champion Market ,N ew Champion) .Chicago (ChicagoMarket Nutmeg) .Chris tiana .

Colorado Giant (Giant of Colorado) .Colorado Preserving.

Cream (Mil ler’

s Cream) .Delmonico .

D e Passy .

Early Ci tron (ExtraEarly Citron) .Early Round Cantaloupe.

Emerald (Emerald Green) .Excelsior.

Favorite ( S tarin’

s Favori te) .Golden Gem .

Golden Jenny .

Golden Netted .

Golden Perfection .

Green Citron .

Green Climber .

Hackensack , or Turk ’s Cap.

Harris (D r. Harris) .Heath (Monroe’

s L ittle Heath) .

Hogg (D r. Hogg) .Honey Citron (Honey D ew GreenCitron) .

I mproved Cantaloupe.

I nvincible ( I nvincible Scarlet) .I rondequoit .Japan Coral-Flesh .

Japan (N ew Japan) .Jenny L ind .

June (Extra Early June) .L arge Boston .

L arge Yel low.

L ittle Gem .

Montreal Market .Montreal Nutmeg (M o n t r e a 1Green Nutmeg) .eapol itan (Neapolitan Winter ) .etted Gem (0 . K . Netted Gem ) .

Netted Green Citron .

N ew O rleans, or Creole (N ew O r

leans Market) .Nutmeg .

Odel la .

Orange Cream (N ew 0 r a n geCream ) .

Orange (Vegetable O range,Melon

A pple, V i n e P eac h ,Mango

Melon) .O sage.

Perfection .

Persian (Persian Monarch) .Pineapple.

Pomegranate.

Portugal (Black Portu l) .Prescott , or Hardy R igg

a

e.

Pride (Grower's Pride) .Princess .

Prol ific .Queen .

R eedland (R eedland Giant) .Salmon ( Salmon and Green) .Shah , or Persian Monarch .

S i l l (S i l l’

s Hybrid) .S i lver Netted .

S kil lman ( S kil lman’

s Netted ) .Spanish ( Spanish Nectar) .Squire (The Squire) .S uperior (N ew Superior) .

S urprise.

Tom T humb ( S u t t o n ’

s T omThumb) .

1 22

ON I ON, continued.

R ed Etna (Pale R ed Etna) .R ed Garganus .

R ed Globe (L arge R ed Globe,

Early R ed Globe Danvers) .R ed R occa Giant R occa, GiantR ed R occa)

R ed T enerifle.

R ed T ripol i (L arge R ed I talianT ripo l i) .

R ound Danvers (Round Yel lowDanvers , Early R ound D a n

vers) .R ound S i lverskin (Hard R oundS i lverskin) .

Seed ing (Early Seeding) .S ilver Bal l .S ixty-day (Salzer’s S ixty-day) .S outhport Yel low ( S outhport Yellow Globe) .

S o u t h p o r t White (S outhportWhite Globe) .

S outhport R ed ( S outhport R edGlobe) .

S panish King , or Prizetaker .

S t . L aurent (Brown S t . L aurent) .Vesuvius (B lood-red Vesuvius) .Victoria (N ew Victoria) .Victoria R ed .

Victoria Wh i te.

Welsh R ed .

Welsh Wh i te. zA l l iumfistu losum .

Wethersfield (Wethersfield L argeR ed) .White Barletta.

White Bunch .

Wh ite Dutch (White Dutch Pickling) .

Wh ite Etna ( S ilverWh ite Etna) .Wh i te Garganus .

Wh ite Globe.

Wh i te Pickling .

Whi te Pearl .Whi te Portugal , or S ilver S kin .

Whi te Q 11 e e n (Earliest WhiteQueen) .Wh i te T enerifie.

Wh i teT ripo l i (L argeWh ite I tal ianT ripoli) .Yel low Du tch , or S trasburg .

Yel low Egg (N ew Yel low Egg) .

A nnal s of H orticulture.

Yel low R O c c a (G i an t Yel lowR occa) .78 varieties .

ON ION , S E T S , T O P S , E T C .

A ugust (Dark R ed A ugust) .Bloomsdale (Extra Early Blooms

dale Pearl) .Button , or Top Onions.

English Mu ltip l ier.

Egyptian , or Perennial T ree.

Garganus. or R uby King (Mammoth R ed Garganus) .Golden Bal l .Michigan Globe (Mich igan Yel lowGlobe) .Phi ladelphia (Philadelph ia S i lver

skin) .Potato .R ed .

R ed Tenerifle.

R ed R areripe (Smal l R ed R are

u p?R oun S i lverskin (R ound Wh iteS ilverskin) .

Wh ite.

White Multipl ier (N ew Wh iteMu ltiplier)Wh ite R areripe ( S m a l l WhiteR areripe) .

White T eneriffe.

Yel low .

O R ACH , or FR E NCH S P I NAGE— A triplex liortensis

R ed.

White .

PAR S L E YChampion ( C h am p i o n MossCurled) .

Covent Garden (Covent GardenGarnishing)Double Curled E x t r a DoubleCurled ) .Dunnet (Bunnet’s Selected ) .Dwarf Curled .

Dwarf M a s S e d (Dwarf FineMassed) .Emerald .

E nfield (E nfield Matchless) .Fern-leaved .

Garnishing .

Hamburg , or T urnip-rooted .

A nnals of P lants.

P A R S L BY , continued.

Market Garden .

Market Gardener (Market Gardener

’

s Best) .Parterre (Beauty of the Parterre) .Perpetual (Extra Curled P er

petual ) .Plain .

Puritan (Beauty of the Puritan)T riple C u r l ed (F i n e T ripleCurled) .1 8 varieties .

PAR S N I PA bbot (A bbot’s I mproved) .B loomsdale.

Early R ound .

Fine S ugar.

Dutch (L arge Du tch) .Guernsey ( I mproved Guernsey) .I deal (N ew I deal Hol low Crown) .Jersey (L arge Jersey ) .L ong Smooth , or Hol low Crown .

L ong I sland (L ong I sland HollowCrown) .

Mal tese.

P erfection (Pearce’

s Perfection) .R ound French (S h o r t R oundFrench) .

S al zer (S alzer’

s N ew White) .W hite S ugar (L ongWhite Sugar) .

1 5 varieties .

P E A

A bundance (Bliss ’

A bundance) .A dvancer (McL ean

’

s Early A dvancer) .

A dvance (McL ean’

s A dvance) .A laska .

A lbany (Duke ofA lbany) .A l len (A l len

'

s S uperb) .A lpha (L axton ’

s A lpha) .American Champion .

American Wonder.

A roostook Marrowfat .Bergen (Bergen Fleet Wing) .Bishop Dwarf (Bishop ’s Dwarf) .Black Eyes .

B lack-eyed Marrowfat. or Peruvian .

Bloomsdale.

Blue Beau tyBlue Gem .

Blue I mperial (Dwarf Blue I mperial) .Blue Mohawk .

Blue Peter (McL ean’

s Blue P eter) .B lue Prussian .

Bride (Macbeth ’s Bride) .British Queen (Champion of S cotland) .Buist Prem ier (Buist’s Prem ierExtra Early) .Buridge (Buridge Eclipse) .Burpee Extra Early ( Burpee’

s

Best Extra Early) .Cable.

Caractacus.Champion (ChampionofEngland ) .Chelsea .

Clipper (Rawson'

s Clipper) .Conqueror (Payne’

s Con ueror) .Cornish (Cornish ’s EarlyCurrie Chal lenge (Currie’

s ExtraEarly Chal lenge) .Delicious .

Dexter.

Dwarf Champion .

Dwarf Gray S ugar (Dwarf Grayseeded Sugar) .

Dwarf Mammoth .Dwarf Marrowfat .

Dwarf Prize (R eed’s Early DwarfPrize, Reed 's Early Prize) .

Dwarf S u g a r ( E a r l y DwarfWrinkled S ugar

).

Earliest Best (E ar iest and Best) .Early French .

Early May .

E ly (Ely 's Extra Early) .Eugen ie, or A ll iance.

Epicure.

Eureka (Breer’

s Eureka) .Everbearing (B liss ’ Everbearing) .Evolut ion (L axton’ Evolution) .Excelsior(Breek ’s Excels ior) .

Extra E ar y .

Faust’

s Extra Early (Faust 's Selected Extra Early) .Ferry

’

s Extra Early (D . M . FerryCo.

’

s Extra Early) .Fil lbasket.

First (First of A l l ) .First Best (First and Best) .


P E A , continued .

First Crop (Carter'

s First Crop) .First Market (L ivingston’

s Firstin the Market) .

Fot ty-two Days (Perry ’s Fot tytwo Days) .Forty-fold .

Frame (Early Frame) .French Canner.

French S u g a r ( D w a r f WhiteFrench Wrinkled Sugar) .Golden Gem .

Hampden (Hampden Earl iest) .Hancock .

Harrison H arrison'

sG lory) .Hartford Early Hartford) .Henderson ’

s First ( Henderson’

s

First of A l l ) .Hogg (D r. Hogg) .I nvincible

(S harpe’

s I nvincible) .

I owa Cha lenge ( I owa'

s Challenge) .J . S . Extra Early .

John Bul l .Kent (Early Kent) .Kentish I nv icta .

King Dwarf (King of the Dwarfs) .L andreth

’

s Extra Early .

L axton Earl iest (L axton '

s EarliestOf A l l ) .

L axton Pro l ific (L axton '

s Prol ific) .

L eonard ’s First (L eonard 's Firstand Best of A l l ) .

L ightning .

L i tt le Gem (McL ean'

s L i t t l eGem ) .

L ong I sland (L ong I sland Mam

moth) .

L ong Pod (Bishop ’s L ong Pod) .Magog (Early Magog) .Market Garden (H orsford

'

s Mar

ket Garden) .Market Pride (Pride of the Mar

ket) .

Marrowfat .Marrow King (King of the Mar

rows) .

Marvel (L axton’

s Marvel) .Maud S .

Mau le Earl iest (Maule’

s Earl iestof A l l ) .

Maule Extra Early (Maule’

s ExtraEarly ) .

McBeth (McBeth’

s Pride) .McL ean (D r. McL ean) .elting Sugar .

Midsummer (Henderson'

s M i dsummer) .Minimum .

Morning S tar (Buist’s EarlyMorning S tar) .Napoleon .

Nel l is Prem ier (Nel lis’ Prem ier) .

N e Plus U l tra .

N ew Dom inion .

O range County (Orange CountyEarly Morning S tar) .O

’

R ourke ( I mproved Daniel 0 ’

R ourke) .Paragon (S harpe’

sEarly Paragon)Pearl (E xtraa

rly Pearl ) .Perfection eitch

’

s Perfection) .Perpetual (Walker’

s Perpetual ) .Peruvian , or B lack-eyed Marrow .

Ph i ladelphia (Philadelphia ExtraEarly) .

Pioneer .

Plant ’s Extra Early .

Prem ium (Extra Early Prem iumGem ) .Prizetaker.

Profusion (Burpee’

s Profusion) .

Qual i ty (Burpee’

s Qual i ty ) .Quanti ty Burpee’

s Quanti ty)Rel iance E veritt'

s Reliance) .R oyal Marrowfat (R oyal DwarfWh ite Marrowfat) .

R u r a l N ew-Yorker (Cleveland 'sR ural N ew-Yorker) .

S elzer'

s Earliest Best ( Salzer ’

s

Earl iest and Best ) .S ander’

s Marrow .

S atisfaction ( S u t ton ’

s Satisfaction) .

S hort-straw Marrow.

S tratagem .

S unrise (Day ’s S unrise) .Superlative (L axton '

s S uperlative)S upreme ( L axton

'

s S upreme) .T al l Gray ( T a l l Gray-seededSugar) .

T al l S ugar (T al l Butter Sugar) .


POT AT O , continued.

Baby Elephant .

Badger S tate (N ew Badger S tate) .Baker (Baker

’

s Seed ling) .Banana.

Baraboo Baraboo White) .Barrows Barrows’ Perfection) .

Barstow .

Bashaw .

Bath (Wonder of Bath) .

Beauty (Beauty of Beauties) .Behemoth .

Bel le.

Benefi t (Big Benefit) .Ben . Harrison .

Berksh ire.

Bermuda .

Bil l N ye.

Bingham .

Binn (Binn’

s Seedling) .Biscuit .Bismarck .

Blackfriar.

Black Christie.

Black Jack .

Black Machanac.

Black Mercer .

Black Neshannock .

Black Prince.

Black R epublican .

Black Rose.

Blaine (James G . Blaine) .Bliss No . 1 2 .

Bl iss N O . 30.

Bliss N o. 39 .

Bliss No . 5 1 .

Blood .

Blood-heart .

Blue-blush (Rose'

s Blue-blush) .Blue Cow-horn .

Blue E lephant .Blue Mayflower.

Blue Pearl .Blue Point .

B lue-eyed Peach-blow .

Blue Victor.

Bodega (Bodega R ed) .Bonanza.

Bon Bon .

Bonnel l (Bonnel l ’s Seedling) .Bonnel l Best (Bonnel l ’s Best) ,

Boston B lue.

Boston Cracker.

Boston Market .

Brazi l ian .

Bread-fruit.

Breakfast .

Breeze (Breeze’

s R ed) .Bright Eyes .

Bristol Baker .

Brook (Brook ’s Seed ling. )Brown BeautyBrownel l B eau t y (Brownel l ’sBeauty) .

Brownel l Best (Brownel l ’s Bes t) .Brownel l S uccess (Brownel l ’s S uccess) .Brownel l S uperb (Brownel l ’s Superh) .Brownel l S uperior (Brownel l ’s S uperior) .Brownel l ’s N o. 3 1 .

Brownell ’s No . 55 .

Brunswick .

Buflalo (Bufialo Beauty) .Bufialo Bill .

Buflet.

Burbank .

Burbank S port .Burl ing .

Burpee Early (Burpee'

s ExtraEarly) .Burpe

)e S uperior (Burpee’

s S upe

ri orBurrough ’s Garfield .

Calico .

California Mercer .

Cal lao .

Calumet .Cambridge Cambridge Prolific) .

Canada Se ling .

Canada White.

Canadian .

Cap S heaf.

Captain .

Capricorn .

Caraccus.

Ca nter (Carpenter’

s Seedling) ,Car isle (Duke of Carlisle) .Carter .

Carter Blotch (Carter’

s Blotch) .Carter Early (Carter’

s Early) .

A nnals of

P OTATO , continued.

Cas tilian.

Cataract .Cayuga .

Cayuga Ch ief.

Centennial .Central American (wild) .Cetewayo .

Chatfield (Chatfield’

s Seed ling) .Chal lenge.

Champion .

Champlain.

Chautauqua.

Charles Downing.

Charter Oak .

Cheesman (Cheesman’

s Seed ling) .Chel l i R ed.

Cherokee.

Cherry Blow.

Cheshire.

Chicago Beauty .

Chicago Gem .

Chicago Market .Ch icago Sun .

Chief.

Chi ld 's North Pole.

Chi li Blush .

Ch il i Pinkeye.

Chilian Pink .

China Prince.

Chiticatica.

Churchil l (Churchi l l ’s Seedl ing) .Clark No . 1 (Clark

’

s No . 1 ) .Cleveland (President Cleveland) .Clifton .

Clipper .

Clipper R ed (Clipper’

s R ed) .C l imax.

Coldstream .

Col lin (Col lin’

s Excelsior) .Collum (Collum ’

s Superb) .Colorado N o. 1 .

Co lumbia.

Co lvin Excelsior (Colvin ’

s Excelsior) .

Colvin P r i z e (Colvin ’

s WhitePrize) .Colvin S uperb (Colvin ’

s Superb) .Comanche.

Comforter .

Commander .

Com ton (Compton ’

s Surprise) .Con fCon’

s Seed ling) .Concord .

Conebrook (Conebrook'

s S ee dling) .Connecticut.Conneaut .Conqueror.

Conquest .

Constitution .

Continental .Cook (Cook ’s Superb) .Cook Choice (Cook’s Choice) .Copperm ine.

Corless (Corless ’ Match less) .Corne

)l l Kidney (Cornel l ’s Kid

neyCorona (Corona Beauty) .Corean .

Corean R ed.

Cosmopolitan.

Cow Horn .

Crandal l (Crandal l 's Seed lingC r a n d a l l Beauty (Cran al l 'sBeauty) .Crawford (Crawford 's Seed l ing) .Cream (Cream of the Field) .Creedmoor .

Creelston .

Crimson Beauty .

Crown I mperial .Crown Jewel .Cuban King .Cuban Peachblow .

Dairy .

Dakota Boss .

Dakota R ed .

Dakota White.

Dandy .

Date (Date Early) .Dawn (Dawn Early ) .Davenport (Davenport S eedling) .Dayspring.

Defiance .

Delaware.

D elmahoy .

Derby .

Desert Rose.

Dictator.

Dixie.

Dolphin .


POT ATO , continued .

Domestic .D onganeil (Donganeil

’

s Beauty) .Door Yard .

Dover .

D r . Wh i te.

D reer (Breer’

s S tandard) .Drew.

Druid .

Drummond .Dublin Chief.

Duchess .

Dunham (Dunham Early) .Dunmore B lush .

Dunmore (Dunmore’

s Seed ling) .Dunster.

Durham (Durham Early ) .Burkman .

Dustin (Dustin E arly ) .Dutch Merino .

D ykeman .

Dyrite.

Early Hebron (Early Beauty of

Hebron) .Early King (L ady of L ondon ,

L ondon L ady) .Early Market .

Early Oh I O .

Early Rose.

Eastern S tar .

Ecl ipse.

Eclipse Early .Edinburgh (Duke of Edinburgh) .Egyptian .

1 889 .

E lectric.

E lectric Early .

Eight W ee k s (Carter’

s EightWeeks) .Eldorado ,Elgin ( L ady Elgin) .Elkland .

El Paso .

Empire S tate (Burpee’

s EmpireS tate) .Engl ish Champion .

Engl ish Early .

Engl ish Magnum Bonum .

English Peachblow .

Engl ish R ed .

English Rose.

Engl ish Snowflake.

E no (Eno ’s Seedl ing) .E no Kidney (Eno 's Kidney) .Enterprise.

Essex Early .

Eth iopian.

Eureka .

Eutaw .

Evening S tar.

Everitt .Everi tt Market (E veritt

'

s E arlyS ix-weeks Market) .Excelsior.

E xim ius .

Eyeless (N ew Eyeless S eedling) .Falcon .

Farina.

Farmer (Farmer’

s Seedling) .Farmer Delight (Farmer

’

s Dea

l ight) .

Farmer Favorite (Farmer’

s P av

orite) .Faust 's No . 1 .

Fawn .

Fearnaught .

Field Pride (Pride of the Field) .Field Queen (Queen of the Field) .

Fil lbasket .

Finch (Finch ’s Early Perfection) .First Best (First and Best) .Fisherman .

Fleetwood .

Flem ish Beauty .

Flesh-colored .

Florida (Florida R usset) .Flour Bal l (S utton ’

s Flour Bal l) .

Fluke.

Fo ld F luke.

Foraker (Gov . Foraker) .

Forforshire R ed .

Fortune.

Fox E ye.

French Fluke.

French Giant .French Kidney .

French Marine.

Galva .

Gardener (Gardener’

s Early Seedl ing) .Garfield .

Garnet Ch i l i .


POTATO , continued.

Kansas .

Keeper (Crane'

s Keeper) .Keepsake.

Keno .Kent .Keystone.

KidneKing (King'

s Exce lsior) .Knoxvi l le.

“ M y anna .

L ady Finger .

L aing (L aing ’s Seedl ing) .

L ake Erie.

L ake Ontario .

L andreth G arfie l d ( L andreth ’

s

Garfield) .L aplander.

L a Plume.

L apwing .L ate Favorite.

L ate Goodrich .

L ate Hebron ( L ate Beauty of

Hebron) .L ate Hoosier.

L ate Ohio.

L ate Rose.

L ate S haw .

L ate Superior .

L ate Vermont .L edding (L edding

'

s Seed ling) .L ee Favorite ( L ee’

s Favori te) .L ee Pro lific (L ee'

s Prolific) .L egal T ender.

L eo (L eo XI I I ) .L eviathan .

L ewiston .

L incoln (President L inco ln) .L incoln R ed .

L ittle Giant .L isbon Pride (Pride of L isbon) .L oange.

L ogan (General L ogan . )L ombard .

L ondon .

L ongMercer .

L ong Pinkeye.

L ouisiana B u r b an k (L ouisianaFal l Burbank) .

L ubeck.

L uxury .

Magenter (S tar of Magenter) .Magic (Early Magic) .Magnolia.

Magnum Bonum (American Magnum Bonum ) .Maiden Blush (Maiden'

s Blush) .

Maidstone.

Maine Early .

Maine S tate (S tate of Maine) .Mameluke.

Mammoth Prolific (O . K . Mammoth Pro lific) .Manitoba.

Man hattan .

Marblehead .

Marchmoor.

Market (Early Market) .Market Pride (Pride of the Mar

ket) .Mars .

Marshal l .Marvel (Marvel of Beau ty) .Mason Pride (Pride of Mason) .Matchless .

Mayflower.

Mayflower Early .

Mcclel lan (General Mcclel lan) .

Mccorm ick .

McFadden.

McN al ly (McN al ly’

s Seedling)2Mecklenburgh .

Mediterranean .

Medly .

Medona (Medona Early) .Mercer (Mercer Early) .Merino .

Merrimac.

Merritt (Ben . Merritt) .

Mexican Giant .Mexican MerinoMich igan .

Michigan R ed.

Mikado .

Miller (Mil ler'

s Seedling) .Minister.

Minnesota (Early Minnesota) .

Mississi i .

Mi tchel {Mitchel l ’s Seedling) .Mock Sweet.Mohawk Early .

Monarch (American Monarch) .

A nnal s of P lants. 1 3 1

Monitor.

Monroe (Monroe Seedl ing) .Monroe Prize (Monroe CountryPrize) .Montana Rose.

M o n t a n a (West’

s M o n t a n aBeau ty) .Montreal .Morn Early .

Morning S tar .

Morrell (Morrel l ’s Seedling) .Morris Whi te.

Mountain Prol ific.

Mountain Queen .

Mountain Rose.

Mountain Sprout.Mrs . C leveland .

Mrs . Foraker.

Mu llal ly .

Mul tiplier.

Munson (Munson'

s Seedling) .

Murray (Murray’

s Gold-Flake) .

Muscovite.

Mustapha.

arragansett .

ashville.

Nathan Rose.

National .

Nebraska (Pride of N ebraska) .N epaugh .

Neshannock .

Nevada (Nevada White) .N ew E n g l a n d (N ew EnglandBeauty)

.

N ew E ng and Far.

N ew Eyeless .

N ew Hampshire.

Newland .

Newton Newton’

s Seedl ing) .N ew Yor (N ew York S tate) .N ew York MarketN ew York R ed .

N ew York White.

N ew Zealand .

N ew Zealand Early .

Nigger Toe.

igh (Nigh ’s Early S tandard) .onpareil .

Norman .

North Pole (Hal l ’s North Pole) .

North S tar.

Northern Spy (Boley’

s NorthernS P Y)Norway .

Nott (Nott’s Victor) .Nova Scotia Rose (Nova ScotiaEarly Rose)Nubian .

Odd Fel low.

Ogden (Ogden Beauty) .O hio Beauty.

Ohi o Fancy.

Ohio Junior.

Ohio Pinkeye.

Ohio Rose.

0 K (N ew 0 K) .O lympia.

Oneida .

Oneida Peachblow.

Ontario.

O range.

Orange County (Orange CountyWhite) .

O swegoéOswegoWonder) .

O seola iant Oseola) .O tto .

Overpaugh’

s Pinkeye.

Oxford (Early Oxford) .01: Horn .

Ozark .

Pacific.

Paddy (Paddy ’s Surprise) .

Pal es tine.

Pamphy lia .

Paragon .

Parson (Parson’

s Prolific) .Patterson (Patterson'

s I rish Blue) .

Poughkeepsie F r i d e (P r i d e of

Poughkeepsie) .

P oughkeepsI e White.

Peach Blossom .

Peachblow .

Peachblow Pinkeye.

Pearce (Pearce Seedling) .

Pearl (Mammoth Pearl) .Pear l Early .

Pecan .

Peck (Peck ’s Sun) .Peerless .

Pennsylvania (P e n n s y l v a n i aBel le) .


POT ATO , continued. Queen VictoriaPenn (Penn

’

s Search Warran t) . Quimby (Quimby’

s Seedling) .Perfect Gem . Quito.

Perfect Peachblow. Quohaug.

Perfect ion . Rand ’s N O . 4 1 .

Persian Baker. R and's Peachblow.

Persian Monarch . Rand R ed (R and ’s R ed) .Persian R ed . R areripe.

Peruvian (wi ld) . R ed Cow-horn .

Ph i ladelphia. R ed Elephant .

Phi l . S heridan . R ed Essex.

Phoenix . R ed Fluke.

Pike’

s Peak . R ed Jacket (Seneca R ed Jacket) .Pink (Pink of Perfection) . R ed L ady-finger.

Pinkeye. R ed L ion .

Planet. R ed Mercer.

Plum . R ed Pearl .Plymouth R ock . R ed Peerless .

Polaris . R ed Snowflake.

Pootatuck . R ed S tar.

Portage. R ed Superior.

Potentate (Crane's Potentate) . R ed U l ink .

Port land R usset . R ennselaer (R ennselaer Ch ief) .Potomac Climbers . R hinebeck .

Prairie Farmer. R icker (Ricker’s Giant) .Prairie Flower. R iley .

Prairie Giant . R ising Sun .

Prem ier . R ochester (Rochester Seed ling) .

Prem ium (Home'

s Prem ium ) . R ochester Favorite (R ochester’

s

President . Favorite) .Price (Geo. H . Price) . R ocket .Prince A l b e r t (Canada Prince R ockford .

A lbert) R ockland .

Prince Edward Rose (Prince E d R ocky Mountain (Rocky Mountainward I sland Rose) . R ose) .

Princess . R ogers (R ogers’ Seedling) .

Prim rose . R ogers ’

N O . 4 .

Prize. R ogers ’

N O . 7 .

Prize-taker (Jones ’ Prize-taker) . R oman R ed .

Prod igy . R ose Giant.

Pro lific . R ose Magnum Bonum .

Providence . R ose N ew (R ose’

s N ew ) .Puritan Early , or No . 49 . R ose N o . 74 (Rose’

s No .

Putnam . R osy Morn .

Putnam Favorite (Putnam ’

s P av R ough Diamond (Bliss ’

R oughorite) . Diamond) .Quar (Quar

’

s Gem) . R ound Pinkeye.

Queen (N ew Queen) . R oxanna.

Queen R ose (Queen of the Roses) . R oxbury .

Queen Val ley (Q 11 e e n of t h e R oyal Gem .

Val ley) . Royal Purple.


POTATO , continued.

T resher (Tresher’

s Seed ling) .T riumph (Bliss' T riumph) .T rophy .

T rotter.

T roy Market .T unix.

Twi light .

T yrian Purple.

Val entine.

Val ley Chief.

Val ley Gem Gem of the Val leyVal ley Pride Pride of theVal leyVal ley Queen .

Vandervere.

Vanguard .

Velvet S kin .

Vera Cruz .

Vergennes .

Verm ont Champion .

Vermont Early .

Vermont Fancy .

Vermont Favorite.

Veteran .

Vick Early (Vick ’s Extra Early) .Vick Prize (Vick ’s Prize) .Vick Peachblow (Vick ’s I mprovedPeachblow) .Vicksburg.Victory .

Vil lage (Village Blacksmith) .Violet .Viz ier .

Wall (Wal l ’s O range) .Wandering Jew.

Washington .

Watson (Watson ’

s Seed ling) .Waverly .

Webb (Webb ’

s Early) .Webster (L ady Webster) .Weld ’s N O . 2 .

Wel ls (Wel ls' S eed l ing) .Wel ls Cross (Wel ls ’ Hybrid) .Western Peerless .

Western P r i d e (Pride of the

West) .Western R ed .

Wh i te A ustralian .

White Bermuda .

White Ch ief.

White Ch ina .

White Cloud .

White Diamond .

Whi te Elephant .

White Flower .

Wh ite Granger .

Whi te Hebron (White 'Beau ty ofHebron)

.

Wh i te Ki ney.

White L i ly .

Wh i te L ion .

Wh i te Magic.

White Mammoth .White Monitor.

White Mountain.

White Prize Early .

Wh i te Rose.

White Sport .White S prout .

Wh ite S tar .

White S uperior .

Wh i te S urprise.

White Victor .

Wh iteWhale.

WhiteWhipple.

Wig Wag.

Wil ley ’s N O . 1 0.

Will iam Fox .

Wi l l iam Penn .

Winslow (Winslow Seedl ing) .Wisconsin Beauty .

Wisconsin Peachblow .

Wisconsin Pride (Pride of Wisconsin) .Yarn .

Yankee Flat .Yankee Notion .

Yankee White.

Yarrow.

Yel low Elephant.Yielder (Everlasting Yielder) .Yosem ite.

Yuba .

Yucatan .

Zebra .

Zephyn

Zig-zag.

Zoar.

Zoo .

Zulu .

889 varieties .

A nnal s of P lants .

PUMPKI N— (S ome of tliesevarieties area lso cata logued wit/i Saw s/us)

Banana.

B lack S ugar .

Bou logne Gray Boulogne) .Braz i lian ugar .

Cashaw , or Cushaw .

Common Field .

Connecticu t F ield .

Dunkard Win ter.

Etampes -R ed (Etampes Mam

moth R ed) .Fifty Do l lar (Fifty Dol lar Prize) .Go lden Yel low (Golden Yel lowMammoth ) .Golden O blong .

Golden Mammoth (N ew GoldenMammoth) .

Green S triped , or I mproved CaShaw .

I ndiana F i e l d ( I ndiana CornField) .

Japan Crookneck .

Japanese P ie.

Jonathan .

Jumbo .L arge Cheese.

L arge T ours , or Mammoth .

Mamm oth K i n g ( K in g of the

Mammoths) .Mammoth Potiron .

Mammoth Prize.

Mich igan (Mich igan Mammoth) .Monmouth (Monmou th C 0 u n t yGo lden) .Mammoth French .

Nantucket , or Negro .

Possum Nose.

Quaker P ie (Burpee’

s Quaker P ie) .S t . George.

S ugar .

T ennessee (T ennessee Sweet P otato) .

T ree.

Valparaiso .

West I ndia (West I ndia Mam

moth) .

Sweet Potato (Yel low Sweet P 0tato) .3 7 var ieties .

1 35

RAD I S HA laska.

A l l-Seasons .

B lack S panish ( L o n g B l a c kS panish) .Black S ummer (Black SummerT urnip) .

Box (WhI te Box) .

Burpee (Burpee’

s Earliest) .Button (Scarlet Bu tton) .Cal iforn ia W i n t e 1 (CaliforniaMammoth WhiteWinter) .Card inal Globe.

Carm ine O l ive (Earliest CarmineO l ive-shaped) .Celestial .Chart ier (Becket t's Chartier, I mproved Chartier) .

Chin

ise R ose (Ch inese R oseW in

ter

Ch inese S carlet (Scarlet ChineseWinter) .Covent Garden .

Dayton .

Earliest .

Early Mammoth .

E l Dorado .

Firebal l .Forc ing (R apid Forcing) .

Forcing T u rn i p (R ed ForcingT urnip) .French BreakfastGarnet (Early Garnet) .Giant S tuttgart ( G i a n t WhiteS tuttgart) .Golden Globe.

Gray Summer .

GrayWinter ( L ong GrayWin ter) .Half-long S carlet (Half-long DeepS carlet) .

L ady Finger (White L ady Finger) .L ong Purple.

N e Plus U l tra .

Newcom .

O val R ed (N ew Early Oval DarkR ed

Paris Paris Beauty) .Perpetual (Perpetual White S ummer) .Purple O l ive.


RAD I SH , continued.

Purple S ummer (Purple Summer

T urnip) .R at-tai led—R aplianus sativus var.

caudatus .

R ed Bal l .R ed-crowned (L ong White R ed

crowned) .

R ocket (R ed Rocket) .R ose O l i ve (O live-shaped Rose) .Rosy Gem (N ew R osy Gem ) .R ound S anish (Round B l a c kSpanishRound R ed (Early R ound DarkR ed) .Round S tuttgart (S tuttgart R oundWh ite) .

Salmon .

S carlet Bal l (White-tipped S carletBal l) .

x S carlet Erfurt (Earliest S carletErfurtS carlet rame (Breer

'

s S carletFrame) .

S carlet Globe (Early S c a r l e tGlobe) .

S c a r l e t O l i v e (O live-shapedS carlet) .

S carlet S hort-top ( L ong S carletS hort-top) .

S carlet S trap-leaved (L ong S carletS trap-leaved) .

S carlet T urnip (Early S c ar 1 e tT urnip) .

S hepherd .

S tartle.

S trasburg (White S tar S trasburg) .S unnet (Gray Sunnet) .S urprise.

T hree-leaved (L eonard ’s T hreeleaved) .

T wenty-day.

Vaughan (Vaughan’

s Market) .

Violet O l ive (Violet O live-shapedWhite-tipped) .Violet T u r n i p (Violet T urnipWhite-tipped) .White-Forcmg R O u n d Whi teforcing) .Wh iteGlobe (L argeWhite Globe) .White O live.

White N a p l e 3 (L ong WhiteNaples) .

Wh ite S a n i s h (L ong WhiteSpanish).Whi te Summer (White S ummerT urnip.

White-tipped T u r n i p (Wh ite .

tipped S carlet T urnip) .White T urnip.

White V i en n a (L ong WhiteVienna) .Whit

)e Winter (L ong WhiteWin

ter

W o o d F r am e (Wood ’s EarlyFrame) .Yel low Bal l (Early Yel low Bal l) .Yel lowO l ive (O live-shaped GoldenYel low) .Yel low T u r n i p (Early Yel lowT urnip) .

1 834 (The8 1 varieties

R APEEnglish , or Spring S prouts .

L arge

iseeded ( L arge-seeded Gar

den

Winter, or S iberian S prouts .

R H UBARBL innmus .

Mammoth .

Myatt’

s Victoria.

Paragon .

S t . Martins .

Victoria.

6 varieties.

R OQUE TT E—Brassica E ruca .

R OS E MAR Y—R osemarinus ofi cina l is .

S AGE—Salvia ofi cina l is

Common.

Mammoth .

R ed— S . H ominum .

S AL S I FY , or OYST E R-PL ANTBreck (Breck

’

s I mproved) .

L ong White.

Sandwich I sland (N ew S andwichI sland Mammoth) .White French .

S AVOY—S atureia kortensisS ummer.

Winter—S . montana .


SQ U AS H , continued .

S trickler (The S trickler S ummer

T urban , or T urk’

s Cap.

Valparaiso , or L ima Cocoanut .Vegetable Marrow .

Wh i te Chestnut .Wh ite S callop (White Bush S callop ) .

W inter Crookneck .

Woodbury .

Yel low S cal lop (Yel low Bush S calloped) .5 6 varieties .

S T ACH YSS tackys afi nis .

S tuberifera .

S T R AWBE R R Y B L I T E , or S T R AWBE R R YS P I NAG E— Ckenopodium (B l i tum )capitatuni .

S COL YMU S— S colymus li ispan icus .

SWE E T POT AT OBermuda ( R ed Berm uda) .

Carol ina (Extra Early Carolina) .

Golden (Early Golden) .Grant (General Grant ) .Mammoth R ed .

N ew Jersey .

Peabody (Early Peabody) .

R ed Jersey .

R ed Nansemond .

S outhern Queen .

Whi te Queen .

Yel low Jersey ( I mproved Yel lowJersey) .Yel low Nansemond .

1 3 varieties .

T H YME T/iymus vu lgaris .

Engl ish (Broad-leaved E ngl ish ) .French .

T OMAT OA cme .

A dvance (Extra Early A dvance) .

A lpha.

Americus (Americus Hybrid) .Amber Gem .

A nn ie Dine .

A tlantic (A tlantic Prize) .A u tocrat .Bay S tate.

Beau ty ( L ivingston ’

s Beau ty) .Bermuda (Early Bermuda) .

Boston Market .Brandywine.

Bronze-leaved .

Canada Victor .

Cardinal .Cincinnati (Cincinnati Purp le)Clim ax .

Conqueror .

Curled-leaf ( Hubbard 's Curledleaf.

Dwarf Champion .

Em ery .

Essex (Essex Hybrid) .Farquhar (Farquhar

’

s Fau ltless) .Favori te ( L ivingston ’

s Favori te) .

F ij i (Fij i I s land , or L ester ’

s P er

fected) .Fu lton Market .Garfield (President Garfield) .

Golden R od .

Golden Queen .

Golden T rophy .

Grant (General Gran t) .Green Gage.

Haines (H aines '

N O .

H athaway(H athaway'

s Excelsior) .Hovey .

H undred D ay .

I gnotum .

I ta ly (Wonder of I taly) .Jersey (Early Jersey ) .Jones ( Jones ’ Early Hybrid) .Jones T h irty .

Jubilee (Ch i ld ’s Golden Jubi lee) .

King H umbert .King (King of the Earl ies) .L a Crosse (S alzer

’

s L a CrosseS eed l ing) .

L arge Yel low .

L i ttle Gem .

L ori l lard .

Match less .

Mayflower.

Mccu l lom (McCul lom’

s Hybrid) .Mikado .

Morn ing S tar .

Nesbit (Nesbi t 's Victoria).N ew York Market .O ptimus .

Paragon .

Peach .

A nnals of P lants .

T OMA TO , continued.

Perfection (L ivingston ’

s P er fection ) .Potato-leaf.

Prelude.

Puritan .

Queen:R ed A pple.

R ed Cherry.

R ed Curran t .R ed Pear .

R ingleader .

R uby (Early R uby) .

S alzer ( S alzer’

s Earl iest of A l l ) .

S hah .

S cov1 11e ( Scovil le’

s Hybrid) .S unrise (Golden S unrise) .T i lden .

T om T humb .

T ree.

T rophy .

Volunteer .

Wh i te A pple (Snowbal l) .Yel low Pear.

8 1 varieties .

T U R N I P , FL AT . ( S ome of tkese vari

eties are probably R uta-Bagas .

S ee nex t l ist . )B 1 0 0 m s d a l e (B loomsdale R ed

T op) .

Bread S tone.

Bud long (Budlong I m p r o v e dWh ite R ock) .

D e v o n S h i r e (Devonsh ire GreyS tone) .Flat Dutch (Early Flat Du tch)Golden Bal l .Go lden S tone.

Green Barrel .Hartley (Hartley Prize-top ) .I mperial ( I mperial Prize) .Jersey Navet .L arge Yel low , or Amber Globe.

L i ly (Carter’

s Jersey L i ly) .L ong Wh i te, or Cow Horn .

Milan (Early Purple-top Milan ,

S trap L eaved Extra E a r l yMilan) .Mon tm agny .

Morigny (Gray Morigny) .Munich (Purple-top Mun ich) .

I 39

Norfo lk (L ong White Norfolk) .O range Jel ly .

Pearce (Pearce’

s I nvincible) .Pomeranian (Pomeranian Wh i teGlobe) .Purple-top Globe (P u r p l e t 0 pWh ite Globe) .Purple-top Mammoth .

Purple-top S trap-leaf (Purple-topWh ite S trap-leaf) .

R ed-top Globe (R ed-top WhiteGlobe) .

R ed-top O l ive.

R ed-top S trap-leaf.

S even T op.

S hape (S hape'

s I mproved) .S ix Weeks (Early S ix Weeks) .S nowbal l (Early Snowbal l ) .

S now Globe ( Snow-wh i te Globe) .S tone (S alzer’

s Early S tone) .T el tow , or Smal l Berlin .

Vertus ( L ong Wh ite Vertus) .

Waite (Waite’

s Gem ) .

Westbury (Westbury Sweet ) .Wh i te Egg .

Wh i te French ( L O n g W h i t eFrench) .Wh i teGlobe ( L argeWh i teGlobe) .Wh ite Model .Wh i te T ankard .

Whi te S trap-leaf (Wh ite GlobeS trap-leaved , B a 1 l y W h i t eS trap-leaved ) .Yel low A berdeen (Purple-top Yellow A berdeen) .Yel low Finland .

Yel low Globe.

Yel low Malta .

Yel low S tone (Early Yel low S tone) .Yel low T ankard .

5 0 varieties .

T U RN I P , R UT A-BAGAA shcrofts .

Bangholm .

Champion ( S utton ’

s C ham p i onSwede) .Golden Globe.

Go lden Swede.

Green-top .

Heavy-cropping (Mau le’

s Heavycropping S wede) .


T U R N I P , continued .

Harbey .

I mperial Hardy .

I mproved Purple-top .

I mproved Swede.

L aing ( L aing ’s S trap-leaved . )L argeWh i te .

L ong I sland ( L ong I s l a n d I mproved Purple-top ) .

L ondon ( L o n d o n P u rp l e-t o pSwede) .

L oth ian (East L oth ian Purpletop Swede) .Prussian .

Purple-top. or American .

R ed-top Globe ( L arge R ed-topGlobe) .

S utton ’

s Purple-top ( S u tton ’

s I m

proved Purple-top Swede) .Swede King (King of the Swedes) .Sweet German .

S hamrock ( S hamrock Y e l l 0 wGlobe) .

S kirving ( S kirving’

s Purple-top) .Westbury .

Wh i te-flesh Purple-top .

Wh i te French .

Wh i te R uss ian .

Wh ite Swede.

Yel low .

Yel low French .

3 1 varieties .

WAT E R ME L ONA frican .

A pple P ie .

A rkansas (A rkansas T raveler) .A sia Glory (Glory of A sia) .A sia T riumph (T riumph of A s ia) .B lack I tal ian .

B lack S panish .

Boss .

Cal ifornia , or I mproved Odel la.

Citron .

Chinese.

Christmas (Johnson ’

s Christmas ,

N ew Christm as ) .Co lorado Ci tron (Colorado P re

serving Citron) .Cuban Queen .

Cream F lesh (Cream Flesh S cu lptured-seeded) .Dark I cing , or I ce R ind .

Delaware.

Excelsior .

Extra Early .

Faust (Faust ’s Pride of the Cen

tury ) .F lorida (Florida Favori te) .Georgia (Pride of Georgia ) .Gipsy .

Golden Flesh .

Golden Honey .

Green Gold (Green and Gold) .Hal lock Phinney .

Hoosier (Hoosier King ) .Hungarian (Hungarian H oney) .I ce Cream .

I mperial (Goodwin ’

s I mperial ) .I ron Clad (Mammoth I ron Clad) .Japan S cu lptured .

Jersey B lue.

Jumbo .

Kentucky (Kentucky Wonder) .Kolb (Kolb ’

s Gem ) .L iberian .

L ight I cing .

Medicinal .Monarch (Jordan ’

s Gray Mon

arch ) .Mountain S prou t .Mountain Sweet .( E m ler ( ( E m ler

’

s T rium ph) .O range.

Pearl .Peerless .

Ph inney ( P hinney’

s Early ) .Pipe (Early Pipe) .S caly Bark .

S em ino le.

S hipper ( S h ipper’

s Favorite) .S ibley ( S ibley ’

s T riumph ) .S tokes ( S tokes ’ Early) .

S triped Gypsy , Jackson , or R attleSnake.

Vick (Vick ’

s Early) .Volga .

Wh ite Gem .

5 8 varieties .


0

A nthurium D echardi , Gart . , June 1 5 .

S cherzerianum ,Gart . , June 1 5 .

var . L ucienne L inden ,I l l .

Hort . , A ug. 1 0 .

var. Madame D e s m e tDuvivier, I l l . H O r t . ,

June.

var . Mme. de la DevanSaye, I l l . H ort . ,Oct . 2 5 .

Antirrh inum , group , Garden , Feb . 2 .

A phelandra cristata , Jour . H o r t . ,

Oct . 3 .

A ponogeton distachyon , Pop . Gar . ,

Feb .

A pp le,A lexander , Hort . A rt Jour . ,

Apr .

A lfriston orFibbett’sPearmainGar . Mag , Mar . 2 .

A n tonovka.Hort . A rt Jour . Jan .

Bel le de L ongue,R ev . Hort . ,

Sept . 1 .

Blenheim Pippin , Gar. Mag ,

A ug. 3 1 .

B loom less , Am . Gar . , Ju ly .

King of thePippins,Gar . Mag. ,

Nov . 9 .

Duchess of O ldenburg . G a r

Mag. , May ; Can . H o r tFeb . 23 .

D umelow’

s S eedl ing,Gar . Mag.,

Jan . 26 .

E ck l invil le,Gar . Mag.,Aug. 24 .

Jones '

S eed l ing,Hort . A rt Jour. ,

A ug.

Keeper, O rch . Gar . , S ept .L ord S uflield, Garden , June 1 5 .

Martha, Crab , Hort . A rt Jour . ,

D ec .

Murphy , O rch . Gar. , Mar.

Norfo lk Beefing, Gar. Mag ,

Mar. 30 .

P a r s o n’

s Sweet , Hort . A rt

Jour . , Nov .

Pewaukee, H ort . A rt Jour . Oct.

Potts ’

S eed l ing , G a r. M ag ,

Oct . 1 9 .

Prince A lfred , J 0 u r. H o r t . ,

June 20 .

Princess L ouise,I nt . Hort . ,

Apr.

Queen , Can . Hort . , Jan .

Apple, R ambo, Hort . A rt Jour. ,

Jan .

Ramhom Queen , H ort . A rt

Jour . , Ju ly .

S huphel t'

s S eed ling, Am . Gar. ,

D ec

S oulard , Am . Gar . , Jan .

S tone A n tonovka. Can . Hort . ,p . 2 1 6 .

T etofsky , Hort . A rt Jour . , Jan .

Wealthy , Can . Hort . , Nov .

'

H ort . A rt Jour Mar .

Wel l ington , Garden , May 1 1 .

W inter Quoining , Gar . Mag ,

May 4 .

W o rce s t e r Pearmain , Gar.

Mag , Oct . 5 .

A pricot R ussian , Can . H ort . , Oct .

Aqu ilegta chrysantha gran i iflora al

ba , Vick ’

s Mag , O ct .

flabel lata , var . Hort . Belge,

Ju ly .

A rachnanthe Clarkei , Bot . Mag , t .7077

A ral ia Chinensis , Am . Gar . , Mar .

S ieboldi , Garden , Ju ly 1 3 .

A rctotis acaul is , Garden , Nov . 23 .

A reca lutescens , Am . Flor . , Ju ly 1 5 .

A ristoloch ia elegans , Hort . Belge,

Feb .

S ipho , Vick ’

s Mag ,Mar.

h ians , Bot . Mag ,t . 7073 .

A rt ichoke, L arge Green Paris , Gar

den , A pr . 6 .

A sh , Weep ing, R . N .

-Y . , Jan . 26 .

A ster Amel lus , Garden , Feb . 23 .

H erveyi , Gar . For . , Oct . 2 .

l inarifol ius , Garden , Feb . 23 .

L i n d l e y an u s , Gar . For. ,

S ept 1 8 .

S tracheyi , Garden , Mar . 1 6 .

A sti lbe, Japanese, Garden , Nov . 30 .

A thanas ia annua, Jour. Hort . , S ept .1 9 .

A rtocarpus integrifol ia, G a r d e nMay 1 8 .

Bakaria T il landsioides , R ev . Hort . ,Feb . 1 6 .

Bambusa aurea , Am . Flor ., Sept . 1 .

Mazel l i , Metahe, and m i t is ,Garden , Nov . 30 .

P lant P ortraits of 1 889 .

Barnardesia rosea, Gar . C h r o n . ,

Mar . 9 .

Bean , Burpee’

s Bush L ima , R . N .

Y . , Oct . 1 9 ; I nt . Hort . , Nov .

1 6 .

Dwarf L ima , Am . Gar . , Nov .

H enderson '

s Dwarf L ima , R .

N .

-Y . , Oct . 1 9 .

Kumerle’

s Dwarf L ima , R . NY . , Oct . 1 9 .

Beaufortia purpurea , Am . Gar . , N-ov .

Beech , Purple , Gar . For . , May 8 .

Weeping , R . N .

-Y . May 4 .

Beet , S carlet-ribbed Ch1 l ian , O rch .

Gar . , Mar .

Begon ia ,Cannel l ’s T riumph , Gar.

World,A ug. 3 .

C lementinae , Am . Flor . Oct . 1 .

coral lina,Jour . H ort Ju ly 1 1 .

hybrida gigantea c a rm i n a t asemperflorens ,Gart . , A ug. 1 5 .

John H eal , Garden , Mar . 9 ;

Gar . Mag , May 25 .

L ynchiana , Garden , Nov . 9 .

M . Charrat , Am . F lor . , Oct . 1 .

metal l ica , Am . Gar . , Feb .

Mme . R ival , Am . Flor . ,O ct 1 .

Mme . A l lamagny , Am . Flor . ,

Oct . 1

octopetala L em o i n e a , Am .

F lor Jan . 1 ; Garden . Feb .

9° R ev . H o r t . , J a n . 1 6 ;

V I ck’

s Mag , Mar .

pel tata var . . I l l . Hort . , Ju ly .

R ex d iadema ,H ort . Belge,

Apr .

R osebud , double, Gar . World ,July 1 3 .

S charfi’

iana, Garden , Nov . 9 .

S iebold , Am . Flor . , Oct . 1 .

socotrana , Garden , Mar . 9 .

T riomphe de L emoine, Gar.

For . , Nov . 20 .

tubereux, Hort . Belge,Nov .

Weltoniensis , Garden , Nov . 9 .

Berberis angu losa ,Bot . Mag , t . 707 1 .

L ycium,Bot . Mag , t . 7075 .

T hunbergi i , Gar : 81 For . , Jan .

30 .

vulgaris asperma, G a r d e n ,

Mar . 23 .

o u r . H o r t

Berto lonia , Madame A lfred B leu ,

R ev . Hort . , D ec . 1 6 .

B i l lbergia thyrsoidea , Gart . , Feb . 1 .

vexil laria , R ev . Hort . . O ct . 1 6 .

W indii , hort . Makoy , Gart . ,Jan . 1 .

B irch , Cut-leaved Weeping , O rch . 8c

Gar . , Oct .

B lackberry , A g a w am , R . N .

-Y . ,

A ug. 24 .

Bagnard , R . N .

-Y Sept . 1 4 .

Early King , R . N .

-Y . ,S ept . 1 4 .

Erie, R . N .

-Y . , S ept . 1 4 .

Gaynor , R . N .

-Y . , S ept . 1 4 .

Minnewask i .R . N . 1 4 .

Blackberry R aspberry , R . N -Y . ,

Nov . 23 .

Boronia heterophy l la , R ev . Hort . ,Jan . 1 6 .

Bougainvi l lea glabra , R ev . Hort . ,June 1 6 .

Bouvardia vars . ,Garden , Mar . 30 .

Mrs . H . Green , Garden , Mar.

30 .

P r e s i d e n t Cleveland , Hort .Belge, Jan . ; Garden , Mar . 30 .

Brahea n itida , Garden ,Mar . 30 .

Broccoli , Branch ing , Gar . Chron . ,

June 8 .

S u tton ’

s N ew Branching; Gar .

World , July 20 .

Brodima Palmeri,Gar . 81 For. ,

May22 .

Brownea macrophy l la,Bot . Mag ,

.

t . 7033 .

Buddleia aurI cu lata. Gar . Chron . ,

Nov . 9 .

Bu lbophyl lum lem niscatum , G a r

den , June 29 .

umbel latum , JOct . 24 .

Calandrinia opposit ifol ia, V i c k ’

s

Mag , Feb .

Calanthe vestita grandiflora, Hort .Belge, June .

Cal iandra oppositifolia, Bot . Mag ,

t . 705 1 .

Calochortus flavus , Am . Gar . , Oct .

Madrensis , Am . Gar. , Oct .

O bispoensis , Gar . For . ,A pr .

3 .


Calystegia sy lvatica , Garden , Mar. 9 .

Camel l ia, vars . , Garden , Jan . 26 ;

Gar . Chron . , Apr . 6 .

Japanese, Garden , S ept . 1 4 .

Campanula ab ietina, Jour. Hort . ,Jan . 3 1 .

Calycanthemes , R e v . Hort. ,

D ec . 1 .

primulaefol ia.Gar . Mag. May 4 .

grandiflora pum ila,Jour. Hort . ,Feb . 1 4 .

Canna, Gui l laume Constou , Gart . ,A ug.

iridiflora E hemanni , Garden ,

Mar . 2 Orch . 81 Gar. , May .

Madame Grozy , R ev . Hort . ,S ept . 1 6 .

L ouis T h ibau t , Gard . , Mar . 2 .

Victor Hugo , Garden Mar. 2 .

Capparis spinosa , R ev . Hort Jan . 1 .

Cardoon , A rt ichoke-leaved , Garden ,

A pri l 20 .

Prickly T ours ,Garden , Apr . 20 .

Smooth S O l id,Garden , Apr . 20 .

Carex variegata, Jour . Hort . , Nov .

1 4 .

Carludovica rotundifolia, Bot . Mag ,

L 7083 .

Carnation , M . Bergendi , G a r d e n ,

Apr . 1 3 .

Mlle. R ousel l , Garden , Apr. 1 3 .

group , Hort . A rt Jour. , Jan .

Carpenteria Cal ifornica ,I nt . Hort . ,

May 1 5 Am . Gar . , June .

Catalpa bignonioides , Garden, S ept .1 4 .

hybrid , Gar . 81 For June 26 .

Catasetum Bungerothi , Gar . Chron .

Apr . 1 3 .

Garnettianum , Bot. Mag , t .7069 .

Cattleya H arrisoniae , Gar . Chron . ,

Jan . 26 .

L oddigesii , Gar .

26 .

Miss Harris , Jour. Hort . , Oct .

1 0 .

P ercival iana , Garden , June 8 .

S anderiana, Jour . Hort . , June6 .

S chil leriana, Gart . , Jan . 1 5 .

S kinneri , Gar. Chron . , June 1 .

o u r .

Cattleya Walkeriana , Gart . , June 1 .

Warscewiczii H ardyana , Gar .

World , A ug 24 , p. 8 2 .

Cedar of L ebanon . G a r. For . ,

Mar . 27 .

Celery , Bouquet , Pop . Gar . , D ec .

Dwarf Golden S elf-blanch ing ,Vick ’

s Mag , Nov .

Centaurea macrocephala, JHort . , S ep. 5 .

Cephalanthus occidentalis,Am . Gar .

Ju ly I nt . Hort . , Ju ly 1 5 ,

Ceratot eca tri loba, Gart . , S ept . 1 .

Cereus Pringlei , Gar . 8: For . , Feb . 6 .

Chammrops hum i lis , var. dacty locarpa, Bu l letino de la R .

Soc . T os . di Ort . , Mar .

Chironia peduncu laris , Bot . Mag.

t . 7047 .

Cherry , Koslov Bush Morel lo , Can .

Hort p . 2 1 7 .

L aurel , Gar . Chron . , May 1 8 .

Wragg, Hort . A rt Jour. , Feb .

Chrysanthemum , A d a S pau ld ing ,Am . Flor A ug. 1 5 , D ec . 1 5 .

Amy Furze, Gar . World , O ct .

26 .

Baron d'

A vene, Hort . Belge ,

Feb .

Bendigo, Vick 's Mag , Nov .

Cottage Pink , Garden , Jan . 26 .

Cul l ingfordii , Gart . , A pri l 1 ;

Vick ’s Mag , Nov .

D’

A utomne, R ev. Hort Jan . 1 .

Early-flowering Pompon , Gar .

Mag , Nov . 30.

Edwin H . Fitler, I nt . H ort . ,A pri l .Ham let , Gar . Mag , Nov . 2 .

I nd icum , Gart . , Apr. 1 .

Japanese, Jour. Hort . , Oct . 3 1 .

Japon . Hort . Belge, D ec .

Jeanne Marty , Hort . Belge,

Feb .

Joseph Marvet, Hort . Belge,

Feb .

lacustre, Gar . Chron . , May 1 1 .

L e Charineuse,Vick ’

s MagS ep.

L eucanthemum semi-duplex,

Gar . World , June 1 .


Cydonia S inensis , R ev . Hort . , May.

1 6 .

Cymbidium D evonianum , J o u r

Hort . , May 1 6 .

eburneum , Garden , Apr. 27 .

Cyperus al ternifol ius , Garden , June1 5 .

Cyphomandra betacea, Pop . Gar .

June.

Cypripedium barbatum , var . War

nerianum , I l l . Hort. , June.

bel latulum , Jour . Hort . , Jan .

1 7 and June 6 ; R ev . Hort . ,May 1 .

Curtisi , Gar . Chron . , May 1 8 .

D authieri marm oratum , Hort .Belge, N ov .

Farrieanum , Jour . Hort . , Jan .

1 7 .

Godefroym,var. Maria , Hort .

Belge, May .

grande, Gar . Mag , Feb . 9 .

L athamianum , Gart . , Oct . 1 .

Maesereel ianum 1 11 . Hort . ,March .

Measuresianum , Gar. M a g ,

Jan . 1 9 .

Morganiae,Garden , Nov . 1 6 .

ni tens superbum . L e Moni teurd

'

H ort . ,June 1 0

P itcherianum , Gar . C h r o n . ,

Jan . 1 9 .

picturatum ,Jour. Hort . , Oct .

1 7 .

R othschildianum , Jour. Hort . ,Mar . 2 1 .

S anderianum , Gar . Mag , Feb .

9 .

Spicerianum magnificum , Gar.

World, D ec . 1 4 .

S t o n e i platytaenium , J 0 u r .

Hort . , Jan . 3 1 ; Am . Gar . ,

May ; Gar . World , Jan. 1 2 .

superbiens, Jour . Hort . , Jan .

1 7 .

Cyri l la racem iflora, Am . Gar S ept .Daffodi l , A rd R igh , Jour. H o r t . ,

Mar. 1 4 .

varieties , Jour. Hort . . Apr . 1 1 ;

Gar . World , Mar . 2 .

group of, Gar. Chron . , Apr . 1 3 .

Dah l ia Barkerim,Gar . Mag , S ept . 7 .

glabrata , Gar. Mag , S ept . 7 .

li l liput alba plena,Hort . Belge,

Mar .

Paragon , Gar. World , Jan . 1 9 .

superflua. Gar . Mag , S ept . 7 .

varieties , Gar . Chron . , S ept . 7 .

Daphne B lagayana, Garden, June 8 .

Mezereum autumnal is , G a r

den , June 29 .

Dasyl irion acrotrichum , G a r d e 11 ,Nov . 2 .

Datura arborea,Gar . Chron . Jan . 1 9 .

suaveo lens , Garden , Feb . 9 .

Delph inium Zal i l , Bot .Mag. ,t . 7049 .

Dendrobium bigibbum , Gar. World ,Oct . 5 .

densiflorum var. albo-luteum ,

Hort . Belge, Sept .Fa lconeri , Jour . Hort . , Nov . 7 .

gracil icau le, Bot . Mag , t . 7042 .

nobile, Am . Flor. , Apr . 1 5Gar . Chron . , May 1 .

P ierardi , Jour . Hort. , Apr . 1 1 ;

Garden ,

“Ju ly 1 .

polyphlebium , and var. Emer

ici , Gar. Chron. , A ug. 3 1 .

undulatum , Jour . Hort. , Mar .

1 4 .

W a rd i a n u m , Gar. World ,Apr. 1 3 .

Dendrocalamus giganteus, Gar. 8:

For . , Jan . 9 .

D endrochilum fil iforme,Gar. 8: For . ,

Oct . 9 .

D esfontania spinosa, Gar. Mag ,

Apr. 6 .

Dicentra cucu l laria, Vick ’s M a g .

Apr.

Canadensis , Vick ’s Mag , Apr.

Dicksonia antarctica, Vick ’s Mag ,

D ec ° Garden , A ug 3 1 .

Bil lardieri , Gart . , D ec . 1 .

Dictamnus Fraxinel la v a r . a l b a,

Garden , May 1 8 .

Diervi lla cand ida, Am . Gar . , A ug.

D ietes H uttoni , Garden, A ug. 24 .

Dipladenia amabil is. Garden , A pri l20 .

Disa lacera,var. multifida, Bot .

Mag , t . 7066 .


Dogwood , R ed-flowering, Hort . A rt .

Jour. ,Mar Can . Hort . ,

S ept .Doryopteris palmata , Jour . Hort . ,

Nov . 2 1 .

Dracaena m armorata, Bot . Mag , t7078 .

Drynariamorbil losa , Garden , Sept . 7 .

Ech inacea intermed ia , Pop . Gar . ,

S eptEch inocactus Bolansis , Gart . , Feb .

1 5 .

Ech inopsis cristata , Gart . June.

Embothrium coccineum , Gar . MagJune 8 .

E nkianthus campanu latus ,Bot .Mag.

L 7059 .

Eomecon chionantha, Garden , Jan .

26 .

Epacris m iniata splendens , Garden ,

Feb . 23 .

Epiphy l lum Makoyanum , J o u r .

H ort . , May 2 ; Hort . Belge,

O ct.

R ussel l ianum var . Gaertneri ,Hort . Belge, Oct .

E remostachys laciniata , Bot . Mag ,

t . 7o48 .

Eremurus H imalaicus , Bot . Mag , t7076 .

spectabil is , Gar . Mag. June 8 .

Erica ardentissima ,Hort . Belge ,

A pril .hyacinthiflora candidis s i m a ,

Hort . Belge, A pri l .hyacinthiflora fulgens , H ort .Belge, A pri l .intermedia,

Garden , Feb . 2 .

McN ab iana, Jour . Hort . , Jan .

24 .

princes , Jour . Hort . , Jan . 1 0 .

propendens , Jour. Hort Jan .

1 0 .

rubel la, Hort . Belge, A pri l .S unset , Hort . Belge, A pri l .

ventricosa coccinea m i n o r ,

Garden , March 2W ilmoreana , Am . Flor . , J

1 5 ; Garden , Feb . 2 .

Erythroph loeum pubistam i n e u m

Gart . , Jan . 1 5 .

1 47

Eucalyptus S taigeriana , Gar . Chron .

Mar . 9 .

s tricta , Bct . Mag , t . 7074 .

Eucharis L ehmann i , Gart . , June 1 5 .

E ucryphya pinnatifol ia, Bot . Mag ,

t 7067 .

Eugenia M ichelu , R ev . Hort . , Nov .

1 6 .

Eugen ia Garberi , Gar . For J1 6 .

E ulophia megistophyl la ,Garden ,

Jan . 1 9 .

Exacum macranthum , Jour . Hort . ,June 6 ; Gar . Mag , June 1 5 .

P endlera rupicola , Gar . For . ,

Mar 6 .

Fern,N ew A ustralian T ree, Cal .

Flor . , Jan .

Ficus elastica , Gar For . , Nov . 1 3 .

P arcel l i , O rch . Gar . ,A ug.

Fittonia argyroneura , Garden ,D ec .

7 .

Fraxinus Greggi i , Gar . For. , S ept .1 8 .

Frees ia refracta alba , Gart July 1 .

Fri ti l laria Bucharica, Bot . Mag ,

t . 7o8o .

imperial is folium a u r e u m ,

Vick '

s Mag , June.

Kam tschatcensis , G a r d e nFeb . 1 6 .

Forsythia viridissima ,

°

R ev . Hort . ,Apr . 1 6 .

suspensa , R ev . Hort . , A pri l 1 6 .

Foxglove,Garden ,

March 30 .

Fuchsia , Berl inerkind , Vick 's Mag ,

an .

prbcumbens , Pop . Gar . , Ju ly .

splendens , Jour. Hort . , Feb .

28 .

triphy l la, Gar . World , Feb . 1 6

Hort . Belge , D ec .

Funkia S ieboldi , Garden . May 1 8 .

undulata, var . , Hort . A rt Jour .,

A ug.

Galaopsis dubia,

£Jour . Hort . Feb . 2 1 .

Garrya el l iptica oem ina,Jour . Hort . ,June 1 3 .

Gerbera Jamesoni , Bot . Mag , t .7087 ; Garden , Oct . 1 2 ; Gar .

Chron June 22 .


Gigantochloa atter, Gar . 8: For. ,

Jan . 9 .

G il l iflower, Quarantaine d ’ete V ic

toria, R ev . Hort . , Feb . 1 6 .

Ginkgo adiantifol ia, Gar . Chron . ,

Mar . 2 .

Glad iolus , Early , Jour . Hort . , May

30 .

Hybrid , Gar. Chron . , S ept . 28 .

Colvil lei , T he Bride,Gart . ,

July 1 .

Dwarf California , Am . Gar . ,

O ct . ; I nt . Hort . , O ct . 1 5 .

Hyde’

s Wh i te, Am . Gar . , D ec .

purpureo-auratus , Gar . For. ,

Feb . 20 .

Gleichen ia d i c a r p a longipinnata ,

Gar . World , D ec . 2 1 .

Gloxin ia macu lata , Garden , Nov . 2 .

variet ies , I l l . Hort . , A ug. 3 1 .

Godetia , Fairy Queen , Gar. Chron . ,

Jan . 5 .

R eine des Fees , Hort . Belge,

Nov .

Gooseberry , Golden Prol ific , Pop .

Gar . , May ; O rch . 8c Gar. ,

A pri l ; Vick ’s Mag ,A pril .

Pearl , Can . Hort . , p . 3 1 8 .

Gordonia anomala. Garden , Nov . 2 .

Gourds , Gar. Chron . , D ec . 1 4 .

Grape,D i a m o n d , Vick ’

s Mag ,

A pri l .Eaton , R . N .

-Y . , S ept . 28 .

Geneva ,R . N .

-Y . , Jan . 26 .

Green Mountain , H o r t . A rtJour. , Feb . ; O rch . Gar . ,

Nov .

Keystone, I nt. Hort . , June 1 5 .

Moyer, Pop . Gar. , Jan .

N iagara , R . N .

-Y . , Jan . 1 2 .

Vergennes. Can . Hort . , Feb .

Wh i te Muscat , Cal . Flor Jan .

Grevi l lea asplenifol ia, Bot . Mag , t .7070 .

robusta ,Am . Flor . , Apr . 1 5 ;

Garden , May 1 8 .

Grewia parvidora , Gart . , Nov . 1 5 .

Griflinia hyacinthina, Garden , Oct .

26.

Gymnocladus d ioicus , Gar. 8c For. ,

Feb . 1 3 .

Gymnogramme elegantissima, Gar.

Mag , May 1 8 Hort . Belge,

Septs c h i z o ph y l l a, Gar. 8: For . ,

Nov . 6 .

Hedera dentata, Garden , June 6 .

glomerulata , Gar. Mag , June22 .

Hel ianthemum tuberaria, Gar. Mag ,

June 1 5 .

Hel ian thus mol l is , var . c o r d a t u S ,Gar . Fon , Mar . 20 .

Hel lebores , Garden , A pri l 6 .

Hel leborus niger, S t . Brigid , Am .

F lor . , A pri l 1 5 .

Hibiscus trionum ,Garden , Jan . 1 2 .

Hickory , S hel l-bark , Gar . 8: For. ,

Sept . 25 .

Hippeastrum ret icu latum , G a r t .May 1 .

Hol lyhock , Garden , A ug. 1 7 .

Mrs . S harman , Gar . M a g .

Mar. 1 6 .

Pompon R ose, Gar. M a g .

Mar. 30 .

Princess Beatrice, Gar. Mag ,

Feb . 2 .

S h irley Hibberd , Gar. Mag ,

Feb . 2 .

varieties , Gar . Chron . , July 20 .

H olmskioldia sanguinea, Jour. Hort.S ept . 1 2 .

Honeysuckle, Can . Hort . , Ju ly .

Hoya bella, Jour . Hort . , Ju ly 1 8 .

Humulus Japonicus , Gar. World ,Jan . 1 2 .

Hyacinthus azureus , Garden , A ug.

1 0 .

Hypericum aureum , Gar. 8: For. ,

A pri l 1 7 .

Moserianum ,R ev . Hort Oct.

1 6 .

I lex Amelanchier, Gar . For. , J23 .

I l l icium Floridanum , Garden , A ug.

1 7 .

I mantophyl lum , Am . Flor. , O ct . 1 5 .

m iniatum Vick ’

s Mag , June.

I mpatiens R odIgasi , I l l . Hort . , Mar.

I ris alata, Garden , Nov . 1 6.


L ucu l ia P inceana, Garden, Jan . 1 9 .

L up inus subcarnosus , Am . Gar. ,

D ec .

L ycaste S kinneri delicatissima,Hort .Belge , Apri l .

L ychnis H aageana, Garden , June 1 .

Macleania punctata, Gar. Chron.

A pr. 27 .

Macodes Javanica, B o t . M ag , t

7037Magnol ia conspicua, Jour. H o r t . ,

Jan . 1 7 .

Maru il laria elephantidens , G a t .

Mag , Mar. 1 6 .

G rusoni , Gart . , Feb . 1 5 .

m acromeris, Gar. Mag , Mar.

1 6 .

pectinata , Gar. Mag , Mar . 1 6 .

viviparia radiosa, Gar. Mag.

Mar . 1 6 .

Maple, Japanese, O rch . 8cGar. , D ec .

Purple, Hort . A rt Jour. , Nov .

Masdeval l ias , Gar. Chron . , Nov . 30 ;

Gar. Mag , Nov . 1 6 .

ch imaera ,Gart . , D ec. 1 .

Megasea S tracheyi ,Garden, Sept . 28 .

Mignonette,Hybrid S piral , G a r .

World , Sept . 2 1 .

Miltonia Phalaenopsis , Garden , Mar .

23spectabi l is , Hort . Belge, Feb .

vexil laria ,Garden ,

Mar . 23 .

M imu lus Emperor, Am . Gar . , Feb .

I nt . Hort . , Apr .

Mina lobata . Garden , Sept . 2 1 .

Mistletoe, Jour. Hort . , Jan . 3 1 .

Mormodes luxatum , R ev . H or t .Mar. 1 6 .

Mutisia Clematis , Garden , July 27Gar . Chron . , Apr. 20 ; Jour.

Hort . , Mar. 28 .

Myosotidium nobile, Garden , D ec .

1 4 .

Narcissus bicolor, Empress , Jour.

Hort . , May 9 .

grandis. Jour Hort . , May

9 .

H orsefieldi , Jour. Hort . ,May 9 .

juncifol ia X m u t i on s , Gar.

Chron . , A ug. 1 0.

Narc issus muticus, Gar. World , May1 8 .

PaperWhite, Garden , Mar. 23.

T azetta, Gar. Chron . , A pr . 1 3 .

variiform is , Jour. Hort . , Apr.

1 8 .

Nei l lia T orrey i, Gar. For.

, Jan . 2 .

Nelumbium speciosum ,Gar. 81 For

Apr. 1 0.

Nepenthes BurkeI I , Gar. C h r o n . ,

Nov . 2 .

Curtisi , Gar. Chron . , D ec . 7 .

D icksoniana, Gart . , S ept . 1

Gar. World , Sept . 1 4 .

Nephrolepis rufescens tripinnatifi

da , Hort . Belge, Oct.

N ouel ia insignis. R ev. H ort . ,May 1 6 .

NymphmaDevoniensis ,O rch . 8cGar.

June.

O ak , Burr, Gar . 81 For . , Oct . 1 6 .

O dontoglossum Brandtii , Gart . , O ct .

1 5 .

elegans , Gar. World . , Apr . 1 3 .

Cervantesi var. decorum , I l l .

Hort . , O ct . 25 .

crispum , var. B ick leyense, Gar.

World , Jan . 1 9 .

var. leopardinum , Gar .

World , Jan . 1 9 .

var. Presiden t Zhaldua,

I l l . Hort . , Apr.

var. R uckerianum superbum ,R ev . H ort . ,Feb . 1 .

luteo-purpureum , var. crispatum , Gar. Chron . , Feb . 23.

Marriottianum Gar .World ,

June 22 .

P escatorei , Gar. Chron . , D ec .

1 4 ; Jour. Hort . , Feb . 2 1

Am . Flor. , D ec. 1 .

O learia Gunniana, Gar . World , A ug1 7 .

insignis , Bot . Mag . t . 7034 .

macrodonta, Bot. Mag , t . 7065 .

Oncidium crispum g ra n d i fl o r um ,

Jour. Hort . , July 1 8 .

Croesus , Garden, June 22 .

Jonesianum , Hort . Belge, Jan .

O nopordon A rabicum ,Garden ,May 4Opuntia polycantha, Bot . Mag , t .

7046.


O puntia R afinesquii , Bot . Mag , t .704 1 .

O strowskya magnifies , Pop . Gar

Jan . ; Am . F lor. , Mar. 1 .

O xera pu lchel la, I l l . Hort . , Feb .

Oxy lobium cal l istachys , Jour . Hort . ,June 27 .

Paeonia oflicinal is l o b a t a, J 0 u r.

Hort . , June 6 .

Whitleyi , Garden , Ju ly 6 .

Palm , Date, Am . Gar . , A ug.

P andanus‘

util is , Am . F lor. . July 1 5 .

Vei tch i i , Am . F lor . , Ju ly 1 5 .

P andulus labyrinthicus , Bot. Mag ,

t . 7063 .

Pansy , A riel , Garden , Nov . 2 .

Papaver laevigatum , Gar. Chron . ,

Jan . 5nudI cau le alba, Gar . World ,Mar. 23 .

orientale, Gar . World , Mar .

9 Vick ’

s Mag , Feb ;P assiflora , Eynsford G e m , G a r .

Chron . , Apr . 20 Vick ’

s

Mag , A ug.

H ahnii , Bot . Mag , t . 7052 .

tri loba, I l l . Hort . , Ju ly .

Watsoniana , I l l . Hort . , Jan .

P ea , Dwarf S hel l , Gar. Mag , Nov .30 .

King of the Dwarfs , V i c k ’

s

Mag , S ept .Pe’

ach , ‘ Champion , Hort . A rt Jour . ,

D ec .

Dwarf Japan B lood , A m . Gar . ,

Ju ly .

Domergue, R ev . Hort . , Apr. 1 .

Early R ivers , H ort A rt Jour. ,

May .

L ovett ’s Wh i te, O rch . Gar. ,

A ug.

Mignonette,Am

‘

. Gar . , May ;

Garden , Mar. 1 6 I nt . Hort . ,S ept . 1 5 .

R ed Cey lon , I nt . Hort . , July1 5 .

R eine des tardives , R ev . Hort . ,Ju ly 1 6 .

Wonderful , Pop . Gar Apr .

Pear, Beurre d’

Aman l is , Garden ,

June 1 .

1 5 1

une

Pear, Beurre de L’

Assomption Gar.

World , Oct . 1 2 .

Diel , Jour. Hort . , J1 3 .

Duchess , Can . Hort . , Jan .

Byewood , Gar. Mag , Oct . 1 1 .

Hessle, Gar. Mag , O ct . 1 1 .

I daho , Can . Hort . , Jan .

Jargonel le, Garden , Jan . 1 9 ;Gar. Mag , Nov .

L awson , O rch . Gar. , Feb .

L incoln , R . N .

-Y . , Nov . 1 6 .

N ec Plus Meuris , Gar. Mag ,

Nov . 23 .

Pres . D rouard, H O r t . A r t

Jour. , Nov .

Seckel , Hort . A rt Jour. , Mar. ;

Gar. Mag , Oct . 5 .

Vermont Beauty , Hort . A rt

Jour S ept .Wilder Early , O rch . 8c Gar. ,

Oct . ; Pop . Gar. , Nov .

Pelargonium , H . Cannel l , Jr. , Vick ’sMag , Ju ly .

album mu l tiflorum , G a r d e 11 ,Feb . 1 6 .

R egal and Decorative, Gar.

World , May 1 1 .

T he Bridesmaid , Vick ’s Mag ,

O ct.

zonale L i l l iput , President A uguste Van G ee r t , H o r t .Belge, A pr.

Pentstemon rotundifol ius ,Bot . Mag ,

L 7055 .

varieties , Gar . World , A ug. 3 .

Pepper, O rnamental , O rch . Gar. ,

Feb .

varieties , R ev . Hort . , Nov . 1 .

Persea gratissima , I l l . Hort . , Feb .

Pers immon , Japanese, Hort . A rt

Jour . , A pril , July .

Phalaenopsis amabil is , Garden , Apr.

20 .

gloriosa, Garden ,A pr . 20 .

Maria ,Jour . Hort . , Mar. 1 4 .

S chil leriana ,Garden , A pr . 20 .

Phajus pauciflorus , Bot . Mag ,1

7086 .

Philadelphus m icrophy l lus , G a r

Mag , A ug. 3 1 .


Phil lyrea Vi lmoriniana, R ev . Hort . ,May 1 .

Ph lox, varieties , Am . Gar. , Jan .

D rummondi , varieties , G a r .

World , Jan. 5 .

Phoenix R mbelenii , Gar. Chron . ,Oct .

26 .

rec l inata , Am . Flor. , July 1 5 .

rupicola, Am . Flor. , July 1 5 .

Phorm ium tenax Veitchianum , Am .

Flor . , S ept . 1 .

Phy l locactus del icatus , G a r d e 11 ,S ept . 2 1 .

P hysosiphon L oddigesi , Jour. Hort . ,A ug. 29 .

Phytolacca d ioica, Gar. C h 1 o n . ,

A ug. 24.

Picea A lcockiana, Gart . , Apr. 1 5 .

A janensis , Gart . , A ug. 1 5 .

bracteata, Garden , Jan . 5 .

excelsa var . vim inal is , Gart . ,Mar . 1 .

lasiocarpa, Garden , Mar. 2 .

Webbiana, Garden , Feb . 9 .

Pineapple, Egyptian Q 11 e en , A m

Gar . , Feb .

Smooth-leaved Cayenne, Am .

Gar. Feb .

Pinus insign I s , Garden , July 20 .

Jeffreyi , Gar. Chron Mar. 23 .

latifol ia, Gar. For. , Oct . 1 6 .

Mugho , Vick ’s Mag , Sept .PrinceGrisebach , Gart . ,July 1 .

S abiniana,Gar.Chron . ,Jan . 1 2 .

Platanus occ idental is , Gar . For . ,

July 24 .

Plum ,Early Green , Can . Hort . , p .

265 .

Fel lemburg, Hort . A rt Jour. ,

D ec .

Kelsey , Garden , Feb . 1 6 .

S imon ’

s , Can . Hort . , June.

Wayland , Am . Gar. , MayR . N .

-Y . , Mar . 1 6 .

Plum iera bicolor, Gart . , Mar . 1 .

Podophy l lum p l e i a n t h um , Gar.

Chron Sept . 1 4 .

Polemonium pa u c i fl o r u m , Gar.

Chron . , July 27 .

R ichardsoni , Gar . World , Ju ly27 .

Poppy , A nemone, Gar. World,June

1 5 .

Portlandia pterosperma, G a r . 81For. , May 1 .

Potato, Bliss ’

R ough Diamond , Am .

Gar . , Jan .

Brownel l ’s Winner, R . N -Y . ,

Feb . 1 6 .

Pasteur, R ev . Hort . , Feb . 1 .

Primrose, Co llege, Garden , A ug. 3 1 .

Double Crimson Velvet , Gar.

World , Mar. 1 6 .

Jack-in-the-Green , Gar .World ,A pri l 27 .

Primu la dent iculata, Garden ,June 8 .

floribunda,Gar.World ,Mar. 1 6.

Palinuri P etagna, Gart . , Nov .

1 5 .

petiolaris , Bot . Mag. t . 7079 ,B .

pusi la, Bot . Mag , t . 7079 , A .

S ieboldii , Garden , O ct . 5 .

S inensis albaplenagrandiflora,

Hort . Belge, Mar .

P rimul ina tabacum , Gar . Chron . ,

Sept . 28 .

P romenma R ol lissoni,Garden , July

20 .

Prunus pendu la, Gar. 81. For . ,O ct . 9 .

P issardi , Hort . A rt Jour. , Feb . ;

P op. Garden , D ec.

S imoni , Can . Hort . , June.

tomentosa, Vick ’s Mag , Nov .triloba, Garden, June 29 .

Psoralea pinnata, Gar . C h r o nJune 1 .

Pteris Cretica, Garden , O ct . 1 9 .

nobilis , Gar . C h r o n .

Nov . 1 6 .

serrulatacompacta,Gar .World ,Nov . 23 .

PyrusMalus floribunda , Gar. For.

Oct . 30 .

Quince, Japan , V ick

ags Mag. Jan

Pop . Gar. ,

R amesia A rno ldi Am .

.

Gar . , Feb .

R anunculus aconI tifol ius flore pleno,Garden , June 22 .

R aspberry , Hornet , Jour. H o r tJuly 1 8 .

T hompson’

s Early Prolific , I nt.Hort . , May 1 5 .


R ubus fructicosus pomponius , or albus plenus , Pop . Gar . , Feb .

R uel l ia macran tha , Gar . W 0 r l d.

Jan . 26 .

Saccolabium bel l inum ,Garden , May.

1 1 .

B lumei majus. Garden , Sept . 7 .

coeleste, Jour. Hort . , Mar . 7 .

S alpichroma rhomboideum , Garden ,

A pri l 20 .

S alvia sp lendens . var . Bruanti , Gar .

Chron , D ec. 7 .

Sarcoch i lus luniferus , Bot . Mag , t .7044 .

S arcodes sangu inea, Am . Gar Jan .

S arracenia Wrigleyana, Gar . Mag ,

May 25 Gar. World , A ug.

3 1 Gart . , S ept . 1 5 .

S atyreum auran tiacum , Jour . Hort . ,O ct . 3 .

S axifraga A izoon ,Gar . World , Apr. 6 .

Camposi , Am . F lor. , June 1 ;

Garden , Apr . 27 .

cuscutiform is , Gar. C h r o n . ,

Mar. 1 6 .

media , Gar . Chron . ,Mar. 1 6 .

latepetiolata , Bot . M a g . t .7056 .

longifol ia,Garden , O ct . 5 .

Malyi , Jour . Hort . , May 9 .

Maweana , Gar . Chron . , Mar.

1 6 .

Burseriana ,var . major, Gar.

Chron . , Mar . 1 6 .

pyrenaica ,var . superba, Gar .

Chron . , Mar . 1 6 .

ci liata , Gar . Chron . , Mar . 23 .

sarmentosa tricolor s u p er b a,

Hort . Belge, May .

varieties , Am . Gar. , July .

S cabiosa Caucas ica ,Garden , Feb . 9 .

S ci l la L edieni , Gart . , Mar . 1 5 .

S cutellaria alpina, R ev H ort . , Jan . 1 .

S ea-kale, Jour . Hort May 1 6 .

S enecio Petasites , Gar. C h r o 11Ju ly 1 3 .

S hortia galacifol ia , Gar . C h r o nMar. 30 Jour . Hort . , Apr . 4 .

S imaruba T ulm, Gart May 1 5 .

S kimm ia Fortunei , Gar . C h ro n .

Apr . 27 .

S kimm ia Foremani, Gar . Chron . ,

May 4fragrans , Gar . Chron . , Apr. 27Garden , May 25 .

Japonica , Gar. Chron A pr .

27 Garden , May 25 .

oblata, Gar. Chron . , A pr . 27 .

Sm ilax aspera. Garden ,Nov . 23 .

oflicinal is , Bot . Mag , t . 7054 .

S obralia leucoxantha, Bot . Mag , t .7058 .

xantholeuca.Gar.Chron . Jan . 5S o lanum albidum P oortmani , Gar

den , Jan . 26 .

pensi le, Bot . Mag , t . 7062 .

Spathoglottis ixioides , Bot . Mag , t .7060 .

S piraea Fortunei paniculata ,Garden ,

Ju ly 27 .

m i l lefo l ium , Gar . For. , O ct .

23 .

prunifol ia , Vick ’

s Mag ,A pri l .

Van H o u t t e i , Gar . 8: For . ,

Ju ly 3S pruce, O riental , R . N .

-Y . , Feb . 1 6 .

S tachys tuberifera, Vick'sMag. Mar .

S tanhopea tigrina, Gar . Mag , Ju ly 6 .

S tapel ia, Hort . Belge, Sept .gigan tea, Bot . Mag , t . 7068 .

S taphylea Bolanderi , Gar . 8: For . ,

Nov . 1 3 .

S temmatium narcissoides , G a r t .

July 1 5 .

S tipa pennata , O rch . Gar. , Apri l .S trawberry , Burt , Am . Gar Ju ly .

Edgar Queen , Hort . A rt Jour . ,

Oct .

Eureka, Am .Farm 8: Hort . , A pr.

Haverland , Am . Farm 81 Hort . ,July ; I nt . Hort . , May 1 5 .

Hoffman’

s Seed l ing , I nt. HortMay 1 5 .

L atest of A l l , Jour . Hort . , Ju ly1 1 Gar . World , Ju ly 1 3 .

L ong John , Pop . Gar . , Sept .Mary , R . N .

-Y . , A ug. 1 0.

N ew Dom inion .Pop .Gar. Sept.Noble, Gar . World , Ju ly 1 3 .

Parker Earle, Am . Gar. , A ug ;

Hort . A rt Jour. ; R . N .-Y .

Ju ly 20 .


S trawberry , Yale, Hort . A rt Jour . ,

Sept .S trel itzia Nico lai , Bot . Mag , t . 7038 .

regime , Hort . Belge, Feb .

S treptocarpus parvifol ia, Bot . Mag ,

t . 7036 .

S tuartia pseudo-Camel lia, Bot .Mag ,

t . 7045 .

S tyrax Obassia, Bot . Mag , t . 7039 .

S quash , JapaneseWinter, Pop . Gar . ,

June.

N ew Japanese, R . N .

-Y . , Feb .

27 .

S unset Plant , R . N .

-Y . , A ug. 3 .

S usum A nthelm inticum , R ev. Hort . ,Feb . 1 6 .

S yringa Amurensis , Gar. 8: For . ,

June 5 .

Japonica, Gar . 81. For . , June 1 9 .

vi llosa, Bot . Mag , t . 7064 .

T achiadenus carinatus, Gar . Chron . ,

Jan . 1 2 .

T axus .baccata adpressa, Garden ,

Jan . 1 2 .

D ovastoni , Garden , Jan .

1 2 .

fructu-luteo , G a r d e nJan . 1 2 .

H i bernica, Garden , J1 2 .

variegata aurea, Garden ,

Jan . 1 2 .

T ecophilaea cyanocrocus , G a r tJu ly 1 .

T hermopsis barbata, Gar. M a g ,

Ju ly 1 3 .

T hunbergia aflinis ,Gar .Mag May 1 8

T igridia buccifera , Gar . F o r

A ug. 28 .

N ew, Am . Gar . , D ec .

Pringlei , Gart . , June 1 5 .

T il ia platyphyl los , Gar . For. ,May29 .

u lm ifol ia, Gar . For . ,May 29 .

vulgaris , Gar . For. ,May 29 .

T i l landsia Geissei , Gart . , Ju ly 1 5 .

Kirchhofliana, Gart . , Feb . 1 5 .

streptophyl la, Gart . , June 1 .

tessellata , R ev . Hort . , D ec . 1 6 .

T omato , A dvance, Jour. Hort . , July25 .

1 55

T omato , Gilbert ’s S urpasse,Garden,

Feb . 2 .

L oril lard. Am . Gar . , Mar .

Peach , Hort . A rt Jour . , D ec .

Yel low Plum or Green Gage,

Garden , Feb . 2 .

T orreya Cal ifornica , Gar. Chron . ,

June 29 .

T ourne ortia cordifolia, G a r d e n ,

Mar . 9 .

T rachelospermum T hunbergi i , Gar .

For. , July 3 1 .

T ricyrtis h irta, Vick ’

s Mag ,July .

T ril lium grandiflorum , Garden, Oct .

26 .

T ri toma caulescens , Gar. Chron . ,

Nov . 1 6 ; Garden , A pri l 27 .

T ul ipa Batal ini , Gart . , Oct . 1 .

D ammanni , Gart . , June 1 5 .

Maximowiczi , Gart . , Oct . 1 .

vi tel lina, Garden , D ec . 7 .

T u l ips , H ative Grand D uede R ussie,

Hort . Belge, Mar.

T urnip , L ong Wh i te Meaux, Gar

den , O ct . 1 2 .

U niola Palmeri , Gar. For. , A ug.

2 1 .

Vaccinium hirsutum , Gar . 8: For

Ju ly 3 1 .

stam ineum , Am . Flor . , A ug. 1 .

Val lota purpurea magnifica, Gar

den , Mar . 9 .

Vanda Amesiana ,Jour . Hort Feb . 7 .

Kimbal l iana , Gar . C h r o nS ept . 2 1 .

Veronica Fairfieldiensis,Gar.World ,Ju ly 6 .

Viburnum lantanoides , Gar . 8: For . ,

Nov . 6 .

pl icatum , Hort . A rt Jour . , Feb .

S iebo ldi i , Gar . For . , Nov . 20 .

Vinca rosea , Garden , Nov . 1 6 .

Vi tis palmata, Gar. For. ,July 1 7 .

Vriesia A lberti. R ev . Hort . , July 1 .

hybrida Versal iensis , I l l . Hort .A ug. 3 1 .

Magnisiana Gart . ,Ju ly 1 .

Mariae, R ev . Hort . , Ju y 1 .

Waldsteinia trifolia , Garden , A ug. 3 .

Watermelon , Wh i te Gem , Hort . A rtJour . , Dec .

I 56 A nnals of H orticul ture.

Watsonia iridifol ia,var. O

’

Brieni ,Jour. Hort . , Sept . 26 .

rosea, Jour . Hort . , S ept . 1 2 .

Wellingtonia gigantea pendula, R ev .

Hort . , D ec . 1 .

Wrightia Zey lanica, Jour. H O r t une

May 23 .

Xeronema Moorei , Gart . , A ug. 1 .

Xylobium leontoglossum , Bot . Mag ,

t . 7o85 .

Yucca angustifol ia, Gar. F o r. ,

May 22 .

Yucca baccata, Garden , June 22 .

filamentosa, O r c h . Gar . ,

June.

T recu leana , Garden , June 22 .

Whipplei , Garden , June 1 5 .

Zinnia,L i l liput , R ev . H ort . , J1 Vick's Mag , D ec .

Zizania aquatica, Gart . , May 1 5 .

Zygopetalum coch leare, Jour . Hort .

A pri l 25 .

crin i tum , Hort . Belge, Ju ly .

1 58 A nna ls of H orticul ture.

A rkansas Horticu ltural SocietyPres . , E . F . Babcock , L ittle R ock .

Sec . , S . H . Nowl in ,L i ttle R ock .

A ssociation Of American Cemetery SuperintendentsPres . , Chas . N ichols , Newark , N . J .

Sec . , A . H . S argent , A kron , O .

British Columbia Fruit Growers ’ A ssociat ionPres . , J . M . Browning , Vancouver .

Sec . , A . H . B . MacGowan , Vancouver .

California Board of Hort iculturePres . E lwood Cooper, S anta Barbara.

S ec B . M . L elong, S an Francisco .

California Fruit A ssociationPres . , James A . Webster, Vacavi l le.

S ec . , F . A . Buckingham , Vacaville.

California Horticultural SocietyPres . , W . C . B lackwood , Haywards ,Sec . , E . J . Wickson , Berkeley .

Californ ia State Floral SocietyPres . , E . J . Wickson Berkeley .

Sec . , Emory E . Sm i th .

California Vit icu ltural CommissionPres . , A rpas H arasz thy, S an Francisco .

Sec . , Clarence J . Whetmore, S an Francisco .

Colorado Horticu ltural SocietyPres . , C . S . Fanrot , Boulder.

S ec . , A lexander S haw,Denver.

Connecticu t . N O State Society .

D elaware. N O State Society .

E astern N urserym en’

s A ssociation .

Pres . , W . C . Barry , R ochester, N . Y .

Sec. , William Pitkin . R ochester, N . Y .

Florida Fru it E xchangePres . , Geo. R . Fairbanks , Jacksonvi l le.

Sec . , A . H . Manvi l le, Jacksonvil le.

Florida Horticul tural SocietyPres . , Dud ley W . A dam s , T angierine.

S ec . , E . O . Painter , D e L and .

Florida O range Growers ’ UnionPres . , J . C . McKibben , Pomona.

S ec . , J . R ussel l Kennedy , PalatkaForeign Fruit E xchange

Pres . , D . Wegman , N ew York Ci ty .

Sec . , F . 8 . R obinson , N ew York City .

D irectories .

Georgia Horticultural Soc ietyPres . , P . J . Berckmans , A ugusta .

Sec. , T . L . Kinsey , S avannah .

I llinois Horticu ltural SocietyPres . , H . M . Dunlap , S avoy .

Sec. , A . C . Hammond , Warsaw .

Indiana H orticultural Soc ietyPres . Joseph R atcl ifie, R ichmond .

S ec C . M . Hobbs , Bridgeport.

Inter-State Shippers ’ A ssociat ionPres. , A . M . D uBois , Cobden , I l l .

Sec. , T homas Buckle,Vil la R idge, I l l .

Iowa H orticultural SocietyPres . , C . G . Patten , Charles Ci ty .

S ec. Geo . Van Houton,L enox .

Kansas H orticultural SocietyPres . , L . Houk , Hutch inson .

S ec. , G ,C . Brackett , L awrence.

Kentucky Horticu ltural Society :

Pres . , A . P . Farnsley, L ou isvil le.

S ec. , John C . Hawes , L ouisvil le.

Louisiana . No State Society .

Maine Pomological Soc ietyPres . , Chas . S . Pope, Manchester.

Sec. , D . H . Knowl ton , Farm ington .

Massachusetts Horticu ltural SocietyPres. , Wil liam H . S pooner, Jamaica Plain .

S ec . , R obert Mann ing , Boston .

M ichigan Horticultural SocietyPres . , T . T . L yon , S ou th Haven.

S ec. , Edwy C . R eid , A l legan .

Minnesota Hort icu ltural SocietyPres . , Wyman E l l iott , Minneapolis .

Sec S . D . Hillman , Minneapol is.

Mississippi H orticultural Society :Pres . , H . E . McKay , Madison S tation .

S ec. , J . A . T erry , Crystal S prings.

M issouri Horticu ltural SocietyPres . , J . C . Evans , Harlem .

Sec . , L . A . Goodman ,Westport .

Montana . No Society .

Montreal Horticu ltural SocietyPres . , D . P . P enhal low , Montreal .S ec. , W. W . Dunlop , Montreal .


National Chrysanthemum Society of AmericaPres . , John T horpe, Pearl R iver, N . Y .

S ec. , Edwin L onsdale. Chestnut Hil l , Philadelphia .

Nebraska Horticultural SocietyPres . , Samuel Barnard , Table Rock .

S ec . , J . T . A l len , Omaha.

Nevada . No Society.

N ew H ampshire. No Society .

N ew Jersey Horticultural SocietyPres . , R alph Egge , Hopewel l .S ec . , E . Will iams , Montc lair.

N ew Mexico Horticultural SocietyPres . , A rthur Boy le, Santa Fe.

S ec . , Geo . H . Cross , Santa Fe.

N ew York Horticultural Society. Non-active.

North Carolina Horticu ltural SocietyPres. , J . Van L ind ley , Pomona.

S ec. , S . O tho Wilson , R aleigh .

North D akota . No Society .

Northwestern Cider and Vinegar Makers ’ A ssociationPres. ,

G . W . Hilliard , Brighton, I l l .

S ec. , L . R . Bryant , Princeton ,I l l .

Nova Scotia Fru it Growers ’ SocietyPres . , Henry Ch ipm an , Grand P ré.

S ec. , C . R . H . S tarr, Wolfvi l le.

Ohio Horticultural SocietyPres . , H . G . T ryon , Wil loughby .S ec . , Geo . W . Campbel l , Delaware.

Ohio and M ississippi Valley H orticultural SocietyPres . , T homas Buckle, Villa R idge,

I l l .

S ec . , A . M . D uBois , Cobden ,I l l .

Ontario Fruit Growers ’

A ssoc iation :

Pres A . McD . A l lan , Goodrich .

S ec . , L . Woolverton . Grimsby .

O regon H orticultural SocietyPres R . Cardwel l , Portland .

Sec A . Clarke,S alem .

O regon State Board of H orticu lturePres . , J . R . Cardwel l , Portland .

S ec . , Ethan W . A l len , Portland .

P eninsu lar Horticultural SocietyPres . , J W . Kerr, Denton , Md .

S ec . , Wes ley Webb , Dover, D el .


2 . L ist of H orticultur ists , or H orti cu ltur ists ana’

Botanists , of E xper iment S tations in N ortli

A mer ica .

A labamaP . H . Mel ] , M . E . ,

P h . D . ,A uburn , Botanist and Meteorologist .

Geo . F . A tkinson , P h . D . A uburn , Biologist .A rkansasE . S . R ichman , B . S . . Fayettevi l le, Hort icul turist .

Cal iforniaE . J . Wickson , A . M . , Berkeley , S upt . of Grounds .

Canada (A gricultural Society) :I . H oyes Pan ton , Guelph , Botanist .

Canada (Central E xperimen tal Farm )John Craig , O ttawa, Horticu l turist .

ColoradoC . S . Crandal l , M . S . , Fort Co l l ins , Botanist and Hort icul turist .

D elawareM . H . Brockwith , Newark , Horticu lturist and Entomo logist .

FloridaJames C . Neal , P h . C . ,

M . D . , L ake City , Botanist and Entomo logis t .GeorgiaGustave Speth , Griffin ,

H orticul turist .I llinois

T homas J . Burri l l , P h . D . ,Champaign ,

Hort icul turist and Botan ist .IndianaJames T roop, M . S . ,

L aFayette, H orticulturist .IowaJ . L . Budd , M . H . , Ames, Horticul turist .

MaineF. L . Harvey

,M . S . . O rono , Botanist and Entomologist .

Maryland :Wil liam H . Bishop , B . S . , A gricultural Co l lege P . O . , Horticulturis t .

KansasEdward A . P openoe, A . M Manhattan , Horticul turist .

KentuckyJam es Murray

,L exington , Botanist

Massachusetts ( H atch Station)S amuel T Maynard , B . S . . Amherst , Horticul turist .

M ich iganL . R . T aft , M . S . . A gricu l tural Col lege,

P . O Horticulturist .

D irector ies . 1 03

MinnesotaSamuel B . Green , B . S . , S t. A nthony Park , Horti culturi st .

M ississippiB . W . Safiold , B . S . ,

A gricul tural Co l lege, P . O . , Horti cu l turi st .M issouriJ . W . Clark , B . S . ,

Columbia, Horticul turist and Entomologi st.

Nebraska :Charles E . Bessey. P h. D . , L incoln , Director and Botan ist .

NevadaW . S . Devol B . Ag. ,

Reno , A gricu lturist and Horti cul turi st .

N ew Jersey0

Byron D . Halsted , S c. D . , N ew Brunswick , Botanist and H orticul turi st.N ew York (Cornell)

L . H . Bailey , M . S . I thaca,Horticulturist .

N ew York ( State)C . E . Hunn , Geneva, A cting Horticu lturist .GeorgeW . Churchil l , Geneva, A cting Pomologi st .

North Carolina :Gerald McCarthy , B . S . , Raleigh , Botanist .

Ohio :Wil liam J . Green , Columbus, Horticu l turist .

O regonE . R . L ake, M . S . ,

Corval lis , Botanist and Horticul turist .PennsylvaniaGeorge C . Butz , M . S . , S tate Co l lege, Centre Co . , Horticu lturist .

R hode IslandL . F . Kinney , B S . ,

Kingston , H ort icul turist.

South CarolinaE . A . Smyth

, Jr. , A . B . , Columbia,Botanist and Entomologist .

South D akotaCharles A . Kefier, Brookings , S upt . Forestry and Horticul tural E xperi

mentsTennesseeF. L amson S cribner, B . 8 Knoxvil le, Botanist and Horticulturist .

TexasT . L . Brunk , B. S . ,

Col lege S tation ,Horticulturist .

VermontB . W . Minott , B . S . ,

Burlington ,Horticul turist .

VirginiaW . B . A lwood , B lacksburg, Botanist and Entomo logist .

W iscons inEmmett S . Gofi , Madison , Hort icu l turist.

1 64 A nna ls of H orticul ture.

3 . Tbe Botanic Gardens of the World (P en/zal low ;wi t/i recent corrections) .

A L GER I A— I .

A Igiers , Jardin d’

A ccl imatation du Hamma, Charles R iviere, Director.A UST RA L I A— 4 .

A delaide ( S outh A ustralia) , D r. R . Schomburgk , Director.

Brisbane (Queensland) .Melbourne (Victoria) .Sydney (N ew South Wales ) , Charles Moore, F. L . S Director.

A usT Ro-H UNGA RY I 3.

Budapest (T ransylvania) , U niversi ty Botanic Garden, D r. L . Jurany i ,Director.

Czem owitz (Bukovia) , U niversi ty Botanic Garden, D r. Ed . T angl , D ir.

Gra tz ( S tyria) , U niversity Botanic Garden , D r. L eitgeb , Director .

I nnsbruck (T yrol ), U niversity Botanic Garden , D r. Joh . P eyritsch , D ir .

K lagenfurt (Carinthia) Bon . de Jabornegg-Gamsenegg, Director.

Kolozsvar (T ransylvani a) , R oyal Botanic Garden, D r. A ug. Kanitz , D ir.

Krakau (Galicia) , U nivers ity Botanic Garden , D r. Jos . T hom . de R os tafinsk i , Director.

L ernberg (Galicia) , U niversi ty Botanic Garden , D r. Th. Ciesielski , D ir.

P rague (Bohem ia) , U niversity Botanic Garden, D r. M . Willkomm , D ir.

S elmeeoanya (T ransy lvania) , Prof. A . Fekete, Director.

Tr ieste ( I stria) , R aimondo T om inz , Director.

Vienna, U nivers ity Botanic Garden , D r A . J . Kerner, Director .

Vienna, I mperial Horticul tural Gardens of H ofburg, Fr. A ntoine, D ir .

BEL G I UM— 5 .

A ntwerp, D r. H . Van H eurck , Director.

Brussels, R oyal Botanic Gardens , Francois Crépin , Director.

G/zent, U niversi ty Botanic Garden , D r . J . J . Kickx, Director.

Gembloux, Botanic Garden of the Agricu l tural I nstitute, D r. C . Malaise

Director.

L iege, U n iversity Botanic Garden .

BRA ZI L— I .

R io de j aneiro, Bo tanic Gardens of the A gricultural I nstitute, at'

Cor

rigez , D r. Nicolau J . Moreira, Director.

CA NA DA— i

Montrea l (P . McG il l U niversity Botanic Garden, Prof. D . P . P en

hal low , Director.

CA NA RY I S L A ND S— i .

Orotava (T enerifie) , Jardin d ’

A ccl imatation, Mr. Wildpret , Chief Gardener .

CA PE or Goon HOPE— 3.

Cape Town ,Prof. MacOwan , Director .

Graaf R einet, J . C . Sm ith , Ch ief of the Garden .

Granam'

s Town,Edward T idmarsh , Chief of the Garden.


GE RMANY , continued .

D armstadt (Hesse) , D r. L eopold Dippel , Director.

D resden ( Saxony ) , D r . O scar Drude,Director.

E r langen (Bavaria) , D r. Max. R ees , Director.

Frankfort-ou-Main (Hesse-Nassau) , D r. H . T h . Geyler, Director .

Fribourg (Baden) , D r. F. Hildebrand , Director.

Giessen (H esse) , D r . H . H ofimann , Director .

Goerl i tz ( S i lesia) , D r. R . Peck , Director.

Greifswa ld (Pomerania) , D r . Fr. S chm i tz , Director.

H a l le-upon-S a l le ( S axony ) , D r . Greg . Kraus , Director.

H amburg.

H eidelberg (Baden) , D r. E . P fitser, Director.

j en a (S axe-Cobourg ) , D r . E . S tah l , Director .

Kiel ( S ch leswig-Holstein) , D r. Ad . Engler ,Director .

Konigsberg, D r . R obert Caspary , Director .

L eipzig ( Saxony) , D r . S chenck , Director .

Marbourg (Hesse-Nassau) , D r. A . Wigand , Director.

Munden (Hanover) , D r . N . J . C . Mu l ler, Director.

,‘

hfimjcfi lBavariaL D r . C . G . Von Naegel i , Director.

D r . 0 . Brefeld, Director.

P otsdam , D r . Juhlke, Director.

R ostocb (Mecklenburg) , D r . Jean R oeper, Director.

S trasburg (A lsace-L orraine) , Com te Herm . de S olms-L aubach , Director.Tbarand (S axony) , D r . Fred . Nobbe, Director .

Tubingen (Wurtemberg) , D r. W . Pfeffer, Director.

Wurzberg (Bavaria) , D r . Jul . von S achs , Director.

GREA T BR I T A I N A N D I REL A ND— 1 2 .

B irm inglzam (England) , Mr . L atham , Director .

Cambridge (England) .

L ondon ( England) , Chelsea Botanic Gardens , T hos . Moore, Curator .

L ondon (England) , R oyal Botanic Gardens , Kew, Prof. W . T . T . Dyer,Director:

L ondon (England) , R oyal Botanic Gardens, R egent ’s Park , W . Coomber, S uperintendent .

L ondon (England) , R oyal Horticu l tural SocietyGardens , S outh Kens ington , A . F. Barron , S uperintendent .

Mane/tester (England) , Bruce Find lay , Curator.

Oxford (England) .

D ubl in ( I reland) , R oyal Botanic Gardens , of Glasnevin , D r. Moore D ir .

Belfast ( I reland) , R oyal Belfast Botanic Gardens , R . Motherel l S ec 'y .

E dinburglz ( S cotland) , R oyal Botanic Gardens , I . B . Balfour, D i rector .

Glasgow (S cotland) , R . Bul len , Curator .

GREECE— I .

A t/zens, D r. T . de H eldreich , Director .

GUA T EMA L A— i .

Gua temala, D r. Francesco A bel la , Director.

GU I A NA— i .

Georgetown ,G . S . Jenman , S uperintendent .

D irectories .

HO L L A ND— 4 .

A msterdam ,Prof. C . A . J . A . O udemans , Director .

Groningen , Prof. P . D e Boer, Director .

L eyden , D r . W . F . R . S uringar , Director .

U treclzt , D r . N . W . P . R auwenhofi , Director .

IND I A N E MP I RE— 7 .

Banga lore (Madras) , Col . W . L . Johnson , Director.

Bombay , A . S huttleworth , Director .

Ca lcutta , R oyal Botanic Gardens , Prof. G . King, Director.

Ganisli Kind (Poona) , G . W . Woodrow , Director.

Ootacamud, Mr. Jam ieson

,Director.

P ondiclzety .

S anaranpur (Bengal ) , J . F. Duthie, Director .

ITA L Y —23.

Bologne.

Cagl iar i , D r. P . Gennari , D irector .

Caserta, D r. N . T erracciano , Director.

Catania, Prof. Fr. T ornabene, Direc tor.

Ferraro, D r. Carus Massalongo, Director.

Florence, Prof. T . Caruel , Director .

Genoa, Prof. Fred . Delp ino , Director.

L ucca, D r . C . Bicchi , Director .

Messzna . Prof. A . Borz i , Director.

M i lan, Prof. Fr . A rdissone, Director.

Modina, D r . A . Mori , Director.

N aples , D r . J . A . Pasquale, Director.

P adova, Cav . D r. P . A . S accardo , Director.

P a lermo, D r . A ug. T odaro , Director.

P arma, Prof. J . Passerini , Director.

P avia,Prof. Briosi , Director .

P erouse, P ro A l . Brusch i , Director.

P isa, D r . J . A rcangeli , Director .

P ortici, D r. Horace Comes , Director .

R ome,D r. R . Pirrotta,

Director.

S iena, Prof. A tt . T assi , Director.

Turin , Prof. G . G ibel l i , Director.

Venice, S en . R uchinger, Director .

JA PA N— 2 .

Tobio, Koiskekowa Botanic Gardens , Prof. K . I to, Director.

S apporo, Government Botanic Gardens , D r . K . Miyabe, Director .

JAVA — i .

Bu itenzorg, D r. M . T renh , Director.

MA L T A— I .

L a Va lette, D r. Gavino Gu l ia,

DirectorMA U R I T U S— I .

P ort L ouis, J . Horne,

Director .

NA T A L — I .

D’

U rban , Mr. Keit , S uperintendent .

1 67


N EW ZEA L A ND— I .

Christchurch, J . B . A rmstrong, Director.

PERU— I .

L ima, D r . Mig . de los R ios , Director .

P H I L I PP I NE I S L A NDS— i .

Mani l la ( L uzon) , Seb . Vidal y S o ler, Director.

P ORTUGA L— 3.

Coimbra , D r. J . A . H ienriques , Director.

L isbon,Prof. J . de Andrade Corvo , Director .

Oporto, D r. F . de S . G . Cardoso , Director.

R EUN I ON, Island of— I .

S t . D enis, M . R ichard , Director .

R OUMA N I A— z .

Bucharest, D r . Brandza, Director.

Yassy , D r . A . Fétu , Director.

D orpa t ( L ivonia) , D r . Ed . R ussow , Director .

H elsingfors (Finland) , D r . S . O . L indberg , Director .

Kazan (Kazan ) , Prof.

’ N . W . S orokin , Director.

Kharkofi , D r . A d . Pi tra, Director .

Kiev ,D r . J . S chmal hausen Director.

Moscow,D r . J . Goroschank in , Director.

N ikita (Crimea) , Mr. Basarow , Director.

Odessa ,D r . L . R einhard , Director .

Orel , P . G . T retjakoff, Director .

Ouman (Kiev) , Prof. L . S crobichewski , Director.

P enza (Penza) .S t . P etersburg,

I mperial Botanic Gardens , D r. Ed . de R egel , Director .

S t . P etersburg, U nivers i ty Botanic Gardens , Prof. A ndré Bikitofi , D i

rector .

Ti/iis , Prof . W . S charrer, Director .

Woronesh , D r. J . E . Fischer, Director .

Warsaw, D r. A . F . deWaldheim , Director .

SCA ND I NAV I A— 7 .

Christiania (Norway) , D r . F . C . S chubeler, Director.

Goteborg ( Sweden) , H ort . S oc . Bot. Gardens , Prof. C . L owegren , D i

rector .

L und ( Sweden) , D r . F . W . C . A reschong, Director .

S tockholm ( Sweden ) , Gardens of the R oyal A cademy of A gricu lture, E .

L indgren , S uperintendent .S tockholm (Sweden) , R oyal Gardens of Haga, Prof. M . A . Werner

, D i

rector.

S tockholm ( Sweden) , S wedish S ociety of Horticu l tural and Botan icalGardens ,

M . A . Pi tal , Director .

Upsa la ( Sweden) , D r. T h . M . Fries , Director.

SERV I A— I .

Belgrade, D r. Jos . P ancic , Director .


Berckmans , P . J . ,A ugusta , Ga . ; frui t and ornamental trees .

Berger, H . H . , San Francisco , Cal . ; frui ts , trees , shrubs and plants ,largely

Japanese.

Blanc,A . ,Philadelphia , P a. ; cacti .

Bloom ington Nursery , Bloom ington , I ll inois ; trees , plants , shrubs , roses ,

bu lbs , etc .

Bonnel l , Geo. A . , Waterloo , Seneca county , N . Y . ; potatoes and gardenseeds .

Brackenridge Co . , Govanstown , Bal timore county , Md . orch ids .

Bragg. B . L . 8: Co . , S pringfield , Mass . ; vegetable seeds .

Brandt , D . , Bremen , Oh io ; smal l fru its , roses and fruit trees .

Breck , Joseph 8: S ons , Boston , Mass . ; farm , garden and lawn seeds .

Bridgeman , A lfred , N ew York , N . Y . ; vegetable, grass and flower seeds .

Buckbee,H . W . , R ockford , I l l . ; vegetable seeds and plan ts .

Burpee , W . A . 8: Co . , Ph i ladelph ia , P a . vegetable and flower seeds .

Champl in , A . E . , Oakland , O range county , Fla trees , vines and plants .

Chase, R . G . Co . , Geneva , N . Y . ; ornamental trees , flower and vegetab leseeds .

Ch i lds ,John L ewis , Floral Park , Queens coun ty , N . Y . ; ornamental trees ,

flower and vegetable seeds .

Cleveland Nursery Co . ,L akewood , Oh io ; smal l fru i ts .

Cole Brothers , Pel la, I owa garden , farm and flower seeds .

Col lins, John S . , Moorestown,Burlington county , N . J . ; smal l frui ts , fru i t

and ornamental trees .

Corn ish , W . H . , Newburgh , N . Y . ; garden and flower seeds .

Crawford , M . , Cuyahoga Fal ls , Ohio ; strawberries .

Cu linary Grape Co . , T roy , Oh io ; Wh i te'

s Northern Muscat grape .

Currie Brothers. Milwaukee, Wis . ; seeds .

Curtis , F: D . ,Kirby Homestead . Charlton , N . Y . ; apple trees .

Daniel , J . A . ,Glen S t . Mary , Fla . ; frui t trees .

Davenport , T . C . , Ph i ladelph ia , P a seed potatoes.

D e Veer, J . A . , N ew York ; m iscel laneous bu lbs , seeds , p lants , etc .

Delano , W . S . , L ee Park , Nebraska ; field and garden seeds .

Dingee Conard Co . , West Grove. Chester county , P a roses , hardy plants ,

bulbs and seeds .

Douglas , R . 8: S ons , Waukegan ,I l l inois ; forest , evergreen and ornam en ta l

trees .

D reer, Henry A . , Ph i ladelph ia, P a . ; flower and vegetable seeds .

Duncan Bros . , ClearWater Harbor, Hillsborough Co. , Fla ci trus fru its .

Eager, F . S . Co . , Newburgh , N . Y . ; field , flower and garden seeds .

El lwanger Barry , R ochester, N . Y fru i t and ornamental plan ts .

E ly,Z . D e Forest 8: Co Ph i ladelph ia , P a . ; garden seeds .

Eustis Nurseries ,G . H . Morton , prop . , Eustis , Fla . ; fruit trees .

Everi tt , J . A . Co . ,I ndianapol is , I nd . ; garden and flower seeds .

Farmer ,L . J . ,

Pulaski , N . Y . ; berry plants .

Faust , I . V . ,Ph i ladelph ia , P a garden , field and flower seeds .

Faxon ,M . B . , Boston , Mass . ; vegetable and flower seeds .

Ferry , D . M . Cc . , Detroi t , Mich bulbs and seeds for fal l p lanting .

Ford . Frank Sons , R avenna, O hio ; seeds , smal l frui t plants and trees .

Gardiner,John Co . , Ph i ladelph ia , P a . ; vegetable, flower and farm seeds .

Giddings R ead , R utland , Vt farm , garden and flower seeds .

D irectories . 1 7 1

Gil lett Bros . , S outh L akeWeir, Marion county , Fla. ; fruit trees .

Gil lette, Edward , S outhwick , Mass . ; North American wild flowers .

Green , Charles A . , Rochester, N . Y . ; general nursery supplies .

Gregory, James J . H . , Marblehead , Mass . ; seeds—vegetable, flower and

grain .

Hale, J . H . G . H . , S outh Glastonbury , Conn . smal l fruit plan ts .

Hales , H . W . , R idgewood , N . J flower seeds .

Hal l , J . W . , Marion S tation, S omerset county,Md . ; nursery suppl ies and

seed potatoes .

Hal l iday , R obert J .

, Baltimore, Md . garden suppl ies .

Hal lock , V . H . Son , Queens , N . Y . ; flower and vegetable seeds .

H arkett’

s Floral Nursery , Dubuque, I owa ; flowering plants .

Harris , Joseph , Rochester, N . Y . vegetable and flower seeds .

Harrington , D . B . 8: M . S . , Delavan , Wis . potatoes and seed corn .

Hawkins , W . W . S ons , L ake George, Fla . ; fruit and ornamental treesand shrubs .

Haw ley , R . D . , Hartford , Conn . ; flower and vegetable seeds , agricul turalimplements .

Henderson , Peter Co . , N ew York ; bulbs , plants and seeds .

Herr, A lbert M . ,L ancaster, P a . ; florist

'

s p lants .

Higganum Mfg. Corporation , N ew York ; farm , garden and flower seeds ,plants and agricultural implements .

Horsford , F . H . Co . , Charlotte, Vt wi ld flowers , shrubs and seeds .

Hoskins , T . H . , Newport , Vt frui ts and seeds .

Howe, G . D . ; North Hadley , Hampshire county , Mass . ; potatoes .

Hoyt , R . D . , Bay View, Fla. ; tropical and sem i-tropical plants .

Hoyt ’s S ons , S tephen , N ew Canaan , Conn . ; Green Mountain grape.

H ubbard , T . S . Co . , Fredonia , N ,Y . ; grape vines and smal l fru its .

Huntington Cc . , I ndianapo l is, I nd vegetable seeds .

I daho Pear Co . , L ewiston, I daho ; I daho pear .

Jerrard , G . W . P Caribou , Maine ; potatoes and vegetable seeds .

Johnson S tokes , Ph iladelph ia , P a: flower and vegetable seeds .

Jones , Herbert A . , Himrods , N . Y fru it and ornamental trees and shrubsJoosten , C . H . , N ew York Ci ty ; Dutch bu lbs .

Josselyn , G . S . , Fredonia , N . Y sm al l frui ts .

Karr, Geo . A . , Phi ladelphia, P a . ; garden , flower and field seeds .

Kedney Carey , Maitland , O range county , Fla. ; nursery suppl ies .

Kelsey , Harlan P . , Highlands , N . C . ; trees and plants .

Kelsey , FredW N ew York ; trees , shrubs , roses and plants .

Kendel l Whitney , P brtl and, Maine garden , field and flower seeds , agricul tural and horticultural implements .

L andreth , D . S ons , Ph i ladelph ia , P a . ; vegetable and flower seeds .

L eonard , S . F Chicago , I l l . ; flower and vegetable seeds .

L ipsey , L . W . , Ci tra, Marion county , Fla fruit and ornamental trees .

L iv ingston , A . W. S ons , Co lumbus, O hio ; garden seeds and implements .

L ovett , J . T . , L i ttle S i lver, N . J nursery supplies .

L yon , T . T . , S outh Haven , Mich smal l fru it plants .

Manning, J . W . , Reading, Mass trees and ornamental shrubs .

Mathews , Wm . , U tica , N . Y . ; greenhouse plants .

Maule, W . Henry , Ph i ladelphia, P a. ; vegetable seeds .

McMath Bros . , Onley , A ccomack county , Va . ; nursery and vegetable suppl ies .


Meehan. T homas S on , Germantown, Ph i ladelphia, P a ornamental trees ,v ines , shrubs and fruits .

Micliil'

s Early S trawberry Plant Co . , Judsonia, A rk Michel Early S trawrrye

Miller, GeorgeW Chicago ; roses and m iscel laneous plants .

Moon ,Wm . H . , Morrisvil le, Bucks county . P a . ; nursery supp lies .

Moore. Delano. Presque I sle, Maine ; vegetable seeds .

Morehouse A nnis , R ochester, N . Y . ; garden , flower and field seeds .

Munson , T . V . , Denison, T exas ; nursery suppl ies .

Nelson , Wm . K . , A ugusta, Georgia ; fru it trees .

Norton , G . H . , Eustis , Fla . ; nursery stock .

Park , Geo . W . , Fannettsburg , P a flower seeds .

Parry , Will iam , Parry P . O . , N . J smal l fruits , fruit trees and ornamen

tal trees .

Parsons S ons Co. , Kissena Nurseries , Flushing , N . Y . ; hardy ornam en taltrees , flowering shrubs and v ines .

Peer, F. S Mount Morris , N . Y vegetable seeds and fruit supplies .

Peters , R andolph , Wilm ington , D el . ; garden seeds and nursery supp l ies .

Pearce, John S . 8: Co. , L ondon , O ntario field , garden and flower seeds .

Perry , A . D . Co. , Syracuse, N . Y . ; flower, field and garden seeds , implements and drain ti le.

Pierce, R . W . , I ndian Springs , L ake county , Fla nursery supplies .

Pierson , F . R . , T arrytown , N ew York ; flower seeds and vegetable p lan ts .

Pierson , M . F S eneca Castle, N . Y . ; potatoes .

Pike County Nurseries , L ouisiana , Missouri nursery supplies .

Pinney , Geo . , Evergreen , Door county , W is nursery suppl ies .

Platt , N . S . , Chesh ire, Conn : nursery supplies .

Price R eed , A lbany , N . Y flower, vegetable and garden seeds, horticul

tural and agricul tural implements .

Rawson , W . W . Co. , Boston , Mass bulbs and smal l fruits .

Reasoner Brothers , Manatee, Fla . ; tropical and semi-tropical trees and

lants .

Reed)

, H . W . Co . , Waycross , Ga . ; fruit and ornamental trees, seeds of

southern forage plants , etc .

R ice, J . B . , Cambridge. N . Y vegetable seedsRoberts , J . A . , Malvern, Chester county , P a fruit and ornamental trees ,plants and vines .

Roesch , L ewis , N . Y . ; grape vines and smal l fruits .

Root , J . B . , R ockford , I ll seeds,bulbs , p lants, garden tools , etc.

Roser, E . L . , Brittain, Summ it county , O h io ; strawberry plants .

Rumph , S . H . , Marshal lvil le, Ga . ; frui t trees, grape vines , strawberryp lants , etc.

S aul ,John , Washington, D . C . ; greenhouse plants, garden and flower seeds .

S cofie d , E . J . , Hanover, Wis s trawberry and raspberry p lan ts .

S elover A twood , Geneva, N . Y . ; frui t and ornamental trees , shrubs ,vines , roses , etc .

S helm ire, W . R A vondale, P a carnations .

Smith Kerman , S t . Catharines , Ont . ; fru it and ornamental trees, grapevines and smal l fruits.

Sm i th , Wm . H Phi ladelph ia, P a . ; seeds and implements.

S teel , W . C . , Switzerland , Fla. ; nursery stock .

CHAPTER lX.

TOOLS A N D CONVE N IE NCE S

OF T H E YE A R .

The devices which are recorded below are such as have beeninvented during the year or which have come into prom inent

during that t ime. Several of them are not new, but

they have been ,for the most part , little known .

PEA RCE ’ s O RCH A RD GA NG PL OW.—(Figs . 2 and 3, page

A valuable combined machine designed expressly for orchardwork — j . A . P earce, Grand R apids, M ichigan.

A H ORS E SCUFFL E-H O E .-(Fig. 4 , page The knife can

be secured to the frame of almost any plow-l ike cultivator . The

knife is made of a simple piece of spring steel abou t two incheswide, sharpened on the front edge. I t is excellent for cleaningwalks of weeds , and to st ir up ground which has “ baked .

”

P opular Gardening, A ugust,

H ORS E GRA PE-H O E .— (Fig. 5 , page This implement

has a l ight tapering pole with an iron extending in front of thehorse’

s breast in a curve, with a slot in the end—by which it isstrapped to the collar . Back of the horse a piece is framed at

right angles to wh ich the whiffle-tree is attached , and also thelower ends of the handles, the m iddle of the handles beingsupported by a post farther back . The pole is on the rightside of the horse, and on the under side of the pole near theback end is framed a standard sticking out in a slant ing direct ion to the r ight at an angle of about T he lower endof this standard carries a steel hoe four inches deep and teninches wide, and this hoe cleans the ground almost up to thegrape vine stems — E . H . Cushman, Ohio Farmer .

O N I ON D R A c .— (Fig. 6, page 1 7 A hand-drag for use upon

onions both before and after the seed comes up. Twelve-pennynails answer for teeth — Fred. DV. Card, in P opular Gardening,

A ugust, 27 1 .


HOME-MA DE PRUN I NG SH EA RS .— (Fig.

“ Both blades aremade of thin , hardened steel . From the bolt-hole in the mov

able shear a rod longer or shorter , tocorrespond with the length of po leused , runs to the lever shown at thebottom of the cut . The j awsof the shears must be ground at anangle somewhat m ore acute than thatcommonly employed for t a i l o r s ’

shears . The highest part of eachbevel must come against the bevelupon which it acts .

’ — A merican A gr i

culturist.

PRUNER FO R PR I CKL Y BUS H E S .

(Fig. The knife can bem ade froman old file. This will be found ahandy tool — E rwin H altman, in P opular Gardening, D ecember

, 49 .

V I NE G I RDL ER . (Fig. 9 , pageA knife for girdling the grape

F’C" 7 ° vine. The two blades shou ld be abou tthree-S ixteenths of an inch apart . Two piecesof thin knife steel are riveted to the point a .

S . T . Maynard, in P opular Gardening, j une,1 97 .

E CL I PS E PO ST BA R .— (Fig. 1 0, page 1 7

A tool for aiding in setting posts in vineyardsand elsewhere.

— L agondaManufacturing Company , Springfield, Ohio.

FRU I T LA DDER .— (Fig. 1 1 , page A

ladder made after the pattern of the figureis convenient for inserting into fru it trees,and for many other uses — Char les Gaylord,

in P opular Gardening, A ugust, 255 .

FRU I T LA DDER — (Fig. 1 2 , page The

sides are made of clear pine, 4% inches wideby [2 feet long . The two bottom rounds are

made of cleats 3 inches wide, and the upperones of lighter stuff — S . C. Case, in P opularGardening,

N ovember , 26.

F I G . 8 .

Tools and Conveniences of the Year . 1 79

spray, and will sow fertilizer or grain . The machine is a lightone for one horse, being constructed in great part of wood,

mounted on two ironwheels . The distribu

ting power is obtainedby a blast of air produced by a revolving fan ,

worked by the travelingwheels of the machine.

A s the material falls fromthe hopper it is caughtby a blast of air and

spread from the back ofthe machine. For solidsa metal spreader is fixed ,while liqu ids are sentthrough nozzles placedin different positions forvarious purposes . Smallhand-power m a c h i n e s

are made for gardens, fru it plantat ions , and other purposes ,as well as horse-power machines for farms . Special distributors are made for use in vineyards , for which purpose they are

already in great demand in E ngland . It appears to be one of

the most useful of modern invent ions .

MO L E TRA P.— (Fig. 1 6, page Two pieces of inchboard , of the shape shown

, seven inches wi de and thirty incheslong , are hinged together on one end .

The iron trigger is

ten inches long , itslower end somewhatlike a flattened spoonor paddle and the up

per end notched as

shown . The uprightpost is curved to corr e s p o n d w i t h t h e

sweep o f t h e t o pboard . On each side of the top are S ix teeth , either fasteneddirectly on the board or riveted on a plate an inch wide and

F I G . 1 5 .

F I G . 1 7 .


screwed on the board . The top board is weighted with a

brick, a flat stone or a chunk of wood . Before setting the

trap, put the foot firmly upon the part of the mole track uponwhich the trap is to rest , for the purpose of obstructing the

run . A lso press the teeth down into the soil, so there will beno obstruction when the trap is sprung . Then set the trap asshown in cut . The paddle part of the trigger shou ld touchthe surface of the ground exactly over the line of the track .

The mole finding his accustomed path filled up, at once beginsto re-open it , and heaving up the surface, springs the trigger,and is p ierced by the teeth on one side or the other .

— P opularGardening, May, 1 67 .

SEL F-A CT I NG A N I MA L GU N .— (Fig. 1 7 , page A device

invented and manufactured by Foreman Brothers, B idwel l’

s

Bar , Cal ifornia .

H OME-MA DE HYDRANT .— (Fig. 1 8 , page This device

can be used where water works do not exist . Take a largebarrel, place it on the left of some out-building at least 2 1 feetabove the point of application , as each 2 1

13 feet of elevat ion

gives us one pound,and we want to get a pressure of not less

than 1 0 pounds per square inch . To fill the barrel we want aforce-pump . This consists of a simple brass cylinder ( ironwou ld rust , and get rough inside) with a plunger . The lowerend is reduced , and with a -inch nipple screwed to a -inchT having a valve at each side, both facing the same way .

From the entrance side of the valve, carry a line of pipe tothe cistern , letting the lower end reach within one inch of the

bottom run the other end into the line of pipe leading fromthe bottom of your barrel to your garden . A is the cylinder

,

made of brass, to be had at any brass foundry or machineShop , together with the reducer at the bottom ;

'

B is the

inch T , and C the pipe, which can be had at any machinists ’

supply shop at a price not exceeding five cents per lineal footD D are the check valves , can be had for abou t 25 'cents each ,E is the crank which alternately raises and depresses the piston of the pump . To get the motive power, we harness upO ld D og Tray, get him up over the bridge F , and it won

’ ttake long before he will learn to work it the same as a treadpower from the steps H H T hese must be made low, andnear enough to require only small steps . So few have beenable to construct such a machine, not from the lack of m e


po inted instrument , pressing heavily and holding the label onthe flat surface of an ordinary pocketbook . The inscription

thus made is ineffaceable and indestructi

ble,so that after the label has been in use

for a length of t ime it can be thoroughlycleaned and brightened by s imply puttinginto a hot fire — j ohnson S tokes .

A PPL E-SEED SEPA R A TORS .— (Fig. 24, p .

A n apparatus for separating seedsfrom apple pomace. Construct a V-shaped hopper, as Shownin Figs . 1 and 2 , varying the length according to the amountof pomace and the water supply . Make the hopper of woodor galvan ized iron , water-t ight , say four feet square at the topand six inches by four feet at the bottom , and four feet deep .

Make one side of the hopper double, and allow it to extendabove at least six inches , the space between the walls beingone inch . L et this double wall extend half way across the

bot tom , and leave a one-inch Opening in the inside bottom in

the m iddle. Now make a seive of copper wire-cloth, I la-inchmesh , that will fit snugly two inches above the bottom of the

hopper . Fasten it down on cleats with a button , so that itcan be removed easily . Now cause a stream of water to pass

F I G . 2 1 .

through the sieve. When it begins to overflow, have the

pomace loosened up and throw in a few scoopfuls stir it alittle . The seed will all sett le to the bottom , and the pomacewill float off with the overflow .

”The hopper is drained by a

2-inch plug in the bottom .


A second separator is shown in Fig. 3, which works after themanner of a gold-washing trough . The trough is 1 8 inches

F I G . 24 .

wide and 6 inches deep placecross partit ionsevery 1 5 inches .

These should be3 inches h igh .

The length of thetrough is 1 6 ft ,

”

The pomace andwater are turnedon this trough .

The seeds willlodge behind thepart it ions . T .

S . R ussel l , in R u

ral N ew Yorker ,1 888 .

COOK’S A PPL E

P I CKER . Fig.

This de

vice has been inuse in some sec

t i ons for two orthree years , and is now attracting general attention . I t is un

doubtedly the best implement of the kind yet perfected .

P OTA TO SORT ER .— (Fig. 26

,

page A screen uponwhich the potatoes are pouredslowly, for the purpose of siz

i n g t h em . O r a nge j uddFarmer .

A DA M S ’ VENT I L AT ED BA R

R E L — ( Fig. 27 , pageThis is a patent barrel, madeof splints, designed for the

shipm ent of green fru its andvegetables in warm weather .

S cientific A merican. F I G . 25 .

I 84 A nnals of H orticulture.

A N O RANGE WRA PP I NG MA CH I NE — An apparatus for wrapping c itrus fruits in tissue paper is said to have been perfectedrecently .

“ A

carrier movest h e wrapperpaper forwardto where the

o r a ng e s are

fed . A Clampt h e n pressesthe edges of F I G . 26

the paper in neck-like form around the fruit . T he clamp andholder are quickly rotated, and by this means the wrapper is

twisted around the orange, which is thendropped in to a basket at the end of the

machine ready for packing .

”— Conj eetioners

’

U nion .

MAXFI EL D FRU I T CA R — (Fig. A

patent fru it car . The particu lar featuresconsist essentially in the novel construct ion of the car, whereby the samemay be perfectly ventilated , and the fruitin transit preserved in a fresh condition .

Fruit Tradej ournal , A ugust 1 0.

HA NDY H OT-BE D FRAME — (Fig. 29 ,page The novel feature of this

frame is the use of wagon-box rods for securing the s ides together . The frame is then easily taken apart and stored .

M B . N ewbern, in P opular Gardening, March, 1 23 .

W I ND-T I GH T VENT I L ATOR .— (Fig. 30, page A device

used by J . T . A nthony,Chicago , fo r k eep i n gwind from houses .

“ The

Opening in the roof iscased clear around in

side with a strip whichprojects about an inchabove the surface of the

roof, and the weatherstrip on the outside is

‘

F I G . 28 .


F I G . 32 .

CH EA P V ENT I L A TOR .— (Fig. A n iron rod is secured to

the movable end of the sash . the lower end of the rod is

attached a cord , which runsover a small pulley and isthen secured to a clothesline which runs the lengthof the house . T his line runsthrough double blocks atone end of the house in

movement .— A merican F lo

rist, N ovember 1 5 ,1 61 .

CA T GUA RD FOR GREEN

1 87 .

“ A n E nglish gardenet has hit upon the contrivance shown in the en Fm , 33 ,


graving . H e cu ts strips of' tin ,about yéinch in width and 2

inches long (b, Fig. and arranges each two in the form of

a cross . They are then soldered on aflat piece of tin 2 or 3 inches wide andof any length desired ( c, d, Fig.

The ends are now turned up in the

manner shown at e, and cut to a sharppoint . A S soon as we find the soil inour beds disturbed by cats, we put oneor more of these contrivances on the

ground , points upward , and cover theflat pieces with earth . The cats usu

ally Come back to the same spot , butthey soon leave when their feet comein contact with the sharp points .

— I/V.

S ummers, in P opular Gardening, D ecember , 70.

WA T ER I NG P L A NT S BY M EANS OF P ERFORA T ED P I PE S .— (Figs .

35 and O rd inary water pipes are laid along the house,from wh ich risers are taken to attach to a horizontal perforated

F la 2

F I G . 34 .

F I G . 35 .

pipe which is fastened to the wall over the bench . A daptedto cool houses that need to be sprinkled often . Fig. 36 Showsground plan .

— I/V. A . M anda, in P opular Gardening, Apr il ,

1 42 .


F I G . 36 .

. TOBACCO TROUGH .-(Fig. This is a trough secured to

p ipes in a greenhouse, and is used for evaporating tobaccowater for the purpose ofdestroying aphis and otherpests . A merican F lorist ,October 1

, 89 .

S I MPL E E NGL I S H FUM IFm . 37 . GATOR .

— ( Fig. Thisapparatus consists of a

copper tobacco p ipe with a tube leading from either sidethrough which smokecan be blown .

PROPA GA T I NG TA NK .

— (Fig. 39 , page0

1 89 . )The tank CO I

'

l S l S tS ofa long wooden boxmade o f m a t c h edboards , and put together with paint between the j oints tomake the box watertight . The box Shouldbe about three feetwide and ten inches Fi c . 38 .


to circulate through the tank and impart to the cu tting bed agenial warmth , su itable for young cuttings and seedlings .

”

Charles Barnard, A mer

ican Garden, S eptember ,3 20.

A Z I NC P RO PA GA TOR .

— (Fig. 40, pageThis consists of a tankmade to fit any hotwater or steam pipe,about 1 5 inches long, 6inches wide and 7 inches deep , with one inchof water in the bottom .

and a perforated dish, 5i n c h e s d eep , above.

The cuttings are placedin the latter . The whole is made of zinc, with a small feeder on

one side, and is less liableto get broken than sim ilarpropagators made of clay .

This device is put ou t byan E nglish firm .

P ORTA BL E P RO PA GA T I NGCA S E — (Fig. A sim

ple case, in which the heatis supplied by a kerosenelamp . It can bemade 4 byby 3 feet , with a total depth

of 2 feet — Mary A . N ewcome, in P opular Gardening, j anuary , 83 .

P OT WA S H ER .— (Fig.

“ The brushes on the end of the

shaft are made of a Shape to fit the ins ide of the pot,and sev

eral S i z e Sare u s edthough one

brush doest h e w o r kfor a num

ber of S izesof pots .

”T he mach ine can be driven either by steam or hand

power .— A merican F lorist , j uly 1 , 5 49 .

F IG . 4 1 .

F I G . 42 .

F I G . 43 .

Tools and Conveniences of the Year . 1 9 1

T R Acv’

s SEED-PL A NT ER .— (Fig. 43, page A n unpat

ented apparatus for d istributing seeds for test at equal depths

F I G . 44 .

in the so il . “ It consistsof two strips of heavy tinp late nearly three incheswide, hung upon two wirepivots or hinges some twoinches long . A t their upper edges and equidistantfrom either end, the p latesare j oined by a firm spiralspring, which serves tothrow the upper edgesapart , and to cause the

lower edges to join . Thistrough is now filled with the required number of seeds

,and is

then inserted into the earth to a given depth ,when the fingers push inward on the spring andthe trough opens and delivers the seeds .

” — L .

H . Bailey , in Bul letin N o. 7 , Cornel l U niversityE xperiment S tation .

FI G . 46.

H A RR I S ’ I RON P L A N TST A ND — (Fig. Standmade of iron pipe, withflange on top and bottom ,

and used for economizingroom in greenhouses andfor displaying plants .

A merican F lorist, A ugust

1 5 , 6.

P L A NT SUPPORT .— (Fig.

A simple wire de

vice for attachment to aplant stake.

FL OWER S U P P O R T .

F IG . 45 .

(F ig. A simple andvery usefu l device for holding a singleflower in place in a glass or vase. I ts applicat ion can be readily seen in the en

graving — P opular Gardening, Feb.

,1 08 .

1 9 2 A nnals of H orticul ture.

F I G . 49 .

F I G 47 .

IMPROVED FL OWER P OT .— (Figs . 47 and This pot is de

signed to regulate the moisture, air and temperature abou t theroots of the plant , by means of a water chamber in the wa lland by a cement bottom which aerates the soil . I t is essential ly a double pot .— Gardeners

’ Magazine.

P OT CO L L A R — (Fig. 49 , page A simple and usefu ldevice for hold ing soil on the top of pots .

— Gardeners’

Chron

icle, S eptember 1 4 , 307 .


A L ABAMA (Ag . E xp. continued .

Variet ies of Cabbage, T omatoes , Notes on Varieties of Can taloupes , Varieties ofWatermelons . O ct . , 1 888 . j . S . N ewman ,

R eport of Experiments w i th Corn , Sweet Potatoes ,Ground

Peas , T urnips and Grapes . Jan . , 1 889 . j . S . N ewman .

4 . S trawberry Cu lture, Grape Culture and Pruning , R aspberryCu l ture. Feb . , 1 889 . j . S . N ewman .

Experiments with Vegetables [T om atoes , English Peas , Beans ,I rish Potatoes] . O ct 1 889 . j as . Clay ton .

9 . Nematode R oot-Gal ls .

— A Prel im inary R eport on the L ife H istory and Metamorphoses of a R oot-Gal l Nematode,

l l eterodera

radicicola (Greefl) Mul l . , and the I njuries Produced by i t uponthe R oots of Various Plants . D ec . , 1 889 . Geo. F . A tkinson .

B . Canebrake E xperimen t S tation .

( I . ) Experiments w ith I rish Potatoes ,Experiment with Peas , E x

periment wi th L ettuce, Experiment with Beets , Experimen tswith Beans . Ju ly , 1 888 . W H . N ewman .

2 . Experiment wi th Cantaloupes , T omatoes, Keeping Quali t ies of

I rish Potatoes , Frui t T rees ; Cu lt ivation vs . Clover Sod . O ct . ,

1 888 . IV . H . N e wman .

Vegetables [I rish Potatoes , English Peas ,

“

R adishes , T omatoes ,

Winter-Grown Cabbage Plants , Can taloupes ] , Grapes . Oct . ,

1 889 . W. 17 . N ewman .

A RKA N S A S3 . Peach-T ree Borer, Codl in Moth . A pri l , 1 888 . S . 17 . Crossma n .

7 . Grapes , S trawberries . Nov . , 1 888 . E . S . R ichman .

Keresene as an I nsecticide,T he T arnished Plant Bug ( Lygus

l ineolaris,

June, 1 889 . C. W Woodworth.

S trawberries . S ept . , 1 889 . E . S . R ichman .

( I st report . ) Catalogue of Fru its on the Experiment S tation Grounds ,Potatoes . T he Grape L eaf-Folder ( D esmia macu latis

, Westw )C. W. Woodwor th . T he A pple L eaf-R ust (Gymnospo1 888 .

( 2d report . ) Potatoes . A . E . Menke. S trawberries , Sweet Potatoes ,

S eed Germ ination T ests ,Experimen ts with Vegetables . E . S .

R ichman . 1 889 .

CA L I FORN I A79 . Experiments on the Cause and A voidance of I njury to Foliage

in the Hydrocyanic Gas T reatment of T rees . May, 1 888 . F

CA NADAA . Agricu l tura l Col lege (Guelph) .

VI I I . Grapes . [A pri l , 1 887 j . H oyes P anton .

XV . A pples . A ug , 1 887 . [ H ayes P anton .

XXV I I . Cul t ivation of R aspberries . A pril , 1 888 . j . H oyes P anton .

XXXV I I . S trawberries . A pri l , 1 889 . j .H oyes P anton .

B . Centra l E xperimenta l Farm ( Ottawa )T est ing the Vital i ty of S eeds , Potatoes , L arge Fruits , Smal lFruits . D ec . , 1 887 . Wm . S aunders .

5 . S trawberry Cu l ture. A ug. ,1 889 . W W. H i lborn .

R ecent H orticul tural L iterature. 1 95

I

CANADA continued .

( 1 887 report . ) R eport of Entomologist and Botanist [accounts of

many insects injurious to vegetables and fruits] . j ames F letcher .

R eport of the H orticulturist [briefreports upon various frui ts] .

W. W. H i lborn .

( 1 888 report . ) R eport of Entomo logist and Botanist [accounts of

various injurious insects] . j ames F letcher R eport of theHorticu l turist [list of fruits growing on the farm , and briefreports of various frui ts] . W. W H i lborn .

CO L ORA DOVegetables [Beans , Beets , Carrots , Peas] . D ec. ,

1 887 . A . E .

B lount ,

Potatoes . Feb . , 1 888 . j ames Cassidy .

6 . I nsects and I nsecticides . an . , 1 889 . j ames Cassidy .

Potatoes . A pri l , 1 889 . ames Cassidy and D . O’

Brine.

( i st report . ) Notes on I nsects and I nsecticides , Notes on O rchardand Smal l Fruits , Notes on Garden Vegetables , Notes on the

L eafage and Maturi ty of Fru it and O rnamental T rees . 1 888 .

j ames Cassidy .

D A KOTA ( South D akota) .

1 . Notes on the Growth of T rees in the Col lege Grounds . Nov . ,

1 887 . Chas . A . Kef e'

r .

3 . A rbor D ay . A pri l , 1 888 . Chas . A . Kef er .

T he Experimental O rchard , Smal l Fru i ts , Experiments in the

Germ ination of Forest T ree S eeds , Garden . Ju ly , 1 888 . Chas .

5 . Garden Notes [tests of many vegetables] . Oct . , 1 888 . Chas .

1 3 . Department of Entom ology [notes of various insects and in

secticides] . A pri l , 1 889 . j . H . Orcu tt .

D EL AWA RE .

I I . Horticu l ture and Entomology [ou tl ine of work] . S ept . , 1 888 .

M H . Beckwith .

I I I . Department of Botany and Plant Pathology [outl ine of workon Peach Yel lows , B lack R ot of the Grape, Grape Mildew,

S cab of the A pple and Pear, T he S trawberry B l ight , PeachL eaf Curl ] . D ec . , 1 888 . Frederick D . Chester .

I V . I njurious I nsects . May , 1 889 . M . H . Beck with .

V . S eed T esting . June, 1 889 . Frederick D . Chester .

VI . A S ummary of the S tation ’

s Experiments on the Black R ot of

Grapes . O ct .

, 1 889 . Frederi .ck D Chester andM . H . Beck with .

F L OR I DA .

( I . ) Potatoes , A sparagus , Celery , Cau l iflower, R hubarb , O range trees ,A pple trees , Pears , Plum s , Peaches , Chestnu ts and variousnotes . Apr . ,

1 888 . j . Kost .

S trawberries , O nion , Melons , Early Corn . f . F . Appel l . T he

Peach Curcu lio , T he Peach R oot-Knot , T he Corn A phis . Wm .

H . A shmead . R eport on the “ Foot-R ot ” and “ S cab of Ci trus trees , and on the Preven tion of O range “ R ust . A . H .

Curtiss . May and June, 1 888 .

1 9° A nnals of H orticul ture.

FL OR I DA , continued .

4 . Peach Growing in Florida . Jan . , 1 889 . j’ames P . D eP ass and

yames C. N ea l .

Cucumbers . Oct . , 1 889 .

G EORG I AT he I mported Cabbage Butterfly . Jan .

,1 889 . j . P . Campbel l .

Entomology [the Melon-Worm , the Pickle-Worm , the Harlequin Cabbage-Bug] . Apr. , 1 889 . j . P . Campbel l .

I L L I NO I S6 . A Bacterial Disease of Corn . A ug. , 1 889 . Thomas j . Burri l l .

IND I A NA .

1 5 . Concerning the Potato T uber . June, 1 888 . j . C. A rthur .

1 8 . Experiments w i th Vegetables [Potatoes , Sweet Corn , O nions .Peas , Sugar Beets, Japanese Vegetables] . Jan . , 1 889 . j am es

1 9 . S potting of Peaches and Cucumbers . Jan . ,1 889 . j . C. A rthu r .

20 . Experiments in Cross-Ferti lization , T he Cu l ture of T ropicalFerns . Jan . , 1 889 . P ierre Van L andeghem .

25 . Entomo logical Experiments [experiments in rearing the PlumCurcu l io

,and other notes] .

‘ June,1 889 . F . M . Webster .

Notes on Cross ing . May , 1 888 . A . A . Crozier .

Corn T assels, S i lks and B lades . R . P . Speer . A rsenic E xperiments . C. P . Gi l lette. Prom ising N ew Cherries . f . L . Budd.

A ug. , 1 888 .

Characteristics of Hardy and T ender Frui t T rees . R . P . Speer .

S ome I njurious Fungi . A . A . Crozier . Prom ising N ew Pears .

f . L . Budd. A nalysis of A pples . G. E . P atrick . T heWorkin Crossing . A . A . Crozier . N ov . , 1 888 .

Wild Plums . R . P . Speer . A Chem ical S tudy of A pple Twigs .

G. E . P atrick . An I nvestigat ion of A pple Twigs . Byron D .

H alsted. Propagation of T rees and S hrubs from Cuttings .

j ohn Craig . S ome S uggestions concerning the Corn R ootWorm . [l erbert Osborn . Feb . , 1 889 .

I mportant I njurious I nsects , Preparation of I nsecticides , E x

periments with Pyrethrum . A pparatus for A pplying I nsecticides . May, 1 889 . C. P . Gi l lette.

Codling Moth Experiments . C. P . Gi l lette. T he Col lege Vineyard . L . Budd. Nov . , 1 889 .

KA N SA S3 . Observations on T wo I nsect Pests [A pple-Twig Borer and A pple

Flea-Beetle] . June, 1 888 . E . A . P openoe.

( I st R eport) . S praying in the A pple O rchard , O bservations uponI njurious I nsects , T rials of Varieties of Potatoes , T rials of Varieties of Peas , T rials of Variet ies of T omatoes . E . A . P openoe. Experiments in Ferti lizat ion of Variet ies of Corn , Ger

m ination of Weed Seeds , T he Fung[o] us Parasi tes of Weeds .

IV . A . Kel lerman . 1 888 .


MI CH I GAN , continued .

Cu lture, Miscel laneous Notes , Bud V ariations, Brief PotatoNotes , Notes on Crossing and Hybridiz ing , Wh ich Flower inthe Cluster Makes the A pple Why are Young T rees BarrenGerm ination of S eeds wh ich have been kept on I ce,

Growth ofPlants from Soaked Seeds which have been dried , What do weget in L awn Grass Seeds ? T rees as S hrubs , E fiects of L astWinter. “ Water-proof Fibre” Cloth for Cold Frames . Nov1 887 . L . H . Ba i ley .

33 . Hin ts for A rbor D ay . March , 1 888 . W'

. j . Bea l,

39 . Experiments with I nsecticides . S ept . , 1 888 . A . j . Cook .

40 . Quant i ties of S eed for Given L engths ofDri l l , Experiment in H ybridizing, Notes on R adishes , Notes on Germ ination ,

Effectsof L atitude on S eason of Flowering and Fru i ting . Oct . , 1 888 .

L . H Ba i ley .

48 . Potatoes , Kale, Experiments with S quashes , T omatoes . A pri l,

1 889 . L . 1 1 . Bai ley and L . R . Taf t .

53 . S pray ing wi th the A rseni tes . A ug. , 1 889 . A . j . Cook .

5 5 . Frui t T esting at the S outh Haven S ub-S tation . D ec . , 1 889 . T .

T . Lyon .

M I NNE SOT AR eports on R uss ian A pples . Jan . , 1 888 . E dward D . P orter .

Our R ussian A pples at the Open ing of their Fourth S eason ,

Natural and A rtificial Ferti lization of Plants . July , 1 888 .

S amuel B . Green .

Propagation of R ussian Willows and Poplars from Hard WoodCu ttings , Native Plum s , Comparative T ests of Varieties of

Cabbage. S amuel B . Green . N ew Method ofPotato Cul ture .

Charles P oumerou l ie. Jan . , 1 889 .

Construction of GreenhouseWal ls , Comparat ive T ests of Varieties of Potatoes . A pri l , 1 889 . S amuel B . Green .

( 1 888 report . ) I nsecticides and Fungicides on Potatoes , N ew Greenhouse,

Grapes , Differences in the Seeds of Minnesota Grapes ,

Preparation of Seed Bed for Onions , Ferti l izers , Differen tMethods of Cutt ing Potatoes , Planting Potatoes at Differen tDepths , Sm al l Frui ts , Onions , Peas , Sweet Corn , Carrots , T ableBeets ,

Musk Melons , Watermelons , S quashes and Pumpkins ,

S alsify [and someother vegetables] , Vegetable L ists , T he D an

del ion as a Market Crop , Boxes vs . Baskets for Market Gardeners , Cabbage. S amuel B . Green . Best Cl imatic Conditions for Grapes . Char les P oumerou l ie.

M I S SOUR I6 .Experiments on Seed Germ inat ion ,

P eaWeevil , and A pples. 1 889 .

(No date) . j . W. Clark .

N EBRA S KA5 . On Certain I njurious I nsects of the Year 1 888 . Jan . , 1 889 . L aw

rence Bruner .

Sweet Corn Potatoes , Peas , Cucumbers , T omatoes , Peppers,Beets , On ions ,

Carrots . Mar . , 1 889 . j ared G. Sm ith .

R ecent H orticultural L iterature. 1 99

J ERS EYXL VI . I nsect Pests and Means for Destroying T hem . May , 1 888 .

GeorgeD . H u lst .

L . I nsects .I n jurious to the Cabbage and the Best Means of P re

venting their R avages . D ec . , 1 888 . George D . H u lst .

63 . Experiments on T omatoes1 . Cons ideration of Yields .

2 . Considerat ion of Chem ical Composition . D ec . , 1 889 .

E dward B . Voorhees .

64 . S ome Fung[o] us Diseases of the Cranberry . D ec . , 1 889 .

Byron I ) . H a lsted .

Special Bu l letin , G . T he Potato R ot. A ug. , 1 889 . Byron D . H a l

sl ed.

University E xperimen t S ta tion ( I thaca ) .I I I . The I nsectary of Cornel l U n iversi ty , On Prevent ing the R av

ages ofWireWorm s , On the Destruction of the Plum Cur

cul io by Poisons . Nov . , 1 888 . j . H Comstock .

VI I . On the I nfluences of Certain Condit ions upon the Sprou ting ofSeeds . July , 1 889 . L . H . Bai ley .

I X . A S tudy ofWindbreaks I n their R elations to Fruit Growing .

S ept . , 1 889 . L . H . Ba i ley .

X . T omatoes . O ct . , 1 889 . L . H . Ba i ley .

XI V . On the S trawberry L eaf-B light , On A nother Disease of the

S trawberry . D ec . , 1 889 . W. R . D udley

(XV . ) T he O n ion Mold , A nthracnose of Currants , L eaf-Bl ight ofQu ince and Pear . W. R . D udley . T he A pple-tree T entCaterp i llar . j . H . Comstock . T he O range Melon , T he

Crandal l Curran t , I nfluence of S oi l upon Peas , T he I nflu

ence of Depth of T ransp lanting upon the Heading of Cab

bages , I nfluence of Depth of S owing upon S eed T ests , Doold S eeds ofCucurbi ts give S horter Vines than R ecent SeedsT ests of a Patent Germ inator . L . H . Ba i ley . D ec. , 1 889 .

S ta te E xperimen t S tation (Geneva ) .

1 1 . Experiments in Cultivation , Experiment in R oot Grow th , E xperiment wi th Ferti l izers , Experiments wi th I nsect icides ,Experimen ts wi th Fungicides , Experiments wi th the Potato ,Experiments with Sorghum . Sept , 1 888 . E . S . Goj

'

.

1 5 . Methods A dopted for the S ystematic T est ing of N ew Fru i ts , ACircu lar to the O riginators or Proprietors of N ew Fru i ts , AL ist of Fruits now under T rial at the S tation . Nov .

, 1 888 .

E . S . Go] .

(6th report . ) A T est of Variet ies of the Potato , wi th a R eport ofExperimen ts , Experiments in R oot-Grow th , Notes on I n

sect icides , A pplication for the Prevention of A pple S cab , AS tudy of the Movemen ts of S oi l Water, A Description of

Varieties with Classification , L ist of Synonym s , and B ibl i

ography of Various Vegetables . 1 887 . E . S . Gof .

(7th R eport . ) T he O rchard and Frui t Garden , T ests of VegetableNovel ties , T he S tation A rboretum , Experiments with I nsec


YO RK, ( .Q ate E xp. continued .

ticides , Experiments wi th Fungicides , The Potato—a tes t ofVarieties and report of Experiments , T he I nfluence of the

Depth of T i l lage upon the Depth of Roots , Experimen ts in

the Cul tivation of Corn , T he I nfluence of T horough as Contrasted with S lack Preparation of the S oil , I nvestigations inS oil Physics . 1 888 . E . S . Goj

'

(8th report . ) R eport of the A cting Horticu lturist : S trawberries ,Raspberries , Currants , B lackberries , Gooseberries ,

Beans ,

Peas , Corn, Potatoes , Sweet Potatoes , Carrots , T omatoes ,Cabbages and Cau liflowers , L ettuce, I nsects , I nsecticidesand Fungicides . C. E . H unn . R eport of the A cting Pomologist : Care and I mprovement of the Orchard , Notes on

Fruits , L ist of variet ies at the S tation , Spraying the O rchardswith I nsecticides , S praying with Fungicides , Plums eaten bythe Curcul io , T he Aphideae— S praying with Clear Keroseneand Emulsion , S eed S election , with Notes on Vegetation.

G . W Churchil l . Distr . 1 890 .

TH CA ROL I NA67 . S eed T ests . O ct . , 1 889 . Gera ld McCarthy .

[Bu lletins 59 and

63 relate to seed tests of grasses and forage p ants . ]OH I O

Smal l Frui ts and Vegetables . A pril , 1 888 . W j . Green .

T he S pring and S ummer T reatment of A pple O rchards to P revent I nsect I njuries , Experiment with R emedies for the PlumCurcu lio . May , 1 888 . C. 111 . Weed.

Experiments in Preventing Curcul io I njury to Cherries.

1 888 . C. M . Weed.

Smal l Fru its . A ug. , 1 888 . H”. j . Green .

Practical R emedies for some Oh io I nsects , I nsect icides and theirving and S tudy ing

t of Early and L a te

iped Cu

Notesjuries of Potato R ot . S ept

1 4 . Cabbage—Comparison of Varof Varieties , Puget SoundNotes on Experiments withNov . , 1 889 . W j . Green .

(6th report . ) Experiments wi th Potatoes E xVegetables, Experiments wi th Smal li

Fruits .


UN I TE D S TAT E S (D ept. of Ag r ., D iv. of P omology) , continued .

Bu l letin 2 . R eport on the A daptat ion of R ussian and O ther Fru i tsto the Extreme Northern Portions of the U nited S tates . 1 888 .

H E . Van D emon .

1 887 report . T he A pple, T he Grape, T he Peach , T he Plum ,T he

O range, T he Pomelo , T he Kaki , The O l ive, T he Date, T he

Cranberry , Propagating N ut T rees . I f . E . VanD emon . PeachCu l ture in the Extreme S ou thwest ; Grape Cu l ture. G. Onder

donk . 1 888 .

1 888 report . Our Wild Fruits , The A pple, T he Pear, T he Plum ,

T he Peach , T he Dwarf Juneberry , T he Pepino . H . E . Van

D emon . Our Cultivated Fruits— N ative and In troduced . W.

H . R agan , 1 889 .

B . D ivision of Botany . ( S ection of Vegetable P athology . )Bul letin 5 . R eport on the Experiments made in 1 887 in the T reat

ment of the Downy Mildew and the Black R ot of the GrapeVine, with a Chapter on the A pparatus for App ly ing R emediesfor these Diseases . 1 888 . F. L amson S cribner .

Bu l letin 7 . Black R ot . 1 888 . F . L amson S cribner and P ierre Vio la .

(Bu l letin Gum Disease or Foot-rot of the O range,Parasit ic

Fungi of M issouri , Extracts from Correspondence. 1 889 . B .

Bu l letin 9 . Peach Yel lows— A Prel im inary R eport . 1 888 . E r win

Bu l letin 1 0. R eport on the Experiments made in 1 888 in the T reatment of the Downy Mildew and Black R ot of the Grape Vine .

1 889 . B . T . Ga l loway .

Circu lar 3 . T reatmen t of the Downy Mildew and Black R ot of theGrape. April , 1 887 . F . L amson S cribner .

Circular 4 . T reatment of the Potato and T omato for the B l ight andR ot . July , 1 887 . F . L amson S cribner .

Circular 5 . Fungic ides , or R em edies for Plant Diseases . 1 888 . F .

L amson S cribner .

Circu lar 6 . T reatment of B lack R ot of theGrape. 1 889 ? B . T . Ga l

Circu lar 7 . Grape Vine Diseases . 1 889 ? B . T . Ga l loway .

Circu lar 8 . Experiments in the T reatment of Pear L eaf-blight andthe A pple Powdery Mildew . 1 889 . B . T . Ga l loway .

1 887 report . Notes on Diseases of the Vine,Notes on theT reatmentof Vine Diseases , Potato B l ight and R ot, Field O bservationsand Experiments , S trawberry L eaf Bl ight , A pple S cab , B i tterrot of A pples , T he R ust of Beets , L eaf Rust of the Cherry ,Peach , Plum , etc . , Cotton-leaf Bl ight , A nthracnose of the

R aspberry and B lackberry , A nthracnose of the Bean ,L eaf

spot Diseaseof Catalpa, B lack-spot on R ose L eaves , R ose R ust ,T he R ose Phragm idium , T he Powdery Mildew of the Gooseberry , Smut of I ndian Corn , Corn Rust , Erinose [of grapes] .

1 888 . F . L amson S cribner ,and others .

1 888 report . Experiments in the T reatmen t of Grape Vine Diseasesmade in 1 888 , Necessi ty for MoreExtended FieldWork , DownyMildew of the Potato , Notes on the B lack-rot of the T omato ,

R ecent H orticul tural L iterature. 203

UN I T E D ST ATE S (D ept. of Agr . , D iv. of Botany ) , continued.

A T omato Disease, Brown-rot of the Cherry , Powdery Mildewof the Cherry , L eaf-blight and Cracking of the Pear, L eafspot of the R ose, Plum Pockets , A pple R usts, S eptosporiumon Grape L eaves , L eaf-spot Disease of the Map le, A Diseaseof the S ycamore, the L eaf-rust of Cottonwoods , Report onPeach Yel lows , A dd i tional Notes on Celery L eaf-blight . 1 889 .

B . T . Ga l loway ,and others .

C. D ivision of E n tomology .

Bul letin 1 0 . Our S hade T rees and their I nsect Defol iators . 1 887 .

C. V. R i ley .

Bul letin 1 3 . R eport on L ocusts in T exas in the Spring of 1 886 ,

Fourth R eport on I nsects injuring Forest and S hade T rees.R eport on Nebraska I nsects , T ests with I nsecticides on GardenI nsects , R eport on Ohio I nsects , A R ecord of some E xperi

ments relating to the Effects of the Puncture of some H em ipterous I nsects upon S hrubs , Fruits and Grains , 1 886 , Notesfrom Missouri for the season of 1 886, A picu l tural Experiments .

1 887 . C. V. R i ley .

(Bul letin R eports of Observations and Experiments in the Fractical Work of the D ivision [insects afiecting cabbage, corn ,

tomato , egg-plant , pea, bean , squash , melon ; also the rela

tions of the curcu lio to the native plums by D . B . Wier] . 1 887 .

C. V. R i ley .

Bu l letin 1 5 . The I cerya or Fluted S cale, otherwise known as the

Cottony Cushion-scale. 1 887 . C. V. R i ley and F . W Morse.

Bu l letin 20 . T he R oot-Knot Disease of the Peach , O range and

other Plants in Florida, due to the work of A ngui l lu la. 1 889 .

j . C. iVea l .

( 1 887 report . ) T he Cod lin Moth . L . 0. H oward. R eport on the

Gas T reatment for S cale I nsects . D . W Coqui l lett . R eportof Experiments against S cale I nsects . A lbert Kabele. [Various minor notes] . 1 888 .

( 1 888 report . ) T he Plum Curcu l io , The Fluted S cale, R eport onVarious Methods for Destroying S cale I nsects (D . W. Coqui l

lett) [various m inor notes] . 1 889 . C. V. R i ley and others .

D . D ivision of E conomic Ornithology and Mamma logy .

Bu l letin 1 . The Engl ish S parrow in North America, especially inits R elation to A griculture. 1 889 . Wal ter B . Barrows .

1 887 report . Food of Hawks and Owls , Experiments in Poisoning,Notes on the Depredations of Blackbirds and Gophers in I owaand S outhern Minnesota . A . K. Fisher . S ome of the R esul tsof a T rip through Minnesota andDakota. Vernon Ba i ley . 1 888 .

1 888 report . Notes upon various Birds and Mammals . 1 889 . C.

H art Merriam .

E . Oj ite of E xperimen t S tations .

Experiment S tation Bu l letin 1 . O rganization of the A gricu l turalExperiment S tations in the U ni ted S tates . Feb . , 1 889 . W.

O . A twater .

204 A nnals of H orticu l ture.

UN I T E D S TAT E S (D ept. of Agr . , Ofi ce of E x . continued .

Experiment S tat ion Bul letin 2 . Digest of the A nnual R eports of theA gricu l tural Experiment S tations in the U ni ted S tates for 1 888 .

Part I . June, 1 889 . W. O . A twater .

Experim ent S tat ion Bu lletin 3 . R eport of a Meeting of H orticu l

turists of the A gricultura l Exper iment S tations, at Colum bus ,

O hio , June 1 3, 1 4 , 1 889 . Ju ly,1 889 . A . W H arris .

Experiment S tation Bul letin 4 . L ist of Horticu lturists of the A gr icu ltural Experiment S tations in the U nited S tates , with an

Outl ine of theWork in Horticu l ture at the Several S tat ions .

Nov . , 1 889 . W. B . A lwood.

Farmers'

Bul letion 1 . T heWhat and Why of A gricu l tural E xperiment S tations . June, 1 889 . W. O . A twater .

Circu lar 1 . L ist of Agricu ltural Experiment S tations in the U n i tedS tates, with addresses . Feb . , 1 889 .

Circular 6 . L ist of O riginators of Frui ts, Vegetables , etc . , in the

U nited S tates . Mar. , 1 889 . W O . A twater .

Circular 1 1 . R u les for Nam ing Vegetables , R eport of Comm i ttee of

Experiment S tation Horticu lturists . Sept . , 1 889 . W 0. A t

wa ter .

Experiment S tation Record , Vol . I , No . 1 . A bstracts of S tation Bu lletins , Jan — June, 1 889 . Part 1 . S ept . , 1 889 . W 0. A t

water .

VERMONTI nsecticides . April , 1 888 . W W Cooke.

1 1 . Codperation in the S tudy of I nsects . June, 1 888 . G. H . P erkins .

I nsecticides [analysis of] , S eed T ests . Aug. , 1 888 .

Methods of Cutt ing and Planting Potatoes . Nov . , 1 888 .

2d report . ) ComparativeT ests of Vegetables, Frufts , Potato B l ight ,I nsecticides used in O rchard and Field , S eed T ests . C. WM inott . June-bug, L eaf-ro l ler, A pple Twig Borer, A ppleMaggot . G. H . P erkins . Methods of Planting Potatoes, Methodsof Cutting and Plan ting Potatoes . 1 888

V I RG I N I A2 . Experiment Orchard , Smal l Fruits . Oct . , 1 889 . Wm . B . A lwood.

W I S CON S I NT he S tation Vineyard . Feb . , 1 888 . W A . H enry .

Grape Growing . Nov . , 1 888 . W A . H enry .

(5 th report . ) The S tation Vineyard . 1 888 . W A . H enry .


BEA N , CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 7 . A la . Canebr . 1 . A rk . zud rep. p . 98 . C010 . 2 ; I st rep . p .

1 38 . D ak . 5 . Mass . H atch , 4 . N Y . S tate, 6th rep. p . 332 ; 7 th

rep. p . 1 1 0 ; 8 th rep. pp . 3 1 3 , 364 . P a . 1 888 rep. p . 1 37 . Vt . 2ndrep. p . 1 02 .

BEA N , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

A nthracnose, U . S . Dept . A gr . 1 887 rep. p . 361 . Bean Cu t-Worm

,

U . S . Dept . A gr. E nt . Div . 1 4 . Weevi l, Can . E xp. Farm , 1 888 ,

rep. p . 55 . Oh io , 7th rep. p . 1 63.

BEET , CUL TURE A N D V A R I ET I E SA la . Canebr, 1 . Can . E xp. Farm , 2 . C010 . 2 . Nebr. 6 . N . Y .

S tate, 6th rep. p . 1 20 ; 7 th rep. p . 1 1 7 .

B L A CKBERRY, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I ESCan . E xp . Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 56 . Mass . H atch , 2 . Mich . 55 . Minn .

3 . N . Y . S tate, 6th rep. p . 337 ; 8 th rep. p . 3 1 1 . Oh io , 2 and 5oth rep. p . 257 ; 7th rep. p . 1 1 4 . U . S . Dept . A gr. Pomol . Div .

2 1 888 rep. p . 590.

BL A CK KNOTMass . H atch , 6 .

CA BBA GE , CULTURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 2 . A la. Canebr. 6 . Can . E xp. Farm , 2 . Colo . I st rep. p . 1 26 .

D ak . 5 . Minn . 5 ; 1 888 rep. p . 266 . N . Y . Cornel l 1 5 . N . Y .

S tate, 6th rep . p . 326 ; 7th rep. p . 1 1 8 ; 8 th rep. p . 33 1 . Oh io , 1 4 ;oth rep. p . 2 1 1 . P a. 1 888 rep. p . 1 43 .

CA BBAGE , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Aphis , C010. 6 . D ak . 1 3 . U . S . Dept . A gr. E nt . Div . 1 4 . Bug, Ga .

2 and 3 . Butterfly , Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 2 1 1 888 rep .

p . 69 . C010 . 6 . D el . 4 . l a . 5 . N . J . 46 and 50. S . C . I st rep .

p . 34 . Club-root, Can . E xp. Farm , 1 888 rep. p . 69 . N . J . 50 . S .

C . I st rep. p . 1 5 . Curcu l io,U . S . Dept . Agr . 1 888 rep. p . 1 36 .

P lan t-L ouse,N . J . 50 . Maggot , Can . E xp. Farm ,

1 887 rep. p . 22 .

N . J . 46 and 50. P lusia , D ak . 1 3 . N . J . 50. U . S . Dept . A gr . E nt .

Div . 1 4 . P lutel la, U . S . Dept . Agr . E nt . D iv . 1 4 .

CA NKER-WORMMaine, 1 888 rep. p . 1 66 . N . J . 46 . Oh io , 8 .

CA RROT , CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SCan . E xp. Farm ,

2 . C010 . 2 ; I st rep. p . 1 45 . D ak . 5 . Mass . S tate6th rep. p . 1 48 . Minn . 1 888 rep. p . 245 . Nebr . 6 . N . Y . S tate,

oth rep. pp . 1 33 and 3 1 8 ; 8 th rep. p . 326 . Ohio , 6th rep. p . 224 .

P a . 1 888 rep. p . 1 42 .

CA RROT ,D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

F ly , Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 2 1 .

CA UL I FL OWER, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA rk . and rep. p . 1 03 . Colo . I st rep. p . 1 3 1 . D ak . 5 . Fla . 1 . N . Y .

S tate, 7 th rep. p . 1 1 9 ; 8 th rep . p . 33 1 . Oh io, 1 4 . P a . 1 888 rep.

P 1 44

R ecent H orticul tural L iterature. 207

CE L ERY, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA rk . zud rep. p . 1 03 . Fla. 1 . N . Y . S tate, 6th rep. p . 2 1 5 .

CEL ERY, D I S EA S E S A N D I NS ECT S OF

L eaf-Bl ight, U . S . Dept . Agr . 1 888 rep. p . 398 .

CH ERRY, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SCan . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 55 ; 1 888 rep. p . 84 . D ak . 4 . l a . 2 .

Mass . Hatch , 2 . M ich . 55 . U . S . Dept . Agr. Pomol . D iv. 2 .

CH E RRY, D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Brown-R ot, Ohio , 1 4 . U . S . Dept . Agr. 1 888 rep. p . 349 . L eaf-rust ,

U . S . Dept. Agr. 1 887 rep. p . 353 . P owdery M i l dew , U . S . Dept .Agr. 1 888 rep. p . 352 . S lug, O h io , 1 3. Tree P lont-L ouse, Maine,

1 888 rep. p . 1 8 1 .

CORN , SWEETA la. 1 and 3. Colo . I st rep. p . 1 50 . D ak . 5 . Fla . 2 . I nd.

1 8 . I a. 2 . Kans . i st rep. p . 3 1 7 . Minn . 1 888 rep. p . 243 . Nebr.

6 . N . Y . S tate, 7th rep. p . 1 1 9 ; 8 th rep. p . 320. O hio, oth rep.

p . 243 . P a. 1 888 rep. p . 1 45 .

CORN, D I S EA S E S A N D INS ECT S OF

R oot Worm, I a . 4 . Nebr. 5 . R ot

, I I I . 6 R ust, U . S . Dept . A gr. 1 887

rep. p . 389 . Worm, O regon , 3 . U . 8 . Dept . Agr. E nt . Div . 1 4 .

CRA NBERRY, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I ESU . 8 . Dept . Agr. Pomol . Div . 2 ; 1 887 rep. p. 646 ; 1 888 rep. p . 59 1 .

CRA NBERRY, D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

N . J . 64 .

CUCUMBER, CULTURE A N D VA R I ET I E SColo . I st rep. p. 1 47 . Fla. 7 . Nebr. 6 . N . Y. Cornell , 1 5 . N . Y.

S tate, oth rep. pp . 23 1 and 322 ; 7 th rep. p. 1 2 1 . P a. 1 888 rep. p .

1 44 . Vt . zud rep. p. 1 07 .

CUCUMBER, D I S EA S ES A N D IN S ECT S OFI nd. 1 9 . N . Y . S tate, 6th rep. p . 3 1 6 . Beetle

, D ak . 1 3 . D el . 4 .

I a . 5 . Oh io, 8 and 1 3 .

CURRA NT, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E S

Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 56 . Mich . 55 . Minn . 3. N . Y . Cor

nel l , 1 5 . N . Y. S tate, oth rep. p . 338 ; 8th rep. p. 3 1 1 . U . S .

Dept . Agr. Pomol . D iv. 2 ; 1 888 rep. p . 590.

CURRA NT , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OFA nthracnose

,N . Y . Cornel l , 1 5 . Bark-L ouse

, Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep.

p . 37 . Borer, C010 . 6 . O h io, 6 . Currant-Worm

, D el . 4 . Maine,

1 888 rep. p . 1 82 . Mass. H atch , 2 . Ohio , 8 and 1 3. MeasuringWorm

, C010. 6 .

CU T-WORMCan . E xp. Farm , 1 888 rep. p . 7 1 . D ak . I 3. I a. 5 . Nebr. 5 . N . J .

50 .


D A T EU . S . Dept . Agr. 1 887 rep. p . 646.

E GG-P L A NT .

A la. 2 . Colo . I st rep. p . 1 36 . N . Y . S tate, 6th rep. p . 273 . U . 8 .

Dept . Agr . E nt . Div . 1 4 (Aphis) .

GOO S EBERRYCan . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 56 . Mich . 55 . Minn . 3 . N . Y . S tate

6th rep. p. 338 ; 8 th rep. p . 3 1 2 . O hio , 1 1 . U . 8 . Dept . A gr .

1 888 rep. p . 59 1 .

GOO S EBERRY , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S or

P owdery Al i/dew, U . S . Dept . Agr . 1 887 rep. pf 373 .

GRA PE , CUL T URE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 1 , 3 and 4 . A la . Canebr. 6 . A rk . 7 . Can . Agr . C011 . 8 . Can .

E xp. Farm ,1 887 rep. p . 56 . I a . 7 . Mass . H atch , 1 and 2 . Mich .

55 . Minn . 1 888 rep. pp . 2 1 8 and 297 . N . Y . S tate,6th rep . p .

34 1 ; 8 th rep . p . 340 . P a.

,1 888 rep. p . 1 58 . T ex . I st rep. p . 36 .

U . S . Dept . A gr . Pomol . Div . 2 ; 1 887 rep. p . 632 ; 1 888 rep. p .

586 . Wis . 1 3 and 1 7 sth rep. p . 1 57 .

GRA PE , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Bitter R ot, U . S . Dept . Agr. 1 887 rep. p . 324 ; Circ . 7 , Bot. Div . B lock

R ot , D el . 3 and 6 . I a. 3 . O h io , 1 4 . U . 8 . Dept . Agr . Bot . D iv .

5 , 7 , 1 0 ; Circ . 3 and 6 , Bot. Div . ; 1 887 rep. p . 326 1 888 rep. 334 .

F lea-Beetle, Nebr . 2 . L eaf-Folder , A rk . 1 st rep. p . 1 22 . L eaf-H op

per , Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 34 . Mass . H atch , 2 . .Mi ldew,

D el . 3 . U . S . Dept . Agr . Bot . Div . 5 and 1 0 ; Circ . 3 and 7 ; 1 8 87rep. p . 328 ; 1 888 rep. p . 326 . S ow-Fly , S . C . I st rep. p . 38 . S ca le

,

U . S . Dept . Agr. 1 888 rep. p . 1 35 . S eptospor ium , U . S . Dept . A gr .

1 888 rep. p . 38 1 . Vine L eaf-R ol ler, S . C . 1 st rep. p . 37 . Vine-L oop

er,Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 35 . Whi te-R ot

, U . 8 . Dept . A gr .

1 887 rep. p . 325 .

GREENH OU S EH eating, Mass . Hatch , 4 and 6 . W

'

o l ls,Mass . H atch , 4 . Minn . 7 .

IN S ECT I CI DE SA rk . 1 0 . Cal . 79 C010 . 6 . D ak . 1 3 . F la. 4 . I a. 5 . Kans . I st rep. p .

1 65 . Maine,1 888 rep. p . 1 89 . Mass . Hatch . 2 and 4 . Mich . 39

and 53 . Minn . 1 888 rep. p . 203 . N . J . 46 . N . Y . S tate,1 1 oth

rep . p . 96 ; 7 th rep. pp . 1 44 and 228 ; 8th rep. p . 333, 358 , 362 .

O h io , 3 and 8 ; 7th rep. p . 1 63 . O regon , 3 . Vt . 9 and 1 2 ; 2nd

rep. pp . 69 and 1 22 . U . 8 . Dept . A gr. E nt . Div . 1 3 .

JUNEBERRYU . S . Dept . Agr . Pomol . D iv. 2 .

KA K I , O R J A PA NE S E P ER S I MMONU . S . Dept . Agr. 1 887 rep. p . 642

KA L EMich . 48 .

2 1 O A nnals of H orticul ture.

P EA CH ,CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E S

A la . Canebr . 2 . Can . E xp. Farm , 1 888 rep . p . 55 . F la . 1 and 4 .

Mass . H atch , 1 and 2 . Mich . 55 . N . Y . S tate, 8th rep. p . 338 and

340 . U . S . Dept . Agr . 1 887 rep. p . 634 ; 1 888 rep. p . 574 and 5 80 .

P EA CH , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Borer, A rk . 3 . Fla . 2 . S . C . I st rep. p . 37 . Curcu l io ( S ee under Plum ) .

L eaf-Cur l , D el . 3 . R oot-Knot, A la. 9 . Fla . 2 . U . S . Dept . A gr .

E nt . Div . 20 . R ust, T ex. I st rep. p . 39 . Spotting, I nd . 1 9 . Yet

lows, D el . 3 . N . Y . S tate, sth rep. p . 1 35 . U . S . Dept . Agr . Bo t .

D iv . 9 ; 1 888 rep. p . 393 .

P EA R , CUL T URE A N D VA R I ET I ESA la. 3 . Can . E xp. Farm ,

1 887 rep . p . 55 ; 1 888 rep. p . 82 . Co lo . I st

rep. p . 9 2 . D ak . 4 . Fla. 1 . I a. 3 . Mass . Hatch , 2 . Mich . 5 5 .

Minn . 3 . N . Y . S tate, 8 th rep. p . 338 . U . 8 . Dept . Agr . Pom o l .Div . 2 ; 1 888 rep. pp . 572 and 579 .

PEA R , D I S EA S E S A N D INS ECT S OF

B/ight , N . Y . S tate. 2 . B l ight Beetle, Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 3 1 .

Codl in Moth (see under A pple) . L eaf-B l ight, N . Y . Cornel l E xp .

S ta . 1 5 . U . S . Dept . Agr . 1 888 rep. p . 357 ; Circ . Bot . Div . 8 .

S lug, C010 . 6 . Maine, 1 888 rep. p . 1 76 .

PEPPERColo . I st rep. p . 1 36 . Mich . 3 1 . Nebr. 6 .

P ERS I MMON , J A PA NE S E , O R KA K IU . S . Dept . A gr . 1 887 rep. p . 642 .

PL UM , CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 3 . Can . E xp. Farm ,

1 887 rep. p . 55 ; 1 888 rep . p . 3 . Fla . 8 1 .

I a . 4 . Mass . Hatch , 2 . Mich . 55 . Minn . 5 . U . S . Dept . Agr .

Pomol . D iv . 2 ; 1 887 rep. p . 634 ; 1 888 rep. pp . 573 and 585 .

PL UM ,D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Curcu l i o, D el . 4 . Fla . 2 . I a . 5 . I nd . 25 . Maine-1 888 rep . p . 1 78 .

Mich . 39 and 53 ; R ep. Bd . Agr . 1 887 , 40. N . Y . Cornel l , 3 . N .

Y . S tate,8 th rep. p . 358 . Oh io , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 1 3 ; 7 th rep. p . 1 34 .

U . S . Dept . A gr . E nt . Div . 1 4 ; 1 888 rep. p . 57 . L eaf-Fungus , N . Y .

S tate, 5th rep. p . 293 ; 6th rep. p . 347 . P ockets, U . S . Dept . Agr .

1 888 rep. p . 366 . R ust, T ex. I st rep. p. 38 . Wort or Knot

, Mass .

Hatch , 6 .

POMEL OU . S . Dept . A gr . 1 887 rep. p . 642 .

POT A TO , CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 1 and 7 . A la. Canebr . 1 , 2 and 6 . A rk . I st rep. p . 59 ; zud rep .

p . 27 . Can . E xp. Farm , 2 . C010 . 4 and 7 ; I st rep. p . 1 00 . F la .

1 . I nd . 1 5 and 1 8 . Kans . I st rep. p . 226 . Ky . 1 6 and 22 . L a . 1 1

and 1 6 .Md . 2 . Maine 24 ; 1 888 rep. p . 1 23 . Mass . Hatch , 4 .

Mass . S tate,6th rep. p . 1 2 1 . Mich . 3 1 and 48 . Minn . 1 , 5 , and

7 1 888 rep.pp . 82 and 230 . Nebr. 6 . N . Y . S tate,

1 1 ; 6th rep.

p. 26 and 76 ; 7th rep. p . 1 58 ; sth rep. p . 32 1 . O h io , 2 ; 6th rep.

p. 1 96 ; 7 th rep . p . 1 1 6 . P a . 1 888 rep . p . 4 1 . R . I . 5 . Vt . 1 3 ;

zud rep. p . 9 3 and 1 1 0 . W is . 1 3 and 1 7 .

R ecent H orticul tura l L iterature. 2 1 1

P OT A TO , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Beetle, Can . E xp. Farm , 1 888 rep. p . 67 . D ak . 1 3 . D el . 4 . O hio , 8 .

S . C . I st rep. p . 40 . R ot,I a . 3 . Mass . Hatch , 6 . Oh io , 1 3 .

T enn . 2 Vo l . I I . V t . 2nd rep. p . 1 2 1 . U . S . D ept . A gr . Bot . Div .

Circu lar 4 1 887 rep. p . 33 1 1 888 rep. p . 337 . S cab, Maine 1 888

rep. p . 1 48 . Mass . S tate, 6th rep. p . 307 ; 7th rep. p . 224 .

P UMPK I NA rk . zud rep. p . 1 04 . M inn . 1 888 rep. p

'

. 253 . N . Y . S tate, 6th rep.

p . 243 . Vt . 2nd rep. p . 1 1 4 .

U I N CE

Mich . 55 .

U I N CE , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Curcu l io, N . Y . S tate, 6th rep. p . 3 1 5 . L eaf-B l ight , N . Y . Cornel l , 1 5 .

Oh io , 1 4 .

R A D I S HA la . Canebr. 6 . A rk . 2nd rep. p . 1 01 . Can . E xp. Farm , 2 . Mich . 40 .

N . Y . S tate, 6th rep . p . 1 46 . O h io 6th rep . p . 227 . P a. 1 888 rep.

P 1 49 .

R A S PBERRY CUL T URE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 1 , 2 and 4 . Can . Agr . Col l . 27 . Can . E xp. Farm , 1 888 rep. p .

56 . Mass . H atch , 2 . Mich . 5 5 . Minn . 3 . N . Y . S tate, 6th rep.

p . 335 7th rep. p . 23 1 8 th rep. p . 308 . O h io , 2 and 5 6th rep,

p . 253 ; 7 th rep. p . 1 1 1 . U . S . Dept . Agr. Pom o l . Div . 2 ; 1 888

p : 589 .

R A S PBERRY,D I S EA S ES A N D IN S ECT S OF

A nthracnose, U . S . Dept . Agr. 1 887 rep. p . 357 . Borer

, O hio 1 1 . S aw

fin,

C010. 6 . Oh io , 8 .

R H UBA RBFla . 1 . Oh io , 1 3 .

R OOT-KNOT OR G A L L S

A la . 9 . Fla . 2 . U . S . Dept . Agr. E nt . D iv . 20 .

R O S E , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

B lack-Spot, Mass . 6 . L eaf-B l ight, Mass . Hatch , 4 . L eaf-H opper , Ohio ,1 3 . L eaf-Spot , U . S . Dept . Agr . 1 887 rep. p . 366 ; 1 888 rep. p .

364 . M i ldew, Mass . Hatch , 4 . R ust

,U . S . Dept . A gr . 1 887 rep.

P 369 .

R OS E-BEET L E O R R O S E-CH A FERD el . 4 . Oh io , 7th rep. p . 1 50 .

SEED S , GERM I NA T I ON A N D T E ST I NG OF

A rk . 2nd rep. p . 92 . Can . E xp. Farm , 2 . D ak . 4 . D el . 5 . Kans . I st

rep. p . 337 . Maine, 1 888 rep. p . 1 36 . Mich . 3 1 and 40 . Mo . 6 .

N . C . 63 and 67 . N . Y . Cornel l , 7 and ,1 5 . N . Y . S tate,6th rep .

p . 39 . Oh io , 6th rep. p . 2 83 . O regon , 2 . Penn . 4 and 8 . S . C .

2 ; I st rep. p . 58 . V t . 1 2 ; zud rep. p . 1 22 .

2 I 2 A nnals of H orticul ture.

S P I N A CHN . Y . S tate, 6th rep. p . 325 .

SQUA S H , CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA rk . zud rep. p . 1 04 . Mich , 48 . Minn . 1 888 rep. p . 2 53 . N . Y . Car

nel l , 1 5 . N . Y. S tate, 6th rep. pp . 243 and 323 . V t . zud rep. p . 1 1 5 .

SQUA S H , D I S E A S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Borer, U . S . Dept . Agr. E nt . Div . 1 4 . Bug, Colo . 6 . S . C . I st rep. p .

26 . U . 8 . Dept . Agr . E nt . Div . 1 4 .

STRAWBERRY, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 1 and 4 . A rk . 7 and 1 1 ; zud rep. p . 82 . Can . Agr . C01 1 . 37 .

Can . E xp. Farm , 5 . F la . 2 . Mass . Hatch , 2 and 6 . Mich . 3 1

and 55 . Minn . 3 . N . Y . S tate, 7 th rep. p . 229 ; 8 th rep. p . 298 .

Ohio , 2 , 5 and 1 1 6 th rep. p . 245 ; 7 th rep. p . 1 03 . T enn . 4 . Vo l .I I . U . S . Dept . Agr . 1 888 rep. p . 588 .

STRAWBERRY, D I S EA S E S A N D INS ECT S OF

B l ight , D el . 3 . N . Y . Cornel l , 1 4 . U . S . Dept . Agr. 1 887 rep. p . 334 .

. l/i ldew, N . Y . S tate, 6 th rep. p . 333, R oot

-L ow e. Oh io . 1 3 . Weevi l

.

Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 37 .

SWEET P OT A TOA la. 3 . A rk . zud rep. p . 9 1 . Ga . 2 and 3. N . Y . S tate, 8 th rep . p .

326 . Tex. I st rep. p . 40 .

T OMA TO , CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 2 and 7 . A la . Canebr . 2 and 6 . A rk . 2nd rep. p . 1 00 . Can . E xp.

Farm , 2 . Colo . I st rep . p . 1 33 . D ak . 5 . Kans . I st rep. p . 27 1 .

L a . 1 6 . Mich . 3 1 and 48 . Nebr. 6 . N . J . 63. N . Y . Cornel l , 1 0.

N . Y . S tate, 6th rep. pp . 279 and 328 ; 7th rep. p . 1 38 ; 8 th rep. p .

327 . Oh io , 2 ; 6th rep. p . 23 1 . P a . 1 888 rep. p. 1 50 .

TOMA TO , D I S EA S E S A N D IN S ECT S OF

Aphis , U . S . Dept . Agr. E nt . Div . 1 4 . Borer , U . 8 . Dept . Agr . E nt.

Div . 1 4 . Black-R ot, U . 8 . Dept . A gr . 1 888 rep. p . 339 . B l ight , U .

S . Dept . A gr. Bot. Div . Circu lar 4 ; 1 887 rep. p . 33 1 1 888 rep. p.

347 . l Vorm, D el . 4 . Mich . 42 . U . S . Dept . Agr . E nt . Div . 1 4 .

T URN I P, CUL TURE A N D VA R I ET I E SA la . 3 . Can . E xp. Farm , 2 . Mass . S tate, 6th rep. p . 1 39 . N . Y.

S tate, 6th rep. p . 1 68 .

TURN I P, D I S EA S E S A N D I N S ECT S OF

Aphis , Can . E xp. Farm , 1 887 rep. p . 1 9 . Flea-Beetle, Can . E xp. Farm ,

1 887 rep. p . 1 8 . N . Y . S tate, rep. p . 1 50.

W I NDBREA K S "

N . Y . Cornel l , 9 .

2 I 4 A nnals of H orticul ture.

3 . H orticultural P eriodical s of the IVorld.

NORT H A MERI CA .

T his list includes all the periodicals which are strictly horticu l tural . Many agricultural papers publish horticu ltu ra l departments , and a few, of which the Florida D i spatch and

i Vorthwest H orticul tur i st, A gr icul tur ist and S tockman are examples , give particular attention to horticu ltural matters .

American Farm and Horticu l turist . L akewood, Ohio . Quart .

American Florist . Chicago . S emi-monthly

American Garden . N ew York . AI .

Cal iforn ia Fruit Grower. S an Francisco . W’

Canad ian Horticu l turist. Grim sby . Ontario . MCitrograph . Redlands , Cal .Floral I nstructor. A insworth , I a . i ll .

‘

F lorists' Exchange . N ew York . I t".

Fru it and Grape Grower. Charlottesvi l le, Va . MFrui t and Vegetable Grower. Cheswold , D el . MFruit Growers ’ Journal . Cobden ,

I l l . S emi-monthly .

Fru i t T rade Journal , N ew York . IV.

Garden and Forest . N ew York . IV.

Green ’

s Fruit Grower. R ochester. Quart.Horticu ltural A rt Journal . R ochester . MJournal of the Columbus Horticul tural S ociety . Columbus , 0 . Quar t .

Mayflower. Queens , N . Y . MO rchard and Garden . L ittle S i lver, N . J . i ll .

Park ’

s Floral Magaz ine. Fannetsburg, P a. MPilot Poin t Horticul turist . Pilot Point , T exas. MPopular Gardening. Bufialo . M .

Seed T ime and Harvest . L a Plume, P a . i ll .

S outhern H orticu ltural Journal . Denison , Texas . S emi-monthly .

T rade Journal and I nternational H ort icu lturist . N ew York . MVick ’

s Magaz ine. R ochester. I

’ll .

Vineyard ist . Penn Yan ,N . Y . S em i-monthly.

ENGL A ND .

Amateur Gardeninge L ondon . Garden Horticultural Gazette. Man

Botanical Magazine. L ondon . Chester .

Floral Magaz ine. L ondon . Gardener . L ondon .

Floral World and Garden Guide. Gardeners ’ Chronicle. L ondon .

L ondon . Gardener’

s Magazine. L ondon .

Florist and Pomologist . L ondon . Gardening I l lustrated . L ondon .

Fruit Farm R eview. Gardening World . L ondon .

Fru i t T rade Journal . L ondon . Horticu ltural R ecord . L ondon .

Garden . L ondon . Horticul tural T imes . L ondon .

Garden A lmanack . L ondon . Journal of Horticul ture. L ondon .

R ecent H orticul tural L iterature. 2 1 5

I N FRENCH .

A nnaleS de l ’ Horticu lture. Brussels .

A nnuaire Général d ’ H orticu l ture. T oulouse.

Belgique Horticole (L a) . Gand (Ghent) .Bu l let in d ’ A rboricu lture. Ghen t .Bu l l

itin d

'

A rboricul ture, de Floricu lture, et de Cu l ture Potagere. GandGhent

Bu l letin de )la Fédération des S ociétés d ’ H orticul ture de Belgique, publiépar le M inistere de 1

’

A gr icul ture. Gand .

Bu l letin de l ’ Horticu lture. Clermon t (O ise) .Bu l letin de la S ociété Hortico le, Viticole et Forestiére de S ens . A uxerne.

Bulletin de la S ociété d ’ Hort icul ture de Bougival . S aint-Germain-en-L aye.

Bu l let in du Cercle Floral d ’ A nvers . A nvers .

Bu l letin du S ynd icat des Viticu l teurs de France. Paris .

Bu l letin Horticole ( L e) . H uy .

Bu lletin Mensuel de la S oc iété d ’ Horticulture Pratique du R hone. L yons .

Chasse et Péche, A ccl imation et E levage. O rgan of the R oyal Society ofS t . H ubert . Brussels .

F lore des Serres et Jard ins de l ’ A ngleterre . Gand (Ghen t) .Horticu l teur , L ’

. Mons .

Jardin (L e) . A rgenteu i l .Jardin de la France . T ours .

Journal d ’ A gricu l ture et d ’ H orticul ture . Bordeaux.

Journal de H orticu lture Pratique. Paris .

Journal de Vu lgarisation de l ’ H ort icul ture. Paris .

Journal des R oses . Paris .

I l lustration H orticole, L’

. Brussels .

L indenia,I conographie des O rch idées . Brussels .

O rchidophile, L’

. A rgenteui l .L yon Horticole. L yons .

Mon iteur d ’ Horticul ture, A rboriculture, Vit icul ture, S ciences , A rts et I n

dustries Horticoles . Paris .

R evue de l ’ Horticu l ture Belge et E trangere. Ghent .R evue Hortico le. Paris .

R evue H orticole,Vi ticole, et A picole de la S u isse R omande. Geneva.

I N GERMA N .

Berliner B latter fur Botanik , Gartnerei und L andwirthschaft. Berl in .

Deutsche Garten-Zeitung . L eipz ig .Deutscher Garten . Berlin .

Deutscher Garten-Kalendar. Berl in .

Deutsches Magaz in fiir Garten-und B lumenkunde . S tuttgart .Freyhoff

’

s Garten und A ckerbau-Zei tung . O ranienburg .

Gartner . Berl in .

Garten-und B lumenfreund . Cassel .Garten-und Blumenzeitung. H amburg .

Gartenflora . Berl in .

Hamburger Garten-und B lumen-Zei tung . Hamburg .

I l lustrirte Monatshefte flir des Gesamm t-I nteressen deslGartenbaues .

Munich .


H O R T I CU L TU R AL P U BL I CAT I ONS ( in German) , continued .

I l lustrirte Garten-Zeitung . S tuttgart .Monatsblatt fil r Gartenbau . Kiel .Monatsschrift des Gartenbauvereins zu Darmstadt . Darmstadt .Monatsschrift fiir O bst und Weinbau . Frauenfeld .

Nachrichten aus dem Gebiete des Gartenbaues , der L andwirthschaft, Fisherei und Jagd . Vilshofen and H acklberg .

Obstbau . S tuttgart .O bstgarten . Klosterneuburg bei Wien (Vienna) .O bs tdeutscher A nzeiger fiir Gartenbau . T horn .

Pomologische Monatshefte. S tuttgart .Prakt ische Obstziichter . Klosterneuburg bei Wein (Vienna) .P ractische R atgeber im Obst-und Gartenbau . Frankfurt a . d . O .

R heinische B latter flir Obst-Wein-und Gartenbau . S trassburg .

R heinische Gartenschrift . Karlsruhe Vereinigte Frauendorfer B latter.

Frauendorf.

R osen-Zeitung . Frankfort-ou-the-Main .

Wiener I l lustrirte Garten-Zei tung . Vienna . ournal of the I mperialHorticu ltural Soc iety . )

Zeitschrift fil r Obst-und Gartenbau . L eipz ig .

I N I TA L I A N, S PA N I SH , PORT UGUE S E .

Bul letino del la S ocieta T oscana d ’ Hort icu l tura . Florence.

Fru tta e Vino . M i lan .

Giardini . Milan .

Giard iniere. Milan .

Jornal de Horticul tura Practica . O porto .

L’

O rticol tura Genovese. Genoa .

O'

Floricu l tor . Oporto .

R evista de Horticu ltura. R io de Janiero .

R evista H orticolgoica . Barcelona .

R ivista Orticola . Pal lanza.

M I SCEL L A NEOUS .

Dansk H avetidende. Copenhagen .

GyiimOlcsészeti és Konyhakertészeti Fiizetek . Budapest .H et N eederlandsche T uinboublad . A rnhem .

Journal of the Board of Vit icu lture. Victoria, A ustral ia .

Kertészeti Fiizetek . Budapest .N ep Kortésze. Budapest .S adovodstvo . Moscow .

S em pervirens ; Gronewegen . Amsterdam .

T idning f6r T rfidgordsodlare. S tockholm .


1 889 . H e was the youngest of eight children . H is father ,who was a farmer , died when he was qu ite young . H e continued at farm ing until 2 2 or 23 years of age, when feel ing theneed of a better education than his former opportunities hadafforded , he attended the Amen ia (N . .Y . ) Sem inary for two

years,mak ing special studies of botany and geology . A t 2 7

years of age hemarried and bought a small farm in Ulster county and began the fruit and nursery business . H e planted the firstvineyards and peach orchards for market purposes I n Ulstercounty, and by his enthusiasm induced neighbors to do likewise; and principally through his efforts, Ulster county is nowthe foremost fru it producing section in the east . A t the

same t im e he commenced the crossing of fru its and plantingthe seeds , with a view of improving on existing varieties, andto th is branch be devoted most of his energy and means forthe balance of his life, each year having thousands of seedings to discard after cu ltivat ing and watching them for fromthree to S ix years . From the first planting of the seed he was

thirty years in producing the Marlboro raspberry by cross ingand re-crossing the seedlings of six generations .

The named fruits he has originated are the Walter,Mo

dena , H udson , D uchess , L ily, Ulster, P oughkeepsie ,White

Concord , Nectar and Metternich grapes ; Cetywayo and Mammoth Bush strawberries , Marlboro and Crystal raspberries,and M innewaska blackberry, bes ides some eighty variet ies of

grapes, raspberries , currants , pears, cherries, etc . , which are

numbered , many of which give prom ise of much value . H e

always selected the best of native varieties for his experiments,

never interm ixing any foreign blood, as he believed that on lypure nat ives could withstand the diversities of our climate.

A ll of the fru its he has disseminated are the best of their class,

and although he did not accumu late riches, he has left some

thing which will last longer, and keep him in memory of allwho enjoy one of nature’

s best gifts— good fruit .H e was a contributor to the horticultural press for years

,

and was a member of the American P omological Society, andall other leading hort icu ltural societies of the country, and

from its foundat ion , of the P oughkeepsie Scientific Society,

now Vassar Bros . Inst itute.

N ecrology of 1 889 . 2 1 9

JOH N H E ND E R SON .

A fter a long and painful il lness John Henderson passed away on T uesday, December 1 7 , the immediate cause of death being heart failure. Withhim horticu lture loses one of its noblest represen tatives , loved and honoredby al l who enj oyed the priv i lege of his friendsh ip as a Christ ian and a gen

tleman .

Mr. H enderson was born in L ondon,England , December 5 , 1 8 1 8 , where

he received a c lassical education , taking a prize in Greek scholarsh ip at theage of 1 5 . H e came to America in 1 856, and settled in Flush ing , on L ongI sland , wh ich continued to be his home unt il 1 888 . H e soon became an au

thority in horticul ture, making a special ty of roses . H e del ivered the firsthorticu l tural lecture ever given in the Cooper I ns ti tu te, for wh ich he received a si lver medal . H e was a l ife member of the N ew York Hort icu lturalS ociety and the American I nsti tute, constantly officiating as judge at the

exh ibit ions of both bodies , and was also prom inent in the S oc iety of American Florists and N urserymen

'

s A ssociat ion . H e ret ired from activebusiness last year, taking a long trip to the Pacific Coast for the benefi t ofhis health , wh ich was far from robust at the time. On his return be re

moved to Brooklyn ,where he res ided unti l his death .

During his long res idence in Flush ing , Mr. Henderson was identified withal l public and phi lanthropic work . T he Flush ing H ospi tal , c lose to hisnursery , is a monum ent to his benevolence,

be having largely endowed it ,and given the land on wh ich i t stands . H e was president of the electricrai lway and vice-president of the F lush ing S avings Bank .

Mr . H enderson was an accompl ished l ingu ist , speaking four m odernlanguages with fluency , apart from his acquaintance with the classics . H e

made frequent trips abroad , both to the Continent and to his home country ,for wh ich he always fel t a warm regard .

Mr. Henderson was natural ly a prom inent figure at al l hort icu l turalgatherings in and around N ew York . H is s l ight figure and calm , benevo

lent face, fram ed in si lvery hair, was always greeted with affectionate goodwi l l , and his suave digni ty of manner and unvarying courtesy gained h imthe respect and regard of al l who met him . H e was a perfect gentleman

of the old school , gen ial , upright and brave,with the courage of his convic

tions . H e leaves a widow and two daughters —N ew York Times .

JOH N HE ND E R SON

Came to Jersey City and begin business in a smal l way in forcing thefiner kinds of vegetables for the N ew York market , a bus iness of wh ich heknew noth ing , but his energy and strong common sense soon enabled himto equal and surpass most of h is contemporaries . H e gradual ly driftedfrom th is business to that of florist , where he was more at home, for his

early training in his father’

s firm of E . G . Henderson S ons , Wel l ingtonR oad , L ondon , had made him an adept in al l florist operations , so that bythe time he had been in business five years he became noted as growing thebest plants and flowers sent into the c i ty of N ew York . Probably no man

ever l ived who Saw quicker the way to develop the best quali ties of p lantsthan our old friend . H e. not only originated many varieties and developedthe meri ts of others , but many valuable methods of cul ture were evo lved


from his close observation and fert i le brain , from wh ich hundreds of you rreaders are now reaping the benefi t without knowing to whom they werefirst indebted for such knowledge.

A lthough like most business men he had reverses , yet be successfu l lyweathered them al l , and two years ago , having amassed a fortune, he so ldout his imm ense rose growing establishment in Flush ing, N . Y . ,

to a s tockcompany — P . H ,

in A merican F lor ist .

Tribute to the memory of j ohn H enderson, prepared by C. L .

A l len, and adopted by the N ew York F lorists’

Club.

A nother good man has gone. A nother page in h istory has been fi l led wi ththe record of a noble l ife, closing w ith the tribu te we now place upon histomb . John Henderson ’

s name is imperishably wri tten in the history of

A merican floricul ture, and as indel ibly engraved on the hearts of al l who

tru ly knew him . Crad led in the lap of wealth , endowed by nature w i th a

love for the beau tifu l and 'good , educated at the fountain of Engl ish learning,visi ted in manhood ’s brightest years by the vicissitudes o f fortune, he

came among us poor but respected , and has departed from us rich and t e

spected , bequeath ing to his m any friends gifts by example of honor, integrity , manly pride and v irtue. H is pecu l iarly fine moral qual i ties , his singlem inded , straightforward manner, and his genial kindness , together w ith hisconfidence in his fel low men , were adorned by rare in tel l igence and h ighmoral cu lture.

I n his intercourse with his fel low men he was never afiectionate rarelyconfiding, but always Superior. H e could not freely m ingle W i th the

masses , because he scorned petty ways and many of the soc ial customs thatstrongly tend to destroy ind ividual worth and to underm ine character. H e

loved quietness , pure thought , pleasant associations , the endearments of

home, and abhorred every manner of vice and hypocrisy . When be pro

fessed friendship , he meant pure friendsh ip , free from dross and unal loyedwith selfishness .

Wh i le his ambition in his bus iness relations was only lim ited by hisstrength , he was most temperate in his desires , his strongest being du ty tohis fam i ly , sim pl ic i ty of life,

unostentation , and to be associated in everygood work w ith severely candid , unselfish , honest men .

Modesty was one of the virtues that adorned his character . While his

m ind was rich ly stored wi th that wh ich was beautifu l , true and good, wi th

practical knowledge, i t cou ld not reveal i tself except to his smal l circle of

choice friends . Wi th strangers he had no communion . T o the generalpubl ic , or to a large assemblage, he could not convey his thoughts .

HE NR Y SH AW .

H enry Shaw, the greatest philanthropist who has devotedhis talents and wealth to the promot ion of botany and hort icu lture in the N ew World , died at his home

, St . L ou is , in A ugust . H is greatest monument is the M issouri Botan ic Gar

den,which is mentioned elsewhere in this volume. To the

maintenance and extension of these gardens he left a magni

222 A nnals of H or ticulture.

tion of taste and the enjoyment of the public . T h is is a life worthy of therespect and afieétion of al l c lasses of society , and enti tled to everlas ting honorand remembrance from the community he strove so untiringly to benefi t .Mr . Shaw is remem bered in botan ical science by A gave

Shawti, which the late D r. E ngelm ann named in his honor .

F I G . 5 1 . JAM E S CAS S I D Y .

JAME S CA SSIDY .

James Cassidy , professor of botany and horticu lture in the

A gricu lture College of Colorado , d ied at his home at FortCollins , Colorado, November 2 1 st . The following account ofhis life and work is adapted from a tribute prepared by FrankJ . A nn is, secretary of the Colorado A gricu ltural College :

Jam es Cassidy was born near L ondon , England , A ugust 5 th , 1 847 . A t

N ecrology of 1 889 . 223

the age of twelve he was left an orphan , and wh i le i t is apparent that hehad the advantages of a fine preparatory school wh i le a lad,

there is no

ev idence that be secured any of the benefi ts of an academ ic or col legiatetraining . I t is wel l established that the orphan schoo l of L ondon furnishedabout al l the instruction wh ich he received , wi th the possible exception ofspecial work wh ich he may have done in the night schoo ls of Manchester,wh i le employed at his trade. I t is certain that at a very early age he wasplaced where he acquired a thorough knowledge of floricu l ture and landscape gardening , as he is found at the age of eighteen in the employ ofR ol lison S ons , leading nurserymen near L ondon , and afterwards in the

R oyal Botanical Gardens at the same p lace.

U pon com ing to Am erica , be secured employm ent as a florist and gar

dener for General How land , near N ew York . H e remained in N ew Yorkunti l about 1 870 , when he returned to England , and spent a year in practica l work and study . When he returned to America, he placed himself nuder the emp loyment of Peter Henderson , where he remained unti l March

,

1 874 , when he was sent to the Mich igan S tate A gricu ltural Col lege, upon therecommendation of Mr . Henderson , to take the posi tion of florist and gardener in that inst i tution . Here he rem ained for nine years. gaining theesteem of the officers and students .

I n January , 1 883,he was cal led to the S tate A gricu l tural col lege of Colo

rado , as professor of botany and horticu lture, and in a Short time placedh im self in the fron t ranks of those engaged in industrial training in th isstate. Horticu l ture by irrigation was a new field to him , but wi th industryand perseverance he entered upon the discharge of his duties , and soonmade him self practical ly m aster of the problem . H e identified h im selfwi th the leading horticu l tural societies of the state, at one time serving as

secretary of the Northern Colorado Horticul tural A ssociation . H e con

tributed many valuable papers to the proceedings of these associat ions , andthey were always commended for their scientific and practical character .

During the years 1 885 and 1 886 he conducted experiments wi th potatoesand the growing of som e of the finer varieties of tobacco . T he resul ts ofthese investigations appeared in a finely prepared report subm i tted to theS tate Board of A gricul ture in December, 1 886 , and publ ished in the reportof the secretary for that year . Prior to that time he had done considerablegeneral work in the study of native grasses of the state, as wel l as the general flora and noxious weeds .

I n February , 1 888 , upon the organization of the agricu ltural experimen tstation

,he was elected horticul turist and botanist of the station , and then i t

was that his l ine of original investigations began to take defini te form and

scope. I n the early h istory of his department there had been no distinctl ine of work provided by the Board , and the subjects were largely of his ownchoice. H is first contribu tion to the stat ion work was in the form of Bul

letin No . 4 , on“ Potatoes and T obacco , published in February , 1 888 . T he

mat ter in th is bu l letin covered experiments extending over three or fouryears and enabled him to draw some satisfactory conclusions . Bu lletins 6and 7 were from his pen , the former upon I nsects and I nsectic ides , the

latter upon Potatoes and S ugar Beets .

”

During the last four or five years he had been making a special study ofthe native grasses and forage p lants of this state. L as t summer he

spent about forty days on a trip to North , Middle and Egeria parks ,m aking


large col lections of native grasses and forage p lants . H e had about completed the manuscript for the bul let in on the native grasses at the t ime of

his death . H e had in preparation a work on the flora of Colorado also onthe noxious weeds wh ich give so much trouble on the farm and garden . H is

col lection and stud ies of the insect fauna of the state were considerable.

In 1 888 Mr . Cassidy received a gratu itous degree of Bachelot of Sc ience from the Michigan A gricu ltural College, anda year later he received the degree of Master of Science fromhis own inst itution .

H e was an unobtrusive, modest but capable man .

WIL L IAM CH O R L TON .

William Chorlton ,au thor of “ T he Grape Grower ’ s Guide,

died at his home on Staten Island A ugust , 1 889 . H e was

born in Manchester, E ngland , in 1 8 1 2 . H e was apprenticedto Mr . Fraser, a Scotch gardener at Manchester, and later hewas gardener to P . M . James , a banker of his native c ity .

Mr. Chorlton came to America in 1 848 , working the first yearwith Isaac Buchanan , a florist in N ew York and A storia . I n1 849 he became head gardener for the late John C . Green

,

N ew Brighton,Staten Island . H ere he remained 1 8 years .

In 1 854 he wrote the work on grapes .

Mr . Chorlton went into business for himself in 1 867 , at

West Brighton , as a general florist . Two years later he re

t ired , turning h is bus iness over to his son-ih -law . SamuelH enshaw became his successor at Mr. Green ’

s .

H e had varied talents , which he cu lt ivated for personalgrat ificat ion . H e was som ewhat of a poet , and he painted inwater colors . H e was an occasional contribu tor to the loca lpress and the horticultural j ournals . H is book was successfu l ,for the t ime in which it appeared , and it is still in demand bythose who grow grapes under glass .

A UST IN M . H A L E .

A dapted from a Sketch by L . B . P ierce, before the American A ssociat ion of Nurserymen .

A ustin M . Hale, the in troducer of the Hale’

s Early peach , d ied at his

hom e in Magadore , Oh io , in February , 1 889 . H e was born in S uflield ,

Portage Co . , O hio , in 1 8 1 4 . H is father and mother came from N ew E ngland in 1 806 and settled on a large tract of land in S uflield .

T hrough th is tract runs one of the principal tributaries of the Cuyahogariver ,

wh ich received the name of H ale’

s brook , and on an elevated si tua


F IG . 5 2 .

H E INR ICH GUSTAV R E ICHE NBA CH .

( Cut f rom Gardeners’Chronicle. )

P rofessor R eichenbach , the recognized leader in orch idology, d ied May 6th . H e was born in L eipsig, Jan . 3, 1 823.

H is graduation essay was on the origin and structure of orch idpollen . Th is was publ ished in 1 85 2 , from which t ime his

talents were devoted to orchid study . From 1 863 to the t ime

of his death he held the professorship of botany and the di

rectorship of the botanic gardens at H amburgh .

S ince the death of D r . L ind ley , in November, 1 865 , Professor R eichenbach had been universal ly recognized as the orch id king . H e had studiedorch ids S ince 1 84 1 , and was a most devoted and painstaking historian of the

order ,whose descriptions of new species and varieties were always eagerly

anticipated , whose identification of p lants sen t to him for that purpose wasalways accepted w ithou t question . For many years past he took a leadingpart at most of the great hort icu ltural and botanical congresses held inEurope, and was one of the vice-presidents of the congress held in L ondonin connect ion w i th the memorable I nternational H orticultural Exh ibi tionheld in 1 866 . Bu t for ind isposi tion he wou ld have been present also at theO rch id Conference held at S outh Kensington in 1 885 ; but the great andvaluable services he had rendered to orchid growers were not forgotten inhis absence, and he was awarded one of the Vei tch Memorial Medals ,

placed at the d isposal of the Conference Comm i ttee by the trustees .

N ecrology of 1 889. 227

T hough orch ids were the special object of his afiections— and he had

amassed an extensive col lection of typical specimens in his herbarium ,

which we hope wi l l be Secured for Kew— the professor contributed largelyto our knowledge of the plants of Central Europe. I n his own special linehe was a veri table T riton among m innows , and his loss wl l l be severelyfel t for some time to come.

— The Garden ing World.

I t m ust not , however, be supposed from our remarks that ProfessorR eichenbach was exclusively an orchidographer. H e is best known to

hort icu lturists in this field , but botanists have to thank him for the zealousco l laboration he gave to his father ’

s grand undertaking , the [cones FloraGermaniac et H elveticce— a work devoted to the description and i l lustrat ion of

the p lants of Central Europe , and of which Heinrich Gustav R eichenbach ,the younger, edi ted the later volumes ,

and i l lustrated them with his ownhand , contributing no fewer than 1

, 500 drawings . T he first volume of thisextensive and valuable publ icat ion wh ich Professor R eichenbach edited ,was , natural ly enough , that devoted to the O rch ids of Europe. I t bears thetitle 7enlamen OrchidographtceE uropea , and is dated 1 85 1 . For ten years , ’says the Professor in the preface of the vo lume,

‘I had devoted myself tothe study Of orchids .

’

S ince 1 84 1 , then , our Professor had most di ligentlystud ied orch ids, often in association w i th L ind ley , who repeated ly acknowledged his obligations to the subject of th is notice.

I n consequence, it is'

scarcely poss ible to take up a set of volumes of periodical botanical literature,

Germ an , French , or Engl ish , or any work devoted to the enumeration of the floras of distant lands , without meeting tracesof the Professor’

s industry and research . Our own co lumns in particularhave been enriched with very numerous descriptions of the orch ids thathave been from time to time introduced into cultivation . Of separate publ ications we m ay mention the wel l known Xenia Orchidaceo , wh ich has ap

peared in occasional fascicles from 1 85 1 , with abou t 900° draw ings from the

Professor’

s penc i l, and the Observa tions on the Orchids of Centra l America .

Professor R eichenbach is also the other of the synopsis of orch id lore con

tained in the sixth volume of Walper’

s A nna ls .

Professor R eichenbach always took a lively interest in horticu ltural exhibitions, both on the Continent and in this country , and was frequent lycal led on to act in the capacity of judge, especial ly where orch ids or new

p lants were concerned . A t the several Horticultural and Botanical Congrasses Professor R eichenbach general ly took a prom inent part . — The Gor

deners’

Chronicle.

P rofessor R eichenbach ’

s collect ion of specimens and drawings is now the property of the Imperial Hof Museum , in

V ienna, that inst itution having accepted the peculiar terms ofthe will . The will provides that the specimens are to be sealed up for a quarter of a century, a provision which has calledforth regret and disappointment from the scientific world .

This provision of the will reads as follows :My herbarium and my botanical l ibrary , my instruments , col lection of

seeds , etc . accrue to the I mperial H of Museum in Vienna, under the condition that the preserved orch ids and drawings of orchids shal l not be exhi

bi ted before twenty-five years from the date of my death have elapsed .


U nti l this time my col lection shal l be preserved in sealed cases . I n the

event of the Vienna I nstitution dec lin ing to observe these cond i t ions , thecol lect ion fal ls under the same condi tions to the Botanical Garden at U psala . S hou ld the last-mentioned insti tution decline the legacy , then to theGrayean Herbarium in Harvard U nivers ity , Cambridge, Mass . I f dec linedby that inst i tution , then to the Jardin des Plantes , at Paris, bu t alwaysunder the same condi tions ,

viz . , of being S ealed up for twenty-five years , inorder that the inevi table des truction of the costly co l lection, resu lt ing fromthe present craze for orch ids , may be avoided .

CA PT . J . H . D RUMMOND , of Glen E llen , California, d ied D e

Ceni ber 2oth . H e was a well known vit icu lturist , and for

many years he labored to advance the wine interests of Califo t h ia .

3k

GA BR I EL MA RC, a prominent local horticu lturist , of Woodside, N . Y .

, d ied early in the year .

3k

The Committee on Obituaries'

of the Soc iety of AmericanFlorists reports the following deaths since the fourth meet ing

(A ugust , not all of which occured in the present yearH arry S . Garrow,

P it tsburgh , P enn . ; H . B . Morse, Nat ickMass . ; H . J . McGal l , O range , N . J. ; D . VVilm ot Scott , Ga

lena,I ll . ; John Craig , L ondon, O ntario .

R O BERT MA R N OCK.— The E nglish journals announce the

death,in his ninet ieth year , O f R obert Marnock , the foremost

landscape-gardener who has appeared in E ngland during thesecond half of th is century, and one of the best exponen ts of

the natural style. H e served his apprent icesh ip as a gardenerand found his first publ ic employment in design ing the Sheffield Botan ic Garden O f wh ich he became the first curatornot a bad train ing for a landscape-gardener , and one wh ichled to h is selection

, in 1 839 , to lay ou t the garden of the R oyalBotan ic Society in R egent ’ s P ark in L ondon . This establ i shed h is reputat ion

, and he has s ince been kept busy in thepract i ce of h is profession unt il h is ret irement a very few yearsago . Marnock was strong in art istic feeling and in his practicalkn OWIGQge O f P lants ; and here was the secret of his success .

T he art I S t and the gardener worked together, and his creat ions


author of Traite d’horticulture, used in the public schools

of France, P resident of the horticultural society of Fon

tenay-le-Coni te, and long a contributor to R evue H orticole.

P I ERRE MOREL died early in the year . H e

'

was for morethan thirty years director of the horticultural establishment atL yons .

a:

C. F . MA RT I N S , director of the Botanic Gardens , Montpell ier, since 1 85 1 , one of the oldest botanists in France

,

and the author of numerous scient ific papers and works . H e

was 83 years of age.

J . E . M I CH A UD, for many years connected with the dis

tinguished firm of Vilmorin , A ndrieux et Cie. , P aris , givingparticular attention to the department of grains and seeds .

H e died in his 63rd year .

a:

M . QU I H OU , formerly the Chief of the famous Jardin d ’

A ccl imatation of the Bois de Boulogne, P aris , a life-long horticu lturist, died January 29th, in his 68th year .

3k

M . GA UL I N , head of the greenhouses of the P ark Tete-d ’

O r, of L yons , and well known through his cu lture and hybridization of agaves and other plants .

H ENRY V I CTOR CON T U R I E R , a well known nurseryman of

Saint-M ichel-Bougival, Seine-et-O ise, France, died June 1 5 thin his 7oth year .

L OU I S D E L R U E -S CH R E VE N S .— President of the R oyal Soc iety

of H orticulture of Tournay, Belgium , died during the year .

CHAPTER XI I .

H OR T ICULTUR E IN OT H E R LAND S .

1 . H orticu lture in P araguay .

BY D R . T H OMAS MOR ONG .

Scientific horticu lture in P araguay does not exist . In fact,

nearly all the cu ltivat ion of the soil to be seen here, whetherin the field or the garden , is on a limited scale, and accom

pl ished by the rudest instrumentalit ies . Not that the land isinfert ile, that it lacks any element of so il or atmosphere neces

sary to produce various and abundant crops , but its people are

little acquain ted with the arts of agricu lture or the improvedmethods and implements employed in E urope and NorthAmerica . Besides this, the population is sparse and scattered . Probably the inhabitants do not num ber to-day over

and at least nine-tenths of the cou ntry is a wildermess .

The best cultivated farms and gardens are to be found in ornear the Cit ies and towns, the princ ipal of which are abou tfifteen in number, A suncion, the capital , being the largest , andest imated to contain or inhabitants . We mustlook to the em igrant colonies , now three in number, and the

estancios of foreign residents to be seen here and there in the

country districts , for most of the improvements,

which havebeen made in agricu lture and horticu lture of late years . The

nat ive P araguayans, who live for the most part in m ud cabinsand unenclosed yards

,depend merely upon indigenous growths

and the old Indian style of cultivat ion .

The common fru its, which thrive with very little culture, arenumerous and excellent . The first and most important of these


is the orange; of which there are many varieties , both sweetand sour . One of these, I am told , is called the “ Mandarin ,

”

probably a misnomer for “ T angierine,” a well-known variety

with a loose, flaccid rind and insipid ju ice. There are twokinds of this , one very large and one qu ite small , both of themesteemed in P araguay as remedies for the “ chucho ,

” a formof fever and ague common in the country . Still another va

riety, with rather small fru it and insipid taste, is regarded bysome persons as indigenous , but that remains to be proved .

The sweet orange ( Citrus A urantium) it is supposed was introduced into the country some three hundred years s ince bythe Jesu its . The fruit is large, very sweet , ju icy and lusc ious ,and the tree may be raised from the seed or cuttings withou tneed of grafting . A fter it is once planted it grows withou tthe least care, and is productive for thirty years or more. T he

orange tree in Paraguay often attains a height of S ixty feet ormore, and when well developed and covered with its white,fragrant blossoms and fruit in all stages , and its deep green ,glossy leaves , it is one of the most beaut ifu l objects in nature .

A llied to the orange is the lime ( Citrus L imetta) , which bearsa sweet ish fru it nearly as large as the orange,and the lemon( C. L imonium) , of which , likewise, there are Several variet ies

,

the best of which has a sm all , ovate, smooth, thin-S kinned ,fragrant , juicy fruit , containing only two or three, and some

t ime no seeds . The large, thick and rough-skinned lemon ofthe Mediterranean region does not seem to occur in this country. T he Citron ( Citrus medica) is also common in the gardens , yielding a fruit of fine quality. I have seen specimensfor sale in the market wh ich measured six inches or more ind iameter . The orange is used principally for the table, bu tits ju ice is sometimes expressed as a flavor for drinks and icecream s . So far as I know , no use is made of it for cookedd ishes . Of the Citron , sweetmeats and jellies are sometimesm ade, but it is little valued in P araguay .

Second in rank to the orange is the banana, ‘which growsluxuriantly

, and with but very l ittle cultivation, all over theCountry . T here are numerous varieties, the most palatable ofWh i ch that has come under my observation being a small frui tnot over three inches in length, with a smooth , green riii d andnearly seedless .

T he P ineapple (A nanassa sotiva) is equally common , and


Many attempts have been made by foreign residents to raisethese fru its in Paraguay, but with indifferent success .

The fig, on the contrary, is one of the fruits which takeskindly to the soil of this country and thrives finely. I see it

occasionally in the gardens, but although it grows into a largeShrub and bears abundant and excellent fruit, no attempts aremade to cult ivate it upon any extended scale or to producedried figs . In time the culture of the fig may become profit

able, as the long summers , hot sun and moist atmosphere of

Paraguay seem peculiarly adapted for fig drying .

O f the smaller fruits, such as gooseberries, raspberries,blackberries, currants, blueberries and cranberries, ratherabortive efforts have been made to raise the first three only

,

the others never . I am told that strawberries have been raisedin some localities of fair quality, but I have seen none and donot believe that either soil or climate is suitable for strawberryculture .

I find growing wild two ed ible-fru ited eugen ias and one styrax . The fruits are about as large as plums and are sold inthe markets . E ugenia caul iflora, a purple fru it , and S tyrax

reticulata , a yellow fru it , are both Shrubs and are worth a trialin the Un ited States . The other eugenia, with a yellow fruit ,is a very large tree and hardly worth an experiment . Thepurple one is known as I bo-viyu, and is called Alyrtus guaviyuby P arodi, in his catalogue of P araguayan p lants .

Much might be said of tobacco , cotton , sugar cane, rice andcoffee, a l l of which do so adm irably in Paraguay, but these belong to the field rather than the garden .

Of vegetables, the most commonly cultivated and valuableplant for table supply is the mandioca or manioc, or cassava,

as it is called in some books . This is a soft-stemmed shrubsome five or S ix feet in height , consisting of two species verysimilar in general appearance, the one with poisonous ju iceand known as “ mandioca bravo (Monihot util issima of botanists) , and the other with innocuous juice, popularly called“ mandioca dulce

”(Mani/tot A ipe) . The root or esculent por

tion is from one to three feet in length and from one to threeinches in thickness, covered with a brown epiderm is, with awhite,

ju icy, granulated interior. For sale in the market, the

root is taken when abou t the size of a parsnip or carrot , or elsebroken into pieces about a foot long . E ither species may be

H orticulture in Foreign L ands . 235

used as an esculent , if care is taken to grate or grind the rootfinely, to express the ju ice thoroughly and to dry the meal inthe sun or a kiln, a process which entirely removes all the deleterious principles from the po isonous species . Both of themare used to manufacture starch and flour, and the mandioca

dulce is universally used as a table vegetable, being boiled likethe parsnip , which it somewhat resembles in taste. The boiledroot is often put in soups

,or sliced in Chips and fried like the

“ Saratoga chips ” of the potato in our country, and forms avery palatable article of food . In the form of flour, it is finelypu lverized and made into bread , called “

chipa,

” or else driedin lumps , when it becomes the tapioca of commerce. In preparing the Chipa bread , the mandioca flour is mixed with alittle ground rice

, Cheese and coriander seed , made up into rollsor rings and baked in an oven . I t is the common bread of thecountry, and when fresh not at all inferior to the bread madeof wheat flour . In fact , it subserves all the purposes for whichwheat flour is used . I have eaten delicious sponge cake madeof it , and it answers equally well for all kinds of pastry .

Next to mandioca as an article of food is corn, or “ maiz,

as it is commonly called here, which is largely cu ltivated ingardens over the country . This , however, is not the glossygrained maize or Indian corn of N ew E ngland , but more likethe white corn of our sou thern states . A pparently it has become mixed with a yellow variety, as in color the ears are

spotted or blotched with yellow,and they are considerably

smaller than those of the southern corn . When eaten , theears are either roasted before the fire or the kernels are groundinto meal or broken up in a mortar and made into bread , muchin the same manner as the Chipa . Chipa and maiz bread are

the staple food of the native P araguayans . Sweet corn, suchas we have in the United States, I have never seen here, although there is no reason why it might not grow .

P otatoes of all kinds are easily produced in the market gardens . The Irish potato is everywhere cu ltivated , but whetherowing to the Character of the soil or the lack of attention( probably the latter) , it is much inferior in size and quality tothe potato of our country . Small potatoes, not much largerthan a marble

,and somewhat watery, are frequently exposed

in the markets for sale and put upon the restaurant tables .

S weet potatoes and yams do much better . The finest sorts

236 A nnal s of H or ticul ture.

may be raised here, but such poor cul ture is given them thatthey are generally of an inferior Character. In cu ltivation thepeople throw the joints of the vines into plowed furrows or

d ibbled beds , and then leave them to come up and live as theycan . In table use they are either roasted in hot ashes or stewedor fried in slices .

P ea-nu ts (A rachis hypogcea) are another garden product verycommon in P araguay . The soil and climate are well calculated to produce first-rate qualities , but like everything elsehere, they suffer for want of generous treatment . The farmersof North Carolina wou ld hardly be willing to father suchstarving pea-nuts as are found in the markets of A suncion .

Strangely enough , too , nobody in P araguay seems to havecaught the idea of roast ing the nuts ,

and they are eaten by thepeople in the raw state . O ccasional ly I meet a family fromthe United States who have taught their servants how to roastthe pea

-nut, but they cannot induce the natives to eat it . E v i

dently the P araguayan gustatory organs need to be educatedMelons thrive well here, although little attention is paid to

them . The water-melon m ight be raised in quantities, and of

the finest quality, but those actually raised by the people are

small and somewhat musty in flavor . One of the Chief fau ltsin gardening among P araguayans is that they will pluck theirproduce long before it is ripe. They do this even in the caseof the orange

,and were it not that the orange tree yields such

an abundance of fru it and for many months in succession , weShould never be able to ob tain it well ripened . The watermelon , of course, stands no Chance under such a practice. Ihave occasionally, in the way ‘

of experiment , bought samplesin the market , and though the melons were pronounced by thevendors “ l inda , l inda ( beau tifu l, beau tifu l) , I have alwaysbeen obliged , after tasting, to toss them into the street . The

muskmelon receives a better treatment , and one m ay obtain inits season fine examples of th is fru it, as good as any grown inthe United States . The little green cantaloupe so common inMaryland has

,apparent ly

,not found its way to P araguay . The

watermelons, muskmelons,pumpkins and squashes are all, evi

dently, the E uropean and North American forms . The cu

cumber is the same, but it is not common . There are some

gourds, out of wh ich the peoplemakemate and drinking vessels .

Green garden sauce,” as they call it in N ew E ngland , of


grow a feWstunted orange trees, cocoa palm s and A raucarianpines, the latter being one of the few exotic trees which havebeen introduced into the country . A so litary Mexican agave isall that adorns the other two sides . The interior of the enclo

sure is a m ere waste of sand , partially covered with stunted

grass . This caricature, which might have become a thing of

beau ty if ever finished , is, I am informed , one of the manyessays of L opez, who attempted , some 30 years ago,

to erectpublic build ings and to form public gardens S imilar to thosewh ich he had seen in his E uropean travels . The war betweenParaguay and the allies interrupted his projects , and since hisday no efforts have been made either to complete his designsor to beautify the city with other works of the kind .

The plazas of other Paraguayan towns and villages— and a llof them are constructed with a central square, in which standsa church, surrounded at a considerable distance by the shopsand dwelling-houses, a plan invariably adopted by the earlyJesuit set tlers of the country— are uneven squares of land , covered with poverty-stricken grasses , upon which horses , donkeysand cattle graze at will .A few of the quintas or country residences of gentlemen

,

indicate some attempt at “ grounds .

”The most that is done

in this line, however, is to set out rows of flowering shrubs in

an irregu lar manner by the s ides of the walks and fences . T he

shrubs seen in such gardens are, many of them , pecu liarlybeau tifu l, the flowers being of the most showy kinds , but nocare is taken to arrange them artistically. The favorite sortsare exotic acacias, euphorbias, daturas, the Mel i A zedarach,here called the Tree of P aradise, jessamines and oleanders .

The native vines, shrubs and trees , of which there are numerou sspecies , many of them possessing charming foliage and flowers ,are seldom cu ltivated . Now and then there may be seen a

transplanted vine belonging to the order A sclepiadaceae or Convolvu laceaa, climbing over trellises in front of dwelling-houses ,and occasionally a native Shrub or tree by the garden fences .

Of bedd ing flowers, little else is to be seen, except the petunia, zinnia, marigold , tuberose, coxcomb and the four-o ’clock ,but these will grow spontaneously after having been once planted, and they are usually left to straggle about at will .I am bound to say, in passing, that there is a S ingle instance

of a more pretentious character in A suncion . This is a small

H orticul ture in Foreign L ands. 239

front garden laid Out in walks and triangular beds, in which are

growing several E uropean flowers , such as larkspur, catch-fly,gilliflower and the like, but I fear that this is the only instance of the kind in Paraguay .

I am told that the ants , whose name here is legion, devourthe roots of herbaceous flowers , and that they are apt to die off

in the S andy soil and under the summer heats , so that it is oflittle u se to sow annual flower seeds , but I am inclined to thinkthat

,with a good protection of tree and shrubbery Shade, these

difficulties might be overcome. Certainly, lawns might easilybe made

,as there are several indigenous grasses well adapted

for that purpose, and rain is common enough in the country tokeep them green but I do not remember to have seen one.

In rambling over the country, I come occasionally uponrough garden hedges made of cactus or agaves , or, most commonly, of a very thorny and bushy Shrub which bears a largepurple flower, resembling a camellia, here called amapola but

such regu lar, close-clipped hedges as those of the arbor-vitae inthe States are unknown . The arbor-vitae wou ld not probablylive here, but the osage-orange, the buckthorn and other spe

cies employed for hedging at home might do so . Certainly,rose hedges might easily be grown , as the rose thrives admirably in P araguay . The very choicest varieties for color, sizeand perfume that our conservatories and gardens exhib it willlive ou t of doors all the year, growing into large Shrubs, andwhat is more, this plant does not seem to be attacked here bythe slug or any other insect . I t is a great wonder to m e thatthe queen of the garden seems to be so little prized in a landS O adm irab ly adapted to its cu ltu re.

The most hopefu l experiment in the way of parks and ornamental gardening which has come under my notice is the eS

tate of H err Mangels , for many years German consu l in P araguay . This gentleman has purchased a large tract of landabou t a league from A suncion , erected a handsome castle-likemansion upon it , and laid out several hundred acres in a parkand gardens . H e is experimenting with good success in the

culture of various native and foreign fru its , plants and flowers ,and although his grounds are still in a rough state and not laidout with much artistic taste, yet they serve to Show the possib ilitieS of floricu lture and arboricu lture in th is country whenskillfully treated . I saw in his garden fine large trees of the

240 A nna ls of H orticulture.

Ind ia-rubber tree of Ind ia (F icus elastica) , the A raucarian pine,

the date palm of A frica , and quite a number of the beau tifu lepiphytes of P araguay clinging to trees upon the grounds , orto the s ides of the bu ildings . There, too, he has the sandalwood of Ind ia

,the Yerba-maté ( a native of P araguay) , the

sterculia nu t and many herbaceous plants of equal interest .A S emigration increases in this country and men ofmeans and

taste multiply , it may be hoped that such estates as this w illbecome common, and that therewill be more progress in horticulture, practical and ornamental . A t present , as may be seenfrom th is sketch , all these things are in their infancy . T he

cu ltivation of the soil,as a general thing , is crude and irregu

lar . The methods are poor, the tools are poor , and no standards of taste and Skill are set before the people. I t looks now

as though em igration and colonizat ion from abroad were to bethe main avenues through which the resources of the countryare to be developed and the tastes of the native popu lationstimulated and refined .

2 . Trees and Fru its on the “ P alm H i lls of I ndia .

*

BY R EV . S . B . FA I RBA N K .

The Palani mountain tops share in the south-west monsoon ,which lasts from June to O ctober, and which is the means ofwatering the western part of Ind ia . But they are at the eas tern part of the A nimalai mountains ( the mountains of Coch inand Travancore) and get more rain from the north-east monsoon

,which lasts from October to D ecember inclusive, and so

th is is called the rainy season . Th is year no rain fell here inJanuary and February, but it began in March and has fallenplent ifully in every month since. In some years not less thanthree inches of rain has fallen in every month of the year .

The so il is d isintegrated gneiss and vegetable depos it .There is so much sand in it that it does not form mud, evenwhen thoroughly saturated . Bu t in most places , by digging a

few feet , we find a yellow clayey soil which makes excellentmortar

,and the houses are bu ilt of stone with this Clay for

mortar . There is no lime in the soil, and that , when requ ired ,‘The P alm H il ls or Palani mountains , are located in the south-westem art of India

in the Madras P residency . Mr. Fairbank , an American miss ionary, has l ived or over forty

years in the neighborhood of the P alanis , mostly at A hmednagar. In the Deccan.—L . H . B.

242 A nna ls of H orticulture.

1 7% feet in girth , a yard above the surface of the ground .

When the stump of a cut blue-gum is left , it sends up sprouts ,and one of these will form a tree of the S ize of the one cu t in

a year or two less than the original seedling requ ired to reachthat size.

I think that the wood of t he blue-gum , especially of o ldertrees , is good for the purposes to which white pine is app lied .

The trees grow straight , and are frequent ly withou t a limb ,when 1 0 or 1 2 years old , to the height of 40, 50 and 60 feet .

For timbers for the roof of a house, or where it is not exposedto dampness, it is unexceptionable.

The red-gum (E ucalyptus obl ioua) forms a smaller tree, butthe wood is preferred to that of the blue-gum for t imber . L ess

of it is grown than of the blue-gum .

The wattle (A cacia melanoxylon) also grows rapidly, and to

the height of 75 or 80 feet , and in some places to 1 00 feet , andto 4 feet girth , as straight as an arrow . The wood was ex

pected to be good for making furniture it was said to be used

for that purpose in A ustralia, whence it came. Bu t here it isused only for fuel and for posts , etc .

The acacia (A cacia decurrens) grows any way but straight .

I t is hard to find a st ick that is straight for 1 5 feet in length .

The wood is excellent— heavy,tough , durable, and does not

split when season ing .

These two acacias spread rapidly by shoots from the rootsand by seeds . There were originally but three, S O an old res ident told me, in a grove of them that now covers more than1 0 acres . The whole grove is the progeny of those threetrees . The shoots from the roots of A cacia decurrens com e

up as thickly as those of hazel in a hazel patch in Illinois .

We need to grow the j arra or yart ah (E ucalyptus rostrata) , andone man says that he has young plants of it growing . T he

A ustralians are said to value it the most highly of their woods ,becausewhen used for docks the teredo does not bore into it .

The fru it trees of the temperate zone usually doWell on theP alanis . The apples and pears that have beenare in good bearing . I brought many kinds of

fru it trees here last year, and they are prom ising . e i s alarge hard pear called the cooking-pear, with a fru it at oftenweighs two pounds . I t furnishes admirable stocks fc 1 otherpears , grows rapidly from cuttings , and has becom very

H orticul ture in Foreign L ands. 243

abundant on the hills . There is also a kind of small applethat has become fairly abundant . It throws up shoots fromits roots, which are dug up and used as seedling apples are .

u sed in the United States . The cooking-pear furn ished me

with abundant ju icy stocks, and I found it easy to propagatemy American pears by budding on them . A little Bartlettpear furnished me in A pril with 32 buds . These were insertedin the shoots of the cooking-pear and all grew . T hey madeShoots in two m onths from one foot to two and a—half feet long .

In A ugust I used some buds from these shoots , and they are(O ctober) growing, bearing two or three leaf buds to Shootsthree inches long . These are the grandchildren of that littleBartlett pear tree— two generat ions in five months . The tem

perature varies very little through the year here. The thermom

eter does not rise at Kodai Kanal above 75 degrees Fahr ., and

except in low places by the lake, I have never seen the thinnest ice formed . So , I think I could secure the fourth gen

crat ion from that Bart lett pear in one year in my open nursery .

I had trouble in finding stocks of apple and peach in suffi

cient quantity for my purpose. The apple seeds I have triedhave not germinated , and but few of the peach pits . I triedthem cracked and uncracked ; but one day a neighbor saidthat peach trees wou ld grow here from cu ttings . I hastenedto put out a lot of peach cu ttings and they are growing finely,and will be big enough to bud when I come here again nextMarch . I put ou t apple and lemon cuttings at the same time

,

and they also are growing . This year has been an unusuallyrainy one, and so very favorable to the sticking and growingof cu ttings . But I think that cu ttings from all the hard-woodfru it trees of the temperate and torrid zones may develope intotrees here ; so that stocks will be provided for budding or thebranches of good fru it trees may be cut in pieces and growninto trees , just as we treat roses .

I have a hedge of our hedge-rose that will soon protect mygarden . I selected the cuttings in March and A pril . Themassof shoots is now two feet wide and two feet high . I nip the tipsto th icken the hedge, and after it gets larger , the lower brancheswill fade and then become black under the shade. But theywill not rot . T hey will remain like barbed wire, and if the

hedge is carefu lly trimmed from the first , fowl will nOt be ableto get through it, nor any an imal to get over it when it is two

244. A nnals of H orticulture.

years old . The plant is a cluster rose, with a dozen or twen tylight rose-colored flowers in a cluster, and is in blossom all theyear round . Our raspberries , too, espec ially R ubus M ol l uc

canus , which has large und ivided leaves and is covered withhooked thorns , m ake good hedges .

Then we have P ithecolobium dulce, a leguminous tree, withtwo thorns to the axil of each leaf that are sharp as needlesand that remain permanently . This put out with the p lantsfour or five inches apart makes an impervious hedge. I f un

cut, the butts of the trees will come together, for a full growntree becomes a foot in d iameter . This makes the strongest ofhedges one which cannot be passed without cutting awaysome of the trees with an ax .

We have three kinds of wild raspberries . One is probablyR ubus racemosus, or a variety of R . lasiocarpus

,and another is

R . I ll ol luccanus. The latter bears a black and sour berry thatis good for cooking, but is unfit to eat raw unless it is veryripe. One has a yellow fruit with a vinous flavor

,and the

whole plant is covered with a pru inose bloom . A nother t e

sembles your wild black-cap , but it spreads by suckers andnever by rooting t ips . I t gives prom ise, for it has as goodflavor as any raspberry I ever tasted .


Citrus A urantium in P araguayL imetta in ParaguayL imonium in P araguaymedica in P araguay

C lematis DavidianaColorado, Bul letins ofCouturier, H enry Victor, Ob itu

ary of 230

Cook , E xperiments with curcu lio 65

on Paris green 64, 68Copper label 1 81

Coquil let , Mr . , on breeding Veqdol ia cardinal is .

Corn , pop L ist ofsweet , Index toL ist of

salad , (Fett icus, ) L ist ofCranberries , Crop ofCranberry , I ndex toCress , L ist of .

Crops , Fru itCucumber, I ndex toL ist of

Curculio, A rsenites for

E xperiments withCurrant , I ndex toCut-worm , I ndex to

Dakota Bu l letins ofD andehon , L ist of

Date, I ndex toDelaware, Bu l letins of .

Department of A g r i c u l t u r e ,

work of .

Directories , L ist of .

Drummond, Capt . J . H., Ob itu

ary of

E conom ic entomologyE gg

-plant , I ndex to .

L ist of

E ndive, L ist of .

E ntomology , E conom ic .

E ucalyptus globu lus in I ndia .

ob liqua I n I ndia

rostrata in I ndiaE ugenia cau l ifiora in ParaguayE xperiment stations , H ort icu l

turi sts of .

Work of .

Fiber plantsFigs

F ig I n Californiai n P araguay .

F lorida, Bu l letins of .

peaches , by G . L . Taber .

orange combinF lor ists ’ H ai l A ssociationF lower, Nationalpot , I mproved

Flower supportForbes, E xperiments ofFrost protectorsFrui t car, Maxfield

crOps in generalladder

Fruits , CaliforniaL ist ofNortheastOrientalS outhern, The newer

Fum igator, S imple E nglishGau lin, M . , Obituary ofGeorgia, Bu l letins o .f

Ginko b I loba fas tigiata .

Girdler, VineGooseberry ,

I ndex to .

Grape Ioe

Grape, Crop ofI ndex to

in P araguay .

N ia ara

Green ouse, Cat-guard forI ndex to

Guavain Paraguay

Gun , self-acting animalH ai l , F lorists’ A ssociat ion ofH ale, A ustin M .

, Obituary ofH enderson , J ohn , Obituary of 229H i l l

,E on newer roses . 55

H i l l Cc .

, varieties of chrysan

themums

H istory of chrysanthemum s

H orticu ltural l iteraturework of experiment stat ions .

H ort icu lture,Tendencies I n Cal

iforniaH orticu lturists, L I st of .

H osk ins, D r . , L ist of fruitson grapes

H ot-bed frameH ydrangea panicu lata grandi

flora— vestitaH ydrant , HomemadeI cerya P urchasiI llinois , Bu l letins ofI nd ia, Trees and fru its I nI ndiana

,Bu l let ins of .

I nsectsI nsect ravages, L aws forI nsecticides , I ndex toI ntroductions of 1 889 .

I owa, Bul let ins ofJ amaica I ndian sorrelJ apanese oranges

plum s

J uneberry I ndex to

Kak i, I ndex toKale, I ndex toL ist of

Kansas Bu lletins of .

Kentucky , Bul let ins of .

Koh l R ab i , L ist ofL aburnum pendulum

L adder for fruit

L ady-birdsL awn edger, L ightning .

L eek ,L ist of .

L ettuce, I ndex to

L ist of

L onsdale, E dwin, on chrysan

themum s

L ouisiana, Bu lletins ofMaine, Bu l letins ofMaiz °

I n P araguayMandioca '

I n ParaguayMarnock , R obert , Ob i tuary of .

Martins , C . F . Obituary of

Mary land , Bu l letins of .

Massachusetts Bu lletins ofMcKenzie, J . A . Ob ituary of

McMi l lan, E ssay byMcN eil l peaMeasures and Weights, I rregu

larities in

Melon , I ndex to

Melons in ParaguayMichaud , J . E . ,

gOb ituary of

Michigan ,Bu l letins of .

Minnesota, Bul letins ofissouri botanic gardensMissouri , Bu lletins ofMole trapMorel , P ierre Obituary of .

Mulbe’

rry , I ndex to .

Musk melon , L ist ofMustard , L ist of

Myrica rubraN am ing of vegetable

Nasturtium , L ist ofNational and educat ional interests

Nat ional flower discussionNat ional societies for 1 889N ebraska, Bu l letins of .

ew J ersey , Bul letins of .

ew York ,Bu l letins of

North Carolina,Bul letins of .

Northeast , Fru I ts forN uts , I ndex to

urserymen, A ssociation of

urserymen, L ist of .

Ohio, Bu l letins ofOkra, L ist of

I ndex .

228

230

1 97

1 97

22934

24

247

O liveI ndex to

Onion dragOnion , I ndex toL ist of

O range, Crop ofin ParaguayI ndex to .

industry .

wrapping

.

mach I ne .

OrangesJ apanese

O regon, Bu l letins ofOr anizations

O r ental fruits

L ist of

O rnamental gardening, Tendencies i n 33

plants , L ist of 96Ornamentals, by F . L . Temple . 84Ornamentals 1 9, 33Paraguay , H ort i culture in 231P aris green . 64Pars ley , L ist of 1 22Parsnip, I ndex to 209L ist of . 123

P atholo y, Vegetab le 59Payne, arman C . , on chrysan

themums

P ea, I ndex to .

L ist of .

P ea nuts in Paraguaym ach , I ndex to .

in Paraguay .

PeachesChineseCr0p ofF lorida, by G . L . TaberVarieties of for the S outh

Pear, Chinese or S andin I ndiaI ndex to

P ears for prairie statesP ennisetum sp.

Pennsylvania, Bu l letins ofPepper, I ndex toL ist o .f

Per iodicals , L I st ofPersimmon

,I ndex to .

J apanese

P ineapplein Paraguay

Pinus S trobus zebrinaP ithecolob ium du lce in I ndia .

Plant diseaseslaws to control

portraits of 1 889protector


Plant s tand, H arris ’ ironsupport

P low,P earce’s orchard gang

P lum , A pricotcurculio, A rsenites forE xperiments wi thI ndex toJ apanesefor prairie state

for the southPomegranateP omelo, I ndex toP ost bar, E c lipsePotato, I ndex to

in ParaguayL ist ofsorterCrop ofI mports of

P ot col larwasher

P rairie states,A pples and pears

for 1 7

P lums for 1 8P rices and yields of 1 889 9

Propagating case, portab le 1 90

tank 1 88

P ropagator, ZI nc 1 90

Protective A ssociation F lorists ’ 90

Pruner for prick ly bushes 1 76

Pruning shears 1 76

Prunus H attan . 30—p1atycarpa 30

— S imoni . 30

Ps idium Gu I neense 23

pom iferum in ParaguayPumpk in ,

I ndex toL is t of

Pyrus Malus P arkmanniQuibou ,

M . , Ob ituary of

Qu ince, I ndex toR adish , I ndex toL ist of

R ape, L ist of

R aspberry , I ndex toin I ndia

R easoner, E . N on southernfruits

R ed-gum in I nd iaR eichenbach , H einrich Gustav,

Obituary of

R hode I s land, Bul let ins ofR hubarb , I ndex toL ist of

Bobines pseudacacia m imosaafolia

R oot-knot,I ndex to

R ose, I ndex to

R osesR ubus Mol luccanus

'

I n I ndiaracemosus in I ndia

Sage, L i st ofS agot, M. , Obituary ofS alads in ParaguayS al ix vitel l inaSalsify , L ist of .

S chrevens,L ouisDel i na, U m tu

ary of .

S enffle hoes,I ndex to

S eedsmen, L ist ofS eed planter, Tracy ’

s

S eed separators, A pple .

S eed testersS eed Trade A ssociat ionS haw, Henry , Obituary O I

S hrubs and trees for cold north 1 6S ocieties , National 86S ociety A merican Florists 87Directories of 1 57

S olanum Guatemalense 23S orrel , L ist of 1 37S outh Carolina, Bul letins of 201S outh, The newer fruits of . 21S pinach , I ndex to . 212L ist of . 137

S quash , I ndex to 21 2L ist of 1 37

S trawberrI es , CI'op of 1 1I ndex to 212

S trawsonizer 1 77S tyrax ret icu lata in Paraguay 234Sweet potato, I ndex to 212L ist of . 1 38

S yringa J apon I ca 37

ligustrinaPek inens is pendu la 38ob lata 38vi l losa 38

Taber, G . L . on F lorida peaches 25

Temple, F . L . , on ornamentals . 34Tennessee, Bu l letins of 201Texas , Bu lletins of . 201T horpe, J ohn , chrysanthemum

shownew chrysanthemums

Tobacco troughTomato, I ndex toL i st of

ToolsT rees and shrubs for the cold

north .

Trowel , Cleves’ angleTurnip, flat, L ist ofI ndex to .

—R uta-baga, L i st ofU nited S tates , Bu l let I ns of

.

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