AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN USING ARTICLES

AT THIRD SEMESTER IN STAIN Curup

A. Background of the research

Language is essential part in our life. Every day,

we can communicate or interact to other person by using

language. So, they know about our meaning. Language

consists of two, written and spoken. Written emphasize to

know grammar and structure system correctly. Meanwhile

spoken must not be able to grammar or structure of

language, essentially we know the meaning of discussion.

In our country, most of people use bahasa Indonesia as

their daily communication. There are some descriptions of

language. Language is a system of sounds produced by our

vocal apparatus and received by our auditory apparatus.

The existence of language is very important for human

life. It means that language has many functions. As

stated by Keraf language is used as media of expressing,

communicating, holding integration and social adaptation,

and holding social control. Many kinds of languages are

used for local communication, national communication,

regional communication, and even international

communication such as English.1

In general, the most popular language is English,

because it is the most widely spoken language in the1 Keraf, Gorys. 1970. Komposisi Sebuah Pengantar Kemahiran Bahasa. Jakarta:

Nusa Indah p.2

1

world. English is used by most of people from different

country who have different language as well. It becomes

the most important international communication medium,

most of people use English to communicate with other

English speakers. English is studied formal and informal

all over the world including Indonesia because it is

divided both form. In Indonesia, English becomes the

first foreign language that is studied by Indonesian. It

is taught not only in formal but also in non formal

learning institute. People are interested to study

English because it becomes important part in human’s

life. So they take part and join in formal or non-formal

learning institution to master English. They have to

study it because it has become the most important tool in

communication. Because of these reasons, Indonesian

government applies it as the first foreign language that

must be studied by students.

At the first time they learn English, students have

introduced how to speak and remember simple English

vocabularies. The purpose of this matter is to know Basic

English before they study specific part from it in the

next class. It is given for children that emphasize to

give attention on vocabulary enrichment and not in

grammar. They have got grammar material start from junior

high school. Some students get problems when they are

studying English grammar because the grammars are

different with their daily communication. They make some

errors when they try to use English in speaking and

2

writing. Some students get problem to arrange sentences

correctly. They still confuse to make good sentences.

They just translate Indonesian into English in the

meaning. Teachers have to explain it because there are

some differences between Indonesian and English grammar.

Each of them has different rules.

And in this paper the researcher take the article as

the main problem to discussed because the English

articles (a, an and the) are considered to be the most

frequent words in English. Master said that in Corpus

studies the article the is shown to be the most frequent

word in English and a to be the fifth most frequent

word.2And Berry state nearly eight and half percent of the

English text contains the and a.3Depending on these

statistics, it is obvious that the English articles are a

significant part of English language.

In other side Master also said that the English

articles system is one of the most difficult part of

English grammar for the EFL/ESL learners .So, it is not

fully acquired by them.4In line Kim and Lakshmana also

said that ESL/EFL learners need more time to acquire the

article system than any other grammatical forms.

According to Armingayo there are many students still

confused to use some part of grammar like using articles.

They often make some errors when they are using articles

2 Master, P.(2002).Information Structure and English Article Pedagogy.System Vol.30.p.331-3483 Berry, R. (1993). Articles. London: HarperCollins.4 Master, P. (1990) Teaching the English Articles as a Binary System.TESOL Quarterly .Vol.24(3) ,p. 461-478

3

in sentences such articles “a, an, or the”.5And also in

“wallstreetenglish” mentioned that article is one of

common error that often encountered toward student in

writing English.6

In ELC Poylu also mentioned some part of

students’common error that often occurred in using

article, such as:7

1) General and Particular

Articles are not normally used with uncountable or

plural nouns if the meaning is general.

Example:

The life is sweet.

Life is sweet.

My brother loves the animals.

My brother loves animals.

Compare

We expect this program to educate children. (children

in general)

Her husband used to be an authority figure to the children.

(particular children)

Oil doubled in price during the crisis (oil in general)

5 Armigayo,blogspot:Kesalahan Dalam Berbahasa Inggris,Retrived,may,02,2014,from http://arimigayo.blogspot.com

6Wallstreetenglish,blogspot:Analisis Pemerolehan Bahasa,Retrived,may,06,2014,from http://pribadiuntuksemua.blogspot.com7 Poylu,edu: The Grammar And Usage,retrived,may,09,2014,from http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/fyp/html/article.htm

4

The oil will be delivered tomorrow (particular oil).

2) Classifying Nouns

A/an is usually used with nouns indicating the group

or type someone/something belongs to.

Example:

She's administrator.

She's an administrator

Mr. Callaway is an officer and trustee

3) Uncountable Nouns

Some uncountable nouns are used with a or an to

express

a) 'a type' of or 'a portion of'

Example:

A fluid for cleaning photocopiers

A coffee please

b) A particular/specified meaning.

Example:

A knowledge of English

A good sleep

However, some nouns cannot be used like this

Example:

We're having a good weather.

We're having good weather.

You've made an excellent progress.

You've made excellent progress.

She speaks a good English.

She speaks good English.

5

4) Other Determiners

Articles are not used with other determiners.

Example:

The my fieldwork supervisor.

My fieldwork supervisor.

Room for improvement to the those services.

Room for improvement to those services.

5) Proper Nouns

Articles are not usually used with proper nouns

(names)

Example:

Wei Man is from the Shenzen.

Wei Man is from Shenzen.

6) Prepositions of Time, Place and Movement

In some common fixed expressions with prepositions

of place, time and movement, the countable nouns do not

take an article as they usually would

Example:

to/at/from + school/university/college,

at home,

to/in + bed/church/prison/hospital

by car/bus/helicopter/camel

on foot.

7) Statements/Exclamations

In exclamations, a/an is used with countable nouns

after 'what'

Example:

6

What extraordinary situation!

What an extraordinary situation!

Uncountable nouns in exclamations do not take an

article

Example:

What a rubbish he talks!

What rubbish he talks!

In this case there is correlation to the goal of

learning English, Tarigan said an error in using

language is one of problem that often occurred in study

language include study language as second language or as

first language and it’s annoyed the goal in study

language.8Base on those statement I can conclude that

article is one of the problem that should be solved for

the teacher to make the goal of learn English can we get

successfully.

English Department in STAIN Curup is one of prodi

which focus in study about English education. So, their

student they should avoid an error in using article

because it can be their problem for the purpose in

teaching English, From this reason, the writer will

analyze about students ability to use grammar especially

articles. And, the result can be consideration for the

lecture in STAIN Curup in teaching English. Because base

on my pre-observation there are many students who often

error in using article.In addition after doing interview

with writing teacher in STAIN Curup, Student at third8 Academia,edu:Analisis Keslahan Berbahasa,retrived,mei,10,2014,from http://www.academia.edu/5782653/Makalah_Analisis_Kesalahan_Berbahasa

7

semester also have problem in using article when they

accomplish task of writing.9and then I am also do interview

to the teacher structure Sarwo Edi, he said that there

are many English student that often do error in using

article within speaking and writing,10 Whereas, according

to syllabus they had learnt about using article in

structure one. Here, the writer will make a research with

title “An Error Analysis On Students’ Ability In Using

Articles At Third Semester In STAIN Curup

B. Limitation of problems

To make this research be valid the writer would like

to limit on this study as follows:

1. The research focuses on the ability to use articles a,

an, and the, for students of third semester English

department in STAIN Curup.

2. The factors that influence the ability to use the

articles a, an, and the, for students of third semester

English department in STAIN Curup.

C. Statement of Problem

To analyze the problem student’s ability in using

articles, the writer formulates the problem as follows:

1. How far is the ability of the student at third

semester in STAIN Curup in using article a, an, and

the?9 Interview with Miss.Nastity as Writing English teacher in STAIN Curup10 Interviewed with Mr.Sarwo Edi as Structure English teacher in STAIN Curup

8

2. What factors which influence student’s ability in

using articles a, an, and the, for students at third

semester in STAIN Curup.

D. Objective of Study

The objectives of the study of this research are as

follows:

1. To know the ability of the student at third semester

in STAIN Curup in using article a, an, and the.

2. To know the factors which influence student’s

ability in using articles a, an, and The for students

at third semester in STAIN Curup.

E. Benefit of Study

The result of this research is expected to be useful

in two dimensions, theoretically and practically:

1. Practically

The result of this research is beneficial for the

students as reference in learning language related on the

use of articles A, An, and The. Apart from that, this

research is also beneficial for knowing some common

mistakes caused by the use of the articles. The result of

this research is very important for English teachers. It

can help them in language teaching learning process. By

studying the result of this research, hopefully the

students will know about using articles a, an, the

correctly.

2. Theoretically

Theoretically, this research is expected to describe

about articles A, An, and The, explanation of each

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article, key words to identify ways to use article a, an,

and the correctly.

F. Definition of Key Terms

To avoid misinterpretation and make easy to

understand the title of this research, the writer would

like to clarify and explain the terms used in this study

as follows:

a. Error

According to Klassen, error is form of

structure that the native speaker finds unacceptable

and wrongly used in linguistic context.11

b. Analysis

According to Hornby analysis is the study of

something by examining its parts and their

relationship a statement of the result.12 From the

quotation above, analysis is the study of errors

done by student at third semester in STAIN Curup.

c. Student

Students in this research are person who had

learnt about article in structure one and

opportunely they are student at third semester.

d. Ability

Means possession of the qualities mental and

psychology to do something or get something done.

Qualities are skills that person has. They use these

11 Klassen, j.(1991)”using student errors for teaching”, FORUM, Vol.29,p.23-3412 Hornby, AS. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.London: Oxford University Press.p.38

10

skills to achieve their aims. Ability is combination

between intention and effort.

e. Article

Article is part of grammar in English there are

three articles a, an, and the. A or an is used when an

unidentified specimen is introduced. The is used

when the noun which follows names an identified

specimen, that is when it is believed that the

hearer knows which person, place or thing the noun

refers to.

G. Review Of Related Theory

In this chapter, the writer will explain the related

theories or definition about error analysis, students’

ability, grammar that focusing on articles a, an and the.

1. Error Analysis

In the course of learning and using foreign

language, one of the most inhibiting factors in appears

of making mistakes and errors. The making of errors is

a sign that the students have not mastered the rules of

the language being learned. Language learning as any

other human learning involves making mistakes and

errors. Brown states that the mistakes, misjudgment,

11

miscalculation and erroneous assumption from an

important aspect of learning of skill and acquiring

information. Anyone attempts to acquire something by

making mistakes and errors. The child who learns his

native language makes countless mistake with his

linguistic knowledge. However, he gradually manages to

produce acceptable spec hand justify it after a series

of errors.13

Since language is process that involves the making

of mistakes and errors, errors are considered as the

product of learning. It is important for the English

teacher to realize that errors made by learned need to

be analyzed correctly in order to arranging learning

strategy effectively. In addition, it is important to

discuss error analysis to underscore the relevance of

such analysis for teaching English as a foreign

language. Such an analysis becomes the key for foreign

language acquisition. According to Sanal, error

analysis is a study to identify, to describe and

systematically to explain the learners’ error by using

any of the principles and techniques provided by

linguistics. It can be said that error analysis as a

process based on analysis of the students’ errors.14

Whereas, Brown as cited in Sanal asserts that error

analysis is the activity to observe, to analyze and to

13 Brown, H. Douglas. 1992. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Prentice-Hal Inc.p.16414 Sanal, Fahretin. 2007. A Learner Based Study on Second Language Lexicology of Turkish Students of English, Doctoral Thesis, Cukurova University. Retrivied on March, 2012.p.597

12

classify the students’ errors for conveying something

of the system operating. Practically, error analysis

can be a very useful device of a foreign language

teaching program. Errors provides feedback, they tell

the lecturers something about the effectiveness of

their teaching materials and their teaching

techniques.15

2. Errors and Mistakes

An error is different from mistake, so it is crucial

to differentiate both of them. Corder as quotes by

Kinsela states that “an error is typically produced by

people who do not yet fully command some institution a

listed language system”.16 Based on Corder, errors are

breaking the role, due to lack of competence such as

knowledge of the language, which may or may not be

conscious. As they are due to lack of competence they

tend to be not correctable.17According to Erdogan, a

learner makes a mistake when writing or speaking

because of lack of attention, fatigue, carelessness, or

some other aspects of performance. Mistake can be self

corrected when attention is called. In other words, a

mistake is a slip that the learner can self correct

whereas an error is what a learner cannot self

15 Ibid sanal 59716 Kinsela, Valerie. 1978. Language Teaching and Linguistics Surveys. New York: Cambridge University Press.p.6317 Corder, S.P. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. England: Penguin Education.p.257

13

correct.18 From those definitions above, the writer

can also conclude that a mistake is just a slip that

the learner forgets the right form. While, an error is

a deviation made by the learner because he/she does not

know the rule and will make it repetitively. To

distinguish between an error and mistake, Ellis as

mentioned by Erdogan also suggests two ways. The first

one is to check the consistency of learner’s writing,

if he sometimes uses the correct form and sometimes the

wrong one, it is a mistake. However, if he always uses

it incorrectly, it is an error. The second way is to

ask learner to try to correct his own deviant

utterance. When he is unable too, the deviations are

errors, while he is successful, they are mistake.

Indeed, learners often make mistakes in the process

of foreign language learning. Thus, it is still not a

big deal when the learners commit the mistake either in

speaking or writing since they are capable to correct

the mistake. However, learning other language becomes

difficult since the target language has different

system from the native language. This difference

sometimes makes the learners make errors especially in

applying grammar. This is why analyzing learner’s

errors in learning other language would be interesting

instead of mistake analysis.19

18 Erdogan, Vacide. 2005. Contribution of Error Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching. . Retrivied on March, 2014 from Http://efd.mersin.edu.tr/dergi/meuefd/.pdf.p.26319 Ibid p.263-264

14

3. Student Ability

Student in this research is student who had joint to

the English structure class. They had gotten

explanation from their teachers directly or by looking

for the object study alone. They study in classroom and

study for certain time. Ability well known as skills of

person to do something. In other words we get some

definitions like as a possession of the qualities

mental and psychology to do something or get something

done. Qualities are skills that person has. They use

these skills to achieve their aims. Ability is

combination between intention and effort. Based on

explanation above student’s ability is the ability to

do something correctly. The student’s ability can be

described by knowing their error or mistake when they

do something. Error or mistake is a measurement that

will show the level of ability. Students that make many

mistakes or errors have lower level than who have no

error or mistake.

Some linguist have different concept. Fromkin in

Nurmina Husnu states that the human brain is able not

only to acquire and store the mental grammar, but also

access that linguistic store house to speak and

understand what is spoken, meaning they are against the

grammatical rule of the language and result in

unacceptable utterances, in second language learning

they occur because the learner has not internalized the

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grammar of the second language. In order words, the

student arise out of lack of competence, therefore

errors are systematical. Furthermore, they make a

distinction between errors, mistakes, and lapses.20

Mistakes arise when the speaker fails to match the

language to the situation and result in appropriate

utterances. Lapses, in the other hand, arise out

tiredness, nervousness; or stain which result in slip

of tongue, false starts confusion of structure, etc.

Both mistake and lapses are not systematical and belong

to phenomena of performance.

Unlike the two definitions mentioned above, Dullay

in Brown uses the term “errors” to refer to any

deviations from a selected norm of language

performance, and matter what the characteristics or

causes of the definitions might be. They also explain

that the norm used to identify the errors may be anyone

of the dialect of other varieties of language the

native speaker uses.21 The terms errors, as noted by

Dullay above is used for the systematic deviations due

to the learners still developing knowledge of the

target language rule, system or for idiosyncrasies in

the inter language of the learner which are direct

manifestations of system with which a learner is

operating at the time. In this present study the

researcher prefer to use the definition of errors given20 Nur Mina, Husnu. 2010. Error Analysis on the Profile of Students Mastery of Auxiliary

To Be in the Present tense (The Case Study of the First year Students of MTs NU Salatiga): STAIN Salatiga21 http://www.techne-dib.com.br/downloads/6.pdf

16

by her on the consideration that this study is not

intended to differentiate between errors and mistakes

4. Definition of Grammar

Learning English cannot be separated from learning

grammar because it always plays the central role of a

language. According to Eugene grammar is a description

of certain organizing aspects of particular language.

It usually includes phonological (sound), morphological

(word composition), and syntactical (sentence

composition) points.22 Grammar is the system of rules by

which words are formed and put together to make a

sentence or the study of composing some types of word

exactly to form a sentence. It is the crucial part of

language.

The term of grammar will be used in this context to

refer to a device that tells the reader how to

construct an infinite number of correct sentences of a

language and incorrect ones. All of them have some

meaning Studying grammar helps someone to learn about a

language. Learning about a language is very different

from being able to use the language. A grammar should

serve as a reference by helping correct deviation from

standard usage, and by improving clarity and style.

Particular grammar has its own system of organization,

its major parts are arranged according to the most

important of English sentences, they are subject, verb,

object, and so on. According to Rinvolucry in Muttaqin22 Hall, Eugene J. 1993. Grammar for Use. Jakarta Barat: Binarupa

Aksara.p.3

17

he said that most of English learners accept that the

sounds of foreign language are different from those of

their mother tongue. What is much more difficult to

accept is that the grammar of new language is also

spectacularly different from the way of the mother

tongue works.23

5. Article

Article is part of grammar. In English there are

three articles a, an and the.

a. Use of article a or an.

Djamal said article a or an is used when an

unidentified specimen. The form a is used before a

word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a

consonant sound. The form an is used before words

beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or words

beginning with a mute h or individual letters spoken

with a vowel sound likes an MP and an SOS.24

According to Thomson a or an is used:

1) Before a singular noun which is countable (i.e. of

which there is more than one) when it is mentioned

23 Muttaqin, Muhammad. 2004. An Error Analysis of Using Adverb in Reported Speech (A case Study of the Second Year Students of SMU Sudirman Andong Boyolali in the Academic year of 2003-004: STAIN Salatiga

24 Djamal, ET all, 2008. Improving Reading Skill in English for University Student. Jakarta: Kencana. p.6

18

for the first time and represents no particular

person or thing

Examples:- I need a visa.

-They live in a flat.

-He bought an ice-cream.

2) Before singular countable noun which is used as an

example of a class of thing.

Example: A car must be insured (all cars must be

insured).

3) With a noun complement. This includes names of

profession.

Example: - It was an earthquake.

-She will be a dancer.

4) In certain expression of quantity.

Example: A couple of bird.

5) With certain number.

Example: A hundred kilometer.

6) In expression of price, speed, ratio etc.

Example: sixty kilometers an hour.

7) In exclamation before singular, countable nouns.

Example: What a pretty girl!

b. Omission of a/an

1) Before plural nouns.

2) Before uncountable nouns.

3) Before names of meals, except when these are

preceded by an adjective.

19

Example: We have breakfast at eight. He gave us

a good breakfast. 25

c. Use of article the

Refers to Djamal the is used when the noun

which follows names an identified specimen, that is

when it is believed that the hearer knows which

person, place or thing the noun.26

As Thomson explained that the article also

placed;

1) When the object or group of objects is unique or

considered to be unique.

Example: - The earth

- The stars

- The sky

2) Before a noun made definite by the addition of a

phrase or clause.

Example: The place where I met him.

3) Before a noun which by reason of locality can

represent only one particular thing. Example:

Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house).

4) Before superlatives and only.

Example: - This is the only thing here.

- That is the most beautiful place.

d. Do not use the before:

25 Thomson A. J. and Martinet A. v. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. Hong Kong: Oxford University, Press.p.15

26 Ibid djamal.p.6.

20

1) Names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico,

Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican

Republic, the Philippines, the United States

2) Names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba,

Miami

3) Names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.

4) Names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except

with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes

5) Names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except

with ranges ofmountains like the Andes or the Rockies

or unusual names like the Matterhorn

6) Names of continents (Asia, Europe)

7) Names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West)

except with island chains like the Aleutians, the

Hebrides, or the Canary Islands 27

H. Research Methodology

1. Type of research

The researcher uses a qualitative research, which is

defined as a research of which the data in the form of

written or oral words that is descriptively analyzed.

Moleong says that a qualitative research deals with a

kind of research which doesn’t use statistic procedures

in analyzing the data. In a qualitative research, the

researcher tends to prior in accurate explanation to

analyze and present what have been found.28

2. Data source27 Thomson A. J. and Martinet A. v. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. Hong

Kong: Oxford University, Press.p.1928 Moleong, Lexy. J. 2003. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung:

PT.Remaja Rosdakarya. p.3

21

The data of this research are taken from the result

of students’ test. The students do task about the using

of articles. and to know of the factors influencing of

ability in using article the research use interview.

3. Method of collecting data

a. Test

The method that is used in this research to

collect the data is test as instrument of data

collection. The writer gives test to the students to

be done by them.29 Test materials in this research

are English sentences that must be completed by use

of articles then the writer analyze the answer of

students’ test.

b. Documentation

Documentation is used to know the students'

profile by taking data provided and to know the

situation and location of this research including

the general description of English department in

STAIN Curup

c. Interview

According to fasic Interviews are normally

tools for collecting data that are used to smooth

the progress of the interactive discussion between

participants of the study and the researchers.30

After data of test were collected the researcher

29 Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2010. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta of Current English.p.13830 Fasick, F. A. (2001). Some uses of untranscribed tape recordings insurvey research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 549 – 552.

22

doing interview to the student to know what is the

factor influencing of ability in using article.

4. Population

Suharsimi Arikunto asserts “population is all

respondents of the research subject”.The population of

this research is all of the students of English

department in STAIN Curup at third semester.31

5. Sample

As Azwar wrote “sample is part of the representative

of population that is observed”.32The sample of this

research is the students of English department in STAIN

Curup at third semester, and in this research I take

one class of English department at third semester.

6. Data analysis

After the data have been collected, the writer

analyzes the data by identifying or criticizing the

common mistakes of using articles a, an and the in

sentences. Writer also analyzes the student’s ability

in using the articles. And then writer explains and

writes the correct answer that is based on English

grammar of articles using. It aims to know the common

mistakes and error in using article. Writer also

analyzes the students’ ability in using article. And

31 Ibid Arikunto.p.10232 Azwar, Saifuddin. 2010. Metode Penelitian. Yoyakarta: Pustaka

Pelajar.p.80

23

then writer also analyzes the student’s ability in

using the articles.

To know the level of students' article mastery, the

writer writes the right and wrong answer of these

questions. It will be described as the table below:

The Number Of

Correct Answer

Level Of English

Article Mastery41-50 Excellent31-40 Good21-30 Sufficient11-20 Weak≤ 10 Poor

References

Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2010. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: PT. Rineka

Cipta of Current English.

Azwar, Saifuddin. 2010. Metode Penelitian. Yoyakarta: Pustaka

Pelajar.p.

Berry, R. (1993). Articles. London: HarperCollins.

Djamal, ET all, 2008. Improving Reading Skill in English for University

Student. Jakarta: Kencana.

Hall, Eugene J. 1993. Grammar for Use. Jakarta Barat: Binarupa

Aksara.

24

Keraf, Gorys. 1970. Komposisi Sebuah Pengantar Kemahiran Bahasa.

Jakarta: Nusa Indah.

Master, P. (1990) Teaching the English Articles as a Binary

System. TESOL Quarterly .Vol.24.

Master, P.(2002).Information Structure and English Article

Pedagogy. System Vol.30.

Moleong, Lexy. J. 2003. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung:

PT.Remaja Rosdakarya.

Muttaqin, Muhammad. 2004. An Error Analysis of Using Adverb in Reported

Speech (A case Study of the Second Year Students of SMU

Sudirman Andong Boyolali in the Academic year of 2003-004:

STAIN Salatiga

Nur Mina, Husnu. 2010. Error Analysis on the Profile of Students Mastery of

Auxiliary To Be in the Present tense (The Case Study of the First year Students of MTs

NU Salatiga): STAIN SalatigaThomson A. J. and Martinet A. v.

1986. A Practical English Grammar. Hong Kong: Oxford University,

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http://arimigayo.blogspot.com/2012/08/kesalahan-dalam-

berbahasa-inggris.html

http://pribadiuntuksemua.blogspot.com/2010/11/analisis-

pemerolehan-bahasa.html

http://www.academia.edu/5782653/Makalah_Analisis_Kesalahan_Ber

bahasa

http://www.techne-dib.com.br/downloads/6.pdf accessed on 3

March 2014 retrieved at 11.00)

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