P V B L I V E R G I L I M A RO N I S

BVCOLICA : AENEIS : G EORGICA

GREATER POEMS OFVRG L

VOL . I . .

,L

CONTAI NING THE

ZEQE J£UWEHD

ED ITED BY

J. B . G REENOU G H

BOST ON

PUBLISHED BY G INN , HEATH, C0 .

1 8 8 3 .

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1881 , by

J. B . G REENOUG H ,

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington .

G um , HEATH , Co

J. S. CUSHING , PR INTER, x6 HAW LEY STREET,

Bosron .

N OTE .

THE tex t of this edition follows R ibbeck in the main , adhering,

however, to the received reading where he seems to be n ot fullysupported by his own apparatus crz

'

tz’

cus . Variation s are indicated

in the margin .

I t is hoped that the many wood-cuts , al l taken from ancien t

objects of art, will serve to il lustrate the poet’s con ception better

than an n otation s alon e could do . The grammatical referen ces

are to Allen and G reen ough’s Latin G rammar, and to those of

Prof. G ildersleeve and Prof. Harkn ess . The Botan ical I n dex is

derived chiefly from Fee’s Flore de Vz

'

rgz'

le, con tained in Lemaire’s

“ Bibl iotheca C lassica Latina.

”

All the material that was available has been retain ed from

Al len and G reen ough’s Virgil , in cluding, among other things , the

Life of V irgil , the Summaries of the separate books , and the List

of P lan ts .

The second volume will con tain the remainder of the E n eid ,

w ith the G eorgics .

CAMBRI DG E, November, 188x .

2077 7 3

THE L IFE OF V IRG IL.

BY gen eral con sen t, the n ame of V IRG I L stan ds first

in ran k amon g Roman poets . Others may have

ex cel led him in s ingle respects,— in origin al v igor of

thought, in elegan ce of d ict ion ,in ease of versificat ion ,

in pure poetry of temperamen t but of what is best in

the moral an d in tel lectual l ife of Rome,refin ed an d

shaped by what is fin est in the culture derived from

G reece, combin ed in on e, the poems of V irgi l are the

recogn iz ed an d the n oblest type. W hat is pecul iar to

these poems as l iterary compos it ion s, their place in the

h istory of l iterature, an d espec ial ly their relat ion to that

body of G reek poetry which furn ished the ir model even

to m in ute detai ls, has been treated in the spec ial in tro

duction s that accompan y the tex t , an d in the n otes. A

few add it ion al words w i l l suffice to tel l what n eeds to

be to ld of the poet’

s l ife.

PUBL IUS VERG IL IUS MARO was born R C . 70,in An des,

in the mun ic ipal ity of Man tua, in North I taly.

* Here

his boyhood an d youth were sheltered through the stormyt imes of the later republ ic . Accord ing to some accoun ts,

he was educated at Cremon a, M i lan ,an d Rome ; an d

the earl ier doubtful poem s, Cz

'

rz'

s , Cu lex , etc .,are said to

have been written during this t ime. For poetry an d

ph i losophy he showed great aptn ess ; shy, s low , and

Five years before Horace, an d seven before Augustus ; and on the

same day, it is said, that Lucretius died (October

vi l e L ife of Vi rg i l.

awkward,he made n o progress in the arts of oratory .

W hen a l itt le un der thirty ( in the year B .C . he first

came to the n ot ice of the great men of Rome. The

n eighborin g c ity of Cremon a, forty m i les d istan t, had

taken the part of Brutus and Cassius ; an d, after the

defeat of the republ ican party, its territory, w ith a part

of that of Man tua,was con fiscated to bestow on the

v ictorious so ld iery of the triumvirs. V irgi l’

s l itt le farm

was se iz ed among the rest. But Asin ius Po l l io , m i litarygovern or n orth of the Po, had already taken a warm

in terest in the young poet . By his adv ice V irgi l wen t

to Rome, where Octavian us h im self assured him of the

peaceable possess ion of his estate ( see Ecl . i .

But n ew troubles fol lowed, an d a n ew d ivis ion of lan ds .

Pol l io had taken part w ith An tony, and was disp laced.

D isputes of boun dary— a law su it, perhaps— ex posed

V irgi l to the rage of the rude c laiman t, who chased him,

sword in han d : he was even forced, it is said, to sw im

across the M in cius to save his l ife ( see Ecl. Hap

p i ly an old fe l low -studen t, A lfen us Varus, who had suc

ceeded Pol l io, showed him sti l l more effectual kin dn ess.

A n other estate— perhaps the charm ing on e at No la,in Campan ia— appears to have been given him in ex

change for his scan ty an d rude ly-d isputed n at ive lan ds.

An d soon after,partly for the sake of his health, wh ich

was del icate,an d part ly on accoun t of his grow in g repu

tation , he removed to the m i lder cl imate of Rome.

Here he became a favorite in the h ighest l iterary an d

court soc iety. The young Caesar, n ot yet em peror or

Augustus, was eas i ly access ible to the flattery of gen ius.

Accord in g to the wel l -kn own an ecdote, it was durin ghis celebrat ion of certain splen d id games— a br ight

hol iday following a stormy n ight—that Virgil posted,

Tbe s e of Virgi l .

an onymously, the ex travagan t comp limen t of the fol

.low ing verses

Nocte pluit tota ; redeun t spectacula maneD ivisum imperium cum Iove Caesar habet .”

The verses were c laimed by an in ferior poet, Bathyllus,who rece ived a han dsome reward . Th is vex ed V irgi l ,who posted the same coup let again w ith the fol low inghalf- l in es below

Hos ego vers iculos

Sic vos n on Vobl S

the latter four t imes repeated . Bathyllus own ed himse lf un able to fil l them out an d V irgi l proved himselfthe author by complet in g them as fo l lows

Hos ego vers iculos feci , tul it alter hon ores

Sic vos non vobis n idificatis aves ;

Sic vos n on vobis vellera fertis oves ;

Sic vos n on vobis mel lificatis apes ;

Sic vos n on vobis fertis aratra boves .

So Bathyllus was made a laugh in g-stock. V irgi l then

became on e of the most hon ored an d popu lar men in

Rome. But, w ith con st itut ion al shyn ess , it is said he

wou ld shrin k in to the n earest shop or al ley to avo id the

publ ic gaz e.

H is favorite res iden ce, after the year B .C . 37 (aet .

was in the n e ighborhood of Naples, where he l ived a

ret ired and busy l ife at his estate in Nola, en joy in g the

charms of the c l imate an d the refin ed soc iety of the

Campan ian cap ital . The n ex t few years were spen t in

the compos it ion of the G eorgics,— four books on bus

ban dry, con s idered to be the m ost fin ished, elaborate,

an d com plete of al l his poem s : composed, it is said , at

the request of Maecen as, who desired by all mean s to

viii Tlze s e of Virg i l.

restore the old Roman virtues of thrift, in dustry, an d

fon dn ess for rust ic l ife.

I t was after the even ts of Act ium ,an d the firm s ett le

men t of the emp ire un der the s in gle ru le of Augustus

(B .C . that V irgi l began his chief literary task, the

composit ion of the Ai n eid . Reports an d great ex pec

tation s soon began to be spread as to the com ing work ,

as testified in the' celebrated coup let of Propert ius ( i i .

34 : 6 5 :

Cedite , Roman i scriptores ; cedite, G rai

Nescio quid maius nascitur I liade .

”

A few years later, at the request of Augustus, V irgi l

con sen ted to read to him port ion s of the poem in the

presen ce of his s ister Octav ia, who had late ly lost her

son ,the youn g Marcel lus. I n comp l imen t to her he

in serted the beaut iful l in es ( vi. 5568—886 ) in al lus ion to

her loss. A s he recited these l in es w ith great power

an d pathos,— for amon g his accom pl ishmen ts he was a

most effect ive reader, — Octav ia swoon ed away ; an d

when she recovered, it is said , ordered sesterces

( about $ 500 ) to be paid to the poet for each of the

memorial lin es.

W hen the [En eid was brought to a c lose,— man y

parts bein g st i ll left unfin ished in detai l,—V irgi l set

out on a journ ey to G reece,that he m ight give the

leisure of a few years to its careful rev is ion , an d then

devote the remain der of his l ife to ph i losophy. I t was

this voyage to wh ich Horace w ished prosperity in the

celebrated ode,

Sic te diva poten s Cypri ( i .

But Augustus, arriving soon after at Athen s from the

The s e of Virgi l . ix

East, prevai led on V irgi l to accompan y him to I taly.

This journ ey proved fatal to him . He was tal l , spare,swarthy, an d of con sumptive temperamen t. H is del i

cate lungs hardly bore the harsh air of the coast , wh i le

his frame was racked w ith sea-s ickn ess, an d worn w ith

the fat igue of a v is it to Megara on the homeward

voyage. He barely l ived to reach I taly, an d d ied at

Brun d is ium September 22 , 19, aged n ot qu ite 5 1.

U nw i l l ing to leave the [En e id in its unfin ished state,

he is said to have ordered it to be burn ed, an d to have

hardly y ielded to the request of Augustus that it m ight

be left to the judgmen t an d rev is ion of his frien ds,

Tucca an d Varius. He was buried,by his ow n des ire

,

n ear Naples where, at the crest of the rock that over

han gs the grotto of Posil ip0 ,

* ben eath a low ivy-

grown

roof of ston e, the trave l ler may st i l l read his modest

epitaph :

MANTVA ME G ENVIT : CALABRI RAPVERE : TENET NVNCPARTHENOPE : cscrm PASCVA RVRA D VCES.

“ Through a series of gates, stairways, w inding paths, and tangled

shrubbery, an d so down upon the tomb. This is a l ittle sheltered ho llow,

upl ifted on the hil lside, roofed w ith ston e, an d in on e corn er a grave-ston e

(which looked rather busin ess- l ike ) in scribed,‘IN MEMORIAM P . VIR

G ILI I MAKONIS,’in ordinary fashion .

L IST OF ILLUSTRAT IONS .

ABBREVIATIONS OF W ORKS OFTEN REFERRED To.

Arch . Zed . Archaeologische Zeitun g.

Berlin .

D e Cla r a c . Musée de Sculpture.

G . éfl K D as Leben der G riechen und

Riimer. G uhl und Koner.

G ior . Sea . G iorn ale dei Scavi a Pompei.

fli r t. Bilderbuch fiirMythologie ,Archiiologie, un d Kun st, herausgegeben von

A. H irt. Berlin,180 5 .

H . éJ' P . Herculan um et Pompei, parH .

Roux Aine. Paris, 1840 .

I ng l u’

ram i . G aleria Omerica.

I n st. A r c/z . Bol letino del l'

I n stituto di

Corrisponden z a Archeologica. Rome.

An cien t il lustration of the passage .

(No .

Syrin x . [\Val l pain ting ]Woman sacrificing fruits.Farmer go ing to market.

G oat hanging from

Vil la. [Wal l pain ting ]Rustic w ith baskets.

Rustic with baskets.

Falx . [An cien t Ms ]Drin king vessels. [Pottery.]Hun ting

-n ets. [Rel ief.]Hun ting

-n ets. [Rel ief.]Cattle pursued by l ion s.

Woman spin n ing. [Relief.]

[Wal l pain ting ]

[Rel ief n ow at Mun ich ]a rock . [Wall pain ting ]

[An t. d’Hercul .]

[An t. d’Hercul .]

L u tz . Mun chen er An tiken von Carl Fr.A. von Lii tz ow.

M i ca l i . Mon umen ti

Storia, etc.

M i l l .—A. L. M il l in’

s My thologische G al

lerie. Berlin , 1848.

Mu l ler . D enkm’

dler der Alten Kun st, C .

O. Mu l ler. G Ottingen , 1832 .

ll’l us . Flor . Museum de Floren ce.

Overbeck . G riechis che Kun st-My tholo

gie ,von J.Overbeck . Leipz ig, 1 873

-

78.

Sepol cr i . G l i An tichi Sepolcri , da P ietro

San te Bartol i . Rome, 1727.

Sm z'

t/z . Smith’

sD iction ary ofAn tiqu ities .

per servire al la

[Fragmen tary Ms. in the Vatican

Facsim i le by P ietro San taB a r/ol i .

P .

Horace by

Horace &y TIzompson .

I n st.Ar f /z

[Wal l pain ting ]

Bacchus in car drawn by tigers. [Rel ief.]G en ius w ith thyrsus an d basket

Youths draw ing win e from a crater Slave with cyathus

Dan cing satyr

Tbompson’s fl ora“ .

0 . 61° K .

P i n e’: Virgi l .

x i i List of I l lustration s.

Pedum . [Wal l pain ting ]Thal ia. [Wal l pain ting ]Han d touching the ear, symbo l ic ofmemory. [An cien t gem .] M us.Flor .

Satyr, with grafting materials. [An cien t gem .] P i n e’s Vi rgi l .

Young satyr. [Wal l pain ting ]Silen us . [Bron z e lamp .]Bacchus w ith can tharus an d pan tl

'ier Silen us w ith pecten Crater

Basket of fruit. [Wal l pain ting.

Prometheus . [Rel ief. Arclt . Zei t.

Scylla. [Wal l pain tin g ]Dian a. [\Vall pain ting ]G riffin s. [Rel ief.]G en ius w ith torch . [Wal l pain ting ]Female arranging a fil let on a hermes of the bearded Bacchus, show

ing the method of putting on the lappels. [Relief.] L z'

i l z .

Flat-n osed goat. [Wal l pain ting ]Page 64, Shepherd an d sheep. Pain ting from tomb of Statil ius Taurus

( circa B .C . 30) P a rker’s P/zotograp lzs .

Samian Jun o . [Co in .]Jun o of Lan uvium . [Co in s ]Jun o of Lan uvium . [Statue ]G an ymede feeding the eagle. [Rel ief.]Ajax an d Cassan dra . [G reek vase.]M in erva hurl in g thun derbo lt. [Coin .]An c ien t ban quet : Women sitting

—Men recl in ing on couch draped

w ith han gin gs—Tables w ith food an d crown ed crater— Youth

w ith drin king-horn and patera, apparen tly making a l ibation for

purposes of divin ation . [Re l ief.]C/ze/s ( l ’fi u z're l

’Ar l An tique. P ar is, 1 867.

Neptun e in car. [Coin .]An cien t port w ith trireme

,showi n g the three ban ks of oars

pain ting ]Ruin s of theatre at Aspen dos

Scylla. [Carved en d of table ]Cite/Z9 d

’Qz‘

m/re a’e l

’Art An fi que. Par is, 1867.

Jupiter look ing down on the world. [Wall pain ting ]Youth reading a scro ll . [Wal l pain ting ]Man clothed in sk in of w ild beast. [Rel ief.]Vesta holding Pal ladium

Temple of Jan us. [Coin .]

L ist of I l lustration s. x i i i

Fig.

48. Achilles served by a maiden with win e in patera—Youth with two

spears in chlamys an d petasus- Agamemn on with sceptre.

[G reek vase.] I n st. Arc/z .

49. D ian a. [Statue.]

50. Diana. [Statuette.] . H P

5 1 . G en ii making garlands. [Wal l pain ting ] H é ’P .

5 2 . An cien t hut, represen ted in a bron z e cin erary urn foun d at Alban o,

of very great an tiquity Tm m . of Fran c/z An ti q. Soc.

5 3. Ran som of Hector’s body. [Rel ief.] D e Clarac,

54. Same. [Relief.] I nglz i ram i .

5 5 . Amaz on .

5 6. Plan ofTemple of Ven us at Po .mpe11 . 0oeroeck’s Ru in s of Pompei i .

57. Vaul ted chamber 1n baths at Pompeii Overoecé’s Pompei i .

58. C elestial Ven us. [Wal l pain ting ] 69°F.

59. Female apparel . [Wall pain ting ] H ér’P .

60. Female apparel . [Vase pain ting ] Arck , Zeit.

6 1. Crater wreathed [Rel ief.]62. Lamps. [Foun d at Pompeii ] . H . 63°F.

63. Lyre with pecten Ar t ’i . Zei t.

64. Part of the Tabula I l iaca, carved ( or cast in gypsum) w ith i llustration s of the destruction ofTroy as to ld by Stesichorus . [ng/z i ram i .

65 . Rape of the Palladium. [Vase pain ting ] I n st. Ar c/i .

66 . Trojan horse drawn within the wal ls Women supplicating Pal las

Priam seated Cassandra raving on the wal ls I I . é° P .

67. Women decorating a Hermes w ith a fil let. [Rel ief.] L ii tz .

68. Attack on a wal led city. [Rel ief.]69. Palaz z o Vecchio at Floren ce

70 . Hinged door an d l in tel . [Foun d at Pompe11.]

71 . Plan of the house of Pan sa at Pompeii

72. Plan of G reek house

73. Jupiter. [Wal l pain ting ]

74. D ian a. [Wal l pain ting ]

75 . Apol lo . [Wal l pain ting ]

76. Pal las. [An cien t Ms. of Homer.]

77. E n eas an d An chises . [G em .]Page 1 53, Murder of Priam . [Vase pain ti ng ]

78. Apollo sitting on tripod

79. Cybele journ eying to Rome. [Rel ief.]80 . Curetes, Cybele, Jupiter, an d goat. [Relief.]81. Ulysses and the siren s. [G em .]

Photograph

Overbecé’s Ru i n s.

Overbeck’

s Ru i n s.

0 . 61° A’

.

I 1. 67 “ P .

I f . 6 ° P .

I I . é° P .

I nglz i ram i .

x iv

Fig.

82 .

83 .

84.

85 .

86.

L ist of I l lustration s .

Suovetauril ia. Veiled priest offering. [Rel ief.] D e Cla rac.

Athlete’s equipmen t. [Found at Pompeii]

Fun eral rites—G arlands and fil lets. [Vase pain ti ng ] Al as .B arb.

Orestes taking refuge at Delphi. Pal las,Fury,Apollo, tripod—Bomos

cOvered w ith the sacred n et-work, the symbo l of prophecy. [Vase

pain ting ]Ran som of Hector

’s body (Achil les n ot visible) Priam kn eel in g in

robe an d Phrygian cap Trojan s bearing ran som—Others bearing the body, on ly a part o f which appears in the cut. D e Clarac.

88 a . Head of Pal las. [Statue .]0

88 b. Mars an d Ven us : Roun d shield Double plume and filleted pi l lar.

89.

90 .

91 .

92 .

93

94

10 1 .

102 .

103 .

104 .

105 .

[Wal l pain ting ] H . Gr P .

Ceres,with basket ofgrain s, torch an d halo . [Wall pain ting ] H . 67° P .

Roman marriage—Bridegroom in toga mak ing l ibation on a tripod

shaped altar from a patera Bride w ith veil Jun o Pron ubaun iting the pair. [Relief.] Overbeck .

Artisan s erecting a building M inerva superin tending—Derrick w i th

curious treadmil l for raising heavy ston es . [Rel ief.]Hun ting scen e . [Wal l pain ting. I I . 69° P .

Hun ting scen e . [Wal l pain ting.

Marriage of Paris an d Helen , by Etruscan arti sts, i n Roman fashio nHector acting as auspex ( P) Young man bringing ram for sac

t i lice—The augur’s cap an d ox en s

’skul ls on the wall in dicate

some kin d of chapel or temple—Ven us w ith w inged G race at

ten ding. [Etruscan vase .]Head of Jupiter Ammon . [Co in .]Head of Paris. [Bust.]Mercury conducting souls to Pluto an d Proserpin e

Bacchic procession : Bacchan al w ith double tibia—Others w ith torch

an d thyrsus, an d w ith tamborin e . [Vase ]Bacchan al in fren zy. [Marble vase .] W aelcéen .

Sortes—I tal ian form of divin ation —Priestess of fortun e at Pm

n este drawing the oracular sors G ior . Sea .

Bacchic dan ce of satyrs an d bacchan tes. [Vase pain tingr] I n st. Ar eli .

Harbor fortification s, with boat under sail . [Wall pain ting ] H . 61°F.

Carchesium . [Vase ]Serpen t (gen ius loci) feeding on offerings upon an altar— Youth

w ith sacred bran ch. [Wall pain ting ]Symbol ic represen tation of powers of l ight ( sun , moon , Lucifer, an d

an unk n own armed y outh ) Boat represen ting the sea. [Vase

pain ting ] 1n st. Ar t/z.

L ist of I l lustration s . x v

Orestes at Delphi receiving his commission to slay his mother

Priestess in her usual attitude on the tripod.—Apollo on the

sacred Omphalos or Bomos [Vase pain ting ] Areli .Zei t.

Trireme. [Rel ief.] Cite/{1 d’ai uore, etc.

Part of trireme, show ing method of rowing. [Draw ing from an

an cien t relief n ow lost. Cf. An n a l i d’I ustituto

, etc., 186 1 .

Tav. M .]Sea mon sters. [Wal l pain ting ]G reek orn amen t (Maean der) . [Vase ]Athlete w ith fillet Of ribbon . [Statue.]Cestus (a )

(b) Statue of Pollux

Priestess \with acerra. [Wal l pain ting.

Lares in their customary attitude,w ith trees represen ting the o l ives

before the house of Augustus . [Relief.]Theseus an d M in otaur. [Wal l pain ting ]Fall of I carus. [Wal l pain ting ]Charon receiving his passenger an d fare . [Rel ief.] Sepolcr i .

Tan talus,I x ion

, an d Sisyphus in the world below . [Relief.] Sepolcr i .The Wrestlers . [Statue .]Youn g hero w ith headless spear ; in his han d a tessera. [Vase

pain ting ]Head of Augustus, with garlan d of oak . [Bust.]Procession of Bacchus an d Ariadn e . [Rel ief.]Mausoleum of Augustus. [Ruin .] Sepolcr i .

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PASTORAL POEMS.

THESE ten short pieces, the earl iest authen tic works of Virgil, treat of

pastoral subjects, the loves an d songs of herdsmen (Bovxbl oc) , an d hen ce

are cal led Bucou cs. They were publ ished un der the title of ECLOG UES

(éx l oyaz’

, selection s) . I n form they are chiefly imitation s, often tran sla

tion s, of the I DYLS ( eidr’

bl ilca, or p i cture poems) of Theocritus an d the

other G reek pastoral poets ; but the scen es often belong to I taly, the

occasion s to the history of the time, an d the in ciden ts to the poet’s own

l ife.

I n a highly artificial period, such as that un der the Empire, or in the

lull after great con vulsion s l ike those which marked the down fal l of the

Roman Republic, the simpl icity an d quiet of rustic l ife have often , by a

k in d of afl'

ectation , been adm ired and celebrated in song, by person s very

far removed from a rustic con dition . These first poetic essays—though

in the highest degree artificial, an d im itation s of far superior origin als

have, by their perfection of form,delicacy of treatmen t, an d charm of

diction , taken ran k, in the judgmen t of every age sin ce, as models in their

kind.

ECLOGUE I .

I N this poem Virgil sings his gratitude to Augustus for restoring the

farm of which he had been robbed to reward the soldiery of the triumvirs

( see Life) . The poet himself, however, is on ly dimly shadowed in the

person of Tityrus, a herdsman ,in dialogue w ith an other, Mel ibocus, who

represen ts Virgil’s less fortun ate n eighbors. The whole scen e w ith its

in ciden ts, thus removed to the mythical domain of pastoral poetry, gives a

pecul iar delicacy to the praise.

MELIBCEUS. TITYRUS.

TYRE,tu patulae recuban s sub tegm in e fagi

silvestrem tenui Musam meditaris aven a

n os patriae fines et dulc ia lin quimus arva

2 P astoral P oems . ( Bacon.

nos patriam fugimus tu,Tityre, len tus in umbra

formosam reson are doces Amaryllida silvas.

T. O Mel iboee, deus n obis haec otia fec it

n amque crit ille m ihi sempcr deus i ll ius aram

saepe ten cr n ostris ab ovilibus imbuct agnus.

I lle meas errare boves, ut cern is, ct ipsumludero

,quae vcllem ,

calamo pcrmisit agresti .I II . Non equidem in vicleo m it or magis undique totis

usque adco turbatur agris. En,ipse capellas

protinus aeger ago han c etiam vix,Tityre, duco

hic in ter den sas corylos modo n amque gemel los,

spem gregis, ah, sil ice in n uda con ix a rcl iquit.

Saepe malum hoc n obis,si men s n on lacva fuisset,

de caelo tactus mem in i pracdiccre quercus

[saepe sin istra cava praedix it ab ilice corn ix .]Sed tamea,

iste deus qui sit, ( la, Tityre, n obis.

T. Urbem , quam dicun t Romam,Mel iboee

, putavi

stultus ego huic n ostrae sim ilem, quo saepe solemus

pastores ovium ten eros dcpcllcre fetus

sic can ibus catulos simil is, sic matribus haedos

n oram,sic parvis compon ere magna solebam

verum haec tan tum alias in ter caput ex tulit urbes,quan tum len ta solen t in ter viburna cupressi .

M Et quae tan ta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi ?

T. Libertas quae sera, tamen respex it in ertem,

can didior postquam tonden ti barba cadebat

respex it tamen,et longo post tempore ven it

,

postquam n os Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit

n amque, fatebor en im ,dum me Galatea tenebat,

n ec spes l ibertatis erat,n ec cura peculi :

quamvis multa meis ex iret victima saeptis,

pinguis et ingratae premeretur caseus urbi,non umquam gravis aere domum mihi dex tra redibat.

5 formon sam . R.15 a ! R.

23 aedos. R.

H con dos. R.18 om itted. R.

29 pos. R.

ECL. L] TityruS.

M M irabar,quid maesta deos, Amaryll i, vocares,

cui pen dere sua patereris in arbore pomaTityrus hin c aberat. Ipsae te, Tityre, pin us,ipsi te fon tes, ipsa haec arbusta vocaban t.

T. Quid facerem ? Neque servitio me ex ire licebat,

n ec tam praesen tis alibi cogn oscere divos.H ic illum vid i iuven em,

Mel iboee, quot an n is

bis senos cui n ostra dies altaria fuman t

hic m ihi respon sum primus dedit ille peten ti

pagc ite, ut an te, boves, puet i, subm ittite tauros.M Fortun ate senex

,ergo tua rura manebun t,

et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omn ia n uduslimosoque palus obducat pascua iun coNon in sueta gravis temptabun t pahula fetas,n ec mala vicin i pecoris con tagia laeden t.Fortun ate senex , hic , in ter flum in a n ota

et fon tis sacros, frigus captabis opacum

H in e tibi, quae semper, vic in o ab l im ite, saepes

Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta sal ieti

saepe levi somnum suadebit in ire susurro

hin c alta sub rupe can et frondator ad auras

n ec tamen in terea raucae,tua cura

,palumbos,

n ec gemere aéria cessabit turtur ab uLmo .

T. An te leves ergo pascen tur in aequore cervi,

et freta destituen t nudos in l itore pisces,an te pererratis amborum fin ibus ex sul

aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut German ia Tigrim,

quam n ostro illius labatur pectore voltus.

111. At n os hin c al i i sitightis ibimus Afros,pars Scythiam et rapidum Cretae ven iemus Oax en ,et pen itus toto divisos orbe Britan nos.

En umquam patrios longo post tempore fin is,

pauperis ct tuguri congestum caespite culmen ,48guodaums. R.

0“ aetizere. H.

46 summittite. R.

P as toral P oems. [B uooe

post al iquot mea regn a viden s m irahor aristas ?Impius haec tam culta noval ia m iles habebit,barbarus has segetes? En

, quo discordia c ivis

produx it m iseros H is n os con sevimus agros

I n sere n un c, Meliboee, piros, pon e ordine vitis

I te meae, fel ix quon dam pecus, ite capellae

Non ego vos posthac, viridi proiectus in an tro,

dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo

carm in a nulla canam non,me pascen te, capellae,

floren tem cytisum et sal ices carpetis amaras.

71 H ic tamen han c mecum poteras requiescere n octemfron de super virid i : sun t n obis m itia poma,castan eae molles, ct pressi copia lactis

ci iam summa proen l villarum culm ina fuman t,maioresque cadun t altis de mon tibus umbrae.

ECLOGUE I I .

THE subject of this poem is the complain t of a shepherd, Corydon , in

love wi th a boy Alex is. I t is said to represen t the admiration o f V irgil

for a young slave whom he saw at the house of his patron Asin ius P o l lio,

an d whose beauty he thus celebrates, in the con ven tion al style of pastoral

verse. The story further goes that Po llio, charmed with the poem, made

a gift of the slave to the author ; an d that the slave, being carefully edu

cated, became a celebrated grammarian under his real n ame Alex an der.

This story, though n ot certain ,is n atural and probable. Some parts of

the poem are im itation s of Theocritus ( Idyls i ii .,

RMOSUM pastor Corydon ardebat Alex im,

del ic ias dom in i,

ratet habebat ;

tan tum in ter den s a,fagos

adsidué’

veniebat. aec in con ditasolus0 0

mon tibus et silvis studi’

o iaclabat mam

O crudelis Alex i,n ihil mea carm ina curas ?

Nil n ostri m iserere ? Mori me den ique coges.

72 en quis. H ,75quon dam fel ix . R.

ECL. Alex is .

Nun c etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captan tn un c viridis etiam occultan t spin eta lacertos

,

Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus aestuallia serpyllumque herbas con tun d it olen tis.

At mecum raucis,tua dum vestigia lustro,

sole sub arden ti reson an t arbusta cicadis.

Non n e fuit satius tristis Amaryllidis irasatque superba pati fastidia

,n on n e Menalcan

,

quamvis ille n iger, quamvis tu can didus esses ?O formose puer

,n im ium n e crede colori

Alba ligustra cadun t,vacc in ia n igra legun tur.

{I D eSpectus tibi sum,n ec qui sim quaeris, Alex i,

quam dives pecoris, n ivei quam lactis abundan s.Mille mcae Siculis erran t in mon tibus agn ac

lac m ihi n on aestate n ovum ,n on frigore defit

can to quae solitus,si quando armen ta vocabat,

Amphion D ircaeus in Actaeo Aracin tho.

7 Ncc sum adeo in form is h uper me in litore vidi,

cum plac idum ven tis staret mare n on ego D aphn im

iudice te mctuam ,si numquam fall it imago.

O tan tum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura

atque hum il is habitate casas,et figere cervos

,

haedorumque gregem viridi compel lere hibiscoMecum una in silvis imitabere Pana can endo.

[Pan primus calamos cera con iungere pluris

in stituit Pan curat ovis oviumque magistros.]te paen iteat calamo trivisse labellum

haec eadem ut sciret,quid n on faciebat Amyn tas ?

Est m ihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis

fistula,D amoetas don o m ihi quam dedit olim ,

ct dix it morien s Te nun c habet ista secundum .

’

D ix it D amoetas invidit stultus Amyn tas.

/ / Praeterea duo,n ec tuta m ihi valle reperti

,

11 serpul lum. R.22 n ovom (as always after R.

32 33 89 omitted .

6 P astora l P oems . [B 1

capreoli, sparsis etiam nun c pell ibus albo,

bin a die siccan t ovis ubera quos tibi servoiam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat

et fac iet, quon iam sorden t tibi mun era n ostra.

“ Huc ades, O formose puer : tibi l ilia plen isecce ferun t Nymphae calathis tibi can dida Nars,pallen tis violas et summa papavera carpen s,

n arcissum et florem iungit ben e olen tis an ethi

tum casia atque aliis in tex en s suavibus herbis,

mollia luteola pingit vacc in ia calta.

Ipse ego cana legam tenera lanugin e mala,castan easque n uces

,mea quas Amaryllis amabat

addam cerea prun a : hon os erit huic quoque pomoet vos

,O lauri

,carpam

, et te, prox ima myrte,sic positae quon iam suavis m iscetis odores.Rusticus es, Corydon n ec mun era curat Alex is,

n ec, si mun eribus certes, con cedat Iollas.

Heu,heu

,quid volui m isero m ihi 1 Floribus austrum

perditus et liquidis inmisi fon tibus aptos.

Quem fugis, ah, demen s ? Habitarun t di quoque silvas,

D ardan iusque Paris. Pallas,quas condidit arces,

ipsa colat n obis placean t an te Omn ia si lvae.

Torva leaen a lupum sequitur lupus ipse capellam

floren tem cytisum sequitur lasc iva capella

te Corydon , 0 Alex i : trahit sua quemque voluptas.

Asp ice, aratra iugo referun t suspen sa iuven c i,et sol crescen tis deceden s dupl icat umbras

me tamemurit amor ; quis en im modus adsit amori ?

Ah,Corydon ,

Corydon , quae te demen tia cepit

Sem iputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est

quin tu aliquid saltem potius, quorum indiget usus,

vim in ibus mollique paras detex ere iun co ?

I nven ies alium,si te hic fastidit, Alex im .

5° ca l tlza. H.5 4 prox uma. R.

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8 P as toral P oems . [B ucou

D . An m ihi can tan do victus non redderet illequem mea carm in ibus meruisset fistula caprum ?

Si nesc is, meus ille caper fuit et m ihi D amonipse fatebatur, sed reddere posse n egabat.

M Can tando tu illum ,aut umquam tibi fistula cera

iun cta fuit ? Non tu in triviis,indocte

,solebas

striden ti m iserum stipula disperdere carmen ?

D . Vis ergo in ter n os quid possit uterque vic issim

ex periamur ? Ego han c vitulam n e forte recuses,

bis ven it ad mulctram,binos alit ubere fetus

depomo tu dic,mecum quo pignore certes.

III . D e grege n on ausim quicquam depon ere tecum .

Est m ihi n amque dom i pater, est in iusta n overca ;

bisque die n umeran t ambo pecus, alter et haedos.

Verum,id quod multo tute ipse fatebere maius

,

in san ire l ibet quon iam tibi, pocula pon am

fagin a, caelatum divin i opus Alcimedon tislen ta quibus torn o fac ili superaddita vitisdiffusos hedera vestit pallen te corymbos

in medio duo sign a, Con on ,et— quis fuit alter,

descripsit radio totum qui gen tibus orhem ,

tempora quae messor,quae curvus arator haberet ?

Ncedam ill is labra admovi,sed con dita servo .

D . Et nobis idem Alc imedon duo pocula fec it,et molli c ircum est an sas amplex us acan tho ,

Orpheaque in medio posuit silvasque sequen tis.

Necdum i llis labra admovi,sed con dita servo

si ad vitulam spectas, n ihil est quod pocula laudes.

M . Nunquam hodie effugies ven iam , quocumque vocaris

audiat haec tan tum vel qui ven it ecce Palaemon

efficiam posthac n e quemquam voce lacessas.

D . Quin age, Si quid babes, in me mora n on crit ulla,n ec quemquam fugio tan tum

,vic in e Palaemon ,

39 edera (as always ) . R.

ECL. P alamou.

sen sibus haec im is, res est n on parva, reponas .

P . D icite, quandoquidem in moll i con sedimus herba

et nun c omn is ager, nun c omn is parturit arbos,

n un c fron den t silvae,n un c formosissimus an n us.

In cipe, D amoeta ; tu delude sequere Menalca

altern is dicetis aman t altern a Camenae.

D . Ab Iove prin c ipium ,Musac Iovis omn ia plena

i lle colit terras , i lli mea carm ina curac .

M Et me Phoebus amat Phoebo sua semper apud me

munera sun t, lauri et suave ruben s hyac in thus.

D . Malo me Galatea petit, lasc iva puella,et fugit ad salices

,et se cupit an te videri .

M At m ihi sese ofl'

ert ultro,meus ign is, Amyn tas ,

n otior ut iam sit can ibus n on D el ia n ostris.

D . Parta mcae Ven eri sun t mun era : n amque n otaviipse locum

,aériae quo congessere palumbes.

M Quod potui, puero Silvestri ex arbore lecta

aurea mala decem m isi craS altera m ittam .

D . O quotien s et quae n obis Galatea locuta est

Partem aliquam ,venti

,divom referatis ad auris

M Quid prodest, quod me ipse an imo n on spern is, Amyn ta.

si, dum tu sectaris apros, ego retia servo ?

D . Phyllida m itte m ihi meus est natalis, Iolla

cum faciam vitula pro frugibus, ipse ven ito .

III . Phyllida amo an te alias n am me discedere flevit,et longum Formose, vale, vale, in quit, I olla .

D . Triste lupus stabul is, maturis frugibus imbres.

arboribus ven ti, n obis Amaryll idis irae.

M D ulce satis umor, depulsis arbutus haedis,’

len ta salix feto pecori, m ihi solus Amyn tas.

D . Po llio amat n ostram, quamvis est rustica, Musam :

P ierides, vitulam lectori pasc ite vestro .

M Pollio et ipse fac it n ova carm ina pascite taurum ,

63 aput. R.82 bumor . H .

84 P ol io (as always) . R.

10 P astora l P oems . [B ucou

iam corn u petat et pedibus qui spargat aren am .

D . Qui te, Pollio, amat, ven iat quo te quoque gaudetmellafluan t illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum .

M Qui Bavium non Odit,amet tua carmina

, Maevi,

atque idem iungat vulpes et mulgeat hircos.D . Qui legitis flores et hum i nascen tia fraga,frigidus, O pueri, fugite hin c, latet anguis in herba.

M Parcite, Oves, n im ium procedere non ben e t ipaecreditur ipse aries etiam n un c vellera siccat.

D . Tityre, pascen tes a flum in e reice capellasipse ubi tempus crit, omn is in fon te lavabo.

M Cogite ovis, pueri Si lac praeceperit aestus,

ut n uper, frustra pressabimus ubera palm is.

D . Heu,heu

,quam pingu i macer est m ihi taurus in ervo

Idem amor ex itium est pecori pecorisque magistro .

111. H is certe n eque amor causa est v ix ossibus haeren t

n esc io quis ten eros oculus m ihi fasc in at agn os.

D . D ic,quibus in terris et eris m ihi magn us Apollo

tris pateat caeli spatium n on amplius ulnas.

M D ic, quibus in terris in scripti n om in a regum

n ascan tur flores,et Phyllida solus habeto .

P . Non n ostrum in ter vos tan tas componere lites.

Et vitula tu dign us, et hic, et quisquis amores

aut metuet dulces, aut ex perietur amaros.

C laudite iam rivos, pueri, sat prata biberun t.

ECLOGUE IV .

W HEN peace followed the recon c il iat ion o f An ton y an d Octavian us at

Brun disium ( B .C. the eager hOpe o f I talv looked for a golden era of

prosperity an d quiet. Pol lio , Virgil’

s earl iest patron , had been in strumen

tal in bringing the peace about, an d had just en tered on his con su lsh ip,

when a son was born to him . Seiz ing the occas ion o f the ex pected birth

of this in fan t, in these verses, in which al s o certain vague prophec ies are

'

87 [rare/mm . R.10? caussa. H .

91 w ipes. R.11°ban te,/m et. fi at/t. R.

ECL. 1v.] P ol l io. I 1

commemorated, Virgil celebrates the n ew hope of I taly. I n the predic

tion s of I tal ian priests, a n ew secular mon th,”that of Apol lo, of in defi

n ite duration , was made to begin at the death of Julius Caesar an d this,

in popular fan cy, would in augurate a n ew Age of G old.

LI D ES Musac, paulo maiora can amus

on omn is arbusta iuvan t hum ilesque myricae

si can imus silvas,Silvae Sin t con sule dign ae

U ltima Cumaei ven it iam carm in is aetas

magn us ab in tegro saeclorum n asc itur ordo

iam redit et Virgo, redeun t Saturn ia regn a

iam n ova progen ies caclo dem ittitur alto .

Tu modo n ascen ti puero, quo ferrea primumdesin et ac toto surget gen s aurea mundo

,

casta fave Luc ina : tuus iam regn at Apollo.

Teque adeo decus hoc aevi te con sule in ibit,

Poll io,et in cipien t magn i procedere men ses.

Te duce,Si qua man en t sceleris vestigia n ostri

,

irrita perpetua solven t form idin e terras.I lle deum vitam acc ipiet, divisque videbit

perm ix tos heroas, et ipse videbitur i llis,

pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem .

At tibi prima,puer

,n ullo mun uscula cultu

erran tis hederas passim cum baccare tellusm ix taque riden ti colocas ia fundet acan tho.

Ipsae lacte domum referen t disten ta capellae

ubera,n ec magn os metuen t armen ta leon es

ipsa tibi blan dos fun den t cun abula flores,occ idet et serpen s

,et fallax herba ven en i

occ idet Assyrium volgo n ascetur amomum .

At Simul heroum laudes et facta paren tisiam legere et quae sit poteris cogn oscere virtus,

molli paulatim flavescet campus arista,

in cul tisque rubens pen debit sen tibus uva,

12 Pol io. R.14 in r ita . R.

I 2 P astora l P oems . [Bucor..

et durae quercus sudabun t rosc ida mella.

Pauca tamem suberun t priscae vestigia fraudisquae temptare Thetim ratibus

,quae c ingere muris

oppida, quae iubean t telluri infindere sulcosalter erit tum Tiphys, et altera quae vehat Argo

delectos heroas crun t etiam altera bella,atque iterum ad Tro iam magnus m ittetur Achilles.H in c

, ubi iam firmata virum te fecerit aetas,

cedet et ipse mari vector,n ec n autica p in us

mutabit merces omn is feret omn ia tellus

n on rastros patietur humus,n on vin ea falcem

robustus quoque iam tauris iuga solvet arator

n ec varios ( l iscet men tiri lana coloresipse sed in pratis aries iam suave ruben ti

murice,iam croceo mutabit vellera luto

spon te sua san dyx pascen tis vestiet agn os.

Talia sacc la,suis dix erun t

,currite

,fusis

con cordes stabili fatorum n um in e ParcaeAdgredere O magn os aderit iam tempus hon ores

,

cara deum suboles,magn um Iovis in c remen tum

Asp ice convex o n utan tem pon dere mun dum,

terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profun dum

Aspice, ven turo lacten tur ut omn ia sacc lo

O m ihi tam longae man eat pars u ltima vitae,

spiritus et quan tum sat crit tua dicere factaNon me carm in ibus vin cet n ec Thrac ius Orpheus

,

n ec Lin us,hu ic mater quamvis atque hu ic pater adsit

,

Orphei Calliopea, Lin o formosus Apollo,

Pan etiam,Arcadia mecum Si iudice certet

,

Pan etiam Arcadia dicat se iudice victum .

I n c ipe, parve puer, risu cogn oscere matrem ,

matri longa decem tulerun t fastidia men ses.

I n c ipe, parve puer, cui n on risere paren tes,

n ec deus hun c men sa,dea n ec dign ata cubili est.

5 5 vin eal . R.5 7 Ca l iopea,formousus. R.

68 cubi leist. R.

BCL. V.] B ap/mis . I 3

ECLOGUE V .

I N form , this is an ex pan sion of the first I dyl ofTheocritus, W hiskthe __death of thg__S_h herd Daphn is . I n mean in g, however, it has been

held ( though perhaps on too sl ight groun ds) to lge al legorica] , ce lefina tjngthe apotheosis of lul ing Caesar, which was con firmed by a so lem n act

passed B .C . 42 . I n the form er part of the poem , the shepherd Mopsus t

bewails the death of Daphn is in the latter, Men alcas ( represen tin g Vir

gi l ) recoun ts Daphn is’ welcome among the gods, an d the rites paid to him

as a divin ity.

MENALCAS. MOPSUS.

UR n on,Mopse, bon i quon iam conven imus ambo,

tu calamos inflare levis,ego dicere versus

,

hic coryl is m ix tas in ter con sedimus ulmos ?

M o. Tu maior ; tibi me est aequum parere, Men alca,

sive sub in certas z ephyris motan tibus umbras,

s ive an tro potin s Succedimus aspice, ut an trum

Silvestris raris sparsit labrusca racem is.

M e. Mon tibus in n ostris so lus tibi certat Amyn tas.

M o . Qu id, si idem certet Phoebum superare can en do ?

M e. I n c ipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phyll idis ign es,aut Alcon is habes laudes

,aut iurgia G odri

in c ipe, pascen tis servabit Tityrus haedos.

1110. Immo haec,in virid i n uper quae cortice fagi

carm in a descripsi et modulan s altern a n otavi,

ex periar, tu deinde iubeto ut certet Amyn tas.

M e. Len ta salix quan tum pallen ti cedit olivae,

pun iceis hum ilis quan tum sal iun ca rosetis,

iudic io n ostro tan tum tibi cedit Amyn tas.

Sed tu desin e plura, puer ; successimus an tro.

M o. Ex tin ctum n ymphae crudeli fun ere D aphn imfleban t vos coryl i testes et flum in a n ymphis

cum,complex a sui corpus m iserabile n ati

,

atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater.

3 cousidimus. H.5 sep/zyr is. R.

5 mutautzbw . H .

14 P as tora l P oems . [Buooxfl

Non ulli pastos illis egere diebus

frigida, D aphn i, boves ad flumina n ulla n eque amuem

libavit quadrupes, n ec gramin is attigi t herbam .

D aphn i, tuum Poen os etiam ingemuisse leon es

in teritum mon tesque feri silvaeque loquun tur.

D aphn is et Armen ias curru subiungere tigres

in stitu it ; D aphn is thiasos in ducere Bacchi ,et foliis len tas in tex ere moll ibus bastas .

V itis ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus uvae,ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis,tu decus omn e tuis Postquam te fata tulerun t

,

ipsa Pales agros atque ipse reliqu it Apo llo .

G randia saepe quibus man davimus bordea sulc is,

in felix lolium et steriles n ascun tur aven ae

pro molli viola, pro purpureo n arc isso

,

carduus et spin is surgit pal iurus acutis.

Spargite humum fol iis. induc ite fon tibus umbras,

pastores,man dat fieri sibi talia D aphn is

et tumulum fac ite. ct tumulo superaddite carmen

D APHNIS IN Sim s HINc VSQL'

F. AD smER x Norvs

HORMONSI PECORIS CVS'

DOS I‘

ORMONSIOR IPSE.

Ill e. Tale tuum carmcn n obis,divin e poéta.

quale sopor fessis in gram in e. qualc per aest um

dulc is aquae sal icn te sitim restingucre rivon ec calam is solum aequiparas , sed voce magistrum .

[Fortun ate puer. tu n un c eris al ter ab illo .]n os tamen haec quocumque modo tibi n ostra vic issim

d icemus,D aphn imque tuum tol lemus ad astra

D aphn in ad astra feremus amavit n os quo que D aphn is.211 0. An quicquam n obis tal i sit mun ere maius ?Et puer ipse fuit can tari dignus. et istaiam pridem Stim ichon laudavit carm in a n obis .

M e. Can didus in suetum m ira tur l imcn Olympi .

23 lactentur . R.3 5f u rpurea . R.

3 3 R .‘3 super add ite. R.

44 ormosi . H.45 nobis carmea . R.

‘9 om itted . R. D aph nim . R,

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16 P astora l P oems. [Bucoe

ECLOGUE VI .

I N D .C. 40 , a n ew distribution of lan ds took place in North I taly, and

Al fen us Varus, w ith the poet Corn el ius G al lus, was appoin ted to carry

it out ( compare in troduction to Ec l . At his request that the poet

would sin g some epic strain , Virgil sen t h im the fol low ing verses . He

would fain ,he says, have sung the heroic deeds of Varus ; but Apo llo

checks his flight, an d he in troduces Silen us i n stead, who recoun ts a cycle

of the old G reek myths, begin n ing w ith a materialistic view of the

origin of things, a favorite speculation w ith man y at this period , Varus

among the rest, as we ll as a favorite subject for poetical treatm en t w ith

the an cien ts ( cf. IE. I ., 740 et

RIMA Syracosio dign ata est ludere versu,

n ostra n ec erubuit silvas habitare Thalia.

Cum can erem reges et proelia, Cyn thius auremvellit

,et admon uit : Pastorem

,Tityre, pinguis

pascere oportet ovis, deductum dicere carmen .

’

Nun c ego— n amque super tibi crun t

, qui dicere laudes,Vare

,tuas cupian t, et tristia coudere bella

agrestem tenui meditabor arundin e Musam .

Non in iussa can o si quis tamon haec quoque,Si quis

captus amore leget, te n ostrae,Vare

,myricae,

te n emus omn e can et n ec Phoebo gratior ulla est,

quam sibi quae Vari praescripsit pagin a n omen .

Pergite, P ierides Chrom is et Mn asyllos in an tro

Silenum pueri somn o videre iacen tem,

inflatum hestern o ven as,ut semper

,Iaccho

serta procul tan tum capiti delapsa iaceban t,et gravis attrita pendebat can tharus an sa.

Adgressi— n am saepe sen ex spe carm in is ambo

ln serat in iciun t ipsis ex vin cula sertisaddit se sociam

,tim idisque superven it Aegle,

Aegle, Na’

iadum pulcherrima,— iamque viden ti

sanguin eis fron tem moris ct tempora pingit.I lle dolum riden s, Quo vin cula n ectitis ? inquit

2 T/za lea .8 lzarun dm e. R.

11 ul ldst. R.

Ecr . VI .) S i lenus . 17

solvite me, puet i satis est potu1sse v1deri

carm in a, quae voltis, cogn oscite carm in a vobis,huic aliud mercedis crit Simul in c ipit ipse .

Tum vero in n umerum Faunosque ferasque videres

ludere, tum rigidas motare cacumin a quercus

n ec tan tum Phoebo gaudet Parn asia rupes,

n ec tan tum Rhodope m iratur et I smarus Orphea.

Namque can ebat,uti magn um per in an e coac ta

sem in a terrarumque an imaeque marisque fuissen t,et liquidi Simul ign is ut his ex ordia prim is

omn ia et ipse ten er mun di con creverit orbis

tum durare solum et discludere Nerea pon to

c oeperit, et rerum paulatim sumere formas

iamque n ovum terrae stupean t lucescere solem,

altius atque cadan t submotis n ubibus imbres

in c ipian t Silvae cum primum surgere, cumque

rara per ignaros erren t an imal ia mon tis.

H in c lapides Pyrrhae iactos, Saturn ia regn a,

Caucasiasque refert volucres, furtumque Promethei

h is adiungit, Hylao

n n autae quo fon te relictum

c lamassen t,ut l itus I Iyl a, I I rla omn e sonaret.

Et fortunatam,Si n umquam armen ta fuissen t

,

Pasiphaén n ivei solatur amore iuven ci .

Ah, virgo in felix , quae te demen tia cepit

Proetides inplerun t falsis mugitibus agros

at n on tam turpis pecudum tamen ulla secuta est

con cubitus, quamvis collo timuisset aratrum,

et saepe in levi quaesisset corn ua fron te.

Ah, virgo in felix , tu n un c in mon tibus erras

i lle,latus n iveum molli fultus hyac in tho,

il ice sub n igra pallen tis rum in at herbas,

aut aliquam in magn o sequitur grege .

[Claudite n ymphae,

37 n or/om . R.47 a . R.

49 est om itted. R.

18 P astoral P oems .

D ictaeae nymphae, n emorum iam C laudite saltus,

si qua forte feran t oculis sese obvia nostris

errabun da bovis vestigia forsitan illum,

aut herba captum viridi, aut armen ta secutum,

perducan t al iquae stabula ad G ortyn ia vaccae.

Tum cauit Hesperidum m iratam mala puellam ;tum Phaéthon tifidesmusco c ircumdat amaro

corticis,atque solo proceras erigit alnos.

Tum cauit, erran tem Permessi ad flumina G allumAonas in mon tis ut dux erit un a sororum,

utque viro Phoebi chorus adsurrex erit omn isut Limis haec illi , divin o carm ine pastor,floribus atque apio crin is orn atus amaro

,

dix erit Hos tibi dan t calamos, en acc ipe, Musac,

Ascraeo quos an te sen i,quibus ille solebat

can tando rigidas deducere mon tibus ornos

his tibi G ryn ei n emoris dicatur origo,n e quis sit lucus

, quo se plus iactet Apollo.

’

Quid loquar aut Scyllam N isi, quam fama secuta est

can dida succ in ctam latran tibus inguina mon strisD ulichias vex asse rates

,et gurgite in alto

ah,tim idos n autas can ibus lacerasse marin is,

aut ut mutatos Terei n arraverit artusquas ill i Phi lomela dapes

,quae don a pararit,

quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus an tein fel ix sua tecta supervolitaverit al isOmn ia

,quae

,Phoebo quon dam meditan te, beatus

audiit Eurotas,iussitque ediscere laurus

,

ille can it : pulsae referun t ad sidera vallescogere don ec ovis stabul is n umerumque refert iiussit

,et invito processit Vesper Olympo .

5 6 n ump/zae. R.62 P/zaetlzoutiadas. amarae.

5 9 forsitam. R. IR

ECL. VI I ] Mel iboeus . 19

ECLOGUE VI I .

THI S is a strictly bucol ic poem , imitated from the six th I dyl ofTheocri

tus. The herdsman Mel iboeus relates a con test in verse between the

shepherds Corydon an d Thyrsis w ith Daphn is for umpire . The scen e is

apparen tly laid in the pastoral region of North I taly. The date assign ed

to it is B .C. 38.

MELIBCEUS. CORYDON. THYRSIS.

ORTE sub arguta con sederat ilice D aphn is,compuleran tque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum,

Thyrsis ovis, Corydon disten tas lacte capellas,

ambo floren tes aetatibus,Arcades ambo,

et can tare pares,et respon dere parati .

Huc m ihi,dum ten eras defen do a frigore myrtos,

vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat atque ego D aphn im

aspic io . I lle ubi me con tra videt : Oc iuS inquit

huc ades, O Meliboee, caper tibi salvus et haediet

,si qu id cessare potes

,requiesce sub umbra.

Huc ipsi poj um ven ien t per prata iuven c i,hic viridis ten era praetex it arun din e ripasM in c ius, eque sacra reson an t ex am ina queren .

’

Quid facerem ? Neque ego Alc ippen ,n ec Phyll ida habebam,

depulsos a lacte dom i quae clauderet agn os, 15

et certamen erat,Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum .

Posthabui tamon illorum mea seria ludoaltern is igitur con tendere versibus ambo

coepere ; alternos Musac mem in isse voleban t.

Hos Corydon ,illos referebat in ordin e Thyrsis.

C . Nymphae, n oster amor,Libethrides, aut m ihi carmen ,

quale meo G odro,con cedite : prox ima Phoebi

versibus ille fac it aut, Si n on possumus omn es,hic arguta sacra pendebit fistula pin u.

T. Pastores,hedera crescen tem ornate poetam ,

7 B ap/min . H .12 barun diae. R.

25 edera (as always) . R.

20 P astora l P oems .

Arcades, invidia rumpan tur ut ilia Codroaut si ultra plac itum laudarit

,baccare fron tem

( ziugitc, n o vati noceat mala l ingua futuro .

C'

. Sactosi caput hoc apri tibi , Delia, parvusct ramosa M icon vivac is cornua cervi .Si proprium hoc fuerit , levi dc marmore tota

pun iceo stabis suras evim zta coturno .

Sinum lac tis c t haec tc l iba, I’riape, quotan n isex spcr tarc sat est custos es pauperis hort i .N11111: te marmorcum pro tempore fec imus at tu,

si fcturu gregem suppleverit, aureus csto .

Ncriuc G alatea, thymo m ihi dulc ior Hyblae,cutu l idior c

'

yt'

uis, hedera formos ior alba,cum primum pasti repeten t pracsepia tauri,si qua tui (

‘

orydouis habet te cura,ven ito .

'

l'

. l uun o ego Surdo uiis videur tibi amarior herbis,ho rridior rusco , pro ier tu vilior alga,si mihi 111111 have 11111 to to iam lo ngior an n o est.

l tr douuuu | 1.1sti , s i quis pudor. ite iuven c i.t

'

. Musm s i fo n tes , c t somno mo llior herba,

c t quae rm r.u .1 viridis l egit arbutus umbra,ho ls tuituu pvm ri dc liuu litc iam ven it aestus

to 11i1l.1. le n to turgen t in palm ite genn n ae.

l’

. “ 11:

11 11 us c t 1.1c 1 l.1e pinguc s . hie plurimus ign ist‘i tubu lua ltl llgl l tt

‘I l lgl

‘l

bu l lo n xw ti igom . quan tum

1111 11111111~111u1 lupus 1111 to treut iu tl1u11iu.1 ripas.

1 c t r t 1 bus utac :

out rwm m quaque sub p oms ;

mum s 1111111 111 lc 1u .u a : to t uuwus \ lc \ :s

moutuxuu itt ~ about. n it ‘

tx c t tlzztn tz

t a s wa t .

\tx ‘

t n ewt \ u :o x : t e t zs r’fu

l tlu ‘

t t\ 11311 s a tin .“

a ”A d

Ecr. VI I I .) P /zarmaceutria . 2 1

Phyllidis adven tu n ostrae n emus omn e virebit,

Iuppiter et lacto descendet plurimus imbri .

C. Populus Alc idae gratissima, vitis Iaccho,

formosae myrtus Ven eri, sua laurea Phoebo

Phyllis amat corylos illas dum Phyllis amabit,n ec myrtus vin cet corylos, n ec laurea Phoebi .

T. Frax in us in silvis pulcherrima, pin us in hortis,populus in fluviis, abies in mon tibus altis

saepius at Si me, Lyc ida formose, revisas,frax in us in silvis cedat tibi , pin us in hortis.

M Haec mem in i,et victum frustra con ten dere Thyrsim

ex i llo Corydon Corydon est tempore n obis.

ECLOGUE VI I I .I

TH I S poem im itated from Theocritus con sists of two parts, sung in

rivahy by the shepherds Damon an d A lphesiboeus, whom the poet repre

sen ts himse lf to have overheard. The first part tells the sorrows of a

shepherd at the loss of his love ( I dyl The last tel ls the magic arts

employed by a maiden sk i l led in sorcery to w in back the love of the in con

stan t Daphn is ( I dyl ii .) hen ce the title sometimes given to it of P/zarma

ceutr ia ,

“ The Sorceress. I t is supposed to have been written in B .C . 39,

an d is in scribed to Pol lio,whose m i l itary ex ploits are alluded to in vs. 6—13 .

DAMON. ALPHESIBCEUS.

ORUM Musam D amon is et Alphesiboei

omor herbarum quos est m irata iuven cacertan tis

,quorum stupefactae carm in e lyn ces,

et mutata suos requierun t flum ina cursus

D amon is Musam dicemus et Alphesiboei.

Tu m ihi seu magn i superas iam sax a Timavi,

sive oram I llyric i legis aequoris, en crit umquamille dies

,m ihi cum l iceat tua dicere facta ?

En crit ut liceat totum m ihi ferre per orhemsola Sophocleo tua carm in a digna cotum o ?

33 t oru las. R.

6 5pu lcer r ima . H.

P astoral P oems . [Bucox..

A te prin c ipium,tibi desinam accipe iussis

carm in a coepta tuis, atque han c sin e tempora c ircum t

in ter victrices hederam tibi serpere laurus.Frigida vix caclo n oc tis decesserat umbra,

cum 105 in ten era pecori gratissimus herba,in cumben s tereti D amon sic coepit olivae.

D . Nascere, praeque diem'

ven ien s age, Luc ifer, almum ,

con iugis indign o N isae deceptus amoredum queror, et divos, quamquam n il testibus illis

profec i, ex trema morien s tamen adloquor hora.

I n c ipe Maen alios mecum,mea tibia

,versus.

Maen alus argutumque n emus pin osque loquen tis

semper habet semper pastorum ille audit amores,Pan aque, qui primus calamos n on passus in ertis.I n c ipe Maen alios mecum

,mea tibia

,versus.

Mopso Nisa datur : quid n on speremus aman tes ?

Iungen tur iam grypes equis, aevoque sequen ti

cum can ibus tim idi ven ien t ad pocula dammae.

Mopse, n ovaS in c ide faces tibi ducitur ux orsparge, marite

,un ces tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam.

I n c ipe Maen alios mecum,mea tibia, versus.

0 dign o con iun cta viro,dum despic is omn es,

dumque tibi est odio mea fistula, dumque capellae,

hirsutumque superc il ium prom issaque barba,

n ec curare deum credis mortalia quemquam

I n c ipe Maen alios mecum,mea tibia

,versus.

Saepibus in n ostris parvam te rosc ida maladux ego vester cram vidi cum matre legen tem .

Alter ab undec imo tum me iam acceperat an nus

iam fragilis poteram ab terra con tingere ramos.

U t vidi, ut peri i U t me malus abstul it error

I n c ipe Maen alios mecum,mea tibia

,versus.

Nun c sc io,qu id sit Amor : duris in cotibus illum

11 desin et. H .20 adloquor . R. H .

14 coelo. H .23 i n cipe, etc.

,in serted bet. 28 an d 3 9.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

24 P astora l P oems. [Bacon

Ncete tribus nodis ternos, Amarylli, colores,h ecte, Amarylli, modo, et V

en eris dic vin cul a n ecta.

D uc ite ab urbe domam,mea carm in a

,duc ite D aphn im .

Limus ut hic duresc it et haec ut cera liquesc it

un o eodemque ign i , sic n ostro D aphn is amore.

Sparge molam ,et fragilis in cen de bitum in e laurus.

D aphn is me malus urit,ego han c in D aphn ide laurum .

D uc ite ab urbe domum,mea carm ina

,duc ite D aphn im .

Talis amor D aphn im, qual is cum fessa iuven cum

per n emora atque altos quaerendo bucula lacospropter aquae rivum viridi procumbit in ulva

,

perdita,n ec serae mem in it decedere n octi

,

talis amor ten eat,n ec Sit m ihi cura mederi.

D ucite ab urbe domum ,mea carm in a

,duc ite D aphn im .

Has Ol im ex uvias m ihi perfidus ille rel iquit,

pignora cara sui,quae n un c ego lim in e in ipso,

terra,tibi man do deben t haec pign ora D aphn im .

D uc ite ab urbe domum,mea carm in a

,duc ite D aphn im .

Has herbas atque haec Pon to m ihi lecta ven ena

ipse dedit Moeris n ascun tur plurima Pon to .

H is ego saepe lupum fieri ct se con dere silvisMoerim

,saepe an imas im is ex c ire scpulcris,

atque satas al io vidi traducere messis.

D uc ite ab urbe domum,mea carm in a, duc ite D aphn im .

Fer c in eres, Amarylli, foras, rivoque fluen ti

tran sque caput iace,n ec respex eris : his ego D aphn im

adgrediar ; n ihil ille deos, n il carm in a curat.

D ucite ab urbe domam,mea carm in a, duc ite D aphn im .

Aspice, corripuit tremul is altaria flamm is

spon te sua,dum ferre moror, c in is ipse bon um sit

Nesc io quid certe est, et Hylas in l im in e latrat.

Credimus,an

, qui aman t,ipsi s ibi somu la fingun t ?

Farcite,ab urbe ven it, iam carm ina

, parc ite, D aphn is.

as R.beplum ma . R.

98 Al oer iu . H . Hy lax . H .

Ecr . Ix .] M ceris . 25

ECLOGUE IX.

IN the secon d distribution of I tal ian lan ds ( B .C. Virgil’s farm had

been assign ed to a cen turion Arrius an d in resisting his claims relying

on the prom ise of Augustus—Virgil appears to have been treated brutal ly

by the rude so ld ier, an d fled to Rome in danger Of his l ife . Moeris, who

here represen ts the poet’s w

’

l l i cus, or steward, tel ls the story of this cru

elty, i n a dialogue w ith a n eighboring Shepherd, Lycidas . Men alcas, who

is here referred to as an adept in song, is Virgil himsel f. The quota

tion s of verse in terspersed are m ostly free tran slation s of passages in

Theocritus, perhaps from un published works.

LYCIDAS. MfERIS.

UO te,Moeri

,pedes, an , quo via duc it

,in urbem ?

M O Lyc ida, vivi perven imus,adven a n ostri

n umquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agellid iceret : Haec mea sun t veteres m igrate colon iNun c vieti

,tristes

,quon iam Fors omn ia versat

,

hos illi quod n ec vertat ben e m ittimus haedos.L . Certe equidem audieram , qua se subducere collesin c ipiun t, mollique ingum dem ittcre c livo

,

usque ad aquam et veteres ( iam fracta cacum ina) fagosomn ia carm in ibus vestrum servasse Menalcan .

M Audieras,et fama fuit sed cam i in a tan tum

n ostra valen t,Lyc ida, tela in ter Martia

,quan tum

Chaon ias dicun t aquila ven ien te columbas.Quod n isi me quacumque n ovas in c idere litesan te sin istra cava mon uisset ab il ice corn ix

,

n ec tuus hic Moeris,n ec viveret ipse Menalcas.

L . Heu,cadit in quemquam tan tum scelus ? Heu

, tua nobis

paen e Simul tecum solatia rapta,Menalca ?

Quis caneret nymphas quis humam floren tibus herbis

spargeret, aut viridi fon tes induceret umbra ?Vel quae sublegi tac itus tibi carm in a n aper

,

cum te ad delic ias ferres,Amaryllida, n ostras ?

11 set (as always) . R.

26 P astora l P oems . [Bacon

Ti tyre, dum redeo breois est via pasee capellas,etpotum pastas age, Ti tyre, cl in ter agezza

’um

occursare capro, com ufen’

t il le, caoeto.

M Immo haec, quae Varo n ecdum perfecta can ebat

Vare,tuum uomeu

,superet maa

’o M an tua n obis

M an tua,oae m iserae n imium vicin o Cremoaae

can tautes sublimefereat aa’sidera eyem .

L . Sic tua Cyrn eas fugian t ex amin a tax os

sic cytiso pastae distendan t ubera vaccae

I n c ipe, Si quid babes et me fecere poetamP ierides sun t et m ihi carm in a me quoque dicun tvatem pastores sed n on ego credulus illis.

Nam n eque adhuc Vario videor, n ec dicere Cin nadign a, sed argutos in ter strepere an ser o lores.M Id quidem ago et tac itus

,Lyc ida, mecum ipse vo luto ,

Si valeam mem in isse n eque est ign obile carmen

Hue aa’es

,0 G a l atea quis est n am [H IP/I S in uua

'is

I I ic oer pa rpaream z'a r ios /zicfluoriua ci rcum

fu zz/l it l l amas flares bio ram lAla popu lus an tro

immin et,et le/ztae tex zm t umbracu l a r i tes .

Hue aa’es in sau i fer iaut si n e li /orafluctus .

L . Quid,quae te pura solum sub n octe can en tem

audieram ? Numeros mem in i,Si verba ten erem .

M D ap/zi i i , (j l l l l l ( tuta/ans sigzzorum suspicis ortus

E ccc I b’

oaaei processi t Caesaris astram,

astrum,rl l/0 segetes et quo

a’ua

'

ret apricis i n col l ibus uz'a col orem .

I n sere, Nap/mi ,piros carpe/zt tua poma n epotes .

Omn ia fcrt aetas, an imum quoque saepe ego longoscan tando puer um mem in i me con dere solesnun c oblita m ihi tot carm in a vo x quoque Moerim

iam fugit ipsa ; lupi Moerim videre priores .

Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Men alcas .

3°ex agm irza . R.

ECL. X .] G a l lus. 27

L. Causando nostros in longum duc is amoreset nun c omn e tibi stratum si let aequor

,et omnes,

aspice, ven tosi ceciderun t murmuris aurae.

H in e adeo media est n obis via n amque sepulcrum

in c ipit adparere Bian oris hic ubi den sas

agricolae stringun t fron des, hic, Moeri,canamus

hie haedos depon e tamen ven iemus in urbem .

Aut Si, n ox pluviam n e colligat an te, veremur,

can tan tes licet usque (m in us via laedit) eamuscan tan tes ut camus, ego hoc te fasce levabo.

M D esin e plura, puer, et quod nun c in stat agamus

carmina tum melius, cum ven erit ipse, canemus.

ECLOGUE X.

THE elegiac poet Corn el ius G al lus, a frien d of Virgil, had been des

patched (apparen tly) to defen d the I talian waters from the freebooting

squadron of Sex tus Pompey. I n his absen ce, his mistress—here spoken

of un der the n ame Lycoris— had been un faithful to him, an d had fol

lowed a soldier of Agrippa’s army in to G aul ( B.C. an d he requested

of Virgil a pastoral poem, which m ight have the good luck to w in him

back his love. The poem is a free im itation of the first idyl ofTheocritus.

REMUM hun c,Arethusa

,m ihi con cede laborem

Gallo,sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris,

carmina sun t dicenda : n eget quis carm ina Gallo ?Sic tibi, cum fluctus subterlabere Sicanos,

D oris amara suam n on in term isceat undam .

I n cipe sollic itos Galli dicamus amores,

dum ten era attonden t Simac virgulta capellae.

Non can imus surdis responden t omn ia silvae .

Quae n emora, aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellaeNaides, indigno cum Gallus amore peribat ?Nam n eque Parnas i vobis iuga, 11am n eque Pin di

5 9 sepu lcli rum . R.1°per iret. H.

28 P as tora l P oems . [Bacon

ulla moram fecero,n eque Aon iae Agan ippe .

I llum etiam lauri,etiam flevere myricae.

Pin ifer illum etiam sola sub rupe iacen tem

Maenalus,et gel idi fleverun t sax a Lycaei .

Stan t et oves c ircum n ostri n ec poen itet illas,n ec te poen iteat pecoris, divin e poeta

et formosus ovis ad flum in a pavit Adon is

ven it et upilio tardi ven ere subulci

uvidus hibern a ven it de glan de Men alcas.

Omn es U na’e amor iste rogan t tibi Ven it Apollo

Galle,quid in san is ? inquit tua cura Lycoris

perque n ives alium perque horrida castra secuta est.’

Ven it et agresti capitis Silvanus hon ore,floren tis ferulas et gran dia lil ia quassan s.

Pan deus Arcadiae ven it,quem vidimus ipsi

sanguin eis ebul i bac is m in ioque ruben tem .

Ecquis erit modus ? inquit Amor non talia curat ;

n ee lacrim is crudelis Amor,n ec gram ina rivis

,

n ec cytiso saturan tur apes,n ee frondc capellae.

’

Tristis at ille :‘Tamen cautabitis

,Arcades

’

inquit

mon tibus haec vestris so l i can tare periti

Arcades. O m ihi tum quam mo lliter ossa quiescan t,

vestra meos olim Si fistula d icat amores

Atque utin am ex vobis n un s, vestrique fuissemaut custos gregis, an t maturae vin itor uvaeCerte

,sive m ihi Phillis, sive esset Amyn tas,

seu quicumque furor—quid tum ,

si fuscus Amyn tas ;

et n igrae violae sun t ct vacc in ia n igra

mecum in ter salices len ta sub vite iaceretserta m ihi Phyll is legerct, can taret Amyn tas.H ie gelidi fon tes, hic mo llia prata

,Lycori,

hic n emus hic ipso tecum con sumerer aevo .

Nun c insanus amor duri me Martis in arm is

19 baba lci . H .

23 secutast. R.

ECL . X.] G al lus. 29

tela in ter media atque adversos detin et hostestu procul a patria ( n ee -sit m ihi credere tan tumAlpin as, ah dura, n ives et frigora Rhen ime Sin e sola vides ah

,te n e frigora laedan t

Ah tibi n e ten eras glacies secet aspera plan tasIbo

,et

, Chalc idico quae sun t m ihi condita versa

carm in a, pastoris Siculi modulabor aven a.

Certum est in silvis, in ter spelaea ferarum

malle pati,ten erisque meos in c idere amores

arboribus crescen t illac, crescetis, amores.

I n terea m ix tis lustrabo Maen ala n ymphis,

aut acris ven abor apros n on me ulla vetabun t

frigora Parthen ios can ibus circumdare saltus.I am m ihi per rapes videor lucosque sonan tis

ire libet Partho torquere Cydon ia cornu

spicula — tamquam haec Sit n ostri medic ina furoris,aut deus ille malis hom in um m itescere discat

Iam n eque hamadryades rursus n ee carm in a n obisipsa placen t ipsae rursus con cedite Silvae.

Non illum n ostri possun t mutare labores,n ec Si frigoribus mediis Hebrumque bibamus

,

Sithon iasque n ives hiem is subeamus aquosae,

n ec Si,cum morien s alta l iber aret in ulmo

,

Aethiopum versemus ovis sub Sidere Can cri .Omn ia vin c it Amor et n os cedamus AmoriHaec sat crit

,divae

,vestrum cec in isse poetam,

dum sedet et grac i li fiscellam tex it hibisco,

P ierides vos haec fac ietis max ima GalloGallo

,cuius amor tan tum m ihi cresc it in horas

,

quan tum vere n ovo viridis se subic it aln us.

Surgamus so let esse gravis can tan tibus umbraiun iperi gravis umbra n ocen t et frugibus umbrae.

I te domum saturae, ven it Hesperus,ite capel lae

5 2 spelea. R. amadryades. R.63 rusum . R. ; f ursum. H .

5 5 acres. I I . 74 subj icit. H .

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THE EPIC OF E NEAS.

THE E n eid has stood for many cen turies as a model of Epic Poetry.

Properly speaking, however, an Epic con sists of a body of immemorial

tradition , which has taken form in the min d and language of a people ;

an d which, while the tradi tion s were yet living and believed in , has been

worked up in a single poem, or group of poems, whose an tiquity an d

n ation al character have made them,in some sen se, sacred books. This

is what the poems of Homer were to the G reeks, the Mahabharata an d

Ramayan a to the H in doos, and the Niebelungen to the G erman s.

The IEn eid is an Epic in a very differen t sen se—in what, for the

sake of distin ction , may be cal led the l iterary sen se . Though it has the

foun dation of tradition s, an d al l the divin e machin ery of the true Epic,

yet the tradition s are n o longer livi ng ; the divin e machin ery is n o

longer a matter of belief. The tradition s are dug out by an tiquarian

research . The machin ery is man ufactured to order, as it were, in a mod

ern workshop. Many of the in ciden ts are labored in ven tion ,while the

whole is written with a defin ite purpose, as a work of art. These things

put it in a w idely differen t class from the I l iad an d Odyssey, which serve

in some sen se as its models, an d w ith which it has been often est compared .

Stil l the purpose for which it was written distinguishes it clearly from

other artificial Epics an d raise i t more n early to the level of the Epic

proper. I t was n ot written merely as a work of art, n or from a casual

poetic in spiration . I t is the product of a patriotic n ation al sen timen t an d

a bel ief in the divin e origin an d destiny of the Roman State. I t is said

that the poem was written at the request of Augustus. But it is n o mere

flattery of a reign ing house . The supremacy of the Jul ian family was

iden tified in the m in d of the poet an d his readers wi th the culmin ation of

the Roman State in victory an d peace, the predestin ed con summation of

ages of vicissitudes an d struggles.

34 Tlze Ep ic of zE n eas .

The subject of the zEn eid is the destruction of Troy, the seven years’

wandering of E n eas,an d his settlemen t in I taly, with the wars raised

again st him by the n ative prin ces, all of which even ts fin al ly resu l ted in

the establishmen t of the city of Rome . The l in e of tradition fol lowed by

Virgi l was somewhat as follows : The city of Troy had for many ages been

under the special care of the gods. I ts wal ls had been built by Poseidon

(N eptun e) an d Apol lo, an d were impregn able, ex cept under the con di

tion s strictly prescribed by the edict of the gods. Prin ce G anymede had

been born e by an eagle to Olympus to serve as cupbearer at the celes tial

banquets. Tithon us,brother of Priam,

was the husban d of Eos (Auror a ) .

Priam and An chises had both in their youth been ren own ed for beauty .

But the royal house had fallen in to the orien tal vices of lux ury and

treachery. Laomedon , father of Priam ,had in cen sed the hero H ercules

by withholding the sacred horses, the promised reward for the rescue of

his daughter, and was slain by the han d of Telamon . The royal palace

had become a seragl io, where Priam’s fifty son s, by his n umerous wives,

made on e great pampered household. Hector, the eldest, was n oble, pa

triotic, an d brave. But Paris was vain an d false. H is mother Hecuba

had dreamed that she bo re a lirebran d an d at birth he was ex posed to

perish in the lu re -1h o f Mo un t Ida. Being preserved, and l iving as a

shepherd o n l lw m o un tain ,he was visited by the three great goddesses

I I era ( ymm j, l'u l lu s

,a nd Aphrodite—to award the prize of beauty

amo ng l la'm ,

l lu '

go lde n app le of discord. H is reward for bestowin g the

priz e o n “ 111111 sho uld be the most beautiful of living women for his

bride .

'

l l1lo W o n l l tz lt '

l l , w ife Of Men elaus, king of Sparta, daughter of

Zeus yup”, J a n d Le da an ] a wrong to her was to be revenged by al l

”M. lwu u -a d ual i l i l t ' la o f G reece , who had been her suitors. Paris vi si ted

Spm l u.W u], raimen t an d bright in gold,

”an d car

1im l In'

l’

1o y. He n ce the famous ten years’siege, an d the de

1111 111 111 111 u i l lu : W “ "" l “ il l"

Alm t l l l ln lu lu u l 1m y l lfl'l gathered a vast body of legen dary adven ture,

co ululw J i n m. t‘

yc l it I’m -l s

,

”the festal Odes

, the Attic Tragedies, an d

abo ve a ll In lhv 3 11m l the I LIAD an d OD YSSEY . The I l iad

is but 1111 o l the war. l l te l ls the disasters wh ich befell the G rec ian

Tbe Ep ic of [E n eas 35

army from the wrath of Achilles, its most famous champion , again st

Agamemn on , brother of Men elaus, and leader of the host. Achil les’

absen ce brings the other heroes to the fron t, the aged Nestor, w isestof men ; Idomen eus of Crete ; the wily Odysseus ( Uly sses) , king of

I thaca ; Ajax Oileus ; the mightier Ajax , son of Telamon ; his brother

Teucer an d D iomed (Tydides) , youngest an d bravest of them al l ; w ith

the son s of Atreus, Men elaus an d Agamemn on ,“ lord of men . The

poem ends with the death an d burial of Hector, the n oblest champion of

Troy, who is slain by Achilles in revenge for the death of his frien d

Patroclus. The return of U lysses to I thaca, after his long wanderings, is

the subject of the Odyssey ; which con tain s also the story of the capture

of Troy by the stratagem of the wooden horse, an d the fate of several

others of the G recian chiefs beside Ulysses.

Among the various an d con flicting tradition s, there was a story that

I En eas , after escaping from the sack of Troy, had taken refuge in I taly.

How old this tradition was, an d when ce it was derived, is un ce1tain . I t is

n ot found in Homer or the Cycl ic poets, or in any G reek form . The

story, in cluding the episode of Dido, is treated by Naevius ( B .C . who

could hardly have in ven ted it. I t was alluded to by En n ius (born B .C .

an d had been adopted as a favorite theory before the time of Augustus.

Virgil supplemen ts it with details drawn from local tradition , an d with

many of his own man ufacture ; an d in this way has con n ected the im

perial times wi th the age of gods an d heroes, an d formed a sort of back

ground on which the later history is briefly sketched.

BOOK I .—THE LANDING IN AFRICA.

THE wrath of Jun o, jealous for the glory of Carthage, compels the long

wan derings of r’En eas, and detain s the Trojan ex iles from destin ed I taly

(vv. 1 She beholds them glad on their voyage, and solicits IEolus,

god of w inds, to overwhelm them w ith a tempest : the storm bursts forth

( 34 The Trojan fleet is Scattered an d in peri l : but Neptun e l ifts hishead an d stil ls the waves (92 IEn eas, with seven Ships, reaches the

coast of Africa, where he finds food and rest ( 157 Jupiter comforts

Ven us by prom ise of the coming glories of Rome, an d sends Mercury to

move the Tyrian colon ists to hospitality ( 223 E neas, with Achates,

36 1. TI M Lan ding in Af rica. [15 1

is met by Venus in the gui s e o f a l un tress, who tells him of D ido’s

from Tyre and her founding o f a city on the African shore, and

directs him to the rising towers o f Carthage, first making them invisib

a m iraculous mist ( 305 - 4 1 He aduures the n ew city sees in the te

of Juno the pictui ed story of the l rojan 11ar and at length ( still un s

beholds Queen Dido, attended by some of his own compan ion s what

thought lost, whocome as em oys from the scattered ships (418-1

The appeal of the shipwrecked men moves the compassion of D ido :

which the m ist disso lves, and el i n eas appears before the queen ( 5 201 |

He declares himself, recoun ts his losses, and greets his restored

pan ions : Dido rece ives him to ro_1 al hospital i in her halls ( 594- 4

Achates is despatched to the fleet fo r the young Ascan ius ; but, by a 1

agem of Ven us, the god Cupid is brought in stead, disguised in the

n ess of the boy pri n ce : at the ban quet he i n spires in the queen a

passion for xEn eaS ( 643 The n ight passes in feasting and 1

when Dido requests of Ai n eas the con n ected story of his wandel

( 723—756)

RMA virumque cano,Troiae qui primus ab oris

I tal iam ,fato profngus, Lavin iaque ven it

l itora, multum ille et terris iactatus et altovi superam saevae memorem Iunon is ob iram

multa quoque et bello passus, dum con derct urbem,

in ferretque deos Latio, gen us unde Latinum,

Alban ique patres, atque altae moch ia Romae.

Musa,m ihi causas memora

, quo num ine laeso,

quidve dolen s, regin a deum tot volvere casus

in sign em pietate virum,tot adire labores

impulerit. Tan taene an im is caelestibus irae ?URBS an tiqua fuit, Tyrii ten acre colon i ,

Karthago, I tal iam con tra Tiberin aque longe

ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima bell iquam Iun o fertur terris magis omn ibus un am

posthabita coluisse Samo hic illius arma,

hic carrus fuit hoc regnum dea gen tibus esse,Si qua fata Sin an t, iam tum tenditque fovetque.

Progen iem sed en im Troian o a sanguin e duc i

Laz'in aque. Ed s.

Tire W rat/z of j un o. 37

audierat,Tyrias olim quae verteret arces

hin c populum late regem belloque superbumven turum ex cidio Libyae Sic volvere Farpas.Id metuen s

, veterisque memor Saturn ia belli,prima quod ad Tro iam pro caris gesserat Argisn ecdum etiam causae irarum Saevique doloresex c ideran t an imo man et alta men te repostum

iudic ium Paridis Spretaeque in iuria formae,

et gen us invisum,et rapti G anymedis hon ores.

H is accen sa super, iactatos aequore toto

Troas,rel iquias B an aum atque i mm itis Achilli

,

arcebat longe Latio,multosque per an n os

erraban t,acti fatis

,maria omn ia c ircum .

Tan tae molis erat Roman am condere gen teml

Vix e con spectu Siculae tel luris in altumvela daban t laeti

, et spumas sal is aere rueban t,

cum Iun o,aeternum servan s sub pectore volnus

,

haec secum ‘Men e in cepto desistere victam

n ec posse I tal ia Teucrorum avertere regem ?

Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasn e ex urere classem

Argivom atque ipsos potuit submergere pon to,un ius 0b n ox am et furias Aiac is Oi lei ?Ipsa, I ovis rapidum iaculata e n ubibus ign em ,

disiec itque rates evertitque aequora ven tis,

i llum ex piran tem tran sfix o pectore flammas

turbin e corripuit scopuloque infix it acuto .

Ast ego, quae divom in cedo regina, Iovisqueet soror et con iun x

,una cum gen te tot an n os

bclla gero Et quisquam n umen Iunon is adoret

praeterea, aut supplex aris impon et honorem ?’

Talia flammato secum dea corde volutan s

n imborum in patriam ,loca feta furen tibus austris,

Aeoliam ven it. H ic vasto rex Aeolus an tro

luctan tes ven tos tempestatesque sonoras

41 Oi l i . R.45 con rzpu it. H .

49 impon at. H .5 3 lac/arm

'

s. H .

38 1. Tire Lan ding in Af rica . [E NEI n

imperio prem it ac vin cl is et carcere frenat.

I ll i indign an tes magn o cum murmure mon tisc ircum claustra fremun t celsa sedet Aeo lus arcesceptra ten en s, mollitque an imos et temperat iras.

Ni fac iat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum .

‘

quippe feran t rapidi secum verran tque per auras .

Sed pater omn ipoten s spelun cis abdidit atris,

hoc metuen s,molemque et mon tis in super altos

imposuit,regemque dedit, qui foedere certo

et premere et lax as sciret dare iussus habenas.Ad quem tum Iun o supplex his voc ibus usa est

‘Aeole,n amque t ibi divom pater atque hom inum rex

et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere ven to,

gen s in im ica m ihi Tyrrhen um n avigat aequor,I lium in I taliam portan s victosque Penates

in cute vim ven tis submersasque obrue puppes,

aut age diversos et disice corpora pon to .

Sun t m ihi bis septem praestan ti corpore nymphae,quarum quae forma pulcherrima D ei

’

opea,

con ubio iungam stabil i propriamque dicabo,omn is ut tecum meritis pro tal ibus an uos

ex igat, et pulchra fac iat te prole paren tem .

’

Aeolus haec con tra : Tun s,O regina, quid optes

ex plorare labor ; m ihi iussa capessere fas est.

Tu m ihi, quodcumque hoc regn i, tu sceptra Iovemque

con c ilias,tu das epul is accumbere divom ,

n imborumque fac is tempestatumque poten temHaec ubi dicta

,cavum con versa cuspide mon tem

impul it in latus ac ven ti,velut agm in e facto,

qua data porta, ruan t et terras turbin e perflan t.I n cubuere mari

,totumque a sedibus im is

un a Eurusque Notusque ruun t creberque procellis

Africus,et vastos volvun t ad litora fluctus.

5 3 coelum . H .73 con n ubio. H .

91 car/om . R.

7°disi ice. H . dissice. R.75 pulcra . H .

86 vol van t. R.,and always o after a.

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40 I . T/te Lan d ingr i n Af r ica.

Iam validam I l ion ei n avem,iam fortis Achati

,

et qua vectus Abas,et qua gran daevus Aletes,

vic it hiemps lax is laterum compagibus omn es

accipiun t in im icum imbrem,rim isque fatiscun t.

In tereamagrjo m isceri in urmure

pon tum

,“

S—en sit Neptun us,

'

et7111isstagna refusa vadis

, graviter commotus et alto

prospic ien s, summa plac idum caput ex tul it un da.

D isiectam Aen eae toto videt aequore c lassem,

fluctibus Oppressos TroaS cael ique ruina,n cc latuere dol i fratrem Iun on is et irae.

Burum ad se Zephyrumque vocat,dehin c tal ia fatur

Tan tan e vos gen eris ten uit fiduc ia vestri ?

Iam caelum terramque meo Sin e n um in e,ven ti,

m iscere, et tan tas audetis tollere moles ?

Quos ego sed motos pracstat compon ere ductus.Post m ihi n on Sim il i poen a comm issa luetis.Maturate fugam ,

regique haec d icite vestro

n on illi imperium pelagi saevumque triden tem,

sed m ihi sorte datum . Ten et i lle imman ia sax a,

vestras,Eure

,domos i lla Se iactet in aula

Aeolus,et c lauso ven torum carcere regn et.

’

Sic ait,ct dic to c itius tum ida aequora placat,

collec tasque fagat n ubes, so lcmque rcduc it.

Cymothoé Simul ct Triton adn ix us acuto

detrudun t n avis scopulo lovat ipse triden tiet vastas aperit syrtis et temperat aequor,atque rotiS summas levibus perlabitur un das .

Ac veluti magn o in populo cum saepe coOrta est

sed itio,saevitque an im is ign obile volgas,

iamque faces et sax a volan t furor arma m in istrat

tum,pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem

con spex ere, Silen t, arrectisque auribus adstan t

120 Ac/zate. H .122 lzzems. H ,

13 8 saevom . R .

191gran dam/as . R .

148

I . 185 .] N eptune S ti l ls t/ze Tempest. 4 1

i lle regit dictis an imos, et pectora mulcet,Sic cun etas pelagi cec idit fragor, aequora postquam

prospic ien s gen itor caeloque invectus apertoflectit equos, curruque volans dat lora secun do.

D efessi Aen eadae,quae prox ima litora

,cursu

con ten dun t petere,et Libyae vertun tur ad oras.

Est in secessu longo locus in sula portumefli cit Obiectu laterum ,

quibus omn is ab altofrangitur inque Sin us sc in dit sese un da reductos.

H in c atque hin c vastae rupes gem in ique m in an tur

in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice lateaequora tuta Silen t tum silvis scaen a corusc is

desuper horren tique atrum n emus imm in et umbra.

Fron te sub adversa scopul is pen den tibus an trum,

in tus aquae dulces vivoque sed il ia sax o,

n ympharum domus hic fessas n on vin cula n avisulla ten en t

,un co n on alligat an cora morsu.

Huc septem Aen eas collectis n avibus omn iex numero subit ac magn o telluris amore

egressi Optata potiun tur Troés arena,et sale taben tis artus in litore pon an t.

Ac primum Sil ic i sc in tillam ex cudit Achates,succepitque ign em fol iiS

,atque arida c ircum

n utrimen ta dedit, rapuitque in fom ite flammam .

Tum Cererem corruptam undis Cereal iaque arma

ex pediun t fessi rerum,frugesque receptas

et torrere paran t flamm is et frangere sax o .

Aen eas scopulum in terea con scendit, et omnem

prospectum late pelago petit, An thea Si quem

iactatum ven to videat Phrygiasque birem is,

aut Capyn ,aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici .

Navem in con spectu n ullam ,tris litore cervos

prospicit erran tis hos tota armen ta sequun tur

163 1‘

s”. H .164 scen a . H .

175 j uj f ep l‘

t. EdS. 185 secufltll r . R.

150 ef ecit. 173 baren a . R.181 szouem . R.

42 1. Tbe Lan ding in Af rica. [E wan

a tergo, et longum per vallis pasc itur agmen .

Con stitit hic, arcumque manu celerisque sagittas

corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates

ductoresque ipsos primum ,capita alta feren tis

corn ibus arboreis, stern it, tum volgas, et omn em

m iscet agen s tel is n emora in ter frondea turbam

n ec prius absistit,quam septem ingen tia victor

corpora fundat hum i,et n umerum cum n avibus acquet.

H in e portum petit, et soc ios partitur in omn es.

Vina bonus quae deinde cadis on erarat Acesteslitore Trin acrio dederatqiie

-

t eun tibus heros,

dividit,et dictis maeren tia pectora mulcet

O soc i i n eque en im ign ari sumus an te malorum

O passi graviora, dahit den s his quoque fin em .

Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem pen itusque sonan tis

accestis scopulos, vos et Cyc lopea sax a

ex perti : revocate an imos,maestumque timorem

mittite forsan et haec olim mem in isse iuvabit.

Per varios casus, per tot discrim in a rerum

tendimus in Latium sedes ubi fata quietasOstendun t ill ic fas regna resurgere Troiae.

D urate,et vosmet rebus servate secundis.3

Talia voce refert,curisquc ingcn tibus aeger .

spem voltu simulat,prem it altum corde dolorem .

I lli se praedae acc ingun t, dapibusqne futuristergora dcripiun t costis et viscera n udan t

pars in frusta secan t veribusqne tremen tia figun t

l itore aéna locan t ali i, flammasque m in istran t.Tum victu revocan t vires, fusique per herbamimplen tur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae.

Postquam ex empta fames epulis men saeque remotae,

am issos longo soc ios sermon e rcquir un t,

spemque metumque in ter dubi i , seu vivere credan t,

sive ex trema pati n ec iam ex audire vocatos.

201 ( j fclopia . H . 203 j’

orsam . R.

Ven us Appeals to j up z'

ten 43

.Praecipue pius Aen eas nun c acris Oron ti,

n un c Amyci casurn gemit et crudel ia secum

fata Lyci, forternque Gyan , fortemque Cloan thum.

Et iam fin is erat, curn Iuppiter aethere sumrn

'

o

despicien s mare velivolum terrasque iacen tis

l itoraque et latos populos,sic vertice caeli

con stitit,et Libyae defix it lum in a regn is.

Atque illum talis iactan tem pectore curas

tristior et lacrimis oculos sufl'

usa n iten tis

adloquitur Venus O qui res hominumque deumque

aetern is regis impetus, et fulm in e terres,qu id meus Aen eas in te comm ittere tan tum

,

quid Troes potuere, quibus, tot fun era passis,cun ctus ob I tal iam terrarum clauditur orbis ?Certe hin c Romanos olim,

volven tibus an n is,

c fore ductores,revocato a sanguin e Teucri,

mare, qui terras omn i dicion e ten eren t,

pollicitus, quae te, gen itor, sen ten tia vertit ?

Hoc equidem occasum Troiae tristisque ruinassolabar, fatis con traria fata rependen s

n un c eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actosin sequitur. Quem das fin em,

rex magn e, laborurn ?

An tenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,I llyricos pen etrare sinus, atque in tima tutus

regn a Liburn orum,et fon tem superare Timavi

,

unde per ora n ovem vasto cum murmure mon tisit mare proruptum et pelago prem it arva sonan ti .H ic tamem i lle urbem Fatavi sedesque locavitTeucrorum

,et gen ti n omen dedit, armaque fix it

Troia n un c plac ida compostus pace quiesc it :n os, tua progen ies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem,

n avibus ( in fandum am issis, un ius ob iram

prodimur atque I tal is longe disiungimur oris.

H ic pietatis honos ? Sic n os in sceptra repon is ?

224 dispicz'

em . R.2“ d ition e. H .

237pol l ici tu'

s. R.243 in tuma. R.

44 I . T118 Lan di ng i n Af rica .

Olli subriden s hom inum sator atque deorum ,

voltu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenar,

oscula l ibavit natae, dehin c talia faturParce metu

,Cytherea : manen t immota tuomm

fata tibi cem es urbem et prom issa Lavin i

moen ia,sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli

magn an imum Aen ean n eque me sen ten tia ven it.

H ic tibi ( fabor en im ,quando haec te cura remordet,

longius et volven s fatorum arcan a movebo )bellum ingens geret I talia, populosque ferocescon tundet, moresque viris et moen ia pon et,tertia ( lum Latio regn an tem viderit aestas

,

tern aque tran sierin t Rutul is hiberna subactis.

At puer Ascan ius, cui n un c cogn omen Iulo

add itur, I lus erat,dum res stctit I l ia regno.

trigin ta magn os volvcndis men sibus orbisimperio c x plcbit, regn umque ab sede Lavin i

tran sferer, ct longum m ulta vi mun iet Albam .

H ic: iam ter cen tum totm rcgn abitur an uos

gen te sub l i ec torca,( lon er regin a sac erdos .

Martc gravis, gem in am partu dabit I l ia prolem .

I nde lupac fulvo n utric is tegm in e laetus

Romulus ex c ip ic t gen tem . ct Mavortia condetmoen ia, Roman osque suo de n om in e ( l icet.H is ego n ec m etas rerum n ec tempora pon oimperium sin e fin e dedi . Quin aspera Iun o ,

quae mare n un c terrasque metu caelumque fatigat,

con silia in mel ius referet. m ecumquc fovebit

Roman os rerum dom in os qcn tcmquc togatam

sic plac itum . Ven iet lustris laben tibus aetas,

cum domus Assarac i Phthiam c larasque Mycen as

servitio premet,ac victis dom iuabitur Argis.

Nascetur pulchra Troian us origin c Caesar,imperium Oceano . famam qui term in et astris,

25 3 subl ime”. R .267

71105. R.

I . Tlze Destiny of Rome Foretola’. 45

I ulius, a magno dem issum nomen Iulo.

R un c tu olim caelo,spoliis Orien tis on ustum,

accipes secura vocabitur hic quoque votis.

Aspera tum positis mitescen t saecula bell is

can a Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus,iura dabun t dirae ferro et compagibus artis

c lauden tur Bell i portae Furor impius in tus,saeva seden s super arma, et cen tum vin ctus aen is

post tergum modis,fremet horridus ore cruen to.

’

Haec ait,et Maia gen itum demittit ab alto,

ut terrae, utque novae patean t Karthagin is arces

hospitio Teucris, n e fati n escia D ido

fin ibus arceret : volat i lle per aéra magnumrem igio alarum,

ac Libyae citus adstitit oris.

Et iam iussa fac it, ponun tque feroc ia Poen icorda volen te deo in primis regina quietumacc ipit in Teucros an imum men temque ben ign am .

At pius Aen eas, per n‘octem plurima volven s,

ut primum lux alma data est, ex ite locosqueex plorate n ovos

,quas ven to accesserit oras

,

qui tenean t, n am in culta videt,hom inesn e feraen e

,

quaerere con stituit,sociisque ex acta referre.

Classem in con vex o n emorum sub rupe cavata

arboribus clausam c ircum atque horren tibus umbrisocculit ipse uno graditur com itatus Achate,bin a manu lato crispan s hastil ia ferro .

Cui mater media sese tul it obvia silva,

virgin is os li abitumque geren s, et virgin is armaSpartanae, vel qual is equos Threi

'

ssa fatigat

Harpalyce, volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum .

Namque umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum

venatrix, dederatque comam diffun dere ven tis,

nuda gen u, nodoque sinus collec ta fluen tis.

Ac prior, Heus in quit iuven es,mon strate mearum

R .305 (la/ast. R.

3 17 E urum. H .

46 I . Tli e Landing i n Af rica . [E m u

vidistis si quam hic erran tem forte sororum,

succ in ctam pharetra et maculosae tegm in e lyn c is,aut spuman tis apri cursum c lamore premen tem .

’

Sic Venus et Ven eris con tra sic filius orsus

Nulla tuarum audita m ihi n eque visa sororum

O quam te memorem,virgo ? Namque haud tibi voltus

mortal is, n ec vox hom in em sonat O,dea certe

an Phoebi soror ? an n ympharum sanguin is una ?sis felix , n ostrumque leves, quaecumque, laborem,

et, quo sub caelo tan dem

,quibus orbis in oris

iactemur,doceas . Ign ari hominumque locorumque

erramus,ven to huc vastis et fluctibus acti

multa tibi an te aras nostra cadet hostia dex tra.

’

Tum Venus : Haud equidem tal i me dign or hon orevirgin ibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram,

purpureoque alte suras vin c ire cothurn o.

Pun ica regna vides,Tyrios et Agenoris urbem

sed fin es Libyc i, gen us in tractabile bello .

Imperium D ido Tyria regit urbe profecta,

german um fugien s . Longa est in iuria,longae

ambages sed summa sequar fastigia rerum .

Huic con iun x Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri

Phoen icum ,et magn o m iserae dilectus amore,

cui pater in tactam dederat, primisque iugarat

om in ibus. Sed regn a Tyri german n s habebat

Pygmal ion ,scelere an te alios imman ior omn es.

Quos in ter medius ven it furor. I lle Sychaeum

impius an te aras,atque auri caecus amore ,

c lam ferro in cautum superat, securus amorum

germanae factumque diu celavit,et aegram ,

multa malus simulan s,van a spe lusit aman tem .

Ipsa sed in somn is inhumati ven it imago

con iugis, ora modis attollen s pall ida m iris.

m ’j ar¢tram, R.387 comm a. R.

339 vet (an d always ) , R.

a s SM 0 343 aur i . R.

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48 l . T/ze Lan ding i n Af rica . [Ai rsmu

vital is carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem .

Perge modo, atque hin c te regin ae ad lim ina perfet .Namque tibi reduces soc ios c lassemque relatam

nun tio, et in tutum versis aquilon ibus actam,

ui frustra augurium van i docuere paren tes.Aspice bis sen os laetan tis agm in e cycn os,

aetheria quos lapsa plaga Iovis ales apertoturbabat caclo n un c terras ordine longoaut capere

,aut captas iam despectare viden tur

ut reduces illi ludun t striden tibus al is,et coetu cinx ere polam ,

can tusque dedere,haud al iter puppesquc tuae pubesque tuorumaut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo.

Perge modo, et, qua te duc it via, ( l irige gressum .

’

D ix it, et averten s rosea cervice refulsit,

ambrosiaeque comae divin um vertice odoremspiravere, pedes vestis deflux it ad imos,et vera in cessu patuit dea. I lle ubi matrem

adgn ovit, tali fugien tem cst voce secutus

Quid matum totien s, crudelis tu quoque, falsislndis imagin ibus ? Cur dex trae iungere dex tram

n on datur, ac veras audire ct reddere voces ?’

Tal ibus in cusat, gressumque ad moen ia ten dit

at Ven us obscuro gradien tes aere saepsit,

et multo nebulae c ircum dea fudit am ic tu,cern ere n e quis eos

,n eu quis con tingere posset,

molirive moram, aut ven iendi poscerc causas .

Ipsa Paphum sublim is abit,sedesque revisit

laeta suas,ubi templum illi

,cen tumque Sabaeo

ture calen t arae, sertisque rccen tibus halan t.

Corripuere viam in terea, qua sem ita mon strat.

Iamque ascen deban t collem, qui plurimus urbi

imminet, adversasque adspectat desuper arces.

393 advice. H .401 der ig'e. R.

"0eapsos. R.

I . Tbe New Ci ty of Cart/zage. 49

M iratur molem Aeneas, magal ia quon dam,

miratur portas strepitumque et strat'

a viarum.

I n stan t arden tes Tyri i pars ducere muros,molirique arcem et man ibus subvolvere sax a,

pars optare locum tecto et con c ludere sulco.

[Iura magistratusque legun t san ctumque senatum

hic portus al ii efi'

odiun t hic alta theatris

fundamen ta locan t ali i, imman isque columnas

rupibus ex cidun t, scaen is decora alta futuris.

Qual is apes aestate n ova per florea rura

ex ercet sub sole labor, cum gen tis adultos CAI

educun t fetus, aut cum liquen tia mella

stipan t et dulc i distendun t n ectare cellas,

aut on era accipiun t ven ien tum,aut agmine facto

ign avom fucos peen s a praesepibus arcen tfervet opus, redolen tque thymo fragran tia mella.

O fortun ati, quorum iam moen ia surgun t

Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis.

I n fert se saeptus n ebula, m irabile dictu,

per medios, m iscetque viris,n eque cern itur ulli.

Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbra,

quo primum iactati undis et turbin e Poen iefl

'

odere loco sign um, quod regia Iun omon strarat

,caput acris equi sic n am fore bello

egregiam et fac ilem victu per saecula gen tem .

H ie templum Iun on i ingen s Sidon ia D idocondebat, don is opulen tum et n um in e divae

,

aerea cui gradibus surgeban t l imin a, n ex aequeaere trabes, foribus cardo stridebat aen is.

Hoc primum in luco n ova res oblata timoremlen iit, hic primum Aen eas sperare salutem

ausus, et adflictis mel ius confidere rebus.

Namque sub ingen ti lustrat dum singula templo,reginam opperiens, dum,

quae fortuna sit urbi,427 R,

423petan t. R.“ 1 umbrae. R.

50 l . l e Landi ng in Af rica.

artificumque manus in ter se operumque laborem

miratur, videt I liacas ex ordin e pugnas ,bellaque iam fama totum volgata per orbem,

Atridas, Priamumque, et saevum ambobus Achillem.

Con stitit, et lacriman s, Quis iam locus inquit Achate,

quae regio in terris nostri n on plena laboris ?En Priamus Sun t hic etiam sua praemia laudi ;sun t lacrimae rerum et men tem mortalia tangun t.

Solve metus feret haec al iquam tibi fama salutem .

’

Sic ait,atque an imum pictura pasc it inan i,

multa gemen s, largoque umectat flum ine voltum .

Namque videbat, uti bellan tes Pergama c ircumhac fugeren t G raii, premeret Troian a iuven tus,hac Phryges, in staret curru cristatus Achilles.Nec procul hin c Rhesi n iveis ten toria velisadgn oscit lacriman s, primo quae prodita somno

Tydides multa vastabat caede cruen tus,

arden tisque avertit equos in castra,prius quam

pahula gustassen t Tro iae Xan thumque bibissen t.Parte al ia fugien s am issis Tro

'

ilus arm is,

in fel ix puer atque impar congressus Achilli,

fertur equis, curruque hacrct resupin us inan i,lora ten en s tame n huic cervix que comaeque trahun tur

per terrai n ,r t vrma pulvis in scribitur hasta.

I n terea ml templum mm aequae Palladis iban t

crin ilmq [l im in aJm'mis peplumque fereban t,

supplic il r r M ai n e; r t tunsae pectora palm is ;diva so lo flaw s m ulus aversa ten ebat.

Tcr vir: um ”imam raptaverat Hectora muros,

ex an imumquc 5mm corpus vendebat Achilles.

Tum vem itigcn tcm gem itum dat pectore ab imo,

ut spol ia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus am ici ,tendcn tcmquc manus Priamum con spex it in erm is.

Se quoque principibus perm ix tum adgnovit Achivis,

466 M m . R.479 50 81 32 bem'

een 473 an d 4

1. 5 z z .] Tne P ictured S tory of Tray . 5 !

a sque ac ies et n igri Memnon is arma.

D ucit Amazon idum lunatis agm ina peltis

Pen thesilea furen s, mediisque in m ilibus ardet,aurea subnecten s ex sertae c ingula mammae

,

bellatrix , audetque viris con currere virgo.

Haec dum D ardan io Aen eae m iranda viden tur,

dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defix us in un o,

regina ad templum ,forma pulcherrima D ido

,

in cessit magna iuven um stipan te caterva.

Qual is in Eurotae ripis aut per iuga Cyn thi

ex ercet D iana choros,quam m i lle secutae

hin c atque hin c glomeran tur oreades i lla pharetramfert umero, gradien sque deas superem in et omn isLatonae tac itum pertemptan t gaudia pectustalis erat D ido, talem se laeta ferebat

per medios, in stan s operi regn isque futuris.Tum foribus divae, media testudine templi

,

saepta arm is,solioque alte subn ix a resedit.

Iura dabat legesque viris,operumque laborem

partibus aequabat iustis, aut sorte trahebatcum subito Aen eas con cursu accedere magn oAn thea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloan thum,

Teucrorumque alios,ater quos aequore turbo

dispulerat pen itusque al ias avex erat oras.Obstipuit simul ipse simul perculsus Achateslaetitiaque metuque avidi con iungere dex trasardeban t sed res an imos in cogn ita turbat.D issimulan t, et n ube cava speculan tur am icti,

quae fortuna viris, c lassem quo litore linquan t,quid ven ian t ; cun ctis n am lecti navibus iban t,

oran tes ven iam,et

,

templum clamore peteban t.Postquam in trogressi et coram data copia fandi

,

max umus I l ioneus plac ido sic pectore coepit

0 Regi na, movam cui coudere Iuppiter urbem

492 ex ertae. R ,

605 e test, R.5 13 percussus. R.

5 2 I . TIte Landing in Afri ca. [12mm

iustitiaque dedit gen tis frenare superbas,

Troes te m iseri,ven tis maria omn ia vecti

,

oramus, prohibe in fan dos a navibus ign is,

parce pio generi, et propius res aspice nostras.

Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Pen atisven imus, aut raptas ad litora ven ere praedas

non ea vis an imo,nee tan ta superbia victis.

Est locus,Hesperiam Grai cogn omine dicun t,

terra an tiqua, poten s arm is atque ubere glaebae

Oen otri coluere viri n un c fama m inoresI tal iam dix isse ducis de n om in e gen tem .

H ie cursus fuitcum subito adsurgen s fiuctu n imbosus Orionin vada caeca tulit

, pen itusque procac ibus austris

perque undas, superan te salo,perque in via sax a

dispulit hue pauc i vestris adn avimus oris.Quod gen us hoc hom in um ? Quaeve hunc tam barbara

perm ittit patria ? Hospitio prohibemur arenae

bella cien t, primaque vetan t con sistere terra.

Si genus humanum et mortal ia temn itis arma

at sperate deos memores fandi atque n efandi .Rex erat Aeneas n obis, quo iustior alter,

n ec pietate fuit,n ec bello maior et arm is.

Quem si fata virum servan t, s i vescitur aura

aetheria,n eque adhuc crudel ibus occubat umbris,

n on metus ofii cio n ec te certasse priorem

poen iteat. Sun t et Sicul is region ibus urbes

arvaque, Troian oque a sanguin e c larus Acestes.

Quassatam ven tis liceat subducere classem,

et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos

si datur I tal iam, soc i is et rege recepto,ten dere, ut I t l liam laeti Latiumque petamus

sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optume Teucrum,

pon tus habet Lybiae, n ec spes iam restat Iuli,5 5° arma. R.

I . Tue Appeal of I l ion eus. 5 3

at freta Sican iae saltem sedesque paratas,

un de huc advecti, regemque petamus Acesten .

’

Talibus I lion eus cun cti simul ore fremeban t

D ardan idae.

Tum breviter D ido, voltum dem issa, profaturSolvite corde metum ,

Teucri, sec ludite curas.

Res dura et regn i n ovitas me talia cogun t

moliri,et late fin is custode tueri .

Quis gen us Aen eadum , quis Troiae n esc iat urbem,

virtutesque virosque, aut tan ti in cendia bell i ?Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poen i,n ec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe.

Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturn iaque arva,

sive Eryc is fin is regemque optatis Acesten ,

aux il io tutos dimittam,opibusque iuvabo .

Voltis et his mecum pariter con sidere regn is

urbem quam statuo vestra est, subducite navis ;Tros Tyriusque m ihi nullo discrim in e agetur.

Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem

adforet Aen eas Equidem per litora certos

dimittam et Libyae lustrare ex trema iubebo ,

si quibus eiectus silvis aut urbibus errat.’

H is an imum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates

et pater Aen eas iamdudum erumpere n ubem

ardeban t. Prior Aen ean compellat Achates

Nate dea, quae n un c an imo sen ten tia surgit ?

omn ia tuta vides,classem soc iosque receptos.

Un us abest, medio in fiuctu quem vidimus ipsi

submersum dictis responden t cetera matris.’

Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repen te

sc indit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum .

Restitit Aeneas claraque in luce refulsit,

os umerosque deo sim ilis ; n amque ipsa decoram

caesariem nato gen etrix lumen que iuven taepurpureum et laetos ocul is adflarat honores

54 1. TIte Lan ding i n Africa. [xi -luau) .

quale man us addun t ebori decus,aut ubi flavo

argen tum Pariusve lapis c ircumdatur auro .

Tum sic reginam adloquitur, cun ctisque repen teimprovisus ait Coram, quem quaeritis, adsum,

Troius Aeneas, Lybic is ereptus ab undis.O sola in fandos Troiae m iserata labores,quae n os

,rel iquias B anaum, terraeque marisque

omn ibus ex haustos iam casibus,omn ium egenos,

urbe, domo, soc ias, grates persolvere dign asn on opis est n ostrae, D ido, n ec quicquid ubique est

gen tis D ardan iae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem .

D i tibi, si qua pios respectan t n umina, si quidusquam iustitia est et men s sibi con sc ia recti,

praem ia digna feran t. Quae te tam lacta tulerun tsaecula ? Qui tan ti talem genuere paren tes ?I n freta dum fluvii curren t

,( lum mon tibus umbrae

lustrabun t convex a,polus dum sidera pascet, i t

semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebun t,

quae me cumque vocan t terrae .

’

Sic fatus, amicum

I l ion ea petit dex tra,laevaque Serestum ,

post al ios, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloan thum.

Obstipuit primo aspectu Sidon ia D ido,casu deinde viri tan to, et s ic ore locuta est

Quis te,n ate dea

, per tan ta pericula casus

in sequitur ? Quae vis imman ibus applicat oris ?Tun e ille Aeneas, quem D ardan io An chisae

alma Ven us Phrygii genuit Simoén tis ad undam ?Atque equidem Teucrum mem in i Sidoma ven irefin ibus ex pulsum patriis, n ova regn a peten tem

aux ilio Beli gen itor tum Belus opimamvastabat Cyprum,

et victor d ic ion e teuchat.Tempore iam ex illo casus m ihi cogn itus urbisTroian ae n omen que tuum regesque I

’elasgi.

Ipse hostis Teucros in sign i laude ferebat,5 99 ex haustis. R.

“08 Comma before con vex a . R.

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56 I . Tbe Lan ding i n Af rica. [E m

in cendat regin am, atque ossibus impl icet ignem

quippe domum timet ambiguam Tyriosque bilinguisurit atrox Iun o, et sub noctem cura recursat.

Ergo his aligerum dictis adfatur AmoremNate

,mcae vires, mea magna poten tia solus,

nate, patris summi qui tela Typhma temn is,ad te con fugio et supplex tua num in a poseo.

Frater ut Aeneas pelago tun s omn ia c ircuml itora iactetur odiis Iunon is in iquae,

n ota tibi, et n ostro doluisti saepe dolore.

Hune Phoen issa ten et D ido blan disque moraturvocibus et vereor, quo se Iunon ia vertan t

hospitia ; baud tan to cessabit cardin e rerurn .

Quoc irca capere an te dolis et c ingere flamma

reginam meditor, n e quo se n um in e mutet,sed magno Aen eae mecum ten eatur amore.

Qua facere id possis, n ostram n un c accipe men tem .

Regius acc itu cari gen itoris ad urbem

Sidon iam puer ire parat, mea max ima cura,

dona feren s, pelago et fiamm is restan tia Troiae

hun c ego sopitum somno super alta Cythera

aut super Idalium sacrata sede recondam,

n e qua sc ire dolos mediusve occurrere possit.

Tu fac iem illin s n octem n on amplius unam

falle dolo,et n otos pueri puer in clue voltus,

ut,cum te grem io accipiet laetissima D ido

regalis in ter men sas laticemque Lyaeum,

cum dahit amplex us atque oscula dulc ia figet,occultum in spires ignem fallasque veneno.

’

Paret Amor dictis carac gen etricis, et alas

ex uit, et gressu gauden s in cedit Iuli.

At Ven us Ascan io plac idam per membra quietem

in rigat, et fotum grem io dea tollit in altos

Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus illum

cos flpfioéa, R.670 N un c. R.

“ 5 dc. R.

I . Cup id Disgu ised as Ascan ius . 57

floribus et dulc i adspiran s complectitur umbra.

Iamque ihat dicto paren s et dona Cupido

regia portabat Tyriis, duce laetus Achate.

Cum ven it, aulaeis iam se regin a superbis

aurea composuit spon da mediamque locavit.

Iarn pater Aen eas et iam Troiana iuven tus

conven iun t,stratoque super discumbitur ostro.

D an t famuli man ibus lymphas, Cereremque can istris

ex pediun t, ton sisque ferun t man tel ia villis.

Quinquagin ta in tus famulae, quibus ordin e longamcura penum struefe, et flamm is ado

lere Pen atis

cen tum aliac totidemque pares aetate m in istri,

qui dapibus men sas oneren t et pocula ponan t.Nee n on et Tyrii per l im ina laeta frequen tesconven ere

,toris iussi discumbere pictis.

M iran tur don a Aen eae,m iran tur I ulum

flagran tisque dei voltus simulataque verba,

[pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acan tho.]Praecipue in felix , pesti devota futurae,ex pleri men tem n equit ardesc itque tuendo

Phoen issa, et pariter puero don isque movetur.I lle ubi complex u Aen eae colloque pependitet magn um falsi implevit gen itoris amorem,

reginam petit : haec oculis, haec pectore totohaeret et in terdum grem io fovet, in sc ia D ido,in sidat quan tus miserae deus at memot illematris Ac idaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeurn

in c ipit, et vivo temptat praevertere amore

iam pridem resides an imos desuetaque corda.

Postquam prima quies epulis, men saeque remotae,

c rateras magnos statuun t et vina coron an t.

Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutan t

atria dependen t lychn i laquearibus aureisin censi, et n octem fiamm is fun alia vin cun t.

719 insideat. Edd. mult. 725 if. R.

58 I . TIte Lan ding in Af rica. [E x a m

H ie regin a gravem gemm is auroque poposeit

implevitque mero pateram ,quam Belus et omn es

a Belo soliti tum fac ta silen tia tectis

Iuppiter, hospitibus n am te dare iura loquun tur,hun c laetum Tyriisque diem Troiaque profeetisesse vel is

,n ostrosque huin s mem in isse m inores.

Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator,et bona Iuno

et vos,O

,eoetum ,

Tyrii, celebrate faven tes.

D ix it,et in men sam laticum l ibavit honorem

,

primaque, libato, summo ten us attigi t ore

tum B itine dedit in crepitan s ille impiger hausitspuman tem pateram , et pleno se pro luit auro

post alii proceres. Cithara crin itus Iopas

personat aurata, docuit quem max imus Atlas.

H ie can it erran tem Iunam sol isque laboresun de hom in um gen us et pecudes un de imber et ign esAreturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Trionesquid tan tum Ocean o properen t se tinguere soleshibern i

,vel quae tardis mora n octibus obstet.

I ngem inan t plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequun tur.Nee n on et vario n octem sermon e trahebat

in felix D ido,longumque bibebat amorem ,

multa super Priamo rogitan s, super Heetore multa ;n un c quibus Aurorae ven isset l i lius arm is,n un c quales D iomedis equi, n un c quan tus Achilles.

Immo age, ct a prima d ic,hospcs, origin e n obis

in sidias,

’inquit, D an aum ,

easusque tuorum ,

erroresque tuos n am te iam septima portatomn ibus erran tem terris et fluc tibus aestas.

’

741 Atlan s. R.

I I . n .) Tlze W ooden Horse.

BOOK I I . - THE FALL OF TROY.

E NEAS begin s the tale : the G reeks, discouraged, had wi thdrawn to

Ten edos, leaving the wooden horse, in which chosen warriors were hidden

( vv. 1 Laocoii n in vain protests again st receiving it within the wal ls :

meanwhile Sin on , pretending to have fled from the G reeks, is received in

confiden ce by Priam,whom he persuades that the horse is a sacred offering

to M in erva (40 Laoeoc‘

i n an d his son s are destroyed by two mon

strous serpen ts : the horse is brought wi th rejoicing in to the city, an d at

n ight Sin on sets free the G recian chiefs ( 199 The ghost of Hector

appears to ZEn eas, an d warn s him to flee . The city is seen in flames

[En eas an d his compan ion s take arm s ( 268 Victorious en coun ter

w ith a party of G reeks : a disastrous con flict fol lows, an d they come to

Priam’s palace ( 370 Defen ce an d storm ing of the palace : the fate

of Priam,slain by Pyrrhus, while vain ly attempting to protect his son

(453—5 jEn eas return s to his own house first meeting Helen , whom

Ven us warn s him n ot to slay an d beholds in a vision the divin ities who

preside at the destruction of Troy ( 5 59 An chises at first refuses tofly, but is en couraged by a divi n e omen ( 634 jEn eas, bearing his

father, and atten ded by his wife Creii sa, an d his son ,seeks escape ; but,

con fused by a sudden alarm, loses Creii sa on the way (70 5 He

seeks her in vain at his palace, which is n ow fi lled w ith the armed en emy

but she meets him in a vision an d comforts him by assuran ce of her own

del iveran ce from hostile han ds. At dawn ,he finds a n umerous company

escaped from the city, with whom he seeks the shelter of Moun t Ida

(75 2- 804)

ONTICUERE omn es, in ten tique ora ten eban t.

I n de toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab altoI n fan dum

,regin a, iubes ren ovare dolorem,

Troianas ut opes et lamen tabile regn um

eruerin t D an ai ; quaeque ipse m iserrima vidi,et quorum pars magna fui. Quis tal ia fandoMyrm idon um D olopumve aut duri m iles U l ix itemperet a lacrimis ? Et iam n ox um ida caelo

praeeipitat, suaden tque caden tia sidera somn os.

Sed si tan tus amor casus cogn oscere n ostros

et breviter Troiae supremum audire laborem ,

quamquam an imus memin isse horret, luctuque refugit,

60 n . T/ze Fal l of Troy . pm

ineipiam . Fraeti bello fatisque repulsiductores Banaum, tot iam laben tibus ann is,in star mon tis equum divina Palladis arteaedifiean t, sectaque in tex un t abiete costas

votum pro reditu simulan t ea fama vagatur.

Hue delecta virum sortiti corpora furtimineludun t caceo lateri, pen itusque cavemas

ingen tis uterumque armato m il ite complen t.

Est in con spectu Tenedos, n otissima famain sula, dives opum, Priam i dum regna man eban t,

nun c tan tum sinus et statio male fida earin is

hue se provecti deserto in litore condun t.

Nos abiisse rati et ven to petiisse Mycenasergo omn is longo solvit se Ten eria luctu

pan dun tur portae iuvat ire et D orica castra

desertosque videre locos litusque relictum.

H ie D olopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilleselassibus hie locus hie ac ie certare soleban t.

Pars stupet in nuptae don um ex itiale Minervae,

et molem m iran tur equi primusque Thymoetes

duc i in tra muros hortatur et arce loeari,sive dolo, seu iam Troiae sic fata fereban t.

At Capys, et quorum melior sen ten tia men ti,

aut pelago D anaum in sidias suspeetaque dona

praecipitare inben t, subieetisque urere flammis,aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras.

Scin ditur in eertum studia in con traria volgus.

Primus ibi an te omn is, magn a comitan te caterva,

Laocoon arden s summa decurrit ab arce,

et procul : O m iseri, quae tan ta in san ia, c ives ?Creditis avectos hostis ? Aut ulla putatisdon a carere dolis D anaum ? Sic n otus Ulix es ?aut hoe in c lusi l igno oceultan tur Achivi

,

aut haec in nostros fabricata est machin a muros15 count. R.

25" susp . hiat. R.29 saevos. R.

I I . Tfie W ooden Horse. 6 1

in speetura domos ven turaque desuper urbi,aut aliquis latet error equo n e credite, Teueri.Quicquid id est

,timeo D an aos et don a feren tis.

’

Sic fatus, validis ingen tem viribus bastam

in latus inque feri curvam eompagibus alvum

eon torsit : stetit il la tremen s, uteroque recusso

in sonuere cavae gem itumque dedere cavemae.

Et, si fata deum,si men s non laeva fuisset

,

impulerat ferro Argolieas foedare latebras,

Troiaque, nun c stares,Priamique arx alta

, maneres.

Ecce,man us iuven em in terea post terga revin etum

pastores magno ad regem c lamore traheban tD ardan idae, qui se ign otum ven ien tibus ultro,

hoe ipsum ut strueret Troiamque aperiret Achivis,

obtulerat, fiden s an im i atque in utrumque paratus,seu versare dolos, seu eertae occumbere morti.U ndique visendi studio Troiana iuven tus

e ircumfusa ruit,eertan tque in ludere capto.

Aecipe nun c D anaum in sidias, et crimin e ab un o

d isee omn es.

Namque ut con spectu in medio turbatus, inerm isc on stitit atque oculis Phrygia agm ina eircumspex it

Heu, quae n un c tellus inquit quae me aequora possun t

aeeipere ? Aut quid iam m isero m ihi den ique restat,

cui n eque apud D anaos usquam locus, et super ipsi

D ardan idae in fen si pochas cum sanguine poseun t ?

Quo gemitu con versi an im i, eompressus et omn isimpetus. Hortamur fari ; quo sanguin e cretus,

quidve ferat, memoret, quae sit fiducia capto.

[I lle haec, deposita tandem formidin e, fatur

Cun eta equidem tibi, Rex , fuerit quodcumque, fatebor

vera, inquit ; n eque me Argolica de gen te n egabo

hoe primum n ee, si miserum Fortuna Sinonem

5°staret ; 57pos 75gu izzafi at. R. memores. R.

61 optulerat. R.7°om it. R.

62 u . TIto Fal l of Tray . [Aim

fin x it, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget.

Fando aliquod si forte tuas perven it ad auris

Belidae nomen Palamedis et in cluta fama

gloria, quem falsa sub prod ition e Pe lasgiin son tem in fan do indic io, quia bella vetabat,

dem isere n ec i,n un c cassum lum ine lugen t.

I ll i me eom item et con sangu in itate propinquum

pauper in arma pater prim is hue m is it ab an n is,

dum stabat regn o ineolum is regumque vigebat

con siliis, et nos aliquod n omenque decusque

gessimus. I nvidia postquam pellac is U l ix i

haud ign ota loquor superis con cessit ab oris,adflictus vitam in ten ebris luctuque trahebam,

et easum in son tis mecum indignabar am ic i .Nee taeui demen s, et me, fors si qua tulisset,si patrios umquam remeassem victor ad Argos,

prom isi ultorem,et verbis odia aspera movi .

H in e m ihi prima mal i labes,hin c semper Ulix es

erimin ibus terrere n ovis, hin e spargere voces

in volgum ambiguas, et quaerere con sc ius arma.

Nee requievit en im ,don ee, Calehan te m in istro

sed quid ego haec autem n eqn iquam ingrata revo lvo

Quidve moror, si omn is un o ordin e habetis Achivos,

idque audire sat est ? Iamdudum sum ite poenas ;hoe I thacus relit. ct magn o mercen tur Atridae.

’

Tum vero ardemus sc itari et quaerere causas,

ignari scelemm tan torum arrisque Pelasgae.

Prosequitur pavitan s. ct ficto pectore futur

Saepe fugam D an n i Tro ia cup iere relicta

moliri, et longo fessi d iscedere bello

fecissen tque utinam S i epe illos aspera pon ti

in terc lusit hiemps. ct terruit Austcr cun tis.

Praec ipue. cum iam hic tra‘mi

‘on s con tex tus acetais

staret equus. toto son uerun t nether-

c n imbi.

Suspensi Eurypylum sc itan tem oracula Phoebi

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64 I I . TIte Fa l l of Troy .

n oster eris, mihique haec edissere vera rogan ti

Quo molem han e imman is equi statuere ? Quis auctor ?Quidve petun t ? Quae rel igio ,

aut quae machina belli ?D ix erat. I lle, dolis in struc tus et arte Pelasga,sustulit ex utas vin c lis ad sidera palmas

Vos, aetern i ign es, et n on violabi le vestrum

testor numen’ait vos arae en sesque n efan di

,

quos fugi, vittaeque deum ,quas hostia gessi :

fas m ihi G raiorum sacrata resolvere iura,

fas odisse viros, atque omn ia ferre sub auras,

si qua tegun t ten eor patriae n ee legibus ullis.

Tu modo prom issis maneas, servataque serves

Troia fidem,si vera feram

,si magn a repen dam .

Omn is spes D anaum et coepti fiducia belliPalladis aux il iis semper stetit. Impius ex quo

Tydides sed en im scelerumque inven tor Ulix es,fatale adgressi sacrato avellere templo

Palladium,caesis summae custodibus areis,

corripuere sacram effigiem ,man ibusque eruen tis

virgin eas ausi divae con tingere vittasex illo fluere ae retro sublapsa referri

spes D anaum ,fractae vires

,aversa deae men s.

Nee dubi is ea signa dedit Triton ia mon stris.Vix positum castris simulacrum ,

arsere coruseae

lum in ibus flammac arrectis,salsusque per artus

sudor iit, terque ipsa solo m irabile dictu

emieuit, parmamque feren s hastamque tremen tem .

Ex templo temptanda fuga cauit aequora Calehas,n ee posse Argol ieis ex sc indi Pergama telis

,

om in a ui repetan t Argis, numenque reduean t,

quod pelago et curvis secum avex ere earin is.

Et n un c,quod patrias ven to petiere Mycen as,

arma deosque paran t com ites, pelagoque remen so

improvisi aderun t ita digerit om ina Calchas .

177 ex ezn d t . R .

I I . Tbe P etj ured Tate of S in on .

Han e pro Palladio mon iti, pro n um ine laeso 4 .

efligiem statuere,n efas quae triste piaret.

Han c tamen immen sam Calchas attollere molemroboribus tex tis caeloque educere iussit,

n e recipi portis, aut duc i in moen ia possit,n eu populum an tiqua sub religion e tueri .Nam si vestra manus violasset dona M in ervae

,

tum magn um ex itium ( quod di prius omen in ipsumc onvertan t Priam i imperio Phrygibusque futurumsin man ibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem

,

ultro Asiam magn o Pelopea ad moen ia belloven turam , et n ostros ea fata man ere n epotes.’

Talibus in sidiis periurique arte Sin on is

credita res, eaptique dolis lacrimisque coactis,

quos n eque Tydides, n ee Larissaeus Achilles,n on an n i domuere decem , n on m ille carin ae.

H ie aliud maius m iseris multoque tremendum

obieitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat.Laocoon , ductus Neptun o sorte sacerdos

,

sollemn is taurum ingen tem mactabat ad aras.

Ecce autem gem in i a Tenedo tran quilla per altahorresco referen s immen sis orbibus angues

in cumbun t pelago, pariterque ad l itora tendun t

pectora quorum in ter fluctus arrecta iubaequesanguin eae superan t un das pars cetera pon tum

pon e legit, sinuatque immen sa volum in e terga.

Fit son itus spuman te salo iamque arva ten eban t,

arden tisque oculos sufl'

ecti sanguin e et ign i,s ibila lambeban t l inguis vibran tibus ora.

D ifl'

ugimus visu ex sangues i lli agm in e certo

Laocoon ta petun t et primum parva duorumcorpora n atorum serpen s amplex us uterque

impl icat, et m iseros morsu depaseitur artus

post ipsum aux il io subeun tem ac tela feren tem

137 posset. R.

I t. The Fa l l of Troy . [E mma

« a n imam, spirisque ligan t ingen tibus et iam

lb s ” ( drum amplex i, bis collo squamea c ircum

terga Anti. superan t capite et cervic ibus altis.

N: simul man ibus tendit divellere nodos,

gv rfm s san ie vittas atroque ven en o,

« amores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit

qu ies mugitus, fugit cum sauc ius aram

taurus, et ineertam ex eussit cervice securim.

At gemin i lapsu delubra ad summa dracon es

erl'

ugiun t saevaeque petun t Triton idis arcem ,

sub pedibusque deae c lipeique sub orbe tegun tur.

Tum vero tremefacta n ovus per pectora cun ctis

insinuat pavor, et scelus ex pendisse meren tem

Laocoiin ta ferun t, sacrum qui cuspide robur

laeserit, et tergo sceleratam in torserit bastam .

D ueendum ad sedes simulacrum orandaque divae

n um ina con claman t.D ividimus muros et moch ia pan dimus urbis.

Aeeingun t omn es operi, pedibusque rotarum

subic iun t lapsus, et stuppea vin cula collointendun t scan dit fatal is machin a muros,

feta arm is. Pueri c ircum in n uptaeque puellae

sacra can un t,fun emque man u con tingere gauden t.

I lla subit, mediaeque m in an s in labitur urbi .

O patria,O divom domus I lium ,

et in cluta bellomoch ia D ardan idum, quater ipso in limine portaesubstitit

, atque utero son itum quater arma dederein stamus tamen inmemores caec ique furore,

et mon strum in fel ix sacrata sistimus arce.

Tun e etiam fatis aperit Cassan dra futurisora

, dei iussu n on umquam credita Teucris.Nos delubra deum m iseri, quibus ultimus esseti lle dies

,festa velamus fronde per urbem .

Vertitur interea caelum et ruit oceano n ox ,

involven s umbra magna terramque polumque

I I . 2865] The Fate of Laocoon .

Myrmidonumque dolos fusi per moen ia Teuct ieon tieuere, sopor fessos complectitur artus

et iam Argiva phalan x in structis n avibus ibata Ten edo tac itae per am ica silen tia lun ae

l itora n ota peten s, flammas cum regia puppis

ex tulerat, fatisque deum defen sus in iquis

in c lusos utero D anaos et pin ea furtim

lax at c laustra Sin on . I llos patefaetus ad auras

reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promun t

Thessandrus Sthen elusque duces, et dirus U lix es,dem issum lapsi per fun em ,

Aeamasque, Thoasque,

Pel idesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon,

et Men elaus, et ipse dol i fabricator Epeos.

I nvadun t urbem somn o vin oque sepultam ;

caedun tur vigi les, portisque paten tibus omn isacc ipiun t soc ios atque agm in a con sc ia iungun t.Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortal ibus aegris

in c ipit, et don o divom gratissima serpit.

I n somn is, ecce, an te oculos maestissimus Hector

v isus adesse m ihi, largosque efl'

undere fletus,

raptatus bigis, ut quon dam ,aterque cruen to

pulvere, perque pedes traiectus lora tumen tis.Ri m ihi, qualis erat, quan tum mutatus ab illo

Heetore, qui redit ex uvias indutus Achilli,vel D an aum Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ign is,squalen tem barbam et con cretos sanguin e crin is

volneraque illa gercus, quae c ircum plurima muros

aeeepit patrios. U ltro flen s ipse videbar

eompellare virum et maestas ex promere voces

O lux D ardan iae, spes O fidissima Teucrum,

quae tan tae tenuere morae ? Quibus Hector ab oris

ex speetate ven is ? U t te post multa tuorum

fanera,post varios hom in umque urbisque labores

defessi aspicimus Quae causa in dign a seren os

foedavit voltus ? Aut cur haec voln era cern o ?’

I I . The Fal l of Tray .

I lle n ihil, nee me quaeren tem vana moratur,

sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore dueens,Heu fuge, n ate dea, teque his, ait, eripe flammis.Hostis habet muros ruit alto a culm ine Tro ia.

Sat patriae Priamoque datum : si Pergama dex tradefendi possen t, etiam hac defen sa fuissen t.Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia penatishos cape fatorum com ites, his moen ia quaeremagn a, pererrato statues quae den ique pon to.

’

Sic ait,et man ibus vittas Vestamque poten tem

aetern umque adytis efl'

ert pen etralibus ignem.

D iverso in terea m iseen tur moen ia luetu,

et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta paren tisAn chisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit,

clarescun t son itus, armorumque ingruit horror.

Ex cutior somno,et summ i fastigia tecti

ascen su supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto

in segetem veluti cum flamma furen tibus austris

in c idit, aut rapidus mon tan o flum in e torren sstern it agros, stern it sata laeta boumque labores,

praec ipitisque trahit s ilvas, stupet in sc ius altoaeeipien s son itum sax i de vertice pastor.Tum vero man ifesta fides, D an aumque patescun tin sidiae. Iam D eiphobi dedit ampla ru inam

Volcan o superan te domus iam pro x umus ardetUcalegon Sigea ign i freta lata relucen t.Ex oritur clamorque virum c langorque tubarum.

Arma amen s capio n ee sat ration is in arm is,

sed glomerare manum bello et con currere in arcem

cum soc i is arden t an im i furor iraque men tem

praecipitan t, pulchrumque mori succurrit in arm is.Ecce autem tel is Pan thus elapsus Aehivom,

Pan thus Orthryades, arc is Phoebique sacerdos,

sacra.manu victosque deos parvumque n epotem

3“ 607mm. R.311 ecsuperan te. R.

I I . 354 ] W arn ing Appari tion of f l ector 69

ipse trahit, cursuque amen s ad lim in a ten dit.

Quo res summa, loco, Pan thu ? Quam prendimus arcem

Vix ea fatus eram , gemitu cum talia reddit

‘Ven it summa dies et ineluctabile tempus

D ardan iae fuimus Troes, fuit I lium et ingen s

gloria Teucrorum ferus omn ia Iuppiter Argostran stulit ; incen sa D an ai dom inan tur in urbe.

Arduus armatos mediis in moen ibus adstan s

fundit equus, vietorque Sinon in cen dia m iscet

in sultans portis ali i bipaten tibus adsun t,m ilia quot magh is umquam ven ere Mycen is

obsedere ali i telis angusta viarum

oppositi stat ferri ac ies mucron e corusco

stricta,parata n eci vix primi proel ia temptan t

portarum vigiles, et caeeo Marte resistun t.’

Talibus Othryadae dictis et n um in e divomin flammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys,

quo frem itus vocat et sublatus ad aethera c lamor.Addun t se soc ios Rhipeus et max imus arm isEpytus oblati per ln h am Hypan isque D ymasque,

et lateri adglomeran t n ostro ,iuven isque Coroebus,

Mygdon ides illis ad Troiam forte d iebus

ven erat,in sano Cassandrae in cen sus amore

,

et gen er aux il ium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat,in felix , qui n on spon sae praecepta furen tis

audierit.

Quos ubi eon fertos an dere in proel ia vidi,

in eipio super his Iuvenes,fortissima frustra

pectora, si vobis auden tem ex trema cupidocerta sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis :

ex eessere omn es,adytis arisque rel ictis

,

di,quibus imperium hoe steterat succurritis urbi

in een sae moriamur et in media arma ruamus.

Una salus victis, n ul lam sperare salutem .

’

323 astan s. R .329 eon s. R.

339 Rz‘

p/zeus. R.

I I . The Fa l l of Troy . [[ENEID .

Sic an im is iuvenum furor additus inde,lupi ceu

raptores atra in n ebula, quos improba ven trisex egit caeeos rabies, catulique rel ictifaucibus ex speetan t sicc is, per tela, per hostisvadimus haud dubiam in mortem

,mediaeque ten emus

urbis iter nox atra cava circumvolat umbra.

Quis cladem ill in s n octis, qu is fumera fandoex plicet, aut possit lacrimis acquare labores ?Urbs an tiqua ruit, multos dom inata per an nosplurima perque vias stern un tur in ertia passimcorpora, perque domos et rel igiosa deoruml im ina. Nee sol i poenas dan t sanguine Teueriquon dam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtusvictoresque cadun t D anai : crudel is ubiqueluctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago.

Primus se,D an aum magn a com itan te caterva

,

An drogeos offert n obis, soc ia agm in a creden sin sc ius

,atque ultro verbis compellat am ic is

Festin ate,viri : n am quae tam sera moratur

segn ities ? Al i i rapiun t in cen sa ferun tquePergama vos celsis n un c primum a n avibus itis.’

D ix it, et ex templo ,n eque en im respon sa daban tur

fida satis,sen sit medios delapsus in hostis.

Obstipuit, retroque pedem cum voce repressit

inprovisum aspris veluti qui sen tibus anguem

pressit hum i n iten s, trepidusque repen te refugit

attollen tem iras et caerula co lla tumen tem

haud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat.

I nruimus,den sis et c ircumfundimur arm is,

ignarosque loci passim et form idin e captos

stem imus : adspirat primo fortun a labori .

Atque hie successu ex sultan s an im isque Coroebus,O socii

, qua prima inquit fortun a salutis

mon strat iter,quoque osten dit se dex tra, sequamur

°

mutemus clipeos, Danaumque in sign ia nobis

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72 11. The Fa l l of Troy .

I licet obruimur numero primusque CoroebusPenele

’

i dex tra divae armipoten tis ad aram

procumbit cadit et Rhipeus, iustissimus unus

qui fuit in Teucris et servan tissimus aequidis aliter visum ; pereun t Hypan isque Dymasqueeonfix i a soc i is n ee te tua plurima, Pan thu,

‘

aben tem pietas n ee Apollin is in fula tex it.I liaci ein eres et flamma ex trema meorum,

testor, in occasu vestro n ee tela n ec ullasvitavisse vices D an aum,

et,si fata fuissen t

ut eaderem ,meruisse manu. D ivellimur inde,

Iphitus et Pelias mecum ,quorum Iphitus aevo

iam gravior, Pel ias et voln ere tardus U lix i

protin us ad sedes Priam i c lamore vocati.H ie vero ingen tem pugn am ,

ceu cetera n usquam

bella foren t, n ull. tota moreren tur in urbe.

Sic Martem in domitum, D an aosque ad tecta ruen tis

cern imus,obsessumque acta testudin e limen .

Haeren t parietibus scalae, postisque sub ipsosn itun tur gradibus, cl ipeosque ad tela sin istris

protecti obiciun t, pren san t fastigia dex tris.D ardan idae con tra turris ac tota domorum

culm ina convel lun t his se,quando ultima eern un t,

ex trema iam in morte paran t defendere tel isauratasque trabes, veterum decora alta paren tum ,

devolvun t ali i strietis mueron ibus imasobsedere fores has servan t agm ine den so.

I n staurati an im i,regis succurrere tectis,

aux ilioque levare viros, vimque addere victis.Limen erat caeeaeque fores et pervius usus

tectorum in ter se Priam i , postesque rel ictia tergo, in felix qua se

, dum regn a man eban t,

saepius Andromache ferre in com itata solebat

ad soeeros, et avo puerum Astyanacta tiahebat.

433 comma after vices. R.

I I . 4gr.] The G reehs P revai l . 73

Evado ad summi fastigia culm in is, undetelamanu m iseri iactaban t inritaTeucri .

Turrim in praec ipiti stan tem summ isque sub astra

eductam tectis,un de omn is Tro ia videri

et D an aum solitae n aves et Achaia castra,

adgressi ferro circum, qua summa laban tis

iun eturas tabulata daban t, con vellimus altissedibus, impul imusque ea lapsa repen te ruinam

cum son itu trahit et D anaum super agm ina latein c idit as t al i i subeun t, n ee sax a, n ee ullumtelorum in terea cessat gen us .

Vestibulum an te ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus

ex sultat, tel is et luce eoruscus aéna

qual is ubi in lucem co luber mala gram in a pastusfrigida sub terra tum idum quem bruma tegebat,

n un c, positis n ovus ex uviis n itidusque inven ta,lubrica eonv

_olvit sublato pectore terga

arduus ad solem,et l inguis m icat ore trisulc is.

U na ingen s Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis,armiger Automedon , un a omn is Seyria pubes

sueeedun t tecto, et flammas ad culm in a iactan t.

Ipse in ter primos correpta dura bipen n il im ina perrumpit, postisque a cardin e vellit

aeratos iamque ex c isa trabe firma cavavit

robora, et ingen tem lato dedit ore fen estram .

Adparet domus in tus, et atria longa patescun tadparen t Priam i et veterum pen etralia regum,

armatosque viden t stan tis in l im ine primo.

At domus in terior gem itu m iseroque tumultum iseetur, pen itusque cavae plangoribus aedes

fem ineis ululan t ferit aurea sidera c lamor.

Tum pavidae tectis matres ingen tibus erran t,

amplex aeque tenen t postis atque oscula figun t.

Instat vi patria Pyrrhus n ee c laustra, n eque ipsi

462 Ackau'

a. R.465 elapsa. R.

74 I I . The Fa l l of Troy . [E mma

custodes sufferre valen t labat ariete crebro

ian ua,et emoti procumbun t cardin e postes.

Fit via vi rumpun t aditus, primosque truc idan t

imm issi D anai, et late loea m i lite complen t.

Non sic , aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amn is

ex iit, oppositasque evic it gurgite moles,fertur in arva furen s cumulo

,camposque per omn is

cum stabulis armen ta trahit. V idi ipse furen tem

caede Neoptolemum gem inosque in l im in e Atridas

vid i Hecubam cen tumque n urus,Priamumque per aras

sanguin e foedan tem ,quos ipse sacraverat

,ign is.

Quin quagin ta ill i thalam i, spes tan ta n epotum ,

barbarico postes auro spol iisque superbi,

procubuere ten en t D an ai, qua defi c it ign is.

Forsitan ct Priam i fuerin t quae fata requiras.

U rbis uti captae casum convolsaquc viditlim in a tectorum et m edium in pen etralibus bostem,

arma d iu sen ior desueta tremen tibus aevo

c ircumdat n equiquam umeris,et in utile ferrum

c ingitur, ac den sos fertur moriturus in hostis.

Aedibus in mediis n udoque sub aetheris ax e

ingen s ara fuit iux taque veterrima laurus,

in cumben s arae atque umbra complex a Pen atis.H ie Hecuba et n atae n equiquam altaria c ircum

,

praec ipites atra ceu tempestate columbae,

con den sae et divom amplex ae simulacra sedeban t.

Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum iuveual ibus arm isut vidit, Quae men s tam dira

,m iserrime con iun x

,

impul it his c ingi tel is ? Aut quo ruis ? inquit ;

Non tal i aux il io n ee defen soribus istis

tempus eget n on,si ipse meus n un c adforet Hector.

Hue tandem con cede haec ara tuebitur omn is,

aut moriere simul .’ Sic ore effata reeep it

ad sese et sacra longaevum in sede locavit.Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites,

11. s6a ] Scen e at the P a lace. 75

unus n atorum Priam i, per tela, per hostis

porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustratsauc ius : il lum arden s in festo voln ere Pyrrhus

in sequitur, iam iamque man u ten et et prem it hasta.

U t tandem an te oculos evasit et ora paren tum,

con cidit, ac multo vitam cum sanguin e fudit.H ie Priamus

,quamquam in media iam morte tenetur

,

n on tamen abstinuit, nee voci iraeque pepereit

At tibi pro scelere,

’ex c lamat, pro tal ibus an sis,

di,si qua est caclo pietas, quae talia curet

,

persolvan t grates dignas et praem ia reddan t

debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum

fecisti et patrios foedasti fun ere voltus.At n on ille

,satum quo te men tiris

,Achilles

talis in hoste fuit Priamo sed iura fidemquesupplic is erubuit, corpusque ex sangue sepulehro

reddidit Hectoreum,meque in mea regn a remisit.

’

Sic fatus sen ior, telumque imbelle sin e ictucon iecit

,raueo quod protin us aere repulsum

e summo clipei n equiquam umbon e pependit.

Cui Pyrrhus Referes ergo haec et nun tius ibisFel idae gen itori i ll i mea tristia factadegen eremque Neoptolemum n arrare memen to.

Nunc morere.

’Hoe dicen s altaria ad ipsa tremen tem

trax it et in multo lapsan tem sanguin e n ati,

implicuitque comam laeva, dex traque coruscum

ex tulit, ac lateri capulo ten us abdidit en sem.

Haec huis Priam i fatorum hie ex itus illumsorte tul it, Troiam in cen sam et prolapsa viden tem

Pergama, tot quondam pOpulis terrisque superbumregnatorem Asiae. Iaeet ingen s litore trun cus,avolsumque umeris caput, et sine n om in e corpus.At me turn primum saevus c ircumstetit horror.

Obstipui subiit cari gen itoris imago,

5 46 cc. R.5 5 2 coma laevam. R.

76 n . The Fa l l of Tray . [E m u

ut regem aequaevum crudeli vo ln ere vidi

vitam ex halan tem subiit deserta Cretisa,et direpta domus, et parvi casus Iuli .Respic io, et quae sit me c ircum copia lustro.

D eseruere omn es defessi, et corpora saltuad terram m isere aut ign ibus aegra dedere.

[Iamque adeo super unus eram,cum l imina Vestae

servan tem et tac itam secreta in sede laten temTyndarida aspicio dan t '

elara in cen dia lucemerran ti passimque oculos per cuneta feren ti.I lla sibi in festos eversa ob Pergama Teucros

et poenas D anaum et deserti con iugis iras

praemetuens, Troiae et patriae commun is Erinys,abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat.

Ex arsere ign es an imo subit ira caden tem

ulc isei patriam et sceleratas sumere poenas .

Sc ilicet haec Spartam ineolum is patriasque Mycenas

aspieiet, pan oque ibit regina triumpho,con iugiumque, domumque, patres, n atosque videbit,

I liadum turba et Phrygiis com itata m in istris ?

Occiderit ferro Priamus ? Tro ia arserit ign i ?

D ardan ium totien s sudarit sanguine l itus ?

Non ita : n amque etsi n ul lum memorabile n omen

fem in ea in poena est, n ee habet victoria laudem,

ex tin x isse n efas tamen et sumpsisse meren tis

laudabor poen as, an imumque ex plesse iuvabit

ultrieis flammac, et c in eres satiasse meor um .

’

Tal ia iactabam,et furiata men te ferebar

cum m ihi se, non an te ocul is tam clara,videndam

obtul it et pura per n octem in luce refulsit

alma parens, con fessa deam , qual isque videri

cael icol is et quan ta solet, dex traque prehen sumcon tinuit, roseoque haec in super addidit oreNate, quis indom itas tan tus dolor ex eitat iras :

5 9°optul it. R.

P riam is S la i n by Py rrhus. 77

Quid furis, aut quon am n ostri tibi cura recessit ?

Non prius aspic ies, ubi fessum aetate paren tem

l iqueris An chisen superet con iun x n e Creii sa,

Ascan iusque puer ? Quos omn es un dique Graiaec ircum erran t acies, et, n i mea cura resistat

,

iam flammae tulerin t in im icus et hauserit en sis.Non tibi Tyndaridis fac ies in visa Lacaen aeculpatusve Paris divom in clemen tia, divom,

has evertit opes stern itque a culm in e Troiam .

Aspice— n amque omn em

, quae n un c obducta tuen timortalis hebetat visus tibi et um ida c ircumcal igat, nubem eripiam tu n e qua paren tisiussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa

hie, ubi disiectas moles avolsaque sax issax a vides mix toque undan tem pulvere fumum

,

Neptunus muros magn oque emota triden ti

fun damen ta quatit, totamque a sedibus urbem

eruit ; hie I n no Scaeas saevissima portasprima ten et, soeiumque furen s a navibus agmen

ferro acein eta vocat.

Iam summas arces Triton ia, respice, Pallas

in sedit, n imbo effulgen s et Gorgon e saeva.

I pse pater D anais an imos viresque secundas

suflieit, ipse deos in D ardan a susc itat arma.

Eripe, n ate, fugam ,finemque impone labori .

Nusquam abero,et tutum patrio te lim in e sistam .

’

D ix erat, et spissis n octis se con didit umbris.

Adparen t dirae fac ies in im icaque Troiae

numina magn a deum .

Tum vero omne m ihi visum con sidere in ign is

I lium et ex imo verti Neptun ia Tro ia

ac veluti summ is an tiquam in mon tibus ornum

cum ferro acc isam crebrisque bipen n ibus in stan t

eruere agricolae eertatim ,i lla usque m in atur

616 R .

78 n . The Fa l l of Troy . [i mam

et tremefacta comam concusso vertice n utat,

volneribus donee paulatim evicta, supremum

congemuit, trax itque ingis avolsa ruinam .

D escen do, ac ducen te deo flammam in ter et hostisex pedior ; dan t tela locum ,

flammaeque recedun t.

Atque ubi iam patriae perven tum ad l im ina sedis

an tiquasque domos, gen itor, quem tollere in altos

Optabam primum mon tis primumque petebam,

abnegat ex c isa vitam producere Troia

ex siliumque pati . Vos O,quibus in teger aevi

sangu is,’ait solidaeque suo stan t robore vires,

vos agitate fugamme si caelicolae voluissen t ducere vitam ,

has m ihi servassen t sedes. Satis un a superque

vidimus ex sc idia et captae superavimus urbi .Sic O,

sic positum adfati discedite corpus.Ipse manu mortem in ven iam miserebitur hostisex uviasque petet fae il is iac tura sepulcri.

Iam pridem in visus divis et in utilis an uos

demoror,ex quo me divom pater atque hom inum rex

fulm in is adflavit ven tis et con tigit ign i.’

Talia perstabat memoran s, fix usque manebat.

Nos con tra effusi lacrim is, con iun x que Cretisa

Asean iusque omn isque domus, n e vertere secum

cun eta pater fatoque urguen ti in cumbere vellet.Abn egat, in ceptoque et sed ibus haeret in isdem .

Rursus in arma feror,mortemque m iserrimus opto

n am qum l con silium aut quae iam fortuna dabatur ?

Mcne efferre pedem, gen itor, te posse rel icto

sperasti , tan tumque n efas patrio ex c idit ore ?

Si n ihil ex tan ta Superis placet urbe relinqui,et sedet hoe an imo, perituraeque addere Troiae

teque tuosque iuvat, patet isti ian na leto ,

iamque aderit multo Priam i de sanguin e Pyrrhus,

natum an te ora patris, patrem qui obtrun cat ad aras.

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n . The Fa l l of Troy .

lacem, et late c ircum loea sulphure fuman t.

H ie vero victus gen itor se tollit ad auras,

adfaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat.

l am iam n ulla mora est sequor et qua ducitis adsum.

D i patrii , servate domum ,servate n epotem .

Vestrum hoe augurium ,vestroque in n um in e Troia est.

Cedo equ idem ,n ee

,n ate

,tibi comes ire recuso.

’

D ix erat ille et iam per moen ia c larior ign isauditur

, prop iusque aestus in cen dia volvun t.

Ergo age, care pater, cervic i impon ere n ostrae

ipse subiho umeris, n ec me labor iste gravabit

quo res cumque caden t, un um et commun e peric lum ,

una salus ambobus erit. Mihi parvus Iulussit comes

,et longe servet vestigia con iun x

vos, famuli , quae dicam ,an im is advertite vestris.

Est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum

desertae Cereris, iux taque an tiqua cupressusreligion e patrum multos servata per anuos.

Han c ex diverso sedem ven iemus in un am .

Tu, gen itor, cape sacra man u patriosque Penatis ;

me,bello e tan to d igressum et caede recen ti,

attrectare n efas, don ec me flum in e vivo

abluero .

’

Haec fatus, latos umeros subicctaque colla

veste super fulvique in stern or pelle leon is,succedoque on eri dex trae se parvus I ulus

impl icuit sequ iturque patrem n on passibus aequispon e subit con iun x ferimur per opaca locorum

ct me,quem dudum n on ulla in ieeta moveban t

tela n eque adverso glomerati ex agm in e Grai,n un c omn es terren t aurae, son us ex c itat omn is

suspen sum et pariter com itique on erique timen tem .

Iamque propin quabam portis, om n cmque videbar

evasisse viam,subito cum creber ad auris

693 sa lpare. R.

I I . Fl ight of zE n eas w i th his Household. 8 1

visus adesse pedum son itus, gen itorque per umbram

prospicien s, Nate ’ex clamat, fuge nate, propinquan t.

Arden tis clipeos atque aera m ican tia cerno

H ie m ihi n esc io quod trepido male numen am icum

c on fusam eripuit men tem . Namque avia cursu

dum sequor, et nota ex cedo region e viarum,

heu, misero con iun x fatone erepta Cretisa

substitit, erravitn e via,seu lassa resedit,

i n eertum n ee post ocul is est reddita n ostris.

N ee prius amissam respex i an imumque reflex i,

quam tumulum an tiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam

ven imus hie demum collectis omn ibus un a

defuit, et comites n atumque virumque fefellit.

Quem n on in cusavi amen s hom inumque deorumque,

aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ?

Asean ium An ehisen que patrem Teucrosque Penatis

commen do soc i is et curva valle recon do

ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgen tibus arm is.

Stat casus ren ovare omn is,omnemque revert i

per Troiam,et rursus caput obiectare perielis.

Princ ipio muros obscuraque l im in a portae,

qua gressum ex tuleram,repeto, et vestigia retro

observata sequor per n octem et lum in e lustro .

Horror ubique an imo,simul ipsa silen tia terren t.

I n de domum,si forte pedem

,si forte tul isset

,

me refero in rueran t D an ai,et tectum omn e ten eban t.

I l icet ign is edax summa ad fastigia ven to

volvitur ; ex superan t flammae,furit aestus ad auras.

Procedo et Priam i sedes arcemque reviso .

Et iam portic ibus vacuis Iunon is asylo

custodes lecti Phoen ix et dirus Ulix es

praedam adservaban t. Hue un dique Troia gaza

in cen sis erepta adytis, men saeque deorum,

crateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis

733 fato mi . R.

82 I I . The Fa l l of Troy . (E mma.

congeritur ; pueri et pavidae longo ordin e matresstan t c ircum.

Ausus quin etiam voces iactare per umbram

implevi c lamore vias,maestusque Cretisam

n equiquam ingemin an s iterumque iterumque vocavi .

Quaeren ti et tectis urbis sin e fin e furen tiin felix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creiisaevisa m ihi an te oculos et n ota maior imago.

Obstipui, steterun tque comae et vox fauc ibus haesit.

[Tum sic adfari et curas his demere dictisQuid tan tum in san o iuvat indulgere dolori,O dulc is con iun x ? Non haec sin e n um in e divomeven iun t n ee te hin c eom item asportare Creiisamfas, aut ille sin it superi regn ator Olympi.Longa tibi ex silia, et vastum maris aequor arandum,

et terram Hesperiam ven ies,ubi Lydius arva

in ter opima virum len i fluit agmin e Thybris

illic res laetae regn umque et regia con iun x

parta tibi . Lacrimas dilectae pelle Cretisae.

Non ego Myrm idonum sedes D olopumve superbas

aspic iam , aut G raiis servitum matribus ibo,

D ardan is, et divae Ven eris nurus.

Sed me magn a deum gen etrix his detin et oris

iamque vale, et n ati serva commun is amorem .

’

Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacriman tem et multa volen tem

dicere deseruit, tenuisque reeessit in auras.

Ter con atus ibi eollo dare braeehia c ircum

ter frustra eompren sa man us efl'

ugit imago,

par levibus ven tis volucrique sim ill ima somno.

Sic demum soc ios con sumpta n octe reviso.

Atque hic ingen tem com itum adflux isse n ovorum

in ven io adm iran s n umerum ,matresque virosque,

eollectam ex silio pubem ,m iserabile volgus.

Undique eonvenere, an im is opibusque parati,775 Rejected by R.

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84 m . The l'Van a'ering of zEneas . [m

BOOK I I I . —THE W ANDERING or E NEAS.

THE ex iles sail in early summer, an d arrive’

at Thrace, but are alarmed

by the prodigy of a bleed ing thicket over I’olydorus

’s grave (w . 1 At

Delos they con sult Apo l lo , an d (m isun derstan ding his oracle ) settle in

Crete, when ce they are driven by a pestilen ce E n eas is warned

in a vision that I taly is the destin ed land : they set sail, but are overtaken

by a storm ( 147 Seeking shelter at the Strophades, they are driven

then ce by the Harpies, an d fo llow the coast as far as Epirus ( 209Here they fin d He len us and An dromache, who joyfully receive them in

hospital ity 294—3 5 The prophecy of Helen us : they depart, laden with

gifts ( 356 They hai l the coast of I taly, and proceed ti l l they n ear

Sici ly an d the residen ce of the Cyc lops : the spectacle of Moun t [Etn a ( 506Here they rescue on e of the compan ion s of U lysses. The mom .

ster Polyphemus is seen approaching the shore : his cries summo n his eom

pan ion s ( 588 Retracing their course, to avo id Scyl la an d Charybdis,

they lan d at the port of D repan um : the death of An chises ( 682- 7I S) .

OSTQUAM res Asiae Priam ique evertere gen tem

immeritam visum Superis,cec iditque superbum

I lium,et omn is humo fumat Neptun ia Tro ia,

diversa ex silia et desertas quaerere terrasauguri is agimur divom , classemque sub ipsaAn tandro et Phrygiae mol imur mon tibus I dae

,

in certi, quo fata feran t, ubi sistere detur,con trahimusque viros. Vix prima in ccperat aestas,et pater An chises dare fatis vela iubcbatl itora cum patriae laeriman s n ortusque relin quoet campos

,ubi Tro ia fuit : feror ex sul in altum

cum soc iis natoque Penatibus ct magn is dis.

Terra proen l vastis col itur Mavortia campis,

Thraces aran t,acri quon dam regnata c urgo,

hospitium an tiquum Tro iae soc iique Pen ates,

dum Fortuna fuit. Perot huc,et l itore curvo

moen ia prima loco, fatis ingressus in iquis,Aen eadasque meo n omen de n om in e fi ngo .

15 an ti cum . R.

II I . The Land of Thrace.

Sacra D ionaeae matri divisque ferebamauspicibus coeptorum operum,

superoque n iten tem

caelicolum regi maetabam in l itore taurum .

Forte fuit iux ta tumulus, quo corn ea summo

virgulta et den sis hastilibus horrida myrtus.

Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere silvamc on atus, ram is tegerem ut fron den tibus aras

,

horrendum et dictu video m irabi le mon strum .

Nam,quae prima solo ruptis radic ibus arbos

vellitur,huic atro liquun tur sanguine guttae,

e t terram tabo maculan t. Mihi frigidus horrorm embra quatit, gelidusque co it form idin e sanguis.Rursus et alterius len tum convellere vimenin sequor, et causas pen itus temptare laten tis

ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis.

Multa moven s an imo nymphas ven erabar agrestis

G radivumque patrem , G etic is qui praesidet arvis,rite secundaren t visus omen que levaren t.Tert ia sed postquam maiore hastilia n isuadgredior, gen ibusque adversae obluetor arenae

eloquar, an sileam ? gem itus lacrimabilis imo

auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad auris‘Quid m iserum , Aen ea, laceras ? Iam parce sepulto

parce pias scelerare manus. Non me tibi Tro ia

ex ternum tul it, aut cruor hie de stipite manat.

Heu,fuge crudelis terras, fuge litus avarum

n am Polydorus ego hie confix um ferrea tex it

telorum seges et iaculis in crevit acutis.

’

Tum vero an c ipiti men tem formidin e pressus

obstipui, steterun tque comae et vox faucibus haesit.

Hun e Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno

in felix Priamus furtim mandarat alendum

Threicio regi , cum iam difli dcret arm is

D ardan iae, c ingique urbem obsidion e videret.

26 n ostrum. R.31 rusus. R.

5 1 Thraeicio. R.

86 111. The l 'Van a’eri ng of {E n easz [E mma

I lle,ut opes fractae Teucrum, et Fortuna recessit,

res Agamemn on ias victrxcraque arma secutus,

fas omne abrumpit Polydorum obtrun cat, et auro

vi potitur. Quid n on mortalia pectora cogi s,

auri sacra fames ? Postquam pavor ossa reliquit,

delectos populi ad proceres primumque paren temmon stra deum refero

,et quae sit sen ten tia poseo .

Omn ibus idem an imus,scelerata ex cedere terra,

l in qui pollutum hospitium,et dare elassibus austros.

Ergo in stauramus Polydoro fun us, et ingen saggeritur tumulo tellus stan t Man ibus arae,

caeruleis maestae vittis atraque eupresso,

et c ircum I liades erinem de more solutae

in ferimus tepido spuman tia eymbia lacte

sang uin is et sacri pateras, an imumque sepulchro

condimus,et magna supremum voce c iemus.

In de,ubi prima fidcs pelago, placataque ven ti

dan t maria et len is crepitan s vocat Auster in altum,

deducun t soc i i n avis et l itora complen t

provehimur portu, terraeque urbesque recedun t.

Sacra mari col itur medio gratissima tellusNereidum matri et Neptuno Aegaco,quam pius Areiten en s oras et l itora c ircumerran tem Mycon o e celsa G yaroque revin x it

,

immotamque eol i dedit ct con tem n crc ven tos.

Hue fetor haec fessos tuto plac idissima portuaccipit : egressi ven eramur Apoll in is urbem .

Rex An ius, rex idem hom inum Phoebique sacerdos,vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro

,

occurrit veterem An chisen adgn osc it am icum .

Iungimus hospitio dex tras, et tecta subimus.

Templa dei sax o ven erabar structa vetusto

D a propriam ,Thymbraee, domum da moen ia fessis

et genus et man suram urbem serva altera Troiae

75 -l ron z/en en s . R.82 adg n ow t. R.

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88 m . The l l'

andcring qf ef n eas . [E m-nu.

Fama volat pulsum regn is cessisse patem is

I domen ea ducem , desertaque l itora Cretae,

hoste vacare domos, sedesque adstare rel ictas.

Lin quimus Ortygiae portus, pelagoque volamus,

bacchatamque iugis I

'

ax on viridemque D onysam ,

Olearon , n iveamque Paron ,sparsasque per aequor

Cycladas, et erebris legimus freta con sita terris.Nauticus ex oritur vario certam in e c lamorhortan tur soc i i Cretam proanoszj n e petamus

Prosequitur surgen s a puppi ven tus cun tiset tan dem an tiquis Curetum adlabimur oris.Ergo avidus muros optatac mol ior urbis

,

Pergameamque voco, et lactam cognom in e gen temhortor amare focos arcemque atto llere tec tis.

Iamque ferc sicco subduc tae litore puppescon ubiis arvisque n ovis operata iuven tusiura domosque daham subito cum tabida membris

,

corrupto eaeli traetu,m iseran daquc ven it

arboribusque satisque lues et letifer an n us.

Linqueban t dulc is an imas,aut aegra traheban t

corpora tum sterilis ex urere Sirius agrosareban t herbae

,et victum seges aegra n egabat.

Rursus ad orac lum Ortygiae Phoebumque remen so

hortatur pater ire mari,ven iamque precari

quam fessis fin em rebus ferat un de laborum

temptare aux il ium iubeat quo vertere cursus.

Nox erat,et terris an imalia somn us habebat

efligies saerae d ivom Phrygiique Pen ates,

quos mecum a Troia mediisque ex ign ibus urbisex tuleram

,visi an te oculos adstare iacen tis

in somn is,multo man ifesti lum in e

, qua se

plena per in sertas fundcbat lun a fen estras

con ct la . R.,l l .

1 5 1260,etc .

,in brac k et. R.

13 6 can abis. R ,

15 1 in son zn zs. H . n zam l /cs l i . R .

19-3 domam ; astare. R.125 Ol ia r n in ; P a i n /n . R.

19-8 an d 19-9 after 133 R ,

I II . A P esti len ce in Crete.

tum sic adfari et curas his demere dictisQuod tibi delato Ortygiam dic turus Apollo est

,

hie can it, et tua n os en ultro ad lim in a m ittit.Nos te

, D ardan ia in cen sa, tuaque arma secuti,

n os tumidum sub te permen si elassibus aequor,

idem ven turos tollemus in astra n epotes,

imperiumque urbi dabimus tu moen ia magh ismagna para, longumque fugae n e lin que laborem .

Mutan dae sedes : n on haec tibi litora suas it

D elius, aut Cretae iussit con sidere Apollo.

Est locus, Hesperiam Grai cognom in e dicun t,terra an tiqua, poten s arm is atque ubere glaebae

Oen otri coluere viri n un c fama m inoresI taliam dix isse duc is de n om in e gen temhae n obis propriae sedes hin c D ardanus ortus

,

Iasiusque pater, genus a quo prin c ipe n ostrum .

Surge age, et haec laetus longaevo dicta paren tihaud dubitanda refer : Corythum terrasque requirat

An son ias D ictaea n egat tibi Iuppiter arva.

’

Tal ibus atton itus visis et voce deorum

n ee sopor illud erat,sed coram adgn oscere voltus

velatasque comas praesen tiaque ora videbar

tum gelidus toto man ahat corpore sudor

corripio e stratis corpus, tendoque supinasad caelum cum voce man us

,et munera libo

in temerata foc is. Perfecto laetus honore

An chisen fac io certum,remque ordin e pando.

Adgn ovit prolem ambiguam gem inosque paren tes,seque n ovo veterum deceptum errore locorum .

Tum memorat : Nate,I l iac is ex ercite fatis,

so la m ihi talis casus Cassandra can ebat.

Nun c repeto haec gen eri portendere debita n ostro,

et saepe Hesperiam ,saepe I tala regna vocare.

Sed quis ad Hesperiae ven turos l itora Ten eros

crederet, aut quem tum vates Cassandra moveret ?

I I I . The l ‘Van deri ng of zEn eas . [E mma

Cedamns Phoebo, et mon iti meliora sequamur.’

Sic ait, et cun cti dicto paremus ovan tes.

Han c quo que deserimus sedem , pauc isque relictis

vela damn s, vastnmque cava trabe en rrimus aequor.

Postquam altum tenuere rates,n ee iam amplius ullae

adparen t terrae, caelum undique et undique pon tus,

tum m ihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber,noctem hiememque feren s, et inhorruit unda tenebris.

Con tinuo ven ti volvun t mare, magn aque surgun t

aequora ; dispersi iactamur gurgite vasto ;

in volvere diem n imbi,ct n ox um ida caelum

abstul it ; ingem in an t abruptis n ubibus ign es.Ex cutimur cursu

,et caceis erramus in undis.

Ipse diem n oetemque n egat discernere caelo,

n ee mem in isse viae media Palinurus in un da.

Tris adeo in certos caeca caligin e soleserramus pelago, totidem sin e sidere n octes.

Quarto terra die primum se atto llere tandemvisa

,aperire proen l mon tis

,ac volvere fumum .

Vela cadun t,rem is in surgimus hand mora

,n autae

adn ix i torquen t spumas et caerula verrun t.

Servaturn ex undis Strophadum me litora primumaccipiun t Strophades G raio stan t n om in e dictae,in sulae Ion io in magn o,

quas dira CelaenoHarpyiaeqn e colun t al iac

,Phin ei a postquam

c lausa domus, men sasqne metu liquere priores.

Tristins hand illis mon strum,n ec saevior ul la

pestis et ira deum Stygiis sese ex tul it un dis.V irgin ei volucrum voltus

,foedissima ven tris

proluvies, n n caeqn e man us, et pall ida semperora fame.

Hue ubi delati portus in travimus,ecce

lacta bonm passim campis armen ta videmus,

eaprigen umque pecus n ullo custode per herbas .

I n ruimus ferro, ct d ivos ipsumque vocamn s

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92 JI I . The lVan a’cri ng of zEn eas . [Aims

ambesas subigat mal is absumere men sas .

’

D ix it,et in silvam pen n is ablata refugit.

At soc iis subita gelidus form idin e sangn is

deriguit ; cecidere an im i,n ee iam amplius armis,

sed votis preeibusqn e inben t ex poscere pacem,

sive deae,sen sin t dirae obseenaeqne volucres.

Et pater An chises passis de litore palmisn um ina magn a vocat

,meritosque indic it honores

D i, prohibete m in as di

,talem avertite casum

,

et plac idi servate pios Tum l itore funem

deripere, ex cussosqne iubet lax are rudentes.Tendun t vela Noti fugimus spuman tibn s undis,

qua cursum ven tusque gubern atorqne vocabat.

Iam medio adparet fluctu n emorosa Zacyn thos

D ulichinmque Sameqne et Neritos ardua sax is.Efi

'

ugimus scopulos I thacae, Laértia regna,

et terram altricem saevi ex secramn r U lix i.

Mox et Lencatae n imbosa cacum ina mon tiset form idatus n an tis aperitn r Apo llo .

Hun e petimus fessi et parvae succed imus urbi

an cora de prora iac itur, stan t litore puppes.

Ergo in sperata tandem tellure potiti,lustramurqne Iovi votisqn e in cendimn s aras

,

Actiaqne I liac is celebramus litora lndis.Ex ercen t patrias oleo laben te palaestrasn udati soc i i iuvat evasisse tot urbes

Argolieas, mediosque fugam ten n isse per hostis.

I n terea magnum sol c ircumvo lvitur an n um ,

et glac ialis hiemps aquilon ibus asperat undas.

Aere cavo c lipeum ,magn i gestamen Aban tis,

postibn s adversis figo,et rem carm in e signo

AENEAS HAEC D E D ANAIS VILTORI BVS ARMA.

Linquere tum portus iubeo et con sidere tran striseertatim soc i i feriun t mare et aequora verrun t.

3 5 8p i n a ls. R.

I II . The Coast of Ep i rus . 93

Protin us aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces,

litoraque Epiri legimus portnque subimus

Chaon io, et celsam Buthroti aceedimus urbem.

H ie in eredibilis rerum fama oceupat auris,

Priamiden Helen um G raias regn are per urbes,

con iugio Aeac idae Pyrrhi seeptrisque potitum,

et patrio Andromaehen iterum cessisse marito.

Obstipui, m iroque in cen sum pectus amore,compellare virum et casus cogn oscere tan tos.

Progredior portu, c lassis et litora linquen s,sollemn is cum forte dapes et tristia donaan te urbem in luco falsi Simoén tis ad un damlibabat c in eri An dromache

,Man isque vocabat

H eetoreum ad tumulum,viridi quem eaespite in an em

et gem inas, causam lacrim is,sacraverat aras.

U t me con spex it ven ien tem et Troia c ircumarma amen s vidit

,magn is ex territa mon stris

derign it visu in medio ,calor ossa reliquit

labitur, et longo vix tan dem tempore faturVerane te fac ies

,verus m ihi n un tius adfers

,

n ate dea ? Vivisn e,an t

,si lux alma recessit

,

H ector ubi est ?’D ix it

,lacrimasque effudit et omnem

implevit clamore locum . Vix pauea furen tisubic io

,et raris turbatn s voc ibus hiseo

V ivo equidem ,vitamqn e ex trema per omn ia duco

n e dubita,n am vera vides.

Heu, qu is te casus deiectamcon iuge tan to

ex cipit, ant quae dign a satis fortuna revisitHeetoris Andromaehen P Pyrrhin

’con ubia servas ?

’

D eieeit voltum et dem issa voce locuta est

O felix un a an te al ias Priameia virgo,

hostilem ad tumulum Troiae sub moen ibus altisiussa mori , quae sortitus n on pertulit n llos,

n ee victoris eri tetigit captiva enhile319 Andromache

, some MS5 . an d Eds. 324 her i . H.

94 m . The l l'

an deri ng of l i n ear.

nos, patria incen sa, d iversa per aequora vectae,

stirpis Achilleae fastus iuvenemqne superbum,

servitio en ix ae,tulimns qui deinde, secutus

Ledaeam Herm ionen Lacedaemon iosqn e hymenaeos,

me famulo famulamque He leno tran sm isit habendam .

Ast illum,ereptae magno inflammatus amore

con iugis et scelernm Fn ri is agitatn s, Orestes

ex cipit incautum patriasque obtrun cat ad aras.

Morte I

'

eoptolem i regn orum reddita cessit

pars Heleno, qui Chaon ios cognom in e campos

Chaon iamqne omn em Tro ian o a Chaon e dix it,Pergamaqn e I liacamque ingis han e atltl id it arcem .

Sed tibi qui cursum ven ti,quae fata dedere ?

Aut quisnam ign arnm n ostris den s adpul it oris ?

Quid pner Ascan ius ? snperatn e et vesc itur aura,

quem tibi iam Tro iaRequa tamen puero est am issae cura paren tis

Eequid in an tiquam virtutem an imosque viril iset pater Aen eas et avnuculn s ex c i tat Hector

?

Tal ia fundebat lacriman s longosque c iebat

incassnm fletus,cum sese a moen ibus heros

Priam ides multis Helenus cm n imm ilms adfert,

adgnosc itque suos, lactusqru m l lu n in a duc it,

et multum lacrimas verba in tm fund it.

P meedo,et par

vam Tm in m magn is

Pergama, et aren tem X 'm l ln m uomin e rivum

adgn osco , Scaeaeqm am p lt l l n l

' l im ina portae.

Nee n on et Teucri mu m -.imul urbe fruun tur

il los portic ibus re x n u I l l ll

' l v-I I in amplis ;an lai medio lilmlmn l pm n ln Bacchi

,

impositis auto ( ln pilm paterasque ten eban t.

Iamque ( l it-v. ultmqm : f l ies processit. et aurae

vela vocan t tum it luqm: inflatur r-

arhasn s austro .

H is vatem m lgrc-( l in r d ie ris ar: talia quaeso

mflammn lm . k .8 4“ mu n /n . k . pu rest. R.

348 Rejected by R.

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96 I I I . The Hbn drr ing qf xEn eas . [I

is locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum.

Nee tn men sarum morsus horresce futuros

fata viam inven ien t,aderitque vocatus Apol lo.

I Ias autem terras, I tal ique han c litoris oram,

prox uma quae n ostri perfund itur aequoris aestu,effnge cuneta malis habitan tnr moen ia Grais.l l ic et Naryc ii posn erun t moen ia Locri,

c l Sallen tinos 0 l ) SL‘( l lt m ilite camposLyc tius Idomen eus hie illa duc is Mel iboei

parva l’hiloctetae subn ix a l’etel ia mn ro.

Quin , uhi tran sm issae steterin t tran s aequora classes,

et positis aris iam vota in l itore solves,

purpureo velare c omas adopertus am ietu.

ne qua in ter sanc tus ign is in hon ore deorumhostilis fac ies oceurrat et om ina turbet.l l unc soc i i morem sacrorum . lmn c ipse ten etohac casti manean t in rel igione n epotes.

Ast ubi digressum Siculae te admovcrit orae

w utn s . ct angus ti rarescen t c laustra I‘elori,

laeva tibi te llus c t longo laeva pctan turaequora c ircuitu t lex trum fuge litus et undas .

l lavc lora \ i quo ndam c t vasta courolsa ruinat.m l um .te\ i loug inq zm m in t mutare vetustas

l‘

ern ut . cum pro t in us utraquc tellusuua la te t w n zt med ia \ i p on tus c t undis

l i c s pcn um S'

culo l m urbes

l tto t.‘ du ln c tc n .t

w

o‘

m t ic t. mmg

w" 2115

I I I . The P rophecy of Helenus. 97

pnbe tenus, postrema imman i corpore pristis,delphinnm eandas utero comm issa luporum .

Praestat Trinacri i metas lustrare Pachyn i

cessan tem, longos et c ircumfleetere cursus,

1»

quam semel inforrn em vasto vidisse sub an tro

Scyllam,et caeruleis can ibus reson an tia sax a.

‘Praeterea, si qua est Helen o pruden tia,vati

si qua fides, an imum si veris implet Apollo,un um illud tibi, nate dea, proqn e omn ibus unum

praedicam,et repeten s iterumque iterumque monebo

Iunon is magn ae primum prece n umen adora ;I n non i can e vota l iben s

,dominamque poten tem

sn pplieibus supera don is sic den ique victorTrinacria huis I talos m ittere rel ieta.

Hue ubi delatus Cumaeam aecesseris urbem,

divinosqne lacus, et Averna son an tia silvis,

in sanam vatem aspicies, qnae rupe sub ima

fata cauit,fol iisque notas et nbmina mandat.

Quaecnmque in foliis descripsit carm in a virgo,digerit in numerum

,atque an tro seclusa relinquit.

I lla man en t immota loc is,n eque ab ordin e cednn t ;

verum eadem, verso ten n is cum cardin e ven tus

impulit et ten eras tnrbavit ian n a fron des,n umquam deinde cavo vol itan tia pren dere sax o,

nee revocare situs an t iungere carm in a curat :

in con sulti aben n t, sedemque odere Sibyllae.

H ie tibi n e qua morae fnerin t d ispen dia tan ti,

quamvis in crepiten t soc i i , et vi cursus in altumvela vocet

, possisque sin us implere secundos,

quin adeas vatem preeibusqne oracula poseasipsa canat

,vocemque volen s atque ora resolvat.

I lla tibi I taliae populos ven turaque bella,et quo quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laboremex pediet, cn rsusque dahit ven erata secundos.

421pay “ , H , R ,441 Cymaeam. R.

98 I I I . The l l’an dcr ing of zEn eas . [E m

Haec sun t, quae n ostra l iceat te voce moneri.

Vade age, et ingen tem factis fer ad aethera Troiam .

’

Quae postquam vates sic ore ch'

atus am ico est,

don a dehin c auro gravia sectoque elephan to

imperat ad navis ferri, stipatque earin is

ingen s argen tum , D odon aeosque lebetas,

lorieam con sertam ham is auroque trilieem ,

et con um in sign is galeae cristasqn e coman tis,

arma Neoptolem i sun t et sua dona paren ti.Addit equos, additqn e ducesrem igium supplet soc ios simul in struit armis.I n terea classem vel is aptare iubebat

An chises, fieret ven to mora n e qua feren ti.

Quem Phoebi in terpres multo compellat honore

Con iugio, An chise, Ven eris dignate superbo,cura deum ,

bis Pergameis erepte ruin is,

ecce tibi Auson iae tellus han c arripe velis.Et tamen han c pelago praeterlabare n ecesse est

Auson iae pars illa proen l, quam pan dit Apollo.

Vade ait O fel ix n ati pietate. Quid ultra

provehor, et fan do surgen tis demoror austros ?’

Nec m inus An dromache digressu maesta supremofert pic tn ratas auri snbtem in e vestes

et Phrygiam Ascan io chlamydem ( n ee cedit honore) ,tex tilibn sque on erat don is

,ac tal ia fatur :

Aecipe et haec,man n um tibi quae mon umen ta mearum

sin t, puer, et longum An dromachae testen tn r amorem,

con iugis Hectoreae. Cape don a ex trema tuorum,

O mihi sola mei super Astyan actis imago

sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat

et nun c aequal i tecum pubesceret aevo .

’

Hos ego digredien s lacrim is adfabar obortis

‘Vivite felices, quibus est fortun a peracta

iam sua nos alia ex al iis in fata vocamur.

475 An ch isa. H.

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I I I . The Wanderi ng of E n eas .

ferte viam ven to fac ilem et spirate secundi .’

Crebreseun t optatac aurae, portusque patesc it

iam propior, templumque adparet in arce Min ervae.

Vela legun t soc ii, et proras ad l itora torquen t.Portus ab euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum

obiectae salsa spuman t aspargin e can tes

ipse latet gem ino dem ittun t braechia muroturriti scopuli, refugitque ab l itore templum.

Qnattuor hie , primum omen,equos in gram ine vidi

tonden tis campum late, candore n ival i .

Et pater An chises Bellum , O terra hospita,portas

bello arman tur equi, bellum haec armen ta m in an tur.

Sed tamem idem ol im curru succedere sueti

quadrupedes, et fren a ingo con cordia ferre

spes et pac is ’ait. Tum n um ina san eta preeamur

Palladis arm ison ae,quae prima aeeepit ovan tis,

et capita an te aras Phrygio velamur am ietu

praeceptisque Helen i,dederat quae max ima

,rite

I n n on i Argivae in ssos adolemus hon ores.

Haud mora,con tin uo perfec tis ordin e votis

,

corn ua velatarum obvert imus an ten n arum ,

G raiugenumque domos suspectaque l inquimus arva.

H in e sin us Herculei ( si vera est fama) Taren ticern itur attoll it se diva Lac in ia con tra

,

Caulon isque arces et n avifragum Scylaceum .

Tum procul e fluctu Trin acria cern itur Aetna,

et gem itum ingen tem pelagi pulsataque sax a

audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces,

ex sultan tque vada,atque aestu m iseen tur arenae.

Et pater An chises N im irum haec i lla Charybdishos Helen us scopulos, haec sax a horren da can ebat.

Eripite , O soc i i, pariterque in surgite rem is

Haud m in us ac iussi fac in n t, primusque ruden tem

con torsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas

53 5 dim ittun t. R.

I I I . The Coast of S icily. IO I

laevam cun eta eohors rem is ven tisque petivit.

Tollimur in caelum curvato gurgite, et idem

snbdueta ad Man is imos desedimus un da.

Ter scopuli elamorem in ter cava sax a dedere

ter spumam elisam et roran tia vidimus astra.

I n terea fessos ven tus cum sole reliqui t,ign arique viae Cyclopum adlabimur oris .

Portus ab accessu ven torum immotus et ingen s

i pse sed horrific is iux ta tonat Aetna ruin is

in terdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera n ubem,

turbin e fuman tem piceo et can den te favilla,

attollitqn e globos flammarum et sidera lambitin terdum scopulos avolsaque viscera mon tiserigit eructan s, l iquefactaque sax a sub auras

cum gem itu glomerat, fundoque ex aestuat imo.

Fama est En eeladi sem iustum fulm in e corpusurgueri mole hac

,ingen temque in super Actuam

impositam ruptis flammam ex spirare cam in is

et fessum quotien s mutct latus,in tremere omn em

murmure Trin acriam,et caelum subtex ere fumo .

Noetem illam tec ti silvis imman ia mon stra

perferimn s,n ee quae son itum det causa videmus.

Nam n eque eran t astrorum ign es, n ee luc idus aethrasiderea polus, obscuro sed n ubila caelo

,

et lunam in n imbo n ox in tempesta ten ebat.

Postera iamque dies primo surgebat BO6 ,

nmen temque Aurora po lo dimoverat umbram

cum subito e silvis,mac ie con fecta suprema

,

ign oti nova forma viri m iseran daque cn ltu

procedit, supplex que man n s ad litora ten dit.

Respic imus : dira in luvies inm issaque barba,con sertum tegumen spin is at cetera Grain s,

[et quon dam patriis ad Troiam m issus in arm is.]I sque ubi D ardan ios habitus et Troia vidit

5 78 semustam. R.

I 02 111. The W'

an der ing of xEn eas. [18mm

arma proen l, pan lnm aspectu eon territus haesit,

con tinuitque gradum mox sese ad litora praeceps

cum fletu preeibusqne tulit : Per sidera testor,

per superos atque hoe caeli spirabile lumen ,tollite me, Teucri quascumque abduc ite terras

hoe sat erit. Seio me D an ais e elassibus unum,

et bello I liaeos fateor petiisse Pen atis

pro quo,si sceleris tan ta est in iuria n ostri ,

spargite me in fluetus, vastoque inmergite pon to.

Si perco,hominum man ibus periisse iuvabit.

’

D ix erat, et genua amplex us gen ibusque volutans

haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus,

hortamnr ; quae dein de agitet fortuna, fateri.

Ipse pater dex tram An chises, han d multa moratus,dat iuven i, atque an imnm praesen ti pign ore firmat.I lle haec, deposita tan dem form idin e

,fatur :

Sum patria ex I thaca,comes in felic is U lix i,

n om in e Achaemen ides,Tro iam gen itore Adamasto

paupere—man sissetque utinam fortuna profectus.

H ie me, dum trepidi crudel ia lim in a l inquun t,inmemores soci i vasto Cyc lop is in an tro

deseruere. D omus san ie dapibusque eruen tis,

in tus opaca, ingen s ipse arduus,altaque pulsat

sidera D i,talem terris avertite pestem

n ee visu facilis n ee dictu adfabilis ull i .V isceribus m iserorum et sanguin e vescitur atro.

Vidi egomet, duo de n umero cum corpora n ostro

pren sa man n magna, medio resupin us in an tro,

frangeret ad sax nm,san ieque aspersa nataren t

l imin a ; vidi atro cum membra fluen tia tabo

manderet,et tepidi tremeren t sub den tibus artus.

Haud impune quidem n ee tal ia passus U lix es,

oblitusve sui est I thacus discrim in e tan to .

Nam simul ex pletus dapibus vin oque sepultus

611 Rejected by R.5 25 cx spersa. Con .

39 su ist. R.

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104 I I I . The lVan dcr i ng of fEn eas . [E x am

iam medium,necdum fluctn s latera ardua tin x it.

Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, receptosupplice sic merito,

tac itiqn e in c idere funem

verrimus et pron i certan tibus aequorarem is.

Sen sit, et ad son itum voe is vestigia torsit

verum ubi n ulla datur dex tra adfec tare potestas,n ee potis Ion ios tluc tus aequare sequen do,

clamorem immen sum to ll it, quo pon tus et omnes

con tremuere un t lae , pen itusque ex territa tellus

I taliae, curvisque’

immugiit Aetn a cavern is.

At genus e silvis Cyc lopum et mon tibus altisex c itum ruit ad portus et l i tora complen t.

Cern imus adstan tis n equ iquam lum in e torvoAetn aeos fratres, cac lo capita alta feren tis

,

con c i lium horrendum quales cmn vertice celsoa

'

ériae quercus, an t con iferae cyparissi

con stiterun t, silva alta I ovis,lucusve D ianae.

Pracc ipites metus acer agit quocumque ruden tis

ex en tcre, et ven tis in tendere ve la secundis.

Con tra iussa moucn t Heleu i Scyl lam atque Charybdinin ter, utramque viam leti d iscrim in e parvo,

n i ten ean t cursus certum est dare lin tea retro.

Ecce autem Boreas angusta ab sede l’elori

m issus adest. V ivo praetervehor ostia sax o

Pan tagiae Megarosqn e sin us Thapsnmque iacen tem.

Talia mon strabat relegen s errata retrorsus

litora Achaemen ides, comes in fel ic is U lix i .

Sican io praeten ta siun iacet in sula con tra

Plemyrinm un dosnm n omen d ix ere priores

Ortygiam . Alphenm fama est huc Elidis amn em

occultas egisse vias subter mare qui n un c

ore, Arethusa, tuo Sicul is con fn nditur undis.

Iussi num in a magn a loc i ven eramur et inde

878 in tremuere. H.6b6 Before 685

. R.693 P lemur ium . R.

684 Scy l la ; Charybdis. R.690 retrorsunz. H.

635 supter . R.

I I I . Sicily : D eath of An chises. 105

ex supero praepingue solum stagn an tis Helori.

H in e altas can tes proieetaque sax a Pachyn i

radimus, et fatis n umquam con cessa moveri

adparet Camerin a proen l campiqn e G eloi,imman isque Gela fluvii cogn om ine dicta.

Arduus in de Acragas osten tat max uma longemoen ia

,magn an imum quondam gen erator equorum

teque datis l inquo ven tis,palmosa Sel in us,

et vada dura lego sax is Lilybei'

a caceis.H in e D repan i me portus et in laetabilis ora

acc ipit. H ie, pelagi tot tempestatibus actis,hen gen itorem ,

omn is curac casusque levamen ,

am itto An chisen hie me,pater optume, fessum

deseris,heu

,tan tis n equiquam erepte pericl is

Nee vates Helen us,cum multa horrenda mon eret,

hos m ihi praedix it luctus, n on dira Celaen o .

H ie labor ex tremus,longarum haec meta viarum.

H in e me digressum vestris den s adpul it oris .

Sic pater Aen eas in ten tis omn ibus un usfata renarrabat divom

,cn rsusque docebat.

Con ticuit tan dem,factoqne hie fin e quievit.

703 Acragan s. R.708 aetas. H .

711 n equidquam. H.

106 IV. Departure f rom Carthage. [E x am

BOOK IV. D EPARTURE FROM CAR'

I‘

HAGE.

D l D o converses w ith her sister An n a of her love for E n eas (vv. I—so) ,which she betrays also by other token s ( 54 Jun o con certs with Venusa device for un itin g them in marriage (go A hun ting party is formed

for the queen an d her guests : Dido an d {En eas are driven by the divine

plot to shelter in a cave ( 129—1 Fame reports their al lian ce : jealousyan d wrath of Iarbas ( 173 Jupiter sen ds Mercury to comman d the

departure of AZn eas, whom he fin ds laying the foundations of the citadel

( 2 18 [En eas summon s his compan ion s : Dido reproaches him with

his in ten ded fl ight ( 279 The fleet is made ready : he l isten s nu

moved to the en treaties of Dido an d An n a ( 393 The queen , mad

den ed, resolves on death, first seek ing magic in can tation s (45 0—S2 I ) .Sleepless, at n ight, she ex claims again st Trojan perfidy. Meanwhile

Mercury in a vision again warn s fEn eas to flee : he hasten s the departure

of the fleet ( 5 22 Despair of Dido at h is flight : she in vokes curses

upon the fugitive an d his posterity ( 5 84 Simulating rel igious rites,

she causes her chamber to be prepared, an d slays herself, after a last

appeal to her sister (629 Jun o, by embassy of I ris, releases her

tormen ted spirit (623

T regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura

voln n s al it ven is,et caceo carpitur ign i .

Multa viri virtus an imo,mn ltusque recursat

gen tis hon os haeren t infix i pectore voltusverbaque, n ee plac idam membris dat cura quietem.

Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras,

nmen temque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram,

cum sic un an imam adloqn itn r male sana sororem

An n a soror,quae me suspen sam in somn ia terren t l

Quis n ovus hie n ostris successit sedibus hospes,

quem sese ore feren s,quam forti pectore et arm is

Credo equidem ,n ec van a fides

, gen us esse deorum.

D egen eres an imos timor arguit heu,quibus i lle

iactatus fatis Quae bella ex hausta can ebat

Si m ihi n on an imo fi x um immotumque sederet,

n e eui me vin elo vellem soc iare iugali,

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108 IV. Departure f rom Carthage. [Ai x m

indulge hospitio, causasqne in n ecte morandi,dum pelago desaevit hiemps et aquosus Orion ,

qnassataeque rates,dum n on tractabile caelum .

’

H is dictis in cen sum an imum inflammavit amore,

spemque dedit dubiae men ti,solvitqn e pndorem .

Prin c ipio delubra adeun t, pacemque per aras

ex quirun t mactan t lectas de more biden tis

legiferae Ceret i Phoeboqne patriqne Lyaeo,I n n on i an te omn is, cui vin cla iugal ia curac.

Ipsa,ten en s dex tra pateram ,

pulcherrima D idocanden tis vaccae media in ter corn ua fundit

,

aut an te ora deum pinguis spatiatnr ad aras,

in stauratque diem don is, pecudumque reclusis

pectoribus inhian s spiran tia con sul it ex ta.

Hen vatum ignarae men tes quid vota furen tem,

quid delubra iuvan t ? Est mollis flamma medullasin terea, et tac itum vivit sub pectore volnus.

Uritur in felix D ido, totaque vagatur

urbe furen s, qualis con iecta cerva sagitta,quam proen l in cautam n emora in ter Cresia fix itpastor agen s telis, liqn itque volatile ferrumn escius illa fuga si lvas saltusque peragrat

D ictaeos haeret lateri letal is arundo .

Nun c media Aen ean secum per moen ia duc it,

Sidon iasque osten tat opes urbemqn e paratam

in cipit effari,mediaque in voce resistit

n un c eadem laben te die convivia quaerit,I liacosque iterum demen s aud ire laboresex posc it, pen detque iterum n arran tis ab ore.

Post,ubi digressi , lumenque obscura vicissim

lun a prem it suaden tque caden tia sidera somnos,

sola domo maeret vacua,stratisque rel ictis

in cubat,illum absen s absen tem aud itque videtque

aut grem io Asean ium , gen itoris imagin e capta,

5 4 tmpen so ,flammav i t. R.

IV. j un o’

s P roposa l . 109

detin et, in fandum si fallere possit amorem .

Non coeptae adsurgun t turres, n on arma iuven tusex ercet, portusve an t propngnacula bellotuta paran t penden t opera in terrupta

,m inaeque

murorum ingen tes aequataque machin a caelo.

Quam simul ac tali persen sit peste ten ericara Iovis con iun x

,n ee famam obstare furori

,

talibus adgreditur Ven erem Saturn ia dictisEgregiam vero laudem et spol ia ampla refertis

tuque puerque tun s, magn um ct memorabilen omen,

un a dolo divom si fem in a vieta duorum est

Nee me adeo fall it vet itum te moen ia n ostra

suspectas habuisse domos Karthagin is altae.

Sed quis crit modus,aut quo n un c certam in e tan to ?

Quin potin s pacem aetern am pactosque hymen aeos

ex ercemus ? Habes, tota quod men te petisti

ardet aman s D ido, trax itque per ossa furorem .

Commun em hun e ergo populum paribusque regamus

auspiciis l iceat Phrygio servire marito,

dotal isque tuae Tyrios perm ittere dex trae.

’

Olli— sen sit en im simulata men te locutam,

quo regn um I tal iae Libyens averteret oras

sic con tra est ingressa Venus Quis talia demen sabnuat, an t tecum mal it con tendere bello

,

si modo ,quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur ?

Sed fatis in certa feror, si Iuppiter un am

esse vel it Tyriis urbem Tro iaqne profectis,

m iscerive probet populos, aut foedera iungi .

Tu con iun x : tibi fas an imum temptare precan do.

Perge seqnar.

’ Tum sic ex cepit regia Iuno :

Mecum crit iste labor n un c qua ration e, quod in stat

confieri possit, pauc is, adverte, docebo.

Venatum Aen eas n n aque m iserrima D ido

in n emus ire paran t,ubi primos crastin us ortus

ex tulerit Titan , radiisque retex erit orhem .

94 n umen . Man y eds.

I V. Departure f rom Carthage. [E x am

H is ego n igran tem comm ix ta grandine n imbum,

dum trepidan t alae, saltusque indagine eingnn t,

desuper in fundam , et ton itru caelum omne c iebo.

D iflugien t com ites et n oc te tegen tur opaca

spelun eam D ido dux et Tro ian us candemdeven ien t adero

,et

,tua si m ihi certa vo lun tas,

[con ubio iungam stabil i propriamque dieabo .)hic hymen aeus crit.’ Non adversata peten ti

adn uit, atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis.

Occanum in terea surgen s Aurora reliquit.

I t portis inhare ex orto delecta iuven tus

retia rara,plagae, lato venabula ferro

,

Massylique ruun t equites et odora canum vis.

Reginam thalamo eun ctan tem ad l im in a primiPoen orum ex speetan t, ostroque in sign is et aurostat son ipes, ac frena ferox spuman tia mandit.

Tan dem progreditur, magn a stipan te caterva,

Sidon iam pieto chlamydem c ircumdata limbo.

Cui pharetra ex auro,crin es n odan tur in aurum

,

aurea purpuream subn ec tit fibula vestem .

Nee n on ct Phrygi i com ites ct laetus Iulusin cedun t. Ipse an te alios pn lcherrimus omn isin fert se soc ium Aen eas atque agm in a iungit.

Qual is ubi h ibern am Lyc iam Xan thique fluen ta

deserit ac D elum matcrnam inv isit Apollo,in stauratque choros

,m ix tique altaria c ircum

Cretesquc D ryopesque fremun t pic tique Agathyrsi ;

ipse ingis Cyn thi graditur, mo ll ique fluen tem

fron de prem it erin em fingen s atque implicat auto ;tela son an t umeris hand illo segn ior ibat

Aen eas tan tum egregio decus en itct ore.

Postquam altos ven tum in mon tis atque in via lustra,ecce ferae, sax i deiec tae vertice

,caprac

decurrcrc ingis 3 alia dc parte paten tis

tran sm ittun t cursu campos atque agm ina cervi

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IV. D epartn re f rom Carthage. [E x am

gauden s, et pariter fitc ta atque in fecta canebat

ven isse Aenean , Tro iano san gu in e cre tum,

cui se pulchra viru dign etur iungere D idonun c hiemem in ter se lux u, quam longa, fovereregnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos.

Haec pass im dea foeda virum diffundit in ora.

Protin us ad regem cursus detorquet Iarhan ,

in een ditqn e an imum d ictis atque aggerat iras.H ie Hammon e satus

,rapta G araman tide Nympha,

templa Iovi cen tum latis imman ia regn is,

cen tum aras posu i t, Vigilemque sacraverat ign em,

ex cubias divom ae tern as, pecudumque cruore

pingue so lum et variis floren tia l im ina sertis.

Isque amen s an im i et rumore accensus amaro

dicitn r an te aras media in ter n um ina divom

multa Iovem man ibus supples orasse supin is

Iuppiter omn ipoten s, cu i n un c Maurusia pictis

gen s epn lata toris Len aeum l ibat hon orem ,

aspic is haec , an te . gen itor, cum fulm ina torques,n equiquam horremus. caec ique in n ubibus ign esterrifican t an ime s e t inan ia murmura m iscen t ?

Fem ina,quae n ostris erran s in fmibus urbem

ex iguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandumcuique loc i leges dedimus, con ubia n ostra

reppul it, ac dom in um Aen ean in regn a recepit.

Et n un c i lle Paris cum sem iviro com itatu,

Macomia men tum m itra erin emque maden tem

subn ex us, rapto potitur n us mun era templ is

quippe tuis ferimus,famamque fovemus in an em.

’

Talibus oran tem dictis arasque ten en tem

audiit omn ipoten s, oculosque ad moen ia torsit

regia et oblitos famae mel ioris aman tes.

Tum sic Mercurinm adloquitur ac tal ia man dat‘Vade age, n ate. voca Zephyros et labere pen n is,Dardan iumque dueem,

Tyria Karthagin e qui n un c

IV. The Hera ld M ercury . 1 13

ex speetat, fatisque datas n on respic it urbes,

adloquere, et celeris defer mea dic ta per auras.Non illum n obis gen etrix pulcherrima talem

promisit, G rainmque ideo bis vindicat armis 5sed fore, qui gravidam imperiis belloque fremen tem

I tal iam regeret, gen us alto a sangu in e Teucri

proderet, ac totum sub leges m itteret orhem .

Si nulla accendit tan tarum gloria rerum,

n ee super ipse sua mol itur lande laborem,

Ascan ion e pater Romanas invidet arces ?

Quid struit, aut qua spe in im ica in gen te moratur,n ee prolem Auson iam et Lavin ia respic it arva ?

Naviget : haec summa est 5 hie n ostri n un tius esto.

’

D ix erat. I lle patris magn i parere parabatimperio 5 et primum ped ibus talaria n ectit

aurea, quae sublimem alis sive aequora supraseu terram rapido pariter cum flam ime portan t 5tum virgam capit : hac an imas ille evocat Oreo

pallen tis, alias sub Tartara tristia m ittit,dat somn os adim itque, et lum ina morte resignat.

I lla fretus agit ven tos, et turbida tranat

n ubila 5 iamque volan s apicem et latera ardua eern it

Atlan tis duri,caelum qui vertice fulc it,

Atlan tis, c in ctum adsidue cu i n ubibus atri s

pin iferum caput et ven to pulsatur et imbri 5n ix umeros in fusa tegit 5 tum flum in a men to

praec ipitan t sen is, et glac ie riget horrida barba.

H ie primum paribus n iten s Cyllen ius al isconstitit 5 hin c toto praeceps se corpore ad undasm isit, avi sim ilis, quae c ircum litora

,c ircum

piscosos scopulos hum ilis volat aequora iux ta.

Haud al iter terras in ter caelumque volabat,

l itus aren osum Libyae ven tosque secabat

matern o ven ien s ab avo Cyllen ia proles.

297gen etr ix n obis. R.

256 7 3 Brackets . R.25 7 haren osum . R.

l 14 I hpartn re f rom Carthage. [E x-am.

Ut primum alatis tetigit magal ia plan tis,Aenean fuudan tem arces av tec ta n ovan tem

con spic it ; atque ill i stellatus iaspide fulva

en sis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena

dem issa ex ume ris,d ives quae mun era D ido

fecerat,et ten u i te las d iscreverat auro .

Co n tin ue iuvad it :"l

'

n n un c Karthagin is altuefundamen ta In cas. pul i

'hram que ux n rius urbem

ex struis. heu regn i rerum que n l i lite tuarum ?

I pse deum tibi me c lam dem ittit U lympo

regnator, caelum ac terras qui mun in e torquet

ipse haec ferre inhet ce leris mandata per auras

quid struis,aut qua spe l .il >vc is teris otia terris ?

Si te n ulla movet tun turum gloria rerum,

[n ee super ipse tua mo l iris laude lal >orem,]

Asean ium surgen tem et spes hered is Iul irespice, cui regn um I taliae Roman aque tellusdeben tur.

’

Tal i Cvl len ius o re locutus

mortal is visus med io sermon e re liquit,

ct proen l in ten uem ex ocul is evan uit auram .

At vero Aen eas as pec tu obmutu it amen s,

arrectaeque ho rro re comae,e t vox fauc ibus haesit.

Artlet abire fuga duh isque re l in quere terras,

atton itus tan to mumitu imperioque deorum .

Hen quid agat ? )uo n un c regin am ambire furen temaudeat adfatu ? Quae prima e x ord ia sumat ?

Atque an imum n un c huc ce lerem . n un c dividit illuc,

in partisque rapit varias perque omn ia versat.

Haec altern an ti potior sen te n tia visa est

M n esthea Sergestumque vocat fo rtemque Serestum ,

c lassem apten t tac iti soc iosque ad l itora cogan t,

arma paren t, ct quae rebus s it causa n ovand is

dissimulen t ; sese in terea, quan do optuma D idon esc iat et tan tos rumpi n on speret amores

,

273 Rejected by R.275 Ci t/l en tus. R.

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t 16 IV . Departure f rom Carthage. [Ai x ar

an te fugum suboles,si quis m ihi parvulus aula

luderet Aen eas, qui te tamen ore referret

,

n on equidem omn in o capta ac deserta viderer.’

D ix erat. I l le Iovis mon itis immota tenebat

lum in a,et obn ix us curam sub corde premebat.

Tandem pauca refert l i n o te, quae plurima fando

en umerare vales,n umquam ,

regin a. n egabo

promeritam 5 n ec me mem in isse pigcbit Elissae,

dum memot ipse me i,dum spiritus hos regit artus.

Pro re pan ca loqn ar. Neque ego han c abscondere furto

speravi - n e huge fugam ,n ee con iugis umquam

praeten d i taedas, aut haec in foedera ven i .Me si fata me is pateren tur ducere vitamauspic iis et spon te mea compon ere curas

,

urbem Tro ian am primum dulc isque meorum

rel iquias colercm,Priami tec ta al ta man eren t,

ct rec idiva man n posu isscm Pergama victis.

Sed n un c I tal iam magh am G rvn eus Apollo,

I taliam Lyc iae iussere capessere sortes

hic amor,haec patria est. Si te Karthagin is arces,

l ’hoc n issam,Libycaeque aspec tus detin et urbis,

quae tandem ,Auso uia Te n eros con sidere terra

,

invid ia est ? l i t n o s fas es tera quaerere regna.

Me patris An chisae , quotien s umen tibus umbris

raox operit terras, quo t ien s astra ign ea surgun t,

admon et in som n is e t turbida terret imago ;

me puer Ascan ius capitisque in iuria cari,

quem regn o Hesperiae fraudo e t fatal ibus arvis.

Nun c etiam in terpre s d ivom ,I ove m issus ab ipse

testor utrumque caput ce leris man data per auras

detul it ipse deumman ifesto in lum in e vidi

in tran tcm muros, vocemque his auribus hausi .

D esin e meque tuis inc e n de re teque querc lis

I taliam non spon te sequm .

’

nanp.” I nt/u s. l

IV. Scorn and IVrath of Dido. 1 17

Tal ia dicen tem iamdudum aversa tuetur,

hue illuc volven s oculos, totumque pererrat

lum in ibus tacitis, et sic accen sa profatnr

Nee tibi diva paren s, gen eris n ec Dardanus auctor,

perfide 5 sed duris gen uit te cautibus horren s

Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admorun t ubera tigres.

Nam quid dissimulo ,an t quae me ad maiora reservo ?

Num fletn ingemuit n ostro ? Num lum ina flex it ?

N um lacrimas victus dedit,aut m iseratus aman tem est ?

Quae quibus an teferam ? l am iam n ee max uma Iuno,

n ee Saturn in s haec ocul is pater aspic it aequis.

Nusquam tuta fides . Eiec tum l itore, egen tem

ex eepi, et regn i demen s in parte locavi 5am issam c lassem, soc ios a morte redux i.

Hen furiis in cen sa feror Nn n c angur Apollo,

n un c Lyc iae sortes, n un c et Iove m issus ab ipso

in terpres divom fert horrida iussa per auras.

Sc il icet is Superis labor est,ea cn ra quietos

sollicitat. Neque te ten eo ,n eque d icta refello.

I , sequere I taliam ven tis, pete regna per undas.

Spero equidem mediis,si quid p ia n um ina possun t,

supplic ia hausurum sc0pul is, et n om in e D idosaepe vocaturum . Sequar atris ign ibus absen s,e t, cum frigida mors an ima sedux erit artus,

omn ibus umbra loc is adero . D abis, improbe,poch as.

Audiam,et haec Man is ven iet m ihi fama sub imos.

’

H is medium dictis sermon em abrumpit, et auras

aegra fugit, seque ex oculis avertit et aufert,linquen s multa metu eun ctan tem et multa paran temdicere. Susc ipiun t famulae

,con lapsaqn e membra

marmoreo referun t thalamo stratisque rcpon n n t.

At pius Aen eas , quamquam len ire dolen tem

so lando cupit et dictis avertere cn ras,

multa gemen s magn oque an imnm labefac tus amore, 395

”9 iandudmn . R.3 7°aman temst. R.

356 7 Suspected by R.391 succipiun t. R.

1 18 IV . Departure f rom Carthage. [E xam

iussa tamen divom ex sequitur, classemque revisit.

Tum vero Teucri in cumbun t, et litore celsas

deducun t toto naves n atat un cta carina 5fronden tisqne fern n t remos et robora silvis

in fabrieata,fugae studio.

M igran tis cern as, totaque ex urbe ruen tis.

Ac velut ingen tem formicae farris acervumcum populan t, h iem is memores, tectoque reponun t 5

it n igrum campis agmen , praedamque per herbas

convectan t calle angusto 5 pars grandin trndn n tobn ix ae frumen ta umeris 5 pars agm ina cogun t

cas tigan tque moras 5 opere omn is sem ita fervet.Quis tibi tum , D ido,

cern en ti tal ia sen sus ?

quosve dabas gem itus, cum litora fervere late

prospiceres arce ex summa,totmn que videres

m isceri an te oculos tan tis c lamoribus aequor ?Improbe Amor

,quid n on mortal ia pectora cogis ?

I re iterum in lacrimas,iterum temptare precando

cogitur, et supplex an imos subm ittere amori,

n e quid inex pertum frustra moritura relinquat.

An na,vides toto properari litore 5 circum

undique conven ere 5 vocat iam carbasus auras,

puppibus et laeti n an tae imposuere coronas.

Hun c ego si potn i tan tum sperare dolorem,

et perferre, soror, potero . M iserae hoc tamen unum

ex sequere, An na, m ihi Solam n am perfidus i llete colere

,arcanos etiam tibi credere sen sus 5

sola viri moll is aditus et tempora n oras.

I,soror, atque hostem supplex adfare superbum

n on ego cum D anais Tro ian am ex sc indere gen tem

Aulide iuravi, c lassemve ad Pergama m isi,n ec patris An chisae c in eres Man isve revelli

,

cur mea dicta n eget duras dem ittere in auris.

Quo ruit ? Ex tremum hoe m iserae det munus aman ti

“ 0 cc. 5 48 an d 5 49 after 413.

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120 Iv. Departure f rom Carthage. [E am

mn ltaqne praeterea vatum praedicta priorum

terribili mon itn horrifican t. Agit ipse furen temin somn is ferns Aen eas 5 semperque relinquisola sibi, semper longam in com itata videturire viam,

et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra.

Enmen idum veluti demen s videt agm ina Pen theus ,et solem gem in um et duplic is se ostendere Thebas 5

an t Agamenm on ius scaen is agitatus Orestesarmatam fac ibus matrem et serpen tibus atris

cum fugit, ultricesque seden t in lim in e D irac.

Ergo ubi con cepit furias evicta dolore

decrevitqne mori, tempus secum ipsa modumqueex igir, et, maestam d ic tis adgressa sororem,

con silium voltu tegit, ac spem fron te serenat

I nven i, german a,viam gratare sorori

quae m ihi reddat cum ,vel eo me solvat aman tem.

Ocean i fin em iux ta solemque caden tem

ultimus Aethiopum locus est, ubi max umus Atlas

ax em humero torquet stel lis arde n tibus aptum

hin c m ihi Massylae gen tis mon strata sacerdos.Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque dracon iquae dabat

,et sacros servabat in arbore ramos

,

spargen s um ida mella soporiferumque papaver.Haec se carm in ibus prom ittit solvere men tesquas vel it

,ast aliis duras imm ittere curas

,

sistere aquam fluviis, et vertere sidera retro

n octurnosque movet Man is : mugire videbis

sub pedibus terrain ,et descen dere mon tibus ornos.

Testor,cara

, deos et te, german a,tuumque

dulce caput, magicas invitam acc ingier artes.

Tu secreta pyram tecto in teriore sub auras

erige, et arma viri , thalamo quae fix a rel iquit

impius, ex uviasque omn is,lectumque iugalem ,

quo peri i , superimponas : abolere n ef 1ndi

464piorum. R.486 Om itted here an d p laced after 5 17

IV. A Fun eral P i le is Bui lt. 121

cun eta viri monumen ta iuvat, mon stratque sacerdos.'

Haec efi'

ata silet 5 pallor simul occupat ora.

Non tamen An na n ovis praetex ere fun era sacris

germanam credit, n ee tan tos men te furores

con cipit, an t graviora timet, quam morte Sychael

ergo iussa parat.At regina, pyra pen etral i in sede sub auras

erecta ingen ti taedis atque il ice secta,

in tenditque locum sert is,et fron de coronat

fun erea ; super ex uvias en semque rel ictum

efligiemque toro locat, hand ignara futuri .

Stan t arae c ircum ,et crin es effusa sacerdos

ter cen tum tonat ore deos, Erebumque Chaosque,tergeminamque Hecaten

,tria virgin is ora D ian ae.

Sparserat et latices simulatos fon tis Avern i,faleibus et messac ad lanam qnaerun tur ae

'

n is

puben tes herbae n igri cum lacte ven en i 5

quaeritur et n ascen tis equi de fron te revolsus

et matri praereptus amor

I psa mola man ibusqn e pus altaria iux ta,un um ex uta pedem vin c l is

,in veste recin cta,

testatnr moritura deos et con sc ia fati

sidera 5 turn , si quod n on aequo foedere aman tes

curac n umen habet iustumque memorqne, precatur.

Nox erat,et plac idum carpcban t fessa soporem

corpora per terras, silvaeque et saeva quieran t

aequora : cum medio vo lvun tur sidera lapsn ,

cum tacet omn is ager, pecudes pictaeque volucres,

quaeque lacus late l iqu idos, quaeque aspera dum isrura tenen t, somn o positae sub n octe silen ti

[len iban t curas, et corda obl ita laborum] .At n on in fel ix an im i Phoen issa

,n ee umquam

solvitur in somn os,oeulisve aut pectore n octem

502 con cepit. R.456 after 5 17. R.

528 Rejec ted by R.

5 17 molam , R.5 29 n eque. R.

122 Iv. Departure f rom Carthage. [Em

acc ipit : ingeminan t curac , rursusqne resurgens

saevit amor, magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu.

Sic adeo in sistit, seeumqne ita corde volutat

En, quid ago ? Rursusn e procos inrisa priores

ex periar, Nomadumque petam con ubia supplex ,

quos ego sim totien s iam ded ignata maritos ?

I liacas igitur classes atque ultima Tenerumiussa seqnar ? Quiane aux ilio iuvat an te levatos,et ben e apud memores veteris stat gratia facti ?Quis me autem

,fac velle, sin et, ratibusve superbis

invisam acc ipiet ? Nesc is heu,perdita, necdum

Laomedon teae sen tis periuria gen tis ?Quid tum , so la fuga n autas com itabor ovan tes,an Tyri is omn ique man n stipata meorum

in ferar, et, quos Sidon ia vix urbe revelli,rursn s agam pelago, et ven tis dare vela iubebo ?Quin morere

,ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem.

Tn lacrim is evicta me is, tn prima furen tem

his, german a, mal is on eras atque obieis hosti.

Non l icuit thalam i ex pertem sine crim ine vitamdegere, more ferae, tales n ec tangere curas

Non servata fides c ineri prom issa Syehaeo

Tan tos illa suo r umpebat pectore questus.Aen eas celsa in puppi, iam certus cun di,

carpebat somn os, rebus iam rite paratis.

Huic se forma dei voltu redeuutis eodem

obtul it in somn is, rursusqne ita visa mouere est

omn ia Mercurio s im il i ., vo cemque coloremque

et crin is flavos c l mm n hra de cora in ven ta

Nate dea, pow". hm nub casu ducere somnos,

n ee,quae to « i n um uh -

ut de in de pericula, cern is,demen s, n ee Ze

phyw . und is spirare secundos ?

I lla dolos dimmqm : lu' la'

. ih pm tore versat,

certa [nor], vn rim lm ”a l um l l l l t zt l l zl l. aestu.

ms aw l M‘s l l " ll .

5 5" R. H .

[I run ( an t i/at aesh u i 12.

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I 24 Iv. Departare f rom Carthage. [E x am

quem subn sse umeris con fec tum aetate paren tem l

Non potn i abreptnm divellere corpus, et und isspargere ? Non soc ios, n on ipsum absumere ferro

Asean ium, patriisque epulandnm pon ere men sis ?

Verum an ceps pngn ae fuerat fortuna — fuisset.

Quem metui moritura ? Faces in castra tn l issem,

implessemqne foros flamm is, n atumque patremque

cum gen ere ex tin x em , memet super ipsa dedissem .

Sol, qui terrarum flamm is opera omn ia lustras,

tuque harum in terpres cn rarum et con sc ia Iuno,n octurn isque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes,et D irac n ltrices, et di morien tis Elissae,acc ipite haec , meritnmqne malis advertite numen ,

et n ostras audite preces. Si tangere portusin fandum caput ac terris adnare n ecesse est,

et sic fata Iovis poscn n t, hie term in us haeretat bello audac is popul i vex atn s et arm is

,

fin ibus ex torris, complex a avulsus Iuli,aux ilium imploret, videatque indign a sn orum

fun era 5 n ee, cum se sub leges pac is in iquae

tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur,sed cadat an te diem ,

med iaque inhumatus arena.

Haec precot , han c vocem ex tremam cum sanguine fun do .

Tum vos, o Tyrii, stirpem et gen us omn e futurum

ex ercete odiis, c in erique haec m ittite n ostro

mun era. Nullus amor popul is, n ec foedera sun to.

Ex oriare al iquis n ostris ex ossibus ultor,

qui face D ardan ios ferroque sequare colon os,n un c

,olim , qn ocumque dabun t se tempore vires.

Litora litoribus con traria, fluc tibus un das

imprecor, arma arm is 5 pngn en t ipsiquc n epotesque.’

Haec ait,et partis an imum vcrsabat in omn is

,

in visam qn aeren s quam primu m abrumpere lucem.

Tum brevitor Barcen n utricem adfata Sychaei 5

namque suam patria an tiqua c in is ater habebat

I V. Dido’

s Curse : She Longs for Death. 125

An nam cara m ihi nutrix hue siste sororem 5

die corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha,et pecudes secum et mon strata piacula ducat

sic ven iat 5 tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta.

Sacra Iovi Stygio, quae rite in cepta paravi,

perfieere est an imus, fin emque impon ere curis,

D ardan iique rognm capitis perm ittere flammae.

’

Sic ait illa gradum studio celerabat an il i .At trepida, et coeptis imman ibus effera D ido

,

sanguin eam volven s ac iem ,macul isque tremen tis

in terfn sa gen as, et pallida morte futura,

in teriora domus in rumpit lim ina, et altoscon scendit furibunda rogos, en semque recludit

D ardan ium ,n on hos quaesitum munus in usus.

H ie, postquam I liacas vestes n otumque enhilecon spex it, pan lnm lacrimis et men te morata

,

in cubuitque toro, dix itqne n ovissima verba

D ulces ex uviae, dum fata deusque sin eban t,

acc ipite han c an imam ,meque his ex solvite curis.

Vix i, et, quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi,

et nun c magna mei sub terras ibit imago.

U rbem praeclaram statui 5 mea moen ia vidi 5u lta virum

,poemas in im ico a fratre recepi 5

felix , heu n im ium felix,si litora tan tum

n umquam D ardan iae tetigissen t n ostra carin aeD ix it, et, 05 impressa toro, Moriemur inultae

,

sed moriamur ait. Sic, sic iuvat ire sub umbras

Hauriat hun c oculis ign em crudel is ab alto

D ardanus, et n ostrae secum ferat om in a mortis.’

D ix erat 5 atque illam media in ter talia ferrocon lapsam aspiciun t com ites, en semque cruore

spuman tem, sparsasque man n s. I t c lamor ad altaatria 5 con cussam bacchatur Fama per urbem.

Lamen tis gemituque et fem ineo ululatu

039perj icerest, so ,often ,

but n ot always. R.

126 Iv. Departure f rom Carthage. [E x am

tec ta fremun t 5 resonat magn is plangoribus aether,

n on aliter, quam si imm iss is rnat hostibus omn is

Karthago an t an tiqua Tvros,flammaeque furen tes

culm in a perque hom in um vo lvan tur perque deorum .

Audiit ex an imis, trepidoqne ex territa cursu

unguibus ora soror foedan s et pec tora pugn is

per medios ruit, ac morieutem n om ine c lamat

Hoe illud. german a,fuit ? Me fraude petebas ?

Hoe rogn s iste m ihi , hoe ignes araeque paraban t ?Quid primum deserta querar ? Com itemne sororem

sprevisti morien s ? li adem me ad fata vocasses

idem ambas ferro do lor, atque eadem hora tulisset.

H is etiam strux i man ibus, patriosque vocavi

voce deos, sic te ut pos ita crudel is abessem ?

Ex stin x ti te meque, soror, populumque patresqueSidon ios urbemque tuam . D ate ve lnera lymphis

abluam ,et ex tremus si quis super hal itus errat,

ore legam . Sic fata, gradus evaserat altos,

sem ian imemqn e sin n german am amplex a fovebat

cum gem ito ,atque atros siccabat veste cruores.

I lla, graves oculos con ata atto llere,rursus

defic it 5 infix nm strid it sub pectore vulnus.Ter sese attollen s cubitoqn e adn ix a levavit 5

ter revoluta toro est,ocul isquc erran tibus alto

quaesivit caelo lucem ,ingemuitquc reperta.

Tum I uno omn ipoten s, longum m iserata dolorem

d iffic il isque obitus, [rim dem isit Olvmpo ,

quae luctan tem an imam n ex osque reso lveret artus.

Nam quia n ee fato,merita n ee morte peribat,

sed m isera an te diem , subitoque ac censa furore,

mondam ill i flavum Proserp in a vertice erinem

abstn lerat,Stygioque caput damn averat Oreo .

Ergo Iris croccis per caelum rosc ida pen n is ,m ille trahen s varios adverso so le colores,

683 Comma after lymphis. I I . “5 9 defi ci t. R.70”pm n is. R.

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128 v. S icily. [E x am

BOOK V . SICILY.

ZENEAS, departing, sees the blaz e of D ido’s fun eral pile . A storm

threaten s, and he turn s his cours e towards Sicily, where he is received with

welcome by Acestes ( 1 He prepares to celebrate w ith sacrifice and

fun eral games the an n iversary o f his father'

s death (42 Fi rst con

test, race of four G al leys 5 in c iden ts of the race : the first priz e is won by

Cloan thus ( 104 Seco n d co n test, Foot-race : Nisus an d Euryalus

( 288 Third con test, the Cestus : Dares an d En tel lus : the gigan tic

strength of the latter, who w ields the gaun tlets of Eryx ( 362 Fourth

con test, Archery : the dove shot in m id-air by Eurytion : the fiery flight of

Acestes’arrow (485 The Equestrian game, Troia n us, led by As

can in s in ski lful evolution s ( 545 Jun o moves the Trojan w omen to

repin ing at their long wan dering : led by Pyrgo, they set fire to the fleet :the flames can n ot he stayed, un til Jupiter sends a timely rain , by which all

the ships but four are rescued ( 604 {En eas purposes to foun d a

colony in Sicily 5 but is warn ed in a vis ion by An chises to proceed w ith his

stoutest followers to Latinm : those who desire remain behind un der pro

tection of Acestes 5 the rest set sai l ( 700 At the en treaty o f Venus,

Neptun e, with the Triton s an d sea-n ymphs, attends his course . The fleetpasses safe upon the waters, w ith the loss of the pi lot Pal in urus alon e, who,

overcome by the god of sleep , falls in to the sea, and perishes ( 779

TERBA medium Aen eas iam c lasse ten ebatcertus iter, fluctusque atros Aquilon e secabat

,

moen ia respieien s, quae iam in fel icis Elissae

con lucen t flammis. Quae tan tum accenderit ign em,

causa latet 5 duri magno sed amore dolorespolluto, n otumque, furen s quid fem ina possit,triste per augurium Teucrorum pectoraducun t.

U t pelagus ten uere rates,n ee iam amplius ulla

occurrit tellus, maria undique et undique caelum,

olli caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber,n octem hiememque feren s. et in horruit un da tenebris.Ipse gubern ator puppi Pal in urus ab alta :

Hen quian am tan ti cin x erun t aethera n imbi ?

Quidve, pater Neptun e, paras ?’Sic deinde locutus

1" asti ti t. R.

V . W elcome by Acestes. 129

colligere arma iubet val idisque in cumbere rem is,

obliquatque sin us in ven tam,ac talia fatur

Magnan ime Aen ea, n on ,si m ihi I uppiter auctor

spondeat, hoe sperem I taliam con tingere caclo .

Mutati tran sversa fremun t et vespere ab atro

con surgun t ven ti, atque in unhem cogitur aér.

Ncc n os obn iti con tra, n ee tendere tan tum

snflicimus. Snperat quon iam Fortun a, sequamur,

quoque vocat,vertamus iter. Ncc litora longe

fida teor fraterna Eryc is portusque Sicanos

si modo rite memor servata remetior astra.

Tum pius Aen eas Equidem sic poscere ven tos

iamdudum et frustra cern o te ten dere con tra

flecte viam vel is. An sit m ihi gratior ulla,

quove magis fessas optem dem ittere n aves,

quam quae D ardan ium tellus m ihi servat Acesten,

et patris An chisae grem io complec titur ossa ?

Haec ubi dicta, petun t portus, et vela secundi

in tendnn t Zephyri 5 fertur c ita gurgite classis,

et tandem laeti motae advertn n tur aren ae.

At proen l ex celso m iratus vertice mon tisadven tnm sociasque rates

, occurrit Acestes,horridus in iacul is et pelle Libystid is ursae,Troia Crin iso con ceptum flum ine mater

quem gen uit veterum n on immemor il le paren tum

gratatur reduces, et gaz a laetus agrestiex cip it, ac fessos opibus so latur am ic is.Postera cum primo stellas Orien te fugarat

c lara dies, soc ios in coetum l itore ab omn iadvocat Aen eas

, tumn l ique ex aggere fatur

D ardan idae magn i , gen us alto a sanguine divom,

an n uus ex actis completur men sibus orbis,ex quo rel iquias divin ique ossa paren tiscondidimus terra maestasque sacravimn s aras.

85 ex celso. H .38 Cr tm tso. H.

130 V . S icily . [E x am

Iamque dies, n isi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum ,

semper hon oratum sic di voluistis habebo.

Hun e ego Gaetulis agerem s i Svrtibus ex sul,

Argolicove mari depren sns et urbe Mycenae 5

an nua vota tamea sollemn isque ordine pompasex sequerer, strueremque suis altaria don is.Nun c ultro ad c in eres ipsius et ossa paren tis,hand equidem sine men te, roor, sin e n umine divom ,

adsnmus et portus delati in tramn s am icos.

Ergo agite, et laetnm cuncti celcbremus honorem 5

poscamus ven tos 5 atque haec me sacra quotan n is

urbe vel it posita templis sibi ferre dicatis.Bina boum vobis Tr ia gen eratus Acestes

dat n umero capita in naves 5 adhihete Penates

et patrios epulis et quos colit hospes Acestes.Praeterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum

Aurora ex tulerit radiisque retex erit orhem,

prima c itae Teucris pon am certam ina classis 5quique pedum cursu valet

,et qui viribus audax

aut iacn lo in cedit mel ior levibusqne sagittis,

seu crudo fidit pugn am comm ittere eaestu,

cun cti adsin t, meritaeqn e cx specten t praemia palmae.

Ore farete omn es,ct c ingitc tempora ramis.’

Sic fatus, velat matern a tempora myrto 5hoe Elymus fac it, hoe nevi maturus Acestes

,

hoc puer Ascan ius, sequitur quos cetera pubes.

I lle e con cil io multis cum m ilibus ihatad tumulum

,magna medius com itan te caterva.

H ie duo rite mero liban s carchcsia l laccho

fundit hum i, duo lacte n ovo,duo sanguin e sacro,

purpureosque iacit florcs, ac tal ia futur

Salve, san cre paren s iterum salvete, recepti

n equiquam c in eres, an imaeque umbracque patern ae.

Non l icuit fin es I talos fatal iaque arva,

71 tempora ci ngitc. I I .81 n cym dguam . H .

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132 v . S ici ly . [E x

ingen temque Gyas ingen ti mole C/n maeram,

urbis opus, triplic i pubes quam D ardana versu

impellun t, tern o con surgun t ordin e rem i 5Sergestusque, domus ten et a quo Sergia n omen

,

Cen tauro in vehitn r magna, Scrl .’aque Cloan thus

caerulea, gen us un de tibi, Roman e Cln cuti .

Est procul in pelago sax um spuman tia con tra

litora,quod tum idis submersum tund itur ol im

fluctibus,hiberm condun t ubi sidera cori ;

tranquillo silet,immotaque atto ll itur unda

campus,et apric is statio gratissima mergis.

H ie viridem Aen eas fron den ti ex il ice metam

con stituit sign um n an tis pater,n ude reverti

sc iren t,et longos ubi c ircumflec tere cursus.

Tum loca sorte legun t, ips ique in puppibus auro

ductores longe effulgen t ostroque decori 5cetera populea velatur fron de iuven tus

,

n udatosque umeros oleo perfusa n itesc it.

Con sidun t tran stris, in ten taque brachia rem is 5

in ten ti ex speetan t sign um ,ex sultan tiaque haurit

corda pavor pulsan s,laudumque arrec ta cupido.

I nde,ubi c lara ded it son itum tuba

,fin ibus omnes

,

haud mora, prosiluere su is 5 ferit aethera c lamor

n auticus,adductis spuman t freta versa lacertis.

I nfin dun t pariter sulcos,totumque dehisc it

convulsum rem is rostrisqn e triden tibus aequor.Non tam praec ipites bi iugo certam in e campum

corripuere, ruun tque effusi carcere currn s,

n ee sic imm issis aurigae un dautia loracon cussere ingis prouique in verbera pen den t.Tum plausu frem ituque virum studi isque faven tum

con son at omn e n emus,vocemque in c lusa volutan t

litora, pulsati colles clamore resu ltan t .

Efl'

ugit an te al ios prim isque elabitur undis

136 traj tr jj , R,139fun ibus . R.

V. The R ega tta . I 33

turbam in ter frem itumque Gyas 5 quem deinde Cloan thuscon sequitur, mel ior rem is, sed pon dere pinustarda ten et. Post hos aequo discrim in e Pristis

Cen taurusque locum ten dun t superare priorem 5

et n un c Pristis habet, n un c victam praeterit ingen s

Cen taurus,n un c una ambae iun c tisque ferun tn r

fron tibus, et longa sulcan t vada salsa carina.

Iamque propinquaban t scopulo metamque ten eban t,

cum prin ceps medioque Gyas in gurgite victorrectorem n avis compellat voce Men oeten

Quo tan tum m ihi dex ter abis ? Hn c dirige gressuml itus ama, et laevas stringat sin e palmula can tes 5

altum ali i ten ean t.’ D ix it 5 sed caeca Menoetes

sax a timen s proram pelagi detorquet ad un das.

Quo diversus abis ? iterum Pete sax a,Men oete

cum clamore Gyas revocabat 5 et ecce Cloan thum

respic it instan tem tergo , et propiora ten en tem .

I lle in ter navemqne G yae scopulosqn e sonan tes

radit iter laevum in terior, subitoque priorem

praeterit, et metis ten et aequora tuta relictis.

Tum vero ex arsit iuven i dolor ossibus ingen s,n ee lacrim is carn ere genae, segn emqne Menoeten ,

obl itus decorisque sui soc iumque salutis,

in mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta 5ipse gubernaclo rector subit

,ipse magister,

hortaturque viros, clavumque ad l itora torquet .

At gravis, ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est,

iam sen ior madidaque fluen s in veste Menoetes

summa petit scopuli siccaque in rupe resedit.

I llum et laben tem Teucri ct risere n atan tem

et salsos riden t revoman tem pectore fluctus.H ie laeta ex trem is spes est accen sa duobus

,

Sergesto Mn estheique, Gyan superare moran tem .

Sergestus capit an te locum scopuloque propin qnat,

162 der ige. R.163 laeva . R.

184 d i n es/hi .

134 V . Sici ly . [E x am

n ec tota tameh i lle prior praeeun te carina ;parte prior

,partem rostro prem it aemula Pristis.

At media soc ios inceden s n ave per ipsoshortatur Mnestheus Nun c

,n un c insurgite rem is,

Heetorei soc i i,Tro iae quos sorte suprema

delegi com ites 5 n un c illas prom ite vires,

n un c an imos,quibus in Gaetul is Syrtibus usi,

l on ioque mari Maleaeqne sequac ibus undis.Non iam prima peto Mnestheus

,n eque vincere certo 5

quamquam O — sed superen t, qu ibus hoe, Neptun e, dedisti 5ex tremos pudeat rediisse 5 hoc vin c ite

,c ives

,

et prohibete n efas.

’ Olli certam in e summo

procumbun t 5 vastis trem it ictibus aerea puppis,subtrahiturque solum 5 tum creber anhelitus artus

aridaque ora quatit, sudor fluit und ique rivis.Attul it ipse viris optatnm casus honorem.

Namque furen s an imi dum proram ad sax a suburg uet

in terior, spatioque subit Sergestus in iquo,in fel ix sax is in proenrren tibus haesit.Con cussae can tes

,et acuto in murice remi

obn ix i crepuere, in lisaque prora pependit.Con surgun t n autae ct maguo c lamore morantur.

ferratasque trudes et acuta cuspide con tos

ex pediun t, fractosque legun t in gurgite remos.

At laetus Mn estheus successuqn e acrior ipso

agmin e remorum celeri ven tisque vocal is

prona petit maria ct pelago decurrit aperto.

Qual is spelun ca subito commuta columba,cui domus et dulces latebroso in pum ice n idi,fertur in arva volan s

, plan sumque ex territa pen n isdat tecto ingen tem ,

mox aére lapsa quietoradit iter liquidum ,

celeres n eque commovet alassic M n estheus, sic ipsa fuga sceat ultima Pristisaequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volan tem.

137par-

tun . R.

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I 36 v. S icily. [Ai m

acer, anhelan ti simil is, quem praepes ab Ida

subl imem pedibus rapuit Iovis arm iger un cis

longaevi palmas n equiquam ad sidera tendun t

custodes,saevitque can um latratus in auras .

At qui deinde locum ten uit virtute secundum,

levibus huic ham is con sertam auroque trilicem

loricam ,quam D emo leo dctrax erat ipse

victor apud rapidum Simoen ta sub I l io alto,donat li abere viro

,decus ct tutamen in arm is.

V ix illam famul i I’hegeus Sagarisqn e fcreban tmultipl icem ,

con ix i umeris ; indutus at o limD emoleos cursu palan tcs Troas agcbat.

Tertia dona fac it gem in os ex acre lebetas,

cymbiaque argen to perfec ta atque aspera sign is.

Iamque adeo don ati omn es opibusque superbi

pun iceis iban t evin cti tempora taen is,

cum saevo e scopulo multa vix arte revolsus,

am issis rem is atque ordin e ( lcbilis un o,

in risam sine hon ore ratem Sergestus agebat.

Qualis saepe viae depren sus in aggere serpen s,aerea quem obl iquum rota tran siit

,aut gravis ictu

semin ecem l iqn it sax o lacerumquc viatorn equ iquam longos fugicn s ( lat corpore tortus,

parte ferox,arden squc ocul is

,ct sibila colla

arduus attollen s,pars voln ere c lauda rcten tat

n ex an tem modis seque in sua membra plican tem

tal i rem igio n avis se tarda movebat

vela fac it tamen,ct vel is subit ostia plen is.

Sergestum Aen cas prom isso mun ere donat,

scrvatam ob n avcm laetus soc iosque reductos.Olli serva datur, opcrum li aud ign ara M in ervae,

Cressa gen us, P li o loé, gem in ique sub ubere n ati.Hoc pius Aen eas m isso certam in e ten dit

gram in eum in campum ,quem coll ibus un dique curvis

274 obl icum ; tran sit. R.279 n ix azztem . R.

231p lem : w hit . R.

V. T/ze Foot Race. 137

c ingeban t silvae, mediaque in valle theatric ircus erat ; quo se multis cum m il ibus heros

consessu medium tul it ex structoque resedit.

H ic, gui forte velin t rapido con ten dere cursu,

in vitat pretiis an imos, et praemia pon it.U ndique con ven iun t Teucri mix tique Sican i,Nisus et Euryalus prim i,Euryalus forma in sign is viridiqn e inven ta,Nisus amore pio puet i 3 quos deinde secutus

regius egregia Priam i de stirpe D ioreshun c Salius simul et Patron

,quorum alter Acarnan

,

alter ab Arcadio T egeacae sanguin e gen tistum duo Trin acrii iuven es, Helymus Pan opesque,

adsueti silvis, com ites sen ioris Acestaemulti praeterea, quos fama obscura recondit.

Aen eas quibus in mediis sic deinde locutus

Accipite haec an im is,laetasque advertite men tes

n emo ex hoc n umero m ihi n on donatus abibit.Gn osia bin a dabo levato luc ida ferro

spicula caelatamque argen to ferre bipen n em

omn ibus hic et it un us honos. Tros praem ia prim i

acc ipien t, flavaque caput nec ten tur o l iva.

Primus equum phaleris in sign em victor habetoaker Amaz on ian ] pharetram plen amque sagittis

Threic iis, lato quam c ircum amplectitur auro

balteus,et tereti subn ectit fibula gemma

tertius Argolica hac galea con ten tus abito .

’

Haec ubi dicta,locum capiun t, sign oque repen te

corripiun t spatia audito ,limenque rcl inquun t,

effusi n imbo sim i les, simul ultima signan t.Primus abit longeque an te omn ia corpora Nisusemicat, et ven tis et fulm in is oc ior alis

prox umus huic , longo sed prox umus in tervallo,in sequitur Sal in s spatio post deinde relicto

19" 1 hiatus suspected by R.

l 38 v. S ici ly . [A rum

tertius EuryalusEuryalumque Helymus sequitur quo deinde sub ipso

ecce volat calcemque terit iam calce D iores,

in cumben s umero,spatia et si plura supersin t,

tran seat elapsus prior, ambiguumque rel inquat.

I amque fere spatio ex tremo fessique sub ipsam

fin em adven taban t,levi cum sanguine Nisus

labitur in felix , caesis ut forte iuven c is

fusus humum v iritl isque super madefecerat herbas.

H ie iuven is iam victor ovan s vestigia pressohaud ten uit titubata solo

,sed pron us in ipso

con cidit immun doque fimo sacroque cruore.

Non tameh Ii uryal i, n on i lle oblitus amorum ;

n am sese opposuit Sal io per lubrica surgen s

i lle autem spissa iacuit revolutus aren a.

Em icat Euryalus, et mun ere victor am ic iprima ten et

, plausuque volat frem ituque secundo.

Post Helymus subit, et n un c tertia palma D iores.H ie totum caveae con sessum ingen tis et ora

prima patrum magn is Sal in s c lamoribus implet,ereptumque do lo I

‘

C t iti l sibi posc it honorem.

Tutatur favor Eurvalum,lacrimaeque decorae,

gratior et pulchro ven ien s in corpore virtus.

Adiuvat et magna proclamat voce D iores,qui subi it palmae, frustraque acl praem ia ven itultima, si prim i Sal io redden tur hon ores.

Tum pater Aen eas °

Vestra in q uit mun era vobiscerta man en t

, pueri, ct palmam movet ordin e nemo ;me liceat casus m isereri in son tis am ic i .’

Sic fatus,tergum Gaetul i imman e leon is

dat Sal io,villis on erosum atque unguibus aureis.

H ie Nisus,Si tan ta inquit

‘sun t praem ia victis

,

et te lapsorum m iseret, quae munera N iso

digna dabis, primam merui qui lande coronam,

826 “ veg H o

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140 V. S icily. [E rma

tan tan e tam patien s nullo certamine tollidona Sin es ? Ubi nun c n obis deus ille magistern equiquam memoratus Ery x ? Ubi fama per omn em

Trinacriam, et spolia i lla tuis penden tia tectis ?I lle sub haec Non laudis amor, n ee gloria cessit

pulsa metu sed en im gelidus tardan te senecta

sanguis bebet, frigen tque effetae in corpore vires.

Si m ihi, quae quon dam fuerat, quaque improbus iste

ex sultat fiden s,si n un c foret illa iuven tas ,

haud equidem pretio inductus pulchroque iuven co

ven issem , n ee don a moror.

’Sic deinde locutus

in medium gem inos imman i pondere caestus

proiecit, quibus acer Eryx in proel ia suetus

ferre manum ,duroque in tendere brachia tergo.

Obstipuere an im i : tan torum ingen tia septem

terga bonm plum.bo in suto ferroque rigeban t.

An te omn es stupet ipse D ares,longeque recusat

magn an imusque An chisiades et pondus et ipsa

hue illuc vin c lorum immen sa volum ina versat.

Tum sen ior tal is referebat pectore voces

‘Quid , si quis caestus ipsius et Herculis arma

vidisset, tristemque hoe ipso in l itore pugnam ?

Haec germanus Eryx quon dam tun s arma gerebat ;

sanguin e cern is adhuc sparsoque in fecta cerebro

his magn um Alc iden con tra stetit his ego suetus,

dum mel ior vires sang uis dabat, aemula n ecdum

temporibus gem in is can ebat sparsa sen ectus.

Sed si n ostra D ares haec Troius arma recusat,

idque pio sedet Aen eae, probat auctor Acestes,

aequemus pugn as. Eryc is tibi terga rem itto

solve metus et tu Troian os ex ue caestus.’

Haec fatus, dupl icem ex umeris re iec it amictum,

et magn os membrorum artus, magn a ossa lacertosque

ex uit,atque ingen s media con sistit aren a.

Turn satus An chisa caestus pater ex tul it aequos,

V . Dares and En tel lus. 14 1

et paribus palmas amborum in n ex uit armis.

Con stitit in digitos ex templo arrectus uterque,

brachiaque ad superas in territus ex tul it auras.

Abdux ere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu,

imm iscen tque man n s man ibus, pugn amque lacessun t.

I lle pedum mel ior motu,fretusque inven ta ,

h ic membris et mole valen s,sed tarda tremen ti

gen ua laban t, vastos quatit aeger anhel itn s artus.

M u lta viri n equiquam in ter se vo ln era iactan t,

m u lta cavo lateri ingem inan t, et pectore vastos

dan t son itus, erratque auris et tempora c ircum

c rebra man us, duro crepitan t sub voln ere malae.

Stat gravis En tellus n isuque immotus eodem

corpore tela modo atque ocul is vigilan tibus ex it.I l le, velut celsam oppugnat qui mo l ibus urbem

,

aut mon tan a sedet c ircum castella sub arm is,

n un c hos, nun c illos aditus, omn emque pererrat

arte locum ,et variis adsultibus in ritus urguet.

Ostendit dex tram in surgen s En tellus, et alteex tul it i lle ictum ven ien tem a vertice velox

praevidit, eelerique elapsus corpore cessit.

En tellus vires in ven tum effudit,et ultro

ipse gravis graviterque ad terram pon dere vasto

con c idit,ut quon dam cava con c idit aut Eryman tho,

aut Ida in magn a, radic ibus cruta pin us.

Con surgun t studiis Teucri et Trin acria pubesit c lamor caelo

, primusque accurrit Acestes,

aequaevumque ab humo m iseran s attollit amicum.

At n on tardatus casu n eque territus herosacrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim susc itat ira.

Tum pudor in cen dit vires et con sc ia virtus,

praec ipitemque D aren arden s agit aequore toto,n un c dex tra ingem in an s ic tus, nun c ille sin istra ;n ec mora

,n ec requies quam multa gran din e n imbi

culmin ibus crepitan t, sic den sis ictibus heros

v. S ici ly . [Aim

creber utraque man n pulsat versatque Darata.

Tum pater Aen eas procedere longius iraset saevire an im is En tellum hand passus acerbis ;sed finem imposuit pugnac , fessumque Daretaeripuit, mulcen s d ictis, ac talia faturI n fe lix , quae tan ta an imum demen tia cepit ?Non vires alias conversaque n um ina sen tis ?Cede deo .

’D ix itque et proelia voce diremit.

Ast i llum fidi aequales, gen ua aegra trahen tem ,

iactan temque utroque caput,crassumque cruorem

ore eiectan tem m ix tosque in sanguin e den tes,ducun t ad n aves galeamque en semque vocatiacc ipiun t palmam En tel lo taurumque relinquun t.

H ic victor, superan s an im is tauroque superbusNate dea, vosque haec

’

inquit cogn osc ite, Teucri

et m ihi quae fuerin t iuvenal i in corpore vires,et qua servet is revocatum a morte Bareta.

’

D ix it, et adversi con tra stetit ora iuven ci,

qui don um adstabat pugnac , ( lurosque reducta

libravit dex tra media in ter corn ua caestus,

arduus,efi

'

raetoque in l isit in ossa cerebro.

Stern itur ex an im isque tremen s procumbit hum iI lle super tales effund it pectore voces

Han c tibi , Eryx ,mel iorem an imam pro morte

persolvo hie vic tor caestus artemque repono .

’

Protin us Aen eas celeri certare sagittainvitat qui forte velin t

,et praem ia pon it,

ingen tique man n malum de n ave Seresti

erigit, et volucrem traiecto in fn ne columbam ,

quo tendan t ferrum ,malo suspendit ab alto.

Con ven ere viri,deiectamqne aerea sortem

accepit galea ; et primus c lamore secundoHyrtac idae an te om n es ex it locus H ippocoon tis ;quem modo n aval i Mn estheus certam in e victor

472 rclmczm t. R.45 “ dzc/t.

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144 V. S ic ily. [E m

signavitque viam flamm is, tenuisque recessit

con sumpta in ven tos caclo ceu saepe refix a

transcurrun t crin emque volan tia sidera ducun t.Atton itis haesere an im is, superosque precatiTrinacrii Teucrique viri n ee max imus omenabnuit Aen eas sed laetum amplex us Aeestenmun eribus cumulat magh is, ac tal ia fatur

Sume, pater n am te volait rex magnus Olymp i

talibus auspic iis ex sortem ducere hon ores.

Ipsius An chisae lo ngaevi hoc munus habebis,

cratera impressum sign is, quem Thrac ius olimAn chisae gen itori in magn o mun ere C isseus

ferre sui dederat mon umen tum et pignus amoris.’

Sic fatus c ingit viridan ti tempora lauro,et primum an te omnes victorem appellat Aeesten .

Nec bon us Eurytion praelato in vidit honori,

quamvis solus avem caclo deieeit ab alto.

Prox imus ingreditur don is, qui vin cula rupitex tremus

,volucri qui fix it arundine malum

?

At pater Aen eas, nondnm certam in e m isso,

custodem ad sese com itemque impubis IuliEpytiden vocat

,et li dam sic fatur ad aurem

‘Vade age, et Ascan io ,si iam puerile paratum

agmen habet secum ,c n rsusque in strux it equorum,

ducat avo turmas,et sese osten dat in arm is

,

dic’ait. Ipse omn em longo decedere c irco

in fusum populum,et campos inhet esse paten tes.

I n cedun t pueri, pariterque an te,ora paren tum

fren atis lucen t in equis, quos omn is enates

Trin acriae m irata frem it Troiaeque iuven tus.Omn ibus in morem ton sa coma pressa corona ;

corn ea bin a ferun t praefix a hastilia ferropars levis umero pharetras ; it pectore summo

flex ilis obtorti per collum circulus auri .541 bonore. R. 65 1 d i sccdcre. R.

V . Tice Equestrian G ame. I45

Tres equitum numero turmae, tern ique vagan tur

ductores : pueri bis sen i quemque secuti

agm in e partito fulgen t paribusque magistris.

U n a ac ies iuvenum,ducit quam parvus ovan tem

n omen avi referen s Priamus,- tua c lara

,Pol ite,

progen ies, auctura I talos, quem Thrac ius albis

portat equus bicolor maculis,vestigia prim i

alba pedis fron temque osten tan s arduus albam.

Alter Atys, genus unde Ati i dux ere Latin i,

parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus Iulo.

Ex tremus, formaque an te omn is pulcher, IulusSidon io est invectus equo

,quem candida D ido

esse sui dederat monumen tum et p ignus amoris.Cetera Trinacrii pubes sen ioris Acestaefertur equis.Ex cipiun t plausu pavidos, gauden tque tuen tes

D ardan idae, veterumque adgn oseun t ora paren tum .

Postquam omn em laeti eon sessum oculosque sn orum

lustravere in equis,signum c lamore paratis

Epytides longe dedit in sonuitque flagello.

Olli discurrere pares,atque agm in a tern i

diductis solvere choris,rursusqn e vocati

con vertere vias in festaque tela tulere.

I n de alios in eun t cursus aliosque recursus

adversi spatiis, alternosque orbibus orbes

impediun t, pugnaeque c ien t simulacra sub arm iset n un c terga fuga nudan t

,nun c spicula vertun t

in fen si, facta pariter n un c pace ferun tur.

U t quon dam Creta fertur Labyrin thus in alta

parietibus tex tum caceis iter, an c ipitemque

m i lle vi is habuisse dolum , qua sign a sequendi

falleret indepren sus et in remeabil is error ;

haud alio Teucrum n ati vestigia cursu

impediun t, tex un tque fugas et proelia ludo,5“ cgm. R.

678 Tr inacr i iJ. H.

“ 591frangeret. R.

146 v. S iciiy. [!ENEID.

delphin nm sim i les, qui per maria um ida n andoCarpathium Libycumque secan t, [ludun tque per undas.]Hun c morem cursus atque haec certam ina primus

Ascan ius, Longam muris cum c ingere t Albam,

rettul it, et priscos docuit ce lebrare Latinos,quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troxa pubes ;Alhan i docuere suos hin e max ima porro

aeeepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem ;

Traiaque n un c pueri, Traid /111m dic itur agmen .

Hac celebrata ten us san eto eertam in a patri .H ie primum fortuna ndem mutata n ovavit.

D um variis tumulo referun t so llemn ia lndis,Irim de caclo m isit Saturn ia Iun oI l iacam ad classem ,

ven tosque adspirat cun ti,

multa moven s,necdum an tiquum saturata dolorem.

I lla, viam celeran s per m ille coloribus arcum,

null i visa c ito decurrit tram ite virgo.

Con spic it ingen tem con cursum,et litora lustrat,

desertosque videt portus c lassemque relictam.

At procul in sola secretae Troades acta

amissum An chisen flehan t, cun c taeque profun dum

pon tum adspec taban t flen les. Heu tot vada fessiset tan tum superesse maris vox omn ibus una.Urbem oran t ; taedet pelagi perferre laborem.

Ergo in ter medias sese hand ignara n ocendi

con ieit, et fac iemqn e ( leae vestemqn e repon it ;

fit Beroe, Tmarii con iun x lo ngaeva D orycli,

cui gen us et quondam n omen n atique fuissen tac sic D ardan idum mediam se matribus in fert

O miserae,quas non man n s inquit Acharca bello

trax erit ad letum patriae sn l ) moen ibus O gen s

in fel ix , cui te ex itio Fortun a reservat ?

Septuma post Tro iae ex sc id ium iam vertitur aestas,

cum freta, cum terras omnes, tot inhospita sax a

596 Carp/kah una R.604 lzm c. R.

“15 aspectabm . R.

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I 48 V. Steté' [Alum

con ic iun t. Furi t immissis Volcanus haben is

tran stra per et remos et pietas abiete puppes.Nun tius An chisae ad tumulum cuneosque theatri

in cen sas perfert n aves Eumelus, et ipsi

respic iun t atram in n imbo volitare favillam .

Primus et Ascan ius, cursus ut laetus equestresducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivitcastra, n ec ex an imes possun t retin ere magistri.

Quis furor iste novus ? Quo nun c, quo tenditis

’in quit,

heu,miserae c ives ? Non bostem in im icaque castra

Argivum ,vestras spes uritis. En

,ego vester

Ascan ius G aleam an te pedes pro iec it inan em,

qua ludo indutus bell i simulacra eichataceelerat simul Aen eas, simul agm in a Teucrum .

Ast illae diversa metu per litora passimdifl

'

ugiun t, silvasque et sicubi con cava furtim

sax a petun t p iget in cepti luc isque, suosque

mutatae adgn oseun t, ex cussaque pectore Iun o est.

Sed n on idc irco flammae atque in cendia vires

indom itas posuere udo sub robore vivit

stuppa vomen s tardum fumum,len tusque carin as

est vapor, et toto descen dit corpore pestis,n ee vires heroum in fusaque flum ina prosun t.

Tum pius Aen eas umeris absc indere vestem,

aux ilioque vocare deos, et ten dere palmas

Iuppiter omn ipoten s, si n ondum ex osus ad unum

Troian os, si quid pietas an tiqua labores

respicit humanos, da flammam evadere classi

n un c,Pater

,et ten ues Teucrum res eripe leto.

Vel tu, quod superest in festo fulm in e morti,si mereor, demitte, tuaque hic obrn e dex tra.

’

Vix haec ediderat,cum effusis imbribus atra

tempestas sine more furit, ton itruque tremescun t

ardua terrarum et campi ruit aethere toto

08°flamma. R.687 ex osu

’

s. R.

V. Tlze Flames are Stay ed. 149

turbidus imber aqua densisque n igerrimus austris

implen turque super puppes sem iusta madescun t

robora ; restin etus donec vapor omri is,et omn es,

quattuor amissis, servatae a peste carinae.

At pater Aen eas, casu con cussus acerbo,

n un c huc ingen tes, nun c illuc pectore curas

mutabat versan s, Siculisn e resideret arvis,

oblitus fatorum ,I talasn e capesseret oras.

Tum sen ior Nan tes, un um Triton ia Pallasquem docuit, multaque in signem reddidit arte

,

haec respon sa dabat, vei quae portenderet iramagn a deum,

vel quae fatoram posceret ordoisque his Aen ean solatus voc ibus in fit

Nate dea, quo fata trahun t retrahun tque, sequamur ;

quidquid crit, superan da omn is fortun a feren do est.

Est tibi D ardan ius divinae stirpis Acestes

hun c cape con siliis soc ium et con iunge volen tem

hu ic trade, amissis superan t qui n avibus, et quos

pertaesum magn i in cepti rerumque tuarum est

longaevosque senes ac fessas aequore matres,

et quidquid tecum invalidum metuen sque perieli est,del ige, et his habean t terris sin e moen ia fessi

urbem appellabun t perm isso n om in e Acestam .

’

Tal ibus in cen sus dic tis sen ioris am ic i,

tum vero in curas an imo diduc itur omn es.Et n ox atra polum bigis subveeta tenebat

v isa dehin c caelo fac ies delapsa paren tis

An chisae subito tales effundere voces

Nate,m ihi vita quondam,

dum vita man ebat,

care magis, n ate, I liac is ex erc ite fatis,imperio Iovis hue ven io

, qui elassibus ign em

depul it, et caclo tandem m iseratus ab alto est.

Con sil iis pare, quae n un c pulcherrima Nautes

dat senior lectos iuven es, fortissima corda,097 semusta. R.

706 izac. R.

1 50 V . S id ly. [I lium

defer in I tal iam gens dura atque aspera cultu

debellanda tibi Latio est. B itis tamen an tein fernas accede domos, et Averna per altacongressus pete, nate, meos. Non me impia namque

Tartara haben t,tristes umbrae, sed amoena piorum

con cilia Elysiumque colo . Hue casta Sibyllan igrarum multo pecudum te sanguin e ducet :tum gen us omne tuum ,

et quae den tur moch ia, disces .

Iamque vale torquet medios Nox humida cursus,

et me saevus equis Oriens adflavit anhelis.’

D ix erat,et tenuis fugit, ceu fumus, in auras.

Aen eas, Quo deinde ruis, quo proripis ? inquit,

Quem fugis, aut quis te n ostris eomplex ibus arcet ?

Haec memoran s cin erem et sopitos susc itat ignes,Pergameumque Larem et canae penetralia Vestaefarre pio et plena supplex ven eratur acerra.

Ex templo soc ios primumque arcessit Acesten ,

et Iovis imperium et cari praecepta paren tisedocet, et quae n un c an imo sen ten tia c

'

onstet.

Haud mora con siliis, n ec iussa recusat Acestes.

Tran scribun t urbi matres, populumque volen tem

deponun t, an imos n il magnae laudis egen tes.

Ipsi tran stra novan t, flamm isque ambesa reponun t

robora n avigiis, aptan t remosque ruden tesque,

ex igui n umero, sed bello vivida virtus.

I n terea Aen eas urbem design at aratrosortiturque domos hoc I lium et haec loca Troiamesse iubet. Gaudet regno Tro ianus Acestes,in dic itque forum et patribus dat iura vocatis.

Tum vic ina astris, Eryeino in vertice sedesfundatur Ven eri Idal iae, tumuloque sacerdosac lucus late sacer additur An chiseo .

Iamque dies epulata novem gen s omn is, et arisfactus bonos placidi straverun t aequora ven ti

,

781 est Lati o. R.734 tr zstesve. Vulg.

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15 2 v. Sici ly. [m

si con cessa peto, si dan t ea moen ia Parcae.

’

Tum Saturn in s haec domitor maris edidit alt!Fas omn e est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regais,

unde gen us duc is merui quoque saepe furores

compressi, et rabiem tan tam caelique marisque.

Nee m inor in terris, Xan thum Simoén taque testor,

Aeneae m ihi cura tui. Cum Troia Achillesex an imata sequen s impingeret agmina muris,m ilia multa daret leto, gemeren tque repleti

amnes, n ec reperire viam atque evolvere possetin mare se Xan thus

,Felidae tun c ego forti

congressum Aen ean n ee dis n ec viribus aequis

n ube cava tapui, cuperem cum vertere ab imo

structa meis man ibus periurae moen ia Tro iae.

Nun c quoque men s eadem perstat m ihi pe lle timot es .

Tutus,quos optas, portus accedet Avem i.

Un us crit tan tum ,am issum quem gurgite quaeres

un um pro multis dabitur caput.’

H is ubi laeta deae permulsit pectora dictis,iungit equos auro Gen itor, spuman tiaque addit

fren a feris , man ibusque omn es effundit habenas.

( faeruleo per summa levis vo lat aequora curru ;

suhs idun t undae, tum idumque sub ax e tonan ti

stern itur aequor aquis fugin n t vasto aethere n imbi.

Tum m riae com itum fac ies. imman ia cete,

et sen ior ( l lauc i chorus . In ousque Palaemon ,

'

l‘

rito n esque c iti, Phorc iqne ex erc itus omn is

laeva ten en t Thetis , et Hel ite, l

’an opeaque virgo,

Nisaee, Spioque,'

l‘

hal iaque, (‘

ymodoceque.

H ie patris Aen eae suspen sam blanda vic issim

gaudia pertemptan t men tem iubet oc ius omn es

attoll i malos, in tendi brachia velis.

Una omnes fecere pedem . pariterque sin istros,nun c dex tros solvere sin us un a ardua torquen t

812 timorem. l l . SHqua

eret. Vulg.

V. Nep tun e Atten ds t/ze Voyage. 153

cornua detorquen tque ferun t sua flam in a classem .

Prin ceps an te omn es den sum Palin urus agebatagmen ad hun c ali i cursum con tendere iussi .Iamque fere mediam caeli Nox ham ida metam

con tigerat plac ida lax aban t membra quietesub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae

cum levis aetheri is delapsus Somnus ab astris

aéra dimovit ten ebrosum et dispulit umbras,

te, Palinure, peten s, tibi somn ia tristia portansin son ti puppique deus con sedit in alta,Phorban ti sim i lis, funditque has ore loquelasIas ide Pal inure

,ferun t ipsa aequora classem

aequatae spiran t aurae datur hora quieti.Pone caput, fessosque oculos furare Iabon

ipse ego paulisper pro te tua mun era in ibo.

’

Cui vix attollen s Palinurus lum ina faturMen e salis plac idi voltum fluctusque quietosign orare iubes ? Mene huic confidere mon stro ?

Aen ean credam quid en im fallac ibus auriset caclo, totien s deceptus fraude seren i ? ’

Talia dicta dabat,clavumque afl‘ix us et haeren s

nfisquam am ittebat,oculosque sub astra tenebat.

Ecce deus ramum Lethaeo rore maden tem,

v ique soporatum Stygia, super utraque quassattempora, cun etan tique n atan tia lum ina solvit.

V ix primos in opin a quies lax averat artus,et super in cumben s cum puppis parte revolsa,

cumque gubern aclo, liquidas proiecit in un das

praec ipitem ac soc ios n equiquam saepe vocan tem

ipse volan s tenues se sustulit ales ad auras.

Currit iter tutum n on sec ius aequore classis,

prom issisque patris Neptun i in territa fertur.Iamque adeo scopulos Siren um advecta subibat,

ditficiles quondam multorumque ossibus albos,83° lax aran t. H .

85 1 cael i . H .862 setius. R.

154 V. Sici ly . [E rm a

tum rauca adsiduo longe sale sax a sonaban t

cum pater am isso fluitan tem errare magistro

sen sit, et ipse ratem n octurn is rex it in undis,multa gemen s, casuque an imum con cussus amic1

O n imium caelo et pelago con fise sereno,

n udus in ignota, Palinure, iacebis arena 1

873 873 Added from Book VI. R.

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156 V I . c e Lower W orld. (m .

in suetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos,

Chalc idicaque levis tan dem super adstitit arce.

Redditus his primum terris, tibi, Phoebe, sacravitremigium alarum

, posuitque imman ia templa.

I n foribus letum Androgei tum pendere pochas

Cecropidae iussi m iserum septena quotann is

corpora natorum stat duc tis sortibus urna.

Con tra elata mari respon det Gnosia tellushic crudelis amor tauri

,snppostaqne furto

Pasiphae,mix tumqne gen us prolesque biformis

Min otaurus inest,Ven eris mon umen ta n efandae ;

hic labor ille domus et in ex tricabilis error ;

magnum regin ae sed en im m iseratus amorem

D aedalus ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit,

caeca regen s filo vestigia. Tu quoque magn ampartem opere in tan to

,sin eret dolor, Ieare, haberes.

Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro

bis patriae cec idere man n s. Quin protinus omn iaperlegeren t oculis, ui iam pracm issus Achates

adforet, atque un a Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos,D eiphobe G lauc i, fatur quae tal ia regi

Non hoe ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit ;

n un c grege de in tacto septem mactare iuvencos

praestiterit, totidem lectas de more biden tes.

’

Tal ibus adfata Aen ean ( n ee sacra moran tur

iussa viri ) , Ten eros vocat alta in templa sacerdos.

flx c isum Euborcae latus ingen s rupis in an trum ,

quo lati ducun t aditus cen tum,ostia cen tum

un de ruun t totidem voces, respon sa Sibyllae.

Ven tum erat ad l imen,cum virgo . Posccrefata

tern/ms ait den s,ecce

,den s Cui tal ia fan ti

an te fores subito n on voltus,n on color un us,

non comptae man sere comae sed pectus anhelum,

et rabie fera corda tumen t maiorque videri,

2"An drog co. R.

VI . 84 ] I n sp iration of t/ze S iby l . 157

n ee mortale son an s, adflata est numine quandoiam propiore dei. Cessas in vota precesque,

Tros’ ait Aen ea ? Cessas ? Neque en im an te dehiscen t

atton itae magn a ora domus.’ Et talia fata

con ticuit. G elidus Teucris per dura cueurrit

ossa tremor, funditque preces rex pectore ab imo

Phoebe, graves Troiae semper m iserate labores,D ardana qui Paridis direx ti tela manusque

corpus in Aeac idae, magnas obeun tia terras

tot maria in travi duce te, pen itusque repostas

Massylum gen tes praeten taque Syrtibus arva,

iam tandem I taliae fugien tis pren dimus oras

hac Troian a tenus fuerit Fortun a secuta.

Vos quoque Pergameae iam fas est parcere gen ti,d ique deaque omn es qu ibus obstitit I lium et ingen s

gloria D ardan iae. Tuque,O san ctissima vates

,

praescia ven turi,da

,non indebita posco

regn a meis fatis, Latio con sidere Teucroserran tisque deos agitataque n um ina Troiae.

Tum Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templumin stituam ,

festosque dies de n om in e Phoebi.Te quoque magn a manen t regn is pen etral ia nostris

hic ego n amque tuas sortes arcan aque fata,

dicta mcae gen ti , pon am ,lectosque sacrabo

,

alma, viros. Fol iis tan tum n e carm in a man da,

n e turbata volen t rapidis ludibria ven tisipsa canas oro .

’ Finem dedit ore loquendi.At, Phoebi n ondum patien s, imman is in an tro

bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possitex cussisse deum tan to magis ille fatigatos rabidum ,

fera corda doman s,fingitque premendo .

Ostia iamque domus patuere ingen tia cen tum

spon te sua,vatisque ferun t respon sa per auras

O tan dem magn is pelagi defun cte periclis

Sed terrae graviora manen t. I n regna Lavin i

15 8 V1. T118 Low er W'

orld [Ass am

D ardan idae ven ien t m itte han c de pectore curamsed n on et ven isse volen t. Bella

,horrida bella,

et Thybrim multo spuman tem sanguine cerno .

Non Simo is tibi, n ec Xan thus, n ee Dorica castra

defuerin t alius Latio iam partus Achilles,natus et ipse dea n ec Teucris addita Iunousquam aberit cum tn supplex in rebus egen is

quas gen tes I talum aut quas n on oraveris urbes

Causa mali tan ti con iun x iterum hospita Teucrisex tern ique iterum thalam i .Tu n e cede malis, sed con tra auden tior ito,

qua tua te Fortun a sin et. V ia prima salutis,

quod m in ime reris,Graia pandetur ab urbe.

’

Talibus ex adyto dictis Cumaca Sibyllahorrendas cauit ambages an troque remugit,

obscuris vera involven s ea frena furen ti

con cutit, et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo.

U t primum cessit furor et rabida ora quierun t,

in c ipit Aen eas heros : Non ulla laborum,

O virgo,n ova m i fac ies

.

inopin ave surgit

omn ia praccepi atque an imo mecum an te peregi.

Un um oro quando hie in fern i ian n a regisdic itur, et ten ebrosa palus Acheron te refuso

,

ire ad con spectum cari gen itoris et ora

con tingat doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas.

I llum ego per flammas et m ille sequen tia telaeripui his umeris

,med ioque ex hoste recepi ;

il le meum com itatus iter,maria omn ia mecum

atque omn es pelagique m inas caelique ferebat,

inval idus, vires ultra sortemque sen ec tae.

Quin ,ut te supplex peterem et tua limina ad irem

,

idem oran s mandata dabat. G natique patrisque,

alma, precor, m iserere potes n amque omn ia

, n ec

n equiquam lucis Hecate praefec it Avern is

98 Cymaea . R.

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160 V I . T/ce Lower W orld. [Alum

D ue n igras pecudes ea prima piacula sun to

sic demum lucos Stygis et regna invia vivis

aspic ies.

’D ix it

, pressoque obmutuit ore.

Aen eas maesto defix us lum ina voltuingreditur, linquen s an trum ,

caecosque volutat

even tus an imo secum . Cui fidus Achates

it comes, et paribus curis vestigia figit.Multa in ter sese vario sermon e sereban t,

quem socium ex an imem vates,quod corpus humandum

d iceret. Atque ill i M isen um in l itore sicco,

ut ven ere, viden t indign a morte peremptum ,

M isen um Aeoliden, quo n on praestan tior alter

aere eiere viros,Martemque accendere can tu .

Heetoris hic magn i fuerat comes, Hectora circum

et lituo pugn as in sign is obibat et hasta

postquam illum vita victor spol iavit Achi lles,D ardan io Aen eae sese fortissimus heros

addiderat soc ium ,n on in feriora secutus.

Sed tum ,forte cava dum personat aequora concha,

demen s,et can tu vocat in eertam in a divos,

aemulus ex ceptum Triton , si credere dignum est,

in ter sax a virum spumosa inmerserat unda.

Ergo omn es magn o c ircum clamore fremebant,praec ipue pius Aen eas . Tum iussa Sibyllae,haud mora

,festin an t flen tes

,aramque sepulchri

congerere arboribus caeloque educere certan t.

I tur in an tiquam silvam,stabula alta ferarum ;

procumbun t picene, son at icta securibn s ilex ,frax in eaeque trabes cun eis et fissile robur

seinditur, advolvun t ingen tis mon tibus ornos.

Nee n on Aen eas opera in ter talia primushortatur socios, paribusque acc ingitur armis.Atque haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat

,

adspectan s si lvam inmen sam,et sic voce precatur

15 4 Styg ios. H .177 Sw a n . R.

VI . Doves G uide to Me G olden B ran c/z. 16 1

Si nun c se nobis i lle aureus arbore ramus

ostendat n emore in tan to,quan do omn ia vere

heu n imium de te vates,Miscue

,locuta est.

’

Vix ea fatus erat, gem inae cum forte columbaeipsa sub ora viri caelo ven ere volan tes

,

et viridi sedere solo. Turn max imus herosmatern as agn oscit aves, laetusque precatarEste duces

,O

,si qua via est

,cursumque per auras

d irigite in lucos, ubi pinguem dives opacatramus humum . Tuque, O,

dubiis me defice rebus,

d iva paren s.’ Sic effatus vestigia pressit,observan s quae signa feran t, quo tendere pergan t.Pascen tes illae tan tum prodire volan do

,

quan tum ac ie possen t oculi servare sequentum.

I n de ubi ven ere ad fauces grave olen tis Avern i,tollun t se celeres

,liquidumque per aera lapsae

sedibus optatis gem in ae super arbore sidun t,

discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit.

Quale solet si lvis brumali frigore viscumfronde virere n ova

,quod n on sua sem inat arbos,

et croceo fetu teretis c ircumdare trun cos,tal is erat spec ies auri fronden tis opacai l ice, sic len i crepitabat brattea ven to .

Corripit Aeneas ex templo avidusque refringit

eun ctan tem, et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllae.

Nee m inus in terea Misen um in l itore Teucrifleban t, et c in eri ingrato suprema fereban t.

Prin cipio pinguem taedis et robore seeto

ingen tem strux ere pyram ,cui fron dibus atris

in tex un t latera, et ferales an te cupressos

con stituun t, decoran tque super fulgen tibus arm is.Pars cal idos latices et aena undan tia flamm is

ex pediun t, corpusque lavan t frigen tis et unguun t.Fit gemitus. Tum membra toro defleta reponun t,

195 der ig ite. R.135 j brte. R.

203gemin o. R.

209 oractea. H.

162 VI . T/1c' Low er {Var/J. [112m m

purpureasque super vestes, velam in a n ota,

con ic iun t . Pars ingen ti subiere feretro,

triste m in isterium , et S l l l 1lt‘C ILl ln more paren tum

avers i ten uere facem . Congesta creman tur

turea dona,dapes

,fuso crateres o livo .

Postquam con lapsi c in eres ct flamma quievit,

reliquias vino et bibulam lavere favillam,

ossaque lecta cado tex it Corvn aeus acno.

I dem ter soc ios pura c ircumtul it unda,

spargen s rore levi et ramo fel ic is ol ivae,

lustravitque viros, dix itque n ovissima verba.

At pius Aen eas ingen ti mole sepu lcrum

i i n po n it, suaque arma viro . remum que tubamque,

mon te sub n'

erio, qui n un c J/z

'

sem /s ab i llod ic itur, aetern umque ten et per saecula n omen .

H is actis,propere ex sequitur praecepta Sibyllae.

Spelun ca alta fuit vas toque imman is hiatu,

scrupea, tuta lm'

u n igro n emorumque ten ebris,

quam super hand ul lae poteran t impune volan testen de re ih -

r pv lm is tal is sese hal itus atrisfam il n r . c

-l lum le n s supera ad con vex a ferebat

[undc lm um ( i rai d ix erun t n om in e -l om on .]quattuo r h i

t primum n igran t is terga iuven cos

cous t i lm l , fi‘

o n l ique im crgit V in a sacerdos ;

et summas carpeti s med ia in ter cornua saetas

ign ibus impo n it sacris . l ibum in a prima,voce vo can s Hecaten , (

‘

aeloque l i reboque poten tem .

Suppo n un t ali i cultm s . tepidumquc c ruo rem

susc ip iun t pateris . Ipse atri ve lleris aguam

Aen eas matri Enmen idum m agn aeque sororien se ferit, sterilemque tibi . Pro s erpina, vaceam .

Tum Stygio regi n octurn as in < hoat aras,et solida impon it taurorum is t era ll amm is

,

pingue superque oleum in fun den s arden tibus ex tis.

24] super . R.“ 2 RCjCC l t

‘

t l l lV R.252 U l COfiat . R.

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164 V I . T/zc Low er l/Vorld. [E x am

(‘

orripit hic subita trepidn s form idin e ferrumAen eas

,stric tamqne ac iem ven ien tibus ofi

'

ert,

et,n i docta comes ten ues sin e corpore vitas

admon eat vol itare cava sub imagin e formae,in ruat

,et frustra ferro d iverberet umbras .

l l in c via,Tartarei quae fert Acheron tis ad un das .

Turbidus hic caen o vas taque voragine gurges

testuat,atque om n em Cocyto eruc tat arenam .

l’o rtito r has horren dus aquas et finm ina servat

terribil i squalore Charon ,cui plurima men to

van ities in culta iacet stan t lum in a flamma,

sordidus ex umeris n odo depen det am ictus.

I pse ratem con to subigit, vel isque m in istrat,

et ferrugin ea subvec tat corpora cymba,

iam sen ior,sed cruda deo viridisquc sen ectus.

a omn is tn rba ad ripas effusa ruebat,

matres atque viri,defun c taque corpora vita

magn an imum boroum, pueri in nuptaeque puellae,

impositiqn e rogis iuven es an te ora paren tum

quam multa in silvis autum n i frigore primolapsa cadun t folia

,aut ad terram gurgite ab alto

quam mn ltae glomeran tur aves,nbi frigidus an n us

tran s pon tum fugat, ct terris imm ittit apric is.

Staban t oran tes prim i tran sm ittere cursum,

tendeban tque man n s ripac ul terioris amore.

Navita sed tr istis n un c hos n un c acc ipit illos,

ast alios longe snbmotos arcet aren a.

Aen eas,m iratus en im motusque tumultu,

l ) ic ait O virgo ,quid vo lt con cursus ad amnem ?

Quidve petun t an imae,vel qn o d iscrim in e ripas

hae l inquun t, illae rem is vada livida verrun t ?’

Olli sic breviter fata est longaeva sacerdosAn chisa gen erate, deum certissima proles,Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamqn e paludem,

303 cumoa. R.

VI . T/ze B an ks of S ty x : P a l in urus .

di cuius iurare timen t et fallere n umen .

Haec omn is, quam cern is,inops inhumataqn e turba

portitor ille Charon hi,quos vehit unda

,sepulti.

Nec ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluen ta

tran sportare prius quam sedibus ossa quierun t.

Cen tum erran t anuos vol itan tque haec l itora c ircum

tum demum adm issi stagna ex optata revisun t .’

Con stitit An chisa satus et vestigia pressit,multa putan s, sortemque an imo m iseratus in iquam.

Cern it ibi maestos et mortis hon ore caren tes

Len caspim et Lyc iae ductorem classis Oron ten ,quos, simul ab Troia ven tosa per aequora vectos

,

obruit Auster, aqua in vo lven s navemqne virosqne.

Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat,

qui Libyco n uper cursu,dum sidera servat

,

ex ciderat puppi mediis effusus in un dis .

Hun e ubi vix multa maestum cogn ovit in umbra,

sic prior adloquitur :‘Quis te , Palin ure, deorum

eripuit n obis, medioqn e sub aequore mersit ?

D ic age. Namque m ihi, fallax hand an te repertus,

hoc uno respon so an imum delusit Apo llo,

qui fore te pon to in colnmem ,fin esque can ebat

ven turum An son ios. i n haec prom issa fides est ?

I lle autem : Neque te Phoebi cortin a fefellit,dux An chisiade

,n ec me den s aequore mersit.

Namque gnbernaclum multa vi forte revolsum,

cui datus haerebam custos cn rsusque regebam,

praec ipitan s trax i mecum . Maria aspera I nron on ullum pro me tan tum cepisse timorem,

quam tua n e,spol iata armis

,ex cussa magistro,

deficeret tan tis n avis surgen tibus un d is.

Tris Notus hibern as immen sa per aequora n octes

vex it me violen tns aqua vix lum in e quarto

prospex i I tal iam summa sublim is ab unda.

Paulatim adn abam terrae iam tuta ten ebam ,

166 V I . The Lower I’Vorld. [IENEIR

ui gen s crudelis madida cum veste gravatnm

pren san temque un c is man ibus capita aspera mon tisferro invasisset, praedamque ignara putasset.Nun c me fluctus habet

,versan tqne in l itore ven ti.

Quod te per caeli iucundum lumen et auras,

per gen itorem oro, per spes surgen tis Iuli,

cripe me his,in vic te

,mal is : an t tn m ihi terram

in ice,n amque potes, portusque require Velinos

an t tu,si qua via est

,si quam tibi diva creatrix

osten dit— n eque en im,credo,

~

sin e n um ine divomfium in a tan ta paras Stygiamqn e in nare paludemda dex tram m isero

,et tecum me tolle per un das,

sedibus n t saltem plac idis in morte quiescam .

’

Talia fatus erat, coepit cum tal ia vates

Un de haec,o Palin uro

,tibi tam dira cupido ?

Tn Stygias inhumatus aquas amn emque severum

Enmen idum aspic ies, ripamve in iussus adibis ?

D esin e fata deum fiec ti sperare precando .

Sed cape dicta memor,duri solatia casus.

Nam tua fin itim i,longe lateque per urbes

prodigiis ac ti caelestibus, ossa piabun t,et statuen t tumulum

,et tumulo sollemn ia mitten t,

aetern umque locus Palin uri n omen habebit.’

H is dictis curac emotae, pulsusque par umper

corde dolor tristi gaudet cogn om in e terrae.

Ergo iter in ceptum peragun t fluvioque propinquan t.Navita quos iam in de n t Stygia prospex it ab n nda

per tacitum n emus ire pedemque advertere ripacsic prior adgreditur d ictis, atque in crepat n ltro‘Quisquis es, armatus qui n ostra ad flumin a tendis,fare age, quid ven ias

,iam istin c

,et comprime gressum .

Umbrarum hic locus est,somn i n octisque soporae ;

corpora viva n efas Stygia vectare carina.

Nee vero Alc iden me sum laetatus eun tem

accepisse lacu, n ec Thesea Pirithoumqn e,

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168 n . l c Lower W orld. [E s

abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo

hos iux ta falso damn ati crim ine mortis .

Nee vero hae sin e sorte datae. sin e iudice, sedes

quaesitor M inos urnam movet ille silen tum

con c iliumqne vocat vitasque et crim ina disc it.Prox nma deinde ten en t maest i loca. qui sibi letum

in son tes pe

perere man n . lucem que perosi

pro iecere an imas. Q am veilen t ae there in alto

n un c et pauperiem et duros perferre labores

Fas obstat,trist isque palus inama

‘

uilis undae

alligat, et novien s Stvx in terfn sa co'

erect.Nee proen l hin c parte zn fusi mon stran tn r in omn em

lngen tes campi sic illes n om ine d icun t .

H ie,quos dur us amor crudel i tabe peredit,

secreti celan t calles et mvrtea c ircumsilva tegit curac n on ipsa in morte rel inquun t.

H is Phaedram Proerimqn e loc is, maestamque Eriphylen

crudelis nati mon stran te-

111 voln era,Cern it

,

Evadn enqn e et Pas iph a'

en his Laodam iait comes et iuven is q uo ndam . n un c fem ina, Caen eus,rursus et in veterem fato revo luta figuram .

I n ter quas I’hoen issa recen s a vu lnere D idoerrabat silva in magn a q uam Troms heros

n t primum iux ta stetit adgnov itque per umbras

obscuram, quale i n primo qui surgere men se

an t videt, aut vidisse putat per n ubila lunam,

dem isit lacrimas, dulc iqn e adfatus amore est

I n felix D ido ,verus m ihi n un tius ergo

ven erat ex stin ctam , ferroque ex trema secutam ?

Fun eris hen tibi causa fui ? Per sidera iuro,per superos, et s i qua fides tellure sub ima est

,

U

in vitas, regin a, tuo cle l itore ces si .Sed me iussa deum , quae n un c has ire per umbras,

per loea scn ta situ cogun t n oetemque profundam ,

43“ tr i s/i ”I l l/l l . l l . “ 3 marten . R,

VI. Tire Slzade of Dido Appears. 169

imper ns egere suis n ec credere quivihun c tan tum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem.

Siste gradum, teque aspecta n e subtrahe n ostra.

Quem fugis ? Ex tremum fato,quod te adloquor, hoe est.

’

Tal ibus Aen eas arden tem et torva tuen tem

len ibat dictis an imum,lacrimasque ciebat.

I lla solo fix os oculos aversa ten ebat,n ee magis in cepto voltum sermon e movetur,

quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia can tes.

Tandem corripuit sese, atque in im ica refugit

in n emus umbrifernm,con iun x nbi pristin ns il li

respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem.

N ec m inus Aen eas, casu con cussus in iquo,

prosequitur lacrim is longe, et m iseratur euntem.

Inde datum molitur iter. Iamque arva teneban t

ultima, quae bello clari secreta frequen tan t.

H ie ill i occurrit Tydeus, hic in c ln tus arm is

Parthenopaeus et Adrasti pallen tis imagohic multum fleti ad superos belloque caduci

D ardan idae, quos ille omn es longo ordine cernen s

ingemuit, G lancumque Medon taque Thersilochumque,

tris An tenoridas, Cererique sacrum Polyphoeten ,

I daeumque, etiam currus,etiam arma tenen tem.

C ircumstan t an imae dex tra laevaque frequen tesn ec vidisse semel satis est iuvat usque morari

,

et con ferre gradum, et ven iendi discere causas.

At D anaum proceres Agamemn on iaeque phalangesn t videre virum fulgen tiaqn e arma per umbras,

ingen ti trepidare metu pars vertere terga,ceu quon dam petiere rates pars tollere vocem

ex iguam,in ceptus clamor frustratn r hian tes.

Atque hic Priam iden lan iatnm corpore toto

D eiphobum videt et Iacerum crudel iter ora,

ora manusque ambas , populataqne tempora raptis

434 Poly/eaten . R.‘95 “

Vidi? R

170 V1. T/ze Lower I’Vorld. [Emma

an t ibus, et trun cas inhon esto voln ere nares.

Vix adeo adgn ovit pavitan tem et dira tegen temsupplic ia, et n otis compellat voc ibus n ltroD eiphobe armipoten s, genus alto a sanguin e Teucri,quis tam crudeles optavit sumere poenas ?

Cui tan tum dc to l icuit ? Mihi fama supremanocte tul it fessum vasta te caede Pelasgnm

procubu isse super con fusae stragis acervum.

Tun e egomet tumulum Rhoeteo l itore inanemconstitui, et magna Manes ter voce vocavi.

Nomen et arma locum servan t te,am ice, nequivi

con spieere, et patria deceden s pon ere terra.

’

Ad quae Priam ides Nihi l O tibi am ice relictum

omn ia D eiphobo solvisti et fun eris umbris.Sed me fata mea et scelus ex itiale Lacaenae

his mersere malis illa haec mon umen ta rel iquit.

Namque ut supremam falsa in ter gaudia noctem

egerimus, n osti et n im ium mem in isse n ecesse est.

Cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua ven itPergama, et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo,illa

,chorum simulan s, evan tes orgia c ircum

ducebat Phrygias flammam med ia ipsa teuchatingen tem ,

et summa D anaos ex arce vocabat.

Tum me, con fectum curis somn oque gravatum ,

in fel ix habuit thalamus, pressitque iacen tem

dulc is et alta quies plac idaeque sim ill ima mort i.l 'lgregia in terea con iun x arma omn ia tectis

amovet, et fidnm capiti subdux erat en sem

in tra tecta vocat Men elaum ,et l im ina pandit,

scilicet id magn um speran s fore munus aman ti,et famam ex sting ui veterum sic posse malorum .

Quid moror? I n rumpun t thalamo comes additur unahortator sceler um Aeol ides . D i

,talia Grais

instaurate, pio si poen as ore reposco

5 20 kin g. ( flop R.5 34 emoz'et. H.

5 28 add/1,43 . R.

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v1. Tlzc Lower If'

orld. [E x am

ipsa deum poenas docuit, perque omn ia dux it.G nosius haec Rhadaman thus habet, durissima regna,

castigatque auditque dolos, subigitqn e fateri,quae quis apud superos, furto laetatus inan i ,

distulit in scram comm issa piacula mortem.

Con tinuo soutes ultrix acc in cta flagello

Tisiphon e quatit in sultan s, torvosqn e sin istrain ten tan s angues vocat agm in a saeva sororum .

Tum demum horrison o striden tes cardin e sacrae

pandun tur portae. Cern is custodia qualisvestibulo sedeat

,fac ies quae lim in a servet ?

Quinquagin ta atris imman is hiatibus Hydrasaevior in tus habet sedem . Tum Tartarus ipse

bis patet in praeceps tan tum tenditque sub umbras,

quan tus ad aetherium caeli suspectus Olympum .

H ie genus an tiquum Terrae, Titan ia pubes,fulm in e deiecti fun do vo lvun tur in imo.

H ie et Alo'

idas gem in os imman ia vidicorpora

, qu i man ibus magnum resc indere caelum

adgressi, superisque Iovem detrudere regn is.

Vid i ct crudeles dan tem Salmon ea poenas,

dum flammas Iovis et son itus im itatur Olympi.

Qnattuor hic in vectus equis et lampada quassans

per G raium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbemihat ovan s, divomque sibi poscebat honorem ,

demon s, qui n imbos et n on im itabile fulmen

acre et corn ipedum pulsu simularet equorum .

At pater omn ipoten s den sa in ter n ubila telumc o n torsit

,n on ille faces n ec fumea taedis

lamin a, praec ipitemque imman i turbine adegit.

Net: n on ct Tityon , Terrae omn iparen tis alnmnum,

cern ere erat, per tota n ovem cui iugera corpus

porrigitnr, rostroque imman is voltur obun co

immortale iecur tondcn s fecun daque poen is

5 86 Suspected by R.

VI . me Horrors of Tartarus .

viscera, rimaturque epulis, habitatque sub alto

pectore, n ec fibris requies datur ulla ren atis.

[Quid memorem Lapithas, I x iona Pirithonmque P]quos super atra silex iam iam lapsura caden tique

imm inet adsimilis lucen t gen ial ibus altisaurea fulcra toris, epulaeqn e an te ora paratae

regifico lux u Fnriarnm max ima iux ta

accnbat, et man ibus prohibet con tingere men sas,

ex surgitque facem attollen s,atque in ton at ore.

H ie,quibus in visi fratres

,dum vita man ebat

,

pulsatusve paren s, et fraus in n ex a c lien ti,

aut qui divitiis sol i incnbn ere repertis,

n ec partem posuere suis (quae max ima turba est) ,qu ique ob adulterinm caesi

,qu ique arma secuti

impia n ec veriti domin orum fallere dex tras,

in c lusi poenam ex speetan t. Ne quaere doceriquam poen am ,

an t quae forma viros fortn nave mersit.

Sax um ingen s volvun t alii , radiisque rotarum

districti pen den t ; sedet, aetern umque sedebit,

in felix Theseus Phlegyasque m iserrimus omn is

admon et, et magn a testatn r voce per umbras

D iscite iusti tiam mon iti,et n on temn ere dioos .

Ven didit hic auro patriam ,dom inumque poten tem

imposuit fix it leges pretio atque refix it ;hic thalamum invas it n atae vetitosque hymenaeos

ausi omn es imman e n efas,ausoque potiti .

Non,m ihi si linguae cen tum sin t oraque cen tum

,

ferrea vox, omn is scelerum comprendere formas,

omn ia poen arum percurrere n om ina possim .

’

Haec ubi dic ta dedit Phoebi longaeva sacerdosSed iam age, carpe viam et susceptum perfice munus

adceleremus’ait Cyc lopum educta cam in is

moen ia con spic io atque adverso forn ice portas

haec ubi n os praecepta inben t depon ere dona.

502qn o. R.

174 V1. The Lower W'

orld. [Emma

D ix erat, et pariter, gressi per opaca viarum,

corripiun t spatium medium,foribusque propinquan t.

Occupat Aeneas aditum ,corpusque recen ti

spargit aqua, ramumque adverso in l im ine figit.H is demum ex actis, perfecto munere divae,

deven ere locos laetos et amoen a virecta

fortun atornm n emorum sedesque beatas.

Largior hic campos aether et lumine vestit

purpureo,solemque snum ,

sua sidera nornnt.

Pars in gram in eis ex ercen t membra palaestris,

con ten dun t ludo ct fulva luctan tnr arena ;pars pedibus plaudun t choreas et carmina dicun t.Nec n on Threi

’

c ius longa cum veste sacerdos

obloqn itur n nmeris septem discrim in a vocurn ,

iamque eadem digitis, iam pectin e pulsat ebumo.

H ic gen us an tiquum Teucri, pulcherrima proles,magnan im i heroes, nati mel ioribus an n is,I lusque Assaracn sqne et Troine D ardan us auctor.Arma proen l currn sqne virum m iratur inanes.

Stan t terra defix ae hastae, passimqne soluti

per campum pascun tn r equi . Quae gratia curtum

armorumque fuit vivis, quae cura n iten tis

pascere equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostos.

Con spic it, ecce, al ios dex tra laevaque per herbamvescen tis, laetumque choro pacan a can en tis

in ter odoratum lauri n emus, un de superne

plurimus Eridan i per silvam volvitur amn is.

H ic man n s ob patriam pugnan do voln era passi,

quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manehat,quique pii vates et Phoebo d ign a locati,in ven tas an t qui vitam ex coluere per artes,

quique sui memores alios fecere merendo,omn ibus his n ivea c ingun tur tempora vitta.

Quos c ircumfn sos sic est adfata Sybilla,“3 6 uireta . H.

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176 VI . Tbe Lower World [Emma

[par levibus ven tis volucrique simillima somno .]I n terea videt Aeneas in valle reducta

seclnsum n emus ct virgulta sonan tia silvis,

Lethaeumqne, domos plac idas qui praenatat, amuem.

Hun c circum in n umerae gen tes populique volaban t ;ac velut in pratis nbi apes aestate serena

floribus in sidn n t variis, et candida c ircumlilia fundun tn r strepit omn is murmure campus.Horresc it visu subito, causasque requirit

in scius Aen eas , quae sin t ea flumina porro,qn ive viri tan to complerin t agmin e ripas.

Tum pater An chises ‘An imae, quibus altera fatocorpora deben tur, Lethaei ad flnmin is undamsecuros latices et longa oblivia potan t.

[Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram ,]iampridem han c prolem cupio enumerare meorurn

,

quo magis I talia mecum laetere reperta.

’

O pater,an n e aliquas ad caelum hinc ire pn tandum est

sublim is an imas, iterumque ad tarda reverti

corpora ? Quae luc is miseris tam dira cupido ? ’

D icam equidem ,nee te susp e

n sum,nate, ten ebo

susc ipit An chises, atque ordin e singula pandit.

Principio caelum ac terras camposque liquen tis

lucen temque globum Lunae Titan iaqne astra

spiritus in tus al it, totamque in fusa per artus

men s agitat molem ct magno se corpore miscet.

I nde hom in um pecudumque gen us, vitaeque volan tum,

et quae marmoreo fert mon stra sub aequore pon tus.

Ign eus est ollis vigor et caelestis origosemin ibus

,quan tum non n ox ia corpora tardan t,

terren ique hebetan t artus moribundaque membra.

H ine metnun t cupiun tqne, dolen t gauden tque, neque auras

d ispic iun t clan sae ten ebris et carcere caceo.

Quin et supremo cum lum in e v ita reliquit, 135

704 silvae. R.724 terram. R.

731 corpora n ox ia. R.734 rem Vulg.

VI . An c/i ises D iscourses of tbe Divin e L ife. 177

non tamen omn e malum miseris n ec funditus omnes

corporeae ex cedun t pestes, pen itus que n ecesse est

multa pin con creta modis inolescere m iris.

Ergo ex ercen tur poen is, veterumque malorum

supplic ia ex pendn n t : al iac pandun tur inanes

suspensae ad ven tos aliis sub gurgite vas to

in fectum eluitn r scelus, an t ex uritur igniquisque suos patimur Manes ex inde per amplum

m ittimnr Elysium ,et pauc i lacta arva ten emus

donec longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe,con cretam ex emit labem, purumque relinqn it

aetherium sen sum atque an ra’

i simplic is ignem .

Has omn es, ubi m ille rotam volvere per anuos,Lethaeum ad fluvium den s evocat agm ine magno,

sc il icet immemores supera ut con vex a revisan t,

rursn s et in c ipian t in corpora velle reverti .’

D ix erat An chises, natumque n naque Sibyllam

conven tn s trahit in medics turbamque sonan tem,

et tumulum capit, unde omn es longo ordine possitadversos legere, et ven ien tum discere vultus.

Nnn c age, D ardan iam prolem quae deinde sequatn r

gloria, qui man ean t I tala de gen te n epotes,in lnstris an imas n ostrumque in n omen ituras,

ex pediam dictis,et te tua fata docebo .

I lle, vides, pura iuven is qui n ititur hasta,

prox uma sorte tenet luc is loca, primus ad auras

aetherias I talo commix tns sanguin e surget,

Si lvius, Alban um nomen ,tua postuma proles,

quem tibi longaevo serum Lavin ia con iun x

educet silvis regem regumque paren tem,

unde genus Longa nostrum dom in abitur Alba.

Prox umus ille Procas, Troianae gloria gen tis,et Capys, et Num itor, et qui te n om in e reddet

Silvius Aen eas, pariter pietate vel arm is

748 an d 7“ after 747. R.

178 V 1. TIte Lower W orld. [Alm a

egregius, si umquam regnandam acceperit Alhem.

Qui iuven es Quan tas osten tan t,aspice, vires,

atque umbrata gerun t civili tempora querenH i tibi Nomen tnm et G abios urbemque Fidenam,

hi Collatinas impon en t mon tibus arces,

Pometios Castrumque l nui Bolamque Coramqne.

Haec tum n om ina crun t, n un c sun t sine nom ine terrae.

Quin et avo eom item sese Mavortius addet

Romulus, Assarac i quem sanguin is I lia mater

educet. Viden ,ut gem inae stan t vertice cristae,

et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore ?

En,huius, nate, auspic iis i lla in c luta Roma

imperium terris,an imos aequabit Olympo,

septemqne una sibi muro c ircumdabit arces,

felix prole virum qualis Berecyn tia mater

in vehitn r curru Phrygias turrita per urbes,lacta deum partu,

cen tum complex a n epotes,

omnes caelicolas, omn es supera alta tenen tes.

Huc gem in as nun c flecte ac ies,han c aspice sen tem

Roman osque tnos. Hie Caesar et omn is Iuliprogen ies, magnum cael i ven tura sub ax em.

H ie vir,hic est

,tibi quem prom itti saepius andis,

Augustus Caesar, D ivi genus, aurea condetsaecula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva

Saturn o quon dam ,super et G araman tas et Indos

proferet imperium iacet ex tra sidera tel lus,

ex tra an n i solisque vias,nbi caelifer Atlas

ax em umero torquet stell is arden tibus aptum.

Huin s in adven tum iam n un c et Caspia regna

respon sis horren t divom et Maeotia tellus,

et septemgemin i turban t trepida ostia Nili.Nee vero Alc ides tan tum telluris obivit,

fix erit aeripedem cervam l icet, an t Eryman thi

pacarit n emora, et Lern am tremefecerit arcn

772 at qu i . H .775 Rejected by H .

737 super. R.

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180 V I . Tlze Lower World. [E rma

victor aget cnrrnm,caesis in sign is Achivis.

Ernet ille Argos Agamemn on iasque Mycenas,

ipsumque Aeac iden , gen us arm ipoten tis Achilli,

n ltus avos Troiae, templa et temerata Minervae.

Quis te, magn e Cato,tac itum ,

aut te, Cosse, rel inqnat ?

Quis Gracchi gen us, aut gem inos, duo fulmina bell i,Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoqn e poten tem

Fabric ium vel te sulco Serran e, seren tem ?

quo fessum rapitis, Fabii ? Tu Max nmus ille es,

n n n s qui n obis cun ctando restituis rem .

Ex cnden t alii spiran tia mollin s aera,credo equidem ,

vivos ( lucen t de marmore voltus,orabun t causas melius, cael ique meatus

describen t radio ,et surgen tia sidera dicen t

tn regere imperio populos, Roman e, memen to ;hae tibi crun t artes pac isqn e imponere morem,

parcere subieetis, et debellare superbos.

’

Sic pater An chises, atque haec m iran tibus additAspice, ut in sign is spol iis Marcellus opimisingreditur, vietorque viros superem in et omn es lH ie rem Roman am ,

magno turban te tumultu,

sistet, eques stern et Poen os G allumque rebellem,

tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.

’

Atque hic Aen eas una n amque ire videbat

egregium forma iuven em et fulgen tibus arm is,

sed fron s laeta parum ,et deiecto lum ina voltu

Quis,pater

,ille, virum qui sic com itatn r eun tem ?

Filius,an n e aliquis magn a de stirpe n epotum ?

Quis strepitus circa com itum Quan tum in star in ipso lSed n ox atra caput tristi c ircumvolat umbra.

’

Tum pater An chises, lacrim is ingressus obortisO guate, ingen tem luctnm n e quaere tnorum

ostenden t terris hun c tan tum fata,n eque ultra

esse sinen tr. N imium vobis Romana propago

862pm . R.666qui . R.

VL Slzade of t/ze Young Marcellus. 181

visa poten s, Superi, propria haec si don a fuissen t.Quan tos i lle virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem

campus aget gemitus, vel quae, Tiberin e, videbisfun era, cum tumulum praeterlabere recen tem

Nee puer I liaca quisquam de gen te Latinosin tan tum spe tollet avos, n ec Romula quondamn l lo se tan tum tellus iactabit alumno .

H en pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bellodex tera Non illi se quisquam impun e tulissetobvin s armato, sen cum pedes iret in bostem

,

seu spuman tis equi foderet calcaribus armos.H eu

,m iserande pner, si qua fata aspera rumpas,

tu Marcellus eris. Man ibus date lil ia plen is,purpureos spargam fiores

,an imamque n epotis

his saltem adcumn lem don is,et fungar inan i

mun ere.

’Sic tota passim region e vagan tnr

a'

e'

ris in campis latis, atque omn ia lustran t.Quae postquam An chises n atum per singula dux it,in cenditqne an imum famae ven ien tis amore

,

ex in bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda,Lauren tisque docet populos urbemque Latin i,et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem .

Sun t gem in ae Somn i portae, qnarum altera fertur

corn ea, qua veris facil is datur ex itus umbris

altera can den ti perfecta n iten s elephan to,

sed falsa ad caelum mittun t in somn ia Manes.

H is nbi tum n atum An chises n n aque Sibyllam

prosequitur dictis, portaqne em ittit eburn a,

ille viam sceat ad n aves sociosque revisittum se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum .

[An cora de prora iacitur, stan t litore puppes.]89°ex im. R.

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N O T E S .

As Virgil is the first Latin poet with whom most studen ts be

come acquain ted , some gen eral suggestion s to the learn er may n ot

be out of place .

The poetry of the an cien ts depen ds for its rhythm n ot upon

accen t, but upon quan tity . That is , it was in a man n er sung, and

n ot read . A long vowel was to the an cien ts real ly such, and oc

cupied— in speech as well as in verse— tw ice the time of a short

on e . Much may be gain ed by con stan tly hearing this in m in d , and

n ever reading a lin e w ithout preserving its metrical form . On ce

acquire the movemen t of the “strain ,

”an d the l in e may be read

metrically without thinking at all of t/ze quan tity of particular sylla

bles ; for the rhythm w ill then become perfectly n atural , and the

prosody will cause n o trouble , ex cept in a few cases , especial ly if atfirst the time is beaten as in music . Thus the first five l in es of the

First Eclogue may be represen ted as follows :

f1 . Ti tyré'

tii patii lae re'

cil ban s sub 16gm1n f gi

P

rP P P P P 0 0 0

f I I I l lg

l’

I f l f l l

2. Si lvés trém té’

n ii i M ii sam me’

di taris a ven t?

0 P 0 P 0 9

f f l f I l l l l'

f l ff l f3 . N65 patri ae fi nés dulcia l in quimus

rrr f r r it

rrr r rr rrr

(N

4. Nos patri arn fugi mus t“

Ti tyre len tus i n umbra

P P P P

f l'

l f l f f ff f f f f f5 . F6rm6 sam re

'

s6 aré’

d6 ces Ama ryl lida si lvas

f f f ff f f f f ff f l'

f f fNOTE . I t must be remembered, however, that the lon g quan tity marks as here given

do not always indicate long vowels but long sy llables. Man y of the lon g syl lables have

short vowels, but aremade long by the distin ct pronun ciation of the con sonan ts fol lowing

the vowels.

The effect is to us , and must have been to the ancien ts , some

what monotonous . But it is relieved by the variety of daetyls and

spondees , and also by the in terruption of feet at the end of words

( Camera ) . One of these in terruption s at the end of some principal

word , or at some pause in the sen se ( in the third foot , or less com

mouly, the fourth) , is more marked than the rest, and is cal led The

Ca’sura ( see G rammar. 362 , o) . This main czesura is often a great

help to the sen se , an d mus t be observed as an importan t part of the

s tructure of the verse . I t may be remarked that the verses most

agreeable to the car are those in which clactyls are more numerous ,

or alternate with spo ndees while in the opposite case—especial ly if

the las t foot but o n e is a spondee Spondaic verse"

) —a slow

and labored movemen t is given to the verse , which is often veryex pressive ( see Eel . iv . AZn . ii . 463

I t is n ot kn own with ccrtain tv how el ided syllables were treated

in reading . I t is probable ,however, that the vowels and diphthongs

were so s lurred over as to make them equivalen t to y and w , and

that when m was cut off it left a nasal sound , which was still audibleen ough to give a n asal character to the syllable . W here, as in Eel .

i . 13 , el is ion in terferes with the main czesura, the l ine may be read

without auv main ezesura, or the sen se may be sacrificed to the form

of the verse .

This metre is n ot n ative to the Latin language, but is borrowed

from the G reek . Hen ce all poetry written in it has more or less an

artificial character, an d requires a con ven tional poetic diction . The

rules of the metre ex clude very many words : all words , for ex ample,

in which a s ingle short sy l lable comes between two long ones (as inal l the cases of aeqzcz

'

tas , lon gi tude, an d s im ilar words ; all ex cept

the n om . s ing . o f i n s /71a , un less the last syllable can be removed

bv el is io n : an d many forms of verb- inflection , asfecl rant ) , or wheremore than two short syl lables come together ( as in fi i l r l

’

mus , {ti n i

ris , and in ‘grlaa

’

ius , n om ., ace . , an d The n ecessities of the

metre often give rise to el is ion s which hurt the flow of the verse (asin Eel . i i . or to artificial arrangemen ts (as in Eel . i . 14,The Svn tax of V irgil , in general , is much easier and simpler than

that o f mos t prose writers , and there are few difficulties of construe

tion ex cept where the el l ips is of words produces obscurity. The

quan tity of syl lables , as shown by the metre , is often an easy guide

to the con s truction : as in Eel . i . 38, the long a in sad at once eon ~

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PASTORAL POEMS.

ECLOG UE I .

T1115 Eclogue is foun ded o n historical facts ; n amely, the ejection of

Virgi l from his farm an d his recoverv o f it through the favo r of Augustus.

( See Life . ) Titvrus represe n ts the poet himse lf. and Me l ibmus his la

fo rtun ate n e ighbors . Though the subject is treated in the con ven tional

pastoral sty le, y et the poem gives a lively picture of the distress caused bythe assignmen t of lan d to the veteran s of the civil war.

The scen e repres en ts Tity rus, late in a sun ny aftern oo n , recl in ing at

the roadstde by hi s co ttage n ear Man tua, w ith Amaryllis busy n ear by, in

hou s eho l dcare s , while Meltbceus pas s es, driving his goats from the farm

o f which he has been di spo s ses s e d bv the so ldiers. An an c ien t ( 200

to 400 con ceptio n o f the scen e 15 given in Fig. 1, from a Vatican

man uscript .

FM) . 1

Verse 1 . Tity re : thi s , w ith 111 i s t o f the other proper names, is G reek.

borrowed from Theo critus. I t i s the D oric form of the word Saty r , also

sign ifying goa t ; an d, l ike m o s t o f the n ames in the Eclogues, is a conven

tion al n ame for a shepherd .— t u n o tice as soon as this word appeals that

it is emphatic an d must be opposed to something coming later, to wit, nu .

—patu l ae roo t in p an-o ) , w ide-spreadi ng, a characteristic o f the beech.

suggesting at the m’

l l l l t: time the con i fe rt of its shade. [I t is a common

position in Latin poetry fo r words belon ging together, or con trasted words,

to be in correspon ding parts of the verse, as at the begin n in g, « before

BCL . I .] P astora l P oems . 5

the Caesura and at the en d : as patu l ae fagi ; ten u i aven a ;

fi n es arva .]recuban s ( root CUB in -cum bo) , recl i n i ng (bach ward ) . The pic

ture, as often , is much more vivid than we should ordin arily make it in

English .—tegm i n e ( root in tego ) , shade. Notice in al l Latin an d G reek

poetry that, on accoun t of the cl imate, the cooln ess of shade an d water are

especial objects of del ight whi le hardihood is more often shown by the

en duran ce of heat than of cold — fagi , beech . This tree is often men

tion ed as growing on the moun tain slopes of n orthern I taly, where herds

were driven in summer. [The same root ( BHAG ) is foun d in the G reek

rpm/65 , the Latin fagus an d the Engl ish beech ; also (sin ce its bark was

used as writing-material ) in booh. The word is probably con n ected with

the mean ing EAT (payci v) from its edible n uts ]2 . s i l vestrem , woodla n d pastora l ( compare iv.

— ten u i aven a,

on the thi n reed, which made a del icate sort of pipe or whistle (abl . in str.,

248 H . 420 , the usual con struction of n ames of musical in strumen ts) .

Several reeds of differen t lengths were fasten ed together w ith wax , mak ing

a rude musical in strumen t n ow cal led Pan dean P ipes ( see Fig.— first

made, it was said, by the god Pan from the reed in to which the n ymph

Sy r i n x had been tran sformed (hen ce the plan t Sy r i nga , an d sy r i nge) .

The ho l low reed has given its n ame to the v ibrating

ton gue of wood or metal which takes i ts place in modern

in strumen ts. On e can n ot help feel ing that the idea of

the humble n ature of pasto ral poetry is also impl ied in

ten u i . M usam , the Muse, or goddess ( patron sai n t)

of so ng, used for song itself. The an cien ts con stan tly

iden tified their divin ities w ith the thing that was their

care . SoCeres,gra i n . m ed i tari s, pra cti se (pal er-(zv) .

3 . n os, emphatic by being expressed at all here, also , by its position

an d repetition ( 5 194, a ; H . p atr iae fi n es ( compare v . our

n a ti ve houn ds the patr ia con sisting merely of the n ative village, or per

haps farm . Local attachmen ts are common ly strong in proportion to men’s

1gn oran ce of other places . [The acc . plur. form in 6 8 , in place of i s, was

com ing in to use in Virgil’s time . The two forms were probably used in

d ifferen tly by him 58 H . 62) —l i n qu im u s, are leav i ng (presen t

of con tin ued action ) . arva ( root in arc ) , ti l ledfields.

4. fugim us, a stronger word than l i n qui m u s, den oting the hurry and

con fusion of flight, here opposed to the easy repose of Tityrus.—l en tus,

FIG . 2 .

The referen ces are to Allen an d G reen ough'

s G ildersleeve’

s and Harkn ess’

(H .) Latin G rammars, and when used together regularly refer to the same poin t.

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8 Notes . [3000'

19. tam en , sti l l , i.e . n otwithstanding mymisfortunes I would willinglyhear of your better luck .

—l ste , t/mt you speak af ( 5 10 2 , r ; H.

q u i s i t (more euphon ious than (11113 al t) , M at god i t is 104, a;

H . 188, da ( for d ie ; so acc ipe for audt) , tel l me.

20 . urbem : the great city was what first struck his rustic fancy, and

so he begin s with that, leaving the question quite unn oticed .

2 1 stu l tus ego,fiml {but I was.—h u lc n ostrae, Man tua, from which

An des, Virgi l'

s birthplace,* was some three m iles distan t.

22 . depel l ere, dr i z e down to market from the upland .

23. s ic n o rn m 128, a ; I I . 297, so I kn ew ( had learned tokn ow ) pupp ies l ike duo

-rs, a n d kids l ike tkei r dams

58 ; I I . An d so also I compared Man tua to Rome —can ibus

sec 234, ( 1 ; i.

24. s i c p arv i s 229, c) , proverbial . ex tul i t, i .e.hvhen I reached

there .

25 , 26 . verum haec , etc., i .e . those do n ot difl'

er in k in d ; but Rome

is of an other n ature from Man tua, differing as cypress from osier.

—vibu rn a, a tough shrub (wayf ar i ng tree) , used to twine in wattles or bind

faggots.

27. Mel ibocus here catches his n eighbor’

s wonder, and forgets his

question— t ib i 231 I I .

28. l iberta s : here we see how l ittle Virgil keeps to the Circumstances

of his own case, the allegory being m ix ed, rather unski lful ly, with the real

facts. He himself was real ly a yeoman , the free own er of a l ittle farm.

Tityrus is a slave,ten ding flocks for a n oble proprietor, who l ived, likemost

lan d-own ers, in Rome . respex i t , rega rded me= took pity on me, a

word often used of regard from a superior to an in ferior. L iber ia: is here

person ified as a divin ity. i n ertem , idle as I was, an d so n ot en titled to

it. A thrifty slave m ight gen eral lv buv his freedom in five or six years.

ca n d id ior, t oll i/er a n d a 'bz’

m z—ton den t i , as I f l ipped i t ( s235, a;I I . 384, 4) a very suitable way o f speaking here, for the Slave could not

shave his beard til l eman c ipated . Supply H i l l“ . The Lati n , for brevity.often leaves out a pro n oun ,

when a word mean t to agree with it i ; wa n tto in dicate the case o f the om itted word . Cf. Cars. B . G .

, i . (M ),i . 47 ( ced en tes ) cad ebat,bega n tofa l l properly; was fall ing (Q34 4 ;

G . 564 ; H . 471,

The relation in which the smaller p laces (f ora , a i d , and W au g h ) M n th

ci t/i ta: (m u n icibi um or colon za ) w .h the same as that of the smaller m of Atii !Athen s. Man ttta was n ot the eap i ta l of the territory ,

but i n cl uded the lu rin g . 15

Citiz en s were n ot cl:tsscd as urban and rural ; but the w a rs was an iam ] pu t d'

fi

sw itas, and the village proprietor was pol itically a member of the ci tyw

Ecr . I .] P astora l P oems . 9

30 . resp ex i t, size did regard. emphatic . post, adverbial .—tem

pore, ab]. of differen ce 250 ; H .

31 . Am ary l l i s, G a l a tea, the successive con tuoer n ales of Tityrus.

The con dition of slavery perm itted n o lawful marriage. These n ames have

been thought to stan d, al legorical ly, for Man tua an d Rome —h abet,

presen t for perfect, as w ith iam d ud um , because the bon d still con tin ues

276, a ; H . 467, the real presen t with post quam is an tiquated or

co l loquial , as in Plautus an d Teren ce .

32 . n am que, for , y ou see.— teuch at z for ten se see 276, e, Note.

33. p ecu l i 40 , H . 5 1, sav i ngs, gen erally out of the produce of

the cattle. Strictly, all that a slave had m ight be regarded as his master’

s.

I n practice, however, he was perm itted an d en couraged to save his earn

in gs an d certain perquisites, to buy his freedom . H is pecu l i ar”, indeed,

was in a man n er his property in the view o f Roman law .

34. quam v i s m u l ta, n o ma tter Izozo ma ny .—ex i ret, 266, e ;

H . 5 1 5 , i ii.—v i et im a , i .e . so ld to the priests for sacrifice, apparen tly a

profitable bran ch of the shepherd’s trade . ( Vi d i /1m usual ly sign ifi es a

larger victim ; lzostia , a smal ler. The use of the singular is like our“ many

a A farmer taking his products'to market is represen ted in Fig. 4.

35 . i n gratae, m igra t ion s, absorbing his products for a scan ty price

w ithout caring for him—p i ngu i s caseus, i .e. cream-elzeese.

- d orn um

258, o; H . 380 ,

10 Abtes .

36 . m i h i ( dative of referen ce, 5 235 , a ; H. 384. dex tra, i.e.

the mon ev was spen t as soon as received, probably to grati fy his m istress

37. m i rabar, i .e. I see now the reason of what I won dered at at the

time .

“ An d real ly you were much m issed, Tityrus.” H is friend noticed

the effect tho ugh he did n o t kn ow o f his absence.—qu i d ( S 240, a) .

Am ary l l l , see 348, 6 ; I I . 5 81, i . 2.

38. sua i n a rbore ( cf. vii . i .e. on the tree where they grew.

39. abera t : for quan tity see 359, j ; but commit 5 375 , g,Ip sae p i n us, etc .,

tlu: w ry pi n es, t/i ese w ry waterspr i ngs an d orchards.

Even they are plavful lv represen ted as sharing in the grie f of Amaryllis

and m issing their master, n ot as wan ting any special care, but as n ot finding

the man they were won t to see . The pin e here men tion ed is probably the

ston e-

pin e, plan ted for its large edible seeds, as wel l as for shade valuable

also as furn ishing wax an d foo d for bees. The arbusta.are the planta

tions of y oung elms, o n which \ in es were train ed in festoon s from tree to

tree, as i n the vin eyards o f I taly n ow .

41 . qu id facerem , rev/mt was I to do ? ( 5 268. an d cf.

G . 258 ; referred byH . to 486 , At le ngth, an swering the ques tion of v. 19.

he says, To leave home an d go to Rome was his on ly chan ce, first, of free

dom , an d secon d, of pro tectio n . I t is by these two sen ten ces that the alle

gorv is con n ected, though somewhat looselv. w ith the facts.

42 . p raesen t i s ( ace. i .e . propi tious ( compare“a very

presen t help—a l i b i , risere/ av? than at Rome (belon ging to

43. i uven em : Octavian us (Augustus) , who was on ly twen ty-two at

the time of distributin g the lands to the veteran s.

44 . b is sen os ( l ies, true/re ( l ay s, i .e. the first day of every month

when offerin gs were regularly made to the La res, or household

gods. Virgil mean s that he wi l l jo in w ith the worship of his own Lam

that of young Caesar

'

s gen i u s or guardian spirit ( Preller, Ran . M y“ . 571)as Horace says (0d . iv. la r i /ms tuum m iscet um . Ovid (Fast. 11.636 ) describes the ceremon y :

Parca precaturi sumite v in a man u .

Et Ben e vos , [i n to to . fia tr iw pa te r . optime Ce sar

D icite sufi'

U so per bon a verba mero.

—fhm an t, i .e. the service is alreadv an establ ished custom : this dialogebeing supposed to be held in the autumn ( see l ine Ma ltars

,see n ote

, 7.

45 . respo n sum d ed i t , the phrase used properly of an m xc

spouse, keeping up the thought o f ( lesar as a divin ity.—p rIn I‘ h‘

was the first assuran ce of securitv an d favor, an x iously sought.

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Ecr. I .] P astora l P oems. 13

Roman provin ce ; and ex iles from Capua were actual ly settled there by

Augustus.

67. orbe (abl . of mean s) , by a wor ld.

68—70 . en , Alt giving emphasis an d a pathetic w istfulness to the ques

tion ( compare ecqu i s, x . p atr ios fi n i s m i rabor ar i stas, slza l l I

fi l led w i t/z won der long aereafler gaz e upon my n ative boun ds an d the

sodded ( con gestum eaesp i te ) roof of my poor l mt, befioldz’

ng aga in

my l i ttle rea lm, after ma ny yea rs. This in terpretation seems on the whole

to be preferred, taking ar i stas as harvests,i .e. years.

71 . im p i us, as robbing his fel low-citiz en s, a word con stan tly used of

civi l war. m i l es : here again is a bitter referen ce to Virgil’s own eXperi

en ce of these legaliz ed robbers —n ova l i a, fa l

low s, i .e . lan d which I have broken in by my own

toi l ( lan d al tern ately sown and fal low,left un culti

vated to get n ew again , from n ovus ) .

72 . barbarus : the armies of Caesarhad come

to be made up chiefly or largely of barbarian for

e ign ers, G auls, G erman s, and Span iards. [t isfor

them tlzen tlzat I lam/e sown myfields ( h i s n os,

To such a pass has civil strife brought our

w retched state

73 . n os, in serted to emphasize h i s, though

n ot itself emphatic.

74. n un c : this word (as often in English)

gives a bitterly sarcastic force to the imperative,

gr aft y our pears n ow ( if you can , when you see

for whom you have don e it before) .

76 . ego, i .e. that lot will be an other’s.- n on

posthac, n ever mora—v i r i d i an tro, i n t/ze mossy grot. I t may

however refer to an artificial bower of evergreen . (Observe the vivid imagein the words p en dere d e ru p e. See Fig.

78. m e pascen te u n der my tom/i ng.

79. cyt isum , a flowering shrub, ex cel len t for its milk-giving proper

ties : a kind of lucern e, or coarse clover.

80 . tam en p oteras, sti l l y ou m fg/21, i .e . i f you wished, even though you

are obliged to depart 308, c, cf. 3 1 1, c ; G . 246, in H . see 5 1 1,

82 . castan eae, a large an d mellow (m ol l es ) sort, still much used as

food in I taly and Spain .

83 . v i l l arum , farm -[muses ( v i l l a. rust i ca) : the coun try-seat of a.

rich city residen t was v i l l a u rba n a . (See Fig.- c u lm i n a : in

lack of chimn eys, the smoke of the hearth or braz ier (focus) escaped

Fro . 5 .

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16 Notes.

plea of Po lyphemus, in Theocritus : pecoris referring to sheep, an d M

to cows ( fo r the gen itive se

e 2 18, c ; G . 373 ; H. 399, i .

2 1 . m eae agn ac, ewe lambs of m i n e. Sicul i s, loose ly used became

man y wealthy Roman s had es tates in Sicily ; an d hen ce, perhaps, taken as

part of the stock imagery from Theocritus . erran t, cf. i . 9.

22 . aesta te, fr igo re, the times when fresh mi lk is most apt to fail.

The lac n ovum is a curio us recommendation of his love ; but it accords

w ith the co n ven tio n al simplic itv o f pastoral verse.

23 . q uae so l i tu s Am p h io n , etc 701m l s im/th an u sed ( to sing) . He

was the my thic builder o f Thebes, whose wal ls rose to the music of his lyre.

l i e w ith his bro ther Zethus—so n s of Zeus an d An tiope—were exposed on

the mo un tain ridge .\racvn thus, which separates Bato tia from Attica (Ade),and bro ught up by rus tics . D irce is a -foun tain n ear Thebes. These epi

thets an dal lusio n s are atl’

eeted imitation s of authors in whom they meant

some thin g. The hiatus after Actaeo is probably copied l iterally from the

G reek . s i q ua n d o ( literal ly, if ever,cf. 3 16, footn otes) .

25 . n ee sum ad eo i n fo rm i s : see prelimin ary n ote .-a.d eo, so very.

26 . p l n e i d um ve n t is : the an cien ts seem to have supposed that cer

tain w in ds calmed the sea, perhaps by ceas ing to blow ( see E n . v.

The sea-beach m ight poss ibly affo rd a m irro r for the gian t Cyc lops in the

origin al , but hard ly for the shepherd Corydon here—staret 325 ;

G . 5 86 ; l l . 5 2 1, i i . D aph n im , the mythic paragon of bucolic

po e trv ( see l ‘lc l . — ego : the Latin l ikes to represen t two persons in

co n tras t : so here ego is ex pressed to set 06 D aphn im , but is n ot itself

emphatic .

27. i ud ice te, simply, i n y our j udgmen t —s! ( like 31 qu i dem),si n ce.

28 . ta n tum , on ly (‘

tis all I ask ) .- l ibeat ( root LUBH, as in love),

( ho rtat. subj ., 266 ; H . 483 ) t/ uzt i t m fg/I t please yam—sord i da, rude,

hom el y .

29 . h um l l l s , lowly ,m odest. br i ng dow n (p ierce with the

Spear ) .

30 . l l l l i ls t'o , to ”i f nm r s/z -m a l lare fo r the ir graz ing. m e dgfive in

po e try o l tc n de n o tes the en d o f mo tio n 225 , H . 380, 4) perhaps

a rchc o f an earlier locative fo rm ] This in terpretation seems the better

o n e, but it is po ssible to take the wo rd as ablative, cf. x . 71 .

3 1 . va n e n d o , i n song.

2, 33 . en l n m os , see n o te, Eel . i . 2 . These lin es are doubtful, and

are e x c e ed i ngly awkward here . They are probably a parallel passage

writte n I I I the margin , which has crept in to the tex t.

34. “ 0" lm t‘l l ltcat, an d [w n ot loo t/1 : cf. Tib. i . 4, 47.- m

Ben P astora l P oems . I 7

288, e ; ( l . 275 , 1 ; H . i .e . by run n ing it up an d down along the

scale of reeds. The whole idea is come an d learn of me to play the pipe

others have valued this an d why n ot you ? l abel l um (dim ) ,pretty l ip .

35 . fac iebat, ofl'

ered to do (would have don e ) . 277, c ; 1 .

36 . d ispar ibus, see n ote, Eel . i . 2 .- c loo t i e, cf. ca l am o, o . 34,

an d aven a, i . 2 .

37. d on o, see 233 ; G . 350 ; H . 390 .

38. to secu n d um , i .e . i t lzas i n you a secon d master as good as

the first.

40 . n ee, an d n ot (w ith tu ta ) .

4 1 . cap reol i , faw n s ( of the roebuck ) , 164, a ; H . 32 1, 2 .— et i am

n u n c : the spots are said to disappear at the age of six mon ths . They are

the more precious, from being foun d in a dan gerous val ley ( n ee tu ta ) .

The roebuck is the smal lest European deer. A spotted fawn often appears

as a pet on G reek vases.

42 . b i n a 95 ; H . 174, 2 ) d i e, i .e. they are so vigorous as to take

the m ilk of two ewes every day.

43 . orat abd ucere ( see n ote on ard eba t , a . bus begged 276, a ;

G . 22 1 ; H . 467, 2) to get [Ite/It 273, c ; H . 5 35 ,

44 . fac iet, sli c s/za l l a'

o it . - sor( l en t t ib i , a re m ea n i n you r eyes

( dat. of referen ce, — l i l i a , etc ., a poetic way of ofiering these

tributes, represen ting them as com ing from the divin ities.

Fm. 746 . ca l a th i s, w i cber

FIG 8baskets, as in Figs . 7an d 8.

47. p a l l e n t i s , i .e .

y el low the plan t is said

to be the wall flower.

(For the description of

these plan ts, see I n dex .)- cas ia , abl . of mean s .

i n tex en s has vacc i

n ia as object.

5 1 . i p se ego, while

the n ymphs brin g flowers,I w il l gather fruits .

ca n a m a l a , i .e . qu i n ces.

53 . c e r e a p r u n a,

y el low pl um s, sweeter

than the purple ( observe

the hiatus which is sometimes allowed at the main caesura, 359, e) .

quoque, fol low ing as usual the word to which it belongs, as et iam

[Bum

regularly precedes.—pom o, fru it, including all ex cept grapes, figs, and

o lives.

54. prox im a : the myrtle and laurel are constan tly amociated

Yet on ce more, 0 ye laurels , and once more

Ye myrtles brow n , w ith ivy never scre."

Ly cr'

da c .

5 5 . quon iam , ex p lain ing pro x im a .

56 . ru st i cus, a clown ,n o mate for the city

-bred Alex is. The 1111

happy lover an swers his own o ffer.

5 7. Io l l a s., the mas ter of Alex is, represen ting Pol lio in the poem.

con ce da t, i .e . he co uld give more valuable presen ts, i f you should enter

that con test 307, b ; G . 598 ; H .

5 8. qu id vo l u i m ih i , a rbat woe li ar/e I volun tar i ly brought on myself( in allow ing myse lf to be begui led by love) .—florlb u s ap roe (a

proverbial man n er of speech) , I barre let—ab rare/ck ( p erd it us )—biescor e/t i ng soutlz -w i n d i n upon myfio wers, a n d tire w i l d sw i n e to

water -spr i ngs .

60 . quem fugi s, i .e. is it a rustic vou flee ; or, why should you be

afraid o f a rustic ?

6 1 . P a ri s : he was a shepherd on M t. Ida when the famo us dispute of

the goddesses was referred to him — P a l las, etc ., let Pa l las ( the god

dess o f w isdom an d sk i l l) c/zer islt tlze city towers sbe be : bu i lt, other gods

have loved the woods as well .

6 5 . trah it sua q uem q ue, etc .,eaclz on e

’s fan cy dram k i n . Notice

that q u i sque in Latin is alway s in the predicate or in the relative clause,

and regularly fo l lows the reflex i ve, as here ; in English the corresponding

distributive is in the subject o r an teceden t clause, as in the tran slation

above . O ,observe the h iatus

, 359, e.

66 . i n go su sp en sa , bu ng from tbc y oke, so as not to cut the ground

as the ox en are driven home at n ight i .e . n ight brings rest to all but me.

67. d u p l i ca t) : in the summer mon ths, it is said that the shadow

is double the length o f the object between68. m e tam en n r l t , y ct am sti l l

coo led by the approach o f even in g. I t

the vo ice to keep the emphasis . ad s i t ,

by H . to 485 .

70 . sem i p u ta ta ( root l ’l'

, f ur l/y ,w l

then clear up, then reckon , thin k ) ,the e lm overgrow n w ith leaves are bot

Notice the in terlo cked order of the wo

v i t i s u lm o , bv which bo th adjectivesame order as the ir n o un s .

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22 Notes. (Boom.

The indirect question is in a kin d of explanatory apposi tion with

orh em .

43 . c o n d ita , see 186, c ; G . 324.

45 . uea n tho : the acan thus is fami liar to us on the Corin thian capital

( see I n dex ) .

48 . s i ad v i tu lam speeta s : this admits of two in terpretations . 1. If

you w i l l cast vour eye on Me bei/Z’r ( pres

e

n t for future) ,y ou w i l l kar/e no

reason topra i se rour cups. This is possible, but grammatically un natural,

an d in co ngruo us w ith the sen se . An o ther and better is ( 2 ) If y ou boveda

w e to {be l wi/i'r ( i .e . a w ish to w in her) , you have n o occasi on to praise

t'ou r ( ups ( for l w il l n o t stake at he ifer again st cups) . I t is of n o use talk

i ng abo ut cups : they are n o t to be compared in value. See the n ex t verse.

l’o r co n struction see 30 6 ; G . 597 ; l l . 508.—laud ee, see 330 ;

( i . 634 ; l l . 503, x .

”

49. n um quam , merely n ot a t a l l , a colloquial ex pression . Menal

cas suspects D amoetas of w ishing to evade, the con test, and so abandons

the cups as a stake an d recurs to the o rigin al heifer. - ven 1a.m , as we

m ight say, l’

ll meet yo u where yo u l ike .

"

50 . aud iat : the i n ten ded subject. is n ot ex pressed. I t is in stantlychan ged to the perso n com ing in s ight, who is as yet un kn own , but who

proves to be Palaemon . For mood see 266, cl ; H . referred to 5 13, i.

h aec , tla'

s con test.

5 1 . etl le i n m n o, I w i l l stop y ou from 319, a ; G .—quem

quam , sec 105 , It .

5 2 . qu i n age, m l ! tin ”, “ w e ! ( t

'

f. 269, f ; G . 2680—5 ! quid

bab es, i/‘

you ca n ( IN a ny t/z i nor

( in so ng) .—l n m e, on my part .

5 3 . n ee fug io , in re fe ren ce to efl‘

ug ies, v. 49.

54. sen s i bu s reno ua s , let i t stub deep i n your “ ought : the

sen ses be ing regarded as ave n ues to the soul , or judgi ng faculty ( for casesee 5 258 , f ; ( i . 384, R

3; I i . 425 ,

56 . om n is ager, etc ., i c i t is the seaso n when all nature is fruitful in

productio n ,why n o t we to o 1111 so ng )

?

5 7. fo rm os issim u s a n n u s , i .e . the fairest season of the year. Com'

pare summ a s m on s, etc .

5 8. del n de, two syl lables, as alway s in Virgil , 347, c 3 G . 73 1 ;

H . 608, iii.

59. a l tern is ( n eut. i n a ltern ate stra i n : (5 “ 8 g G , 49 1 ;

H . 4 19 .

- ( 1am en ae, JI uses . The‘

a nm m ewere foun tain W fim

powers o f soothsaying : their n ame ( origin al ly Casmen ae) m mfrom ca rmen (m smen , § 1 1

,a ) . the Roman s adop ted the Creel:

mythology, retain ing however the n ames of their n ative divin ifigs. they

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24 Notes. [Bt‘

con

pot ui , tire best I could. I have made a gift already ; you

are on ly in ten ding it.Fig s i l v e s t r i , i .e. growing

wild in the pasture.

71. n am n uta,gold

en app les, i .e . r ipe and

ruddy ( n ot oranges,"

which were un known to

the an cien ts) .—a l tera , an al /tor ten .

73 . referat is, etc ., i .e. to secure the fulfilmen t of her promise ( 5 267;l l . This an d the n ex t couplet each con tain a complai n t as well as a

gratulatio n . The secon d couplet is stronger in both respects .

74. qu id , see 240 ,a ; G . 33 1, it

}; H .378, 2 .

- au lm o, see 5 253 ;( i . 398 ; l l . 424 .

—sp ern l s, see 333 ; G . 5 25 .

75 . st d um tu , etc ., i .e . they are separated, even when engaged to

gether in the chase. ToFig' m

tend the n ets of the hunts

men was a service of special

complimen t, but Menalcas

complains that he is thus

deprived of sharing with

the boy the busin ess of the hun t. For n ets, see Figs. 1 1 an d 12.

76 . n a ta l l s : these two couplets jeer at the rival Iollas. The birthdaywas usual lv celebrated in love an d good cheer wi th a festival in hon or of

the gen i us or patron divin ity . I n the joys of the season Phyl lis is to share.

77. fac iam p ro frug i bn s, (f or sacr ifice for Ille crops. The verb, as

often , is in tran sitive . I n mockery, Io l las—who is the rival of D ammtaS,

an d whose slave t l l is is is hidden to the more ascetic rites of the a»!

bar z/a l ta ( see G eorg. 1. 343 ; Tib. ii . I ) . This festival was celebrated by

each farmer on his own lan d in the mon th of May ; the regular sacrifice

was the suozreta ur i l ia ( swin e, sheep, and bull ) , but in the private sacrifice

a single VlC l l l l l was o ften substituted . This victim was driven in solemn

procession three times round the boundaries of the estate, the husbandmen

and their servan ts fol low ing w ith dan cing an d singing, and the ofien ugof

hbation s to Mars, Ceres, Bacchus, the Lares, and other rural deities, so that

in this way the memory of the boundary was kept fresh from year to year.

Similar customs at this season are kept up to this day in some EumPu n

coun tries.—v i tu l a, in strumen tal 248 ; G . 403 ; H . g common

con struction w ith words of sacrificmg.—ven l to, see 5 269, J ; G , fi g ;

l l . 487,°

78. P h yl l ida , etc . : Men alcas retorts in the same strain , but in the

Ecr . I I I .] P astora l P oem s . 2 5

person of I ol las, saying that Phyl l is has given her heart to him .—m e

d i scedere, a forced use of the in direct discourse con struction ( 5 333, t ;G . 542 , 5 33 H . 5 35 , flev i t is treated as a verb of feel ing.

79. l on gum 29, e ; G . 19, i ii . ; H . 42, N .) va l e, a l i nger i ng fare

w el l . ( I n the second val e, e is n ot elided, but shorten ed before the vowel ,

by a G reek usage, 359, e G . 714, R3 )80 . tr i ste 189, e ; G . 202, H . 438, ban efu l,

“a sad thing

( observe the chiastic arrangemen t 344 , f ) , an d the division by the

Caesura) .— frug i bus, gra i n ,

fruits o f the earth.

”

82 . sat i s ( sero) , to tire grow i ng crops. d epu l s is ( se. ab ubere) ,w ean ed .

83. feto, i .e. wear/e, after having dropped their young, when their fa

vorite food is most grateful .

84. P ol l io , the patron of Virgil ( see“ Life, an d I n trod. to Re] .

quam v i s est ru st ica, lzowever r ude ( quam v i s regularly takes the

subjun ctive. but in poets and later w riters the in dicative) , 3 13, g ;

G . 608,R) ; H . 5 15 , N .

“

85 . P i er i des, Al uses, so called from Pieria, in Macedon ia, n earOlym

pus—p a sc i te, i.e .foster t/ze grow l/z of : the heifer is to be raised as a

sacrifice in hon or of Pollio, the distinguished friend an d reader ( l ec tor i )of Virgil

’s song.

86 . n ova carm i n a, i .e. Men alcas outbids his rival bymak ing Pol l io an

origin al poet, n ot a mere patron or critic, when ce he deserves a n obler

offering ( taurum ) . H is most famous works were tragedies on Roman

subjects, n ot mere copies of the G reek (hen ce perhaps n ova ) .

87. q u i p etat, characteristic subj ., see 320 ; G . 633 ; H . 5o3, i

this verse is repeated in XEn . ix . 629.

88. to gaud et, se. ven i sse, w/zere Ite rej oi ces t/tat you from arr ived,

mean ing“the height of fame,

”or something similar.

89. m el l a fluan t, etc ., i .e . may every thing prosper for him, w ithout

his ow n effort, as in the golden age (proverbial ) . am om um , a fragran t

eastern shrub; here used for the gum,z zzcen se .

90 . am et , i .e . may he fal l so low ! Bavius and Maevius were obscure

an d en vious poets of Virgil’s time.

9 1 . a tque idem , may al l his efforts fail (con trasted with o . The

proverbs are borrowed from the G reek .

92 . qu i l egi t is : as fast as D amoetas fin ds himself matched, he strikes

an o ther strain .

93 . fr igid us, etc. : n ote the hurry and confusion apparen t in the order

of the words.

94. parcl te,j‘

oroear as the youths have just ht

26 fVott’s . [Bvoon

sheep. The con struction is a poe tic ex ten sio n o f the complemen tary infin i

ti\ e 271 G . 424 ; l l . 533 ) in im itatio n o f the G reek —r i pae 230 ;

G . 208 ; H . 384, 5 )“the ban k is n ot very trustworthy .

96 . re ic e ( re- l ic e ) , dr i n twel ', made a dissvllable by syn iz esis

347, r ; G . 72 1 H . 608,

97. i n fon te, i n Me upper waters, where it is safer. i p se, i .e . I w il l

n ot trust them to plunge in themse lves .—er l t ( for scan n ing see 359,f ) .

98. p raeceper i t , take awa y i n mtzm zee for co n struction see 307, e

I I .508, 2 . u t n up er, as I mp/m ed late/r.

100 . p l n gu l , t/mug/z r te/z . ervo, a sort o f vetch, a n utritious fodder.

10 1 . m ag is tro : the shepherd is always an un successful lover by pro

fession ; so here he is was ted by love .

10 2 . h is cer te, etc . 15 1, r ) , an d y et w i t/z t/zese of m i n e, at least,

love is n ot t/ze m use —o ss lb t l s ( dat. 227, e ; G . 346,

H . 384) they hardly ho ld toge ther.

103. n esc io q u i s, some or otlzer (a weak a l i qu i s ) . ocul us, the

bel ief in the evi l eye is stil l prevalen t in I taly. Notice that here as in the

other cases the seco nd s inger makes out a worse case than the first.

105 . eael l sp a t ium : a Man tuan joke, in which Virgil said (or it is soreported) that he mean t to set a trap for the critics.

”Caelius, it is said,

was a spendthrift o f Man tua, u ho , in sel ling his estates, reserved on ly land

en ough for his ow n grave . The riddle is sti l l a difficult on e, though it

has been ex plain ed o f a deep wel l , a cave or oven,the shield of Achilles,

an d of a pit in the eom i /imn, cal led m un dus, open ed on ce a year. See

Scrv ius on the passage . l lm gn t ts Apo l l o : Apol lo was the god of divin

ation . u l n as , see 257, cf. 247, e ; G . 335 H . 379.

106 . i n sc r i p t i flo res : the hyacin th ( see n ote to v . 63) is said to

be vein ed in the fo rm o f the letters AI , which are the G reek for a las and

also the first sy l lable o f the n ame Al as, Ajax ( see Ovid, Met. x iii .

n om i n a. G reek ace. ( of specification ) .

108. n ost rum , i n ”tr /barte r . 2 14, d ; G . 365 , H , N ?)

109 . q u i sq u i s , etc ., w e r e on e w/zo feels t/re a larms of happy or Me

pa ngs of m i lia/[Er lore every poet who sings of love. The reading of

Ribbeck mean s, n -lmso fears n ot lore roll er: sweet, shal l feel i t n ot M en

ai t/er . v i tu la. see 245 . a G . 308, R.

’ I I . 42 1 , ii i .

1 1 1 . c l n ud l te : a touch o f real life con cludes the song. Palemon is

supposed to have come to have his slaves open the sluices to irrigate the

fields whi le the co n test was go ing on . There is perhaps also a hin t at the

figurative sen se, to stav the stream o f bucol ic verse.

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28 lVotes . [Bvcon

red eu n t : the repetition of the verb here takes the place of a conjun ction ,but gives emphasis to the idea.

7. n ova p rogen ies a n ew race is to people the earth, of which the

ex pected in fan t is the first fruit.

8. n ascen t l, at Iris oi rt/z.—p uero, see 227; G . 345 H .385 , i .

quo, i n whose time, a strain ed use of the locative ablative, compare te

con so l e, 11. 1 1 .

9. gen s saec u l um , t.e. aetas .—m u n do ( 5 258, f ; G . 386

H . 425 ,

10 . Lu c in a : a n ame properly given to Juno as goddess of marriage

and so o f birth, —she who bestows l iq/i t upon the chi ld ( l ux ) . But often

( as here ) the same fun ctio n is ascribed to D ian a —tuus , i .e. fra ter .

Apo l lo : the spec ial god o f Augus tus , made by him to be the protect

ing de ity o f Rome . Acco rding to the S ibyls, Apol lo was to reign in the

n ew age : the four preceding saecu la having been those of Saturn ,Jupiter,

Neptun e , an d Pluto . I n this n ew age was to be a pal i ngen esis, each soul

be ing after forty times four hun dred years reun ited with the bodywhich

i t had in habited whi le on earth (Varro, ap . Augustin um, Civ. D e i . x x ii.

According to other obscure n otices, there was to be a series of ten ages,

the last of which was that of Apo l lo, or the Sun .

1 1 . te, expressed again in the same con struction further on for empha

sis.—ad eo , just giving a“rhetorical prom in en ce to the preceding

word. d ec u s hoe aev i tlt i s glor ious age. to con sul e, mean s merelv

in the time o f vour co n sulship to (11100 (below ) , under your gui dan ce.

In lb l t, w i l l come i n ( in tran sitive, a rare use) .

12 . m ag n i m en s es , the mon ths of the great year, or saeculmn .

13 . sc e le r i s : e spec ial ly the guilt of the bloodv civil wars.

14. Ir r l tu the remain s of civil warwi ll be made ha rm less ( l n -rats ) .so l ve n t, w i l l fiw , i .e. by becoming harmless. form idin e ( 5 243, a

( i . l l . .| I4,

1 5 . I l le , he a lso .— d eum (gen . plur.

, 40 ,e ; H . 5 2, he shall

l l t‘t ‘

u l l tr'

a go d, and ho ld commun ion w ith gods an d dem igods.- d lv ls, see

248 , u. G . 348 ; l l . 385 , 3 .

to. herons : in the go lden age, gods an d heroes dwelt familiarly with

men upo n the earth. For quan tity see 347, a , 5 ; G . 703, 7;

tl l l s , dat., 232, o; G . 35 2, R.

17. pueatum con quered. p atri i s i .e. it would seem, the W

o f Po llio , Virgi l’

s n oble frien d .

18. t ib i —p rim a , i .e . at fir st ( as soon as you are born )

The idea is that the age will grow w i th the babe an d come to its highest

developmen t, as he does. m un u seu l a , i ts m odest gifts ( 5 164, a ; H,

Ec1.. IV.] P astora l P oems. 29

32 1, The gifts of the earth are, in succession : first, flowersthen , fruits an d grain ( o . lastly, the richer produce of various cl imates

( o .—cul tu 248 ; G . 40 1 H . 419,

20. ri d en ti , i .e.pleasi ng.—acan th o 248,o , R ; G . 348 ; H . 385,

2 1 . ip sae, of l/zemseloes.22 . n ec l eon es : this and sim ilar images have been thought to be

imitated from the Hebrew prophets, particularly I saiah x i . 6 : “the wolf

shal l dwell with the lamb,”etc . But if Virgil had kn own this passage, he

would hardly have missed the words so ex quisitely fit to his purpose, a

l ittle child shal l lead them .

” He appears to copy here the establ ished

imagery of the golden age ( compare Hesiod, W orks, 67 21 , 1 18, 236 ;

Theocr. x i . 12 ; Hor. Od. ii i . 4, 17 ; Epod. x vi . The idea agrees

w ith such imported represen tation s as the on e given in Fig. 13 .

Fig. 13 .

23. b l an d os, e/za rm i ng.

24. fa l l ax ven en i , of treac/zerous poison . For gen itive see 2 18, e ;

H . 399, iii . 1 .

25 . vol go, ever savlzere ( in stead of being a rare ex otic) .

26 . sim u l v i rtus, as soon as you ( an road {no glor ies of fieroes,an d your fat/zer

’s deeds, an d lear n w/mt va lor mean s. s i n l u l , as often ,

for sim u l atq ue 324 ; G . 5 63 H . 471,

27. lam by a n d by . s i t 334 ; G . 469 H . 529,

28. m ol l i ar i sta, smoot/z gra i n (w ith n o rough beard) .

29. ruben s , Mus/t i ng. sen t i bu s to gather grapes from thorn s

seems to have been a proverb o f impossibil ity. (Ablative of separation

without a preposition , 258, a G . 388, R .

3; H . 4 14,

30 . rosc i da m el l a : it seems to have been bel ieved that hon ey fell in

the form of dew , an d was gathered by bees . This makes clearer the n otion

that the ei eaa'a fed on dew . sudabu n t, ( l i sti l (here fol lowed by a cog

nate accusative, 238 ; G . 331 H . 371, i . W ild hon ey foun d in hol

low trees might possibly be thought to be ex uded from the tree itself.

31. p an ca : n otice the emphasis ; a few though on ly a few .—p rlscae

fraud i s, {li e old fa i n t of u ri rl 'eduess. suberu n t, si m/l lurk i n men .

30 [BUCOL

32 . tem ptare : it was the depraved desire of weal th, the an cien ts

thought, which firs t led men to brm e the perils of the sea ( see Hor. 0d. i.

3, Th et im , a sea-nymph, mother of Achilles : here, the sea . Com

pare 1,2 an d n o te .

33 . i ubea n t , veh at , subj . of purpose, 3 17 G . 632 H . 497, i.

Such c lauses are, however, undistinguishable from clauses of characteristic

ex cept by the fact that the ir actio n is referred to the future, but there is so

l ittle d iflere n cc between purpo se an d future in ten ded result, that it seems

best to cal l al l such clauses purpo se . te l l uri 228 ; G . 346 ; H .

34. Ti ph y s, the pilo t o f the Argo : there must sti l l be some attempts

at adven ture and co n ques t, un til the age reaches its perfection .

35 . a l te ra b el l n , a seeon d ser i es of wars l ike the first, w ith even the

same successio n o f even ts.

36 . ad , n o tice that this wo rd here mean s aga in st, n ot to, which would

be ex pressed by the ace. alon e .

37. h i n c ( like i n d e ) , t/ten ( after this) ; i am , at lengtlz .—fi rm ata,

matured.

38. ced et , s/zal l retiu vec tor, tr a vel ler (merchan t) . n l arl , ah

lative of separation ,258, a ; ( i . 4 1 1 , R

5;

—n aut i ca p i n us,

i .e . t/ze s/i ip of di e trmt i'r . Sec 5 190 . Compare

Never comes the l ‘i t i i opean trader. Lot kd ey Ha l l .

I n an cien t times the merchan t sai led in his own ship ( p i n u s ) , an d is

co n stan tly cal led m u l ta .

t/zefirm decree of Fate.

40 . rastros z t/ze rostrum was a heavy

pro nged ho e, w ith two or more teeth .

4 1 . rob u stus, sturdy, stil l, though toilingn o mo re .

— ta n 1' ls, dative ( 542 . m en t ir i col ores, to put on falseé

'

aur i on s li n es.

43 . suave ruben ti , sweetly Mask i ng.

44 . m u r i ce ( idiomatic ablative of price,

G . 404, R . ; H .422, -m a ta.h i t

vel l era , s/ml / e/za ngo his n atura l fleece for.m u r ex is purple l uto, yel low san dyx ,

st a r/rt, in each case the dye bein g used

fo r the co lor.

46 . saee l a. (ace. after curr i to, 5 238 ;G . 33 1 ; 371 , i . spi n su ck ages ! so

sangr to t/u 'i r sp i n dles t/l e D e

'

sti n i es, a ct or-dant

For the f u su s, see Fig. 14.

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[Bucou

ECLOG UE V.

TH IS Eclogue is divided, as are ii i . an d vn ., between two singers ; but

here the Amoebaean strain or altern ate form is n ot preserved. The lis t

fin ishes before the secon d begin s . For various supposition s about this

Ec logue see Sel lar’s Virgil, p . 138.

1 . our n on here the more common qui n . ban i , st il leé followedby infin 273.d ; G . 424. R H 533.3)

2 . l év ls : n otice the quan tity of the 1, showing the ace. plural.

3. cory l i s, w/zy n ot si t lzere among t/i e elms m ingled was hersel f best

con sidered as dative 248, a , R. ; G . 346, H . 385 , though the

ablative also is used in this con struction .—con sod im n a : im i tation of the

G reek ao rist,w ith 71 oi’ ; man y editions have con sl d lm l l s, the regular

Latin form w ith qu i n it is equivalen t to an exhortation in either case.

4. m a ior, t/ze elder .—t ibi 227 ; G . 345 ; —pum a

270 ; H 538)

5 . si ve s ive, wli etli er we come ben eatb tile quiver i ng sl a lom

sti rred by Me z ep/iy rs, or i n to t/ce grotto ratlzer .—z ephyr l n (Q25 5 ; G .

409 ; H . um bras , s_ee 15 2, c ; H . 435 , N.‘

6 . u t spars i t : the question may be con sidered as direct, or the in

dicative may be referred to an earlier usage 334, a'; G . 469, n

}; H.

7. S i lvestr i s l abru sca , t/ze w i ld v i n e tbat run s to m and has

clusters on ly here.

an d there ( rar i s ) . These words hin t modestly h'

s

preferen ce for the grotto .

8. t i b i cer ta t 229, c ; G . 344 , K3; H . 385 , i .e. attempts to

rival you.

9. q u i d s i certet, a playful disparagemen t of his rival : W be

were to r i va l l bus (w ith a hin t at the fate of Marsyas,whom Apollo first

van quished in music an d then flayed al ive) . The con clusion ( 5G . 598 ; I I . 509) is here on ly implied.

— can en do (Q 30 1 ; G . 433 ; H.

542,

1 1 . A l c on i s : this n ame occurs in Ovid, Met. x i ii . 683, a that of :

famous sculptor.— i u 1'g ia. G od r i , quar rels of Cedr ic ( Cf. Vii. 22, 26)

The idea is,“whether you have love, or praise, or quarrels ; in M “ !

pastoral subject to sing of.”

13 . im m o h aec ex p er iar, n ay ,rat/i er , I w i ll try fla g, Le. m d

“

the above-men tion ed themes .

14. carm i n a , sec 200 , b.—d escri p sl , compare x . 5 3.—w

In n s a l tern a n otav i , set drew to m usic, n oti ngr altar ( the pip?

°

n d voice ) .—a l ter n a

34 Notes. [BucoL

the cultivation of the vine, and so the in troduction of husban dry instead

of graz ing. For this reason his worship is often coupled with that of

Ceres .

30 . t h lasos i n ducere, to lead tbe mystic dam s belonging to the rite

of Bacchus ( same construction as sub iungem).

fouls, etc. These words re fer to the Gy m ,

a spear, wreathed wi th grape-vin e and ivy, or

sometimes tipped with a pin e con e . ( SeeFigs. 16

and

34. decus notice that th is n om in ative is pre

cisely equivalen t to the dative d ecor i, v. 32. Sec

233 ; H . 390 .—talero n t, bore away z nbctn

l erun t . (Compare tol lo, from the same root.)See 5 324 : G 563 : H 471.4»

35 . P al es ( sometimes mascu l in e) , deity of theflocks. The day of her festiva l, the Pal i li a (April

was taken as the an n iversary of the founding

of Rome. See cut un der G eorgics.—Apo l lo : who had been keeper of

the flocks of Admetus, an d so was a patron of shepherds.

36, 37. gra n d i n aven ue, wortbless darnel ( turea) c ad d y -i leumoats spr i ng up i n tli e fur rows to wbicl: we bane often comm itted ti e large

( select ) bar ley -

gra i n s. This plural, hordea, was ridiculed by Bavius and

Maevius in the l in e

Fig. 16 .

Hordea qui dix it , superest ut trait s G ent.”

G rain was carefully selected for sowing (G eorg. i. 197—199) it was even

thought that un less such care were taken it would degen erate in to worthles

weeds.—q u i bus, see 200 , b G . 6 18 ; H. referred to 445 , 9. The rm

teceden t words would be i n 018 .

38. p u rpureo : properly red orpurple but sometimes used of men

br i l l ia n cy of color. The n arcissus is white ; but one sort has a punk

calyx .

39. sp i n i s, see 248 ; G . 40 1 ; H . 419, iii. (possibl y dbl . of quality).

40 . spargi te, etc . i .e . strew the groun d with flower-1, and plantM

trees about the foun tain at his grave. A favorite buria l -plu g m m a

shaded run n ing stream .—in d uc l te, draw ti e 85 6 30“ over (a pod fll

view of the matter) . For the con structions here see 5 a s.J; G , 343;H . 384, 2 .

41 . fierl , see 331, g ; G . 532, H. 535 , iv.

44 . form on sl , the origin al 11 is here retained to five them gof an in scription .

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36

68. crateras .

Notes . [B UCOL.

Large vases in which the win e an d water were mix ed.

(See Figs. 17 an d See n ote [E l ] . i . 724.

Fig 17.

69. h i l aran s c on v iv ia , eheermg thefi ast w i th abun dan t w i n e.

70 . fr igu s, in early spring ; m oss i s, in late summer. Notice the in

verted order of the two bran ches 344 ,f ; G . 684 ; H . Compare

i ii . 80 .

71 . V i n a Ar i usia , C/z ian w i n e, from a district Ar i usia in Chios.

n ovum n ec tar, a n ew -fou n d n ecta r , hitherto un kn ow n to the Romans.

Foreign w in e was fi rst imported about B .C . 50 . ca l ath is, bow ls, appar

en tly shaped l ike the basket in P ig. 7. See 258, a ; G . 388 ; H . 4 13 .

73 . sa l ta n t i s, etc ., i .e . the n eighbors also shal l Jo in . in the festivities.

Fig. 18 .

These would in c lude such dan ces as the

satyrs an d (anus perform in the proces

sion s of Bacchus . ( See Fig.

75 . Nym p h i s : the nymphs were tav

ot ite divin ities with the herdsmen ,an d their

worship was co n n ected w ith that of Bac

chus an d Ceres, as well as that of Pan , but

n o particular festival is kn own at which

they were worshipped. Virgi l seems to

have had in his m ind some spec ial rites

that took place in summer (m essls ) , but

what is un certain . Perhaps he has here

m ix ed Sicil ian an d Roman rites.—l ustra

b im u s agros, referring to the festival de

scribed in the n ote to ii i . 77, which took

place in early spring.

77. thym o, see 248 ; G . 403 ;

79. Cerer i : Ceres ( root in ereo)an I tal ian earth-

goddess, of far less con sequen ce in the old mythology

than Pales but, being taken to represen t the D emeter of the G reeks, she

became on e of the chief members of the Roman Pan theon .

80 . dam n ab i s vot is, l ike m orte dam un r i ( compare 5 220, b ;

ECL. VI .] P as toral P oems . 37

G . 377, R.‘ i .e. shal l bind men to fulfil their vows, by bestow

ing the desired gifts .

81 . roddam , see § 268 ; G . 468 ; H . referred Fig. 19 .

to 486, ii.

84 . flum l n a, in the relative clause 200,b) .

85 . hac c i cu ta , thisp ipe ; the n ame is given

from the hol low stalk of the herb hem lock .

For case see 225 , d ; G . 348 ; H . 384, 2 .

86 . h aec n os d ocu i t , see Ecl . i i . 1 and

iii . 1 . The pipe is the teacher, an d the clauses

are the accusative of the thing 239, e ; G . 333 ;

H 374)88. rogaret ,with c um con cessive, see 326 ;

G . 581, i ii . ; H . 5 15 , i ii.—p ed um , see Fig. 19.

89. n on tu l i t, cou ld n otget. am ari , see 320 ,f.

90 . n od i s a tq ue aere, bra zen studs. The Latin l ikes to separate the

n oun and adjective in to two n oun s, thus emphasiz ing both (hen diadys) . See

A. G . G r., p. 298.

ECLOG UE VI .1 . prim a n ostra Th a l i a , our ear l iest Ai m e, i .e . in his first efforts

as a poet. Thalia was the muse o f

comic and idyllic verse ; she wasFig '

therefore represen ted w ith the

mask and the p ed um , or pastoral

crook . ( See Fig. d ign ata

est : dezgn ed to spor t i n Si ci l ia n

verse, n or blushed to i n habi t the

w oods. Syracos io, i .e . Si ci l ia n ,

al luding to Theocritus. l udere,

compl . in f. 271 G . 424 ; H .

2. h a b i t u r e 271 ; H .

compare n ote to ii. 1 .

3 . can erem . The imperfect

mean s, tried to sing or wan ted to .

For con struction see 325 ; G . 581,

i i . ; H . referred to 5 2 1, ii .—reges

et p roel ia , i .e. heroic strain s

the verb can ere is often tran sitive even in prose . Cy n th iu s, a n ame of

Apollo from a moun tain of D elos. aurem vel l i t , plucked my ear, i .e . to

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ECL. VI .] P astora l P oems . 4 1

the old myths seems to have been smee Hesiod a favorite form of poetic

composition . The philosophy of Empedocles was also in verse .—u t i ,

how. m agn um per i n an e, through the vast void 188, a H .

This, with some of the succeeding ex pression s, is borrowed from Lucretius.

32. terrarum , etc ., the four elemen ts ( see Ovid, Met. i . 22 The

plural refers to the n umerous worlds of Epicurus.

33. l i qu i d i , subti le or tra n spar en t : so cal led because composed of

the fin est atoms. ex ord ia , the begi n n i ngs of thi ngs.—h i s, ablative of

origin , 244 ; G . 396, 2 ; H . 4 15 .

34. con crever i t orbi s, the u n harden ea’eir t le of the un iverse began to

gather almost a l iteral statemen t of the n ebular theory of the solar system .

35 . s i i l um , the sol i d groun d. d i sc l ud ere pon to, to shut of i n the

sea depth Nereus,“ the an cien t of the sea,

”was the deity who dwelt in

the stil l depths,while Neptun e ruled the stormy surface. pon to, locative

ablative 258, f ; G . 384, H . 425 ,

36. sum ere, as every thing sprang from the earth, the earth is here

said to put on the forms. rerum form a s, the shapes of objects.

37. n ov um , for thefirst time. The earth ( terrae) is poetical ly said

to be amazed at the first appearan ce of the sun .— stupean t : the sub

jun ctives here are in the in direct question in troduced by u t i (how ) . l n

coscore, an ex ten ded use of the in direct discourse con structio n , see 330, e ;

G . 5 33 ; H . 5 35 , i ii .

38. a l t i us, at first the elemen ts being m ix ed, the clouds are supposed

to be al l about the earth, but they n ow begin to take their higher place and

sen d down the rain s.

39. i n c i p ian t , in formal in di Fig. 25

rect discourse. See 34 1, I) ; G .

666 ; H . 5 29, ii . W ere n ot the main

clause an indirect question , cum

here would have the indicative see

325 ; G . 582 ; 1 .

40 . i gn aros, here passive, u n

kn ow n .

4 1 . h i n c, n ex t. l a p i d e s

P yrrh ae, from which the n ew race

ofmen sprang, after the flood (Ovid,Met. i . 395 Saturn ia .

Compare the preceding Eclogue .

42 . P rom eth ei : theTitan Pro

metheus sto le fire from heaven as a gift to man ; he was chain ed to a

rock in the Caucasus, where his l iver was perpetual ly torn by

( vo l uc res ) . (See Fig.

42 1V otes . [BUCOL

43. H y l an : Hylas, who accompan ied Hercules on the Argonautic

expedition , an d was born e away by foun tain n ymphs, en raptured by his

beauty. Notice the pecul iarity of the scan n ing : HylaHyli omné'

sonaret.

The first a is retain ed long, the second a is shorten ed in the G reek man ner.

See 359, e ; G . 714, H . 608, ii . quo ( taken with fon te) , at what

spr i ng,i .e. sings of the Spring where, etc. Compare the other indirect

question s in this Eclogue.

44. c l am assen t 334 ; G . 469 ; H . 5 29,—son n t et 3 19 ; G .

5 54 ; H .

45 . fu i ssen t . A protasis of which the con clusion is expressed in

fortu n a tam , though n ot in the regular form, q uae fortu n ata fu isset .

46 . P asi p haen daughter of the Sun , and w ife of M in os'

(son of Zeus

an d Eur-Opa, and k ing of Crete ) , said to have madly loved a bul l, and to

have given birth to the mon ster M in otaur. The tale perhaps is a myth of

the l ight of early spring, when the sun en ters the constel lation Taurus

the n ame Pasipha? mean s, she that shin eth upon al l,” i .e. the Dawn .

sol atu r, he con soles, i .e. sings of the stratagem by which Daedalus con soles.

47. v i rgo , i .e . Pasiphae.

48. P roet ld es, prin cesses of Argos, who were driven m'

ad by Hera

( Jun o) because they despised her worship, and who imagin ed themselves

con verted in to heifers. They however were n ot so mad as Pasiphaé.

fal s i s, imagi n ary .

49. t urp i s, acc . plural .

50 . co l l o, see 227, e ; G . 343.—quam vi s t imu i sset, however much

she ( an y on e of the daughters of l ’roetus) feared the plough, an d often felt

for hor n s on her smooth ( human ) forehead. See 3 13,a 0 .608 ;H . 5 15,m

5 1 . l ev i , n otice the quan tity.

53. l atu s, see § 240 , e ; G . 332 ; H . 378.—fu l tus, ly i ng ( from fu l clo) .

For quan tity see 359, f . h yac i n t ho, in strumen tal ( 5 248 ; G .403 ; H.

The learn er should careful ly distinguish between the Latin and the

Engl ish con struction s. \Ve say,“ lying on the Latin says,

“supported

by.

54. pa l l en t i s, pa le-

green , compared with the dark ( n igra ) foliage of

the i lex (holm ) , a sort of I tal ian l ive-oak .

5 5 . c l aud i te n ym p hae : these l in es to v. 60 are supposed to be

the w i ld an d jealous cry of I’asiphaé.

56 . D ictaeae, from D ie/e, a moun tain of Crete .—claudi te sal tus,

close theglades of the woods ( that I may fin d his haun ts) .

57. st q ua vest ig i a, if by ehan ee the stray foot-pr i n ts of fie bullmay op

’

er themselves to my eyes. See 334, f ; G . 462, z .- oouns

228, b) .

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44 Notes . [Buoou

( ci r is) Scylla, daughter of Phorcys, was tran sformed in to the monster

described in the tex t, her whi te loi n s gi rt wi th barhi ng mon sters,”

which occupied the rocks opposite Charybdis in the Sicil ian strait. For

an an cien t represen tatio n , see Fig. 26 . quam, object of secu ta out, and

subject of vex asse. See 270, n ote .

Fig. 26.

76 . D u l i ch ias ra tes, the ships of Ulysses, from which Scyl la snatched

six of the crew . D ul ichium is a l ittle island n ear i thaca.

78. m u tatos ar tu s, the tran sformation of Tereus, changed to a hoo

poe, whi le his w i fe l’rogn e was changed to a swallow, and her sister Philo

mela (whom he had betrayed ) to a n ightingale (Ovid, Met. vi .

u t , here the co n struction changes to the in direct question , which is re

tain ed in various forms through v . 8 1 .—Terei, see 5 347, c ; G . 72 1 ; H.

608, i ii .

79. dup es, the ban quet, i .e. the flesh of his chi ld I tys which was served

to Tereus d on a, the head an d bands which were shown him after he had

feasted on the flesh .—p arar l t 334 ; G . 469 ; H. 5 29,

80. an te, first —qu i bu s a l i s , w i th what w i ngs she j aw wretched

above her own dwel l i ng the habit of the swal low rather than the n ight

ingale though the song of the latter, most musical , most melancholy.”

seems to have suggested the n otion of the mother’s grief.

ECL. VI I .] P as toral P oems . 45

81. tec ta, see 228, a ; G . 330 ; H . 386, 3.

82. om n ia, i n fact every thi ng. The position of the word makes it

refer w ith emphasis to what precedes.

83. E u rotas, the river of Sparta, blest in hearing the song of Apollo

which he sang to Hyacin thus on its ban ks — l au rus, accusative plural,

obj. of i ussi t and subj . of ed i scere 271, 6, compare chap. iii ., iv., n ote ;

G . 546, H . 5 35 ,

84. i l l e, opposed to Apollo, he, as wel l .

86 . i uss i t : the subject is Vesp er, who bids them gather the sheep

an d recoun t their n umber. Fo r mood see 328 ; G . 573 ; H . 5 19, ii .

i n v i to , r elucta n t to en d the strain .—Ol ym p o, ablative of separatio n ,

taken as mean ing the moun tain 258, a ; G . 388 ; H . 4 1 2,

ECLOG UE VI I .

1. argu ta , shr i l l rustl i ng : referring as usual to the high p i tch of a

sound .

3. ov i s, acc . plural . d i sten tas l ac te, i .e . towards even ing.

4. aeta t i bus, see 75 , 3, c ; H . 130 ,2 . For case see § 25 3 ; ( i . 398 ;

H . 424 .—Arcad es ( compare x . 32 ) Arcadia, at a distan ce from the sea

in cen tral Pelopon n esus, long retain ed the rustic and old-world simplicity,

of which pastoral song is the n atural ex pression ; hen ce its inhabitan ts here

give their n ame to pastoral singers.

5 . pares, parat i : wel l -matched i n si ngi ng ( can tare can tan do,

273, d ; G . 424, H . 533, ii ., Nd) , an d ready i n respon se ( resp on

dere ad respon d en dum , 273, h; H . 5 33, ii . Improvisation is

a much-

priz ed gift in I taly sti l l .

6 . m i h i , dat. of referen ce, 235 , a ; G . 343 ; H . 384, N .

" —d um de

fen d o : the ten der myrtle had to be protected, in I taly, from the late frosts

of spring.— d efen d o, presen t 276, e ; G . 572 ; 220, R. ; H . 467,

7. v i r g reg i s, the father of thefloch. d eerraverat : observe the

con traction of the two vowels . atque, a n d lo This word always adds

something w ith more emphasis than et 15 6, a ) .

8 . con tra , i n tur n . oc ius, i n stan tly , see 93, a ; G . 3 12 ; H .444, 1 .

9. ad es, be at ha n d, i .e. come. cap er h aed i , i .e. I have seen to

their safety.— t ib i

10 . 81q u id p otes, if you can l i nger awhi le. qui d , see 240, a ;

Rf‘; H . 378, 2 . p otes, see 306 ; H . 508, 2 .

1 1 . i p s i , of themselves. p otum , supin e of a lost verb of which p oto

is the frequen tative, an d potus the participle 302 ; G . 436 ; H .

l uvon c i , i .e. our cattle ( so that we shal l n ot have to look for them ) .

46 .Vote's . [13q

12 . p raetex i t,f r i nges.

13. ex am i n a ( ex -agm en ) , i .e . the young swarms.

14. q u i d facerem , what was I to do 9 See 268 ; G . 258.- n eque

tam en , i .e . though I had n o m i lkmaid ( l ike my n eighbors) to attend

to things at home, yet I could n ot m iss this n oble rivalry.

15 . dep u l sos, etc ., the regular ex pressio n for wean ed. cl an deret,

see 3 17; G . 632 ; I I . 497, i .

16 . c t , a n d on the other ha n d ( con n ecting the t wo argumen ts for staying an d go ing

). Coryd o n , etc ., a loose but n ot un common sort of appo

sitiou w ith c er tam en .

17. posth ab u i , I put of m y ser ious cares fbr thei r spor t.—l udo

2 28 ; G . 346 ; H .

19. a l tern os vo l eba n t , the .ll uses [that in spired them] chose to

rehea rse a lter n a te stra i n s . (For remarks on this stvle of respon sive versi

tication ,see n otes on Eel . i ii .) —m em i n l sse, see 143, c, n ote G .

228, I I . 297, 2 .

20 . rcfercbat, brought out con tributed.

2 1 . L i beth r id es, Li bethra was the n ame of a foun tain in Hel icon , the

seat of the Muses.—au t n u t , see 156, c ; G . 495 ; H . 5 54, ii , 2 ,

22. G od ro , se. eon cess l st i . The n ame of a shepherd poet, but who

is mean t, if any actual person , is un kn own .

23. versi bus , govern ed by p rox im a (carm i n a ) . For scan n ing see

§ 359, f ; G . 715 ; v.

24. p en d eb i t , etc .,my whisper i ngp ipe sha l l hang on the sacredpi n e,

as a s ign that I aban don the vocation of song, according to a custom of

the an c ien ts, by which the in strumen t of an aban don ed vocation was made

a votive offering. Cf. Ho r. 0d. 1, 5 , 13 ; i ii . 26 . The pin e

—in to which the

n ymph P i ty s was tran sformed was sacred to Pan . p l n u , see 5 258, a ;G . 388 ; I I . 414, N .

‘ Compare in troductio n to n otes. Notice how the prosody

shows that argu ta agrees w ith fi stu la , an d sac ra w ith p i n u .

25 . crescen tem p oetam , y our poet n ow grow i nggreat. In this and

the follow ing verses ( especial ly“va ti f utur o observe the “

arrogan ce

and spleen ofThyrsis con trasted w ith the modesty of Corydon . He n ot

on lydesires to rival Codrus, but claims alreadv to ex cel him .—h edera

the ivy was sacred to Bacchus, an d so con n ected w ith lyric poetry.

26 . Arcades the epithet is here mean ingless, but a con ven tion al on e.

i n v id ia rum pan tur , burst w ithjea lousy 3 17; G . 632 ; H .497,

G od ro , see 235 , a : G . 343, R .

”

27. u l tra p lac i tum , bey on d wha t the gods approve. Ex travagant

praise or boasting was tho ught to in cur the jealous resen tmen t of the gods,- a feel ing very stron g in pagan an tiquitv . Hen ce the charm (baccare)

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48 Notes . [Bacon

who tasted it in to the Sardon ic laugh.

”By this odd imprecation Thyrsis

seeks to ex press a more vio len t longi ng for his love, in whose absen ce the

day is“ longer than a whole year.

”

44 . st qu i s p ud or : the beasts ought to be ashamed of feedi ng with

such an appetite, whi le their keeper is impatien t for the even ing.

45 . n l uscos l , mossy ,i .e . among cool and moss-grown rocks .

46. arbu tus, the arbute, or strawberry-tree,

”affords a berry used as

food by the poor : its leaves are scan ty, and its shadow thin ( rn ra ) .

47. so l st l t i u l n , m idsummer heat (m idwin ter is b rum a ) .—pecorl,

dative of referen ce 229, c ; G . 344 , H . 385 , 4,—lam v en i t, is

j ust com i ng l am is con tin uous, and refers to the presen t as fol low ing the

past, an d so w ith the presen t ten se (ven i t ) expresses the begin n ing of an

action .

48. gem m ae : the buds upon the vin e-bran ch show the beauty as

wel l as the heat of summer ; here again Corydon is the truer poet.

50 . p ostes : the picture of the wel l-blacken ed door-posts of the poor

hut, which was the earl iest style of habitation , correspon ds to the later

atr i um (ater ) , or main hal l of the Roman house ( see Eel . i . 83, n ote) .

Thyrsis matches the preceding m idsummer picture by a suggestion of

win ter.

5 1 . ta n tum : we heed n o more the w in try blast than the wolf cares,etc — n um erum , the n umber of the flock, the usual rendering, seems

forced as wel l as in sipid . \Vhy n ot m usic Compare Theocr. ix . 20,

from which thi s is freely im itated —r ip as, the swift, cold streams that

flow from the Alps are l iable to,vio len t freshets, which make a frequen t

image in Virgil .

5 3—60 . Here is described the double sympathy of Nature in the presen ce

an d the absen ce of the loved on e . For scan n ing see 359,f and e ; G .

714,R.

‘

54. strata un der ever y tree i ts fru i t l ies strown . sua, see 196,c ;G . 295 , I i . 449, 2.

—q uaq u e, compare n ote to ii . 65 . Munro reads

q uaeq ue .

5 6 . about, see 307, b; G . 598 ; I I . 509.

57. v i t to acr i s , compare Ln . i ii. 138, corrupto caeli tracta,”(g245 ;

( i . 407; I I .

58. L iber : Bacchus himse lf grudges to yield the shade of vines to the

hillsides . Liber was an old I tal ian god of fertility, iden tified in later time,w ithout any special cause, w ith the G recian Bacchus, god of wine, i nspira

tion ,and dramatic poetry.

—c o l l ibu s 225 , c ; G . 347; H . 384,60 . Iupp i ter : the primitive n ame of this deity (Dyaus

-z Zri-g) sign i.

tied the clear vault of the sky an d his traditionary function con tin ued to

ECL. VI I I .) P astoral P oem s . 49

be the disposal of the weather : thun der was the special symbol of his

power. The rain -fal l is often figured as the espousal of sky and earth

( compare G eorg. i . 4 18, i i. Here Jupiter is, in a man n er, con founded

with the rain itself, as the gods often are with the thing which is their

charge. Cf. i . 2,an d n ote.

—im b r i 248 ; G . 40 1 ; H . 4 19,

6 1 . p op u l u s, thepoplar , said to have been the tran smuted form of the

nymph Leuke who was born e away by P luto . I ts leaves were gathered by

Hercules for a wreath on his return from the in fern al region s.

62. m yr tus : the myrtle loves the sea- shore,which was Ven us

’birth

place, an d is her favorite plan t. sua, for use of reflex ive, see 196, c ;

H . 449, 2 . l au rea : D aphn e, a n ymph beloved of Apo llo , was changed

in to a laurel which was sacred to him .

63. i l l ae : the haz el .

68. p i n us see n ote,Eel . i . 39.

69. con ten d ere, for ten se see 288, b ; G . 277, R.

70 . ex 1110 , etc .,i .e . ever sin ce this match, Corydon has his true value

as a singer.

ECLOGUE V I I I .

1 . M usam , the song ( obj. of d i cem u s ) .2. q uos es t; m i ra ta, at whom the heifer gazed w ith surpr i se as they

strove ( certa n t i s, The charm of song is con stan tly represen ted as

powerful over the lower an imals. Natural ists give authen tic in stan ces, in

the case o f birds, m ice, an d even ( it is said) spiders, as well as an imals

n earer to man ; but n on e of the somewhat grotesque character described

by the an cien ts . This particular an imal, the lyn x , belongs to the fable of

Orpheus, n ot to an y I talian scen e.

4. m u tata , i .e . in direction . req u ieru n t cursu s, stayed thei r

course. The verb becomes tran sitive by a stretch of its mean ing.

6. is the subj . of sup eras ; m i h i depends on l i ceat , though it is

repeated in v. 8. The two are put together from the Latin fon dn ess for

con trasting person s .—Tim av l : this was a stream flowing in to

’

the Adri

atic n ear Trieste ( cf. tEn . i. The expedition of Pollio was again st

the Parthin i, an I l lyrian tribe, an d he is supposed to be on his return’

to

Rome.—sup eras, pass beyon d ; 1am gives the idea of at last or by this

time. Compare n ote, Eel . vii . 47.

7. l egi s oram , shi r t the shore.— en gives force to the question .

Compare ecq u i s ; see also Eel . i . 68.

8. cum l i cen e 322, R. cf. 320 ,a ; G . 582, R) ; H . 5 2 1, 2,

50 Notes . [Bacon

9 . u t l i cea t , result-c lause 332, a ; G . 5 58, 3 ; H . 50 1 , i .—ferre,

etc ., i .e . spread thefame of; etc.

10 . SOp hoc l eo, l .o. tragedy worthy of Sophocles. tua carm in a

see n ote to i ii . 86 . The sock ( soccu s ) an d busk in ( cotu r n u s ) are still

emblems of comedy an d tragedy respectively, origin al ly so on accoun t of the

person s that wore them on the stage . Compare Mi lton’s L

’Allegro, v. 121.

The tragic buskin had high hee ls to in crease the stature of the wearer.

1 1 . a te, i .e . from Pol l io came the first in cen tive to song. (Supplyera t .) Ec logue is mean t as the first is un certain , an d again on the

o ther han d this o n e is n ot the last, although it has every appearan ce of an

Epilogue . I t has been supposed, n ot improbably, that this was the close

o f the first ed itio n o f the I'Iclogues .— d es i n am (preserved from elision

by the pause most editio n s have d es i n et ) to thee I w i ll cease.

12 . s i n e serpere 33 1 , c ; G . 5 32 ; H . 535 , saf er this ita

( referrin g to the humble pastoral song, cf. vii . 25 ) to tw i n e about your

temples am id the la urels of v ictory .

14. cael o , ablative of separation .

15 . cum , the time when .

16 . teret i o l ivae, on the roun ded ol ive, i .e . the po lished staff of olive

wood ( teres, cy l i n dr ica l , is roun d l ike a stall ; rotu n d us, like a ball ) .For case see 228 ; G . 346 ; I I . 386 .

17. age, lead i n . Lu c i fer, m or n i ng sta r . a lm um , ki n dly ( root

in a l o ) . p rae ven ien s the preposition s in composition were sti ll

loosely con n ected, an d hen ce are easi ly separated. dl em real ly belongs

in sen se both to age an d p rae .

18. d ecep tu s, de

ceived by the love of my betrothed, whi ch she mer its

n ot ( i n d ign o ) .

19. d i vos, obj. of a d loq uor . n i l p rofec i , i .e. it is of no avail

that they have been cal led to w itn ess our vows. test ib us, abl . of means.

2 0 . tam en opposed to q uam q uam .

2 1 . M aen a l ios, Ar cadian . Such epithets as this are mean ingless

im itation s.

22. M aen a l u s, a moun tain of Arcadia . t i b ia, pipe, or flageolet

( see Fig. sometimes made double, an d so with two registers. These

l in es are a k in d of ex cuse for s inging.

24. P an a, object of aud i t, i .e . hears him play the pipe.- cn lam 08,

see n ote, i . 2 . i n ert ia the reeds were n ot left to whisper idly, but were

fashion ed to the uses of song.

25 . qu i d n o n sp erem u s, what have we n ot to loohfor whatmaywe

n ot ex pec t ( if such matches as this occur) ? This verb is often used of

evi ls as wel l as things desirable .

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5 2 Votes . [Bucon

35 . deum (gen . you thi n k that n o god has rea d for mortal

af a i rs, to pun ish broken vows.

37. saep ibus, i .e . our orchard.—rosc i da.m al a, etc .

, I saw thee, a

l i ttlegi r l ,pin chi ng deter apples.

38. d u x , gu ide : l .o. I kn ew where to fin d the fairest fruit—cum

m a t re, w ith my mother ( as in Theocritus) .

39. a l ter ab , n ex t to, i e . the twel fth .

41 . u t v i d i , u t p eri i , how [ga za ], how was I u n don e Observe the

hiatus after p er i i . m a l u s,fizta l .

43. sc io, i .e . by ex perien ce . q u i d , see 189, c.—co t l bu s,fli n t~

ston es often written cau t i bu s, cl iffs. The same word, but w ith a slight

differen ce of mean ing.

44 . Tm aros , etc . : these n ames belong to Epirus, Thrace, and Africa,—mere symbo ls o f barbarism . The term in ation of R h od opé is un elided,

according to G reek use.

45 . gen er i s n ost r i , i .e. of n o civiliz ed paren tage 2 15 ; G . 364 ; H .

— ed u n t, the presen t ten se seems to con found the god and his

ofiice,as i f he were born an ew in every case of love .

47. m a trem : Medea, who slew her two children in jealous rage .

m ater, Ven us, the mo ther of Cupid .

5 2 . ov i s l up u s , etc . : the prayer is that the whole order of n ature

may be reversed — f ug iat 267; G . 253 ; H .

5 3 . n arc i sso , sec 248 ; G . 403 ; H . 420 .

54. suden t el ec t ra , di sti l amher .

‘ this was thought to be a product

of the poplar (Ovid, Met. i i . here the humbler shrub is to be as richlyen dowed. For case see 238 ; G . 33 1 ; H . 371, i i .

5 5 . c erten t n i u l uo, let st ret ch-ow ls z'ie w i th swan s

, a proverbial

saying. Swan s, for some un kn own reason,were supposed by the an c ien ts

to be as melodious in their song as they are stately in their movemen t, and

were he ld sacred to Orpheus . They have a soft plain tive n ote in cal lingtheir young an d the fabled me lody of their death-song was proverbial .

eyen i s, dative, in im itation of the G reek, with words of con ten tion . See

229, c.

56 . Orp h eu s, i .e . in the gen eral , vio lation of n ature, let the humble

poet equal the my thic bards . d e l ph i n as : there are many an cien t tales

of the supposed associatio n o f this creature with man , and its fon dn ess for

music . The most famous is the o n e here al luded to of the min strel Arion

(Ovid, Fasti ii. 83 who,be ing forced in to the sea by a ship

’s m ,

was rescued by a do lphin .

58. m ed i um m a re, m id-sea . This appears to be a mistran slation of'

l‘

heocr. i . 134 (éwiZm taken for i n f/ 7a ) : the true rendering would be.

nea r al l thi ngs become rever sed. v i v i te, fizrewel l .

ECL. VI I I .] P astora l P oems . 5 3

59. specu l a do m on t i s,from the watch-tower of a high moun ta i n ,

i .e. a steep cl iff (cf. E n . x . See 263, N .

60 . ex trem um m u n us, this last boon : his vo lun tary death for her

sake.

62. vos, emphatic : do you tel l , I can n ot attempt so lofty a strain .

om n i a, there is n o occasion to supply facere, for p osse is con stan tly

fol lowed by n euter pron oun s. See 240, a, an d n ote .

64. efi'

er , br i ng j br th the maiden , supposed to be stan ding before the

altar, addresses her atten dan t Amaryl lis.— m o l l i v i t ta , afil let or ban d

o f soft woo l, worn about the head by women , used also by priests an d con

secrated person s. For these latter, the v i ttae were properly the n arrower

braids hanging from the en ds o f the i nf ula , or broad head-ban d. The

was used, as here, w ith any con secrated object. (See Fig.

Fig. 30 .

65 . v erben as p i n gu i s, u n ctuous herbs ( cogu . The word ver

b en a is used to mean any plan t especial ly a con secrated sprig or turf

used in sacred ceremon ies. I t is also more properly the n ame of the herb

verva i n (G eorg. iv. a smal l flowering shrub. ad o l e (o l eo ) , bur n ,

i .e . cause to emit fragran ce by burn ing.—m ascu l a tu ra, large gra i n s of

i n cen se.

66 . con iugi s ( cf. v . lover , or betrothed. san os avertere sen

su s, i .e . turn his m in d, n ow soun d, to the in san ity of love . Compounds

of ab are often used in this way w ithout any direct ex pression of that from

which the action is directed.

67. n ih i l , i .e. every thing is prepared ex cept the son g. carm i n a,

charms, or magi c song.

54 lVotcs . [Bueon

68. ab u rbe : it is a coun try maid, whose truan t lover has gone to the

ne ighboring city.

69. vel , even . Compare these an d the preceding verses with the cor

respon ding on es in the song of D amon (vv. 17—d ed ucere l un am,

to br i ng down the moon“a phrase often met with in the detail of magic

rites, in which the moon always bears a con spicuous part. The moon and

the stars were supposed to be at the bidding of the sorceress.”

(Compare.Eu . iv. 487

70 . C i rc e, the en chan tress, daughter of the Sun (Ovid, Met. 11.

2 10 —an gu i s, etc., a common idea of the power of a sorceress ( seeOvid, Met. vii .

73. tern a , a set of three.— t ib i c i rcum do, I tw i n e about thee, i .e.

about his image, which she bears thrice about the altar. For case see

225 , d I I . 384, 2 . tern a l i c ia, three cards, each of the sacred tri

color, an d gathered in to a“true lover

’s kn ot ( v. The three color :

are white, pin k, an d black . col ore, see 25 1 ; H . 419, ii .

74. n i tur ia, govern ed by c i rcum . Sec 263, N .

75 . eflig iem , compare .‘Eu. iv. 508.

— i n 1pare, odd : a curious old

superstition . A trace of it is seen in the fact that al l the Roman mon ths,

ex cept February, before the reform of Cazsar, had an odd number of days.

There’s luck in odd n umbers.

” The ablative in e is used on accoun t of

the metre . For case see 245 ; G . 407; H . 416.

77. n od i s, ablative of man n er ( 5 248 ; G . 40 1 ; H . 419,

78. n ec te m odo,j ust twi n e them (m odo, apparen tly, means“that is

all I

80 . l lm u s, c era , bits of clay an d wax , two images, cast in to the altar

hra —d u resc i t , l iq uesc i t, this rhyme, or j ingle, is in the man n er of

popular charms. The verse sign ifies here that D aphn is is to soften to his

own true love, an d harden to al l ethers. The more usual sign ifican ce is

that the en chan ted melts and the en chan tress harden s.

81 . eod em , see 347, c ; G . 72 1 ; H . 608, ii i .—am ore, §ee 5 248 ; G .

403 ; I i . 420 .

82. m o l am broken grain s, m ix ed w ith salt, and strown in the flame or

on the head o fa sacrificial victim ( ;En . i i . 133, iv.—fragfll s .l uurus,

burn bay leaves, crachl i ng w ith resi n . The crackling was held auspicious.

83 . u r i t : as D aphn is burn s m e, so I the laurel /or his sal e. —mal us,

cruel ( opposed to bon u s, hi n d ) . D aph n ide, l iterally, in the case of, in

the matter of D aphn is. l au rum , in the G reek D aphn e, which would be

a secon d play on words.

85 . ta l i s am or : repeated, v. 89 ( cf. 1 D aph n i n , ac.mfessa, w eary w i th the search.

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56 Notes . [BUCOL

108. cred im u s, equal to sha l l I bel ieve the indicative is often used in

this sen se equivalen t to the more common subjunctive. q u i , see 359, e ;

G . 714, R) ; H . 608, i i ., N .

3

109. p arc l te, cease, D aphn is comes. The charm is n ow un neceu ary.

The barking dog in dicates the arrival of the truan t.

ECLOG UE 1x .

1 . quo te ped es : the verb un derstood is d ucu n t, suggested by

d uc i t . The feet are supposed to guide the mam—an , or is it ? The

question is n ot strictly a double on e because the first part does n ot

correspond to the secon d, n or is the first part strictly omitted 2 1 1 , b; H.

353, but the sen ten ce begin s in on e form an d ends in an other (G .

q uo v ia duc i t , the same way the road leads ?

2 . v iv i p erven im u s, i .e. we have lived to see. Observe the hurried,

broken , and as it were gasping ex pression of these lin es.

3 . u t d i ceret , a c lause of result as if after ad eum nn em

332, a ; G . 5 58 ; H . 50 1, i .

6 . q uod n ee vertat ben e (preferred to n ee ben e ver tat, on ac

coun t of the caesura) , an d may they ( lit., the act of sending) be his ru i n ,

the n egative of the ordin ary w ish.

7. cer te eq u id em , etc ., why , I am sure I had heard, indicating

Lyc idas’surprise at the state of things. qua 5 0, indicating the limits

of the property. These carefully described lan dmarks though in them

selves imagin ary reflect Virgi l’s jealous in terest in the lands restored to

him .

8. m ol l i c l ivo , by a smooth slope, ablative of man ner ( 5 248 ; G . 401 ;

H . 419,

9. cac um i n a , in apposition w ith veteres tugos.

10 . om n ia, the lan d .—v estrum , i .e.your master .

1 1 . aud ieras, emphatic, true you had. fam a, the story .

13. Chaou ias co l um bae, the prophetic doves of M on a. h is

n ame is a local n ame in Epirus, and hen ce applied to Dodona and the

shrin e of Jupiter there . ven ien te, see 87, a .

14. quod , i n fact, see 240 , b ; C . 6 12, R) ; H . 453, 6. - m o : that

is, it was Moeris, n ot his master Men alcas (Virgil ) , who first n oticed the

evil omen —n ovas i n c i d ere 33 1, a ) l i tes, u n less the crow had w rned

me to cut short these n ew disputes i n any way whatever . quacum que,

i .e . at any sacrifi ce.

15 . m on u isset, see 308 ; G . 599 ; H . 5 1o.—si n i st ra, i l l M ing.

BCL. IX .] P astoral P oems . 5 7

compare i . 15 , et seq. The bird appearing on the left should be of good

omen , according to Roman augury but here Virgil fol lows the G reek

usage, which in terpreted the right as the favorable side. The differen ce

arose from the fact that the G reek observer faced the n orth, the Latin the

south, so that in each case the east was the favorable side . Cf.Cic . de D iv.

x x x ix . 82 .

16. h ie, pron oun , but tran slated here. n ee v iveret : it is said that

Virgi l on ce had to throw himself in to the M in cius to escape the violen ce

of Arrius ; and at an other time to hide in the but of a'

charcoal -burn er,

who helped him off.

17. cad i t , occur te.— q uem q uam on accoun t of the impl ied idea

that it seemed impossible . t ua so l at ia , i .e . your sweet songs, which had

thus been n early torn from us . n obi s, see 229, c H . 385 , 4.

19. can eret n ym ph as , compare v . 20 ( i .e. if you had been driven

away) . See 3 1 1 ; G . 602 .— h erb i s 225 , d ; G . 348 ; H . 384,

20: i n d u ceret um b ra, compare preceding n otes.

2 1 q uae, supply can eret .— sub l eg i t i b i , caught by stealth from

you , i .e . Men alcas : sub in dicates secrecy (comp . subd u c i tur , Ecl . iii . 6.

229, c ; G . 344, R.

2

; H . 385 ,

22 . d el i c ias n ostras, i .e the darling of the shepherds.

23 . d um red eo, whi le I am on my way bach. See 328 ; G . 572

H . 5 19, i . I n these lin es, tran slated from Theoc. iii . 3—5 , Virgil

“ must be

un derstood as in directly praising himself, n ot on ly as the rustic poet who

sings to his fri en d, but as the Roman Theocritus.

24 . p q tum , see n ote vii. 1 1 .—p a.stas, see 292 ; G . 668 ; H . 549, 1 .

—i n ter agen d um , see 300 ; G . 433 .

25 . cap ro, see 228 G . 346 ; H . 386 .- caveto, see 269, d ;

G . 262 .

26 . im m o, n ay ,rather .

—V aro : see in trod . Ecl . vi . He succeeded

Poll io as govern or of Cisalpin e G aul .— can ebat : the song was appar

en tly n ever fin ished ( compare vi . —n ecd um , n ot yet ; dum with

n egatives mean s yet.

27. sup eret su p ersi t, on ly let M an tua be spared to us. See 3 14 ;

G . 575 ; i i . 5 13, i .

28. C rem on ae : Cremon a had supported the cause of Brutus and

Cassius in the civi l war, and had been pun ished by the triumvirs by confis

cation of its terri tory. As this was n ot en ough for the greedy soldiery,

fifteen m iles’breadth of the adjoin ing Man tuan terri tory was added. The

town s themselves were forty miles apart. For case see 234, a ; G . 356 ;

H . 39 1, i .

29. cyc n i , see n ote viii . 5 5 .

5 8 [Votes . [Bucou

30 . Bio. a common form of adjuration . So may, etc ., as you do what

i desire .

"Compare Hor. Od. i . 3, 1 . So also

Tell me, kind seer,I pray the ,

80 may the stars obey thee. MOORE.

—Cyrn eas ta x os, ye ws of Corsi ca ( from Ki'pvoc, its G reek name) .

Co rsican hon ey had an ill n ame from its bitter flavor, which was ascribed

to the box -trees on the island : ta x os may possibly be an error for bux os.

The yew ,however (G eorg. iv. was held injurious to bees. cyti so

248 ; ( i . 403 ; H .

32. i n c ip e : these verses are taken from Theocr. v n. 37, 38.—poe

t um , a MAR I-IR of verses ( tron/rho va tem , an i n spi red ba rd (da dég) .

I i en ee va tem is used with pas tores . The ign oran t shepherds looked up

to him as an in spired bard. He himself on ly claims to be a versemaker.

34. i l l i s 234 ; G . 356 ; i i .

35 . V ar io , C i n n a : L. Varius Rufus, a favorite tragic‘

and epic poet

o f the time, editor of the .E n eid (Hor. Od. i . 6 Sat. i . 10, 5 1) Helvius

(Jin n a, an epic poet of n o great merit (see n ote, 0 . For case see

245 , a ; G . 398, l l . 42 1, iii .

36 . argu tos ol ores, to cachle l ike a goose among the tun eful

s wan s. a n ser said to be a pun n ing allusion to a poet of un clean repu

tation ,a frien d of M ark An ton y (Cic . Phi l x iii . cen sured by Ovid

(Tristia i i . 435 ) C in n aque procacior An ser.

37. i d ago , that i s j ust ( q u id em ) what I am try i ng to do ( referringto i n e i pe, v . tac i tu s vo l u to , I am thi n hi ng it over to my self:

38. s i v a l eam , to see i/ l ca n , etc . G . 462, 2 ; H . 5 29, ii . 1 , N .

‘

39. h ue ad es , etc .,a free im itation of Theocr. x i . 42—49, the so ng of

the Cyc lops to G alatea ( see in trod . to Ecl . ii ., and Ovid, Met. x i ii . 789

40 . v er pu rpu reum , rosy spr i ng,blushing w ith young flowers .

43. i n san i d uc t u s , let the mad waves lash the shore, con trasting

the calm beauty of the meadows —fer la n t, see 33 1, G . 546, 23;

H . 499, 2 .

44. qu id , how w i th .

9compare q u id q uod .

—p ura, cloudless ; as

sailors sav dirty weather, i .e . c loudy .

45 . n um eros, etc ., I rem ember the tu n e ( or measure) , if

'

an ly [maid

reta i n the words ( i .e . I could sing i t if, etc . ; 308 ; G . 603 ; H. [Thecon clusion is impl ied in m em i n i .]

46 . an t iq uos or t u s , i .e . a n t i quorum s i gn orum .—D aph n 1 : ad

dressed as the ideal shepherd .

47. D ion aei us trum ,

the sta r of (Tresa r , Ven us’son a remarkable

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60 A'

otes. [Bacon

65 . hoe fasce 243, a ; G . 388 ; H . apparen tly, the kids,

which Moeris is carrying : compare d epo n e, v. 62.

66 . d es i n e p l u ra : n o,we can n ot even stop to sing.

—pn er, see

359,f q uod i n sta t n u n c , whatpresses n ow.

67. cum ven er i t i p se : when Men alcas himself shall come. Com

pare iii. 3, an d n ote. v en eri t, see 281, H. 473, 1 .

Bew are X.

THE structure of this poem is taken from the latter part of Theocr.,

Idyl i ., the dy ing D aphn is supplyin g the mode l for G al lus, whose despair,

however, does n ot in our poet bring him to death. Virgi l is supposed to

n arrate the s torv in a song as he is ten ding his goats, an d in rising to go

home fo r the even ing he gracefully in timates that he is closing the volume

of pastoral poetry.

” The scen ery ( purely conven tion al ) is in Arcadia.

Milton'

s Lyc idas may be compared w ith profit.

1 . Arethu sa : con ven tion al ly, the nymph of pastoral verse. The

Arethusa is a fresh foun tain which rises in the l ittle island Ortygia, the

heart of Syracuse . To accoun t for it, the fable was inven ted of a nymph

in El is, who,being pursued by the river-god Alpheus, was changed in to a

brook, which disappeared in the earth, and after flow ing beneath the sea

reappeared in this sacred isle o f D ian a (Ovid, Met. v. 572—64 1 ; d i n . iii .

The al lusion is of course to Sici ly, the coun try ofTheocritus.

2 . q uae l ega t, such that Ly cor is m a y read ; the an tithesis to p an ca

though few, they must be such as may attract even her scorn ful eye.

”

l egat, subj . of purpose 3 17; G . 632 ; H . 497, i . ; cf. n ote on iv.

3 . n eget, dubitative subj . 268 ; G . 25 1 ; H . referred to

4. s i c t i b i ( dat . after i n term i sceat, 248, a, R. ; G . R

}; H.

385 , 3 ) compare ix . 30 , an d n o te, an d Comus, 924, 925

May thy brimmed waves for this

Their full tribute n ever miss .

cum sub te r l abere, when thou sha ltgl ide ben eath. I n Moschus ( I d.m ) ,the Alpheus is represen ted, taught by Love, the m ischief-making boy, to

dive, as flow ing ben eath the sea to visit his love. Here Arethusa appears,

perhaps according to the more common form of the myth, as flying from

his pursuit under the sea to Sicily, where she arrived without having her

curren t m ix ed w ith the salt water. The myth is here regarded as a con

tinuing phen omen on . Virgi l prays her“to assist his tale of love, as she

would w ish to be un disturbed in her passage.

”

5 . D orl s z the sea . She was the w ife of Nereus and mother of the

BCL. x .] P astoral P oems. 6 1

Nereids. am ara : tran slate as if agreeing with un dam , so as not to in

terfere with the person ification of the sea (D ori s) .

6. sol l i c i tos tor tur i ng.

7. (111111, while we watch the browsing

goats. s im ae, see Fig. 3 1 .

8. respon den t, compare i . 5 , and n ote .

9. n om ot a , groves,where the trees are

n ot so close but that the cattle can graz e

( véyew ) ,—l ike the oak open ings of

the W est sa l tu s, glories, open spaces

among the woods, where the game leap

from covert ( sa l io ) or, more gen eral ly,

rocky wooded hil ls, or moun tain passes ;

l ucos, woods, partial ly clear ( l ucco ) , sacred to some divin ity. h abuere,

i .e. that you did n ot fly to his relief.

10 . per iba t, was con sum i ng. Na l d es in Theocritus (vi ii . 92)D aphn is is said to w in a sea-n ymph for his bride hen ce the n ymphs ( i . 66 )are bidden to mourn for him . Here, as in 1, they play the part of the

muses, in con n ection with Pin dus an d Parn assus. As the Muses were

nymphs, any nymphs are sometimes improperly con founded w ith them .

i n dign o, i .e. a love which he did n ot deserve to suffer from (viii .

12. u l l a, i .e . it wasn’t an y of these, I am sure. Agan i p pe, a foun tain

of Hel icon , of which a poetic n ame was Aon ia. These would not detain

him because they sympathiz ed with his woe. For scan n ing see 359,

e ; G . 714, I I . 608, ii .

13. l aur l ( observe the hiatus) the n eglect of the muses is con trasted

with the sorrow of trees an d p lan ts.

15 . M aen a l us, Lycael : moun tain s of Arcadia, cf. viii . 22 .

16. n ost ri , i .e. as the flock do n ot disdain to share our sorrow, so do

you not disdain to receive their sympathy 22 1, b ; C . 376 ;

at, even .

19. up i l lo ( the secon d syl lable of this word is probably long, an d the

to may be scan n ed as on e syllable) , sheep-ten der in the staff of farm

laborers (Cato R . R. an up l l io is al lowed for a farm of 240 j ugera ,

about 150 acres —subu l c i , s wi n e-herds ( the reading of al l the MSS) ,swin e being very abun dan t in Arcadia —turd“ the busin ess of ten ding

swin e was a very weary on e ( compare Odys . x iv. 4 15 ,

20 . g l an de : acorn s, soaked in water, were much used as win ter food

for hogs and cattle : the husban dman Men alcas is wet through in the task

of gathering and soak ing them .

22. tua cu ra, shefor whom you p i n e.

Fig. 31 .

62 Notes. [Bacon

23. per n ives, i .e. over the Alps in to G ad—h orrida, con trasted

w ith the so ftn ess of rural scen es.

24. S i l van u s (sometimes con foun ded w ith Pan ) : original ly a forest

deity, but afterwards regarded as a god of gardens an d plan tations, and the

special guardi an of the boun daries of peasan ts’

properties, a fun ction indi

cated by the fen n el and l il ies—ag rest i h on ore, w i th the rustic hon or

of his head.

25 . q uassa n s, shahi ng as he moved. For form see 167, b ; H . 336.

26 . P a n a form idable n ature-divin ity (Theocr. i . the sudden

sight of whom produced“

pan ic madn ess. The vision of him ( quemv id im u s i p si ) was a special boon vouchsafed the poet.

27. eb u l i , elJer, a plan t of peculiar sacredn ess .—m in io, verm i l ion

( compare vi . The details give real ity to the vision . Images of the

gods ( espec ial ly the rustic deities ) were often pain ted red.

29. n ee l a c r im i s , i .e . Love is n o more satiated w ith lovers’ tears than

grass with irrigating streams ( iii . 1 1 1 , These rustic images are appro

priate to the god Pan , who is doubtless think ing of his own lost love Syrin x .

3 1 . at i l l e, G al lus, who rejects the offered comfort.—tam en , i .e.

despite my woe.

32. can tare, see 273, a'

33. q uam m o l l i ter, how sweetly m ight my frame repose, if on e day

your p ipe shou ld si ng my love.

35 u t i n am a regret that he had n ot shared the humble l ife of shepherds.

—fu i ssem , see 267, 6 ; G . 254 ; H .

37. c er te i a ceret the rustic maid or sun obum t boy would prove

a truer love. See 308 ; ( l . 599 ; H . 5 10 .—fuscus, se. est .

39. n igrae, compare i i . 18.

40 . sa l i c es, w i l lows, on which vin es were sometimes but rarely trained.

The reading ca l ices , cups, has been suggested compare Hor.0d. i . 38, 39.

42. h ie gel i d i fo n tes in this calm sweet place, why m ight not

c oris herself be con ten t to abide w ith me ? but my mad passion for war

(am or ( l u r i M a r t l s ) keeps me in arms,while she—let me n ot believe it,etc . The shepherd

-lover, the poet, an d the man -at-arms are as rudely con

fused here as the two characters ofTityrus in the First Eclogue. Some of

these verses are said to be taken from G allus’s own compositions.

46. s i t , equal to l i cea t . Let me n ot believe so cruel a thought.

47. A l p i n as n ives,mere images of horror to the Roman min d. Many

things which we should cal l subl ime in n ature, the an cien ts seem to have

thought of o n ly as tedious or terrible, an d did n ot en joy. Thus Jul ius Ca ar

whiled away his time among the Alps by composing an essay on G rammar.

—d ura., hardly as well as cr uel .

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[Bvoom Ec1.. X.)

68. versem us, ten d, drive hither and thither, wandering wearily in the

waste. sub s idere, i .e. at the time of the summer solstice.

69. Am or, for quan tity see 375 , 3 ; G . 715 ; H. 608, v.

70 . d i vae, see n ote, a. 9.

71 . h ib isco : the basket of marsh-mal low was used for stra in ing wheyfrom cheese-curd (Tib. ii . 3, For this occupation of spare hours, see

11. 72.

72. m ax im a, of greatest wor th.

73. c u i us (obj. gen ., 2 17; H . whose love sogrows in me.

In horas ,from hour to hour .

74. so an h ie l t, shoots up n otice the double force of sub in compo

sition ; here, up, elsewhere o ften , down .

75 . grav i s, oppressi ve, causing headache, says Lucretius (vi.

76 . l u n lper : the jun iper (which he is sitting under) has a wholesome

aromatic odor, but its shade is thick and dark , and so is dangerous at n ight

fal l. f rug ib n s : as if the crops suffered on ly from the shade of the tree,

and not, also, in the struggle for ex isten ce .

"

77. i te dom am , compare i . 75 , vi. 86, vu. 44.

66 Votes . [E mma

THE E NEID .

Bo ox 1.

FROM the begin n ing to o . 34 is in troductory, giving the subject and the

occas ion ( see argumen t in tex t) . The real action begins with Jun o’s soliloquv. I t w il l add greatly to the understan ding an d in terest of the tEn eid to

con sult the correspon ding passages in Homer, which are frequen tly cited,

w ith referen ces to B ryan t’

s tran slation I n gen eral, the first six books

have a certain correspo n den ce w ith the Odyssey, an d the last six wi th the

I liad ; but the direct al lus ion s to the I liad are much more frequen t in

the former portion .

I n troductory verses. The l in es, I l l e ego, etc., prin ted before the

E n eid,are by some editors in cluded in the tex t, but the gen eral opin ion

is that they are a spurious addi tion .

Verse 1 . Arm a v i rum qu e, i .e . the con flicts atten ding the settlemen t

in I taly, an d the adven tures of the hero who led the expedition . Compare

the open ing of the I l iad an d of the Odyssey. For construction see 5 238 ;G . 33 1 I I . 371, i . p r im us ven i t, who first came ( 5 19 1 G .

324, the settlemen t of An ten or ( i . 242, Liv. i . 1 ) is n ot reckon ed, asNorth I taly (Cisalpin e ( iaul ) was n ot un til 42 B.C. con sidered as belongingto I taly proper. By some it is made of old.

2 . I ta l iam , to I ta ly : ace. of en d of motion 258 ; G .410 ; H . 380,—fa to 245 ; G . 407 ; I I . 4 16 ) p rofugu s, driven by fate, i .e. n ot

merely an adven turer : the verbal adjective here : a perfect participle.

Lav i n ia ( the last i has the soun d of y , as in p i n ion , and is n ot coun ted

in scan n ing) , i .e . the western coast of I taly, where is the town of La vi n i “ ,

assumed to be n amed for Lavin ia, the I tal ian bride of Ili acas. The reading of some ed itors

,L av i n a, is less approved.

3 . i l l e, etc .,the ma n long tossed ; there is n o verb to be supplied, but

the pron oun is in a kin d of apposition w ith qu i .—terri s, al to ( locativeabl . 25 8,f ; G . 384, H . 425 , S

P) , hy lo n d o n d ou the deep.

4. v i , the immediate cause o r in strumen t,while ob i ram is more te

mote,the primary cause ; compare fa to above—superum (gen .pl 5 40, e ;

I I . 5 2, of the gods above — saevae ob i ram , on accoun t of the

ever -m i n dfu l w rath of cr uel 7mm . m em orem , i .e. which would n ever

let him escape from her m in d. I un o [oz/i n n, fem in ine form of I ovis) isthe goddess of the sky, represen ted by the poet as fi lled with a vindictive and

relen tless hatred of Troy , which does n ot stop at the destruction of the

city, but pursues JEn eas in to his distan t ex ile.

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68 Notes. [Aim

of Pelops. Both causes ex isted in the case of h a s ( see the story of

Laomedon ) . ad ire, en coun ter . l abores, see5 228, a ; G . 330 ; H.

386! 3 Sh, 9 2"Q

.

1 1 . im p ul er i t., indirect question 334 ; H . 5 29, i .) —an im is , dative

23 1 G . 349 ; H .—tan tuo i rae, does such wrath [as she

ex hibits] belong to celestia l souls 75 , c ; G . 195 , H . 130,

12 . urbs a n t i qua, an cien t in referen ce to Virgil’s time.

13. K arthago : the probable date of the foun dation of Carthage (B.C.

was some three cen turies later than that gen erally assumed for the

destruction of Troy ( B.C. 1 an d so later than the occurren ces here te

ferred to . I ta l iam con tra : look at the map and notice how precisely

the two cities fron t each other, con n ected by the almost Mud-locked Tyrrhe

n ian Sea—l on ge, modifying con tra .

14 . d ives opum : a poetical ex ten sion of the use of relative adjectives2 18, t ; I i . 399, i .

—stud i is, i n i ts passion for , abl . of

respect 253 ; H . For the plural see n ote to i rae above . Virgil

had in mind n o doubt the experien ce of Rome in the Pun ic wars .

15 . quam co luisse, which f rom is

sa id to have cher i shed, etc. 330, 6 ; G . 5 28 ;

H . The gods were naturally sup

posed to be especially fond of the places

where they were most worshipped , or when ce

their worship first came. Juno had an old

an d famous temple at Samoa (see Fig.

As patron ess of Carthage, she is here con

foun ded wi th the Syrian Astarte, queen of

heaven ( the Ashtaroth of the Bible) .

u n am : u n us is often thus used with super

latives for emphas is ; so here, where magis

om n ib us is equivalen t to a superlative.

16 . posth ab i ta Sam o, holdi ng,r Santos i n less regard ( 5 25 5 ; G .409 ;

H .—arma : Juno in

several of her man ifestations

is represen ted wi th the shield

and spent . ( See Figs. 33 andThe referen ce here is

probably to some arms long

preserved in her temple, cor

responding to the rel ics of

modern sain ts. Compare.

also, the famous chariot tied with the G ordian kn ot, Q. Curtins, iii . 3 ,

Fig. 33.

I . The E n ei'

d. 69

17. eurrus : see I l iad, v . 720-

723 ; Bry. 903.—h00 ( refers to Car

thage, but takes the gender of regn um ; see 195 ,

d H . 445 , 4) fovet q ue, thi s the god dess ijby any m ean s thefates perm i t a l ready a ims an d

fon dly hopes to mahe the seat of roya l power for the

n ation s . gen t i bu s, dative of referen ce

—s i n an t, subjun ctive in an in termediate clause

342 ; G . 666 ; H . 5 29,— i am tum , even

then ,while Carthage was in its in fan cy, an d before

Rome was foun ded. ten d i t esse, see 33 1, g

H . 5 33, i i . 2 ; cf. ad ire, v . 10 .—fovet, cher ishes

the hope.

19 . sed en im , but [she feared for Carthage]for , etc .

,referring to the doubt impl ied in si

s i n au t . An el lipsis is implied, as w ith G reek (Dj ld

win —d u c i 336 ; G . 653 ; I I . 5 23, presen t

ten se because ZEn eas, the foun der of the race,was n ow l iving.

20 . Ty ri as ar ces, whi ch shou ld hereafler over tur n the Ty r ia n

to wers . Carthage was on e of a group o f colon ies from Tyre . qu ae ver

teret, subj . of purpose 3 17; G . 632 ; H . 497, for the ten se see

286 ; G . 5 10 ; H . 49 1.

2 1 . p op ul um l ate regem , a people w idely r u l i ng. The word popu

l us, used in its pol itical sen se, is con stan tly person ified. For the adjectiveuse of regem , see 188, d ; compare 81 an d n ote preceding ; G . 284, R. ;

H . 44 1, 3 .—bel l o 25 3 G . 398 H . sup erb um : v i ctor ious,

flushed with victory.

22 . ex c id i o L ibyae, datives : on e to what, the other for what 233 ;

G . 350 ; H .-v o l v ere, sp i n the thread of destin y (Servius) : the

simple verb is n ot e lsewhere used in this mean ing, but its compoun ds often

mean to sp i n (Ovid, Her. x ii . 4 ; Sen .,I Ierc F. 181 Claud . R . P. 1

,

The P ar cae, or D estin ies, are con ceived as spin n ing the threads of hu

man fate : Clotho is represen ted wi th a spindle Lache'

sis draws the

thread, and Atrb'

pos cuts it off :

Fig. 34.

Comes the bl ind Fury w ith the abhorred shears,An d sl its the thin -spun l ife. Lycidas .

23. veteri s bel l i , the war of Troy 2 18, a ; G . 373 ; H .

Satu r n ia, daughter of Satur n (Kron os) , according to the G reek theogon y,but the I talian mytho logy makes n o con n ection whatever between Satur

n us, the old god of husban dry, an d Jun o . Compare Ecl . iv . 6, n ote .

24 . ad Trotam ,rou n d Troy ( see For construction see

70 Notes . [E m u

258,fi R. ; G . 410, cf. —pro earls Argis : the G recian

I l era ( iden tified with jun o) was worshipped with especial ven eration at

Argos, as the great goddess of the D orian race. Here this c ity is put for

al l G reece —p rim a : as chi ef (before al l others ; compare pr im us, v .

25—28. These l in es are paren thetical, recoun ting more particularly the

grounds of Jun o '

s enmity.

25 . n ecd um etiam , n or even n ow (eti am 2 cc k m ) .—ca n sae

i rarum , motives of w rath ( irar um , plural , referring to its man y man ifes

tation s, 75 , c : G . 195 , Rs"; I i . 130 ,

26 . an lm o : in prose ex would be repeated ; see 5 243, b G .

2 ,—m n n et 205 , J; G . 28 1, 1 ; H . 463, —al ts m en te,

etc . 25 8,f ; ( i . 38 Rf; I I . 425 , la id away deep i n her m i n d.

rt-postum ( for repos i tum ) , by sy n cope .

27. i ud ic ium P ar id is, see I n troduction . spretae form ae, of her

sl ightest bea uty, i .e . of the disparagemen t shown to her beauty 292, a ;

( i . 667, it}; H . 549, W e should ex pect i n i ur ia to be in apposition with

i ud i c ium , because it mean s the same thing, but the Latin often prefers to

separate two such ideas, and con n ect the words with et or que.

Fig. 35 .

gen u s l uv l sum : from iealous y .s in ce D ardan us, the of

the Tro ia" m oo. “ us s o n o f lun iter n u t l Electra viii. l 3s) .—G .nyn l etl is. see In trod.. page 34. an d l-

'

i ~

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72 Notes . [E x am

40 . i p sos, themselves ( opposed to the ships) . pon to, either instru

men tal (mean s) or locative.

4 1 . un ius, a whole fleet for on e man’s crime opposed to c l assem ,

etc ., 39.—fur in s : the great crimes of an tiquity were supposed to be

comm itted in a fren zy induced by the Furies, the agen ts of divin e wrath

( Compare bv in stigatio n of the D evi l in modern indictmen ts) . Hen ce

f ttr iuc is o ften used of ungovern able passion . Ajax , by on e legen d, is

said to have o tl'

eretl vio len ce to Cassandra, daughter of Priam and priestess

f l’

al las . ( See Fig.

42. i p sa iacu l ata, hu r l i ng w i th her own hand. Pal las was the on ly

deity ex cept Jove who might wield the thun”4 37 derbo lt. ( see Fig.

43 . overt it aequora, uptur n ed Me seas.

44 . ex sp i ran tem .flamm a l n , breath

i ng outflames from, & c. pecto re, abl . of

s eparation 243, b G . 388, H . 414,

turb i n e, abl . of means 248 ; G . 49 3

l l . sc opal o, locative abl. or dat., see

260 . a ; t }. 384, H . 425 , N.’

40 . a s t , o ld form of at, baa—i n cedo,

more the word suggests dign ity by men tion

ing the gait at all when there is no n eed of it.

The i n ressus o f the gods is an even gl iding movemen t, not the mere

human act o f walk ing.

47. so ror ( w e l l . x vi . 43 Bry. in the G reek mythology, the

king an d queen o f heaven are bo th chi ldren of Kronos (Sammy—um

cum gen t! here is a do uble an tithes is . first in referen ce to “ fi lm , 7 . 41,

I . The zE n eia’. 73

a whole race compared with a single man Ajax , and second to ego, a

single race of men comparedwith the queen of the gods—an n os 25 6

G 337 ; H 379)

48. gero, have been [an d stil l am] wagi ng 276, a ; G . 22 1 H .

467,—qu i squam : the question implying a n egative 105 , h ; G .

304 H . adoret, the reading varies w ith od orat . The subjun c

tive seems better, see 268 G . 468 H. 485 .

49. im pon et, the future in this usage difl'

ers l ittle from the subjun ctive.

p raeterea, any more ( save those who adore already) .—aris, dative

228 ; G . 346 ; H .

50 . cord e ( 258,f ; G . 384, RP; H . 425 ,

5 1 . p atr iam , l uctan tes, i n d ign an tes, these words al l belong strictly

on ly to person s, an d their use makes a l ively person ification of the W inds.

austr i s 248 G . 403 H . on e of the most violen t winds used

for the whole.—feta,

‘

teem i ng, keeping the metaphor.

5 2 . Aeo l lam , on e of the Lipari I slan ds, n orth-east of Sicily ( cf. Od.

x . t ) ; for con struction compare I ta l i am , v . 2 .

54. im p er io 248 ; G . 403 H .—v i n cl l s, for v i n cii l i s : so

per i c l um , and many other words. This growing tenden cy to drop out

un accen ted vowels is especial ly marked in the derivation of Fren ch words

from Latin , as doigt (digi tus) . For con struction see 248 G . 403 ; H . 420 .

5 5 . cum m urm ure m on ti s for the expression compare 245 , an d

see Hor. Od. iii . 29, 38.

5 6 . arce, a lofty seat or citadel within the cave, n ot the moun tain

itsel f. scep t ra : the poets often use the plural without special reason s

ex cept metrical on es. an im os, passion s, regularly used in the plural of

the feel ings, especial ly pride. i ras, cf. 11. 25 , and n ote.

58. n l , old form for n i si , retain ed in laws, rel igious formulas, an d

poetry, also in late prose. u i fac ia t, more vivid than the imperfect as

suggesting the possibil ity that he may om it it ( compare Lucr. i . see

307.b.

59. q u i p pe ( n ot iron ical ) , doubtless they would hear away , etc.

ver t a n t , sweep, in tran s. as in English, see 307, 5 ; G . 598 ; H ,

rap id i , see 191 .

6 1 . m ol em et m on t i s ( acc . plur. long i ) the mass of lofty mou n

ta i n s, etc . ( the figure, hendiadys, by which two nouns are used with a con

jun ction in stead of on e modified n oun ) .

62 . foed ere certo, un der fix ed con di tion s a compact, as it were,

between the sovereign and his vassal 25 3 G . 40 1 H .

63 . sc i ret, etc ., shou ld hn o w, when hidden ,how hot/z to eheeh a n d to

give loose rei n . Subj . of purpose 3 17 ; G . 632 ; H. 497,—p re

74 Votes . [j in n ] D .

m ere, from the motion of the han d in drawing the rein s ; compare E n .

x i . 600 . Opposed to l a x as da re as on e expression . See 5 271 ; G . 424 ;

H . 5 33 .—l usan s 292 ; G . 667 ; H . 549, t ) .

64. voc ibus 249 ; G . 405 ; I I . 42 1,—usa est : in scan n ing,

read usa’s t, see t 3, h.

65 . n am que ( in prose usually eten lm ) in troduces the reason of her

com ing to him compare Eel . i . 7, n ote.—d i vom rex : compare l l.

i . 544 ; Bry. 688. The ex pression is said to have been used by En n ius .

66 . m u l cere, in prose u t m u l cen s 33 t , g ; G . 424, R" H . 5 35 ,

See Od . x . 2 1 ; B ry. 25 .—ven to, see n ote, Ecl . ii. 26.

67. aequ or a kind of cogn ate accusative 238 ; G . 331 H.

371, ii .

68. I l l um : they carried I lium because they were on their way to found

a n ew c ity to con tin ue the o ld race.— v tctos : as the old home of the

Pen ates was destroyed, they m ight be said to be conquered . P en a tes

these were the Roman household gods, of which each fam i ly had its own ,

worshipped in con n ection w ith Vesta, goddess of the Hearth. Each city

also had its hearth, “ ith its sacred tire, its worship of Vesta, and its Pen ates ;

and those of Lavin ium,which was according to the myth the metropo lis of

Latium,were supposed to have been brought thither by E n eas in person .

W hen Rome became the head of Latium,it assumed the charge of these

sacred rites ; an d the con suls an d dictators regularly offered sacrifices in

Lavin ium to Vesta and the Pen ates upon assum ing and giving up their oflice .

69. i n c u te vi m , give force to the w i n ds, as it were by a blow ( q ua

tere) of his sceptre .—subm ersus : proleptic use of the part iciple,

“so

that they w i l l be sun ken . v en t i s 228 ; G . 346 ; H . 386, I ) .

70 . age d iversos, dr ive them ( the men ) scattered.—dl sl oe, usual lv

spel led improperly d i s i lee to, d) .

71 . su n t m ih i : compare v . I I and n ote .

72. q n arum 2 16 ; G . 370 ; H . 397,—form a ( 5 25 3 ; G .

398 ;

73. tu n gam , sc . ti b i : Jun o bribes him, because the act is beyon d

his lawful provin ce ( compare l l . x iv. 267 Bry—con l l b io ( 5 248 ;

G . 40 1 ; H . 4 19,—p rop r i am d icabo, w i l l assign her b you as

y our own 186, e ; G .

74. m eri t is, serv i ces . ex i gat 3 17; G . 545 ; H . 497,

75 . p rol e : abl . of mean s 248 ; G . 403 ; H .

76 . tu n s ex p l orare, yours the tash to determ i n e what you wi l l

have : the whole speech is ex culpatory. For con struction see 5 270 ; G .

423 ; H. 5 38—op tes 334 ; ( 1 469 ; H 5 29. i

77. m i h i ( 5 235 ; G .—eapessero 167, e; H. 336,

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76 Notes . [E x am

wind ( sirocco) , blow ing hot from Africa, is often one of the most violen t on

the I talian coast.

89. Teuc rorum , the Troj a n s so cal led from on e of their an cestor

Teucer. As the Trojan s have to be con stan tly men tion ed, Virgi l uses all

the n a mes that can be made from the n ames of their various an cestors or

heroes, or from any thing else con n ected w ith them ; as An chisiadae, Lao

medon tiadae, D ardan i, etc ., just as the G reeks are called by various tribal

n ames, Achivi, D an ai, Argivi, eta— i n c ubat, broods upon .

90 . p o l l , thepoles the heaven s which revolve upon them (accordingto the an cien t astro n omy) . m icat,flashes the word expresses bo th the

glittering and the quivering effect o f the flash.

91 . i n ten ta n t, threaten l iteral ly, spread before them .

92 . so l vu n tur, etc .,his l imhs ar epara ly zed by the chi l l of ter ror ( cf.

Od. v . 297 Bry . 35 6 ) the an cien ts betraved their emotions in a far more

l ively way than would be allowable in heroes of the presen t time .

93 . d u p l i c i s p a lm as, simply , l mth ha n ds. The an cien t atti tude of

prayer was n ot w ith c lasped ham is, but w ith the palms spread upward,

as if to receive the blessing : hen ce the emphasis of the phrase worship

w ith clean ban ds.

”

94. refert, simply , utter s ( strictly, br i ngs back his words to the light

as things hidden ) .- ter quaterq ue, cf. Od. v. 306 ; Bry. 366.

95 . q u i s, dat. plur. fol low ing eon t ig i t .—an te cm : a happy lot,

because their frien ds were w itn esses of their deeds and glorious death.

96 . con tig i t, l ie/211 : usually said o f good fortun e, as here.—oppe

tere, se. m ortem , hen ce, to die.

97. Tyd i d e, son of D iomedes,who met E n eas in single

combat. 11. v . 297 Bry. 20 1 .—cam p i s ( locative —m en e p otu i sse,

to th i n h that I cou ld n ot, etc .,c f. v . 37 274 ; C . 34 1, 1 ;

d ex tra ( abl . of in strumen t) .

99 . saev u s, ster n ,n ot sparing the foe : so !En eas himsel f is called

saevu s, x ii . 107.—Aeac i dae, i .e . Achil les, gran dson of eEacus.

100 . Sar petl on : the Lyc ian prin ce, son of Jupiter. H is body is said

to have been born e home bv Sleep an d D eath butVirgil does n ot care for

this detail .— S im o i s, etc .,the .S

‘

im ois r ol ls the shields, helms, a n d stalwart

forms of so th a n ? heroes car r ied a reay ben eath its waves. See I ] . x ii . 22 ;

Bry. 29.

102. i ac tan t i , as he utter s ( dative of referen ce, 5 235 G .

Compare n ote to Eel . i . 28. p rocel l a, the hurr ica n e, con cretely, as the

solid body that strikes ; Aqu i l on e, the particular wi nd that produces it,

an d so makes it how l ( st r id en s ) .

103. ad versa, r ight i n hi s f ace ( adjective for adverb, Q 191 ; G .

324.

I . 1 25 ] The 1 5 728 23 . 77

104. averti t, ( sc . se ; compare a. 158, n ote) dat : the subject is p rom .

The prow by turn ing away is said to cause the broaching-to.

105 . cum u l o (abl . of man n er) .106 h is 235 ; G 343)107. aestu s, the seethi ngflood origin ally the boi l ing of heated water.

aroui s, i .e. the water is turbid with san d ; they are approaching the

Syrtes. See 71. 1 1 1 .

108. tot quot, hur ls : the word is usual ly appl ied to the hurling of a

spear, from the revolving motion l ike that of a rifle-ball given by the thongwoun d roun d it.—laten t la, hidden by the roaring waves : in calm they

are visible dorsum imman e,”v . 1 10 ) at the surface. These reefs are

supposed to be just outside the bay of Carthage.

109. sax a : a sort of paren thesis. Rocks like what, in midwater, the

I talian s cal l a ltars, n ot,n ecessarily, this particular group, which they

probably kn ew n othing about.

1 1 1 . i n b rev i a et: Syrt i s, shoals an d qu i cksan ds, i .e . the shoals of

the great Syrtis.—vi su 303 ; G . 437 ; H .

1 12 . aggere, emhan hmen t the image is taken from mil itary ( n aval)en tren chmen ts, in which the ships drawn up on lan d were thus fortified ;

compare castr ie, iv. 604.

1 14. i p sius, i .e. E n eas, the leader himself ; compare Eel . iii . 3, an d

n ote.—lugen s pon tus like our phrase, a heavy sea.

”

1 15 . pupp im ( 5 56, 5 ; G . 60 ; H .—ex cu t l tur , is thrown over

hoard the regular term for being thrown from a chariot or horse, etc.

1 16 . ibidem torquet, sp i n s about i n the same spot. ter : the n um

ber is proverbial (“ three times roun d wen t our gal lan t ship

1 17. t up idas, hungry ; compare rap io, to seiz e. aequore ( loca

tive

1 18. rat i , scattered, i .e. the drown ing crew .

1 19. arm a : shields, for in stan ce, would float quite visibly for awhi le,

or the word may refer to an y equipmen ts .—tabul ae, plan hs.

12 1 . qua, in strumen tal ablative 248 ; G . 403 ; H .

122 . h lem p s : this word has properly a parasitic p in the n omin ative.

l ax i s eom pag ibu s ( in strumen tal w ith loosen edj oi n ts.

123. im brem , properly ra i n -flood but here water in gen eral .—r i

m i s ( abl . of man n er) .124. m urm ure (abl . of man n er) .

125 . Nep tun us : the n ame of this god is probably from the same root

as our word n aphtha (Zend, NAFTA, wet) . Origin al ly a god of water gen

erally, he became in time iden tified with the G reek Poseidon , an d restricted

to the sea, i .e. the Mediterran ean , the outer waters belonging to Oceanus.

73 [Aim-an .

126 . stagn a refusa, i .e. the still waters beneath were forced forth

up on the surface —vad is, abl . of separation 243 ; G . 388, H.

4 14,—comm otus, disturbed, inwardly ; but as a god he must be

represen ted with plac id um cap u t . al to ( locative abl. or possibly abl.

of separation ) .

127. n n da (abl . o f separation ) .

128. aeq uo re, compare 29 .

129. cael i ru i n a ( ro ot in ruo, to dash G erman , sti m n ) , the wreck

of the shy the violen t storm of rain is regarded as an actual down fal l of

the sky itself.

130. f ratrem , obj. of latuere, were hidfrom 239, d ; C . 329, R3

H . d ol l, i rae, her craf t ( kn own to him as her brother) , and

the wrath which was the motive of its ex ercise .

13 1. d eh i n c, a mon osvl lable.

132 . gen eri s fid uc ia vestr i , confiden ce i n your or igi n the wi nds

were the son s of Aurora an d the Titan Astrzeus ; an d so on on e side of

d ivin e origin , and on the other sprung from the rivals of the gods .

133. lam , at length, w ith the n otion of a gradual progression , the regu

lar force of the word .

134 . m i scere 271 ; G . 424 ; H .—tan tas m ol es, i .e . such

m ighty Ii i /lows .

135 . q uos ego : he leaves the threat to their imagin ation ; he can

spare n o time for words . Such a break is cal led aposiopa i t (p. a

sudden silen ce .—com p on ere 270 ; G . 423 ; H.

136 . post, hereafter com m i ssa, yo ur m isdeeds.—n on 5 1mm

poen a ( abl . of in strumen t) , n open a lty so l ight.—l uet'ls, aton efi r the

word sign ifies the paymen t of a debt orfin e ( the true mean ing of poen a) .139. sorte d atum : Jupiter, Neptun e, and Pluto were said to have

chosen their realms by lot, a n otion probably suggested by the Roman

mode of assign ing provin ces. Supply esse 336 ; G . 653 ; H . 5 23,

140 . vestras : though addressing Eurus, he in cludes them al l.

iac tet se, let him dis/81ay his arrogan ce.

—au l a as a king, he must have

his court somewhere.

141 . c l au so, i .e. reign over the w inds imprison ed, without the pbwerto let them loose. d i c to 247, h . H . 4 17, N

9) .

144. Cym oth oe, a sea nymph,“she that runs upon the wave

Tri ton , Neptun e’s trumpeter, blow ing a con ch-shel l . These names are

men tion ed to suggest al l the sea-divi n ities.—ad n l x us, pushi ng aga i nst

ships.

145 . scOpu l o (abl . of separation ) .—l ovat, l ifts, using the triden t as a‘v lden t l 87, a ; G . 85 , 2 ; H . 157,

the sand-banks piled again st the ships cf. 0. 113 .

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84 Notes’

. (E x am .

G reek is curiously bare of such compounds as this, and most of those

attempted by the poets gain ed n o root in the language ; so English as

compared w ith G erman .

225 . s i c, i .e. d esp ic ien s .

226. regn i s, on the r ea lms ( it may be either dat. or

227. l ac ta n tem , as it were shifting his cares about l ike a heavy load.

ta l is cum s, such ( ar es as became the ruler of the world, in dicated bv

d esp ic i en s, etc .

228. t r i st lor, sad der than usual , see 93, a ; G . 312 ; H . 444,

n i ten t i s ocu l os 240, c ; G . 332 ; H .

229. q u i reg i s t erres who r u lest by etern al m ight an d by thyter r ible thu n der , but it may also be tran slated l iteral ly.

23 1 . q u i d com m i t tere p otuere, i .e. what can they have don e

288, a ; G . 246, I I . 5 37,

232 . to t fa n era passi s, havi ng suj’

ered so many fata l i ties, particularly in the fal l ofTrov .

233. terra r um orb i s, the ci r cle of the lan ds, i .e. in particular those

about the Mediterran ean but equivalen t, n early, to the whole earth.

”

oh I ta l iam , i .e . on accoun t of their destin ed voyage to I taly and Jun o’s

opposition to it, al l harbors are c losed in order to hin der them.

234 . h i n c , from him an d his race . R om an os, with fore, depen d

ing on po l l ic i tus .

235 . Teucri , see n ote, v . 89.—revocato, restored, recalled from de

struction .

236 . toueron t, sha l l hold ; imperf. by sequen ce of ten ses ( 5 286 ; G .

5 10° I I . 493,

- 37. p o l l i c i tu s, supply es, or better, read pol l i c i tu’s, hast prom ised,

see 13, b. sen ten t ia, ( n ew ) purpose. te, i .e. your action .

238. h oe, by this ( abl . of mean s, 248 ; G . 403 ; H . equ i

dem , a t least.

239. fat i s rep en d on s, compen sati ng adverse fate by [the hopesof a happier] j i tte ( abl . of mean s) .

240 . n u n c , opposed to so l abar : I used tofin dcomfort j br thefall ofTroy an d i ts mour nfzcl ru i n bu t n ow I fin d that hope was vain .

243. tu tu s ( emphatic) , i .e . though far w ithin the boun ds ( in tima

regn a ) of a hostile people ( L ibu rn orn m ) .

244 . su p erare, pass bey on d, but w ith the suggestion of am ounting

difficulties. Compare Eel . vi ii . 6 .

245 . p er ora n ovem : Ven us pauses in her appeal to describe a cu

rion s n atural phen omen on . The Timavus is the n ame of a small river and

bay, or creek,at the head of the Adriatic, where several springs

—the

I . The {En eiaf 85

actual number is seven flow by underground chan nels in the limeston e

in to the salt water. W hen the waters are forced back by a storm, the salt

water finds its way through these crevices, so as to disgorge with roaring

flood ”through the springs upon the lan d, pelago premit arva so

n an ti .

247. urbem Fatav i , as we say, the ci ty of Padua 2 14, f ;G . 359 ; H . 396, I n the time of Virgil this was the fourth city of

the empire in wealth, ran king n ex t after Rome, Alex an dria, and G ades

(Cadiz ) .

248. arm a fi x l t, i .e . in the temples, in gratitude for the peace which

made them useless ( cf. Eel . vii . 24, and n ote) .

249. com p ostus, un disturbed ; l iteral ly, settled to rest after the tur

moi ls of his former wars. By many editors it is taken as referring to the

burial of An ten or. The words are capable of either mean ing ( see Har

per’s D iction ary) , but the former seems better.

250 . p rogen ies, i .e. Ven us the daughter o f Jove, an d [En eas her son ,wi th whom she n aturally iden tifies herself. adun i s, dost prom ise by thyn od : presen t ten se, as if n o change could be thought of. cael l arcem ,

the height of heaven fEneas was worshipped as on e of the D ei [n digetes

( x ii . 794 ; Liv. i .

25 1 . i n fan d um , 0 hor ror ( un speakable ) u n iu s, i .e. of Jun o .

25 3. h l c ( referring to the facts, but agreeing w ith the predicate

b on os) , is this the hon or show n top iety 195 , d H . 445 , repo

n is, restore us to our ru le, i .e. give us that which is already ours by your

promise.

254. 0111, old form for i l l i 100,a ) .

25 5 . vol tu , etc . Virgil so iden tifies Jupiter w ith the sky, that he in

dicates his person al ex pressio n by the correspon ding appearan ce of Nature.

( See derivation of the n ame in Lex icon .)256 . oscul a ( dim . o f the pretty l ips. l ibav i t, hissed : the

word mean s to take a bit away ; hen ce, to pour a portion of w i n e as a

l ibation ,an d ( as here) to taste.

257. parce m etn ( dat .,

68,H . spa re your fears.

Cy th erea . Ven us is so cal led from the islan d Cythera, south of G reece,

where the Phoen ician s had an early co lony, and in troduced the worship

of their goddess Aphrodite (Ven us) , as they also did in Cyprus an d else

where. I t was here that the goddess was said to have first lan ded from the

waves.

259. sub l im em , on high, see 19 1 G . 324, H . 443 .

260 . sen ten t ia, see v . 237.

262. l on g iu s, at greater length. vo l ven s, un rol l i ng, as it were,

86 Notes . (E x am.

the scrol l of fate . (See Fig. m ovebo, br i ng to l ight ( lit. disturb) .

263. I tal ia ( ablative n otice the quan tity of the a ) .

264 . m ores, i .e. institutions.

“ 8 ° 44 —vw a (s 235 ; G . 343 ; H.

384, —pon et, sha l l establ ish ;

used in a slightly differen t sense

with its two objects . This usage

is sometimes cal led Zeugma ,but

the differen ce in sense often ex ists

on ly in the tran slation ,an d was

n ot perceptible to the Romans.

265 . tert ia. aes tas, i .e. he

shall live to reign three years in

peace .—regn an tc n l 292, e ;

G .—v ld er1t 328 ; G .

573 ; H 5 19.ii

266. R utul i s (dat. of refer

en ce, the Rutul i were a

Volscian people, whose chief city

was An tium . They, w ith their k ing Turn us, are represen ted as the chief

an tagon ists of t'

En eas at his settlemen t in I taly.—See Book vii . an d Livy,

i . 2 . at , i .e. though Hi n eas’reign shal l be short, yet, etc.

267. l u l o 231 , b ; C . 322 ; H . 387,

268. stet i t, for ten se see 276, e, N .—regn o 248 ; G .40 1 ;

269 . vo l ven d i s vo l ven t i bu s , as com ing from the depon en t ( reflex ive) form vo l vor 296 , foo tn ote G . 427,

—m en s lb n s, appar

en tly abl . abs ,though it may possibly be explain ed as a free use of the

abl . of man n er.

270 . Lav ia i , see n ote, v . 247.

271 . l on gum Al bum , see Livy, i . 2 .

272 . h ie, i .e . at Alba. ter cen tum reckon ing from the usual date

of the Trojan war, this would stil l be n early a cen tury before the assumed

founding of Rome, B .C . 75 3 . iam , i .e . after the transfer.—rogu s h i

tur ( impers .,

146, c ; G . 199, H . 30 1, the dy n asty shal l last.

an n os 256 ; ( I . 337 ; I I .

273. H ectorea : the race is here n amed from its greatest hero, per

haps also w ith a hin t at the prowess of the kings. See note, 0 . 89.

regi n a, pr i n cess, as daughter of Num ito r ; sacerdos, pr iestess, as vestal

virgin .

274. gem i n am p ro l om , sha l l give birth to tw i n chi l dren .

pa rtu 248 ; G .40 1 ; H — ( l ab i t 328 G . 573 H . 5 19, ii “)

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88 Notes. [E x am

289. cael o : Augustus was hon ored as a divin ity before his death.

though n o temples were erected to him in Rome ( see Hom e, Odes, pas

sim) .—Orlen t ls : the al lusion is probably to the surrender by the Parthians

of the standards taken from Crassus (cf.vu

290 . h ie quoque, he too, as well as

.Eneas.

291 . m i toscen t : compare Eel . iv.

292 . can a, unsul l ied, a type of

purity and dign ity : so appl ied to Veri

tas and Vesta as wel l as Fides.

Fi d es : one of the most characteristic

features of the Roman religion was the

worship of abstract qual ities, as Faith,Hon or,Modesty,Fortune. V esta, god

dess of the Hearth (see n ote, v.

For a represen tation of her see Fig. 46.

Qu ir i n us, a Sabin e god of war ( q u i r ls, spear ) , with whom Romulus

was iden tified after his death . The hi l l Qui r i n a l is had its name from him,

and on it was his chief temple. Rem o, here represen ted as rul ing in

partnership w ith his brother, n ot slain by him according to the more com

mon legend.

293. form , depen ding on cl auden tur (abl . of means).294. B el l i portae : the temple gates of Janus Quirinus were open in

Fig. 47.

time of war and closed in peace. Theywere closed by Augustus for the first time

after two hundred years ( B.C. 29, an d again

B .C. By a free poetic image, Bellona

( to whom the actions in W . 295 and 296

belong) as well as Furor seem to be here

con founded with Janus. For the temple ofJanus seeFig.47. imp ius : alluding to the

civil war, a conflict between persons bound

together by a common kindred-

and religion.

296. n odio aen is, li nk af fi rm .

ore cruen to, with M jm Jike a beast

of prey.

297. M ata 244, a ; G . 395 ; H . 415 ,—gen i tum, Mereury,

who

takes the place of Hermes in the G reek mythology. (See Fig. His

mother Maia, daughter of Atlas, became the chief star in the group of the

l ’leiades.

1. The 1 5 n eid. 89

298. patean t 331 G . 546 ; H . to have ( see that they ar e)open ed, depending on the idea of commanding impl ied in p raem i tt i t .

299. h osp i ti o, hosp i tably (ablative of man ner) . fat i 2 18, a G .

373 ; H . 399. i . 2)

300 . arceret : the purpose of Jupiter 3 17; G . i . ; H .

the ten se changes on accoun t o f the differen ce in the relation s of the c lauses.

The strict sequen ce would be secondary in both cases 287, e G . 5 1 1 , R) ;

H . 495 , but the object-clause ( the command) l ike indirect discourse

admits the irregular sequen ce more eas i ly than the pure purpose-clause .

fin lbus (S 243, a ; G . 388 ; H. 414, NJ) .

30 1 . rem igi o, oarage the winged cap of Mercury ( petasus) and the

winged sandals ( ta/a r ia ) are compared to a ship’s ban ks of oars .

302 .-qu e, an d accordi ngly , this idea being ex pressed by the close

n ess of the con n ection made by q ue.

Fig. 48.

303. qu ietum , i .e. free from alarm , which might lead her to resist

their coming ; ben ign um , impl y ing active good wi ll and help.

306 . l u x a lm a, the hi n dly l ight ( root in al o ) . ex i re, depen ding on

con st i tu i t, below . (Observe that each pair of in fin itives—ex l re, ex

p l orare ; quaerere, referre is con n ected by q ue, while the two pairs

are join ed by n o con jun ction .)

307. oras, govern ed by the ad in accesser i t ( 5 170, a,1 ; G . 330 ;

H . 386, The subjun ctive is in an in direct question fol lowing ex

p l orare.

308. 11am , in troduces the reason of his doubt. He sees they are n ot

cul tivated, but he is in doubt whether they are the waste lands of a people,o r absolutely wild.

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I . The zE n eid. 93

360. h i s comm ota, i .e. the deed produces fear ; the treasures pro

duce hope of successful escape . p arabat, began to mahe ready .

36 1 . con ven iun t, those gather , i n whom , etc. quibus 23 1 G .

349 ; H . od i um , hatred for past wrongs ; m etus, fear of

coming on es .

363. avari , etc. : the greed of the tyran t is con trasted with the dis

tan ce whither his lost treasures are gon e . p el ago 258, g ; G .

365 . d even ere, lan ded, lit. came dow n from the sea that rises towards

the horizon . Compare con scen d i , v . 381, also dvdyrw , KaTd} €tv

l ocos, at the spot, see 258, b ; C . 342, R.

‘ H. 380, 3 : n otice the differen ce

of idiom .

367. m ercat l [aun t], they bought the groun d. B yrsam the

Phoen ician B ursa (Hebrew B osra ) is a ci tadel . The con fusion of this

w ith the G reek Bip oa, hide, probably gave rise to the story, according to

which the colon ists bought as much groun d as they could cover with an

ox -hide. Cutting the hide in to strips, they succeeded in getting a gen erous

site for the n ew town . This verse an d the n ex t are bracketed by Ribbeck ,

an d they are certain ly un n atural .

368. p ossen t, subj . of indir. disc., being a part of the terms of the

bargain 34 1, c ; G . 630 ; H. 5 28,

369. vos, ex pressed for emphasis on accoun t of the change of subject194, a) . q u i tan dem , who, pray .7

370 . tal i ba s, asfol lows.

372 . rep eten s, goi ng back ; p ergam , go on 307, b ; G . 598 ; H.

373. vacet aud i re, if you shou ld have leisure to l isten to, etc .

374. an te com p on at, Vesper w ou ld soon er br i ng the day to an

en d, closi ng [the gate of] Olympus so the phrase open the gates of the

morn ing.

” Moun t Olympus in Thessaly, the”

residen ce of the gods, had

come to be the conven tion al poetic term for heaven .

377. forte sua, by its ow n cha n ce ( fora) i .e . there was n o hostile

in ten t.

378. p i n s, properly so cal led on accoun t of his filial piety in carrying

away his father, but the word was probably n ot restricted to that, but in di

cates Virgil’s who le idea of his character.

—rap tos ex h oste, rescued

from the m idst of thefoe.

379. fam a n otus : this boast is quite in keeping with an cien t

n otion s. Modesty, real or assumed, is a late growth of civi l ization .

380 . p atr iam : because D ardan us, son of Jupiter an d Electra, came

origin ally from I taly. (See table , p . gen u s : he is to re-establ ish

the race in its old seat.

94 Notes. [el i sam

38 1. b is den is : the distributive is used, because ten are coun ted each

time 95 , c ; G . 95 , R} ; l l . 174, co n scen di aeq uor , I cl imbed

the sea ,because the sea seems to rise as it recedes ( cf. v. or simply

emba rked upon . n av ib us 248 ; G . 391, H .

382 . d a ta, spoken at various times ( see ii . 771 iii . 94,

383 . v ix , i .e. and these w i th difficulty.

384 . ip se, opposed to the ships . ig n otas ( i n -gn ome) , although

he has just said fam a. n otus : his person is un kn own , tuough his

fame has spread—L ibyae, the on ly con tinen t left, as he has been

driven from Asia (Troy) and Europe (Thrace) , and is sti l l forbidden to

reach I taly.

385 . p l u ra q ueren tem , begi n n i ng to compla i n further ( conative( j . Eel. i . 29, and n ote. n ee , and n ot

( qualifying p assa ) . Notice that the Latin likes to combin e negative an d

con n ective in o n e word .

387. ba n d i n v isu s cae lest i bus, i .e. it is by favor of heaven that you

have arrived in this hospitable lan d .

388 . q u i adven er i s, subjun ctive as givi ng the reason 320, e ;

G . 636, referred by H . to

389 . p erge m odo, on ly go on , and you wi l l find good fortun e.

390 . red uces a common use of two accusatives in apposition

after verbs o f kn ow ing, saying, etc . 186, c ; H . W e

may supply esse, but the co n struction is older than the in fin i tive w ith

the accusative, and is n o doubt the origin of the in direct di scourse

con structio n .

392. u i fru stra, etc ., i .e. un less I am quite ign oran t of the scien ce.

augu r l um ( av ls, an d an un certain verb-root) : she relieves his an x iety

without betraying herself as a goddess. The flight of birds was the most

commo n mean s of divin atio n ; hen ce a nga r i am and auspicia ( avi -sp e

c lo ) . van l , fa lsely n ot n ecessari ly implying any conscious de

ceit on the part o f the paren ts.

393 et sea. Th is passage has given more trouble than seems n eces

sary. The swan s are represen ted in two groups, on e alighting ( terras

capere) , an d the other looking down on the place where the first has

al ighted ( terras cap tas ) . They are again described, the former as re

d uces, the latter in c i n x ere, etc .,in 398. The ships correspond to these

two groups : those already in ( portum ten et ) , to the former, and those

just coming in ( sub i t ost ia ) , to the latter.

394. l ap sa, s woop i ng dow n on the swan s, which flew low like other

water-fowl . ap er to cael o, i n the open shy, where they were ex posed, as

were the ships on the Open sea.

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1. The zEn eid. 97

424. subvol vere, to rol l up by putting levers, etc ., ben eath ( observethe two Opposite mean ings of sub in composition ( up and down ) com

pare sub igo and summ i t to ) .

425 . tec to , fbr a group of bu i ldi ngs 235 ) the plough does n ot seem

to have been used in tracing the site of smgle dwel lings. su l eo, w i th a

furrow . There seems to have been a peculiar idea of appropriation

among the an cien ts, con n ected with the use o f the plough ; probably a

rem in iscen ce of the earl iest begin n ings of agriculture among n omadic

tribes. According to the Etruscan ritual, by which Roman cities were laid

out, a bul l and a cow were yoked together, the bull outside ( to the right) .Then the furrow was drawn in such a way that the c lods fell in side, by

which it would seem that the an cien t plough turned its furrow to the left

instead of the right. As it had on ly on e han dle, held in the left han d,

like that n ow used in G reece, Asia Min or, etc .,

this would be the n atural

mode. See Plutarch’s Romulus . By a sim ilar symbo lical act a city was

again desecrated ( I l or. Od. i .

426. This apparen tly spurious l in e con tradicts v . 507; see n ote, v . 264 .

427. th eatr is, an idea carried back from Virgi l’

s own time. No

perman en t theatre was built in Rome ti l l B.C . 58, and n on e of ston e till

B.C. 5 5 , though on e had been attempted a hundred years before. Even in

Athen s non e was attempted til l B.C . 500 .

429. rup ibus, see 258, a ; G .—scaen i s, see

n ote, v. 164. (See also Mg.

430 . qua l i a l abor, such ( the omitted an teceden t of qual i s ) toi l

was thei rs as busies the bees i n summer , etc .

434. ven ien tum , an archaic form of gen itive 87, d ; G . 85 , 3 ;

H . 158,—ag1n i n e fac to , as if making a sal ly on the dron es . Com

pare v. 82 .

435 . i gn avom , lazy or i n gficien t for lack of skil l (gn avus n avu s,

kindred w ith n osco ) .—p eeu s, p raesep i bu s, used properly on ly of

cattle . The whole description is taken from G eorg. iv. 162—169.

436 . fervet, is a l l a l ive ; the figure is derived from the agitation of

boil ing.

438. susp i c i t ( see n ote, v . loohs up to. He has n ow come down

the hi ll and approached the wal ls .

440 . v l r l s 248, a , R. ; ( l . 346, H . 385 ,—n eque cern i tur

11111, is vi sible to n o on e 232, b, cf. c ; G . 35 2, R. ; H . 388,

44 1 . l aet i ss im u s, very r i ch.

442 . q uo l oco , the spot where 200, b ; G . 6 18 ; H . 44 5 ,

p rim um s ign um , the tirst token of rest : opposed to iac tat i un d is,

which accoun ts for the jux taposition of p r im um and iactat i .

[tENmn

g m pri n ted, an omen of their en ergy and warl ike disposition .

-" w as o ften in poetry, a descriptive epi thet, n ot m ean ing a

.t s a l nal , but ex press ing a gen eral characteristic, as we should

-0 me

“

. tiger.

” — s le , i .e. by this omen .

uncut-m v ic tu , eas i ly subsi sti ng : the supin e 303 ; G . 437 ;

“ j be taken from v ivo . Thus the horse is represen ted as an

-.b o f prosperity in peace and success in war. Compare An chises

’

111 i ii . 540 .

n um i n e d ivae, i .e . the presen ce of the goddess herse lf, mean ing

c c loved to dwel l an d show her power there.

H S. l im i n a , t/u esholds. surgeban t , cro wn ed ( lit. rose on the

\ .t us‘

g rad ibu s a58,f ; G . 384, R3; n ex aeq ue

t ra bes , cross-beams cased w i th bron ze. The abun dan ce of metal -work

the great costl in ess an d splendor of the structure .-q ue is el ided

‘

w to i e acre, in n ex t l in e 359, c, R. ; H . 608, i .

44x) . fo r ibu s,fiddi ng-doors .

hoe p r im um , etc ., the temple oflers the first hin t of D ido’s in

te re s t in his fortun es ( see the description below ) .

45 3. d um l u stra t , as he su rvey s 276, e ; G . 220, R. ; H . 467,

t hi s verb 15 used origin al ly of the priest'

s going about in purification

hen ce of other fo rm s of survev or passing un der review —s in gu l a, the

alva i ls.

454. q uae s i t, n otice how easily the verb m i ratu r takes two

di tl'

eren t con s truction s, an object an d a clause 334 ; G .469 ; H . 5 29, i .)a commo n thi ng in Latin an d G reek .

45 5 . ar t i fieum m a n n s, the a r tists’shi l l ; op erum l aborem , the

worb. There is n othing to in dicate that the temple was un

un ished . i n ter se, a doubtful ex pression , perhaps, compar i ng them w i th

each other . The reading of Ribbeck , i n t ra n s, would show that he was

drawn by adm iration in to the in terior o f the temple.

45 6 . v id et, sees : probably pain ted in the vestibule or colon n ade, as

Fabius Pictor had pain ted the temple of Sa l as in Rome but some suppose

them to have been in sculpture on the pedimen t. These pictures could

have n o sign ifican ce for the Phoen ician s . Virgil here transfers to them the

arts an d customs of the G reeks an d Roman s.

457. i am , by thi s time.

458. saev um am bobu s : en raged again st Agamemn on , as well as

hosti le to Troy.

46 1. on P r iam u s , probably in the scen e of the ran som of Hec tor’

s

body ( v . (See Fig. 5 sua p raem ia, itsfit reward ( 5 196, c ;G 295. R H . 449. 2 )

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I 00 Notes. [fi rea rm

in al l ages. The Roman s often wore mourn ing to ex cite compassion for

their friends in peril . pep l um , the outside garmen t of the G recian

women , particularly the costly robe born e to the temple of the goddess in

the Panathen aic festival .

48 1 . tun sae pec tora , beati ng their [own ] breasts ; see 5 1 1 1, N . ; G .

332 ; 11. 378 . For ten se see 290 ,I» ; G . 278, R. ; H . 5 50, N .

‘

482 . aversa , aret-

ti ng her /Ei re see 11. vi. 3 1 1 ; Bry. 406.

483. rap taverat, i .e. the scen e of the ran som is after the body has

been dragged about the wal ls. ( See Figs. 53 and

484. ex an im um , in dicating, according to Ladewig, that Hector had

been dragged still living at the car of Achil les ( compare the word tum en

t is ( ii . which would be used on ly of the living body ; also Soph.

Ajax , 1030, and C ic. Tuse. i . I n Homer, however, he seems to have

been dead. See 11. x x iv. 477; Bry. 600 .

485 . turn ( l at : here occurs the regular historical presen t, while the

preceding presen ts have been descriptive of the scen es—vet o, in troducing

as usual the most importan t momen t of the n arrative.

487. ten den tem m an n s, in suppl ication .

488. so quoque, i .e. in an other battle scen e.

489. M em n on is : Memn on ,son of Tithon us and Aurora, led the

E thiopian al lies of Troy . The myth,however, places E thiopia. in the

East hen ce a s, from the East.

490 . lun at i s, moon -shaped : the form of the Amazon ian shield was

102 Votes . (m p .

506 . subn i x a, si tti ng on high.

507. i ura daba t, a Roman picture. From the close con nection Of

governmen t and re l igi o n in Rome, temples were used for all publ ic pur

poses : the Senate met, tn e treas ury was kept, and courts were held in

temples . iu ra , l eges , i .e . she acted bo th as judge and as law-

giver.

508 . aeq uaba t , t rah eba t : the divis io n was first made as equal as

po szs ible, an d the n the shares were assign ed by lot,—as the Romans di

vided provin ces, etc ., amo ng their magistrates.

509. cum sub i to l l itlo was thus o ccupied when sudden ly, etc. See

325 , b ; C . 5 82 .—eon eur su , the crowd that had flocked around them

as strangers .

5 12. pen i tus, far awa r, a seco ndary mean ing of the word derived

from the mean ing w i thi n .

Fig. 5 7.

5 14. con i u n gere, depending on ard eban t used in the sense of

vol eba n t , cf. l‘lcl . ii . 1, an d n ote.

5 15 . res i n cog n i ta, i .e . the reason of their coming an d the n ature of

their reception .

5 16 . d i ssim u l an t, beep hid ( con ceal something that is ; compare

s im u l an s, v . 35 2, preten ding something that is n ot) . am icti , wrapped

( am b iac lo )

5 17. l i n quan t, indir. quest. depen ding on specu l an tur, watch to

5 18. 11am : he wondered why they had come, for they had the appear

an ce of a regular embassy, an d the formal n ature of the embassy, as in

dicated in this clause, showed something of importan ce.

5 19. oran tes, used almost l ike the future partic iple of purpose 292 ;

G . 673, 3, c l am ore : see , for ex plan ation , v . 5 39.

5 20 . coram ( con -os ) fa n d i , o/ speahiug to the queen i n person .

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I04 A'

otes . [Jin a n

to v. 444 . I n this particular case, however, the constel lation would be

seen at the same time o f vear, rising just after sunset ; so that Virgi l may

have con fo unded the seco n d an d the fourth phenomenon . I t should be

born e in m in d that m the great lapse of time between the earliest al lusions

to these matters an d \'

irgil'

s time, as wel l as from his to our own , the pre

cessio n o f the equin o x makes a con s iderable difference in these phenomena.

5 313. w i d n « n eo n , hid den shoa ls.~

pen i tas, far away . procu l

b n s, hoi st.rou x . The wo rd primari ly den otes in so lence in demand ( p roco ) ,

hen ce bo ld, lewd,wan to n . au stria, o n e w ind put general ly for all .

5 38 . p a n e l , on ly a of us, w ith a n egative idea, as almost always

w ith this o rd . n d n av im n s , have/loo ted. 0 115 ( 5 225 , b; C . 344 ,

l l . 380 ,

5 39 . tum lm r lm ru, so ba rba rous as to, etc.

54 1 . p r im a te rru, the ver t' ma rgi n of the lan d.

543 . a t s pera te, a t least expect ( supply esse) . fan d i, r ight (on lyused in t i l h s e n s e as the o pposite of n efan d i , un speakable, and so wrong) .

544 . era t he kn ows n o t that -l£n eas is sti ll alive.

545 . p ieta te ( abl . o f spec ificatio n , qual ifying i ust ior, 25 3 ; H

i .e . jus t in perfo rm ing his duties to the gods ; cf. Cic. N. i . 4 1,

1 16 . ( lbs crx e the t‘ l l l .t$ l lC 344,f ) order of the words.

546 . ves c i tu r , br ea thes ( air being as n ecessary to life as food) . See

( ld . x iv . 44 ; l iry . 5 1 .

547. ae th er ia , of hea ven , as opposed to the Lower W orld. occu

ba t , n ow I i . s lore. i .e . ha s sn ernmhed. um bri s, loc . ablative.

548 . 110 11 m et u s : in that case, we have n o fear, for he will protect or

avenge us . The co n n ection w ould be easier if we were allowed to read

n o te, n o hai r lest you r epen t of bei ng befirrehan d w i th him i n ki n d ofi ees.

As it is, we mus t separate the two clauses, an d translate the secon d, n or

shou ld you d i sda i n to be the first i n the r iva lry of hi n d af t er, i .e. bymak ing z l i n eas vour debtor in receiving us hosp i tably.

—certasso 270 ,b ; G . 423 ; For ten se see 288, e ; G . 275 , i .

549. poen itea t 266 ; c f. Ecl . x . it is w ith referen ce to the

ideas here ex p l essed that . I‘fn eas is described in vv. 544, 545 ; his virtue

( p ieta te ) would prompt him to repay k in dn ess, an d his power (bel l o,etc . ) en able him to aven ge in jury . su n t. ct, etc .

, i .e . in the even t of his

death ( which I lio n eus does n ot say , on accoun t of the omen of men tion

i ng such a calam ity ) , then the c ities an d fields (arva ) of Sici ly will be

our refuge or, acco rding to Ribbeck’

s reading, its weapons (arma )w i ll avenge us if wro n ged .

5 5 1 . l i cea t subd u cere, let i t be perm i tted us to haul up over I “

rached ships 266 ; ( i . 2 5 6 , 3 ; H . 484, i ) .

I . The {En eiai 105

5 5 2. si lvi s, in the woods. op tare trabes : the beams would require

to be hewed and fitted to their place str in gere rem os : the oars, mere

poles or sapl ings, would on ly n eed to be stripped an d sl ightly trimmed .

5 53. I n this an d the fol lowing l in es the two altern ative supposition s are

again repeated.—l tal i am , fo llowing ten dere 258 ; G . 342, R.

‘

H 380.3)

5 54. ten dere ( se. i ter ) , depen ding on datu r 331,g ; G . 546, R

l l . 535 ,—p etam us, the purpose of sub du cere, etc .

5 5 5 . si n ( opposed to 81, v. if on the other han d. sal u s hope

of safety .

5 56. lam , any longer .

5 57. freta, seas, as often . sed es p a t atas , a seat a l l ready bu i lt .

i .e. the cities of Acestes, as distin ct from those they hoped to build them

selves.

5 59. frem eban t, murm ured thei r applause, according to the man

n ers of the time see 11. i . 22 Bry. 29.

56 1. vo l tum d em i ssa , w i th a'ow n cast face, in woman ly modesty as

addressing men ; see Eur. l -Iec . 975 . W eidn er, too subtly, suggests that

this comes from sympathy w ith Ai n eas awaken ed by Mercury (71.

562. solv i te, see n ote, 21 . 463.

563. ta l i a, i .e. the attack on the Trojan s as they attempted to lan d

564. l ate tu er i , i .e. she can n ot safely al low strangers even to land on

her shores for fear of Pygmalio n .

565 . Aen ead um , the Trojan s gen eral ly, but w ith a courteous refer

en ce to their chief. q u i s n esc iat ( dubit. subj ., 268 G . 25 1 H . 486,

who can he ign ora n t ? ( I n prose it would be n on n ov er l t ; sc i re

is properly to hn a'wafia t .)

5 66 . v i rtu tesq ue v i rosq ue, more emphatic than v irtu tes v irorum

(hen diady s ) . Observe that while these are con n ected by que, the calami

ties ( i n cen d ia ) , as being a separate c lass, are in troduced by the adversa

tive an t . ta n t i , that gr eat.

567. ob tusa , ll l u n tecl by their ow n m isfortun es . p ec tora, here put

for the who le soul, in c lud in g the in tel lect.

5 68. n ec tam av ersu s so l , i .e. their hearts are n ot chil led by nu

kin dly sk ies, as men m ight be in co ld region s, far from the sun’s course.

569 . Satu r n ia, an o ther n ame for I taly, land of Saturn see Ecl . iv. 6 .

570 . E ry c i s fi n es : Eryx , a son of Rates and Ven us, gave his n ame

to a moun tain in the west of Sicily, where was a celebrated temple of

Ven us. He is men tion ed afterwards as a famous pugi list ( v. 0p

ta t l s, choose.

106 Notes . [E rma

571 . aux i l io, i .e . men an d arms ; op lbu s, suppl ies of food, mon ey,

572 . vol ti s ct et 81 vol t i s, an d aga i n if you wish 3 10, r ; G .

594, 4 ; I I . 507, iii.

573. u rbem q uam statuo 200,b ; C . 6 19 ; H . 445 , More

common ly the relative would precede the n oun , and a demon strative ( ea )stan d in the an teceden t c lause as, quam u t hom statuo, ea.v estra est ;

the sti ll more common form is ca u rbs quam statuo ves tra est .

subd uc l te, i .e . and remain here .

574. agetu r , sha l l be dea lt w i th.

576 . adforet, were [n ow ] here 267; G . 254 ; H . 483, The

presen t, ad s i t, wo uld refer to future time —eq u i dem , i n fact : I w ill

even go so far as to sen d in search of him . c ertos, trusty men .

578 . at to see whether 334, f ; G . 462, 2 ; H . 5 29, ii .—em t

the usual prose con struction would take the subjun ctive 334, d ) . The

origin al con struction is probably el liptical ,“that he may be foun d, in

case ,"

etc .,but the ex pression in time came to be equal to an in direct

ques tion .

5 80 . iam d ud um ard eban t, had been long impatien t 277, b ;

582 . sen ten t ia , pu rpose ( n otfeel i ng ) .

5 84. u n u s, on e on ly , Oron tes ( v .

586 . e i rcum fu sa , whi ch had been thrown about them . Compare 0d.

Vt) . 143 ; Bry. 174.

587. p u rga t , ( lea rs, as we say of the weather.

588. rest i t i t , stood for th, a very common mean ing of re in compo

sitiou ; cf. ii . 590 .

589 . os, i n face ; um eros, i n j brm an d build .— i psa, herself; the

goddess of beauty.

590 . l um en p u rp u reum , the r uddy glow .

59 1 . l aetos, of the spark l ing of the eyes in joy. Compare Od. vi .

229 Bry. 291 . h o n ores, ( ha rms .

592 . qual e d ecu s, su th beauty as ar t gives to ivory ; strictly there

would he an an teceden t, ta l e d ecu s, in apposition wi th the objec ts of adflarat 200, b ; G . 6 18 ; H . 445 ,

594. cu n ct i s im p rov isu s , u n ex pectedly to a l l

595 . coram , before y ou . Cf. Od . x x iv . 32 1 ; Bry. 389.

597. so la, a lon e, i .e . of al l stran gers.

598. quae n os soc ias , who mahe us sharers i n your city and

l ama —rel i qu i as B an aum , see 30 .

599. om n i um 2 18, a ; ( j . 373 ; H . 399, i .

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108'

otes . [E x am

625 . i pse, emphasiz ing h ost i s.—Ten eros terebut, he, though

an m en : 11, ex tol led the Trojan s with sign al pra ise.

6 20. vo l eb n t , wou ld have i t that, etc. ( n ot“ wished he had been ,

which would be v el let ) see iii . 108. There was also in the Trojan linea Teucer, from whom theTrojan s are cal led Teucri ( see Table, p .

627. agi te, t ome tec t i s 225 , b ; 0 . 344, RP; H . 38 5 , 4,

629. m e quoque, me too a l ihe fortun e has chosen to establ ish,

etc .—dem um , w ith an impl ied ex clusive force “ in this an d no one

before .

630 . m a l i m i ser i s : observe the effect of the join ing of these words.

as we l l as the al literatio n .

632 . i n d i c i t , procla ims . an almost techn ical word for proc laim ing a

sacrifice or sacred observan ce. The con sul was said i n di eere in referen ce

to the great Latin festival on the Alban moun t.— h on orem , a sacrifice

of than ksgiving ( techn ical ) .

635 . terga su um , chi n es of'

sw i n e, put for the whole.

63 m un era , laet i t inm , m appos. with terga, etc ., ex plain ing the

purpose of the gift. These gifts were as we ll the usual marks of hospi

tal ity (m u n era ) as a mean s to en able the compan ions to jo in in the

festivities d i i fo r ( l lel 74, a ) .

638. i n st ru i t u r, i s deched, temporari ly, for the occasion .—m edi is

tec t i s : n o t the o rdmarv din ing-room ( tr icl i n i um ) , but the great state

apartmen t ( atr i um )

639. l abora tae, w rought, i .e . embro idered.—vestes, man tles, here

used as drapery for the couches ; being un cut fabrics they were equal ly

adapted for this purpose as wel l as for clo thing—ostroq ue super

-ho,

of geigeous purple, i .e . plain but precious on accoun t of the royal an d costly

dye (m u rex ) .

640 . l ugen s a rgen tum , a vast [amoun t of ] si lver p late—au ro,

i .e. goblets or vases, chased an d embossed (cael ata ) with hero ic figures.

I n stead of men tion ing the golden uten s ils, Virgil speaks on ly of the orna

men ts upon them .

642 . d uct a, con tin ued in un broken series .

644. rap idum ( predicate, 186, c ; G . n bi/Hy , or i n haste

<5645 , ferat, {0 report these thi ngs 33 1, G . 546 , R3 ; H . 499,

fol lowing the command impl ied i n p raem i t t i t .

646 . sta t , t en /res . P ark /bud.

647. m u n era : the guest also was ex pected to make presen ts.

ru i n l s, dative,see 220 : ( i 346 ; 11. 385 , 4, 2 .

648. pa l l am ( poetic word equi valen t to pan l nm ) , a square man tle

I . The z fi n eid. 109

usually of wool, worn by the G reeks over the tun ic. (See Fig.

Under the empire it became fashion able also in Rome in stead of the

n ational toga . siga i s auroque r lgen tem , stip’

w ithfigures of gold (see

n ote, v. (For a highly orn amen ted

robe see Fig. 58 ; for other articles of

apparel here men tion ed see Fig.

649. vel am en , vei l . I n Homer the

various articles of head-dress, especial ly

the vei ls, are treated as most importan t

poin ts of fem in in e apparel ; hen ce the veil

is a suitable gift to D ido .—croce0, re

ferring to the color, a deep yel low

Fig. 5 9 .

Fig. 58.

acan th o, referring to the pat

tern , the same leaf that appears

on Corin thian capitals .

650 . My cen i s ex tu l erat,

had ta r r ied awayfrom Al y cen ce.

This was Agamemn on’s capital,

an d is therefore put in gen eral

for the cities of Pelopon n esus,

which were subject to him,

These objects are of all the morevalue from their assoc iation s.

peteret, the last syllable is long 359,f ; G . 715 H . 608,00110 m on i l e, a n echla t e. co l l o, dative

bacatum , studded with great pearls called bacce (ba t ete) from

1 10 Notes. (E vian) .

their liken ess to grapes—d up l icem cot on am , a coron et of two

rings, on e set with jewels an d the other of gold. (See Fig. —gem

m l s ( abl . of man n er) .

656 . haec cel eran s, speedi ng these comma n ds.

658. con s i l ia, see v. 674.—tac iem ,form , retain ing

n o doubt an earlier mean ing of the word, which is con

n ected w ith fac io . Compare the theatrical make-up.

”

659. don is, see v. 714. I t has sometimes been

thought that d on is was n ot a suitable means for the action

of i n cen dat, but the practice of the world seems to

justify Virgil . Compare Shakespeare’s Twel fth N ight,

Act ii i. Sc. 4. Besides, these were royal gifts, an d associ

ated w ith ; En eas himself, so that their cost was no measure

of their value. fu ren tem reg i n am , i nflame the

queen to madn ess ( the proleptic use of the adjective,cf. v .

660 . ossi bu s , i n her frame (dative) .

66 1 . dow um am biguam (am b ago ,goi ng roun d

about ) , the treacherous house, as described in vv . 348—368.

b i l i ngues, double-tongued, sav i ng on e thing and mean ing an other

The bad faith o f the Carthagin ian s ( P un ica fides) was proverbial , at least

among their en emies the Roman s.

662 . u ri t, inflam es her with an x iety. sub n octem , as n ight

comes on .

664. so l u s, i .e. who a lon e a r t nom in ative, as if it were in a relative

clause, an d n ot vocative, though in appos . with n uts 241, a ; G . 194,

I ] . 369,

665 . tel a Ty ph om, i .e . the thunderbolts which overwhelmed Ty

phoeus . A favorite idea w ith the an cien ts, who sometimes even repre

sen ted Cupid as wielding the thun derbolts of Jove,—an indication of the

resistless force of love.

666 . n um i n a, i .e . the ex ercise of y our power.

667. f rater, as the son of Ven us . u t iactetur, how thy brother is

tossed, etc. ( in dir. quest. after n ota , se. su n t ) .

668. iactetu r, w ith 11 long, perhaps according to an earl ier usage

359,f ; ( 2. 715 ; l l . 608,669. n o ta , are thi ngs huawu to you n eut. plur. in imitation of G reek.

n ostro d o l ore, my pa i n . The plural of the first person is often used

in Latin , as that of the second regularly is in English, for the singular.

671. vereor q uo , I am a n x ious whither ( indir. question ) , a common

con struction in co lloquial and early Latin .

Fig. 60.

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1 12 Notes . [E x am

i ndicative is used because cum has precisely the sense of u t or n b i 325 ;

G . 5 82 ) The use o f the ten ses is like that of the historical presen t.

au l n oi s, the rich draperies o f the couch. Virgil here is doubtless de

scribing a ban quet o f his own time.

698. au rea ( ablati ve con trac ted in to two syl lables in scan n ing 347,

c ; m ed iam l ocav i t, placed herself i n the m idst, probably at

the middle place o f the middle couch, w ith . l i neas on her left an d Bitias

o n her right, w ith the res t o n the side couches . For an anc ien t feast see

Fig. 38, p . 75 .

700. d i sc um b i t ur 146, G . 199, I I . 465 , i .e. they re

c l i n e in the ir regen tz r . d i s places .

—ostro 260, c).

70 1 . d a n t l ym p lm s : the w as hing o f han ds was a regular feature of

an cien t ban que ts m a n i bu s 235 ; G . 343 ; H . 384, —ca n is tris,

from the ("d o JRS. at ; i i . 333, R9; H . 414,

70 2 . m a n te l la , Em s. fo r the ham is ; to n s is v i l l i s, w i th the n ap

cl ipped close ( abl . o f qual itv‘.

703 . q u ib u s eurn str l l ere, whose care i t was to set fi rth the pro

vision s ( in the pan try l .

704. n d o l ere ( same root as i n o l eo an d ad ol esco ) , en large, hence

worship, l ike o ur magn ify .

706 . o n eren t , subj. o f purpo se .

707. l im i n a laeta , door -wars, as if sympathiz ing wi th the joyof the guests . n ee 110 11 209, a ; I I .

708. i u s s i , hid den .

710 . l lag ra n t i s vo l tu s , /ace r ud dr as/lame, i .e . of more than human

beauty. s lm n l n ta , ( c u n t.rfli t .

71 1. Apparen tly a repetitio n o f r'

. 640 crept in from the margi n .

712 . p es t i , r u i n .

713 . e x p l e r i m en tem .v-v 'z cr

'

r h m i n d 240, c, N . ; G . 332, 2 ;

I I . tuen do 30 1 , las t ex ample : ( in. 432 ; H . 542,

715 . c om p l e x i ! ( d id . o f s eparat ion or locative) .—p epen d l t 324 ;

G . 563 ; l l . 5 18 ,

717. oeu l ls , see 248 ; G . 40 1, R. ; I I . 420 .

718 . D id o ; the repe titio n o f the s ubject gives an added pathos, as if

it were“alas, po o r l l ido .

719. l u s id ar, lit. l ies i n a m t ; an d so, plots aga i n st her : the other

reading, i n si d en t , si ts i n her la p. seem s tame .

72 1 . p raev ertcre, m u te, lit. tu r n away from Sychaeus to a new

object.

72 1 . v ivo am o re ( ablative of mean s) , as opposed to the dead

Sychaeus

1 734-1 The fi n eid. r13

722. resides, unmoved. an im as, feel i ngs. desueta, disused to

love.

723. postquam ( se. est or fu i t see n ote on pepen di t, v. 715 ) the

wine was n ot brought in till after the feast.

epul i s ( dative) .

724. crateras, the

gre a t mix ing-bowls.

coron a n t, wreathe wi th

a garlan d, as is seen by

comparison wi th iii . 5 25and the G reek ( 11, i. 470 ;Bry. (See Fig.

725 . vocem vol u

ten t, the guests make

the song resound. fit,

then r i ses. tecti s (ah

lative ) , through the ha l l .

726. a tr ia, see n ote, v. 638. depen d en t, indicates that the n ight

has come on before they fin ish.—laq ueari bus ( see n ote on com p lex a ,

v. pan els : the sun ken pan els ( lo cus) between the cross-beams of

the cei ling were decorated w ith gilding, an arrangemen t often imitated in

modern buildings . aureis , two syl lables.—l ych n i (see Fig.

727. fu n a l i a, l i n hs, i .e . torches in which a stout cord (fun is) did

service as wicking. Fig. 63 .

728. h i e, hereupon .

729. pateram , a shal low bow l or

saucer used for libations, an heir-loom in

the royal house. ( SeeFig. Our card-receivers

an d fruit-dishes are often made after the same

pattern .

730 . sol i ti ( se. im

p l ere) .—si l en t ia.: the

first in troduction of the

win e had a sacred char

acter, an d a small quan

tity was always first poured out as a libation .

73 1 . I upp i ter, as the god of hospital ity (hosp ital is) .—dare iura,

defin e the r ights of strangers the term properly refers to the fun ction of a

judge, an d hen ce here is equivalen t to protect the r ights.

732 . Tyr i i s ( dative after l aetum ) .

733 . vel i s, gr an t. 734. l un o, as the tutelar divin ity of Carthage.

1 14 Notes. [E rma

735 . coetum ( eon , eo ) , gather ing, festive as wel l as pol itical.

celebrate , throng, or attend in large n umbers ; hen ce used in n early the

same sign ification as in our English word derived from it. - h ven tes,

strictly, speaking words of good omen hence, w ith expressions of joy,an d w ithout wrangl ing to disturb the hal lowed rites . I ll-omen ed words,

among which were reckon ed al l expressions of hatred or sorrow, were

supposed to mar the effect of religious Observan ces.

736 . l at icum hon orem , i .e. the juice whichFig 63 pays hon or to the divin ity.

737. p rim a, she first, as first in ran k —l ibato , imperson al, when l ibation had been made

25 5 , 5 ; G . 438, Rf;

—summo

ore, w ith the tip of her l ips keeping the f

n in e proprieties, but formally drink ing as host

738. i n erep i ta n s, w i th a chal l enge ( to drink

deep ) . im p iger, n othi ng Ioth, w ith n o such

scruple as D ido appears to have, as is indicated

in summ o ore . h au s i t, dra i n ed.

740 . c i th a ra, harp ( abl. of mean s, the usual

way of ex pressing an accompanying musical in stru

men t) . (See Fig.—cri n i tu s, w i th flowi ng

lochs so an cien t bards are represen ted, as well

as Apol lo, the god of song. See 0d. viii . 62 ;

Bry. 86.

741 . A t l as : the con n ection is ingen ious . Atlas was fabled as having

first studied astron omy, and was in den tified w ith the moun tain in Africa

which bounded the western horizon of the an cien ts. So here, I opas ( thebeautif ul ) com ing from the same v ic in ity is represen ted as a Numidian

taught by Atlas . At the same time the Sun and Moon are the two great

Pho en ician divin ities Melkarth and Astarte, which latter is sometimes iden

tified w ith jun o . Nor was this a rare subject for poetry. Hesiod and

Aratus had also sung in this man n er of astron omy so Parmen ides,Xen ophan es, an d Empedoc les had treated their philosophy in verse . Compare

also Eel . vi . The Carthagin ian s seem to have had an astrological l iterature

kn own to the Roman s ( Bl an i lius, Astron om ica, i . 293 et seq) .

742 . err a n tem , as the most wan dering of all the heaven ly bodies.

l abores, ecl ipses.

743. un d e ( se. s i n t ) , i n direct in terrogative. A cosmogony such as

that of Empedocles is here in dicated .

744. H yad as, a group in the head o f the Bul l . The time o f their

acronycal setting, early in November, was marked by severe storms ( see

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l [8 .Votc’s . [xl-In s tr) .

27. D orica, G rec ian , see n ote , i . 30 .

29. ten debat, used to spread, i .e . his ten ts. (Quoted from the remarks

of the Trojan s. )

30 . e l ass ibus 235 ; G . 343 ; H . 384,—ac ie ( abl . of man ner) .

3 1 . stupet don um , gases w i th amazemen t on xll iererva’s ban efu l g

-ifl.

As equivalen t to a stro ng m l r ar l , stupere here govern s the accusative.

33. d ue l , se . eq uum , see 331, g ; G . 5 32, H. 5 35 , iv .

34. s ive sel l , rc'hether or au t an t, ei ther or .

iam , i .e . the time had n ow come for this destiny.

35 . q uo rum m en t i , those i n whose m i n d was a better thought

200, e ; ( i . 623 : i i . 445 ,

36 . pel ago, dative 225 , b ; C . 344 ,H . 385 ,

38 . cavas agrees w ith la tebras, but is put n ex t to terebrare, be

cause it is as hol low places that they are to be bored, but as h idi ng-places

( l uteb ru s ) that they are to be tried ( tem p tare) .

39 . s ta rl la , fli t tion s. lit. par ty fi el i ngs .

40 . p r im us a n te om n i s , i .e. tak ing the lead in his ea ger partisanship.

41. a rd en s, i n haste.—ab a rce, where he had been occupied as

priest.

42 . q uae, etc .,wha t madn ess is this ( tan ta ) ? The use of tam ,

tal i s, an d tan tu s, in n earlv the sen se of our simple demon stratives, is

verv commo n in Latin .

44. ea rere d o l is, ar e clear of gu i le.—slc n otus, is i t thus y ou

hn aw .

’etc .

40. fab r i cata, see 135 , b; C . 182, H. 23 1, 2.

47. i n sp ec t o ra, ven tura ( future participle of purpose, 293, b ; C.

279 I I . 549, to looh down on our house, an d come from above upon

the ci tr. On e of the commo n mean s o f siege was to build high towers

overtopping the walls, an d move them forward on wheels. The m on ster

horsc is such an engin e o f war (m ach i n a ) . dom os 228, a ; G . 330 ;—u rb i h ; C . 344, R

9;

48. error, tr ieh. m is take ( er ror ) purposely caused is a deception .

n o c red i te 269 ; ( I . 263 ; H .

49. et, erten . feren t is , acc . plural .

5 1 . i n l atu s eo n tors l t , hu r led aga i n st the side and the bel ly ofthe mon ster ( fer i ) , rou n ded w i th j oz n ted frameworh ( com pag lb n s, abl.

of man n er or mean s) .

5 2 . i l l a, the spear : ex press ed because in Latin the verb agrees with the

last subject men tion ed, un less the co n trary appears and so here i f it were

n ot ex pressed Laocoii n would be the subject. ( recusso abl . re

echoi ng . properly of the sound, str uch ba th.

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r20 Notes . [el i sam

un n ecessary. m em oret ( in indir. disc. for imperative, S let him

tel l tel l us (we say) . fid uc ia, i .e. on what he relies to save h im .

76 . form id i n e, pav l ta n s ( v . the embarrassmen t was genuine

an d n atural ; n ot en ough to throw him off his guard, an d so spoi l his

scheme, but en ough to w in a prepossession in his favor.

77. eq u id em gives force to the whole expression , like our“ 1 will,

indeed I wi l l .” fuer i t ( future perfect) quod cum que, wha tever shall

come of i t.

78. A rgol ica , an an swer to the question in v. 74.

79. h oe p rim n m ( se. d i c tum esto ) , i .e. let this compromi sing fact

be stated on ce for al l ; hen ce the n e e.

80 . vun um 186, c : G . 324 ; H . 373, N3

) . ~ im p roba, wan ton

goddess. Notice that the position of the words brings out the fact that

the action would jus tify the epithet.

8 1 . fan do, by repor t ( see n ote, v. a l iq uod n om en any such

n ame. P a l am ed i s : U lysses, it is said, feign ing madn ess, in order to

escape his share in the Trojan ex pedition , yoked a horse an d a bul l to a

p lough; an d proceeded to plough a field, sow ing it with salt ; but Palamedes

foi led the trick by putting the child Telemachus in the furrow . U lysses

turn ed out to save the boy, and being thus proved sane, was held to the ser

vice . But he bore a mortal resen tmen t again st Palamedes for this, an d pro

cured his death in the way hin ted in the tex t. Palamedes was on e of the

brighter w its of the G reek camp : to while away the weary years of siege,he is said to have in ven ted a game sim ilar to chess, sometimes named from

him .

82 . i .e . the ta lh about his ren own .

83 . gl or ia, his ren own itself. fa l sa sub, etc., un der a fa lse and

treacherous charge.

84. i n d i c io, (fa lse) charge. vetabat, tr ied to stop ( con ative im

perf., 277, c ; G . 224 ; I I . 469 , i .

85 . n u n c cassum l um i n e 243, a’

; H . 414, W M M is

dead.

87. pau per : his poverty was his reason for sending the boy, as war

was w ith the an c ien ts a regular mean s of gain ing wealth.

88. staba t 276 , e, N . G .—regn o ( loc . —v l¢obat,

had weight.

89. con si l i i s ( loc .

90 . pel l aci s, w i ly derived from a root found in etc.

91 . h an d ig n o ta to gain co n fiden ce,he weaves in awel l-kn ownwory

92 . trah ebam , tacu i : n otice the change of ten se (S 1 15 ,93. m ecum , alon e by my self.

I I . The zE n eia’. 12 1

94. 1100 tacu i , opposed to m ecum : n ot on ly to myself did I complain .

—tu l i sset, subjun ctive for future perfect in in dir. disc . 286, R.

G . 5 16 ; H . 5 25, of which the main clause would depen d on p ro

m i s i .

96. u l torem z u l turum [esse] , fut. apod . in in dir. disc.

The future idea is con tain ed in p rom i s i t . The n oun of agen cy an d future

p articiple, however, are akin , so that the n oun here is almost equivalen t to

the participle .

97. l abes, strohe : m isfortun e is represen ted as a gradual subsiden ce

or sin king to ruin . m i h i ( dative of reference) .

98. er im i n ibus n ov i s, by fr esh accusation s.

99. amb iguas, da rh hi n ts. vol gum there are some fifty places in

which this word is mascul in e, as here .—q uaerere, etc .

, i .e. con scious of

his guilt, he began to seek arms of defen ce again st him who m ight be his

accuser 275 ; G . 650 ; H . 5 36,

100 . n ec en im , the n egative of eten im , in which the force of et is

lost : for he did n ot rest, etc ., referring back to p rim a l abes . d on ec

Sin on artful ly breaks off just when he has roused the keen est curiosity.

10 1 . sed au tem , pleon astic and col loquial .

102 . q u idve m oror , or why do 1 delay y ou u n o ord i n e, in on e

degree of estimation ,i .e . as a l l a l ihe ( abl . of man n er) .

103. id , i .e. the fact that I am a G reek — iam dud um , implies that

they have been long waiting to do it. sum i te : pen alty is looked on as

of the n ature of a fin e an d forfeit ; hen ce d are, to saf er , an d sum ere,

104. vel i t, wou ld l ihe it ( future apod ., 3 1 1 G . 602 ; H . i .e .

if you should do it.—m a g n o 25 2 ; G . 404 ; H .

105 . tum vero , then m or e tha n ever . Notice that these words regu

larly in troduce the most importan t po in t or the decisive momen t in the

n arrative .- ard em u s, i .e . before we were eager , but n ow we long.

107. fic to pec tore, w i th fa lse (made-up) hear t.

109. bel l o , to be taken ( as the man n er is w ith poets) with both fessi

an d d i sced ere : they were wearied w i th the war, and an x ious to depart

from it.

1 10 . fee i ssen t 267, b ; G . 254 ; H . 483,

1 1 1 . eu n tes,j ust goi ng, w ith a sort of future mean ing, as in G reek ,

Fren ch, and English .

1 12 . p raec l p ue : the previous occurren ces were regarded as omen s

forbiddin g their departure, an d n ow still more were there in dication s of

divin e displeasure .

1 14. sc i ta n tem , to imyu i re, a k ind o f eo n ative presen t ; compare

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I I . The zEn eid.

177. P ergam a, the citadel of Troy.

178. om i n a : Virgi l here tran sfers a Roman custom to the Homeric

G reeks. All en terprises were undertaken by the direction of the gods,

who were supposed to dwel l in the city, an d were consulted by auspices

before setting out ; and if the even t was un successful, the auspices must be

taken again in the city, and the whole be begun an ew. The term for

this was repetere ausp icia, of which repetere om i n a is here a variation .

Arg is, from Argos.- rep etan t 336 ; G . 65 3 ; H .

- n umen ,

thefavor i ngpresen ce of the gods, as shown by ren ewed favorable auspices .

179. p el ago 258, g ) , by sea —curvi s ear i n is 248 G . 403 ;

H . i n the croohea’ships cf. 11. 11. 297.

180 . quod , i n that 333, a H . 5 16, am) . The an teceden t or main

clause is paran t, etc .

182 . diger i t om in a, i n terprets the omen s, i .e. those referred to in

vv. .171- 175 . The word om en ( root in 08, oro) properly means any

casual ly spoken word which serves as a progn ostic of the future. I t is

used here, as very common ly, for visible sign s, which were properly osten ta,

porten ta,prodzgia .

183. p ro P al l ad io, i n l ieu of the Pal ladi um p ro n um i n e, i n pro

p i tiation of the ofi'

en ded div i n ity . The goddess is however iden tified with

her image the Palladium, hen ce p ro can be used with both, though n ot in

precisely the same sense.

184. tr iste, gloomy ( in its effect) .

185 . The gist of the idea is in imm en sam m o lem . They were to

make it huge so as to keep it where it would protect them, an d n ot the

Trojan s. tam en , i .e. though it was in lieu of the Pal ladium, yet it was

to be of n o service to the Trojan s.

186. cael o 225 , b ; C . 344, H . 385 , to the shy .

187. rec ip i an d duc l are bran ches of the same gen eral idea ; n eu

in troduces a differen t on e. Sin on at on ce accoun ts for the size of the

horse, and hin ts at the disposal of it which he desires.

188. a n t i qua, i .e . just as formerly under the protection of the Pal

lndium . rel igion e : this word impl ies bo th piety ( religious ven eration ) ,

the sa n ctity which ca lls it forth, an d the obj ect which possesses that san ctity.

Here it seem s to be used w ith a con fused n otion of al l, chiefly the last.189 . d on um M i n ervae ( obj. gift to fil i n erva .

—v lol asset,

in d. disc . for future perfect 286, R. ; G . 5 16 ; H . 5 25 ,

190 . q uod d l con vertan t, may thegods tur n the omen aga i n st

him self: The an cien ts had a curious n otion that the anger of the gods

must be satisfied, but that it might by prayers be turn ed upon something

else, a n otion which seems to he the foun dation , in very an cien t orien tal

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I I . The zEn eid. 129

246. tuuc et iam , then too (besides our other warn ings) . Cassan

d ra, daughter of Priam . She had been beloved by Apol lo, and endowed

by him with the gift of prophecy ; but, as she rejected his suit, the gift wasaccompan ied with the curse that n o on e should believe her in spired words.

( See Fig. 66 , where she appears on the walls in the act here described .)fat i s ( abl . of man ner) .

247. n on cred i ta, [those tips] n ever bel ieved, etc.—Teucri s, da

tive 232, a ; G . 35 2 ; H . 388,

248 . q u i bu s esset 320, e ; H . 5 15 , though that day was our

last ( con trasting the sign s of joy w ith their real fate) . Notice how this

idea is brought out by the pos ition of m iser i before qu ibu s .

249. vel am u s, i .e . we dech the shr i n es (del ubra ) w i thfestal wreaths

decking the houses with garlands had a religious as well as festival mean ing.

2 50 . ru i t ocean o, comes sud den ly from the ocean : Night, like D ay,

is con ceived as rising from the vast Ocean which en circles the earth .

25 1 . i n vo l ven s the grave effect of the spon dees in this verse is per

haps in ten tion al .

25 2 . d o l os : the same shadow which makes them helpless aids the

craft of their en em ies . f usi , compare i . 2 14 .

25 3 . cou t i cuere, became silen t, i .e . were hushed.

2 54. ibat, was a lready on i ts way , an ticipating the success of Sin on’

s

fraud .

25 5 . Ten ed o 258, G . 41 1, —per am i ca si

l en t ia l u n ae by the sti l l a n dfr ien dly moon l ight ( compare v .

256 . flam m as ex tu l erat, the royal ship had sho wn the sign al

l ight, as a sign to Sin on . (Compare vi . 5 18 , where Helen is said to have

held forth a lighted torch as a sign al .) This clause should properly be the

subordin ate on e, but, as often , is emphasized by its presen t form . See

§ 325 , b ; C . 58 1, R. ; I I . 5 2 1 , ii . 1 .

257. fat i s d eum , cf. vi . 376 .

2 58 . u tero ( loc . D an aos c l austra, lets loose the G reehs

from thei r pi n e-wood pr i son . As the verb l a x at can apply in slightlydifferen t sen ses to both D a n aos an d c l au stra, the hen diady

s, always a

favorite form of ex pression , is preferred to the ablative of separation

( c l austri s ) .

259 . l a x at is in the same con struction as ex tu l erat, but the action

o f the latter verb precedes and that of the former is brought forward to

presen t time (hist. pres ) ; hen ce the great differen ce of ten se.—auras,

open a i r ; compare iv. 388.

260 . eavo robore p rom u n t, compare Od . viii . 500—5 20 ; Bry. 6 13,

where the story is told by I ) emodocus .

130 Notes . [E m a

263. primus Machaon : Machaon , son of E sculapius, an d the ia

spired Healer the epithet may be a tran slation of a'

pcm isom ( l l. x i.or, perhaps, among the/i rst, but the mean ing is doubtful .

264 . do l i, i .e. the horse, which makes the ambuscade. Notice the

variety of words Virgil uses to refer to the horse.

266 . port i s ( ablative of mean s) .267. con sc ia, al l ied, kn owing each other’s plan s.

268. tem p us erat : this, with n ox erat, has been observed to be :

favorite form of tran s ition with Virgil .

271 . effu n dere fletus, compare the ghost of Patroclus. I l . x x iii . 65 ;

Bry. 77.

273. pedes tum en tes, see n ote, i. 484. l ora (G reek accusative) .275 . red i t “

as I seem to see him return ing.” The tense is used

like the historical presen t ; see 11. x vii . 188 ; Bry. 232.

277. squa l en tem : this word, which gives us a ludicrous impression,

had differen t assoc iations with the an cien ts as a sign of mourn i ng. con

eretos, matted.

278. vo l n era : apparen tly the hon orable wounds which he is supposed

to have received in battle, though Homer hardly speaks of any ; less likely

the hurts an d bruises from being dragged at the car of Achilles. quae

p l ur im a, of which he had received so many 200, d ; C . 6 18 H . 453,279. u l tro,/i rst (w ithout being spoken to) .

281 . O l u x , etc ., imitated from the address of Paris to Hector's dead

body, in En n ius. I l ere [En eas forgets for the momen t that he has been

slain .

285 . u t, how , i .e . in how sad a pl ight.

287. q uaeren tem van a, mahi ng va in i nqui ry—n ee m oratur,

n or does he stay for ( i .e . does n ot m ind my inquiry) .

289 . h i s, w ith a gesture, the so-called deictic use of the pron oun .

291 . sat d atum , a legal phrase : your debt to your k ing andcoun try is ful ly paid .

—s i possen t miscu i t, if Troy could (at

auv time) be saved by human ha n d, i t would have been saved (before) bym i n e. For ten se see 308, a G . 599, H . 5 10, N .

’

293 . pen ates, assoc iated here an d elsewhere W ith Vel ta. the goddess

o f the Home . Th is is . l i n eas’charge, to protect his home, not tt l in

effort to defen d the c ity .

294 . h i s, dative o f referen ce 235 ; H . 384.

295 . p ererra te po n to, which [mighty walls] M M at last

establ ish, when thou has! crossed the sea .

296 . v i tta s Ves tam q ue, i .e . the fil leted image of Vesta.

297. ign em : the sacred fire, which was carried from the hearth of

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t32 Notes. [E rma

3 19. P an thus, another aged counsel lor (11. i ii . r46 ) . - a.roi s P hoe

b i que ( hen di adys) , of Apol lo i n the citadel . Like the Cap ito l at Rome,

the citadel ofTroy is con ceived as having shrin es of several divi n ities.

32 1 . i p se, i .e . he alon e without attendan ts to bear the sacred burden.

—cursu ( abl . of man n er) ten d i t, comes run n i ng w i ldly to my

door .

322 . quo l oco, where is the ma i n struggle q uam ar

cem , what stronghold shal l we occupy P supposing the c itade l to be already

taken . This seems the best ren dering of this much-vex ed passage.

An other mean in g of the first question is, I n what con dition is the decisive

struggle ? For ten se o f p ren d im os, cf. Qu id ago n u n c ? Ter. Heaut.

2, 3, 102 ; Juv. iii . 296, iv . 130 . The an swer of Pan thus is, that all is

lost ; an d .{i n eas accordingly rushes out in the gen eral direction of the

n oise ( v . P a n thu , a form represen ting ou in G reek con tracted

from o? .

324. i n el u c t n b i l e, i n ev i table ( l it., that can n ot be wrestled away.)

325 . f u im o s Troes , we Tr cy'

a n s a re n ow n o mor e.—f u i t, is no

longer : I t was a common phrase w ith the Romans,”says Appian (Syr.

“to say, .

o l n tiochus the great has been .

” See § 279, a ; G . H.

471, l ,

326 . om n ia t ran stu l i t, f upi ter has carr ied over every thing to

Argos. According to the G reek legend,“the gods departed in a body

from Troy on the n ight o f its capture, bearing their images wi th them

( see v . 35 l ) .— ferus, n ot a gen eral epithet, but indicating his present

state of feel ing.

327. i n cen sa u rbe, i .e. they have set fire to the c ity, and are

masters in it.

328. m ed i i s i n m oen ibu s, i .e . in the very citadel . M otion s, standi ng there, a vivid way of indicating its presen ce.

329. v ic tor i n hi s success.—i n cen dla m iscet, spreadsfire far

an d w ide,cf. 298.

330 . b i paten t ibu s, i .e. thrown w ide open ( lit.,with both folding-doorsopen ) .

33 1 . q uot , se. tot m i l i a. in appos. with al ii ; see ; zoo, b.

332 . an gu sta v iarum ( cf. i . the n arrow ways.

333 . op p osi t i , on guard ( to preven t flight) .334. p r im i v igi l es, theforemost of theguards, i.e. there is scarcely a

show of resistan ce .

335 . caoco , i .e . having n o orders or p lan s, they fight wildly. e

336 . n um i n e, the idea can on ly be gen eral, i .e. that this as all his ao

tions,is un der the divin e direction .

t 34 Notes. [15m

367. quon dam ( «mom -dam , like quidam ) , at times. victis,

dative of referen ce ( 5 235 , a ; G . 343, H. 384, 4,

368. crudel is l uc tus, cruel anguish. By a. n ot un common figure the

cruelty is tran sferred from the author or cause to the efl'

ect.

369. pl urim a, singular, as in many a .

” —m orfll lm ngq fim of

371 . soc ia.agm i n a, that we were a fr iendly ban d

372. u l tro ,first, i .e. without being spoken to.

373 . sera segn i ties, tardy sloth, or the al l iteration may be imitated,slug ish sloth

374. rap in n t, fer n n t, plun der, and bear away ( the spoi l o f) burningTroy.

375 . p rim um ,first 15 1, d ; G . 324, R1) .

376. n eq ue fida sat is , n ot very trustworthy , i .e. dubious, suspicious.

377. sen s i t del apsus so esse delapsum , a G reek con struction

272, b; G . 5 27, R33) . The force of delapsus is fal len w i thout know.

ing it.”

378. retro repress i t, cheched : strictly, tautologienl , but such repetition

for emphasis is common in all languages.

380 . n i ten s, treadi ng. refugi t . Notice that this verb is tran sitive

in Latin . The perfect is used to ex press the momen t when the man has

just recoiled in his fear.382. ab i bat , was about toflee.

383. c i rcum fu n d im ur : here in themiddle sense, apparen tly,with the

usual mean ing of rush around or attack on several sides,”as in lEn . iii.

634 ; Livy, x x ii . 14 ; Cars. B . G . vi . 37 ; m , N ) ; G . 209 ; H .

Still the smal l n umber of the Trojan s compared with that of the G reeks

makes this mean ing somewhat forced —arm ie s probably dati ve, as in

v . 409 The whole would then be : we dash upon “ ai r sol id

384. passim , i .e. in al l parts of the scene of battle.

385 . p r im o l abori , thisfirst ej’

ort.

386 . successu an im i sque, the spi r i t of m ea : ( 5 G , 496

388. dex tra : we should expect dex tran , but it is made more lin kby agreeing wi th the subject.389. i n sign ia, equ ipmen ts : helmets, shields, etc., bywh

'

mh their wa r

ers may be disti nguished.

390 . dol us, etc ., supply s i t in a double question ( 5 z : I , J, _G . 460 ;

H . 35 3,—i n h osts i n deal i ng w i th an en emy ( lit., in on e of an

en emy, a very common mean ing of in ) .

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I I . The zE n eia'

. I 37

G reeks. m an n , i .e. m en , by my deeds, regarding such a death as the

reward of valor.‘

On this l in e compare St. Beuve, Nouv. Corresp. p. 356

et seq.

434 . cad erem 33 1, a ; G . 546 ; H . 498,

436 . U l i x i (gen itive, 43, a G . 72 ; H . given by Ulysses.

437. p rot i n us, ( farther) on . vocat i , agreeing with the subject ofd ivel l im ur, summon ed.

438. h ie vero , compare tum v ero , v . 105 and n ote . pugn am , obj.

o f cern im u s . ceu feren t , as if t/zere were n ofig/zti ng elsew/zere

3 12 ; G . 604 ; H . 5 13, Compared w ith this the others were n ot

fights at al l .

Fig. 68.

441 . acta testud i n e, the regular way of assault on a fortified place

compare Caesar, B . G . i i . 6 . There are two distin ct attacks, on e to scale

the wal ls an d on e to burst in the gates . The former is represen ted in

Fig. 68.— ruen t i s refers to the scal ing party, testud i n e to the other.

The defen ce to the former is in 71 . 445 , etc .,to the latter in v. 449 ; com

pare v . 479 et seq .

442 . haeren t , d i ng, by hooks ( crows ) at the end : scal ing-ladders

were rea lly an in ven tion of later time .- p a r iet ibus 227, e ; G .

H . 385 ,—post is sub i p sos, close a t t/ze w ry gateway ,

in stead of being

repulsed from afar. an advan tage they have gain ed.

t 38 Notes. [E mma

443. grad ibus, steps or rounds of the ladders (abl . of means) .

444. p roteot i , slzieldi ng t/zemsel z/es fast igia, battlemen ts, or (more

accurately) the projecting top of the wall .

445 . total cu lm i n a, w lzole masses of roof:

446 . h is tel is, w i t/z t/zese as m issi les. q uan do, an d therefore there

was n o use in sparing the house.

448. decora a l ta, etc ., thosemy : adorn men ts of our fathers.

449. a l i i , opposed to those in v . 445 . h n as below,in con trast to

the fight at the battlemen ts.

450 . obsedere fores , i .e . the defenders stand so as to block the great

doors which open inward . See 228, a .

45 1 . i n stau rat i an im i , our courage is refreslzeti ( at the sight of this

resistan ce) . succurrere, depen ding on the idea of admon ition or sug

gestion in i n staurat i, etc . 33 1,g ; G . 424, RA; H. 535 ,

453. p erv ius u sus tectorum

u s i tata v ia per tecta , a wel l -worn

passage a rear way, bywhich e'

En eas

goes up.—i n ter se, i.e. con n ecting

them with each other.

454.p ostes a tergo, aposter”gate.

45 5 . i n fel i x , ten /copy) , i n her wid

owhood. m an eban t, n otice the

ten se . See 5 276, e, N. ; G . 571 ; H.

467.4.N.

457. soceros, i .e.Priam an d He

cuba. trah ebat, used to lead bythe hand, as he followed with un equal

steps.

458. evado, [pass up an d out.

460 . turr im , obj. of co n vel l i

m us . i n p raec i p i ti , i .e.at the veryedge of the wal l . summ i s vectis,

from Ike top of Me roof W e mayimagin e it raised from the wal l, and

flush with the fron t, as in the machi

eclated tower of a palace at Floren ce.

(See Fig.

463. adgressi tom , i .e. with

crowbars and other tools of iron . I n this and the following ven eg to v .461,the spondees and dactyls may wel l represen t, first, the slow effort, then the

sudden toppling over and swift fal l of the turret.—summ tabul ata.

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11. Tite {E n eid 14 1

503. i l l i , see 102, b ; C . 292, 2 ; H . 450 , 4 ; but the literal translation

wi l l give the same idea. tha lam i, elzambers.

504 . barbar ico, i .e. of the East. E n eas here speaks from a Roman

poin t of view. Comp. ope barbarica, used by En n ius of the same palace.

506. fors i tan , etc., compare G . ii . 288.—requi ras 31 1, a ; G .

250 ; H . 485 ) this particular con struction with forsi tan (fi rs-sit-an ) is

properly an indirect question ,but its origin had probably been forgotten ,

so that it may best be represen ted by the Engl ish poten tial .

507. casam , downfall .

508. l im in a, doors. m ed ium , more l ively than med i i s, as agree

ing w ith bostem , but it is required also by the metre.

5 10 . c i rcum dat um er i s ( dat., 225 , d ) , bi n ds upon bis s/zou lders.

—ferrum 240, e, N . ; G . 332, H .

5 1 1 . c i n gi tur 1 1 1, G .

‘

209 ; H .

5 12 . n udo sub aeth er ia ax e, un der tii e open ean opy of heaven (seev. in a Roman house, the Pen ates were kept by the family hearth

an d altar, in the atr i um, or pri n cipal bal l, but n ot in the open air ; here,

however, is apparen tly mean t a great hall or court, which had a larger

open ing than the atrium, an d con tain ed a garden , or at least a tree or two.

( See Fig. Virgi l could hardly have in mind a Roman atrium, for the

open part was occupied by a sort of cistern , z'

mp luvi nm, and could n ot be

occupied by the Penates ; n or could he ex actly mean the fron t court of a

G reek house, in the cen tre of which was the altar of Zone'

p ecac ; but

probably had in his mind a vague mix ture of the two, something like the

Roman peristyle. There was a legen d, however, that Pyrrhus was slain on

the altar at D elphi because he had himself violated the altar of Zei 'g by

the murder of Priam .

5 15 . n eq u iquam , va i n ly it was n o defen ce.

5 16 . tem pesta te, ablative of mean s depending on the idea of

driven con tain ed in p raec i p i tes (dr iven beadlong) .

5 18. i p sum , even li im ( aged as he was) .

5 19. m en s tam ( l i ra, so dreadfu l a t/zougltt.

5 20 . c i n g i, reflex ive see n ote, v. 5 1 1 .

5 2 1 . n on tal i au x i l io : i .e . prayers, n ot arms, must be our refuge.

5 22. n on si , n o, n ot if; etc ., se. egeret, see 308 ; G . 599 ; H. 5 10 .

5 23. tan dem , pray a word of en treaty or impatience, used here as in

question s.

5 28. port i c ibus l on gi s, tlzronglz the long eolon n ades. The fight had

occurred at the door, and Pol ites fl ies towards the back of the house.

i n festo vol n ere, titreaten i ng to woun d Aim .

5 30 . iam iam que ten et, is j ust about to grasp, an d closes on him

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[E x am

585 . ex t in x lsse laudabor, sl ml l bar-e pra ise for havi ng de

stroyed. Here the verb is equivalen t to a verb of saying, I shal l be said

with praise to have,”etc . An ex ten sion of indirect discourse pecul iar to

poetry. m eren t i s, deserved. agreeing wi th poon as, cf. scel eratam,

576 .

587. ( lam i n ae, fo l low ing ex p l esse 248, R3; G . 373, R

P; H . 4 10,

e l n ores sa t iasse : vengean ce is imagined to be a satisfaction to the

spirits o f the ( lead, a very o ld idea .

589 se v id en dum ob tu l i t, presen ted [terself i n visible pr esen ce ;

see 294, d ; ( l . 43 1 ; H . 544, N .’

590 . pu ra i n 11100, m clear tigli t, n ot cloud or m ist, such as usually

wraps the presen ce of a divin ity .

59 1 . c o n fessa 135 , e) .—d enm , for se doam esse ; see n ote to

i . 390 . q ua l ls, supply ta l em .

592 . q uan ta : the gods are represen ted as larger than men—d ex t ra

con t l n u l t, m ug/i t a n d fi eld me by Me ban d. See 292, R. ; G . 667,it ) ; 5 .

594. q u i s tn n tu s, rul mt great is tlris wlrielr . a very common

Latin form of expression .—do l or,

i n dign ation felt as a sudden pangor sting.

595 . quon am , n otice the force

o f 11am 210 ,f ; G . The

emphasis on the question gives it

the ton e of a reproof. n ostrL/br

me ( objective gen itive, 5 2 17 com

pare 99, c) .—t ib i ( 5 235 , a ; G .

343, R-gi H ; 384, 49

596 . a sp i c i es, look an d see.

597. l iq uer is , superet ( 5 334 ;G . 469 ; H . 529,

598 . om n e s : Ribbeck and

others have om ule, agreeing

,

with

q uos .

599. n l resi stat, did n ot any( are w i t/i sland Men . Apparently

an earlier con struction not un com

mo n in poetry, instead of the ln

perfect in the con trary to fact pr0

tasis and apodosis. \Ve may suppose either that the Romans took a differ

en t view of such con dition s, treating them as stil l future, or what is more

h i t 7 ;

11. The eEn eid. 145

probable, that the presen t and perfect subjun ctive in Latin had in earlier

times the force which the imperfect and pluperfect had later.

600. hauseri t en sis, tlze sword would bave drun k t/teir blood.

601. ti b i (dat. of referen ce ) : the sen se is, it is not Helen that you

should hate, or Paris that you should blame. Not that they are guiltless,

but their gui lt on ly fulfils the divin e decree.

604. asp i ce : he n ow n ot on ly

kn ows that the gods have ordain ed the

fall of Troy, but sees them in clear

vision , engaged in its overthrow .

om n em n ubem abrl p lam , see 11.

v. 127; Bry. 154.—tuen ti, see n ote,

Ecl . i . 29.

606 . n o tim e, i .e. do n ot fear

to look at anything I show you, or

hesitate to do what is still in your

power.

607. p arere, see 271, cf. a ;

G . 548, R) ; H . 505 , i i .

6 10 . Nep tu n us : Neptun e as the bui lder takes the foremost part in

the destruction of the walls ( compare 11. x i i . 27- 30 ; Bry.

6 13 . p rim a, tire [M erri am—soc i um agm en , tlzeal l ied

the G reeks who are still thronging from the ships.

6 15 . arces, governed by l n

sedl t; 228, a ) .

6 16. n im bo, a much-vex ed

word. Others read l imbo, a

reading as old as Servius, which

seems very weak . I t appears

best to take the word as referring

to the divin e efl'

ulgen ce surround

ing the gods when they appeared

to mortals, which is the origin

of the techn ical n imbus or aure

ole of later times. Even this

aureole proper, in its symbo l ic

form ,appears in several wall

pain tings of Pompeii and Hercu

lan eum , probably n ot more than fifty years later than Virgil’s time, so

that the gen eral idea could hardly be unkn own to Virgi l. (See Figs. 73,

74,—efl

‘ul gen s,gleami ng, a not uncommon conception of the divini

146 Notes . [Assam

ties ; compare i . 402 .—G orgon e, i .e. on her shield or wgis, or both,

where it often appears in works o f art. (See Fig. a s

6 17. pater, of course Jupi ter.—v

'

l res se

cu n due, victor ious strength

6 19. cr i pe fugam , hasten y our fligbt, a

stronger form for capere fugam ; hin ting also

at rescue from peril .

620 .

‘

l lm l n e 258, f ; cf. also 260,a

G . 413, sistem , here causative, as often

in poetry and later prose, rarely also in Cicero .

624. tum vero, tires: at length, my eyes

being open ed—con sidere in ign es, to si nk

i n to t/zeflan zes.

625 . Nep tun ia, i .e. the wal ls, though built

by immortal hands, are now destroyed by the

same agen cy.

626 . ac vel u t i cum , even as w lcen .

627. ferro (abl . of means ) .

628. eertat im , eager ly , vying w ith each

other. u sq ue, ever ( l it. all the way, to a place or time) .—m l n atur,t/zreaten s, i .e. totters to its fall .

629. com am ( G r. vert ice ( abl . of specification ) .

630 . sup rem um con gem u i t, lzas gr oan ed its last ( cognate accusa

tive) .

63 1 . trax i t ru i n am ,fa l len w i l l: a craslt .

632 . d ucen to d eo, gu ided by divi n e power , i .e. of Venus .

633. ex p ed lor, [fin d my way out ( reflex ive) .634. lam , at lengt/z. p erven tum , impersonal, the regular con struc

tion where mere sequen ce of time an d progress of action is to be indicated,

without person al referen ce. patr iae, see a.

635 . q uem , etc ., wli om i t was my first wish to bear away to Me lugkmoun ta i n s. There was a story that when the G reeks allowed [Eneas and

others to bear away what treasure they valued most, he chose his father ;

rewarded for his piety by a secon d choice, he took the pen al “ ; and after

this secon d proof of piety, he was al lowed to take al l he would—tol l ere

belongs on ly w ith op tabam .

636 . op tabam the imperfect hin ts at the non -fulfilmen t of the wish

compare 277, c ; G . 224.

637. ex c i sa Tro ia, n ow t/zat Troy is utter ly cut oi l—p roducere

The regular indirect discourse would be so p rod uct l l rum , but

here Virgi l fol lows the an alogy of verbs of refusing ; compare parere, v.607.

Fig. 76.

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148 Notes . (E sau) .

654. haeret, etc ., cl i ngs firmer to his purpose an d to the spot. Such

uses of words in a double sen se are by us regarded as blem ishes, and we

explain them by a rhetorical figure, z eugma ; but in fact they seem not to

have appeared irregular to the an cien ts.

65 5 . feror, I am about toplunge 276, b ; G . 2 18, 2 ; H . 467,

656 . con si l ium , human means of safety ; fortun a, d ivin e means.

iam , a ny longer .

657. m en e sperasti , what did you hope that ! could [be inducedto ] depart, leavi ng you behi n d, my father s

’ The en clitic emphasiz es m e.

658. tan tum n efas, can such an imp iety fal l from a father’s tip: 1?

660 . h oe, i .e. his purpose. an im o 254, a) .

66 1 . pate t ia n ua, alluding to An chises’words in v. 645 , etc .

662 . iam , stra ightway ( of an immediate future) .—m l l l to d e san

gu i n e r : reehi ng w i th the blood ( l it., from the place where it was shed) .663 . qu i obtru n cat, descriptive : the man that butchers the son , etc.

Both acts indicate impiety as wel l as cruelty.

664 . hoe erat q uod eri p i s, is it for this that you snatch me, that I

should see, etc . For ten se of erat see § 277, d G . 224, 3. The whole

con struction is l ike qu id est quod , n i h i l est quod, etc. n t com am

is to be taken as a purpose-clause in apposition with hoe. pa l

-en s : in

his despair he reproaches Ven us for saving him, and prepares to return

again to the fight, when ce she had brought him.

668. vocat, etc ., i .e . death, the on ly refuge of the conquered, calls us.

669. s i n i te rev isam , let we retur n to 331, 23; G . 546, H.

499, v i so is an old desiderative, mean inggo to see.

670 . n um q uam h od ie, a col loquial expression , frequen t in comedy,

expressing merely an emphatic n egative.

671 . h i n c , hereupon compare i n de, then . m ango? run-sus,

I begi n to belt on my sword aga i n (which had been laid aside on his return) .

672 . i n scrtabm u the strap by which the shield was made fast to the

arm was cal led i n ser tor i um 277, c ; G . 224 ; H . 469, ii.

674. ten debat : this appeal of mother an d child,is imitated—with

some variation — from the meeting of Hector and Andromaehe ( l l. vi.

394-

485 ; Bry 5 15 et seq ) .

675 . et n os rap e, drag us too.

676 . ex pertu s, after the tr ial you havemaria—em see 5 292, a ;G . 324, Rf

’; H . 549, N .

”

678. con i un x di cta, I , on ce ca l ledyour wifi,but now n o longer,

sin ce you desert me .

680 . di ctu 303 ; G . 437 ; I I .

681 . m an n s, i .e . as she held him out to his father ; compare mbat, v . 674.

11. The {En eiaf I49

682. l ev i s apex , a l ight tip (of flame) properly any sharp poin t, as

of a hil l ; but especial ly the poin ted top of the cap worn by theflamen

( the priest of a spec ial divin ity) , and the Sa l i i , or dan cing priests of Mars .

I t was n o doubt these sacred caps that Virgil had in mind ; though the

phrase strictly mean s on ly the appearan ce of a l ight flame on the child’s

head. As in the case of Servius Tul l ius, it sign ifies his future royalty.

684. lam bere, play aroun d. pasc i , i .e. stray , as if it were an an i

mal graz ing.

685 . trep idare, histor. in fin itive 275 ; G . 650 ; H . 536, I ) . (Thecon struction

,as usual , marks the haste and ex citemen t of the occasion .)

686 . ex c u tere, sn atch away ; properly, striking it off with the han d .

sa n c tos, because it was a divin e omen .

688. cael o ( dat., 225 , b G . 344 , H . 385 , towards heaven .

690 . h oe tan tum : supply p recor or the l ike .

691 . d ei n de, i .e. after having looked upon us an d judged our case.

fi rm a, confirm by some fresh omen . A second omen of sim i lar mean ing

would, in the practice of augury, con firm the first on e of con trary mean ing

would n eutral iz e it : hen ce it was customary to wait for a secon d.

692 . q ue, used like the common cum , see 325 , b.

693 . i n ton u i t l aev um 238 ; G . 33 1, R3; H . 371, thunder

on the left was a favorable Sign in Roman augury.

694. stel l a, i .e. of course, a shooting-star or meteor, a phen omen on

always regarded w ith superstition by the an cien ts. facem d ueen s,

draw i ng a tra i l of l ight, l ike a firebran d ( fa x ) waved in the han d.

695 . l l l am , the star n otice how the Latin , by the sk ilful use of pro

n oun s, avo ids repetition in English we can n ot secure the emphasis here

by using a pron oun , as the Latin does.

696 . I daea s i lva, mark ing the place of gathering. The light, says

Servius, sign ified the future glory of the house ; the fiery trail, that some

would stay behind ; the length of the path, their long voyage ; the fur

row ( su leus) , that it must be by sea ; an d the sulphur-smoke, the death

o f .En eas,or the war in I taly. Probably the Trojan s did n ot see so much

in it .— e l a t um , sti lt br ight .

697. l im i te, path,see n ote, Ecl . i . 54 ( abl . of man n er) .

699. so to l l l t, l ifts himself from the couch, where he is lying—ad

au ras, con stan tly used of any com ing forth from obscurity or seclusion .

70 1 . i am iam , etc ., An chises’words. m ora, i .e . on my part. ad

sum , 1 am w i th y ou .

703. vestro i n n um i n e, un der your protection .—Tro la., i .e . the fu

ture Troy.

704. cod e, I resist n o more. eq u i dem on ly emphasiz es the words.

150 Notes. [5 .a .

706. aestus, etc., the surgi ngflames roll the conflagrati on n ea rer ; it

seems best to take aestus as subject, though the iden tical forms leave

the matter in doubt ; but some editors prefer to make i n cen di a the

subject.

707. ergo age : observe the haste marked in this l ine by its abn ipt

n ess and rapid movemen t. im pon ere (passive reflex ive) , p lace y ourself708. um eri s, abl . of mean s.

710 . sa l us, mean s of safety .

71 1 . l on ge, at a distan ce, apparen tly on accoun t of the greater secu

rity of smal l parties ; in charge, perhaps, of the servan ts.

713 . u rbe egressi s (dat. of ref., 235 , b; C. 354 ; H. 384, NP) , asyou

go forth from the ci ty . d eser tae Cereri s : the goddess is con founded

with her temple.

715 . rel ig ion e, reveren ce, most l ikely the original mean in g of the

word ( re- lego )’compare respect, regard.

716 . ex di verso, from var ious di rection s.

717. sacra : ex actly what these were it is hard to tell, perhaps the gods

( P en ates ) themselves. Cf. ii i . 12, andF'g' 77°

n ote. (See Fig. 64, p.

719. m e, for me ( emphatic) .—at

trec tare n otes, it is a si n to han dle

them . don ec abl uero similar purifying rites are common in al l rel igions.

72 1. i n stern or, see 5 I " , N ) ; cf.

§ 225 , d ; G . 209 ; H. 465 .

722 . veste, pel l e (hendiadys) , a tawnyl ion -shi n as a robe. super , adverb.

724. im p l i cu i t, clung tight . n on

passibu s aequ is, n ot l eep i ng step with

my longer stride. For a represen tation of

the scen e see Fig. 77.

725 . opaca, cf. note to i. 43 2 .

726 . dudum ,but m .—moveban t,

cou ld a larm .

729. com l tl ( 5 227, e ; G . i.e

I ulus.

730 ° porti s ( 5 3 3 5 : 5L

731 . evasi sse, passed safety through. creber of m y , as if it

agreed with p ed um .

734. aera : probably helmets and other arms, or it may be a on e of

hendiadys.

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[el isam

75 1. caput, l ife.

75 2 . obscura l im i n a : the archways or the like.

753. vest ig ia l ustro, traci ng bach'

our footsteps, I fi l low than

through the darhn ess, a n d scan them w i th my eyes.

75 5 . h orror, i .e . scen es that make him shudder. an im o, se. est.

756 . 31 forte tu l isset, rf haply by any chan ce she had tur n ed her

step th i ther 334, f ; G . 462, 2 H . 529, The repeti tion of si forte

emphas iz es the hope lessn ess of the search as well as its dil igence.

758. i l lect, fbr thrr'i th see n o te, v. 424.

759. aestus, thefiery tide.

76 1 . asylo, a G reek word, lit. i n violate, a place that may n ot be rav

aged, such as a temple . Selecting the temple of Jun o, their patroness, forprotection from their own forces, the G reek chiefs were here guarding their

spoil in the vacan t colon nades.

762. P hoen i x , the aged in structor of Achilles, sen t with Ulysses to

plead with hi s pupil, in I I. ix . 168, 432.

764. adyt is ( dative ) .

765 . auro, a poetic use of the abl . of material, Cf. s 244, c.—vegtls,as the an cien t garmen ts were n ot cut, they were used also for draperies,

and were a valuable arti cle of wealth.

766. p ueri , m atres : the women and children are to be sold as slaves,

an importan t part of the booty ( see v. 238) compare E ach. Ag. 326-329.

768. voces iac ta re, to utter cr ies [at random] i n the da rhn ess.

771 . tect is, among the houses.—f u ren ti , roam i ng wi ld ] ( dat. fol.

low ing v i sa , cf Eel . i .

772 . i n fel i x : Creusa just below assures him of her felicity (v.

but her apparition i s sad as causmg grief.

773. n ot i‘

t m a ior, larger tha n the wel l-huawu form. This would seem

to indicate a deification , cf. v. 788.

775 . adfar i , d em ere, historical in fin itive. The line is doubtful .

778. asportare see, in Con ington’s Virgil , a discussion of the various

forms that have been given to this l in e.

779. fas the div i n e w i l l , se. est .

780 . l on gs ex s i l i a, i .e . ex i le in many distan t places.

781 . Lyd ius Th yb ris, the Etr uscan Tiber . See the story in Hero.

dotus, i . 92. The Lydian s, he says, were vex ed for twen ty years with a

grievous famin e, in somuch that they ate food on ly once in two days, ia

ven ting divers games to spend the in terven ing day ; and at len gth sent

half their population to colon ize the coasts of I taly. From this story comes

also the epithet .ll a’on ia , viii . 499. An other story, told by Hel lan ieus, an

earlier writer, makes the Etruscan s to have come from the north.—vm

n . The zEn eia'

. 153

an imitation of épya dvdpé'

w.—l en i

784. parta, won , though n ot yet

possessed ( cf. iii. for gen der see

187, 6 ; G . 282 ; H . 439, 3. C reu

sae ( objective gen itive) ,for the lovedCreie

’

sa .

785 . n on ego,emphatic, cf.v. 787.

Cf. 11. vi . 454—465 ; Bry. 581 .

786. servi tum 302 ; G . 436 ;

H .

787. This l in e has been completed

with the words ci tua con i un x .

788. deum gen etri x : Cybele was

the chief divin ity of this region . Vir

gi l mean s eviden tly that Creiisa is to

become on e of her attendan ts, passing

from ordin ary human ity to a half-dei

fied state .

”Compare v . 773 ; iii . I I I .

790 . l acrim an tem , cf. n ote to

Ecl . i . 29.

795 . sic, i .e. bereft of her.

797. adm iran s, won der i ng.

798. p ubem ( poetic for l uven

tus) , a gen eral ex pression for all who

have outgrown their boyhood.—ex

s i l l o the warriors of a n ation

“

gathered for ex i le,”and n ot for de

fen ce.—volgus, throng.

799. an im is with moral, op ibus

w ith material, preparation ; see note,

i . 571 . parati , se. deduci , supplied

from ded ucet e.

800. vel im , se. deducere ; see

5 342 ; G . 63 1 ; H . 5 29, ii .—polago

( 5 258, g) .—deducere, the regular

word used of a Roman colony.

80 1. i n gis ( loc. ablative) .

803. spes op is, hope of [giving or

eceiving] help.

804. cessi , i.e. I yielded to fate.

[E xam

Boon II I .

I n this book, the wanderings of dim ers are purposely made to cross

here and there the track of Ulysses in the Odyssey ; but, with modesty as

wel l as ski l l, V irgil avoids coming in to direct comparison with the farwilder

an d bo lder narrative of Homer.

1 . postquam , etc.,after i t pleased the heaven ly Powers to overwhelm

the estate of Asia ,an d the unofl

’

en di ng

'

race of Pr ia m - vi sum , see

§ 324 ; G . 563 ; H . 471 , 41.—eversore, see 270.b; H . 533

2 . im m eri tam , compare dis a l iter vi sum, ii . 428.

3. h um o, from the groun d, showing its utter demolition : see 5 258 ;G . 4 1 1, H . 412, 2.

—fum at : the presen t, although historical , here

den o tes con tin ued action ; the perfect ( v isum est ) momen tary .

4. d eserta s terras, desolate lan ds, i .e. strange, remote, and un inhabited.

d iversa, va r ious, i .e. first on e and then another.

5 . sub i p sa ,j ust by .

6 . An ta n d ro : An tan dros, a town at the foot of Mt. Ida .

8 . vi x i n ceperat et l ubebat, etc., the clauses are in verted, the real

temporal clause becoming the main on e. The idea is, I left, etc., as soon

as the summer began ,when An chises began to urge me. I t gives a greater

idea of haste to say“ hardly had these things occurred when etc.

1§ 325 , h ; C . 58 1, iii . 2,—prim a aestas, ear ly summer , the season,

according to tradition ,when Troy was taken .

9. fat is, a variation upon the usual ven tis dare vel a, to indicate

more clearly the divin e guidan ce and their own helplessness.

12 m agn i s d i s ( a spon daic l in e) he carried, as it were, the protec

ti on of the greater gods of his coun try, as wel l as thepon ies, or household

deities, whose actual images he took w ith him . \Vhether he had any other

relics or fetish to represen t the greater gods we can hardly say, perhaps

Virgil himse lf could n ot,or even what divin ities are special ly referred to.

13 . p rocu l , at some dista n ce, n ot n ecessarily very far : in reality.

across a n arrow strait. Cf. Ecl . vi . 16 . Mavortis : Virgil makes the

fierce population s of Thrace kn ow n o god but Mars.

14. Lycu rgo, the usual dative after the past participle : Lym 'ho

attacked the nurses of Bacchus with an ox -goad, andwas blinded and after

wards destroyed by Jupiter (11. vi . 130- 140 ; Bry.

15 . soci i Don ates, w ith household gods all ied M om : a symbol d

hospital ity and frien dship the words are grammatical ly in apposiflon withterra .

16 . fu i t, for ten se see 279, a G . 220, R. ; H. 471, l .

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[E x am

45 . ferrea seges, i .e. the spears thrust into him have taken root, and

grow in the sand-mound that has heaped itself above his body. This wasone of several tales respecting the death of Polydorus ; in the I liad (xx.

407; Bry. 5 13) he is slain by Achilles .

47. turn vero, regularly used of the most importan t momen t ; ah !

then i n deed ; before, his horror had been slight in compafisom—an cjpwform id i n e, double terror , from the voice an d the sight—m en tem

pressus, oppr essed at hear t.

50 . i n fel i x , w retched in all his later fortunes. E neas tel ls the story,

apparen tly, as related to him by the ghost of Polydorus. al en dan

294, d ; G . 43 1 H . 544,

5 1 . d imderet, began to lose confiden ce : iam with the imperfect gives

regularly this mean ing.

5 3. i l l e : in troduced to change the subject, and refer to Po lydorus.54 . vi c tric ia, a late and poetic use of the neuter, formed regularly,

however, from v ic t ri x , i n its adjective sen se victor ious ; and besides, these

n oun s of agen cy are con stan tly treated as adjecfivm—l ecu tn s, sai li ngw ith 290 , h ; C . 278, R. ; H . 5 50, N3) .

5 5 . fas om n e, every law of r ight.

56. p ot i tur, w ith pen ul t short, third con jugation ( f —qui d

240 , a ; G . 33 1. 2 ; H . 375 )

57. au r i sacra fam es, accursed cravi ng j br gold : sacer, an cientlyappl ied to things devoted to some deity, and hen ce doomed to perish, like

things tabooed in the South Sea I slan ds . Compare D ido’s ex perien ce with

Pygmal ion ( i .

58. p r im um p at en tem , to my fatherfirst, as first in rank and age.

The Trojan chiefs are con sulted ( like the Roman senate) m eeting the

prodigy, an d An chises is pr i n ceps.

59. refero , the regular Roman word for laying a matter before the

sen ate . sen ten t ia , properly, official opin ion , or vote.

6 1 . l i n q u i : the con struction changes to the passive in Lati n , doubtlem

for metrical reason s . but it n eed n ot change in the translation —dare

el ass i bu s au stros, adm i t the w i n ds to the [waiting] ships.

62 . i n stau ram us, the techn ical word for a renewal of any in lperfect

ceremon ies. fu n u s,f un era l r i tes.

63 . M a n ibu s : the {Vo i ces are the spirits of the dead con sidered as

inhabiting the Lower \Vorld. Yt u con ceived as ghosts hover-ing ahout

their o ld seats, or haun ting the l iving, they are lemures or larvae.

64. a tra , Mach, i .e . fun ereal .

66 . i n fer im o s, a sacrificial term . l acte, etc., comp. E01. 1 . 67.

68. con d im us, we lay the perturbed sp ir i t : as we say, to“ lay a

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160 Notes. [Abra m

boring parts of Asia Min or. Her rites were of a wild fan atical n ature,

performed by her votaries the Coryha n tes amid the beating o f drums and

the blow ing o f pipes. The fida si len tio (v. 1 1 2) refer to the mysteries

which belo nged to her worship, n ot to the mode of worship itse lf. Her

car is pictured as draw n hv l io n s. Her worship ( in troduced B .C. 207) he

came o n e o f the most frequen ted in Rome in the later republic. (Her

journ ey to Rome is quain tly represen ted in Fig.

1 12 . sac r i s 23 1 ; U . 349 ;

1 15 . ( i n o s ln , a commo n n ame of Crete, derived from on e of its towns.

1 16 . n ee l on go cu rsu , about on e hundred and fifty m iles 250 ; G .

400 ,I u p p i ter, as god of the skies and storms . adsi t,

see 266. d ; ( i . H . 5 13, i.

1 18. m er i to s, due, i .e . by custom .

1 20 . n ig ram a l bum ( l l . iii . 103 ; Bry. a black victim to

the Power which is beso ught to w ithhold his wrath ( cf. vi . a white

on e to the frien dly deity. fel ic lbus, prosper i ng : cf. i . 330 .

12 1 . reg n i s 258, a ; G . 4 1 1, H . 412,—c ess i sse 330 ,

e ;

f1- 53S» 3)122 . l d om cn ea : according to the story, Idomen eus, overtaken by a

storm ,had vowed to SZl C l

'l llCC to the sea-

god the first l iving thing that

should meet him on his safe return . This proved to be his so n ,who

was acco rdingly SQC l’ l IlCCd ; but a pestilen ce followed, an d I domeneus

was drive n from Crete, an d settled i n I taly ( v. 400) compare the story of

Jephthah .

123 . hoste ( 243, a ; G . 389 ; H. 414, —ad stare, stood r eady .

rel i c ta s ( 186, c ; G .

124 . p el ago 25 8, g ; G . 387; 1,

1 25 . ba c c h atam i n g i s, whose heights a'

re visited i n the orgi es, i .e. in

the rites of Bacchus .

126 . n iveum , o n accoun t o f the much-

prized white marble.

127. c o n s l ta , thi ch str own w ith islands ; hen ce the n ame of the

group, Sporades. The reading con c i ta seems less natural .—terrls

248, c) .

128 . n an t ic u s

129. p etam u s , direc t discourse (hortatory subjun ctive) .130 . p ro seq u i tu r eu n tes, atten ds us on our way . This phrase is

regularly used of human escort, an d so here in a man ner person ifies the

win d .

13 1 . C uretum , priests of jupiter in Crete, where his worshipcon ducted w ith orgies an d n o isy rites, like that of Cybele. H is infan cy was

passed there in con cealmen t, an d his cries were drown ed by the clashing

I I I . The 1 5 728 221. I 6 !

of the arms of the Curetes. (See Fig.—ori s 225 ,

'

b ; G . 344,

H 385.4)132. av idus m ol i or , eager ly I begi n .

133. P ergam am : the historic n ame was Pergamurn .

134. am aro focos, to cher ish/thei r n e w home 33 1,g ; G . 546, R) ;

H . 5 35 , arcem tecti s to erect a stronghold over thei r

habi tation s.

Fig. 80 .

135 . fere ( qual ifying the who le si tuation ) ; the colony was wel l-n igh

establ ished —subd uctae, the techn ical term for beaching the an cien t

ships, which were usual ly kept on land and on ly laun ched on occasion of a

voyage ( cf. v .

136 . c i‘

mub l l s ( trisyllable) , abl . of mean s.—operat:a. i uven tus, the

you ngfolhs w ere busi ed w i th match-mahi n g’

(w ith Cretan women appar

en tly) a n d w i th thei r n ew la n ds.—ar

'vi s 248 ; H .

137. tab ida I n es, a wasti ng pesti len ce compare the ex tended de

scription , G eorg. iii. 478- 566.—m om brl s upon thei r l imbs.

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164 Not“ . [E x am

209. Strophadum , a group of islands in the Ion ian sea, west of

Pelopon n esus, where Zetes and Calais, sons of Boreas, turn ed ( orpéoopac)from the pursuit of the Harpies.

2 10 . G rato, because the name has a G reek derivation , as given in the

preceding n ote. stan t, l ie.

2 12. H arpy iae, apparently person ified storm-winds, but worked up

by the mythographers in to the monsters described in the tex t . Theyin fested the house of Phineus, a king of Thrace (domiciled by others

elsewhere) , but were driven out by Zetes and Calais in the man n er here

described ; hen ce m etn .—P hl n ela, see s 190 ; H. 395 , N.’

2 13. m etn ( abl . of cause) .

2 15 . l ra, scou rge : the wrath put for its instrumen t.—8 tygl l s : suchmon sters regularly had their home in the world below ; of. vi. 285 .

2 16 . vo l tus, se. sun t .

218. fam e 348, 5 ,

2 19. d el at i , sa i l i ng i n ( literally, down ) ; compare i. 381 an d n ote.

l n trav lm us, see 324 ; G . 563 ; H. 5 18.

220 . l aeta, thr iv i ng : a common word for any luxurian t growth ; here

possibly on ly of n umbers, coun tless.

22 1. c ustod e, see 248 ; G . 40 1 ; may be taken as

ablative absolute.

222 . ferro, see 248 ; G . 403 ; H. 420.—ipsum : the emphasis is

either to give a stronger in dication of their honesty of purpose, or else to

show a stil l greater fo l ly on their part in cal ling on Jupiter, the protectingdivin ity of strangers, in their acts of violen ce.

223. i n partem , etc ., to a share of theprey , the common hen diadys.

224. toros, i .e. for reclin ing. dap ibus, see 5 248 ; H. 420.

226 . c l an gor i bus, whi zz i ng of their wings.

228. vo x , cry , n ot yet articulate, as in v. 247, but only the n atural cry

of birds of prey.

230 . h orren tib n s, darken i ng.

232 . d iverso, see 2 16, b ; G . 371, R7 ° H . 397, N .

‘

233. p ed ibus 248 ; G . 40 1 H. 419,

234. eap essan t , see 339 ; 11. 5 23, iii . The m ds of efinm

would be, cap essl te geren d um est .

236 . n o, than , as often in early Latin and poetry ; tha t “ ) objectscompared are simply con n ected by a copula, as we sometimes hear in the

lan guage of children , the first on e men tion ed naturally hl flng the pre

ceden ce hen ce the copula becomes equal to than .-m a proleptic

use of the participle .

237. laten ti a, un seen .

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I I I . TIze zEn ez'

d. 169

304. H ectoreum ad tumu l um , to a moun d consecrated to Hector ,

i .e. a cen otaph erected to his memory. eaesp i te, see 244 ; H . 415 , iii .

quem lun n om , an empty tomb, w/zz'

c/t the ashes of Hector had been

buried in Troy ( I l. x x iv. 797 Bry.

305 . gem i n as : the n umber is common .—l acr lm i s, see 235 , a ; in

prose it would be gen itive (H . 392,

307. am en s, distracted ( ah -m en s, l ike de-m en s, 168, 5 - m on

atr is, the apparition of E n eas seems to her a prodigy.

308. d er ign i t v i su i n m ed i c , even w/t z'

legaz i ng at me size swoon ed.

—ossa ,frame.

309. tem pore 259, d H . 423,

310 . vera ad fers, doyou presen t yourself; a rea l form .4"

3 1 1 . recess i t : if be is a spirit from be low , then Hector m ight be ex

pected to appear in bodily form as wel l as he cf. v . 303.

3 13 . c l am ore, wa i l i ng—fu ren t i , see n ote, Ecl . i . 29.

3 14 . h i seo agi tated, scarce open my l ips i n tlzese fe w

words.- voc ibu s ( abl . of man n er) .

3 ! 5 . equ idem ,

’tis true, w ith a hin t that it is barely life.

3 17. dei ec tam depr ived (with violen ce) .

3 18 . d ign a, equa l to lzer wortlz. rev i si t, retur n s to. There are

real ly two question s here compressed in to on e :“ W hat fate is hers, an d

is it worthy of her?

3 19. The weight of MS. authority is perhaps in favor of An d ro

m aeh e, w ith which to must be suppl ied . But the presen t reading seems

preferable from its simpl icity. For con struction see 2 14, o; C . 360, R.8 ;

H . 398, N .

2—P yrrh in’the omission of the e is col loquial and an tiquated.

320 . d eiec lt : the men tion of Pyrrhus remin ds her o f her slavery and

humiliation .

32 1 . fel i x , etc., t/te on e most nappy beyon d al l mafi a—P riam eia.

vi rgo : Po lyx en a, prom ised in marriage under a truce to Achil les. I t

was at an in terview w ith her that Achil les was treacherously shot in the

heel by Paris an d after the fal l of Troy Polyx en a was sacrificed by

Pyrrhus at his father’

s tomb.

322. h ost i l em 190 ; H . 395 ,

323. sort i tu s , the a l lotmen t of captives among the victors .

324 . er i , often wrongly spel led h erus, see 12 , b.

325 . n os, Opposed to Polyx en a. d iversa, va r ious.

327. serv it io en lx ae, bavz'

ng' born e oflspr z

'

ng to film i n slavery (a

son n amed Molossus) . secu tu s 290 . 5 ; G . 278, R. ; H. 5 50,

328. H erm ion en , the on e chi ld of Men elaus an d Helen , daughter

of Leda, variously said to be the wife and the °betrothed of Orestes.

rVotcs . [Atax i a

329. m e fam u l o , etc., I was his slave, and so he made me over to

Helen us a slave as wel l. A k ind of apo logy for her presen t position .

h aben d am , see 294, d I I . 544 , x .

’

330 . er e

p tae

, see n ote v . 328.

33 1. scel erum Fu ri i s ag i tatus, [wan ted by Me j ur ies tlta t avenged

bis cr imes ( his mother'

s murder) by which the an c ien ts mean t the mad

n ess arising from the act. Fig. 85 represen ts him taking refuge at Del

phi .

Fig. 85 .

332 . p at r ias.

ad the altar where Pyrrhus was slain was usual ly

said to be at D elphi .

333. reddi ta cessi t l ms come by succession .

334. c ogn om i n e, sec 25 3 ; G 398 ; H . 424

335 . Ch aou e, according to on e storv, a brother of Helen us, acciden

tal ly kil led l )y him .

337. q u i ven t i , w/zat w i n ds, w/zat fates, l mve driven you on Mi :

course

338. an t : the altern ative is between an acciden tal arrival (ven t l ) ,and divin e direction (d ou s ) .—igua rum , u n aware.

339. qu id , se. ag i t, a common form of inquiry for on e’s health.

340 . Tro ifi : broken off as if by a sudden thought of ( ;reiisa, whosedeath she kn ow s or con jectures. Perhaps it is n ot too far-fetched to sup

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T/ze zEn eid. 173

36 1. l i n guas, p en n ae, the two forms of augury, from the voice of

birds (osci n es) or their flight ( a l i tespraepez’

es) .

362. om n em , in Ribbeck om n is, which also gives an in telligible

sen se. p rospera : the epithet prosperous, belonging to cursum , is

poetically con n ected w ith rel i g i o . n am q ue : the logical thought is, I

do n ot ask my course, n or the en d of my voyage, but as on e i ll-boding

prophet has sung of trials, how I may overcome these best? ”

363 . suasern n t, lzave advised.

364. rep ostas, far - ly i ng.

365 . n efas, in appos. w ith p rodigi nm , a Izorror to tel l , probably on

accoun t of the omen . W e have someth ing sim ilar in our“ Oh, don

’t

speak of it.”

367. V i to, cf. n ote to n . 322, an d iii . 88.

368. qu id , etc .,i .e. following what course ? p osslm , m ig/rt I

268 ; G . 250 ; H .

370 . resol v i t, apparen tly because the sacrifice was en ded, an d he n ow

appeared in his n ew character as vates, or prophetic seer.

372 . m u l to n um i n e, en tra n ced by t/ze m ig/zty presen ce of thegod.

373 . d iv i n o, i n sp i red.

374 . n am , in troducing the reason of pan ca ex ped iam below.

m a ior ibu s, greater than Helenus ; to wit, under the protection of Jove.

i re 330,e ; G 5 27 ; H . 5 35 ,

375 . m an i festa fid es, ”I t assuran ce is clear

376 . sorti tu r, draws t/ze lot from the urn of destiny.—vol vi t, in

referen ce to the changing succession of even ts, as if in a cycle ; so also

vert i tu r fol lowing.

377. h osp i ta ( n en t. n ot hospitable,”but “ which you shal l

traverse as a lzospes,”or stranger, i .e. strange, foreign .

—l ustres 317, b;

G . 545 , 2 ; H . 497. 2)

378. con s i d ere rest at last.

379. n am , on ly a few ( p an ca ) , for , etc.

380 . sc i re fart, i .e. he is n ot permitted by the Fates to know,

n or by Jun o to tel l if he did.

381. rere, suppose.—I ta l la.m , obj. of divi d i t .—Iam , i .e. to which

you think you have n ow almost come.

382 . v ic i n os ( pred . p aras, supply cu iu s, corresponding to

q u am : this om ission of the relative when it would be in an other case is

n ot un common in Latin the con struction in En glish is similar, but usual ly

suppl ies a demon strative, as here, i ts narbors.

383. l ong is terrl s, by long stretches of lan d, i .e . the coast along

which lEneas must pursue his voyage.—via d ivid i t i n vi a : the all itera

I 74 Notes . ( el i sam.

tion i s in tended, as well as the use z_f two words of the same derivation

(figura cann u la-

gi t a ) as if we should say, a pathless journ ey.

384. Tr i n ac r ia , i .r . tround Sic i ly.— l en ta n d us, to be m ade supple

by the lo ng vo y age , i .e . s imply bon a—a n te q uam , 327, a ; G . 579.

385 . Aus o n i i , the Tu scan sea as opposed to the I on ian .—l ustran

d um , see i tu l e i . 45 3 .

386 . l ac t i s , the marshy region s o f .\vern us, the supposed en tran ce to

the in fern al regio n s ; see vi. 237.—Aen eae, so cal led from the associa

tio n o f magic n ith ( fo lchis .

387. c om p o n ere, establ i s/cfirm ly .

389. t ib i — set'r ct l, reti r ed : see vi ii . 82 .

390 . l i to re is , l ow i ng n ea r [be More.

39 1 . t r ig l n ta c an i t um , l ike the Engl ish of thirty head .

392 . n a t i , in the same co n s tructio n as sus, w ith a verb to be supplied

from l a t tran s late,toi l /z

,etc .

393 . i s on ; we should n atural ly ex pect tum correspond ing to

c um , 38s) , but the con struction changes upon the prin ciple of 195 , d ;

( i . 20 2, ltn’

; l l . 445 , 4 .

396 . h as t er ra s, l /z is pa r t o f l talv, n ear Epirus.

398 . t i ra i s 232 , b ; t }. 35 2 , I I . 388, Apul ia was co lon ized

very early fro m so early that tradition s were in ven ted which,

like that o f . l i n eas , carried the settlemen ts back to heroes of the Trojanu ar.

40 2. su bn i x a m u ro , resti ng on i ts wa l l ; see Liv. x x iii . 30 , for the

desperate siege it s to o d frmn l l an n ihal . P etel la, an o ld city of Bruttium,

said to have bee n fo un ded by l’hi loctates.

40 5 . ve la r t ( imperat. pass ., I I I,

H . wrap y ou r lzead

t /us e' i n a pu rpl e m a n tle ; as the C reek , when he sacri ficed, raised his

to s .» the Roman ve iled his head ; for the prayer of the

fo rme r “ as co n temp latio n , that o f the latter reflection .

”

(Mommsen .)

( Se t: Mg . 3 2, p . l tm . )

407. l to s t l l i s fac ies , tbc f in e of a n en emy , which would be of evil

ome n .

h u n c m o ram : the Roman custom here described is con n ected

w ith .l s to rv that . l ‘fn eas,wh ile sacrificing, was surprised by B iomed

coming to res tore the Pal lad ium,but d id n ot in terrupt the rite.

—ten eto

269, d ; ( i . 26 2 ; l l . 487,

409. ca s t i , piom .- re l ig io n e, sacred observa n ce.

41 1 . ra res t-On t , s/za l l e xpa n d, the strait open ing w iden—c laustra,

t/ze bead/a n ds, which seem to c lo se the passage. These seem wider apart

(rar iares) as the ships approach.

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l 76 Notes . [tENEi D .

438 . l u n on l, n otice the force of the repetition .—ean e v ota, chan t

pray ers al l religious formulae were in verse.

439. si c den i q ue, i .e . so an d on ly so.

440 . m i ttére, y ou sha l l he a l lowed to go, cf. adm i tto .

44 1 . d elatus, cf. i . 38 1 . d iv i n os : Lake Avern us was supposed to

be the en tran ce to the i n fern al Region s, and so, like everythin g con n ected

w ith the l ife and fun ction s of the gods, was in a man n er di v i n as .—C u

i n s eam u rbem , i .e . Cumze .

442. et Avern a, hen diady s . s i l vis, in strumen tal ablative.

443. i n sa n am , fren z ied, i .e . possessed w ith prophetic inspiration .

444 . n otus et n om i n a , i .e . the sign s which express words.

446 . d iger i t i n n um erum , sets i n due order .

448. verum ead em , etc ., but when a sl ight w i n d from the turn

i ng of the hi nge dr ives them i .e . the mere movemen t of the door is

en ough.

450 . n um q uam dei n d e cu rat, she n ever cares aga i n to ga ther the

verses as they dr ift i n the cave, n or r estore thei r place, or reu n i te them .

45 2 . i n eon sn l t i , w i thout cou n sel , i .e. having received n o respon se .

45 3. n o tan t i , q u i n , let n ot a ny cost of delay be of such account

to you , as to preven t, etc. qua, see 105 , d ; C . 105 , I ; H . 190, l .

fue l -i n t , see G . 256, 3 ; H . 483, 2 .—ta n t i, see 5 2 5 2, a ; G .

379 ; I I 404

454. i n c rep i ten t , see 266,c ; G . 608 ; H . 5 15 , iii . -v i , urgen tly .

45 5 . si n us , the ho llow or belly of the sail, best tran slated by the sa i l

itself.— secu n d os, i .e . w i thfiz z'orahle w i n ds.

456 . qu i n , referring back to ta n t i, z '. 453.—a.deaa, see 5 332, g ;

G . 5 50 ; 2 .

457. ea n at , depen ding on p oseas , beg her to reci te the oracles ( 5 331,G . 546, Rs

“; I I . 499,

—ora reso l vat, un seat her l ips. - vo l em

bepleased to, a stan ding re l igious word.

459. fug ias fern s, i .e . avo id, if that is possible, or hear, if theyare unavo idable .

460 . ex p ed iet , sha l l di sclose i n fact, she guides E n eas to An chises,

who himse lf gives the n ecessarv in struction ; see Book vi —ven eratn ,

701m, [My om n’

( pass ive. I 35 , I» ; G . 182, H. 23 1,

46 1 . l iceat, see 320 : G . 634 ; H . 500, i .—quae, see 5 3 19, R. ;

cf. 239, R. ; G . 333, l l . 375 .

462 . i n gen tem Tro iam a greater Troy .

464. don a : gifts at parti ng were a common mark of ra ped , and such

as are here spoken o f were the usual form of wealth in those times , See

the objects in Fig. 54, p . 100 .—un t o (abl . of means ) . —m m : the

I I I . The E n eid. 177

fin al a is long, probably by an earlier quan tity. secto el ephan to : ivory

was chiefly used in thin plates, for in laying.

466 . D odon aeos : according to on e story, Helenus had settled first at

D odon a. The brazen vessels ( l ebetas ) made there were famous, and

were said to ring l ike a bell at the touch, being wrought or cast, probably,

in a single piece.

467. l orieam tr i l ieem , a cu i rass woven three-ply wi th l i n hs of

468. con um gal eae a helmet w ithgl i tFig' 88°

ter i ng crown an d wavi ng crest. The con u s was

the ridge or projection on the top of the helmet,

upon which the crest was fasten ed, probably at

first on ly a spike, when ce the n ame. (See Fig.

88, a) .

469. sua, appropr iate 197, 6 ; G . 299, R.

H 449. 2)470. d uces, gu ides.

471 . rem igi um , outfit of oars ( cf. vi ii .arm i s, armor , etc. Hen ce soc i os is in serted,

”

as

these would be a person al and hon orable gift to

them individually.

473. n o qua. m ora, that there m ight be n o

delay , whi le the w i n d hlew fa i r ; l it., that the w ind may n ot be hindered ;

cf. v. 481 .- ven to, see 235 .

477. t ib i 236 ; G . 35 1 ; H .—arr ip e, hasten to mahe/br .

478. tam en , i .e. though you are basting towards it. p raeterl abare,

compare can at, v . 457.

480 . p ietate ( abl . of cause) . qu i d d em oror, why do I delay the

r i si ng w i n ds i .e. detain you from sail ing w ith them.

482 . d igressu , parti ng, each to go his own way (d i s) , see 245 .

483 . p ictu ratas, woven w ith a thread of gold.

484. ch lam yd em . (See Fig.—n ec ced i t h on ore, is n ot he

h i n d (her husband) i n respect ; paral lel w ith v . 474. (Most edition s have

h o n or i , with the gen eral mean ing that she does n ot fal l short of the

hon or due him. The doubt is an old on e .)

485 . tex t i l i bus, from the loom .—d on i s, see 248, c ; G . 348 ; I i .

334, 2

487. s i n t ( subj . of purpose) . l on gum am orem the con stan t love.

489. m ih i : the dative is used as if qu i sol a. superes were expressed,

in stead of the vocative with sup er ; the adv. super is itself equivalen t to

an adjective . sol a sup er, alon e rema i n i ng. Astyanax , the chi ld of

178 Votes. [Assam

Hector and An dromache, had been hurled from the wal ls of Troy by the

hand of Ulvsses .

491 . p ubesceret, wou ld be gro wi ng i n toyouth from boyhood, i .e . had

he l ived ( the condition is implied in n u n c ) . —aevo ( abl . o f qual ity) .492 . h os, see 228, a .

493 . v iv i te : n otice that the words con tain a farewell ; hen ce the im

perative, in s tead o f an optative subjun ctive.—qu i bus, see 5 232, a .

fo rtu n a p ern eta, i .e . thev have had their share of adverse fate, an d are

at length secure ly happy.

494. sua, used in its ordin ary sen se, but with emphasis con trasted with

n os ; see 196, c ; I I . 449, 3 . a l ia, see 203, c ; H . 459.

495 . p arta, secured . aequor, expan se.

496 . sem p er ced en t ia, ever retreati ng, in al lusion to the in structions

just given bv l l e len us .

499 . ausp i c i i s ( abl . of man n er) .—fueri t ( fut. w i l l prove

to he.

502 . ol im , hereafter . u rbes, first object of faciem us 239 ; G .

334 ; I I

503 . E p i ro, I l esp er ia, i n Epi r us a n d i n I taly .

504. u n am fac iem u s Tro iam : the al lusion is probably to the town

of Nicopo l is, then late ly establ ished by Augustus in Epirus : in the charter

of this town , it is said, the Epirotes were spoken of as kinsmen of the R0

man s.”

u n am a n im i s, on e i n sou l ; loc . ablative. utram tlue, really

belonging to u rbes, but attracted by Troiam ; cf. 5 195 , 4 ; G . 202, It} ;

H 445 , 4.

506 . p el ago, see 258, g. Cerau n ia (Thun der-range ) , the G recian

headland n earest to I taly.

507. I t al iam , term in al acc. w ith i ter ( 5 0. est ) , which is equivalént

to a verb of motion . u n d is, compare p elago, v. 506 .

508. op ac i (pro leptic) .

509. ster n im u r ( reflex ive) .

5 10 . sort i t i rem os, casti ng lotsfor the oars, i .e. having al ign ed each

man to his watch .

”Apparen tly n ot al l were on duty at the our at once.

5 1 1 . c n ram u s, refresh ( a stan ding expression for eating and drink

ing) . i n riga t , refreshes (bedews, cf. i .

5 12 . ac ta , hom e on her car. hor i s ( abl . of means. As the pod !

can person ify, making the mean s the agen t, so they can make the agent

the mean s, and use the simple ablative ) the 0 pm (Sel l bns) manage the

horses o f the gods in l Iomer. I l ere, however, the con ception is changed

from the season s to the hours of the n ight.

5 13. strato ( abl . o f separation ) .

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The {Eneiai 18 1

575 . v iscera, the soft parts, i .e. liquid lava ; cf. note to i . 2 1 1.

577. gl om erat, hur ls i n bal ls offire. fun do (abl . of separation ) .

579. urgueri , is bur ied deep ( indicating the oppressive weight) .

580 . flamm am ex p irare, etc ., breathes out through bursting craters

theflames, i .e. those with which the gian t had been pierced. Other

accoun ts make the gian t’s n ame Typhoeus, the most dreadful of the Titans

who warred again st the gods.

581. m utet latus, i .e. shifts from on e side to the other in his agony ;

for mood see rules for indirect discourse.

582 . subtex ere fum o, l i n es w i th wreaths of smoke, like a woven

( tox o ) vei l below it ( sub ) .

5 83 . teeti : it wi ll be remembered that they usual ly wen t on shore

at n ight. imm an ia m on stra, prodigious horrors.

585 . aeth ra ( abl. of cause) , w i th the l ight , cf. n ote to i . 608.

587. n ox i n tem pesta, the dead of n ight, on e of the regular divisions

of the n ight.

588. p r im o B OO, i .e. at the earl iest dawn . The adjective suggests

the early time, though the noun refers here to the quarter of the sky.

589. um en tern , often incorrectly written hum en tem .

590 . m ac ie suprem a, the last ex trem i ty of starvation .

591. n ova, strange. on l tu, i n pl ight, con dition (as resulting from

care,food,

593 . resp ici rn us, we looh bach, as we are going to our ships.

594. con sertum sp i n is, pi n n ed together w ith thorn s. (Supply erat

ei , though probably the use of the n ominative in this way is a rel ic of an

earlier form of speech in which the verb was un n ecessary.)—cet;era (G r.

accusative) , i n other respects.

595 . This l in e has been supposed to have crept in from 11. 87, but it

seems n atural en ough here.

597. pau l um , Opposed to m ox below.

599 . testor, se. vos.

600. sp i rabi l e l um en ,“the a i r we breathe.

” Open air and day

light are often con fused in an cien t poetry ; cf. ferre i n auras, to bri ng to

601 . to l l i te, tahe me on board ( strictly, take me away) ; see vi. 370.

quascum que, i .e. any . terras ( terminal accusative) .

602. 8010 I adm it.

604. i n iur ia, etc., the wrong of my gu i lt.605 . spargi te tear me i n pieces and cast me.

606. si pereo, if (as appears) 1 mustper ish ( 5 276, c ; G . 219) ”ob

serve the hiatus.

607. gen tbos vol utan s, grovel l i ng on his hnees.

608. qu i , here the same as qu i s.

609. d elude, si n ce, i .e. after the city was taken—ag it et, used like

the presen t w ith iam dudum .

6 to . m u l ta, see 240, a ; G . 331, H . 378, 2.

6 1 1. p raesen t i, for the momen t, i .e. un til we have heard h is story.

6 13 . i n fel ic is, i l l -fated, w ith referen ce to his long wan derings.

6 15 . paupere ( abl . gives the reason for his tak ing service in the

army .—fortu n a , i .e .

‘my condition of poverty. m ul t um, see 5 267,b : G . 254 ; H. 483, 2 ; i .e . would I had been con ten t to remain in it.

6 16 . l l n qu u n t, see 276 , e ; G . 572 ; H.—t rep i d .i , i n trem

bl i ng haste.

6 17. Cyc l op ia, see n ote to v . 623, below .

6 18. sau te, etc . : these descriptive ablatives are equivalen t to an ad

jective phrase 179) qual ifying d om us, see s 25 1 ; H .4 19, ii . The

con struction seems to be al lowed w ith san i e alon e ( con trary to the rule) ,because it is coupled w ith d ap ibus, which has an adjective.

6 19. i pse, opposed to the house .

62 1 . 1100 v i su fac i l is, i .e . on e whom you can n ot loch on w ithout ter

ror ; see 303 ; G . 437 ; H . 547.—u l l i ( dat. of referen ce) .

622 . v i scer ib u s, see 249 ; G . 40 5 ; H . 421, i .

623 . v id i egom et , I saw him w i th my ow n ey es, a repetition of the

storv told in Od. ix . 289—293 ; Bry. 325 .

—628 . q u id en t, to be sur e.

629. d i scr im i n e tan to, i n such an emergency .

630 . su i 2 19 ; G . 375 ; H . 406, —sim ul = sim u lata, as often.

634. sor t i t i v ices , tahi ng our pla ce by lot.

635 . tereb ram us as Homer describes it,Ulys es twirls the stake “as

a ship-carpen ter bores w ith an auger,

”while his compan ion s ho ld it (Od.

ix . 384 ; Bry.

636 . l atebat, was hid under the projecting brow ; cf.Theocr. xi . 31.The on e eye which makes such a savage feature in the picture of the

Cyclops ( Round-eye ) is by some mythologists made a myth of the “eye

of day”; an d the who le story an other fable of the sun

’s l ight quenched in

burn ing c louds ( see n ex t lin e) .

637. A rgol lc l : the shields of the G reeks were ronn d ( l eewhi le those of the Roman s were long.

—c l ipei, a large Shield of bran

gl ittering as wel l as roun d . i n sta r : properly a noun in apposition with

q uod , but it may be tran s lated by an adjective.639. um b ras : the vengean ce for their death is looked upon as an

offering to their departed spirits .

64 1 . qual is : the an teceden t word woul d be tal es, agreeing with

Cycl op es, v . 644.

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l 84 [mittam.

665 . m ed ium, cf. v. 73, note.—iam , i .e. he has got so far, i .e. into

the deep water, without wetting his body.

666 . cal eraro ( historical infin itive) .

667. s ic m er i to , as he deserved ( si c referring to recep to ) .668. p ron i rem i s (abl . of mean s) ,ben di ng low on ou r eager oars.

671 . n ec p ot i s aequare, etc ., an d can n ot heep above the waves in his

pursu it, i .e. he is out of his depth in the open sea ( I on i os fluctus),

( pot i s, se. erat, older form of p oterat, often used with the verb omitted) .673. p en i tu s, i .e. far from the sea.

676. com p l en t, see 205 , c ; G . 202. ex .‘ H . 46 1, 1.

677. n equ iquam , i .e. harmless in the distan ce—l um i n e, a loose

use of the ablative of man n er cf. n ote to m ol e, v . 656 .

678. A ctn eos, dwel lers on E tn a . cael o, to the shy .

679. q ual es, etc ., as when , on a lofty summ it. Supply ta l es .

68 1 . l ov is, the oak is sacred to Jupiter.—D ian ae : the cypress, a

fun ereal tree, is sacred to D ian a as Hecate, or goddess of the Lower

see vi . 13, 247. con sti teru n t, see 279, R. ; G . 228, 2 ; for the

short pen ult see 35 1 , a ; G . 716 ; H . 608, vi.

682 . rud en t is ex cu tere, to shahe out our r ig 'i ng ( v. i.e. the

clewl in es . q n ocum que, fbr any course.

683 . ven t is ( in strumen tal secu n di s, i .e. to take advan tage of

the w ind, and sai l before it, though it would take them n orth ( see below) .684. con tra cu rsu s : this passage is at best of doubtful mean ing.

For wan t of better, ren der, on the other han d the commands, etc., warn us

[l it., the ships] n ot tohold our course between Scy l la and Charybdi s, with

l i ttle chan ce of escapefrom death ei ther way ( i .e. towards which ever side of

the passage we steer) . The on ly certain poin t seems to be the mean ing of

l et i d i scrim i n e parv e , w i th l ittle chan ce of escape from death (cf. ix.

143 x . 5 1 t , an d Ovid, Met. vii . ui on the authority of the gram

marian s is to be taken in the sen se of n o by an an tiquated usage. The

w ind is eviden tly southerly, so that to follow their first thought (mew

acer agi t ) an d run before the wind ( secun d i s) would bring them into

the Straits of Messin a between Scylla and Charybdis. Apparen tly they

could n ot go south on accoun t of the wind, for their ships could not lie

as close to the w in d as our modern craft.

685 . v iam , in apposition w ith Scy l l am , etc.

686. u i , old form for n e. retro, di rectly bach whence they eam us

their on ly other course w ith a southerly wind was eastward again .

687. ecce autem , but lo, just at this crisis the wind changed fair and

gave them a southerly course . an gusta, etc., because it came from the

strait where the promon tory of Pelorus was.

688. sax o, see 25 1 .

111. The zEneid. 185

690 . ta l i s : these are ex plain ed by Achaemen ides as they pass.

rcl egen s errata, retraci ng his wa nder i ngs.

692. Si can i o sin n , i .e. the G reat Harbor of Syracuse the island of

Ortygia, formerly sacred to D iana, is the site of the “o ld city.

”—l l n u,

dative after p raeten ta .

693. P l em yri nm , the southern promon tory of the harbor of Syra

cuse—n n dosum , wave-washed.

—p riores, it was in Virgil

’s time part

of Syracuse.

695 . Arethusa ( see n ote, Eel . x . 1, and Ovid, Met. v. 571

by thy mon th,Arethusa,m i ngles w i th the waters of S ici ly .

696. ore ( abl . of mean s) .—u n di s, see 5 229, e ; ( i . 344, 3 ; I I . 385 , 4the prose con struction would be cum w ith the ablative.

697. n um i n a magn a, the m ighty divi n i ties probably D iana, t o

whom the Islan d of Ortygia was sacred, and Ap ol lo, almost always asso

ciated with hen—iussi , i .e. as bidden by Helen us.

698. stagn an ti s, i.e. the river overflowed the banks, 3 s ource of

fertility (praep in gue) .

699. h i n c, n ex t.

700. rad im n a, wegraze. fat is mover l : the people of ( fame

rin a had been divin ely warn ed n ot to drain a certa in marsh, which they did

in spite of the oracle ; but the en emy, en tering that way, captured the c ity,

702 . imm an is d ic ta, G ela, so ca l led from the n ame o/ its im

petn on s stream . (The doubled i, as in fluv i i, o ccurs on ly in one o ther

place in Virgil, ix .—G el a : a long as in G reek .

703. A cragas ( or Acragan s) , Agr igen tum , the modern G irgen ti .

704. m agn an lm um , h igh spi r i ted.

705 . dati s ven t is, i .e. probably, n ow sailing before the w ind, as justhere the coast turn s much more to the n orthward, and we must suppose

an other favorable change of win d, as in v . 687.

706 . du ra sa x i s, rough w i th rochs ( in strumen tal ablative) .

707. i n l aetab i l is, on accoun t of the death of An chises.

71 1 . p er i c l i s, cf. i . 6 15 . For con struction compzire cut, 11. 6 58.

712 . H el en us, see M } . 38 1-

432 . m on eret, after cum fon t l l Ih/l .

713 . Cel aen o, see we . 25 3—257.

714. h ie, haec : both refer to the passage to D repan um. For the

gender see 195 , d ; C . 202, RP; H . 445 , 4.

716 . u n u s, i .e . he alon e spoke while the rest l istened ( lutm nti l ) .

717. ren arrabat, recoun ted, n ot tel ling them a seco nd time , but go ing

over them a second time in story. cu rsus, his wan der i ngs.

718 . h lc, at this poin t.—qu iev l t, wen t to rest ; cf. i . 748, mmtnm

trah ebat .

186 Notes. [E x am

Boos IV.

the episode of D ido, con tain ed in this book, Virgil has n ot on ly

come n earer, perhaps, than any other an cien t writer to the ton e of modern

roman tic feeling, but he has succeeded in giving,with remarkable skil l, the

picture at on ce of a fon d woman and an orien tal queen . I t w i l l be remem

bered that at the time this part of the E n eid was composed, the in cidents

of Actium were still fresh, and that the defeat of An tony an d the death of

Cleopatra had produced a most powerful effect on the Roman imagin ation .

Many traits o f the royal an d imperious D ido, and particularly the passion

of barbaric wrath, pride, an d despair, in her last momen ts, seem to be

suggested by the sto ry of the Egyptian queen , and fin d their best parallel

in Shakespeare’

s Cleopatra.

1 . at, con trasting D ido’s restlessn ess with qn ievl t, end of Book ii i.

grav i cu ra n o tice the in terlocked order, and the p lacing of the

adjective befo re the c esura, and the n oun at the end.- cura, a sore dis

tress, a regular word for the pangs of love.—sauc la (always of heavy

woun ds) , str ichen .

2 . a l i t ven is , i .e . it feeds upon her blood. carp i tur, is con sumed .

the image being of a flame, which catches successively upon the objectsw ithin its reach.

3. a n lm o, the common poetic dative after verba of motiom—recur

eat, comes bi rch to her thought. The four poin ts are moral character

( vi rtus) n obility (gen tis hon os) personal beauty (voltus) eloquence

( verba ) .

4. p ectore ( locative ablative) .

5 . n ee ( l at, an d a l lows n ot.

6 . p oster-a Aurora , the fol low i ng dawn .

—P hooboen , of Phoebn s ( the regular use of the possessive adjective) . Apollo is naturally con

stan tly iden tified w ith the sun .

8. u n an im am , svmpathi z i ng. m al e san a, distracted : this adverb,

like the English badly , has w ith good qualities a n egative force, with had

an in ten sive force here of course a n egative. sot ot on , see 5 228, a.

9. i n som n ia, dreams caused by her sudden ly-awakened

love.—suspen sam , i n my an x iety ; compare cura, above.

10 . qu is , etc., as often happen s in Latin , there are here two clauses

compressed in to on e, W ho is thi s, etc ., that

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I 88 .‘Votes. [E x a m

ashes or the bur ied shades can care j br this i.e. those are al l that is

left of your former husband, and what in terest can they have in vour

action ?

35 . esto , an d if they did, referring to the preceding. Even in that

case, you have do n e al l that could be ex pected.—m ar l t1 su i tors.

aegram , i n y ou r gr ief :

36 . L i by n e, of L ibra . Tyro, a comparatively rare use of the abla

tive of place from whe n ce .

37. A fr i ca. terra , the-1fr i c lan d ; tr ium phis di ves, i .e. warlike

an d victorious .

38. p l ac l to, pleasi ng to y ou . am or l , dative : partly an im itation of

G reek , an d partly an ex ten sion of such uses as res istere, ob 8 ta.re 229, c ;

G . 344, R3“; I I . 385 ,

39. q u o rum a rv i s , see i . 339, 563. con sed eris ( in d. question ) .

40 . h i n c h i n c ( as usual,of the two sides) .

4 1. i n fren i , r ia’

i ugr w i thou t br idlcs, alluding to a wel l-k n own habit of

the Num idian s, an d in dicating sk ilful horseman ship.—l n h osp i ta, i .e. on

accoun t of the maraud ing tribes on the shore .

42 . d eser ta s i t i : an d hen ce all e rding n o retreat or assistan ce.

R at on ei , the w ild tribes of the desert here hin ted at—like the modern

Bedouin s alarm the imagin ation still more than a regular force.

43. Ty ro , ablative o f place from which.

44. germ a n i , see i . 36 1 .

45 . eq uid em , i n fact, i .e. the c ircumstan ces are providen tial .—Iu

n on e secu n d a : Jun o bo th as tutelar divin ity of Carthage, an d as goddess

of marriage . The con struction m ay be regarded as ablative abso lute.

46. h u n c c u rsum , i .e . their course hither.

47. qu am q u a l em . u rb em ( pred . apposition ) .

48. c o n iug io ta l i , u n der such an a l l ian ce (abl . of cause or means) .The learn er w il l have seen bv this time that the ablative can n ot accurately

be divided o il in to its various uses, for the reason that the author himself

did n ot kn ow which on e he was using, any more than we determin e ex

actly the shade o f mean ing in which we use a common preposition .

49. q u a n t is reb u s ( dative ) to wha t a height.

50 . sac r i s l i tat is , i .e . having propitiated the gods offerings.

l i taro mean s pro l i erly to sacrifice with favorable omens. poets add

a cogn ate accusative, which, as here, becomes the subject of the passive.

5 2 . d esaev i t, has spen t i ts rage, l iteral ly,“ is spen ding

”(s

h i em p s 1 1,c) . a q uosu s, compare i . 5 35 , and note.

5 3 . quassa tae, se. su n t . tractabi l e, se. catn cael um , here,as often , put fo r the weather.

IV. The fi n eia'

. 189

5 5 . solv i t pud orem , did away her scruple pudor is that feeling

of shame which rises from self-respect.

57. b i den tes, the n ame given to the sheep during the second year,

when two of the eight“ m i lk-teeth

”( in the lower jaw on ly) drop out,

an d are replaced by two large, con spicuous, perman en t teeth ; so that, ti ll

the begin n ing of the third year, when two more are replaced in a similar

way, the creature looks as if it had on ly two teeth in al l . This sacrifice

was a k in d of sin -offering.

Fig. 89. Fig 9°

58. Cerer i, Ceres, is called“the lawgiver,

”on accoun t of the

in fluen ce of agriculture on the in

stitution s of n omadic tribes ; com

pare Bcl . v . 29. She, together with

Apol lo an d Bacchus, as wel l as

Jun o,have to do with marriage rites .

A fi n e represen tation of her is given in Fig. 89.

59 . I u n on i : Jun o was the special guardian of women , each woman

having her own Jun o, as every man his gen i us. She presided over mar

riage, an d ( as Lucin a) over chi ldbirth. (See Fig.

6 1 . vacon e, the cow,apparen tly, to Jun o alon e .

62 . ora, i .e. of the statues.—spat iatu r : before a sacri fice, the Roman

performed a slow measured movemen t before the altar, holding a l ighted

torch . p i n gu is : the portion laid upon the altar con sisted principally

of bon es and fat.

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192 .Votes . [th em

here supposed to be given to Ven us, as if she too, as the mother of .‘Eneas,

were to be made a tutelar deitv o f Carthage .

105 . en im , giving the reason for her answering deceitfully, i .e. she

matches craft ith craft. s im u l at am en te , w i th deceitfu l purpose.

106 . averteret -3 17, b; C . 545 , 2 ; H . 497, tur n aside. The

n ame o f the place from which is n ot ex pressed.

107. qu i s abn uat, who so fire/ish as to ref use 268 G . 25 1

H . 486,

109. s i sequa t n r : the con c lus ion is con tain ed in qui s ta l i a, etc .,

which is equivalen t to a statemen t that Ven us would assen t in case, etc.

q uod m em ora s , which y ou suggest for mood see 340, head-n ote G .

63 1, I I . 5 29, i i . 2

1 10 . sed feror, but I am led by the fines, un certa i n whether, i .e.

I have n o w i l l o f my own ,and it mav be that this course is n ot fated.

si vel it G . 462,I I . 5 29, ii.

1 1 1 . Ty r i i s, e tc.,see i. 73

°

1 14. ex cep i t , l it to ok her up, i.e . an swered.

1 16 . eo n fier i ( con fie io ) , be establ ished 142, c, end ; H . 297, iii .

1 17. ven atum 302 ; G . 436 ; H .

1 19. Ti tan : the n ame of the o ld n ature-divin ities displaced by the

gods o f Olympus, appl ied very appropriately afterwards, to the sun -

god

especial ly. retex er i t, sha l l disclose compare recl us is, v. 63.

120 . h i s, dat. after in fu n dam , I w i l l po ur on tha w—gran d i n e

(abl .

12 1 . (111111 trep ida n t a l ae, whi le the ba n ds [of hun tsmen ] hurryhi ther a n d thither the a lae are properly the outriders or

“ heaters who

drive the game towards the gran d bat/n e, as cavalry ( the usual mean ingof the word) serve as skirm ishers in battle .

—in dagi n e, closi ng-up, the

process by which the game are hemmed in at the skirts of the wood ( fromi n d u , o ld form of i n , an d ago ) .

1 23. tegen tu r , w i l l be w rapped or hid den .

125 . Si m i h i certa, i .e. if I can re lv on it.

126 . This l in e is supposed to be wrongly in serted here from i . 73.

127. h ie h ym en aeu s cr it, hcrc sha l l be their marr iage-r i te. Con

ington gives Hym en aeu s, the god of wedlock ; the presen ce of Juno,

Ven us, and I Iymen being supposed n eedful to make the marriage perfect.

n on adversa ta, n ot oly’

ecti ng.

128. dol l s rep art i s ( abl . sm i led at her tra n sparen t crafl.

130 . port i s (abl . o f separation ) . i ubare ex orto (abl . when

the sun beams rose.

131 . rn ra, i.e. with large meshes. (See Figs. 1 1 and 12, p.

IV . The zEn eid. 193

132. Massy l i , i .e. her African attendan ts—odora can um v ia

the heen -scen tedpach of houn ds.

133. th a l am o eun c ta n tem , delay i ng i n her chamber .—l im i n a,

the palace door. The picture is that of a distinguished Roman whose

clien ts an d frien ds await him at the door to escort him to the forum .

135 . son i pes thepran ci ng steed.

137. ch l am ydem ( G r. acc . ) the chlamy s was a round cape, fasten ed

by a clasp over the shoulder. (See Fig. 48, p. c i rcum data, with

a Tyrian cloak surroun ded by an embroidered border.

138. n oda n tu r i n au rum are gathered i n to a hn ot w i th gold.

139. fibu l a : apparen tly a gold buck le to her girdle, though n o such

appears in works of art.

142 . agm i n a i un gi t, br i ngs the ban ds together , i .e. his own with the

other.

Fig. 92 .

143. qua l is Apol l o, l ihe Apol lo, when he qu its the w i n try Ly cia ,

etc . Many tales spoke of the journ eyings of Apo l lo ,which may have refer

en ce to the abode of the summer an d win ter sun , though the description

is pure ly fan ciful an d pictorial . On e of his abiding-

places was among the

Hyperborean s of the distan t n orth.

144. m a tern am , see iii . 75 , an d n ote .

145 . i n stau rat, repeats after in terruption .

146. f rem un t, mahe a confused n oi se. p let l, sta i n ed w i th pa i n t,

l ike the an cien t Briton s . The Agathy rsi are an Hyperborean people.

147. m ol l i fi n gen s, shapi ng his loose lochs, he confi n es them w i th

the soft ga r lan d. fluen tem : the god is represen ted with long hair.

149. segn ior, less br i skly .

150 . ta n tum d ecu s, an equa l glory (with Apollo) .

152 . deiec tae, dr iven dow n .

154. tran sm i ttun t ( se. so) cam pos 239, b; G . 330, R) ; H .

course the open fields.

157. equo 254, b ; G . 407; H . (For two an cien t hun ting

scen es see Figs. 92 and

158. pecora, domesti cflochs ( as he calls them) .159. fu l vum , a mere orn amen tal epithet. I n Fren ch, wi ld an imals

are cal led by the gen eral n ame bi tesfim ves (fulvcr) .164. tec ta , shelter .

—am n es, broad r ivers, a descrip tive ex aggera

tion : the word is properly applied to n avigable streams.

166 . p ron uba, marriage-

goddess ( a regular ep ithet of Jun o ; cf. note

v . but the title is also given to a matron who con duc ts the bride to

the bridal chamber, which fun ction Jun o performs here . The special

fun ctio n o f Te l lus is un kn own . The imagery is of ambiguous tokens

o f marriage : l ightn ings represen t the torches, and the soun ds o f the tem

pest the shouts, while the gods of earth and air attend the ceremon y.

167. d a n t s ign um , apparen tly as ausp ices n uptiar um . Originally

the omen s were taken at a wedding, and in later times person s attended

as a usp i ct s , using probablv some set form of words, though n o omens

Fig. 93 .

were actually taken . Here Tc l lus and Juno seem to be con ceived as

ausp i ces, an d to give the sign al for the marriage to proceed . At the same

time the ceremon ies which belong to each of them ( the phen omena of

the air an d the effects of the storm on the earth) are added, in chiastic

order. co n sc iu s , a w i tn ess.

168 . co n ub i is , dative 234 ; H .—u l ul arun t : referring to

the festive cries o r So n g which accompan ied the marriage procession , but

doubtless here implying also an evil omen .—summ o vert i ce, i .e. of the

trees. As i gn es refers to the l ightn ing, so u l ul arun t appears to repte

sen t the roaring o f the w in d in the tree-tops. Some ceremon ies of a

Roman marriage are represen ted i n Fig. 94.

169. p r im u s 191 ; G . 324, H . 443, NJ) .

170 . sp ec ie, by appeara n ces .

171 . n ee iam am orem , she n o longer broods over a n erd In !

m ed l tar l is to dwel l upon repeatedly in thought.

172 . p ratet ex i t , throws a vei l over .

173 . Fam a : compare the description of the House of M 0111Met. x i i. 39

—6 3 .

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176. pr lmo, atfirst.

177. parva, etc., cf. 11. iv. 442 ; Bry. 5 59.

178. l ra d eorum ( objective gen itive) , i n wratfi at tke gods. The

Titan s who scaled Olympus were son s of Earth ; and when they were

cast down to Tartarus, Earth in anger produced the n ew brood of G ian ts.

(‘

oe

us was of the former brood, En celadus of the latter.

182. subter, ben eath ( adverb) : apparen tly every feather has an eye

( l ike those of Argus, set in the peacock’s tail) .

185 . strid en s, wlzi zz i ng from the swiftn ess of her flight. The refer:

en ce is perhaps to the buzz of rumor.

186 . l uce, i n til e day l z'

flzt —custo s, keepi ng watch —terr i ta t, i.e.

by the con sciousn ess that she is watching them.

188. tam , as often . fic tl 2 18, 6 ; G . 374 ; H . 399, pravl,

perverted.

190 . fac ta, etc ., trut/z an a

'

falselzood.

192 . d lgn etur ( in d.—l un gere ( 5 271 ; G . 424 ; H .

193 . hi em em q uam l on ga. fovere, are maki ng tire wool:

w i n ter long a time of wan ton n ess. To fondle or pamper the wi n ter is a

poetic way of saying to pass the win ter in pamperi ng.

‘

I n fact, the winter

is in terrupted by the divin e message (a.—quam l ongs ( se. tam

l on gum ) , as long as i t lasts.

195 . food a, ba lef ul .

196 . l a rh an , a king of Libya an d suitor of D ido ; see 11. 2 13.

198. H am m on e,“ Jupiter Ammon ,

”the great god of Thebes in

Egypt. (See Fig. Iarbas is here repre

sen ted as having ex tended his worship into

Libya. G aram an t lde Libran , so called

from a n ation in the vicin ity.

zoo . v ig i l em ign em : a fire never suffered

to go out was kept on the altar of Ammon .

20 1 . ex cubias (appos.with ign em ) : thefires are poetically cal led M admen of the

temple.

202. sol um , l im i n a, perhaps n om inative,

but by some taken in the same con struction as

ign em . I n either case the whole is to indici t!

frequen t sacrifices ( p i n gu e) an d festivals ( sortie) .

203. an im i , probably originally a locative : see 218, c, R. ; G .374, L'

H . 399, i ii . 1 .

204. i n ter n um i n a i n tlze very presen ce of ti e M , i.e. withM

visible forms ( statues) about him .

Fig. 95 .

u'

xb'

lt rJ-La

IV . 7718 zEn eia'. 197

206. n u n c, opposed to the doubt he raises in v. 208 that their sacrifices

are idle. p i ctis epul ata torts, ban queti ng on embroidered eon olzes, a

gen eral ex pression for Moorish pomp and lux ury.

208. an to horrem us, is i t i n va i n we stan d in awe of thee s"

The altern ative is either that Jupiter does n ot see what is going on , or that

he cares n ot for mortal affairs at al l, other wise he would n ot perm it it ; in

the latter case the fear of the gods is idle .

209. caec l , i .e. do thy l ightn ings strike bl indly So l n an ia, un

mean i ng. These phen omen a were common ly regarded as the avenging

action of Jupiter.2 10 . m i scen t, ra ise. The word Fig 96

mean s to produce any con fused effect

here used of the w ild thunder.

2 12 . p rot io , i .e. on lan d she had

purchased, n ot taken by force ; hen ce

her con duct is the more arrogan t. l l

tus, i .e. territory by the sea.

213. 100! l eges, an t/wr i t) ! over t/ze

regi on .

2 14. d om i n um , as her lord said

scorn fully.

2 15 . i l l e P ar is : both as vain and

lux urious, and as the successful suitor

of an other’s wife. sem iv l ro , u n ma n

Iy , a later epithet of Phrygian s (partlyon accoun t of their dress, cf. ix .

but not properly of the Trojan s of the

hero ic age.

2 16 . m i tra , a Phrygian cap, having

lapels which covered ears an d chin .

(See Fig. 86, p. 172, and Fig.

—m ad en tem , moist with perfumes.

2 17. subn ex us, tied un der tlze e/z i n . Anything worn on the head,

ex cept for defen ce in battle, was a mark of effemin acy. The Emperor

Hadrian marched on foot an d bare-headed over the sn ows of Caledon ia

and the sultry plain s of Upper Egypt”

(G ibbon ) . - rap to , t/ze spoi l, i .e.

her an d her kingdom .

2 18 . q u i p p e, w/zi le we,forsoot/i (w ith sarcasm ) . fam am , story, i .e.

bel ief that the gods help man kin d ; compare n ote to v. 208. That is, we

worship thee as a righteous divin ity.

219. aras ten en tem , cf. holding the horns of the altar, as appealing

for protection or revenge.

19 Notes. [115mm

222. Mercuri nm ( cf. 0d. v. 28 Mercury , the I talian god of

merchandise (merr ) , was iden tified because of this fun ction with the G re

cian Hermes, the proper messenger of the gadl , protector of heralds, and

divin ity of persuas ion and in tercourse between man and mal i .—tal is

m an dat., gives Ii i /n t/zese eommands.

223. voca , in a sl ightly differen t sense from vocat is ( ii i. Mer

cury summon s the w inds as a god, zEneas implores them as a mortal .

2 : 5 . ex sp eetat, l i ngers. n on resp i c i t, etc., has n o rega rd to tie

cities asszgn ed l: i

226 . col or i s per au ras, i .e. swiftly through the air. The idea is

something l ike on the w ings of the wind.

n on prom is i t, n ot l ike this did bis beauteous mother promise

Irim to be.

M S. i dcoque, or for t/u'

s en d—b is : E n eas was rescued by Venus

from D iomed ( 11. v. 3 1 1—317; Bry. and from the flames of Troy

( ;En . i i. 5 539—633

sed fore, but [promised] tnot be snould be on e wko snon ld govern

I taly ,l ugruit/t [the future destin ies of ] empi re, an d resoun d i ng wi ll tlu

di n of war . in cluding in her promise the warl ike story of after ages, as

impl ied in v. 23 1. regeret ( subj . of purpose, cf. n ote to Eel. iv.

233. m o l i tur l aborem , attempts t/te task—lan de ( 5 260, c ;H . 435 ,

235 . spe : n otice the hiatus at the m um .—l n lm lco, hostile, in

an ticipation o f later history.

237. n av iget : i .e. thi s on e word of command con tains the whole

( summ a , n oun ) . h aec , h ie, tbis referring to the comman d preceding,but agreeing as usual w ith the predicate.

—n ostrl : we should expect

n oster, as the gen itive i s subjective ; but perhaps Virgil uses the formmerely because it is less common .

242 . v i rgam , flee rod ( cad uceus ) twin ed with two serpen ts, familiar

on accoun t o f Mercury’s fun ction s as the emblem of commerce, but prop

erly the herald’

s staff, an d used by Mercury as ulvxm ufl'k in the manner

described here. ( See Fig. For the whole description compare 0d

V ~ 43 ; Dr)'

5 5

244 . resign at, seals first. [re in composition has two ex actly op:

posite mean ings . \Vith s ign o it almost, if n ot always, mean ! to “ do the

action of the verb. Hen ce man y commen tators take it here in that

sen se. As this however does n ot give a satisfactory meani ng to the

passage, it seems better to take it in the in ten sive sen se which is comm

( along wi th the o ther) in r el ego , rec l udo, revi n el o, w . (to

pag as in pan go) , refigo, red im io, rec luso. This word I “

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[E mma

262 . l aen a, a thick wool len cloak , much used under the empire ia

stead of the toga , an d of a“ warm ”

purple (ardebat m ur i ce) . The

whole description is here apparen tly amarl: of luxury. ard ebat, biased.

264. d i screverat, bad broidered ; separated the thread of the warp,

w ith differen t color, gold-thread on purple.

265 . i n vad i t, attaebs ( l ike aggred i tur, but stron ger) .—al tae, a

hin t at the future grandeur and hosti lity of Carthage.

266. u x or i us, devoted toyour br ide.

269. torquet, etc .,robi r ls sky and earth, i .e. guides their revolution .

271 . struts a im at, but wi th special referen ce to the city he is

building.—ter i s ot ia, waste your time ; l it., wear away id len ess, i.e.

mak ing the time idle instead of laborious, and thus wearing i t away.

273 . n ee sup er, etc.,see v. 233.

274. sp es l u l i ( obj. i .e. the hope con n ected with I ulus as your

heir. The n ame, in this con n ection , seems particularly to poin t to the

Jul ian house : Asean ium , as the son Iul i, as the heir.

277. m ed io serm on e, abruptly .

279. am en s, bew i ldered.

283. q u i d agat , a sort of indir. discourse : wbat sha l l he do ? His

words would be q u id agai n . amb i re, approaeb ( in directly) , with the

special view o f propitiating.

285 . d iv i d i t, turn s i n var ious ways.

286 . rup i t, lzn r r ies ; versat turn s rapidly .

287. a l te rn a n t i , vaei l lati ng (whether to inform D ido or not) .289. op ten t, cogun t ( subj . of indir. disc . after the verb of ordering

impl ied in vocat, directs them to equ ip, togather , etc. ( 5 33 1, 11 3 ; G . 655 ;H . 5 23,

290 . arm a : perhaps for defen ce in case of in terferen ce ; but not,

n ecessarily, anything ex cept the outfit of rigging, etc., for the voyage.

robus n ovan d i s, dative 299, b ; G . 430 ; H . 544,

29 1 . Op tum a, best of women ; a mere epithet.

292 . n esc iat ( in d.— speret, expect ; used in a bad as well

as a good sen se. rum p i , see 330,f ; G . 424, R.’

293. tem p tatu rum ( sc. esse) , depending on the idea of saying in

plied in vocat . quae ( se. si n t ) , indirect question depen ding on the

preceding.

294. rebu s, for tire busi n ess. dex ter, st ilfid, as in Rug, m

295 . facessu n t., make [taste to do.

297. ex cep i t, t a ng/i t, i .e . a hin t of.

298. tu ta however safe. eadem , see 0. 190,_ m m

IV . T/ze zE n eid. 20 !

300. i n ops an im i am en s, gen itive, not locative, as in v. 203

compare com pos m en ti s 2 18, c ; G . 373 ; H . 399, i .

30 1 . com m oti s sacri s, at tbc sbabi ng of tire sacred emblems. The

orgies of Bacchus were accompan ied by the brandishing of the thyrsus, the

Fig. 98.

c lashing of cymbals, an d the carrying of the mystic cista con tain ing sacred

emblems, which was probably shaken . ( See Figs. 98 an d

302. Th y ias the priestess of Bacchus, probably from Giro,to

r us/z lzeadlong ; possibly from Hm’

a,

the bran ch of jun iper or fragmen tof cedarborn e in the procession .

t r i eter i ca ( G reek ) orgia, bien

n ia lfi stiva l of B accbus in Thebes,

occurring, acco rding to G reek

an d Roman modes of reckon ing,

every third year. Cithaeron is the

moun tain -ran ge south of Thebes,

where the n ight-orgies took place .

—aud i t0 B acch o, [rea r i ng tbe

cry of B acc/zus, i .e . Evo'

e'

B accbe,

the customary cry.

304. i .e . before he

has found heart to speak .

305 . d issim u l are, see n ote to

rum p i , v . 292. sp erasti , etc .,

Fig. 99.

di d you even nope,fa i l/dess on e, tbat you could lzide sogreat a wrong, an d

stea l si len tly from my slzores ( i .e . n ot on ly go, but con ceal your going) .

307. da ta d ex tera = pl zglzted fa itlz ( i .e. the three poin ts are love,

hon or, an d pity) .

309. h ibern o si d ere, u n der a w i n try sky .

qu id , tel l me.— si n on , i .e. if you had a place to g0 to instead

of being a wan derer in search o f lan ds to settle in , even then you would

wait for better weather why n ot do so n ow when the case is much worse ?

3 13 . p eteretu r, etc . wou ld you seek Troy i n y ou r fleet over Ike

bi l louy deep

3 14. m en e fug i s, is it from me you fly ?—te oro, I pray you,by tlzese tears, etc . In such appeals some words usual ly come between

p er an d the words it govern s .

3 15 . a l i ud n i h i l , i .e. n othing else but prayers an d appeals to

your pity and hon or.

3 16 . co n ub ia, ou r un ion , in its civil aspect ; h ym en aeos , the formal

rites of mar r iage n o t ful ly complete d, however.

3 17. q u i cq uam m eum , a ny /ki ng i n me.

3 18. d om us 22 1, a ; G . 376 ; I I . 406,

320 . p rop ter 263, N . ; G . 4 14, R.

3; H . 569, n .

—Libycae, com

pare v . 203 .

32 1 . i n fen s i Ty r i i , i .e . my own people are in dign an t.

322 . q ua so l a, etc {bat fam e ( as a faithful widow ) by wkicb alone

I m tg/i t leave asp i red to flee skies.

323 . cu i , to ruba t .

?—m 0ribun dam ( stronger than m or i en tem),i n {be agony of dea l /z .

324. h oe n om en , i .e . of guest. I t is said that this passage was

recited by V irgil w ith pecul iar pathos.

325 . qu id m oror , ruby do I delay to die P—an , is it ? ( 5 211, b;

G . 459 ; H . 35 3, 2,

326 . d estruat , see 328 ; G . 574 ; H . 5 19, n . 2 .

327. s i qua subo l es : many heroes of the an cien t legends had

children by their forsaken brides and D ido, throughout, regards her

own un ion w ith [En eas as a true marriage ( compare v.

328. a n te fugum , stil l in the ton e of reproach.

329. tam en , after a l l . The word always implies a preceding 000°

cession ( al though, even when there is n on e expressed . Here it kt“though I had you n o longer.

- referret 342 ;

represen t.

330 . cap ta, betrayed.

33 1 . m on i t i s ( abl . of cause) , modifying the whole idem—mcompare vv . 369, 370 . equ i d em , certa i n ly .

332 . ob n i x u s, w i t/i a str uggle.—p rem ebat , i.e. he da

appear in his face n or wo rds .

333. to, subject of p rom er i tam , but put nex t to

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204 Notes. [E urum

354, capi ti s, etc. (obj. gem ) , (be wrong don e toM dear aye ; supply

adm on et from preceding lin e .

35 5 . fata l i bus, desti n ed ( v. For case see 5 243, a ; G . 389 ; H.

413.

356. n un c, a n d n ow [n ot on ly these but] even , eta—In terp res,

spokes”: an ,messenger .

357. utrum q ue, i.e. both yours and mine : I swear by can our l ives.

360 . l n cen dere, to tormen t .

362. iam d ud um tuetu r, Izod long been eyei ng “ h m .

here is used l ike the historical presen t instead of the imperfect, but is

modified by the adverb, so that it is equal to the pluperfect inmm upon

the prin ciple often cited.

364. ta c i t l s si len tly ,though the eves are said poetical ly them elves

to be silen t.

365 . n ee, etc ., i .e . al l vour pretended origin is false, such a heart could

o n ly come of a barbarian origi n—caut ibus ( locative ablative) .

368. quae reservo jor robo t greater occasion I k ? a}

passion reserved .7 i .e . why should I restrain myself?

IV. The {En etd 205

369. mu n , etc. : D ido turn s tEn eas’self-command in to a reproach.

l um i n a, i .e. did his glance waver so as to show any emotion —aman

tom ( 5 22 1, a) .

371. quae qu i bus (both what shall I say first, and whatn ex t s"—ia.m iam n ee, n o longer n ow .

372. n ee ocul is, etc., i .e. the very gods are un just.—haec, my

af a i rs, as h ic often refers to what belongs to the first person . aequ i s,

impar tial .

373 . fid es : sin ce a pledge has been broken by on e whose life I saved

under such circumstan ces, confiden ce can be secure nowhere.

376. n un c ( emphatic) , opposed to the time when she rescued him .

378. h orrida i ussa, those fr ightful orders : compare the ex pression

with the emphasis E n eas lays in v . 356.

379. sc i l i cet, etc. doubtless this is a task for the heaven ly

powers, a care to vex them i n thei r repose.

381 . sequere, pursue. ven t is, u n das, hin ting at the perils which

she hopes he may n ot escape.

382. equ i d em , but, i .e. go if you wil l, but I hope it will be your de

struction .

383. h au su rum : the figure is too harsh in English,“swallow your

doom , i .e. meet your j ust doom , drown i ng an iong the rochs. D i do, ac

cusative object of vocaturum , i .e . in his remorse, seeing that his fate is a

just pun ishmen t.384 . atri s ign ibu s, w ith smoky torches, as the Furies are represen ted

(vn . sequar, etc., i .e. l iving an d dead I wil l pursue you.

ahsen e, i .e. my memory shal l haun t you l ike an avenging Fury.

386 . um bra.adero, my ghost sha l l haun t you .

387. ven l et; fam a : the shades below were supposed to receive in tel

ligen ce from earth through those n ewly dead.

388. serm on em : apparen tly the in terview, not her own words merely,

which seem to have come to a cl imax .—aura.s, i .e. the light, the free air

of heaven .

390 . m u l ta : the word repeated can hardly be used in two sen ses.

Hen ce it must mean Preparing to say much, and at the same time hesi

tating to say it,” both words being govern ed by di cere.

—m etu, i .e. of

adding to her distress.

391 . su sc ip i un t : D ido apparen tly fain ts as she turns away, though

Virgil leaves it un said.

392 . th alam o i n to her chamber . strat is 260, a ; G .

413, R} ; H . 380, ii.

393. p l us : although this is a stock epithet, yet Virgil seems to have

206 Notes. [112mm

purposely put it in here to remind us that tEneas is acting un der divine

direction , and to coun teract our sympathy with the betrayed woman.

dol en tem her gr ief:

395 . gem en s ( con cessive, 5 292 ; G . 670 ; H. —a.n lmum

l abefac tus, waver i ng i n m i n d.

397. tum vel-o; i .e. then more than

°

ever.—l i tore ( loc .

398. d ed ucu n t, the techn ical term ; cf. i. 5 5 1, an d note.

399. fron d en ti s rem os, [boughs for] oars, sti ll un tr immed ; cf. i

400 . stud io ( abl . of cause) , i n thei r eagern ess.

40 1. m lgran t ls cern as, y ou m ight discern them ( from a distan ce) on

thei r way . I n prose the verb would be imperfect ( 5 3 11, a, R. ; G . 252 ;

H .485 , but the presen t is used here just as the historical presen t is forpast tenses.

403. rep on un t, lay away a common force of re in composition .

405 . cal l e a n gu sto, on thei r n arro w truth, as the man ner of an ts is.

407. m oras, the fault put for the offenders—fervet, is al ive.

409. fervére, an earl ier form for fervére ; see 5 134.

4 10. arce ex summ a, from the top of the citadel, where her palace

appears to be, as was Priam’s. See ii. 438.

41 1 . m i scer i , disturbid, fil led con fusedly.

412 . q u i d , see 240, a ; G . 331, H. 375 .

414. a n im as, her proud heart.

415 . f rustra m or i tura, doomed to die i n m in .

416 . p rop erar i ( impersonal ) .

4 18. coro n as, as offerings to the gods.

4 19. s i , etc. s i qu i dem ) , if ( i .e. sin ce) I have been able to look

forward to this great sor row, I sha ll a lso be able to endure it .

420 . tam en , etc., yet ( though I can bear it) , do use this on efavor42 1 . sol am , i .e . more than al l others.

422 . col ere (hist. in f) , [was won t] to regard.

423. m ol l is ad i tu s, the easy approaches. —tem pora, M .

424. b ostem sup erbum , the haughty stranger the n ames for

stranger, en emy, an d guest easily shaded in to one an other. Of these.

guest was probably the origin al mean ing of this word. (See derivation inLex icon .)

425 . n on ego, etc .,i .e . I am n ot an enemy to be imped ed—e!

sc i n d ere ( compare n ote to rum p i , v .

426 . Au l i d e, see n ote ii . 1 16 . Aulis was the gathering-place of

the G recian fleet again st Troy.

427. n ec revel l i , I have n ot disturbed the ashes or the M 0]

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2 10 Notes .

vi. She was sometimes represen ted with three correspon ding forms.

ora ( in appos. w ith l l eca ten ) .

5 12 . spa rserat, the lustration was practised with almost all sacred

rites.—Avern l , see n ote, vi . 1 18, 239. The water here used is spurious

( s im u la tos )

5 13 . a'

én i s : these details all had a magic sign ifican ce. I n the present

in stan ce the bron z e was a rel ic of earlier times when th is was the common

metal .

5 14. p uben tes, or l ux u r ian t—n igri ven en i : the associa

tion o f dark Co lo r w ith po ison is o ld an d quite natural.

5 15 . eq u i d o fro n te “ There grows on the forehead of the horse a

lo ve-charm, called h ippo/mu ses, of a dark co lor, the size of a fig ( car ica) ,which

,immediate ly after the birth o f the foal , is devoured by the mother,

or else she does n o t suck le her foal ."

Pl in . N . H .,viii. 165 .

5 16 . arm o r , usually tran s lated lave-charm .

5 17. i p sa,o ppo sed to the priestess. m ol a, 248 ;

spr i n t-l i ng the br u i sed gra i n w ith holy han ds ( i.e. ceremon ial ly pure) .

5 18 . u n um p ed em certain rites were performed w ith o n e foot bare

( cf. )vid c ited above) .—rec i n cta , u ngi rded : the loose garmen ts were

assoc iated w ith magic rites. This costume doubtless appears in works of

art, but n o represen tatio n was accessible.

5 19 . con sc ia, an al lusion to astrology of course if the stars revealed

the fates they must be supposed to kn ow them .

5 20 . $ 1 q uod n um en , etc .,whatsoever dei ty 305, d ; G . 628) has

i n cha nge those who love w ith u n requ ited love (n on aequo foedere) .

e u rn e 233 ; G . 350 ; l l .

23 . saeva, ragmg.—q u i cran t 128, a ; G . 15 1, 1 ; H . had

come to r est.

5 25 . p ie tate, manr-colored.

5 26 . q u aeq ue, both those which dwel l , etc. dum ls (abl . of man ner) .

5 28. This l in e is doubted by many editors. If it is rejected, taeentmust be suppl ied from v. 5 25 .

5 29. a n im i , sec 2 18, c, R. ; G . 374, R.

3; iii . I , an d cf.v. 203.

P h oen i ssa : the verb is n o t strictly any on e of the preceding, but these

are al l fused in to o n e gen eral i dea o f rest, to which n on belongs ( not toi n fel i x ) . I t i s better n ot to supply this verb in tran slation .

5 30 . so l v i tur i n som n o s , i s r elax ed i n sleep. ocu l i s ( locativeablative ) . n oc tem , i .e. the influen ce o f n ight.

5 32 . fluc tua t, she vaci l lates, i .e . her love and wrath al tern ate in her

m in d in an ebbing an d flow ing tide . The change of subject, though an

n atural in pro se, is n ot un common in poetry.

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Votes . L'ENEID .

5 64. c er ta m or i , ben t on death, and accordingly reck less ; compare

cer tu s ou n d i , w ith n o d ifferen ce o f mean ing 273, d ; C . 429, H.

5 33, i i .—v n r lo , cha ngi ng c f. 532 .

5 65 . n o n fug is , w i t/y ou n ot/ly .

’see 276, c ; G . 268 .

5 66 . lam , pr esen t/r.— t rab l bu s , i .e . the (

“

arthagin ian fleet.

5 68. a t t iger i t, see 307, c.

5 69. V i l l’l l l l l l , s ee 189, l ( i . 20 2

,I I . 438, 4.

57 sub i t is um b r i s , the sua’a’en appa r i tion .

5 72 . fa t iga i , ( h ides .

573 . v ig i l a te, wahe n ( l it ., be awake) .

5 74. so l v i te, u n fi t /“1.

576 . sa n c te d eo rum , hu/t' dei ty 2 16, l) ; G . 371,

5 78. s id era fora s , g ra n t as prop i tious sta rs ( weather) .

5 82 . l i tu ra d eseruere, i .e . a n d n ow they have l eft the shor e, taking a

n ew po in t of fl ew to i n d icate the haste o f the action .

5 87. aeq ua t is , w en , i e . right before the w ind.

590 . ab sc i s sa , n e .u i ; .—flaven tes com as ( cf. co l l ee ta, i . 320

an d n o te) tor /cs, the co lo r un iversal ly ascribed to hero ic person s.

591 . ad ven a , a n adven tu rer .— i n l u ser i t , i .e. laugh my power to

sco rn ; the fut. perf. ln u li s fo rward to the completion of the act, as if she

said shal l he succeed in do ing so

5 92 . n o n a rm a e x p ed ien t, w i l l n ot my men br i ng for th thei r wea

pan s .

593. n ava l i bu s ,from the « t oe/gran ts. (A pecul iar abruptn ess is given

by the pause at the e n d o f the l ifth foo t : n otice also the rapid an d hurried

movemen t o f the fo l low ing verse .)fl am m a s , v el a : the reading tel a.seems forced .

595 . m on tem , i .e . her purpo se o f death .

590 1111110 , emphatic u n happy D i do is i t n owfirst that you r wrong

c ou t; [to Svchx us ] comes home to y ou .

9

597. tum d ec u i t , emphat ic : then i t ought.—cum dab as 277,

when you ‘3 . rm’

him th. St e/“tn before you put the power in his hand.

on d e x t ra , i .e . the right han d given in mak ing a pledge, as w ith us ;

spoken w ith sco rn . i .e th is then is the hon or o f this most pious hero . For

the con fus io n of moods an d ten ses in the whole of this passage see A, & G .

G r.,chap . 4, n ote .

598 . q uem n i n u t ( i .e . ei u s q uem ) , of him who, they say , carries

w i th him his cou n try‘

s gods.

600 . n on p o t n i d iv el l ere, cou la'

n ot har e tor n P 288, a ; H.

5 37,—ab rep t n m z o z . R. ; ( l . 667, R) ; H . 549,

602 . epu l an d um 294, d ; G . 43 1 ; H . 544, see the story of

Thyestes.

IV. The zEn eid. 2 I 3

603. fuerat, might have been 308, c ; G . 246, fu i sset, sup

pose i t had 266, c ; G . 257; H . 5 14,

604. q uem m etu i , i .e. why did I n ot do it ? —faces, i.e. set the

ships on fire. The Roman s drew their ships on lan d and fortified them

t n l i ssem ,I ought to have, etc. 266, e G . 266, R.

3) .

605 . foros, thegangways.

606. ex sti n x em , for ex st i n x issem 128, b ; G . 191, 5 H . 235,

607. op era om n ia terrarum , a l l deeds of morta ls.

608. i n terpres et con sc ia, con scious w itn ess properly agen t, or

even cause, as the goddess of marriage.

609. tr iv i i s, see n ote, Eel . i ii . 26. u l u l ata, i n vohed w i th shr iehs.

6 10 . D irac, see 71. 473.—d i , the special or tutelar divin ity, but why

more than on e is n ot clear. Perhaps it was con ceived as twofold : hen ce

the expression M a n es, and the custom of erecting two altars to the shade

( cf. i ii . The idea of divin ities in pairs was a common Roman n otion .

6 1 1 . acc ip i te, hear ,as often . h aec , these my words. m er i tum ,

as 1 have deserved (agreeing w ith n um en ) . There is underlying these

curses the idea of the second sight of a person about to die.—m a l i s

ad vert i te n um en , tur n your power to (avenge) my wrongs.

6 12 . an d i to, gran t.

6 14. h ie term in us h aeret, this en d ( of his wanderi ngs) rema i n s

secure.

6 15—6 20 . at, at least. These are the omin ous l in es which were open ed

by Charles I ., when he con sulted the Sortes Vergi l ian ae at Ox ford . I t

w i l l be n oticed that they are so worded, that they do n ot preven t the

ex pedition of tEn eas from being on e of fin al glory an d success. The

curses are l iteral ly fulfil led in the later fortun es of tEn eas ( see the later

books of the r’En eid) , in cluding his reign of on ly three years, an d the

loss of his body, which was swept away by the Numicius, or at least was

n ot found after the battle in which he perished .

6 16 . ex torr i s ( ex -terra ) , an ex ile .—fi n ibu s (abl . of separation ) .

6 19. op tata, longed /or , a gen eral epithet of light. As we might say

in Engl ish,“the boon of light.

622—6 29. tum vos n epotes : an imprecation prophetic of the

Pun ic wars ; which, strictly fulfil led, made the greatest struggle, but also

the proudest military glory of Rome.

623. ex ercete, pursue.

625 . ex oriare ul tor, ar ise thou ( unkn own ) avenger al i

qui s, because n o on e person is supposed to be mean t. No Roman ,

however, could hear it without thin k ing of Han n ibal ( cf. Livy, x x i . 1, 1,626. qul seq uare, topursue 3 17 ; G . 632 ; H . 497, i .)627. n un c ol im , n ow or hereafter .

2 14 .Votes . [E n ron

629. i ps i quc n opo tesque, i .e. may the warfare begin at once, and

n ot cease . that is cut o ff befo re the nex t verse ( synapheia) .63 1 . ( 11111111 p r im um , on the i n sta n t.—a.brum pere, to destroy .

lu cem , ti/e.

6 33 . 111111111110, etc ., j br her own the darh tomb ( e i n is ) held i n hert l d l l t 'e' la n d .

634. m i h i h ue s is te, br i ng,r hi ther to me, lit. set ( cause to stand)

beyor e m e.

( 15 5 . c o rp u s s pargere, to spr i n kle her body for lustration with

run n i ng water, a 1 c 1y an c ien t li lo — p roperet, see 331,3; G . 65 5 ;

l l . i ii .

( 130. p ec ud es, the black s heep, sacrificed to Pluto ( I ov i Styglo) .The 11te fo r which she is o s ten s iblv preparing is a mock fun eral, in which

the cy/ig t.s o f an d his cam 'iac arc to be burn ed on the pile ; see 21.

490. m o u s t ru t 11, appo i n ted .

637. s ic vou lu t , i .e . after having made such preparation s.

633 . pa rav i , see or . 504—508.

640 . c a p i t i s per son she speaks of the fun eral pyre of the faithless

Trojan , disguis ing the fact that it is her own .

64 1 . n u l l i , i .e . bus thng.

642. c oun t is i n n u u n ibu s, her hor r id purpose, lit., that which she has

begun ( abl . o f caus e ei l‘

ern , madden ed.

643 . t rem en t i s ( accus ative ) .

i n rum p i t : she rushes down from the tower (v. where she

has been hitherto , in to the in n er open court.

647. q uaos i t u 111 11111n u s, a gift soughtfor n o such serv i ce probably

an orn amen tal sword or dagger given her by E n eas ; though this seems to

con tradict 507.

648. h ie , hereupon .

649. m on te , thought.

650 . q ue q u e, correlative.

65 1 . ( l u l ees ex uv iae, etc ., dear rel ics whi le fate an d thegod al lowed.

65 2 . ex so l v i te, i .e. by m y death.

654. m agn a , i .e . I shal l go a famous woman .

65 6 . u l ta v i rum , etc ., i .e. she has avenged her husband by carrying

away her brother’

s mon ey and people .—recep i , in flicted the due (re

pun ishmen t ; see n ote to ii . 103 .

65 7. fel i x , a verb fu i ssem is impl ied, the apodosis of tet ig issen t.

tan tum , on ly ,l it., so much an d n o more .

660 . s ic , s ic i uva t i re, thus, thus, [ j oy to go ( as she speaks these

words, she is supposed to stab hersel f twice) the words imply that though

un avenged, still even thus she joys to go .

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2 16 Votes. [E mma

686 . sem i an im em the first i is read like y ( 5 347, e G . 717;

H . 608, iii .

687. si ecabat 277, e ; G . 224 ; H. 469, tr i ed to ste n ch.

689. st ri d i t, gurgles.

690 . c ub lto 254, 6 ; H . 425 , 1,—ad n i x g lean i ng.

l evav i t , suppor ted.

691 . toro , dative, or possibly loc. ablative ; cf. hum i , v. 48 1 .

692 . quaesiv i t l ucem the an cien ts were strongly impressed with the

thought that the last act of the dying was to gaze upon the light—re

p er ta, se. l uco (ablative absolute) .

693 . l on gum , prolonged.

694. I r im : I ris was the messenger of Jun o ; but the thread of life

was usual ly supposed to be cut ( for women ) by Proserpin e (v .

695 . q uae reso l ver-ct, to disengage the swea ti ng sp i r it and the

close- loehed l imbs ( subj . of purpose) .696 . fato, i .e . by n atural death m er i ta.m ot to, i .e. by death in curred

by her own guilt.

698. e r i n em as a few hairs were plucked from the head of the vic

tim before sacri lice, so the fatal lock must be cut from the crown (ver

t i ce) before death ; cf. sacrum , v . 703.

700 . eroeei s, of couns e, the rainbow,the pathway of the goddess.

70 1 . m i l l e co l ores, i .e . the actual rainbow, which in Homer is not an

attribute o f I ris the divin e messenger, though called by the same name.

traben s, draw i ng out the long l ine of co lon—so l e, see i 25 5 , a ; G .

408 ; I I . 43 1, 4 .

70 2 . h u n c ( se . er i n em ) . sacrum , predicate.

704 . u n a , at the sam e time.

70 5 . i n ven tos : the breath was n aturally iden tified the life

sO l l l ; cf. an i m u s, an im a, ex an im is, etc.

v. The zE n eid. 2 17

BOOK V .

THE fun eral games in this book make an agreeable in terlude in thémore serious action of the poem . Many of the in ciden ts of these games

are taken directly from the accoun t of the fun eral games of Patroclus in

the twen ty-third book of the I l iad. The con test of ships, however, an d the

equestrian ex hibition , are features wholly origin al . The in ciden t of the

burn ing of the fleet, variously told, was part of the old Trojan legen d .

1 . i n terea, i .e . during the time of D ido’s death m ed i um i ter, i .e.

he is wel l on his way ; compare aeq uor m ed ium , i n . 664.

2. cer tus, fix ed in his purpose .— atros Aqu i l on e, darh ( ruffled)

w i th the n or th w i n d.

3 . iam con l ucen t : the pi le built osten sibly to burn the effigy of

[En eas is supposed to serve for her own cremation .

4. accen d er i t, see 34 1 , d ; C . 630 ; cf. H . 5 24. The clause may

also be regarded as an in direct question .

5 . d u r i , etc., bu t the cruel pangs of a great love betrayed, an d the

kn ow ledge of what a madden ed woma n can a ttempt, lead the hea r ts ofthe Troj a n s i n to sad j br ebodi ngs. Though they have n o certain kn ow l

edge, yet they suspect the cause of the fire .—po l l u to : the word mean s,

properly,“ desecrated

”; here

“ betrayed.—am 0re 25 5 ; G . 409 ;

H .

6 . poss i t, an in direct question serving as a n oun in agreemen t w ith

n otum . n otum , see 292, a ; G . 667, H . 549, N .

’

10 . o l l i 235 , a ; G . 343, H . 384, 4,—caeru l eus im ber ,

da rh ra i n -cloud .

1 1 . i n h orru i t, the waves grew rough w i th black shadows. Virgil

doubtless has in m in d the dark appearan ce o f the water produced by a

squal l ; compare a t ros, v . 2 .

12 . i p se, even the pilot himself is at a loss.

13 . qu i an am ( an archaic use of qu ia, cf. iv . ah why ?

14. p aras, have i n store.

15 . co l l igere arm a , to secu re the rag i ng,i .e . to make all tight, an d

prepare for the gale ; perhaps a m il itary rather than n autical phrase.

i n cum bere, ben d to.

16 . obl iq uar s i n u s, tr ims the sa i l : they had been sai l ing w ith the

w in d astern (aeq uat i s vel i s, iv . probably from the southwest, and

as the win d n ow comes from the west, they can n o longer sail on the same

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2 3 0 NOIC'S. [M m

suppose that the prayer is addressed to the winds themselves ( cf. i

60 . v el i t, may he [An ch ises] bepleased togran t that, when my cityestabl ished

,1 may (yer h im y ea r ly these r i tes i n temples con secr ated i n is

n ame ( s i b i ) . The co n s truction is that of an object-clause after p osca

m us, w ithout u t .

62 . ad h ibete ep u l i s, bid toyourfi ast ( see Hor. 0d . iv. 5 , 32 ; OVlt

Fasti iv. 827

64. s i when ( cf. G erman wen n ) . n on a Aurora : the n ovemdia.

was a festival on the n in th day after death, when the days o f mourn in

were ended ( see 11. x x iv. 664 ; Bry. 843 :“ Nin e days we would bewai l hit

in the hal ls

66 . p o n am , a techn ical word ; compare Eel . iii . 3 1 .

67. q u i : the an teceden ts are the subjects of ad si n t .68. i n c ed i t , advan ces proudly.

—v i ri bus, referring to wrestling.

iaeu l o : the hurl ing of the javelin is n ot in cluded in the games whio

actually fo l low .

69. fid i t aud et , ven tu res.

71 . o re faveto, i .e . let on ly auspicious words be spoken : the for:

regularly used for imposing silen ce when a rel igious ceremony is about t

begin ,because an y quarre ling or il l-omen ed ex pression s would destroy th‘

san ctity of the rites . ram i s : the wreath was a regular accompan iment oi

all religious ceremon ies.

73 . n ev i m a tu ru s 2 18, c ; G . 374, H . 399, of rip

y ears, i .e. old as compared witi

Elymus or Ascan ius.

75 . ihat, passed.

77. carch es ia, bow ls ( compare

i ii . 66 ; Ecl .v. 67) a vessel peculiar

to Bacchus an d Hercules . (See Fig.—B aech o, see 5 244.

78. san gu i n e, of course of a

slain victim ; cf. Eel . v . 66 .

79. purpu reos, gay the an c ien ts applied the word to a wide rangt

of colors on the purple side of red, an d so often used it of a merely brigh'

color as here.

80 . c i n ere recep t i , the ashes [of my father] i n va i n rescued cf

iii . 71 1 .

8 1 . un im ae, um b rao : plural , l ike bl anes, though of a single person

82 . n on l icu i t ( ex clam ) why was i t n ot perm ifled “ e h compan

iv. 5 50 .

Fig. 103 .

V . The f un d . 22 !

83. qu i cum que, whatever , but agreeing in gender with Th ybr im ;

the expression impl ies a very human doubt as to his ever reaching the

river, almost as if he said,“ if there is any such.

”

84. an gui s : the gen ius (v. 95 , in dwel ling spirit, or tutelar divin ity)of a place, especial ly of a tomb, is frequen tly typified by a serpen t in

an cien t art ( compare Ovid, Met. x v . 389, (Fig. The seven

coi ls have been fan ciful ly held to sign ify the seven years of E n eas’wan

dering.

87. cu i , see 235 , a .—terga squam am (obj. of i n cen d eba t )

tran slate,changing the con

struction , whose shi n flamed

w i th darh-blue spots, his sca les

w i th gleam i ng spechs, a thous

a n d var ied colors, such as the

bow casts on clouds when oppo

si te the su n .—n o tae z by a

n atural in version o f ideas the

marks ( n atae,fulgor ) are said

to light up the material, as it

were .

89. i ac i t : the subjunctiveis usual after cou ; but here

there is on ly a comparison ,

as when ,

”and n ot, as usual, a supposition ,

as if.

90 . 1110, the serpen t n otice this common use o f the pron oun s to

change the subject.91 . ta n d em serp en s slo wly w i n di ng. p ateras : the arran ge

men ts for l ibation con sisted of a vessel o f some kind here p ocu l a, ca r

chesia, so cal led, to hold the l iquid, an d a sim ilar shal low vessel from which

i t was poured, patera . l év i a : n otice the quan tity.

92 . l ibav i t , compare i . 256 and n ote. d apes, the offerings of blood,

w in e, m ilk .

94. h oc (abl . of cause) . i n staurat con ti n ues w ith fresh zeal .

gon ium l oc i : local deities seem often to be con ceived in the form of ser

pen ts . The worship of serpen ts is a very an cien t custom .

95 . fam u l um : as a deified person , An chises m ight have a special

attendan t.

96. p u tet , see 334, b. b iden tes ( see iv . sues , iuven cos, the

suovetau r i l ia . (See Fig. 82, p.

99. rem i ssos, sen t bach to share in these solemn ities : apparen tly the

shade, l ike a divin ity, came to receive the offering ; compare ii i. 303.

Fig. 104.

222 Notes . [E urum

100 . q uae cop ia every ma n accordi ng to his abi l iq , i .e . eam

cop iam q uae, in apposition w ith ( 10 1111, etc.

102 . o rd i n e, i n long ar ray ; i .e . all partake of the feast i n compan ies ;

each aroun d its ow n kettle or lire .

104. seren a, w ith l uee.

10 5 . P haeth on t i s, the sun -

god (Eel . vi . 62) —equ i . ( See Fig.

Fig. 105 .

106 . fam a , the talk of the games .

108. Aen eada s : these famous ex iles are more attractive even than

the games . v i su ri , see 293, b ; C . 673, 3 ; H . 549, 3 .—cortat e

273, b ; C . 424 ; I I . 5 33, ii . compare Eel . vii. 5 .—para t i 187,

d ; C . 20 2 R) ; I I . 438,

109 . c i rc o ( v . 239) it mav here be used of the place of gathering, or

of the c ircle o f spectators .

1 10 . t r i podes : the tripod was a tal l, slender, three-legged stand

used to suppo rt sacred objects used in worship ; a very common prize in

games ( l l . x x ii i . 2 59, 264, On accoun t of the famous on e at

D e lphi, it is pecul iarly associated w ith the worship of Apol lo . ( See

Fig.

1 12 . p erfu sae, dyed.

1 13 . c om m i sso s, see 292, a ; G . 667, H . 549, N .‘

1 14. p a res, i .e . r i va ls . rem i s : the an cien t galleys rel ied on oars

for the ir i n ameuvres. but used sails for speed. The ship-race here

takes the p lace o f the chariot-race in Homer, adopting some of its

in ciden ts .

1 16 . l ’r i st lm these fabulous creatures were probably represen ted in

the ships’figure

-heads .

1 17. M em m i : it was a fan cv of the Roman s to derive their names

an d descen t from thew lrojan heroes .

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AV

128. ap ric i s, sun-lovi ng that love to sun themselves .

129 . fron den t i , i.e . it is set up there, leaves and al l.

1311. pa ter, in his character as patron of the game.

13 1 . ue ir en t ( subj . of purpose—c ir~cum nectare : they had to

w i ll n 111111! the rock in turn ing, as around the meta in the circ us .

134. p ii p tuen , of poplar , because these were funeral games ( Bel . vn.

1-1 1 no tice the quan tity.

1311. In tc n tn , se . sn n t .

t ;7. ha tl r l t, etc ., throbbi ng apprehension strai ns thei r beati ng hearts.

Fig. 108.

140 . p rosi l uere, bon m /forwa rd said loosely of both ships and crew.

The perfect indicates the sudden n ess of the action .

14 1 . versu, upturm d ( ver to , n ot verro ) .

142 . p ar i ter, together , n o on e being i n advan ce.

143 . t r iden t ibu s, the form usuall . given to a ship’s beak , a remin

iscen ce o f which is still seen in the prow of the gondola. The beak was a

mass ive projection of brass or iron , in ten ded to sink or disable an enemy’s

ship in actio n ,l ike the modern ram .

"

(See Fig.

144. b i iu wo eertam i n e char iot-race. Virgil here brings in the

Homeric con test bv \t a\ of comparison .

145 . eareere . the boun d, or starting place ; properly, stal ls 111 which

the horses were con fi n ed till the word was given

imm i ss is, at f ul l speed. i n gi s, often referring to teams.

147. p ron i , etc ., the action o f \1h1pp1ng the horses.

148. 11tud i i s, a regulm word fo 1 ex pressions of approval -high take

sides. I t refers to both p l au su , c lapping, and M M , “ which

226 [Votesx [E urum

195 . quam quam 0 , a n dy et oh that : a half-ex pressed w ish . eu

p eren t, etc .,let whomsoer'er the gods favor, w i n the first p r i ze at least

to come of last let us be ashamed.

196 . h oe v l n c l to, w i n this at least ( cogn ate

198. p rocum b u n t , ben d to their oars. aerea , armed w ith brass.

199. sub t rah i tu r so l um ( for aeq uor) , t he course flies ben eath

them . a rt u s,frame.

20 1. v l r ls, i .e . Mn es theus'

crew,of the Pristis .

202 . a n im i 2 18, e ; G . 374, I I . 399,

03. i n iq uo , i .e . dangerous.

20 5 . m u r ice, reef : properly a rock jagged and rough, l ike some sorts

o f shelhish (m u rex )

.‘oh . ob n i x i c rep uere, str ihi ng aga i n st i t, crashed. pep en di t,

while the stern s til l dragged in the water.

207. m ora n tu r : tran slate as a participle, delay i ng.

208. t rud t‘s , buat-huohs, tipped w ith an iron crescen t. con tos,poles

tipped w ith a spike .

2 1 1 . agm i n e v oca t i s, w i th the rap id dr i v i ng of oa rs, a n d with

a n appea l to the w i n ds.

2 12. p ro n a , deseen di ng, i .e. where he can run smoo thly down to

shore.

2 15 . p l n “ sum ,flutter i ng.

2 16 . tor-to , i n her home ( the rock ) .

2 17. rad i t , shims : n otice the rapid and smooth movemen t of the

verse.

22 1 . b rov ibu s vad i s , sha l low reef} , the adjective real ly adding

n othing to the mean ing, e x cept to express the idea from an other point

of view.

222 . d i s c en tem , pr a etis i ng ( said w ith a touch of humor) .

l c o n seq u i tu r , ur'er tahes.

2 2 0. u rg uet , presses him elase.

2 2

7 c l am o r , the eheer s ( from shore) .

8. i n st iga n t, spu r him on .— studfls, w ith thei r favor i ng ap

p lause.

229. p rop r i um , thei r deserved, i .e . so far won . hi , Cl oan thus and

his men .

230 . u i ten ean t, for are indign an t at the disgrace (which will be

theirs) if they do n ot,”etc . 341, e ; G . 603 ; H . 5 1 1,

23 1 . h os, Mn estheus an d his party.

234. fud i sset , poured forth. l n vota : i .e . the gods are m moned

to be w itn esses to his wows.

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V. ThezEn eid. 229 .

284. datur : n otice that the u is lengthen ed before the m m ( 5 359,

f ; G . 715 H . 608, —M i n ervas, she was the goddess of al l house

hold arts.

285 . gen us ( acc. of specification ) .

286 . ten di t ( se. i ter ) .

288. th ea tri c i rcus, the ci rcu it of a theatre ( a place of exhibition ,fiction a l ) . The word theatr um design ates the place for the spectators

on the hill-slopes whose outl in e formed the ci rcus or race-course in the

val ley between . Theatres an d circuses of the an cien ts were ordinarily

placed in simi lar n atural val leys, sometimes with mason ry to complete the

outl in e

290 . con sessu to the gather i ng-place ex structo , a raised

platform from which gen erals were won t to address their troops.

291 . vel i n t, in formal indir. discourse 341, c ; G . 666 ; H .

292 . p on i t, see n ote Ecl . iii . 3 1 .

293. S i ca n i : apparen tly the same people as S i cu l i . The n ame,

reapers ( from seco is supposed to in dicate an agricultural people.

Traces of them are found in I taly as far n orth as the n eighborhood of

Rome ; but they seem in very early time to have been crowded in to the

islan d of Sicily, to which they gave its n ame.

306 . l evato ferro, of pol ished steel .

307. cael atam , i n la id, i .e. the han dle. The word, properly mean ingembossed,

”came to mean any kind of ornamen tal figured work .

309. flava , referring to the pal lid green of the olive.

3 1 1 . Am az on iam : the Amazon s, as well as the Thracian s, were said

to have been al lies of the Trojan s.3 13 . teret i fibu l a gem m a, a clasp w i th ( or of ) a pol ished jewel .

317. n im bo sim i l es, i .e. in a con fused crowd .—u l t im a sign an t,

they marh thegoal with their eye.

3 18. corpora, suggesting the n otion of flying projectiles.

3 19. em i cat, darts —fu lm in i s al is : the thun derbolt is represen ted

on coin s, an d in poetry, as w inged .

” Compare Byron :“ leaps the live

thun der.”

323 . quo sub i p so, at his very heels.

325 . sup ersi n t : we should ex pect the imperfect con trary to fact, but

the presen t makes it more l ively as a stil l possible con dition .

326 . am b iguum que rel i n q uat, an d would leave h im behi n d who is

n ow i n doubt. Heyn e’s reading -ve, or , would give a more n atural and

easier in terpretation , would leave i t ( at least) doubtful , but the MSS. are

again st it .

328 . l ev i san gu i n e, i n the sl ippery blood. I n the I liad, it is A

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[.Ennm.

413. san gu i n e, etc ., i .e . of those he had kil led in his time.

4 15 . aem u la, en vious, as if o ld age grudged what little strength might

yet remain .

4 16 . spars i t : i .e. the gray hairs are scattered among the rest.

ean ebat, from ea n eo .

418. sed et, su i ts ; compare our common expression ,“ The coat sets

wel l .”—auctor, strictly a voucher : here, on e who confirms the view bv

his authority.

42 1 . d u p l i cem , i .e. the abol la, or double-folded garmen t, worn by

him 011 accoun t of his age .

422 . m agn os a rtus the m ighti ly -kn i t l imbs.

423 . ex u i t ( se . vest ibus ) , bored ; see 225 , d ; G . 348 H . 384, z .

425 . an n i s, see n o te to v . 423 .

426 . d ig i to s 259,g ; G . 4 13,

429. l n cessa n t, urge on , i .e . by sparring.

430 . i ll e, the on e Dares, as the first-named, and so farther off on the

page 102, ( I an d be) .

432 . gen ua, dissyl lable .

434. i n gem i n a n t : it is better to keep the same subject, though vol

n era might also be the subject.435 . son i tu s, i .e . their chests ringwith the blows

—auris : what case ?

See the quan tity.

436 . creb ra , ma ny times : cf. c reber, 11. 73 1 .

437. n i su , posi ti on , strictly referring to the bracing of the feet.

438. corpore m odo, by the movemen t of his body merely : a techn ical

expression cf. Cic . Cat. 1, 6 , end .- tel a 237, d ) .

439. m ol ib us, si eg-7t'orhs.

443 osten d i t ,pn tj brth, the propermean ingof theword

445 . el ap su s, leapi ng asi .de —cessi t, dodged.

446 . effud i t , spen t. n l tro, un touched, i .e. without any blow from

the o ther.

448 . q uon d am , sometimes cf. 11. 367and 416.

449. rad ic ibu s ( abl . of separation ) , by the roots, according to our

idiom ; cf. G eorg. i . 3 19.

450 . stud i i s, w i th partisan zea l . compare n ote v. 343.

45 1 . cacl o 225 , b ; G . ,.H 385 ,

453. casu, by hisfal l .

454. i ra (ablative) .

45 5 . tum , n ow ( emphatic) .

457. i l l e, an imitation of Homer (bye) . I t emphasizes the distan t

subject ; cf. i . 3 .

v. The E neid. 233

458. quam mul ta : the proper correlative is supplied by the expres

460 . creber, aga i n an d aga i n . versat, dr ives this way and that.

462 . an im is, cf. un im os, i . 57.

466 . v i res al ias, an other power, i . .e a god, al luding to the sudden

change of the con test in v . 45 5 .

469. u troque, to either side.

473 . superan s an im is, w i th over -ween i ng pr ide.—tan ro (abl . of

cause) .

479. l ibrav i t, bran dished. The feat here described was performed,

it is said , by Caesar'

Borgia.

480 . ( BM W cerebro, dashi ng out i ts bra i n s.

481 . stern itur bos : the metre of this celebrated verse has been

equal ly blamed an d admired by critics .

483. p ro m orte D areti s : a substitute, such as is found in many early

rel igio n s, for human sacrifices, puppets, some lower an imal, or a symbol

ized act of sacrifice . m el iorem : spoken wi th some con tempt of his

an tagon ist, as well as because the substitute is more acceptable to the gods.

487. i n gen t i m an n , w ith m ighty han d, as of heroic stature and

strength (Con ington ) or, perhaps, w i th a strong crew of mew—Sel e ct“possibly the same w ith Sergestus, whose damaged ship might wel l furn ish

the rigging.

488. t ra iec to i n t u n e, fasten ed by a cord passed over the mast, an d

tied to its foot ( cf. v . 5 1

489 . quo ten dan t ferrum , at wh ich they a re to a im the steel ( subj .of purpose) .

49 1 . c l am ore sec u n da, w i th shouts of applause.

494. ol iva , perhaps an oversight, as Cloan thus (v . 246) is wreathedwith laurel . Ol ive, palm, an d laure l make the regular prize of victory.

496 . con fun dere foed us, to breah the tr uce, at the bidding of Athen e

( 11. iv. 104 ; Bry.

499. et i p se, even he too.

50 1 . qu isque, in appos. w ith v i ri . See 205 , c, R. ; G .305 ; H .461 , 3.

504 . ven i t, reaches.

50 5 . t im u i t; pen n is, i .e . showed its fright by its fluttering.

506 . p lausu , appla use of the spectators.

508. a l ta peton s, a im i ng high, because the other had aimed too low .

te l um , the ar row . teten d i t, stra i n ed an d a imed .

509. m iseran d u s , un lucky .

5 1 1 . qu i s q u i bu s .

5 12 . n otos, to the w i n ds, depen ding on i n .

5 13 . con ten ta , ha rd-drawn .

234 i

'Votes . [; Es El l

5 14. f ratrem , his brother l’an darns, regarded as a sort of patron sail

of archerv. i n vota voc av i t, ca l led an i n hi spray ers, l it ., cal led to her

his vows .

5 15 . spec u l a tus, sighti ng her i n the open shy .

5 17. ast r i s aeth er i i s : a commo n view made - the soul composed o

fiery aether. from which the stars were fed cf. i . 608 and n ote. Hen ce th

bird left its life in the n atural home of spirit.

5 20 . tam en , i .e . tho ugh he had los t the pri z e .

5 2 1 . aroum , i .e . its power.

5 23 . a ugu r io ( abl . o f qual ity) . —ex i tus i n gen s, the dr ead resul

usual ly un derstood of the burn ing of the ships. The prodigy, howeve

( it has been suggested) , is probably a part of the old lege nd, an d refers t

later even ts in b ic ily, perhaps her wars w ith Rome ( sera om l n a ) .

5 24 . ter r ifie i , dread, from their alarming words . cec i n erun t

i n terpreted. i .e . after the fulfilmen t.

5 27. ca el o refi x a , u n/Ii sten edfrom the shy .

5 28. er i n em , a tra i l of l ight cf. ii . 693.

5 29 . h aesere, wer e tra n sfix ed. The men were amazed , but the lead

ers at o n ce in terpreted the omen for good, an d so removed an y i l l effect

in their fo l lowers"m in ds .

5 34. e x sor tem , outside of the lot.

5 35 . ip s i u s, a gift, as it were, bestowed by An chises himsel f.

36 . n ee ab n u i t, does n ot rej ect the omen . im p ressum

chased ; compare li c l . i ii . 40 .

5 37. i n m ag n o m a n ere, a great gift, lit., in the place o f cf. the simi

lar use of p ro .

540 . E ury t io n , who ,we are to suppose , takes the secon d pri ze, is no

jealous of his rival .

545 . n on d um m i sso : before the archery-match was over, tEnea

had given his direction s for the show that was to follow, so that theremigll

be n o delav. A sim i lar surprise for the spectators was frequen t in ihl

games at Rome ; an d the in troduction of it is here a special complimen'

to Augustus, who had revived this very Troiae Im am ( Suet. Aug. 43)but soon stopped it at the request of Poll io, whose grandson broke his legin it.

547. E p y t i d en : he seems to have acted the part of a M W ”

guardian who con stan tlv atten ded youths of any disti n ction .

549. cu rsus , m ovem en ts .

5 50 . tu rm a s , squadr on s, the Roman term for a division of “ van-y.

avo , i n hon or of hi s gra n dsi r e ( dat. of referen ce) .

5 5 1 . c i rco, course what we should call the aren a.

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236 4‘

V0tes . [E mma

595 . Carpa th i um , the sea about Rhodes ; l ycum , the sea at the

other end of the Mediterran ean .

596 . h un c m orem c u rsus (gen itive) some editions preserve the

symmetry by reading h os c u rsus .

600 . porro, i n successi on .

60 1 . patr lum hon o rem , i ts a n cestra l observan ce.

602 . Tro ia, Tro la n um : see n ote, a. 545 .

603. h ae ten us, eelebra ted to this day . patri , E n eas.

604. n ovavi t, brahe, l it., made a n ew pledge difl'

eren t from the old.

607. ven tos ad sp ira t, compare voca z ephyros, iv. 223 .

608. m u l ta m ov en s, w i th many design s.

6 13 . i n so l a ac ta, on a lon ely headlan d.

6 15 . flen tes, as they wept.

6 16 . superesse 274 ; G . 34 1, 1 : H . 5 39,

6 18. ergo, thus, prepared as they are already.—ha.n d ig n ara. n o

con d i shi l lea’i n m ischief 209, e) .

6 19. rep on l t, cf. rep on o, v . 484.

62 1 . c u ! fu i ssen t 320 , e ; G . 636 ; H . as on e who on e:

had had a a n d n ame, an d chi ldren a woman of dign ity an'

d

in fluen ce amongst the rest, an d hen ce a sui table person for her scheme.

622 . s le, i n this gu ise.

624. t rax er l t, see n ote to fu issen t, v. 621 .

627. cum fer l l n ur , whi le we are sti l l bor n e on cf. iii . 647.

628. s idera em en sae, havi ngpassed through so many storms. The

stars are put for the dangers of the sky, the rocks for those of the deep.

630 . f ratern i , cf. v. 24.

63 1 . d are u t h om they are n ow a people without a city,—a violen t

con tradiction to an cien t n otion s.

635 . i n faustas p unp es, those i l l -omen ed hulhs.

638. ag i 270 , b ; G . 429, R.3 ) .

639. ta n t i s p rod ig i i s : such prodigies admit n o delay.—quattuor

arae : erected perhaps to offer sacrifice for a prosperous voyage ; perhaps

by the four ships"crews, or by Cloan thus, according to his vow ( v .

640 . ( l en s, etc ., i .e . his altars supply the mean s, an d his dangers the

desire.

642 . sub lata p rocu l d ex tra , l ifti ng high her hand.650 . d ud um , j ust n ow .

65 1 . careret 34 1, d ; G . 54 1 ; I I . 5 16,65 5 . am b iguae, etc ., ga zed a t the ships, vaei l lati ng bet ween thei r n u

happ y cl i ngi n g to the ea r th at ha n d, an d the ki ngdom: which summon ed

them by thefines.

V. The zfln eid. 237

658. secu i t, cut her path through the air, as a ship through the water

the rainbow is her wahe.

659. m on stri s : the bow sudden ly appearing, and the departure of

I ris, show the divin e n ature of the phen omen on .

660 . fools pen etral ibu s, probably their household fires in the in terior

of their huts or ten ts.

66 1 . fron d em , the bran ches with which the altars were decorated.

663. p ietas ab iete p o p pos ships of pa i n tedfir . Homer describes

ships by the epithe t scarlet-prowed.

” Figures of gods, etc ., were also

pain ted on the stem s.—ab iete ( trisyllable) , abl . of material .

664 . cu n eos : the division s of the seats of the theatres, so cal led from

their shape. (See Fig. 4 1, p.

666. resp i c iun t, loohi ng rou n d behold .—l n n im bo, i n the cloud ot

smoke.

668. sic,j ust as he was.

669. castra , the en campmen t ( of huts, etc.) n ear the ships .— ex a n l

m es, terr ified.

671 . e lves,fi l low -coun try women , a n ame remin ding them at on ce of

their al legian ce and their hopes.

677. si cubi sa x a , i .e . whatever hol low rocks ( if anywhere) maychan ce to be thereabout. l uc i s, the l ight of day .

679. m u tatae, com i ng to themselves .

683 . est vapor, the heat con sumes slow ly ( l en to s ) . to to

t i e, the destruction si n hs i n to the en ti r eframe.

687. ex osus, se. es, but compare i . 237.

688. p ietas an t i qua, thy an cien t regard ; compare 11. 536 .

691 . quod superest, whatever is left (of the fleet) , cf. v . 796 : either

rescue what little remain s ( res ten ues ) , or destroy it all sudden ly.

695 . ard ua terrarum et cam p ], the high places of the earth an d

the plai n s .

696 . turb l du s, chi ch.

697. super, from above. sem l usta, three syllables.

702 . resi deret : the direct question would be res i dam .

704. Nan tes, said to have been the priest of Pal las in Troy, and the pre

serverof the Palladium,which passed to his descen dan ts, the N a n ti i , atRome .

706 . h aec, i .e. the words of Nan tes below . respon sa, so called be

cause his words are in spired an d oracular. porten deret ( ind. question ) .

712 . vol en tem , a w i l l i ng adviser .

713. sup era n t, etc .,rema i n over from the lost ships, after the service

able on es are filled . q uos pertaesum est, etc ., who are qu ite wear ied

out w ith the en terpr ise a n d your for tun es.

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240 Not“ . [112m m

800. regn is (dative or ablative) .80 1 . gen us : Ven us was born from the sea.

—merul , I ha ve deservedthis con fiden ce.

—furores, the madn ess of the waves, in E n eas’behalf.

803. Kan th um , S im oen ta, see 11. x x i . 2 18 ; Bry. 269. The rescue

of Ai n eas from Achi lles took place before the struggle with the waters, and

Ven us performs the act herse lf ; but doubtless Virgi l follows an other tradi

tion . Compare the whole description with the splen did narrative in

l l omer ( Bry. x x .

8 10 . cm c uperem , though I w i shed : al luding to the treachery of

Laomedon 326 ; G . 5 88 ; H . 5 15 ,

8 14. un us, i .e. Pal in urus, see 859.

8 17. auro, i .e . the golden harn ess.

8 18. efih n di t, the regular word for letti ng loose the reins .

8 19. to n a n t i , perhaps a gen eral epithet of a chariot-whee l or it mayrefer to the roaring of the waters below .

82 1 . vas to aeth ere, i .e . the sky is made empty of clouds.

822 . cete, a G reek plural ( 1071 used for monsters of the deep in

gen eral ( eetaeeous) . ( See Fig. 109, p.

823 . ch or us , ham ! of sea-deities.—G laue l, a sea-divin ity, said to

be completely overgrow n w ith shellfish, seaweed, an d ston es,”so that he

is used by Plato ( Rep . x . p . 6 1 1 ) as the image of a soul in crusted with sin .

l n ou s P a l aem o n : o f the tran sformation of Melicerta, with his mother

1110 , in to a sea-deity ; see Ovid, Met. iv. 426 -

542 .

827. b l an da ga ud ia,flatter i ng del ights.

829. brach ia, sa i l-

yards.

830 . fecere p ed em , made a tack : a techn ical expression . The pes

is the lower corn er of the sai l which is drawn in or out in the tacking.

(See Fig. 102, p.

83 1 . torquen t, detorquen t, of the differen t tacks.

832 . corn ua, spars —sua fiam in a, favor i ng gates ( 5 197, 6 ; G .

295 , R .1; H . 449,

837. sub rem i s, every man close to his oar.

840 . tr i st ia ,firm! i n so n t i , as it was against his wil l.

842 . P h orban t i , o n e of the compan ion s.

845 . furare, stea l away ( l ike stealing a nap

849 . m o n stro , i .e . the terrible deep .

85 2 . ( l aba t, am i ttebat, teuchat z observe the force of these im

perfects . Pal in urus speaks w ithout on ce losing his grasp of the helm,or

letting his eyes wan der from the stars .

854. Leth aeo, the river of the world below that gave forgetfulness ;

cf. vi . 714.

VI . The x i i n a'

a'. 24 1

856 . solvi t, relax es, in con trast to teuchat, above.

859. cum gubern ac l o, compare vi. 349.

864. Siren um ( see Fig. 8 1, p.

865 . quon dam : after they were foiled by the craft of Ulysses (Od .

m . 178 the Siren s are said to have cast themselves in to the sea and

perished.

867. flul tan tem , dr ifti ng at ran dom : [En eas is roused by the irregu

lar movemen t and u te chafing surge again st the cl iff.

BOOK VI .

THE m\

ain action of this book , the visit to the world of Shades, is ex

pan ded from the n arratives of Ulysses in the eleven th book of the Odyssey.

But while U lysses, in a region vaguely indicated as at the ends of the earth,

beyon d the Ocean stream, simply offers sacrifice and digs a tren ch about

wh ich the ghosts crowd eager to taste the v ictim’s blood, an d so hold con

verse with him ; we have in Virgi l a defin ite local ity, and a vast un der

ground realm of which the en tran ce is marked by the sulphur springs and

cavern s n ear the bay of Naples, w ith its well-defin ed region s of the tor:

men ted an d the blessed, according to the more developed though phi lo

sophic and skeptic opin ion of his time . Some passages have been thought

to hin t at the in itiatory rites of certain mysteries, to which Virgil had him

self been admitted ; much of the philosophy is Stoic pan theism an d the

theory of the vision appears to in c lude the Pythagorean doctrin e of me

tempsychosis . Compare Ovid, Met. x v. 1- 487.

1 . Si c fatu r : these l in es, in some edition s, are added to Book V.

imm i t ti t h ab en as, i .e. sets al l sail ( l it., gives loose rein s to the fleet) .2 . E ubol c l s : the colon iz ation from Euboea was of a later date than

the supposed time of Ai n eas. C um arum : Cumre was the o ldest G reek

settlemen t in I taly. I t was situated on the coast, a few m iles west of

Naples, where its remain s are stil l to be seen . I n its foundation Chalcis

o f Euboea was un ited w ith Cyme in Asia M in or,—hen ce the n ame Cumae

the assign ed date is D .C. 1050 ; compare w ith the succeeding description

that in i ii . 44 1- 460 .

3 . Obvertu n t p roras : the vessels were brought up to land stern on

so as to set sail again more easilv .

4. l i tora 228, a) .

5 . p raetex u n t, i .e. a l in e o f stern s is seen along the shore ; cf. 21. 3 .

em i cat, here used in its origin al sen se o f rapid motion .

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v1. T[ze £ n eid. 245

60. Massyl um , Afr ican ( iv.—praeten ta = whi ck l i n e the

fields are spread along the shore of the Syrtes.

6 1 . pren dim us, we bar/e our grasp on Mefleeti ng s/zores.

62. hac ten u s : often thus found separate, a rel ic of the usage

before they grew together.— fueri t secuta ( hortatory subj ., 266 ; G .

256, 3 ; H . 483, tbus far (and n o farther) may tbe fortun e of Troyhave.pursued us.

64. qu ibus obsti ti t w/zo werejealous of or ofen ded by ( strictly,“to

whom it was a stumbling block

66. ven tur i 293, b G . 671 H . 549,—da con s i dere, gra n t

tlzat t/ze Troj an s settle. n on in deb i ta. fat i s, due to my desti n ies : but

fa ti s may be ren dered either as dative or ablative.

69. tem p l um a temple of Apollo was bui lt byAugustus on the Pala

tin e, con tain ing the statue of that god between those of Laton a and D ian a.

70 . festos d i es, the ludi Apol l i n ares, established B .C . 2 12.

71 . pen etral ia, s/zr i n e, referring to the reveren ce

'

paid to the Sibyll in e

books, kept in the care of an il lustrious body o f priests ( l ec tos v i ros ) ,the Qu i n deci nw i r i sacr is faci un di s, an d con sulted in times of publ ic

emergen cy.

74. fol i i s n o m an da, see iii . 445- 45 2 .

75 . ven t i s (dative of referen ce) .

77.i

P hoeb i n on d um p at ien s, n ot yet mastered by Pbabus the figure

is that of an impatien t horse trying to throw his rider. im m a n i s, w i ldly.

78. bacchatu r, ra nges w i ldly . s i p oss i t , to see if s/ze ca n .

79. ex c ussisse, for the ten se see 288, d, R. G . 275 ; H . 5 37, N .

fatigat, wor r ies.

80. fi ngi t p rem en d o , tra i n s leer by con trol .

83. defu n cte, escaped ( having got through w ith) . p eri c l i s, see

249 ; G . 405 ; H . 42 1, i .

84. terrae grav iora , more dr eadf ul per i ls of the lan d. Lav i n i ,

of Lavi n ium, their future kingdom .

86 . n on et ven i sse vol en t, t/zey shal l n ot be glad to li ar/e come, as

88 . Sim on , X a n th u s : the former is held to stan d for the Tiber, and

the latter for the Numicius, where .

lEn eas perished—n on defuer i n t,

sha l l n ot be wan ti ng 281, R. ; G . 236, H . 473,

89 . al ius Ach i l l es, i .e. Turn us, the young king of the Rutuli , whose

heroic struggle again st E n eas makes the subject of the remain ing books .

partu s, sprung up (ready) in Latium .

90 . ct i p se, be too, as we ll as the other. ad di ta , ass ign ed

as an en emy.

246 .Votcs . [el i x am

9 1 . su p p l ex .En eas i s made to go i n search of aid to Evan der, whose

k ingdom is o n the Palatin e,u here was afterwards the si te of Rome .

92 . o ra ver is ( e x c lamatory questio n ) .

93 . c o n iu n x : Lavin ia, daughter o f king Latin us, {En eas’s I talian

bride . i ter um , 21 5 was the ease w ith Helen .

94 . th a l am i , nm r r iage.

95 . i to : the fature o r seco nd form o f the imperative here den otes con

l ih uan co d ; I I . 487,

96 . q ua , by tu/za trr'

vr may .

97. G ra i n : l i van der,the faithful ally of tEn eas, is from Arcadia.

ab , f rom .

100 . ea fren a , etc .,t/ ms . lpol lo s/za/ees t/ze rei n s as s/te raves, an d pl ies

t/te spur s ben ea t/t ber side ( on . s ic , l ike the common use of adj. for

10 5 . p ra ec ep l , I li a r/e lea r n ed {hybr clta n d ( compare a n t i c i p o ) .

107. d ic i tu r , is ca l led . \ eh ero n tc refu so ( abl . w/tere

{I t /rerun di sgo )"es it was the o verflow o f the river that formed the palus

Jc/ter u sza .

108. i re , subject o f c on t i n ga t, be i t my lot togo.1 14 . so r ter“ , m mm on lot .

1 1 5 . q u i n , n ay ,m or e.

1 17. o n m ia ( co gn ate p o s se con stan tly takes a n euter accusative.

1 18 . l u c i s Av er n is , gr oves of Aoer n us ( 71. This is a lake

n ear Cun ne ,o f Vo lcan ic o rigi n . I n al l th is region there remain to this day

the sulphurous es l i alatio n s an d o ther s ign s o f vo lcan ic action , w ith which

the an c ien ts co n n ected the en tran ce to the lower world.

1 19 . M a n es : the spirits o f the dead, con ceived as dwell ing ben eath

the earth . Fo r the sto rv o f Orpheus, see G eorg. iv. 454-

5 27 Ovid . Met.

x i . 1—84 .- s i , i .e . i f thev co uld do this , why n ot I who am also of divin e

descen t ?

120 . fid ib n s : n o tice the quan tity o f the first i .

1 2 1 . P o l l u x , the immo rtal o n e o f the twin -brothers of Helen . He

shared ith Castor, in turn,his gift o f immortal ity.

1 22 . v iam ( cogn ate accusatix e ) .

1 27. D i t i s : D is or D is Pater was the kin g of the under-world, corre

spon ding to the C reek Hades,cal led also Pluto . His k ingdom in c luded

the good as we ll as the bad, so that i t does n ot an swer to the modern

phrase I n fern al region s .

128 . rev oca re g rad um n o t that the return is difficult in itsel f, but

that it depen ds o n eo n d itiom which n ot al l can attain .

129 . h ie , h oe : for gen der, see 195 , d ; H . 445 , 4, a prin ciple often

before cited,but this case is a con ven ien t ex ample of it

,because the two

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248 Notes . [E rma

rivalry w ith Triton ( i . or, possibly, mean s that Misen us tried his

vo ice in a shel l which he picked up on the shore.

170 . i n fer i ora, a less n oble desti ny .

173 . aem u l u s Tr i ton : in the spirit of the old mythology, whoever

ex cels in an y art is said thereby to provoke the jealousy of some deitv.

gee the story of Arachn e (Ovid,Met. vi . 1

177. aram sep u l c r i , t/i e sepu lc/i ra l moun d, or fun eral pil e.

178. cac l o (dative) .

179. i tu r 146, c ; G . 199, H . 30 1, —stabu l a, cf. v . 7.

18 1 . fi ssi l e, i .e . smal ler wood.

182 . m o n t ib u s, from fire moun ta i n s.

183. p r im u s, forem ost .

184. p ar i b u s, t/ze same —an n i s , tools 225 , d ; G . 348 H . 384,

186 . v oce, a loud R ibbeck has for te .

187. osten d a t : the con clusion is om itted, as in Engl ish ; that is , it is

n ever formulated even in the m in d,but left vague, so that the whole equals

a w ish . a rbore ( loc . on tlze tr ee.

188 . ta n to t/z is grea t q u a n d o gives the reason for the hope .

193 . m atern as aves : doves were sacred to Ven us, an d her car was

draw n by them .

194. cu rsum , your fl zgltt.

195 . l u cos , t/za tpa r t of til egrove. p i n guem , i .e. ferti le in go ld .

199. p rodi re (histor. wen t i n adva n ce, alighting here and

there to feed.

200 . a c ie, in str. ablative . p ossen t 319 ; G . 633 ; H . 503,

seq uen t um , cf. i . 434, n ote .

zo r. grav e o l en t is, see v . 240 .

203 . sed ib u s o p ta t i s, i n tbc desi red spot. — gem in a.e, thepa i r .

204 . d i sco lor, of difl'

er en t li n e, i .e . from the rest ; see n ex t verse.

a u ri au ra, t/ze gleam of gold the con n ection of light and air ( a u ra ) is

frequen t in an c ien t poetry.

205 . b rum a l i , of w i n ter (b rum a, brevim a, tbe wi n ter solstice,

s/tor test day ) . v i scum , m istletoe see List of Plan ts .

”

206 . f ron d e ( abl . of man n er) .— n ova, strange.

- sua 196, c ;

G . 295 ,

2 1 1 . eu n c ta n tem , here simply den oting the tenacity of gold : the

bran ch in fact offered n o resistan ce cf. v. 146 .—vati s, propheti c.

2 12 . n ee m i n u s, n on e tlze less because of [En eas’absen ce.

2 13. i n gra to , sad or m ute, un able to ex press an y than ks . eu

p rem a , last (flees the fun eral rites here described were those usual in

Rome . I t was n ot, however, til l long after [En eas that cremation instead

of burial became the ordin ary practice.

VI . The {E n eiaf 249

2 14. p i n guem , i .e. rich in pitch and so i nflammable. taed i s (abl .of man n er or mean s) .

2 16. an te, i n fron t. Cypress was apparen tly first used in the fun eral

pi le for the sake of its aromatic odor. Boughs of it were also set in fron t

of the door of the dead man’

s dwell ing ; here they seem to be set up for

adornmen t‘

in fron t of the pile.

2 17. arm is, from a very gen eral n otion that these things wen t w ith

the departed spirit, and were used by the dead in Hades .

2 19. f r igen t i s, cold i n deat/z more poetic than m ort a i .

22 1 . p u rpu reas vestes : also a custom at great Roman fun erals.

n ota , accustomed, i .e. those he wore in his l ife .

223. m i n isteri um , accusative, in appos. w ith the preceding clause ;

the usual con struction in such cases .

224. aversi , tur n i ng away their faces.

225 . dapes, v ia n ds . o l ivo ( abl . of material ) . fu so , i .e. these

were poured on as a l ibatio n .

228. cad o a'

én o, vase of bron ze. C ory n aeus, apparen tly a priest.

230 . fol ie is, fr u i tfu l .

23 1 . l u strav i t, pur ified the compan y from the po l lution of the pres

en ce of a corpse. n ov i ss im a v erb a , sa lve, va le, ave ; w ith sometimes

other words, l ike si t ti bi ter ra lev is, i l i cet, or the l ike .

238. tu ta (part. of taco r, in a passive sen se ) , s/teltered.

239. h an d u l l ae vo l a n tes , n o fly i ng cr eatu res : just in this n eigh

borhood is situated the famous gr otto del can e, in which dogs an d other

smal l an imals are smo thered by the carbo n ic ac id accumulated along the

bottom . There is, however, n o place dangerous to the fl ight of birds ,

un less it m ight be the crater of a slumbering volcan o .

242 . Aorn on , supposed to be from (i n/n o r , G reek for bi rdless to this

the correspon ding Latin n ame is Aver n um the co n n ection w ith 6p l’l f is,

however, impossible . The l in e has been doubted, on e hardly sees why.

244. fro n t i i n verg i t, pou rs upon t/ze fore/l ead . The term v ergere,

for pouring, mean s that the cup of l iquid is completely turn ed upside down ,

as in offering to the in fern al deities while fu n d ere is simply topou r out,

the han d be ing palm upwards .

saetas : the lon g hairs between the horn s were plucked out an d

burn t as a first-offering ( l ibam i n a pr ima ) , while certain prayers were said .

247. cael o ( locative ablative) .

248 . su pp on n n t : the action of placing the kn ife ben eath be longs to

the worship of the gods below .

249. su sc i p i un t : the blood is caught in bow ls, an d pourcd t

special solemn it'

y, n ot suffered to stream upon the ground.

250 Notes. [E x am

250 . m atri E n m en idum : the mother of the Furies is N ight ; and

her sister is Earth.

25 1 . en sc fer-i t : the sword n o doubt had a magic power over the

inhabitan ts of the world be low ( cf. W . 260, 291 Od. x i . 48 ; Bry.

25 2 . i n ch oa t, bu i lds, a sacrificial word.

253 . so l id a : the whole victim was burn ed in sacrifice to the gods

below ,s in ce, be ing devoted, n o part could be eaten .

25 5 . sub ,j ust at,j ust before.

256. i uga s i l varam , t/ze r idges covered w it/i forests.—m over i 143,

a ; G . 424, H . 297, i .

257. can es : these are the in fern al houn ds of Hecate.

258. d ea, Hecate. p roe n i , etc ., the words regularly addressed to

the un in itiated at the mysteries, but here addressed to the compan ions of

.E n eas, who were n ot like him en titled to go below. p ro fhn i ( p ro,fan um ) , properly those ex cluded from the san ctuary.

260 . t n , opposed to p ro fa n i , above.

26 1 . an l l n i s 243, e ; G . 390 ; H . 414,

262 . tan tum , so mac/z, an d n o more, as often . so imm i si t ,pl unged.

263. d ucem a equa t 227, b; H . 371, iii .

264. um b ra e,rfrosts

,which are on ly the shadows of persons .

265 . n octe ( abl . of man n er) .

266 . aud i ta l oqu i , to tel l w/tat I leave beard. Virgil professes to fol

low the common tradition as to the world below . But he has been thought

also, in these to hin t at certain mysteries in which he had been

in itiated an d,on this hin t, the whole of the succeeding n arrative has been

held to be, l ike Pilgrim'

s Progress, an al legory of the human soul . Phi

losophy in various forms was fashion able in his time, and Virgil appears to

have dabbled in it also,w ithout having any fix ed system of bel ief. So far

as he has any purpose, however, it is probably to in troduce from the lips of

An chises the accoun t of the glories of Rome, an d especial ly of the Julianhouse.

269 . vacuas, i .e . of real l ife and blood.

270 . m a l ig n a, n igga rdly cf. i n gra tae, Eel . i . 35 .

274. l uctus, these woes are at the door, as caus ing the death of men .

curac, i .e . the stings of con scien ce .

276 . m a l esuad a, tempti ng to cr ime. turp i s, un sightly.

277. Labos 48, d ; G . 45 ,

278. Let l 234, d ; G . 356, Rd ; H . 391 , n .

280 . E n m en i d um th a l am i : the Furies sleep at the threshold ( iv.

but their avenging task is don e in Tartarus (v.—rerrei , from

their implacable n ature an d in evitable power.

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2 5 2 1Votcs . ( eli s am.

300 . stu n t. l um i n a i lam m u, it is ey es stand out i nflame, i.e. are l ike

fix ed bal ls o f tire .

30 1 . n od o , an other in dication of n eglect.

302 . ip se, w ith his own han d, o ld as he is. subig lt, peak s, setting

the po le again st the bo ttom . ve l i s ( abl .) m in i s tra t, ten ds ti e sa i l s

( literal ly, serves the boat w ith sails

304. sen ior the wo rd appl ied to a man between forty-five an d six ty.

—i a 1n gives the idea of his gradual getting o ld.—c ruda, robust, l it.,

raw, an d so rough. d eo ( se . es t ) , dative of possessor.

306 . d ef tt n e ta , t/ta t ltave don e w i t/i .

309. f r igore. ( abl . o f time) .

3 10 . gu rg i te ab a l to , from fire deep sea, as they come to land in their

m igration s .

3 13 . p r im i 19 1 G . 324, H . tran sm i tters, used

reflex ively.

3 15 . u n v i t a ( old form for n aut a) , boatman .

3 16 . s n bm o tos 292, R. ; G . 667, R‘; I I . 549, the regular word for

dispersing a crowd . a rcot a ren a , beepsfrom t/ze stran d.

3 18 . q u id v o l t, w lzat mean s9

( So Fr.“

Que veut

3 19. ( l i ser i n l l n e, cr i ter ion .

32 1 . l o n gaevo : the Sibyl , said the legen d, had received the gift of as

many years as the grain s o f san d which she held in her hand, but w ithout

the boon o f youth (Ovid. x iv. 132 cort issim a, most surely .

324. n um en : Virgil vaguely assign s a divin ity to the river, just as allearthlv rivers had a god . The con struction is a short-han d on e for per

cu i us n um en i ura ti timen tflzl lere fi t/em . The con struction of the acc.,

after verbs o f swearing, is an im itation of the G reek cf. v. 35 1 .

325 . i n o p s : perhaps this is an al lusion to the piece of mon ey with

which the dead were furn ished to pay their passage. ( See Fig. 117, p.

327. r i pas 239, b ( i . 330 ,R.1; H . n or is i t gran ted to

con vey t/zem across t/ze dread ba n ks a n d boarseflood, u n ti l, etc.

333 . m o rt is h o n o re, i .e . burial .

324. O ro n te n , see i . 1 13 ; Len caspis is n ot elsewhere men tion ed byVirgil . l l e seem s to have perished alo ng w ith Oron tes.

335 . s im u l , i .e . w ith himse l f — vec tos, sa i l i ng, in the sense of a

presen t partic iple 290 ,b ; ( i . 278, R . ; H . 5 50 , N3) .

337. sese ageb a t : came wa lki ng.

338. (111m serva t, rebi le w atc/t i ng.

340 . v i x i n um b ra , li e sca r ce recogn i z ed li im i n tbe deep gloom .

344 . h oe u n o resp o n so : s ome such orac le may have been in on e

o f the legen ds, but is n ot men tion ed elsewhere by Virgil . Neptune had

V I . Tbe zEn eid. 25 3

an n oun ced to Ven us ( v. 814) that the fleet would come safe, with the loss

o f on e man on ly.

345 . pon to ( loc . abl .) i n col n m em , safe on the sea .

348. n ee den s m ersl t : Palin urus does n ot kn ow that it was the godo f Sleep that threw him over ( v. 859) n either did he perish by the sea

( 11. I t was by an acciden t ( forte) , as he thin ks, that he fell overboard.

35 1 . p raecip i tan s, as I fell headlong. m ar ia, obj. of i n t o, by a

G reek construction : the Latin would take p er cf. 11. 324.

3 5 2 . t im orem ( subj . of cep isse, t/zat n o such fear overtook are

q uam tua 113 V“ , 0 5“ lest y our ship, str ipped of her equ ip

m en t, an d leavi ng cast of li ef p i lot ( lit. wren clzed from li ef p i lot) , orig/i tswamp i n t/zose surgi ng war/es. (Ribbeck

’s reading 111 is on ly a variation

of spell ing for n o.) arm l s, i .e . the til ler.—m ag lstro (dative ) .35 5 . tri s n oc tes : so U lysses floats two days and two n ights (Cd. v.

388 Bry. The woodwork of the stern serves Pal in urus as a sort of

raft.

35g aq ua, i .e. afloat.357. sub l im i s ab n n da, i .e. merely, raised high on a wave.

358. tu ta ten ebam , u i , 1 wasj ust m ac/t i ng safety [an d should have

been safe] un less, etc . 308, a; G . 599, H . 5 1 1,

360 . cap i ta m on t is : t/ze crags of Me el ifi'

: he had craw led to the

top of the c liff, an d was cl inging to it with hands ben t an d stiff ( an t is

m a n ibus) .

36 1 . p raedam , a pr i ze, i .e . a shipwrecked man with some of his prop

erty about him .

362 . fluetu s h ab et, see v . 871 .

363. quod te oro ( see ii . out I implore you cf. quod st.

365 . au t tu an t t n observe the emphasis and urgen cy ex pressed

in the repetition o f the pron oun ,which is n ot itself emphatic .

—torram

mi ce : a mere formal burial was sufficien t ; cf. l l or. Od. i . 28, 35 .

366 . Vel i n os, of Vel ia , a coast-town about six ty m i les south-east of

Naples.

368 . n eq ue en im c red o, for , I suppose, n o doubt it is n ot,etc .

370 . u n d a s, i .e . of the Styx .

371 . a t sa l tem q u ieseam , that at least I m ay li ar/e rest i n thegrave ,

sin ce I had it n ot in l ife, an d fai led to reach the prom ised lan d with you.

372. ta l ia fa ta s erat : a reading quoted by Priscian is certain ly an

improvemen t, though n ot authen ticated : Vix eafatus erat.

373. tam di ra cup ido, so w i ld a w islz.

254 Notes. [th an

377. cape, tahe to your heart for consolation .

379. p rod lg l ls ac t i , for ced by por ten ts. I t is said that the people of

Lucan ia, suffering from pesti len ce, were commanded by an oracle to pro

pitiate by sacrifice the shade of Pal in urus.

381 . P a l i n ur i : a headland on the coast stil l bears the name P an to

382 . parum per : his grief is checkedfor a whi le.

383 . cog n om i n e terrae : an old reading has terrfi ( abl .) in appos.

wi th cog n om i n e .

384. ergo : i .e . sin ce they have quieted him.

385 . l am In d e p rosp ex i t, at on ce when he espied.

387. n l tro , u n addressed.

389 . i am lst l n c , r ightfrom whereyou are come n o n earer.

390 . sop o rae, drowsy .

392 . eu n tem com i ng, l it ., going on his journey.

393. Th esen, etc .,both these heroes visited the world below on the

erran ds assign ed to them here .

394. i n v ic t i v i r ib u s, resistless i n m ight my opposition to them

would be vain .—essen t 3 13, g ; H . 5 15 , iii .

395 . Tarta reum eu stod em , the watch-dog of Tartar n s, Cerberus,

whom Hercules was sen t by Eurystheus to drag away ( 11. viii . 366- 369 ;Bry. 460 ; 0d . x i . 622—625 Bry.

396 . a 8 0110 reg is,from the mon arch’s very thron e, to which Cerberus

is supposed to have fled, breaking from his chain .

397. d om i n am , the queen ( see Fig. 97, p. the title déarrou'a,

lady or m istress,belonged especial ly to Persephone. I t is to be taken here

absolutely, D i t i s l imiting th a l am o .

398. Am ph ry s la : Apo l lo, by whose gift the Sibyl was inspired, is

cal led “the shepherd of Amphrysus (G eorg. iii. a river in the

domin ion s of Admetus, whose flocks he kept.400 . l icet um b ra s, the huge watch

-dog,for ever howl i ng i n his

den ,may sca re the bloodless ghosts, i .e . for al l we shal l do to preven t.

402 . casta (predicate ) , P r oserpi n e may heep, un stai n ed, her un cle’s

threshold. She was the daughter of Jupiter, an d Pluto was his brother.404. im as ad um b ras to the shades below .

405 . im ago, con ception .

408 . n ee p l ura h i s, n or mor e than this she sa id.—don um , see v.

409. fata l i s, fin ed — l on go, etc.,long si n ce.—tem pore 250 ;

G . 400 ;

41 1 . i uga , thwarts, or cross-plan ks used as seats.

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(Assam.

437. n un c. as opposed to their feel ing before—pauper iem,

lab ores, the hardships from which men have sought escape in death.

Suicide was a sort of epidem ic among the later Roman s ; and it was per

haps a part of Virgil’s purpose to impress a wholesome horror of it.

440 . fusi , spread out the mourn ing fields are wide-spread, to give

more room for sol itude.

442 . quos, those whom its an teceden t is the impl ied object of celan t.443 . m yrtea, because the myrtle was sacred to Venus .

445 . P h aed ram , etc .,these person ages were : the celebrated mytho

logical heroin e, Phaedra, who loved guiltily her stepson H ippolytus ; Pro

cris, who was shot w ith an arrow by her husban d Cephalus ; Eriphyle,

who was bribed to betray the hiding-

place of her husband Amphiaraus,

an d was slain by her son : Evadn e, w ife of Capaneus, who perished on his

fun eral pile ; Pasiphae’

( see n ote, Eel . vi . Laodamia, w ife of Prote

silaus ,who k il led herself on hearing of his death atTroy (see W ordsworth’s

Laodam ia Caen eus, who in the fem in in e form Ca n is had been loved

by Neptun e, an d became a man w ith the gift of in vuln erabi lity (Ovid,Met. x ii . 172

45 1 . quam , govern ed by i u x ta .

453 . obseu ram , dim among the shadows.

45 5 . d em i s i t, letf al l upon the earth (Od. x vi . 191 Bry.

456 . veru s n u n t iu s, perhaps the flame of her fun eral pil e (v . 3from which they m ight in fer the fact, or we may suppose the n ews to have

come by ordin ary chan n els. The emphasis is on verus .

457. ex trem a , compare i . 2 19 : i .e. taken ex treme measures .

458. fu n er is was i t death 1 brought on you .7

459. 81 qua fid es, whatever fa i th, i .e . object which would san ction an

oath.

462 . sen ta s itu , r ough w ith n eglect.

463 . egere, n otice the first e long, distinguishing it from Egeo. n ee

cred ere qu iv i , n or cou ld I have bel ieved.

464. h u n c tan tum , so great as this.

466 . ex trem um , the last time, sin ce after death his place will be

apart from her.— fa to ( abl . o f cause) .

467. ard en tem an im um , tr ied to soothe the angry an dglooflsi ly

468. lacrim as e i chat , shed tears.

471 . stet 3 12 ; G . 604 ; I I . 5 13,—M arpesia cautes, a ( rag

of /kl'

arpessa . This was a moun tain of Paros ; so that the pale, unmoved

figure of D ido is compared to l’arian marble.

473 . con i u n x p r i st i n a s, he whowas her husban d afbret‘im .

VI . The E n eid.

474. respon det, etc .,an swers al l her cares, and equals al l her love

( D ryden ) .

477. d atum i ter, the appoi n ted way ( n otgran ted ) .

478. u l tim a, the last before coming to the regio n s of blessedn ess or

tormen t. - secreta, apar t ( se-cern o ) .

479. Tydeus, etc . : these were heroes of the Theban war Seven

again st Thebes the chief even t of the time immediately before the

Trojan war.481 . fleti ad sup eros, i .e . mour n ed i n the wor ld above.

—cad uc i( passive verbal) ,fa l len .

485 . I daeum , Priam’s herald an d charioteer in the I liad.

487. usqu e, sti l l .

488. con terro grad um , to wath by his side.

492 . to l l ere vocem ex iguam , ra i se thei r p ipi ng voice as in the

battle-fields of old . 80 Homer speaks of the thin voice of the shades ;

an d in Shakespeare

The sheeted dead

D id squeak an d gibber in the Roman streets . Ham let.

493. f rustratn r, di sappoi n ts, i .e . they attempt to utter the war cry,

but have n o voice . h ian tes thei r open mon ths.

495 . D ei ph obum , see n ote, i i . 3 10 . There were various legen ds of

his death .

496 . m an n s am bas in some cases of mutilation ,the han ds were cut

off an d fasten ed un der the armpits . This, it was thought, would preven t

the victim from avenging himse lf in the lower world .

497. n ares, the two n ostri ls .

498. V i x ad eo adgn ov i t, he cou ld scarce so m uch as recogn i z e.

499. su p p l i c ia, sign s of m uti lation . n oti s, fam i l iar .

500 . arm i p oten s : the n ame D eiphobus sign ifies the ter ror of thefoe.

Compare the dialogue of U lysses an d Agamemn on (Od. x i. 396—433

Bry.

50 1 . op tav i t sum ere, has chosen to i nfli ct.

502 . cu i , etc ., i .e . who has been perm itted (by the gods) such outrages

upon you .— su p rem a n oc te, on that last n ight.

504. con fu sao, heaped together , an d so fai l ing recogn ition .

505 . tum u l um , an empty tomb ( cen otaph) , which would allow the

shade to cross the Styx . R h oeteo, a promon tory of Mysia .

506. ter , see n ote, v . 23 1 .

507. te, emphatic, as opposed to the tomb ; hen ce n ot el ided, but

merely shorten ed before am i ce . arm a , cf. v. 233.

509. t i bi rel i c tum , left u n don e by thee.

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260 Notes . [E mma

585 . Sa lm on ea, k ing of Elis, brother of Sisyphus,who con temptuously

im itated the thun der and l ightn ing of Jupiter.—dan tel n , see n ote to

i i . 103 .

586 . d um im i tatur im i tan tem ( cf. 5 290, c ; G . 572, i .e. pun

ishedfor im i tati ng the thun ders o f Jupiter ( so q u i s im u l aret below) .

5 88. p er E l id i s u rbem : Olympia, built in especial hon or of Zeus,

thus adding to the aflron t to his majesty.

591 . aere, a braz en chariot, as was that of Salmon eus, driven over a

bridge, or vessels of soun ding brass.

”sim ul aret 320, e ; G . 636 ;

H .

593 . n on i l l e faces, etc . : his was n o mere imitation of thunder and

l ightn ing.

594. tu rb i n e, the r ush o f the thun derbolt.

595 . Tl tyo n , an o ther of the gian ts.

596 . cern ere era t. on e m ight see, by a common G reek con struction .

i ugera , the i uger um was about half an acre ( 240 feet by

597. p or rig l tur , l ies str etched .

598. i ecu r : the liver, as the supposed seat of lust, is fitly the organ

attacked compare the pun ishmen t of Prometheus (Fig. 25 , p.

fecu n da p oen i s fer ti lefiir tor ture.

599. r lm a tur ep u l i s tea rs at his ban quet.

60 1 . Lap i th as ( hated by Mars ) , etc ., simply ex amples of men that

have in curred the wrath o f the gods. There seems no good w on for

om itting the l in e .

603 . gen ia l ibu s torts, ban queti ng-couches, especial ly those set for the

birthday festival .

604. f u l c ra , props, or suppor ts (gold-footed frames for couches) .606 . m a n ib u s, w i th thei r han ds.

608. h ie q u ibu s, here [are they] to whom, etc.—i n vi s i fra tres, like

Atreus an d Thyestes, etc .

609. p u l satu s p aren s : the act of strik ing a paren t is regarded with

pecul iar horror, as shown by the an cien t pun ishmen t o f parricide.— l n

n ex a , con tr ived. c l ien t i the cl ien t had a certain sacred claim to the

protection of his patron us see n ote to Cic. Rose. Am. 5 Cat. iv. 23.

6 10 . q u i rep ert i s those who have foun d a treasure, and kept it

al l to their selfish use, a type of all who are greedy of gain .

6 1 1 . p osn ers , have set asi de.

6 12 . caesi : though pun ished on earth, they sti ll do n ot escape the

doom of hel l . arm a im p l a, i .e . civi l war.

6 13. d ex tras, the pledge of the right hand, referring to servile insur

rection .

VI . The E h et’

a’. 26 1

615 . poen am ( se. ex specten t ) . m ersi t, has overwhelmed.

617. d i str i c t i , fasten ed. w ith the ir l imbs strain ed apart,—the com

mou ly reported pun ishmen t of I x ion . ( See Fig.

6 18. Th eseu s, pun ished for his crime in attempting to carry off Pro

serpin e ; P h l egyas, son of Ares, an d foun der of a robber commun ity, the

Phlegyae. H is crime was that be burn ed the temple of Apo l lo at D elphi .

62 1 . ven d i d i t , im p osu i t : these were the special crimes of a period

of civil war, such as Rome had just passed through .

622 . fi x i t, refi x i t : laws were publ ished by being posted up on brazen

tablets, an d when repealed were taken down again .

Fig. 1 1 8.

625 . si n t : tran slate by the con trary-to-fact con structio n , if I had, etc.

The presen t is used either because the Latin idiom is difl'

eren t from ours,

or because this is a rel ic of an earl ier con struction in which the presen t

was equivalen t to the later imperfect cf. v . 325 , an d i . 58 an d n otes.

630 . Cyc l op um ed uc ta cam i n i s i .e . wrought at the forges

of the Cyc lops. The walls of Pluto were supposed to have been built of

iron or steel .

63 1 . ad verso for n ice ( abl . of qual ity) , w i th o r ch i n fron t.

632 . p raecep ta, the i n str uction s given by the gods.

635 . corp u s sp argi t : the water stan ds ready for ceremon ial purifica

tion , as in the vestibule of a temple.—recen t i ,fresh.

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264 Votes . [.Exmn .

709. fun d un tn r , swarm .

710 . ho rrese i t, star ts.

71 1 . p o rro , further on .

715 . sec uros lat ices , water s which abol ish care.

718. I ta l ia rep er ta , i n rourfin di ng of I taly .

719. a n n e a n im as, what .

’ca n we thi n h that sp i r i t: go hen ce on

h igh to [the l ight of ] heaven .9

72 1 . l u c i s c up i d o , so w i ld a desi re of l ife. Con tempt of l ife, real

or affected, was part o f the o ld philosophic creed.

723 . su sc i p i t , tahes up the argumen t. This style of phi losophical

reason ing is very characteristic of the spirit of Virgil’s poetry ; see n ote,

Eel . vi . 3 1 .

724 . p r i n c ip io, i n the fi r st p lace.— terras, the la n ds, i .e . the earth

as a who le, physical ly perso n ified,it would be singular.

725 . Ti ta n ia a st ra , the Su n see iv. 1 19, and n ote . Possibly the

plural form may in dicate the ri s ing an d the setting sun .

726 . sp i r i tu s i n tu s a l i t : a celebrated phrase, as con tain ing the an

cien t creed of pan the ism compare G eorg. iv . 22 1—227.—tota.m

n l i seet , m i n d, i nf used thr oughout the par ts, gives l ife to the en ti re mass,

a n d m i ngles i n the m ighty fram e, i .e . the un iverse .

728. i n d e gen u s , etc . the mean ing is, that the m ingl ing of spirit with

a material bodv is what causes o rgan ic or individual life.

729. m o n stra , stra nge shapes, as marin e creatures always look to us .

730 . i g n eu s'

v igor : the fierv force an d heaven ly source found

in these forms of life ( sem i n ibus) are two ex pression s for the same thing ;

the celestial ether be ing con ceived as flame.

73 1 . q u a n t um , etc ., i .e . so far as the gross n ature of the body al lows.

Compare Shakespeare,

But while this muddy ves ture of decay

D oth grossly close it in . fil er cha n t of Ven ice.

733 . b i n e z i .e. from the effect of the body. Thus in the New Testa

men t, passio n s are said to reside in the flesh .

”— n eque au ras d i sp ic i

u n t, they look n ot abr oad”

thro ugh the darkn ess] to the l ight .

735 . su p rem o rel i q u i t, when l ife has lefl them , w i th i ts parti ng

736 . tam en , even then . though the soul has put off its earthy en velope.

738 . d i l l c o n c reta . wh i ch have long grown i n .—l n ol escere, said

properly o f parasitic growths. which become strangely implicated with

what they grow o n ( m od i s m i r ls ) .

740 . p an d un tu r , they are spread abroad to the empty mi nd s. The

266 A’otcs . [E mma

cal led postum us,as born after his father

’s death, in the woods to which

Lavin ia had fled in fear of Ascan ius ( compare the prediction , i . 263764. l o n gaevo, i n y our old age apparen tly con tradicting the legend

just referred to .

765 . ed u cet, sha l l br i ngj br th.

766 . Lon ga A l ba, the“ long white town , stretched along a ridge on

the edge of Lake Alban us. I t was supposed to be the old capital of the

Latin league, from which ran k it was dispossessed by Rome. Other Latin

town s are men tion ed below . Com

Fig 1 2 1pare, for some of these legendary

n ames, the fourteen th book of Ovid’s

A! etamorphoses.

767. p rox um u s, close by in the

lists, Procas stands as the twelfth or

fourteen th .

770 . st um quam aceep erlt,

when on ce he ga i n s. E n eas Silvius,

it was said, was kept from his inheri

tan ce for 53 years.—regn an dam

Al bam z the thron eof Alba 294, a'

;

H 549,

772 . um brata quereu,wreathed

w ith oah. The oak -wreath (coronaciv i l is) was bestowed on him who had

saved the life of a Roman ci tizen in

battle. (See Fig. As perpet

ual preserver of the people, such

wreaths were hung before the door

of Augustus by vote of the Senate.

Hen ce the al lusion is a personal com

pl imen t.

773. Nom en tnm , etc., town s of

the P r isci Lati n i .

776 . turn cru n t, these sha l l then be n ames, i .e. places of n ote.

777. av o eom i tem , a compa n ion ( or champion ) to his gr an dfather.

The first ex ploit of Romulus was to restore Numitor to the thron e ofAlba.

779. v iden ’, do you see .

9 gem i n ae cr i stae : the double plume was

a distin guishing mark of Mars,but n o represen tation of it appears in works

of art (but compare Fig. 88, p . 183) l ike him,Romulus is con stan tly repre

sen ted w ith a helmet. I t is by this sign that his father marhs him by his

own sign of hon or as belongi ng to the wor ld on high (superum ) .

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268 .Votes . [erinem

806. vi rtute ex ten d ere vi

res, to put forth strength in

[deeds of] valor .

808. ol i vae, see v. 774.

8 10. regi s : Numa, the sec

ond k ing, the reputed foun der of

most of the religious customs of

Rome, a n ative of the Sabine

Cures.

812. im per i um m ag n um

a city of perham twen ty or thirtv

thousan d inhahimhm, and a ter

t i loryofaboutfifteen miles square.

An chises speaks in vis ion of the

vast empire to follow

8 15 . iactan ti or, too boast

f ul , as gran dson of Name. He

was said to be founder of theplebs

as an order m the state . hence

gauden spopular ibn sm u ,when

i n triguing for the kingdom .

816 . n un c, i .e. even then

before the W ublh: was founded.

The allusion i s mean t to be more

or less disparaging to the lower

orders.

$ 18. fasces recep tos, the

recoveredflea s The fasccs, orbun dles Io rods and ax e, were

hom e by the lictors before the

highest ofioer, as the symbol of

imper i um, or m il itary power ;

which was wrested by Brutus

from the kings an d restored to

the aristocracy.

820 . n otos vocabi t.

the wel l-kn own story of Brutus,

who sen ten ced to death his own

son s for join ing in a conspiracy

to restore the ex iled king. Hence

Sd t'

i’d : secures.

VI . 844 .j T/ze E n ez'

d.

822 . utcum q ue feren t m i n ores, however poster i ty s/za lt report l u'

s

deeds. I n these words An chises adm its the cruelty of the act, but imme

di ately ex cuses it on the groun d of patriotism .

824. D ec ios, etc . : the D ccii, father, son , an d gran dson , solemn lydevoted themselves to death ( l ike Arn old of W in kelried) , each to win a

doubtful battle, in the wars of the Latin s, of the Samn ites, an d of Pyrrhus

respectively ; Torquatus (T. Man l ius) won his title,w ith a golden n eck

chain , by slaying a gigan tic G aul ; Cam illus, return ing from ban ishmen t,

drove back the victorious G auls,w in n ing back the con quered stan dards

( referen tem szgm a ) . The D rusi, a respectable but n ot em in en t fami ly,

are here men tion ed in compl imen t to Livia,w ife of Augustus.

827. con cord es an im ae : Pompey an d Caesar, in equal arms (par ibus

i n arm i s) , sin ce their power was about equal .

828. 61 at t iger i n t , if ”my on ce a tta i n t/ze l eg/d of l ife. The arti

fice by which all these future even ts are represen ted as con tingen t and

un certain soften s a little the bleak reality.

830 . socot z Caesar, whose daughter Julia was the third an d best

beloved w ife of Pompey. She died B .C . 54, while Caesar was in G aul .

ar ce Bl on oec i , t/ze rampart of [Pl on ozeus on the coast just eastof N ice. I t is given here, gen eral ly, to sign ify Caesar

’s passage from G aul

in to I taly.

83 1 . gen er E o i s : the main rel ian ce of Pompey was on the forces

of the East.

832. ad suesc i te : the ex pression seems to refer to the n atural ly hu

man e temper of both the rivals.

834. tu p r ior : Caesar, as the more il lustrious. Besides, the ex ploits

of Caesar, as a popular chief, were distasteful to the courtiers of Augustus,

an d it was fashion able to make l ittle accoun t of them . Hen ce the objur

gatory ton e.

836 . i l l e : L . Mummius, con queror of Corin th, B . C. 146— tri um

p h ata, here tran sitive in the sen se of tr z'

ump/t over .

837. currum , al luding to the wel l-k n ow n triumphal procession .

838. i l l e : I fEm il ius Paul lus, con queror of Perseus (E aeia'

en , as

descen ded from Achil les) , B .C . 168. By Argos, etc ., is mean t al l G reece,

of wh ich, in An chises’time, this was the chief city.

840 . tem p l um M i n ervae, see ii . 163 .

841- 4. Cato, etc . These heroes are Cato the Cen sor Cossus, a hero

of the early wars again st the G auls ; the G racchi, the celebrated tribun es

of the people, on e of whose an cestors had distin guished himse lf in Spain

the Sc ipios, African us elder an d younger Fabricius, stron g in poverty,

who defeated Pyrrhus ; Serran us ( the famous Regulus) , a gen eral in the

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L I ST OF PLANTS

TAKEN PRINCI PALLY FROM EEE’s FLORE D E VI RGI LE. THE BOTANICAL

NAMES AD D ED ARE THOSE OF LINNIEUS.

E n . IEn eid. C. Ciris. Cul . Culex . Cop . Copa. E. Eclogues. G . G eorgics.

M . Moretum .

AB IES a hardy moun tain evergreen tree (E. v n.

ACANTHUS (mol lis) , bear’s-foot, a thorny shrub ( E. iii . 45 ) a con ven tion al

form of the leaf appears on Corin thian capitals ; ( semper fronden s,G . ii . an un kn own foreign tree.

ACON ITUM , mon k’s-l woa’, a wel l-kn own poison ous herb (G . u.

AEscuw s Esculus .

ALGA,sea-weed, also fresh-water confi rvae ( E. vn .

ALLIUM,gar l ic, a ran k edible bulb, l ike the on ion ( E. n . 1 1 ; M .

ALNU S, alder , a tall, slender, tree- l ike bush, growing n ear the water ( E. vi .

63 ; G . ii . B etula al n us.

AMARACUS, sweet marj oram , a fragran t herb ( fEn . i .

AMARANTHUS, cox comb ( amaran th m ifadi ng) , an agreeable flowering

plan t, retain ing its co lor when dry, an d used for wreaths in win ter (C.

Celosia cr istata .

AMELLUS (praten sis) , pu rple star wort, a meadow flower (G . iv.

AMOMUM, Sy r ian balsam ,an aromatic eastern plan t ( E. iv.

ANE’

I’

HUM, a'

i l l , an umbelliferous aromatic garden-

plan t ( E. ii .

APIUM ( amarum) , parsley ( E. vi . 68) Ap i um graveolm s.

ARBOR AETH IOPICA, cotton-plan t ( G . u . 120 ) G ossyp i um .

ARBOR IND ICA, an un kn own , perhaps fabulous, tree ( G . ii .

ARBUTUS, strawberry -tree ( arbute) , a w ild tree having an astringen t fruit

(E. iii . 82) Arbit'

tus un Edo.

ARUNDO, reed, a riverside plan t, with hollow stem , used for musical in stru

men ts (E. vi . 8, vii . Of five differen t species.

AVENA, oat, especial ly the barren or w i ld oat (E. i . 2 G . i .

BACCAR, fax -

glove, an herb with purplish flower an d fragran t root (E. iv.

19) D igi ta l is purpu rea .

BALSAMUM, ba lsam, a fragran t orien tal resin ( G . u. 1 probably of sev

eral differen t sorts, especial ly Amy r is opobalsamum .

274 L is t of P lan ts .

BETA,a rbi te beet (M . 72) Beta ci t /a .

BOCCHUS, an un kn own plan t (Cul .

BUMASTUS cow’s udder ) , a grape of ex traordinary size ( G . n .

BUPHTHALMUS, ox -eye m mom i le, a plan t used in dyeing ( Cal .

B tfx us ( BUXUM ) , box , a hard yel low wood fit for turn ing (G . ii . or the

flute made from it ( lEn . ix . 6 19) B ux us sempem i ren s .

CALTA ( CALTHA) , perhaps ma r igola’, a yellow flower of strong fragrance

(E. i i. 50 ) Ca len dn la ofi t i n a l is .9

CARD UL’

S, t/i istle (E. v . 39 ; G . i . 15 1) Cen taurea sol sti ti a l is ?

CAREX ( CARECTUM ) , r eed-

gr ass, a tal l, coarse sedge ( G . ii i .

CASIA,ci n n am on ( G . ii . mez ereon , a medicin al shrub, wi th fragrant

pin k flowers (E. i i. 49 ; G . iv. B ap/me G n idi um .

CASTANKA, ebestn ut (E. i . 82 , i i . 5 2 ; G . i i . 15 , 71) Fagus faste n ed .

CED RL’

S, eeda r , especially valuable for carpen try ( G . ii . 443, i ii .

( en taury ,a k ind ofgen tia n ,

with fragran t root ( G . iv. 270)Cen taur ea cen ta n r imn .

CEPA,red on ion (M .

CERAst'

s, e/zer ry ( G . ii . 18) P r un us cerasus.

CERINTHA,li on ey-wor t ( G . iv. 63) Fr. mel i n et : Cer i n t/te maj or .

CHRYSANTIH'

S, e/t ry sa n tli enm m (C . perhaps of several kin ds.

C icUTA, poz'

son - lzem loeb ; more gen eral ly, any umbel liferous herb with hol

low stalk used for pipes (E. ii . 37) Cieuta vi rosa .

COLOCASIUM , Egyptia n bean ,a superb water-l ily ( lotus) or a humbler

plan t, wake-robi n (F. iv. 20 ) Ar um colotosia .

CORIAND RL'

M, cor i an der , an aromatic garden seed (M .

CORNL'

S,eor n el , a smal l tree w ith very hard wood an d l im b, astringent

berries (G . i i . 448) Cor n us mas.

CORYLUS, baz el (E. v . 3) Cory lus avel la n a .

CROCUS, y el low ( r oa rs (G . i . 56 ) f ron ts sativus .

CRUSTUM I UM , a pear from Crustumerium (G . ii.

CUCUM I S, en cumber (G . iv.

CUCURB ITA, pumpki n (M . 77) Cucu rbi ta pepo.

CUPRESSUS ( cvmmssus) , cypress (E. i . a hardy and noble mountain

evergreen ,O f sombre fo l iage : Cupr . sempervi ren s.

CYTI SUS, mel l i eago, a plan t valuable, like clover, for cattle and bees (E. i.

79, x . 30 ) JlI ea'i cago arborea .

D ICTAMNUS, di tta ny ,a plan t w ith purple flowers, described in tEn . xu.

412—4 14 Or igan um di ctam n us.

DUMUS ( D UMETUM ) , bra t/i ble ( G . i .

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276 L ist of P lan ts.

I t.Ex , balm, an evergreen oak, al l ied to the live-oak, of dark inden ted

fo liage ( E. vii . 1 C . Quercus i lex .

I NTI'

BUM, en dive or c/zicory , a tough, troublesome weed with a blue flower

(G . i . also a cultivated sort used as a food or relish ( G . iv. 120;

M . 84) Cicltor i um i n tybus, or en divia .

INt'

LA, elecampan e, a meadow-

plan t, w ith aromaticmedicinal root (M.

used also as a preserve : [n u la belen ium .

IUNCUS, bulrus/c ( E. i . 49, n . 72) Sci rpus lacti s-tr is.

I t'

N l PERUS, j un iper , a low, hardy, evergreen tree,with aromatic blue berries

(E. vii . 5 3, x . 76) yun iper ns commun is.

LABRUSCA, w i ld grape (E. v. 7; Cul . Vi tis vi n zfera .

LACTUCA, lettuce (M.

LANA MOLLIS, cotton .

LAPPA, burdock, a rough plan t with prick ly burrs ( G . i . G al i na

apar i n e.

LAURUS ( n obilis) , laurel, a bright, fragran t, evergreen tree (E. iii .

LENS, len ti l, a valuable pulse, or smal l pea (G . i. 228) L. err/um .

LIG US’

I‘

RUM, pr ivet, a hardy shrub, with white blossoms and harsh black

berries (E. ii . 18) n ustrw n vulgare.

L I LIUM , wlt ite l i ly (E n . x ii . also used for various wild l ilies (E. x . 25)L i l ium can didum .

I .1NUM,flax ( G . i . 77, 2 12) Li n um usi tatissimmn .

LOLIUM , a'

arn el , a weed grow ing in sterile ground (E. v. 37; G . i . 154)Lol i um tern a len tam

LOTUS, water - l i ly ( nymphaea) but the name is given to a great variety of

fruit and water plan ts (Cul . 124 ; G . ii . 84, iii .

LUPINUS, lupi n e, a sort of pulse w ith white flowers : the seeds are bitter

when raw, and make a sorry food (G . i .

LUTUM, weld, or dyer

’s rocket, a rich yellow dye

-plan t (E. iv.44 C. 317)

Reseda luteola .

MALUM, apple (E. viii . 37 ; G . n . 33 Cop.

MALUM AUREUM, in prose, orange ( P) , the golden apples of the Hesperi

des ” (E. vi . or simply apple (E. ii i.

MALUM CANUM, qu i n ce (E. i i . 5 1 ) P i r n s cyclon ic .

MALUM FELIX (medicum) , lemon or citron ( G . ii. the term triste:

sucos referring to the ton ic bitter of the rind.

MALUS, apple-tree ( G . ii . 70) the art of grafting was n ew, introduw d byMatius

,a friend of Cicero , an d its results ex aggerated.

L ist of P lan ts . 277

MALVA, mal low, an herb w ith large, purplish flowers, of mucilagin ous

tex ture, used in soups (M .

MED ICA,lucer n e, a succulen t plan t, valuable for green fodder ( G . i . 215 )

M edicago sativa .

MELISPHYLLUM, ba lm , an erect, fragran t, aromatic herb, w ith white flowers,

loved by bees (G . iv. 63) JI el i ssa ofi ci n a l is.

M ILI UM, m i l let, an in ferior bread-

grain ( G . i .

MORUM CRUENTUM, black m u lber ry (Cop . 2 1) SANG UINEUM, blackber ry

(E. vi . Rubus fr uticosus.

MUSGUS, moss ( G . iv . 18 ; Cul .

MYRICA, beat/zer , a ground-

plan t, with purpl ish blossoms (E. iv. 2) also

tamar isk, a flowering shrub or low tree ( E. viii . 54, x .

MYRRHA, my r r/t , a resin ous, fragran t, eastern gum ( tEn . x ii . 100 ; C .

MYRTETUM , grove ( G . i i. MYRTUM , ber ry ( G . i . 306 ) of the

MYRTUS, my rtle, a beautiful evergreen shrub or small tree, wi th white

flowers, and berries aromatic an d astringen t (E. ii. 54, vii . 6 ; G . i . 28 ;

ZEn . iii . 23 ; Cu] . 143) My rtus commu n is.

NARCISSUS, n arcissus ( daffodil or jon quil ) , a beautiful an d fragran t flower(E. vi i . purpureus, n arcissus Of the poets Narcissus poeti cus,

white, w ith purple n ectary ( E. v . also an autumn variety ( G . iv.

NASTURTIUM,a sort Of t ress, an acrid rel ish (M. 84) Lepidi um sativum .

NUX, waln ut (G . i .

OLEA, ol ive, a tree most prized Of al l for its great utility an d productiven ess

( G . i . 18, i i . 38, 64, I t has a n arrow leaf, like the w il low , glossy

above an d gray below : Olea E uropaea .

OLEAG INA,i .e . Of the olive ( G . ii .

OLEASTER, w i ld ol ive ( G . ii. 3 14) E laeagn us a n gustifii l ia .

OLEUM (OLIVUM ) , ol ive oi l ( G . i i . 222,

OLIVA, al ive, the tree or fruit ( E. v . 16 ; G . u .

ORCHAS, Spa n i slt or queen ol ive (G . i i .

ORNUS, a moun tain ash (E. vi . 71 ; G . ii . 71,

PALIURUS, Cbr ist’s tbor n , a shrub wi th sharp spin es and pl ian t bran ches

(E. v. the n ame is given to a variety of plan ts.

PALMA, date-pa lm ( G . i i . 67, iv. 20 ) Pboen ix dacti l ifera .

PALMES , v i n e-sprout ( G . ii.

PAMPINUS, v in e-bran cb with leaves (G . i . 448, n .

278 L ist of P lan ts .

PAPAVER, poppy (G . i . 78, iv. its seeds made a con cen trated and

valuable food ; cereale, w i ld-

poppyPAt

’

su,a bitter early o l ive ( G . ii .

l ’i CEA ( .Eu . i i . 180 , ix . and

l ’l NL’

S, p i n e ( G . i . 256, ii . horten sis (E i . 38, v n. ston e inc.

valuable for its edible seeds : P i n us pi n ea .

P IRL'

S (mum ) , pear (E. i . 74 ; G . ii . 87, iv.

PLATAN t'

S, pla n e

-tree or sy cam or e, a lofty an d n oble orn amen tal tree, with

deep ly inden ted leaves ( G . ii . 70 ; Cul .

PU Pt'

Lt'

s, w/z i te poplar (E. ix . l l erculea, black poplar (E. vu. 61

G . ii . The n ame is also used vaguely of several varieties.

PORRt'

M,leeb, a smal l an d del icate sort Of on ion (Cop.

l’RL’

N t'

s plum ( E. ii . 5 3 ; G . u . 34 ; Cop.

QL'

ERCVS: oak (E. i . 17, iv. 30, vn . 13 ; G . i . 349, n . 16, iii .

RAD IUS, long ol i zre ( G . u .

RACEMUs, grape, especial ly as fi l led with seeds ; or the berry Of the wild

grape ( E. v . 7; Cop.

RHOD U DAPI I NE, r ose- lau rel , a beautiful flowering shrub (Cul . 40 1)A

’

er i um olea n der .

ROS MARINES, rosem a ry ,an orn amen tal , evergreen , aromati c shrub (G . u.

2 12 ; Cul .

ROSA ( ROSARtt'

M,ROSETt

'

M ) , r ose ( G . iv . 134 ; C. 98 ; E. v .

RUBUs , bramble, blackberry or dewberry (E. i ii . 89 ; G . i ii . Rubus

fr u ti cosus .

RUMEX,sor rel (M . 72 ) R ubus a cetosa .

RI 'SCL’

S, butc/ter

'

s br oom ,a low ,

shrubbv evergreen , wi th sharp, poin ted

leaves ; used as props for vin es ( E. vn . 42 ; G . ii .

RUE, r ue, a bitter med icin al herb, used as a con dimen t (M .

SAB INA, sa'a i n ,

a low evergreen (fi l l . 403) yu n iperus sabi n a .

SALI I'

NCA,w i ld n a rd or aa ler ia n . an herb w ith medicin al root an d pale,

flesh -colored flowers (E . v . 17) Va ler ian a celtica ( f) .

SALIX w i l low ( E. i ii . 83, v . 16, i .

SAND YX,m add e

r probably n o t a plan t, but red lead (E. iv.

SCILI A,squ i l l or sea

-on ion ,a bulbous plan t, w ith an acrid juice , powerfully

medicin al ( G . i ii . 45 1 ) Sci/la m ar i tima .

w i ld tbt'me, an aromatic plan t used as a relish (E. n . 11 ;

G . iv. Tbymus serpy l lum .

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280 L ist of P lan ts.

V l scm t, m istletoe, a parasite growing chiefly on oaks, having yellowish.

green leaves, and berries with glutin ous juice : used in magic rites

( ; En . vi . bi rd-l ime ( G . i . 139, iv.

VITts , vi n e, especial ly the grape (E. 70, 38)VOLEML

'

M. a heavy pear ( G . ii .

Preaswork by Rockwel l an d Church i l l ,

PV BL I V ER G I L I MA RO N I S

BVCOLICA : AENEIS : G EORG ICA

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VOL . I I .

CONTAINING THE

LAST SIX B OOKS OF THE fi NEID,AND THE

G £MZEG YCS

ED ITED BY

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PUBLISHED BY G INN , HEATH , CO .

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Circe'

s Abode T/te Tiber. [.Es n n .

aequora, tendit iter vel is portum qn e relinquit.

Adspiran t aurae in n oc tem n ec can d ida cursus

Lun a megat, splen det tremulo sub lum in e pon tus.

Prox ima C ircaeae radun tur l itora terrae,

d ives inaccessos nbi So l is ti l ia lucos

adsiduo reson at can tu tectisque superbis

urit odoratam n oc turn a in lum in a cedrum ,

arguto ten n is percurren s pectin e telas .

H in e ex audiri gem itus iraeque leonum

vin c la recusan tum ct sera sub n octe ruden tum ,

saetigerique sues atque in praesaepibus ursi

saevire ac formae magn orum ululare luporum,

quos hom in um ex fac ie dea saeva poten tibus herbis

in duerat C irce in voltus ac terga ferarum .

Quae n e mon stra pii pateren tur talia Troes

delati in portus n eu l itora ( l ira subiren t,

Neptun us ven tis implevit vela secundis

atque fugum ded it et praeter vada fervida vex it.

Iamque rubescebat rad iis mare et aethere ab alto

Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bigis

cum ven ti posuere omn isque repen te resedit

flatus et in len to luctan tur marmore ton sae .

Atque hic Aen eas ingen tem ex aequore lucum

prospic it. Hun e in ter fluviO Tiberin us amoen O

vertic ibus rapidis et multa flavus aren a

in mare prorumpit . Variac c irc nmque supraque

adsuetae ripis volucres ct flum in is alveo

aethera mulceban t can tu lucoqn e volaban t .

Flectere iter soc iis terraeque advertere protas

imperat et laetus fluviO succed it opaco .

Nun c age, qui reges. Erato ,quae tempora rerum ,

quis Latio an tiquo fuerit status, adven a c lassem

cum primum Auson iis ex erc itus appul it oris,

ex ped iam et primae revocabo ex ord ia pugn ac .

26 var i is. R .

31 vor tictbus . H . flavos, karm a . R.

Latin as and lt is D ang/i ter.

.tem,tu

,diva

,mone. D icam horrida bella,

I acies actosque an im is in fun era reges

en amque man um totamque sub arma coactam

eriam . Maior rerum m ihi n ascitur ordo,

opus moveo. Rex arva Latinus et urbes°n ior longa placidas in pace regebat.

Fauno et n ympha gen itum Lauren te Marica

imus, Fauno Pious pater isque paten temturne

,refert, tu sanguin is ultimus auctor.

huic fatO divom prolesque virilis

fuit primaque orien s erepta inven ta est.

lomum et tan tas servabat filia sedes,

i atura viro, iam plen is n ubil is an n is.

illam magn o e Latio totaque perchan t

i ia. Petit an te alios pulcherrimus omn is

is, avis atavisque poten s, quem regia con iun x

gi gen erum m iro properabat amore

i riis porten ta deum terroribus obstan t.

lS erat tecti med io in pen etral ibus altis,

comam multosque metu servata per anuos,

pater in ven tam , primas cum conderet arces,

rebatur Phoebo sacrasse Latin ust

n tisque ab ea n omen posuisse colon is.

apes summum den sae (m irabile d ictu ) ,re ingen ti liquidum tran s aethera vectae

,

ere apicem, et pedibus per mutua n ex is

en subitum ramo fronden te pepen dit.nuO vates : Ex ternum cern imus

,

’inquit,

utare virum et partis petere agmen easdem

»us ex isdem et summa dom in arier arce.

’

area,castis adolet dum altaria taedis

ta gen itorem adstat Lavin ia virgo,

n efas) longis compren dere erin ibus ign em ,

e omn em om atum flamma crepitan te cremari]5 5 pulcerr imus. H .

5 3 opstan t. R.73 conprendere.

4 T/ze On ten s Forbid a -Vative Husban d . [E ur

regal isquc acc en sa comas,accen sa coronam

in sign em gemm is, tum fum ida lum in e fulvoin volvi ac totis Volcan um spargere tectis .

Id vero horrendum ac v isu mirabile ferri

n amque fore in lustrem fama fat isque caneban t

ipsam ,sed populo magn um portendere bellum .

At rex so llic itus mon stris oracula Faun i,

fatid ic i gen itoris, ad it lucosque sub alta

con sul it Albun ea,n emorum quae max ima sacro

fon te somat saevamque ex halat opaca mephitim .

H in e I talae gen tes omn isque Oen otria tellus

in dubiis respon sa petun t huc dona sacerdoscum tulit et caesarum ovium sub n octe silen ti

pell ibus in cubuit stratis somn osque petivit,

multa mod is simulacra videt vo litan tia miriset varias aud it voces fruiturque deorumcon loquio atque im is Acheron ta adfatur Avern is.

H ie et tum pater ipse petens respon sa Latin uscen tum lan igeras mactabat rite biden tis

atque harum effultus tergo stratisque iacebat

velleribus subita ex alto vox reddita luco est

Ne pete con ubiis n atam soc iare Latin is,

O mea progen ies, thalam is n eu crede paratisex tern i ven ien t gen eri, qui sanguin e nostrum

n omen in astra feran t quorumque a stirpe n epotes

omn ia sub ped ibus, qua Sol utrumque recurren s

aspic it Occanum ,vertique regique videbun t.

’

Haec respon sa patris Faun i mon itusque silen ti

n octe datos n on ipse suo prem it ore Latinus,sed c ircum late vol itan s iam Fama per urbes

An so n ias tulerat,cum Laomedon tia pubes

gram ineo ripac rel igavit ab aggere classem .

Aen eas prim ique duces et pulcher Iulus

corpora sub ram is deponun t arboris altae

83 max uma. H.

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6 Embassy to flee Latins . [E xmn

ipse man u quatien s osten dit ab aethere unhem .

D iditur hic subito Tro ian a per agm ina rumor

adven isse d iem, quo debita mocaia coudan t.

Certatim in stauran t epulas atque om in e magno

crateras laeti statuun t et vin a coron an t.

Postera cum prima lustrabat lampade terrasorta d ies

,urbem ct fmis et l itora gen tis

d iversi ex ploran t : haec fo n tis stagna Num ici,

hun c Thybrim fluvium,hic fortis habitare Latinos.

Tum satus An chisa de lec tos ord in e ab omn i

cen tum oratores angusta ad moen ia regis

ire iubet,ramis ve latos Palladis omn is

,

don aque ferre v iro pacemque ex poscere Teucris.

Haud mora,festin an t iussi rapidisque ferun tnr

passibus . I pse li um ili design at mocaia fossa

mol iturque locum primasque in litore sedescastrorum in morem pin n is atque aggere c ingit.

Iamque iter cmen si turris ac tec ta Latin orumardua cern eban t iuven es muroque subiban t.

An te urbem pueri et primaevo flore iuven tus

ex ercen tur equis dom itan tque in pulvere currus

aut acris ten dun t arcus aut len ta lacertis

spicula con torquen t cursuque ictuque lacessun t

cum praevec tus equo longaevi regis ad auris

n un tius ingen tis ign ota in veste reportat

adven isse viro s . I lle in tra tecta vocat i

imperat et SOl lO med ius con sed it avito .

Tec tum augustum ingen s. cen tum sublime column is,

urbe fuit summa,Lauren tis regia P ic i,

horren dum silvis et rel igion e paren tum .

H ie sceptra acc ipere et primos attollere fasces

regibus omen erat , hOC ill is curia templum,

hae sacris sedes epul is, hic ariete caeso

perpetuis sol iti patres co n sidere men sis.

146 7 B rackets . R ,

15 6 ba t/t. R. and regularly.

V I I . Trojans K in dly Received.

Qu in etiam veterum effigies ex ord in e avorum

an tiqua e cedro, I talusque paterque Sabinus

vitisator, curvam servan s sub imagin e falcem,

Saturn usque sen ex Ian ique bifron tis imago

vestibulo astaban t,ali ique ab origin e reges

Martiaque Ob patriam pugnan do voln era passi.

Multaque praeterea sacris in postibn s arma,

captivi pen den t currus curvaeque secures

et cristae capitnm et portarum ingen tia c laustra

spiculaque clipeique ereptaque rostra earin is .

Ipse Quirinal i l ituo parvaque sedebat

succin ctus trabea laevaque an c ile gerebat

Picus, equum dom itor ; quem capta cupidin e con iun x

aurea percussum virga versumque ven en is

fec it avem Circe sparsitque coloribus alas.

Tali in tus templo divom patriaque Latinus

sede seden s Teneros ad sese in tecta vocavit,

atque haec ingressis plac ido prior edidit oreD ic ite, D ardan idae ( n eque en im n esc imus et urbem

et gen us, auditique advertitis aequore outsum ) ,quid petitis ? Quae causa rates aut cuius egen tis

litus ad Auson ium tot per vada caerula vex it ?

Sive errore viae seu tempestatibus acti,

qualia multa mari nautae patiun tur in alto,

flum in is in trastis ripas portuque sedetis,

n e fugite hospitium n eve ign orate Latin osSaturn i gemtem ,

haud vin c lo n ec legibus aequam,

spon te sua veterisque dei se more ten en tem .

Atque equidem mem in i ( fama est Obscurior an n is)Aurun cos ita ferre sen es, his ortus ut agris

D ardan us Idaeas Phrygiae pen etravit ad urbes

Threic iamque Samum ,quae n un c Samo thrac ia fertur.

H in c illum, Corythi Tyrrhena ab sede profectum ,

aurea nun c solio stellan tis regia caeli

139 ecum. R.203 T/tmeic iant . R.

8 I l ion eus Tel ls bis S tory . [:Esn n

acc ipit et numerum divorum altaribus auget.’

D ix erat, et d icta I lion eus sic voce secutus

Rex , gen us egregium Faun i, n ec fluctibus ac tos,atra subegit hiemps vestris succedere terrisn ec sidus region e viae l itusve fefellit

con silio ban e omnes an im isque vo len tibus urbem,

adferimur, pulsi rega is , quae max ima quondam

ex tremo ven ien s So l aspic icbat Olympo .

Ab Iove prin c ipium gen eris. Iove D ardana pubes

gaudet avo, rex ipse Iovis de gen te suprema,

Tro tus Aen eas, tua n os ad l im in a m isit.

Quan ta per Idaeos saevis cflusa Mvcen is

tempestas ierit campos, quibus ac tus uterque

Europae atque Asiae fatis con currerit orbis,

audiit et Siquem tellus ex trema refuso

summovet ocean o et s iquem ex ten ta plagar um

quattuor in med io dirimit p laga So lis in iqui.D iluvio ex illo tot vasta per aequora vecti

dis sedem ex iguam patriis l itusque rogamus

in nocuum et cun ctis undamquc auramque paten tem.

Non erimus regn o indecores, n ec vestra feretur

fama levis tan tique abo lescet gratia facti,

n ec Tro iam Auson ios grem io ex cepisse pigebit.

Fata per Aen eae in ro dex tramqn e poten tem

sive fide seu qu is bello est ex pertus et arm is

multi n os populi , mn ltae ( ne temn e,quod ultro

praeferimus man ibus vittas ac verba precan tia)et petiere sibi et voln ere adiungere gen tes

sed n os fata deum vestras ex quirere terras

imperiis egere suis. H in c D ardan us ortushuc repetit iussisque ingen tibus urguet Apollo

Tyrrhen um ad Thybrim et fon tis vada sacra Numici .

D at tibi praeterea fortun ae parva prioris

mun era,rel iquias Tro ia ex arden te receptas .

Hoe pater An chises auro libabat ad aras

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to j am) Aga in at ”fork. [E urum

absen ti Aen eae currum gem inosque iugalis

semin e ab aetherio, spiran tis n aribus ignem,

il lorum de gen te, patri quos daedala Circesupposita de matre n othos furata creavit.

Tal ibus Aen eadae don is d ietisque Latin isublimes in equis redeun t pacemque reportan t.

Ecce autem I n achiis sese referebat ab Argis

saeva Iovis con iun x aurasque invecta teuchat,

et Iaetum Aen ean c lassemque ex aethere longe

Dardan iam Siculo prospex it ab usque Pachyno .

Moliri iam tecta videt,iam fidere terrae,

deseruisse rates : stetit acri fix a dolore.

Tum quassan s caput haec effun d it pectore dictaHeu stirpem in visam et fatis con traria n ostris

fata Phrygum Num Sigc is occumbere campis,

n um capti potuere capi, n um in cen sa cremavit

Tro ia viros P Med ias ac ies mediosque per ign is

in ven ere viam . At, credo,

mea n um ina tandem

fessa iacen t odus aut ex saturata quieviquin etiam patria ex cussos in festa per un dasausa sequi et profugis toto me opponere pon to

Absumptae in Teucros vires caelique marisque.

Quid Syrtes aut Scyl la m ihi, quid vasta Charybdisprofuit ? Optato condun tur Thybridis alveo,

securi pelagi atque mei . Mars perdere gen temimman em Lapithum valuit

,con cessit in iras

ipse deum an tiquam gen itor Calydon a D ianae,

quod scelus aut Lapithis tan tum aut Calydon a meren tem ?Ast ego magna Iovis con iun x

,n il linquere inausum

quae potui in fel ix ,quae memet in omn ia verti

,

vin cor ab Aen ea. Quod si mea num ina n on sun t

magna satis, dubitcm baud equidem implorare quod usquamflec tere si n equeo superos, Acheron ta movebo .

Non dabitur teguis, esto, prohibcre Latin is,307 Liz/ydum

' mew /i te. R.

VI I . Size Seeks t/ze A id of t/w Fury . I I

atque immota manet fatis Lavin ia con iun x

at trahere atque moras tan tis licet addere rebus,

at licet amborum populos ex scin dere regum .

Hac gen er atque socer coean t mercede snorum

sanguin e Troian o et Rutulo dotabere,virgo,

et Bellon a man et te pronuba. Nec face tan tum

C isseis praegn an s ign is en ix a iugal is

quin idem Ven eri partus suus et Paris alter

funestaeque iterum rec idiva in Pergama taedae.

’

Haec ubi dicta ded it,terras horren da petivit

luctificam Allecto d itarum ab sede dearumin fern isque ciet ten ebris, cui tristia bella

iraeque in sidiaeque et crimin a n ox ia cordi .Odit et ipse pater Pluton ,

odere sorores

Tartareae mon strum tot sese vertit in ora,

tam saevae fac ies, tot pullulat atra colubris.

Quam Iuno his acuit verbis ac talia fatur

Hun c m ihi da proprium ,virgo sata Nocte, laborem ,

han c ope’

ram,n e n oster bon os in fractave cedat

fama loco, n eu con ubiis ambire Latinum

Aen eadae possin t I talosve obsidere fin is.

Tu potes unan imos armare in proelia fratres

atque odiis versare domos, tu verbera tectis

fun ereasque in ferte faces, tibi n omin a m ille,

mille n ocen d i artes. Fecundum con cute pectus,

disice compositam pacem ,sere crimin a bell i

arma vel it poscatque simul rapiatque i liven tus.’

Ex in G orgoneis Allec to in fecta ven en is

prin c ip io Latium et Lauren tis tecta tyrann i

celsa petit tac itumque obsedit l imen Amatae,

quam super adven tu Teucrum Turn ique hymen aeis

femin eae arden tem curaeque iraeque coqueban t.

Huic dea caeruleis un um de crin ibus amguem

con ic it inque sinum praecordia ad in tuma subdit,32°praegn as. H . sororum. H . an d others. 341 ex z

'

m. R.

12 Latm us

'

H’

ij a B ri t a : to Jl adurss . B a a.

.1 ac c tf ra .apsus

.0II ." a : 4

.

t‘

x f n tem.

r.’

ton ne corlo

a n .m ingen s co l -

r, 5 : lo agac taen ia vittae

in n fzr. t .t w: comas

,c t membra i .bn cus etrat.

Ar. d=n n prima 1 :es udu ”

; LZarn a veneno

pen cmptat sen s u s atque Oasib'j a implicat ignem

necdum an imus to to perc cp tt pec tore flammam ,

mo lliu s ct solito matrum de more iocuta est,

multa supe r nata lacriman s I’hrygiisque hymenaeis

li x aul lim s ne datur d '

xcenda Lavin ia Teucris,

U gen itor, n et: te m isere-t gn atacque tuique ?

Nu . matri.» m iscrct, quam primo aquilone relinque t

pcrfidus alta peten s abducta virgine praedo?

An n o n sic. l’hrygius pcn ctrat Lacedaemona pastor

Imdacmn rpxc He lenum Tro ianas vex it ad urbes ?

Qu id tua san c ta tides,qu id cura an tiqua tuorum

ct t'

un sangu in co totien s data dex tera Turno ?

Si gc-n er vx tvrn a petitur dc gen te Latin is

idque sudut l’aun iqn c promun t te iussa paren tis,

omn em equidem sc-

cptris terram quae l ibera n ostris

dissidc t,vx tcrn am rcor c t s ic d icere d ivos .

l i t Turn o ,si prima domus repetatur origo,

In achus Ac risiusquc patres med iaeque Mycenae.

’

H is uhi n equiquam d ic tis ex perta Latinumcon tra stare videt pen itusque in viscera lapsum

serpen t is furialc malum to tamque pererrat,

tum vero in fel ix,ingen tibus ex c ita monstris,

immen sam s in e more furit lymphata per urbem.

( ft-u quondam torto vo l itan s sub vcrbere turbo,

quem pueri magn o in gy ro vacua atria c ircum

in ten ti ludo ex ercen t ; ille actus habena

curvatis fertur spatiis stupct in sc ia supra

35 5 per tm taf. I I . an d o thers .333 at H .

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14 As P riestess of j zm o t/zeFwy Accos ts Tam as .

ex uit,in vultus sese tran sformat an ilis

et fron tem obscen am rugis arat, in duit alboscum vitta crin is

,tum ramum in n ectit olivae

fit Calybe Iunon is an us templique sacerdoset iuven i an te oculos his se cum voc ibus ofl

'

ert

Turne,tot in cassnm fusos patiere labores

et tua D ardan iis tran scribi sceptra colon is ?

Rex tibi con iugium et quaesitas sanguin e dotesabnegat, ex tern usque in regn um quaeritur heres.

I n un c,ingratis offer te, in rise, pericl is

Tyrrhen as, i, stern e ac ies tege pace Latin os.Haec adeo tibi me

, plac ida cum n octe iaceres,

ipsa palam fari omn ipoten s Saturn ia iussit.

Quare age et armari pubem portisque moveri

laetus in arma para, et Phrygios qui flum in e pulchrocon sedere duces pic tasque ex ure carinas.

Caelestum vis magna iubet. Rex ipse Latin us,n i dare con iugium et d icto parere fatetur,sen tiat et tan dem Turn um ex periatur in armis.

’

H ic iuven is vatem in riden s sic orsa vicissim

ore refert : Classis invectas Thybridis un damn on

,ut rere

,meas effugit n un tius auris.

Ne tan tos m ihi nuge metus n ec regia Iun o

inmemor est n ostri.

Sed te victa situ verique effeta sen ectus,

o mater,curis n equiquam ex ercet et arma

regurn in ter falsa vatem form idin e ludit.

Cura tibi divom effigies et templa tueri

bella viri pacemque geren t, quis bella gerenda.’

Talibus Allec to dictis ex arsit in iras,

at iuven i oran ti subitus tremor occupat artus,

deriguere ocul i tot Erinys sibilat hydristan taque se fac ies aperit tum flammea torquen s

lum in a cun ctan tem ct quaeren tem dicere plura430 an ,“ m be , R ,

433 alveo. Eds.

V I I . Tum us is Amused.

reppulit et geminos erex it crin ibus anguis

verberaque in son uit rabidoque haec addidit ore

En ego victa situ,quam veri effeta senectus

arma in ter regum falsa form idin e ludit.

Respice ad haec : adsum dirarum ab sede sororum,

bella manu letumque gero .

’

Sic cifata facem iuven i con iec it et atro

lum in e fuman tis fix it sub pec tore taedas .

Olli somn um ingen s rumpit pavor, ossaque et artus

perfundit toto proruptus corpore sudorarma amen s fremit

,arma toro tectisque requirit

saevit amor ferri et scelerata in san ia belli,

ira super : magn o veluti cum fiamma sonore

virgea suggeritur costis undan tis aén i

ex sultan tque aestu latices, furit in tus aquai

fum idus atque alte spum is ex uberat ammis,

n ec iam se capit n n da,volat vapor ater ad auras .

Ergo iter ad regem polluta pace Latin umin dic it primis iuven um et iubet arma parari,

tutari I taliam ,detrudere fin ibus bostem

se satis ambobus Teucrisque ven ire Latin isque .

Haec ubi d icta ded it d ivosque in vota vocavit,

eertatim sese Rutuli ex hortan tur in arma :

hun c decus egregium formae movet atque iuven tae,hun c atavi reges, hun c claris dex tera factis.

D um Turn us Rutulos an im is audac ibus implet,

Allecto in Teucros Stygiis se con citat al is,

arte n ova speculata locum , quo l itore pulcher

in sidiis cursuque feras agitabat Iulus.

H ic subitam can ibus rabiem Cocytia virgo

obic it et noto naris con tingit odore,ut cervum arden tes ageren t quae prima laborumcausa fuit belloque an imos accen dit agrestis.

Cervus erat forma praestan ti et corn ibus ingen s,

Tyrrhidae pueri quem matris ab ubere raptam

16 Ascan ius A'

i/ls a P et Stag .

nutriban t Tyrrhusque pater, cui regia paren t

armen ta et late custod ia credita campi.

Adsuetum imperiis soror omn i Silvia cura

mol l ibus in tex en s ornabat corn ua sertis

pcctebatque ferum puroque in fon te lavabat.

I lle, m an um patien s men saeque adsuetus erili,

errabat s ilvis rursusqn e ad l im in a n ota

ipse ( lomum sera quamvis se n octe ferebat.

Hun c procul erran tem rabidae ven an tis Iuli

commovere can es,fluvio cum forte secun do

deflucret ripaque aestus v iridan te levaret.

I pse etiam,ex im iae lan d is succen sus amore

,

Ascan ius curvo d irex it spic ula corn u ;

n ec dex trae erran ti deus afuit,actaque multo

perque uterum son itu perque i lia ven it harundo .

Sauc ius at quadrupcs n ota in tra tecta refugit

succcssitque gemen s stabu l is questuque cruen tus

atque imploran ti sim ilis tec tum om n e replebat.

Silvia prima soror, palmis percussa lacertos,

aux il ium vocat ct duros con c lamat agrestis.

Oll i, pestis en im tac itis latet aspera silvis,

in provisi adsun t, hic torre armatus obusto,

stipitis hic gravidi h od is quod cuique repertum

riman ti,telum ira fac it. Vocat agm ina Tyrrhus,

quadrifidam quercum cun eis ut forte coactis

sc in debat, rapta sp iran s imman e securi .

At saeva e specul is tempus dea n ac ta n ocen diardua tecta petit stabul i et de culm in e summo

pastorale cauit sign um corn uque recurvo

Tartaream in ten d it vocem, qua protin us omn e

con tremuit n emus et s ilvae in sonuere profundae ;audiit et Triviae longe lacus, aud iit amn is

sulfurea Nar albus aqua fon tesque Velin i,et trepidae matres presscre ad pec tora n atos .

485 Err/was. Eds .5 “ m eta. R

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18 y zmo fi erseif Stirs up t/ze ”far [Ah-m .

stan t bell i causae, pugn atur comm inus armis,

quae fo rs prima ded it sanguis n ovus imbuit arma.

Talia con iugia et talis celebren t hymenaeos

egregium Ven eris gen us et rex ipse Latin us.

Te super aetherias errare l icen tius auras

haud pater ille velit,summ i regn ator Olympi

cede loc is ego ,s iqua super fortuna laborum est

,

ipsa regam .

’Tal is dederat Saturn ia voces.

I lla autem attollit striden tis angu ibus alas

Cocytique petit sedem ,supera ardua linquen s.

Est locus I taliae med io sub mon tibus altis,

n obil is et fama multis memoratus in oris,

Amsan cti valles : den sis hun c fron dibus atrurn

urguet utrimque latus n emoris, medioque fragosus

dat so n itum sax is et torto vertice torren s.

H ic specus horren dum et saevi sp iracula D itis

mon stran tur,ruptoque ingen s Acheron te vorago

pestiferas aperit fauces, quis con d ita Erinys,in v isum n umen

,terras caelumque levabat.

Nec m in us in terea ex tremam Saturn ia bello

impon it regina man um . Ruit omn is in urbem

pastorum ex ac ie n umerus caesosque reportan t

Almon em puerum foedatique ora G alaesi

imploran tque deos obtestan turque Latin um .

Turn us adest m ed ioqn e in crim in e caedis et ign i

terrorem ingem in at Teucros in regn a vocari,

stirpem adm isceri Phrygiam ,se l im in e pelli.

Tum quorum atton itae iaccho memora avia matres

in sultan t thiasis ( n eque en im leve n omen Amarae) ,un d ique c

‘

o llecti coeun t Martemque fatigan t.

I l icet in fandum cun c ti con tra om in a bellum,

con tra fata deum perverso n um in e poscun t,

certatim regis c ircumstan t tecta Latin i.I lle velut pelagi rupes immota resistit

,

5 5 5 w /m éia . I I . 5 5 3 saf er . R.

V I I . The G ates of War Open ed. 19

ut pelagi rupes magno ven ien te fragore,

quae sese multis circum latran tibus und ismole tenet ; scopuli n equiquam et spumea circum

sax a fremun t laterique in lisa refunditur alga.

Verum ubi n ulla datur caecum ex superate potestas

con silium et saevae nutu Iunon is eun t res,

multa deos aurasque pater testatus inan isFrangimur heu fatis,

’inquit, ferimurque procella

I psi has sacrilego pendetis sanguine poenas ,

O miseri. Te, Turn e, n efas, te triste man ebit

suppl ic ium ,votisqn e deos venerabere seris.

Nam mihi parta quies, omn isque in lim in e portus

funere felic i spolior.

’Nec plura locutus

saepsit se tectis rerumque reliquit habenas.

Mos erat Hesperio in Latio, quem protin us urbes

Alban ae coluere sacrum n un c max ima rerum

Roma col it, cum prima moven t in proel ia Martem ,

sive G etis in ferre man n lacrimabile bellum

Hyrcan isve Arabisve paran t seu ten dere ad I n dosAuroramque sequi Parthosque reposcere signa.

Sun t gem inae belli portae ( sic n om in e dicun t)rel igione saerae et saevi form idine Martis

cen tum aerei claudun t vectes aeternaque ferri

robora, nec custos absistit l im in e Ian us

has , ubi certa sedet patribus sen ten tia pugn ac,

ipse Quirinal i trabea c in ctuque G abin o

in sign is reserat striden tia l im ina consul,

ipse vocat pugnas sequitur tum cetera pubes,

aereaque adsen su con spiran t corn ua rauco .

Hoc et tum Aeneadis indicere bella Latinusmore iubebatur tristisque rec ludere portas .

Abstin uit tactu pater aversusque refugit

.foeda m in isteria et caceis se condid it umbris.

Tum regina deum caclo delapsa moran tis

impulit ipsa man n portas, et card in e verso

20 They l 'brge W eapons . E NEID .

belli ferratos rumpit Saturn ia postes.

Ardet in ex c ita Auson ia atque immobilis an tePars pedes ire parat campis, pars arduus altis

pulverulen tus equ is furit omn es arma requirun t.

Pars levis c lipeos et spicula luc ida tergen tarvin a p ingui subigun tque in cote secures ;

sign aque ferre iuvat son itusque audire tubarum .

Quin que adeo magn ae positis in cud ibus urbes

tela n ovan t,Atin a poten s Tiburque superbum,

Ardea Crustumerique et turrigerae An tenmae.

Tegm ina tuta cavan t capitnm flectun tque salignas

umbon um cratis alii thoracas aén os

aut levis ocreas len to ducun t argen to

vomeris huc et fale is bonos, huc .omn is aratri

cessit amor recoquun t patrios fornac ibus en ses.

C lassica iamque son an t it bello tessera sign um .

H ic galeam tec tis trep idus rapit, i lle fremen tis

ad inga cogit equos c lipeumque auroque trilicem

lorieam induitur fidoque acc ingitur en se.

Pand ite n un c Helicona,deae

,can tusque movete,

qu i bel lo ex c iti reges, quae quemque secutae

complerin t campos ac ies,qu ibus I tala iam tum

floruerit terra alma viris,qu ibus arserit arm is.

Et mem in istis en im,divae

,et memorare potestis

ad n os vix ten uis famae perlabitur aura.

Primus in it bellum Tyrrhen is asper ab oris

con temptor divom Mez en tius agm inaque atmat.

Filius huic iux ta Lausus, quo pulchrior alter

n on fuit ex cepto Lauren tis corpore Turn i ,

Lausus,equum dom itor debel latorque ferarum ,

duc it Agyllin a n equiquam ex urbe secutos

m ille v iros,d ign us, patri is qui laetior esset

imperi is et cui pater hand Mez en tius esset.

Post hos in sign em palma per gram ina currum

692 rupzt. H .6334-7 after 637. R.

“ I m

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L is t (f Nation s ; .Messapus , Sabin es . [E rm a

in stituere ped is, crudus tegit altera pero.

At Messapus, equum dom itor, Neptun ia proles,

quem n eque fas ign i cuiquam n ec stern ere ferro,

iam pridem resides populos desuetaque belloagm in a in arma vocat subito ferrumque retractat.

H i Fescen n inas ac ies Aequosque Faliscos.

H i Sorac tis haben t arces Flavin iaque arva

et C im in i cum mon te lacum lucosque Capenos.

Iban t acquati n umero regemque caneban t,

ceu quon dam n ivei liquida in ter n ubila cycn i,

cum sese c pastu referun t et longa canoros

dan t per colla modos,son at amn is et Asia longe

pulsa palus.

Nec quisquam aeratas ac ies ex agm ine tan to

m isceri putet, aériam sed gurgite ab alto

urgueri volucrum raucarum ad litora n ubem .

Ecce Sabin orum prisco de sangu in e magnum

agmen agen s C lausus magn ique ipse agm in is in star,

C laud ia n un c a quo d iffund itur et tribus et gen s

per Latium , postquam in partem data Roma Sabin is.U na ingen s Am itern a cohors prisc ique Quirites,Creti man us omn is o liviferaeque Mutuscae

qu i Nomen tnm urbem , qu i Rosea rura Velin i,

qui Tetricae horren tis rupes mon temque Severum

Casperiamquc colun t Forulosque et flumen Himellae,qui Tiberim Fabarimque bibun t, quos frigida misitNurs ia

,ct Hortin ae c lasses populique Latin i,

quosque secan s in faustum in terluit All ia n omen

quam multi Libyco vo lvun tur marmore fluctus

saevus ubi Orion hibern is cond itur un d is ;vel cum sole n ovo den sae to rren tur aristae

aut Herm i campo an t c iae flavcn tibus arvis.

Scuta sonan t pulsuque pedum con territa tellus.

698 after 705 . R .699fl/1W i /1 J. R 712 A

’asl a. R.

716 t 'i m. H.

716 Ortm ae. R .717 4156 . R.

V I I . L ist of Nation s Ha laesus, Umbra. 23

H inc Agamemnon ius, Troian i nom in is hostis ,

curru iungit Halaesus equos Turnoque feroc is

m ille rapit populos, vertun t fel ic ia Baccho

Massica qui rastris et quos de col libus altis

Aurun c i misere patres, Sidic inaque iux ta

aequora quique Cales l inquun t, amn isque vadosi

ac cola Volturn i, pariterque Saticulus asper

Oscorumque manus. Teretes sun t aclydes illistela, sed haec len to mos est aptare flagello

laevas caetra tegit, falcati comm inus en ses.

Nee tu carmin ibus n ostris indictus abibis,

Oebale, quem gen erasse Telon Sebethide n ympha

fertur, Teleboum Capreas cum regn a ten eret,

iam sen ior patriis sed n on et filius arvis

con ten tus late iam tum dic ion e premebat

Sarrastis populos et quae rigat aequora Sam us

quique Rufras Batulumque ten en t atque arva Celemnae

et quos maliferae despectan t moen ia Abellae,

Teuton ico ritu soliti torquere cateias,

tegmina quis capitnm raptus de subere cortex,

aerataeque m ican t peltae, m icat aereus en sis.

Et te mon tosae m isere in proel ia Nersac ,

U fen s, in signem fama et fel ic ibus arm is

horrida praec ipue cui gen s adsuetaque multo

venatu nemorum ,duris Aequicula glaebis.

Armati terram ex ercen t,semperque recen tis

convectare iuvat praedas et vivere rapto .

Quin et Marruvia ven it de gen te sacerdos,fron de super galcam et fel ic i comptus oliva.

Archippi regis m issu,fortissimus Umbro,

vipereo gen eri et graviter spiran tibus hydrisspargere qui somnos can tuque man uque solebat

mulcebatque iras et morsus arte levabat.

Sed n on D ardan iae med icari cuspid is ictumevaluit, n eque cum iuvere in voln era can tus

L ist of .Va tion s Vi rbius , Turm i s . [E ls i

somn iferi et Marsis quaesitae mon tibus herbae.

Te n emus Angitiae , vitrea te Fuc in us unda,te l iquid i flevere lacus.

Ibat et H ippolyti proles pulcherrima bello,

V irbius,in sign em quem mater Aric ia m isit

,

eductum Egeriae luc is.

umen tia c ircum

l itora, pinguis ubi et placabil is ara D ian ae.

Namque ferun t fama H ippolytum , postquam arte n overcae 765

occ iderit patriasque ex plerit sanguin e poenas

turbatis distractus equis, ad sidera rursus

aetheria et superas caeli ven isse sub auras,

Paeon iis revocatum herbis et amore D ianae.

Tum pater omn ipoten s , al iquem indign atus ab umbris

mortalem in fern is ad lum in a surgere vitae,

ipse repertorem medic in ae tal is et artis

fulm in e Phoebigenam Stygias detrusit ad un das.

At Trivia H ippolytum secretis alma recondit

sedibus et n ymphae Egeriae n emorique relegat,

solus ubi in s ilvis I tal is ign obilis aevom

ex igeret versoque ubi n om in e V irbius esset.

U nde etiam templo Triviae luc isque sacratis

corn ipedes arcen tur equ i,quod litore currum

et iuven em mon stris pavidi effudere marin is.Filius arden tis haud setius aequore campi

ex ercebat equos curruque in bella ruebat.

Ipse in ter primos praestan ti corpore Turnus

vertitur arma ten en s et toto vertice supra est.

Cu i triplic i crin ita iuba galea alta Chimaeram

sustin et, Aetnaeos efflan tem fauc ibus ign is

tam magis illa fremen s et tristibus effera flammis,

quam magis effuso crudescun t sanguin e pugn ac .

At levem c lipeum sublatis corn ibus Io

auro in sign ibat, iam saetis obsita, iam bos

( argumen tum ingen s) , et custos virgin is Argus

3 m un das . 11.781 secius. H.

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26 Tli e Native Leaders Cat/ten [Aim-n o .

BOOK VI I I . PREPARATIONS FOR W AR.

TURNUS gives the signal for war ; the leaders gather their forces, and

aid is asked from Apul ia ( vv. 1 The river god o f the Tiber appears

to Ai n eas amid his cares, promises the fulfilmen t of the omen of the W hite

Sow,an d the future foun ding of Rome, an d advises him to seek aid of

Evan der ( W . 18 tEn eas, awaking, prays to the Tiber ( W . 66

sees the omen ( v. an d after sacrificing the pig to Jun o, ascends the

stream to the city of Evander ( vv. 86 he is met by Pal las, son of

the k ing, who was just then sacrificing, with frien dly greeting, after an

ex plan ation ( vv . 102 he makes kn own his errand ( vv . 126

Evan der recogn izes the Trojan s, having seen An chises and others, and

in vites them to the sacrifice, which they join ( vv . 1 5 2 The story of

Cacus an d Hercules ( vv. 185 the rites described ( vv. 280

Evander tel ls something of the earlier history and shows E neas the

po in ts of in terest ( vv. 3 14 Ven us begs of Vulcan arms for E n eas,

which he promises to make ( vv . 369 in the morn ing Vulcan pro

ceeds to the forges of the Cyclops an d begin s his work ( vv. 407Evander proposes to zEn eas an al lian ce with Etruria, whose people de

man d a foreign leader again st the cruel tyran t Mezen tius, and offers his

son Pallas as a compan ion ( vv . 470 E neas, led by a sign from

Ven us, accepts ( vv. 5 20 and sends part of his fo llowers back to the

fleet, reserving the best for his journ ey to the Etruscan s ( vv.541Evander bids farewell to his son

,an d the ex pedition starts ( vv . 5 54

stopping in a grove n ear by to rest ( vv. 586 here Ven us appears to

AZn eas and brings the armor forged by Vulcan ( vv. 608 D escription of the work on the shield ( vv. 626 the she-wo lf ( v. rape

of the Sabin es ( v. Mettus Fufetius ( v. Porsen n a ( v.

Man l ius an d the G auls ( v . the rites of the Luperci ( v.

Cati lin e in Hades (v. battle of Actium ( v. triumph of Augus

tus ( v.

bel l i sign um Lauren ti Turn us ab arce

x tul it et rauco strepuerun t corn ua can tu,

utque acris con cussit equos utque impul it arma,

ex templo turbati an im i , simul omn e tumultu

con iurat trepido Latium saevitque iuven tus

efi'

era. D uctores prim i Messapus et U fen s

con temptorque deum Mez en tius undique cogun t

VI I I . T/ze Tiber Appears to d i n eas . 27

aux ilia et latos vastan t cultoribus agros .

M ittitur et magn i Ven ulus D iomed is ad urbem,

qui petat aux ilium et Latio"

con sistere Teucros,

advectum Aen ean classi victosque penatis

in ferre et fatis regem se d icere poseiedoceat [multasque viro se adiungere gen tis

D ardan io et late Latio in crebrescere n omen } .Quid struat his coeptis, quem ,

si Fortuna sequatnr,

even tum pugnac cupiat, man ifestius ipsi

quam Turno regi aut regi apparere Latin o .

Tal ia per Latium . Quae Laomedon tius heroscun eta viden s magno cnrarum fluctuat aestu,

atque an imum n un c huc celerem ,n un c divid ir illuc .

I n partisque rapit varias perque omn ia versat

sicut aquae tremulum labris ubi lumen aen is

sole repercussum aut rad ian tis imagine lunae

omn ia pervolitat late loca iamque sub auras

erigitur summique ferit lac naria tec ti .

Nox erat,et terras an imalia fessa per omn is

al ituum pecudumque gen us sopor altus habebat

cum pater in ripa gel idique sub aetheris ax e

Aen eas, tristi turbatus pectora bello,

procubuit seramque ded it per membra quietem .

Huic dens ipse loc i fluvio Tiberin us amoeno

populeas in ter sen ior se atto l lere frondesvisus ; cum ten uis glauco velabat am ictu

carbasus, et crin is umbrosa tegebat harundo,

tum sic adfari et curas his demere dictisO sate gen te deum , Tro ianam ex hostibus urbem

qui revehis n obis aeternaque Pergama servas,

ex speetate solo Lauren ti arvisque Latin is,hic tibi certa domus

,certi

,n e absiste

, pen ates

n eu bell i terrere m in is tumor omn is et irae

con cessere deum .

[Iamque tibi, n e van a putes haec fingere somnum,

28 D iscovery of tin : Sw in e. [Ainmn

litoreis lugen s inven ta sub ilic ibns sus,

trigin ta capitnm fetus cuix a,iacebit,

alba,solo recuban s, albi c ircum ubera nati.

H ic locus urbis crit, requies ea certa laboram

ex quo ter den is urbem redeun tibus an n is

Ascan ius c lari con det cognom in is Albam .

Haud in certa cano .] Nunc qua ration e quod instatex ped ias victor

, pauc is ( adverte ) docebo.

Arcades his oris, gen us a Pallan te profectum,

qui regem Euandrum com ites, qui sign a secuti,

delegere locum et posuere in mon tibus urbem

l’allan tis proavi de n om in e l’allan teum .

H i bellum adsidue ducun t cum gen te Latin a ;hos castris adhibe soc ios et foedera iunge.

Ipse ego te ripis et recto fium in e ducam,

adversum rem is superes subvec tus ut amuem.

Surge age, nate dea, primisque caden tibus astris

Iun on i fer rite preces iramque m inasque

suppl ie ibus supera votis . M ihi victor honorem

persolves . Ego sum pleno quem flumine cern is

stringen tem ripas et p inguia culta secan tem,

caeruleus Thybris, caelo gratissimus amn is.

H ic m ihi magn a domus, celsis caput urbibus, ex it.’

D ix it, deinde lacu fluvius se cond id it alto,

ima peten s n ox Aen ean somnusque rel iquit.

Surgit et aetherii spectan s orien tia solis

lum ina rite cavis un dam de flum in e palm issustin et ac talis effun dit ad aethera voces

Nymphae, Lauren tes n ymphae, gen us amn ibus undest,tuque, o Thybri tuo gen itor cum flum in e san cto

,

acc ipite Aen ean et tan dem arcete peric lis.

Quo te cumque lacus m iscran tem in commoda n ostra

fon te ten et, quocumque solo pulcherrimus ex is,

semper hon ore meo, semper celebrabere don is,4“ Re iected bv R.

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30 Evan a’er Recog n i z es the Trqjan s . [E mma

et procul e tumulo Iuven es, quae causa subegit

ign otas temptare vias, quo tenditis ? inquit.

Qui gen us ? Un cle domo ? Pacemn e huc fertis an arma ?

Tum pater Aen eas puppi sic fatur ab alta

pac iferaeque man u ramum praetendit olivae

Troiugenas ac tela vides in im ica Latin is,

quos illi bello profugos egere superbo.

Euandrum petimus. Ferte haec et dic ite lectos

D ardan iae ven isse duces soc ia arma rogan tis.

’

Obstipuit tan to percussus n om ine Pallas

Egredere o quicumque es ait coramque paren tem

adloquere ac n ostris succede penatibus hospesex cepitque man u dex tramqn e amplex us inhaesit.

Progressi subeun t luco fluviumque relinquun t.

Tum regem Aen eas dictis adfatur am ic is

Optume G raiugen um ,cui me Fortun a precari

et vitta comptos vo luit praetendere ramos,

n on equidem ex timu i,Ban aum quod ductor et Areas

quodque a stirpe fores gem in is con iun c tus Atridis ;

sed mea me virtus et san c ta oracula divom

cognatique patres, tua terris d id ita fama,con iun x ere tibi et fatis egere volen tem.

D ardan us,I liacae primus pater urbis et auctor,

Electra, ut G rai perhiben t, Atlan tide cretus,

advehitur Teucros Electram max umus Atlas

edid it, aetherios umero qui sustinet orbes

vobis Mercurius pater est, quem cand ida Maia

Cyllenae gelido con ceptum vertice fud itat Maiam,

aud itis si qu icquam cred imus, Atlas,

idem Atlas gen erat, caeli qui sidera toll it.Sic genus amborum sc indit se sanguin e ab uno.

H is fretus n on legatos n eque prima per artemtemptamen ta tu

i pepigi me,me ipse meumque

Obiec i caput et supplex ad l imin a ven i .

m rela xan t. R.13 1 drown . H .

136 Atlan s. R.1“ teamma te . H.

VII I . Hercu les and Cacus. 3 I

G en s eadem, quae te, crudeli D aun ia belloinsequitur ; n os si pellan t, n ihil afore credun t,

quin omnem Hesperiam pen itus sua sub inga mittan t

et mare quod supra ten ean t quodque adluit in fra.

Aecipe daqne fidem : sun t n obis fortia bello

pectora, sun t an imi et rebus spectata iuven tus.’

D ix erat Aeneas. I lle os oculosque loquen tis

iamdudum et totum lustrabat lum ine corpus.

Tum sic pauca refert U t te, fortissime Teucrum,

accipio agnoscoque l iben s U t verba paren tis

et vocem An chisae magn i voltumque recordor

Nam mem in i Hesion ae visen tem regn a sororis

Laomedon tiaden Priamum,Salam in a peten tem ,

protinus Arcad iae gelidos in visere fin is.

Tum m ihi prima gen as vestibat flore iuven tas,

m irabarque duces Teucros, m irabar et ipsumLaomedon tiaden , sed cun c tis altior ibat

An chises : m ihi men s iuven al i ardebat amore

compel lare virum et dex trae con iungere dex tram .

Accessi et cupidus Phen ei sub moen ia dux i.I l le m ihi in sign em pharetram Lyc iasque sagittas

d isceden s chlamydemque auro ded it in tertex tamfrenaque bina meus quae n un c habet aurea Pallas.

Ergo et quam petitis iun cta est m ihi foedere dex tra,et lux cum primum terris se crastin a reddet

,

aux ilio laetos dim ittam opibusque iuvabo .

I n terea sacra haec,quando huc ven istis am ici,

an nua, quae differre n efas,celebrate faven tes

n obiscum et iam n un c soc iorum adsuesc ite men sis.

’

Haec ubi d icta,dapes iubet et sublata repon i

pocula gram ineoque viros locat ipse sedilipraec ipuumque toro et villosi pelle leon is

acc ipit Aen ean solioque inv itat acern o .

Tum lecti iuven es eertatim araeque sacerdos15 5 adgn oseo. R.

150 in ven ta. H .167 in tertex to. Eds.

32 The T[left of Cacus D i scovered. [fl-Irm a.

viscera tosta ferun t tauror um on eran tque can istris

dona laboratae Cereris Bacchumque min istran t.

Vesc itur Aen eas simul et Troian a iuven tus

perpetui tergo bovis et lustralibus ex tis.

Postquam ex empta fames et amor eompressus edendi,

rex l-Iuandrus ait Non haec sollemn ia n obis,

has ex more dapes . han c tan ti n umin is aramvana superstitio veterumque ign ara deorum

inposuit : saevis,hospes Troiane, periclis

servati fac imus meritosque n ovamus honores.

Iam primum sax is suspen sam han c aspice rupem,

d isiectae proen l ut moles desertaque mon tis

stat domus et sc0puli ingen tem trax ere ruinam.

H ic spelun ca fuit, vasto summota recessu,

sem ihom in is Cac i fac ies quam d ira tenebat,sol is in accessam rad iis semperque recen ti

caede tcpebat humus,foribusque adfim superbis

ora virnm tristi pcn deban t pall ida tabo.

Huic mon stro Vo lcan us erat pater : illius atros

ore vomen s ign is magn a se mole ferebat.

Attulit et n obis al iquando optan tibus aetas

aux ilium adven tumque de i. Nam max imus ultor,

tergem in i n ece G eryon ae spoli isque superbus,

Alc ides aderat taurosque hac victor agebat

ingen tis, vallemque boves amn emque ten eban t.

At furiis Cac i men s effera, n equid in ausum

aut in tractatum scelerisve dol ive fuisset,quattuor a stabulis praestan ti corpore tauros

avertit,totidem forma superan te iuven cas

atque hos, n equa foren t ped ibus vestigia rectis,

cauda in spelun cam tractos versisque viarum

indic iis raptos sax o occultabat Opaco

quaeren ti n ulla ad spelun cam sign a fereban t.

I n terea, cum iam stabulis saturata moveret

198 submai d . H ,

197 squal l zda. Eds.

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34 K i l l ing of Cam s. [E urum

in c lusumque cavo sax o atque in sueta ruden tem

desuper Alc ides tel is prem it om n iaque arma

advocat e t ram is vastisque mo larilms instat.

I lle autem . n eque en im fuga iam super ulla pericli ,

fauc ibus ingen tem fumum ( m irabile d ictu)evom it in vo lvitque domum cal igin e caeca,

prospectum eripien s oculis. glomeratque sub an tro

fum iferam n octem comm ix tis igne tenebris.

Non tul it Alc ides an im is seque ipse per ignem

praec ipiti iec it saltu, qua plurimus undamfumus agit n ebulaque ingen s specus aestuat atra.

H ic Cacum in ten ebris in cen d ia vana vomen tem

corripit in n odum complex us et angit inhaerens

elisos oculus et s ic cum sanguin e guttur.

Pand itur ex templo foribus domus atra revolsis,

abstrac taeque boves abiurataeque rapinae

caclo Ol ll t l l l l l l l l l‘

, ped ibusque in forme cadaver

protrahitur. Nequeun t ex pleri corda tuendoterribil is o culos . vo ltum v illosaque saetis

pectora sem iferi atque c x tin c tos fauc ibus ign is.

Ex illo c e lebratus hon os,lactique m in ores

servaverc d iem , primus que I’o titius auctor

et domus l -Ierculc i custos I’in aria sacri.

Han c aram luco statuit, quae max uma semper

dicetur n obis et crit quae max uma semper.

Quare agite, o iuven es, tan tarum in mun ere laudum

c ingite fronde comas et pocula porgite dex tris

commun emque vocate deum et date vin a volen tes.’

D ix erat,Herculca bico lor cum populus umbra

velavitque comas foliisque in n ex a pepen d it

et sacer implevit dex tram scyphus . Oc ius omnes

in men sam laeti liban t d ivosque precan tur.

D evex o in terea prOp ior fit Vesper Olympo,

iamque sacerdotes primusque l ’o titius iban t,25 7 i ~ iecit. H .

VI I I . Sacrifice to Hercules. 35

pellibus in morem cincti,flammasque fereban t.

I n stauran t epulas et men sae grata secun dae

don a ferun t cumulan tque on eratis lan c ibus aras.

Turn Salii ad can tus in cen sa altaria c ircum

populeis adsun t evin cti tempora ram is,

hic iuven um chorus, ille seuum qui carm in e laudesHerculeas et facta ferun t ut prima n overcae

mon stra man u gemin osque premen s eliserit angues,

ut bello egregias idem disiecerit urbes,

Troiamque Oechaliamque, ut duros m ille laboresrege sub Eurystheo fatis Iun on is in iquae

pertulerit. Tu n ubigen as, invicte, bimembris

Hylaeumque Pholumque, man u,tu Cresia mactas

prodigia et vastum Nemeae sub rupe leon em .

Te Stygii tremuere lacus,te ian itor Orc i

ossa super recuban s an tro semesa cruen to

n ec te ullae faci es,n on terruit ipse Typhoeus,

arduus arma ten en s n on te ration is egen tem

Lernaeus turba capitnm c ircumstetit anguis.

Salve, vera Iovis proles, decus add ite d ivis,

et n os et tua dex ter adi pede sacra secundo .

’

Talia carm in ibus celebran t super omn ia Cac i

spelun cam ad ic iun t spiran temque ign ibus ipsum .

Con sonat omn e n emus strepitu collesque resultan t.

Ex in se cun cti d ivin is rebus ad urbem

perfectis referun t. Ibat rex obsitus aevo

et eom item Aen ean iux ta n atumque ten ebat

ingredien s varioque v iam sermon e levabat.

M iratur fac il isque oculos fert omn ia c ircum

Aen eas capiturque loc is et singula laetus

ex quiritque auditque virum mon imcn ta priorum .

Tum rex Euan drus,Roman ac con d itor arc is

Haec n emora ind igen ae faun i n ymphaequc ten eban t

gen sque virum trun c is et duro robore n ata,

295 N emea. H . an d Eds.297 semiesa . C .

36 Tlce Reign of Saturn . [E mma

quis n eque mos n eque cultus erat, n ec iungere tauros

aut compon ere opes n otan t aut parcere parto,

sed rami atque asper victu ven atus alebat.

Primus ab aetherio ven it Saturnus Olympo,

arma Iovis fugien s et regn is ex sul ademptis.

I s genus in doc ile ac dispersum mon tibus altis

composuit legesque ded it Latiumque vocat i

maluit, his quon iam latuisset tutis in oris.

Aurea quae perhiben t i llo sub rege fuere

saecula. Sic plac ida populos in pace tegebat,

deterior don ec paulatim ac decolor aetaset bell i rabies et amor successit habendiu

Tum man us Auson ia et gen tes ven ere Sicanae,

saepius c t n omen posuit Saturn ia tellus

tum reges asperque imman i corpore Thybris,

a quo post I tal i fluvium cogn om in e Thybrim

dix imus,am isit verum vetus Albula n omen

me pulsum patria pelagique ex trema sequen tem

fortuna omn ipoten s et in eluc tabile fatum

his posuere loc is matrisque egere tremen daCarmen tis n ymphae mon ita et deus auctor Apollo.

V ix ca d icta : dehin c progressus mon strat et aram

et Carmen talem Roman i n om in e portam

quam memoran t,n ymphae priscum Carmen tis honorem ,

vatis fatidicae,cec in it quae prima futuros

Aen eadas magn os et n obile Pallan teum .

H in e lucum ingen tem quem Romulus acer Asylum

rettul it et gel ida mon strat sub rupe Lupercal,Parrhasio d ictum Pan os ( le more Lycaei.

Nec n on et sacri mon strat n emus Argileti

testaturque locum et letum docet hospitis Argi.

H in e ad Tarpeiam sedem ct Cap itol ia duc it,

aurea n un c,ol im silvestribus horrida dum is.

Iam tum rel igio pavidos terrebat agrestis

32° ex u l . R. ficerun f. H .333 Roman o. H .

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38 Ven us E n treats Vu lcan . [E arl-1m .

te potuit lacrimis Tithon ia flec tere con iun x .

Aspice qui coea nt populi, quae moen ia c lausis

ferrum acuan t port is in me ex sc idiumque meorum .

’

D ix erat et uiveis hin c atque hin e d iva lacertiseun c tan tem amplex u moll i fovet. I lle repen te

accepit solitam flammam,n o tusque medullas

in trav it calor et labefacta per ossa cueurrit

n on secus atque o l im ton itru cum rupta corusco

ign ea rima m ican s percurrit lum in e n imbos.

Sen sit lacta do lis et formae con sc ia con iun x .

Tum pater aetern o fatur devin c tus amore

Quid causas petis ex alto ? Fiduc ia cessit

quo tibi,d iva

,mei ? Sim il is si cura fuisset

,

turn quoque fas n obis Ten eros armare fuisset

n ec pater omn ipoten s Tro iam n ec fata vetaban t

stare decemque alios Priamum superesse per an n os.

Et n un c,si bellare paras atque haec tibi men s est

,

quidquid in arte mea possum prom ittere curac,

quod fieri ferro l iquidove potest electro ,

quan tum ign es an imaeque valen t,absiste precando

viribus in dubitare tuis.

’Ea verba locutus

optatos ded it amplex us plac idumque petivitcon iugis in fusus grem io per membra soporem .

I n de ubi prima qu ies med io iam n oc tis abactae

curriculo ex pulerat somn um,cum fem in a primum ,

cui to lerare colo v itam ten uique M in erva

impos itum ,c in erem et SOp itos susc itat ign es,

n oc tem adden s operi, famulasque ad lum in a longo'

ex ercet pen so ,castum ut servare cubile

con iugis et possit parvos educere n atos

haud secus Ign ipoten s n ec tempore segn ior illo

moll ibus e stratis Opera ad fabril ia surgit.

I n sula Sican ium iux ta latus Aeol iamque

erigitur Liparen ,fuman tibus ardua sax is

,

quam subter specus et Cyc lopum ex esa camin is

VI I I. Tli e Forges of tlze Cy clops. 39

an tra Aetnaea ton an t validique in cudibus ictus

an diti referun t gemitus stridun tque cavern is

stricturae Chalybum et fornac ibus ign is an helat,

Volcan i domus et Volcania nom in e tel lus.

Hoc tun c Ign ipotens caclo descend it ab alto.

Ferrum ex erceban t vasto Cyclopes in an tro,

Bron tesque Steropesque et n udus membra Pyracmon .

His in formatum man ibus iam parte pol ita

fulmen erat,toto gen itor quae plurima caelo

deic it in terras, pars inperfecta man ehat.

Tris imbris torti radios, tris n ubis aquosae

addideran t,rutili tris ign is et al itis austri

fulgores n un c horrificos son itumque metumque

m isceban t operi flamm isque sequac ibus iras.

Parte alia Marti currumque rotasque volucris

in staban t,quibus ille viros, quibus ex c itat urbes

aegidaque horriferam , turbatae Pal ladis arma,

eertatim squamis serpen tum auroque pol iban t

con ex osque anguis ipsamque in pec tore divae

G orgona, desecto verten tem lum in a co llo .

‘To llite cun eta,

’in quit, coeptosque auferte labores

,

Aetnaei Cyclopes, et huc advertite men tem

arma acri fac ien da viro. Nun c viribus usus,

n un c man ibus rapidis, omn i n un c arte magistra.

Praecipitate moras.

’Nec plura effatus at illi

oc ius in cubuere omn es pariterque laborem

sortiti . Fluit aes rivis aurique metallum,

voln ificusque chalybs vasta fornace l iquescit.

I ngen tum clipeum in forman t,unum omn ia con tra

tela Latinorum , septen osque orbibus orbes

impediun t. Alii ven tosis fo l libus auras (a1‘

acc ipiun t reddun tque, al ii striden tia tingun t

aera lacu. G em it impositis in cud ibus an trum .

I lli in ter sese mul ta vi bracchia tolln n t

4”gemitum. H .

431 terr ificos. R.“ 8 H

40 Tli e Ty ran t In ez en tius. [E w an

in n umerum versan tque tenac i forc ipe massam.

Haec pater Aeoliis properat dum Lemn ius oris,

Euandrum ex hum ili tec to lux susc itat alma

et matutin i volucrum sub culm in e can tus.

Con surgit sen ior tun icaque induc itur artus

et Tyrrhena pedum c ircumdat vin cula plan tis

tum lateri atque umeris Tegeaeum subligat en sem,

dem issa ab laeva pan therae terga retorquen s.

Nec n on et gem in i custodes l im in e ab alto

praecedun t gressumque can es com itan tur erilem .

Hospitis Aen eae sedem et secreta petebat

sermon um memor et prom issi mun eris heros.

Nec m inus Aen eas se matutin us agebat.

Fil ius huic Pallas, illi comes ihat Achates.

Congressi iungun t dex tras mediisque residun t

aed ibus et lic ito tandem sermon e fruun tur.

Rex prior haec

Max ume Teucrorum ductor, quo sospite numquam

res equidem Tro iae v ietas aut regn a fatebor,

n obis ad belli aux il ium pro n om in e tan to

ex iguae vires hin c Tusco c laudimur amn i,

hin c Rutulus prem it ct murum c ircumsonat armis.

Sed tibi ego ingen tis populos opulen taque regn is

iungere castra paro ,quam fors in opin a salutem

osten tat fatis huc te poscen tibus adfers .

Haud proen l hin c sax o in col itur fun data vetusto

urbis Agyll in ae sedes, ubi Lyd ia quon dam

gen s, bello praeclara, ingis in sedit Etruscis.

Han c multos floren tem an n os rex deinde superbo

imperio et saevis ten uit Mez en tius arm is.

Quid memorem in fan das caedes,qu id facta tyran n i

effera ? D i capiti ipsius gen erique reserven t !

Mortua quin etiam iungebat corpora vivis

compon en s man ibusque man n s atque oribus ora,

46° pan t/tereti . R .

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42 Ven us G ives a Sign {En eas Accepts . [mama

Aen eas An chisiades et fidus Achates

multaque dura suo tristi cum corde putaban t,u i s ignum cac lo Cytherea dedisset aperto.

Namquc inproviso vibratus ab aethere fulgor

cum son itu ven it,et ruere om n ia visa repen te

Tyrrhen usque tubae mugire per aethera c langor.

Suspic iun t, iterum atque iterum fragor in crepat ingen s

arma in ter n ubem caeli region e seren a

per sudum rutilare v iden t ct pulsa ton are.

Obstipuere an im is al ii,sed Troius heros

agn ovit son itum et d ivae prom issa paren tis.

Tum memorat Ne vero,hospes, n e quaere profecto ,

quem casum porten ta feran t ego poscor Olympo .

Hoc sign um cec in it m issuram d iva creatrix,

si bellum ingrueret, Vo lcan iaque arma per auras

laturam aux ilio .

Heu quan tae m iseris caedes Lauren tibus in stan t ;

quas poen as m ihi, Turn e, dabis quam multa sub un dasscuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volves

,

Thybri pater Poscan t ac ies et foedera rumpan t.’

Haec ubi d icta ded it,sol io se toll it ab alto

et primum Herculeis sopitas ign ibus aras

ex c itat hestern umque larem parvosquc pen atis

laetus ad it : mac tan t lec tas dc more biden tis

Euan drus pariter, pariter Tro ian a iuven tus.

Post hin c ad n avis grad itur soc iosque revisit.

Quorum de n umero qu i sese in bella sequan tur

praestan tis v irtute legit pars cetera pron a

fertur aqua segn isque secun do defluit amn i,

n un tia ven tura Ascan io rerumque patrisque.

D an tur equi Teucris Tyrrhen a peten tibus arvaducun t ex sortem Aen eae

,quem fulva leon is

pellis obit totum, praefulgen s ungu ibus aureis.

Fama volat parvam subito vo lgata per urbem ,

s ic/dam . R.

VII I . P arting of a n a’er ana

'P al las. 43

oc ius ire equites Tyrrhen i ad litora regis.

Vota metu duplican t matres, propiusque peric lo

it timor, et maior Martis iam apparet imago.

Tum pater Euandrus dex tram complex us eun tis

haeret, inex pletus lacriman s, ac talia fatur

O m ihi praeteritos referat si Iuppiter an uos,

qualis eram,cum primam ac iem Praen este sub ipsa

stravi scutorumque in cen di victor acervoset regem hac Erulum dex tra sub Tartara m isi,

n ascen ti cui tris an imas Feron ia mater

( horrendum dictu) dederat terna arma movenda,

ter Leto stern en dus erat cui tun c tamen om n is

abstul it haec an imas dex tra et totidem ex uit armis

n on ego n un c dulci amplex u divellerer usquam,

n ate, tuo, n eque fin itimo Mez en tius umquam

huic cap iti in sultan s tot ferro saeva dedisset

fun era, tam multis viduasset c ivibus urbem .

At vos, o superi, et divom tu max ume rec tor

I uppiter, Arcadii, quaeso, m iseresc ite regis

et patrias audite preces. Si n um ina vestra

in columem Pallan ta m ihi,si fata reservan t

si visurus eum vivo et ven turus in unum

vitam oro, patior quemvis durare laborem .

Sin aliquem in fan dum casum,Fortun a

,m inaris

n un c , O nun c l iceat crudelem abrumpere vitam,

dum curae ambiguae ,dum spes in certa futuri,

dum te, care puer, mea sera et sola voluptas,

complex u ten co , gravior n eu n un tius auris

volneret.’Haec gen itor digressu d icta supremo

fun debat : famuli con lapsum in tecta fereban t.

Iamque adeo ex ierat portis equitatus apertis,

Aeneas in ter primos et fidus Achates,

in de al ii Troiae proceres, ipse agm in e Pallas

in med io chlamyde et pictis con spectus in an n is

m “ (v ictum. H.50°tum . R.

5 09 fin ttimos. R. fin itimus. H. n e. H.

44 Ven us B ri ngs t/te Ar mor [E mma

qualis ubi Ocean i perfusus Luc ifer un da,quem Venus an te alios astrorum diligit ign is,

ex tulit os sacrum caelo ten ebrasque resolvit.

Stan t pavidae in muris matres ocul isque sequun turpulveream n ubem et fu lgen tis acre catervas.

Olli per.dumos,Qua prox uma meta vi‘arum ,

armati ten dun t it c lamor,et agmin e facto

quadrupedan te putrem son itu quatit ungula campum .

Est ingen s gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amuem,

rel igion e patrum late sacer undique co lles

in clusere cavi et n igra n emus abiete cingun t.

Silvan o fama est veteres sacrasse Pelasgos,

arvorum pecorisque deo ,lucumque diemque,

qui prim i fin is aliquan do habuere Latinos :haud proen l hin c Tarcho et Tyrrhen i tuta teneban t

castra loc is,celsoque omn is de col le videri

iam poterat legio et latis ten debat in arvis.

Huc pater Aen eas et bello lecta iuven tus

succedun t fessique et equos et corpora curan t.

At Ven us aetherios in ter dea can d ida n imbos

don a feren s aderat n atumque in valle reducta

ut procul egelido secretum flum in e vid it,

tal ibus adfata est d ictis seque obtulit n ltro

En perfecta mei prom issa con iugis arte

mun era, n e mox aut Lauren tis, n ate, superbos

aut aerem dubites in proel ia poscere Turn um.

’

D ix it et amplex us n ati Cy therea petivit,

arma sub adversa posuit rad ian tia queren .

I l le, deae don is et tan to laetus hon ore,ex pleri n equit atque oculos per singula volvit

m iraturque in terque man us et bracchia versat

terribilem cristis galcam flammasque vomen tem

fatiferumque en sem ,loricam ex acre rigen tem

sanguin eam ingen tem , qual is cum caerula n ubes

61° “ gel ido. C . ecgel ca’o. R.

52° m ittan t“ R.

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46 Tlze B attle of Actium . [E mma

G alli per dumos aderan t arcemque ten eban t,defen si ten ebris et dono n oc tis opacae

aurea caesaries ollis atque aurea vestis,

virgatis lucen t sagulis, tum lactea colla

auro in n ectun tur, duo quisque Alpin a coruscan t

gaesa man u,scutis protecti corpora longis.

H ic ex sultan tis Salios n udosque Lupercos

lan igerosque apices et lapsa an c ilia caclo

ex tuderat, castae duceban t sacra per urbem

pilen tis matres in mo ll ibus. H in c procul additTartareas etiam sedes

,alta ostia D itis

,

et scelerum poen as et te,Catil in a

,m inac i

pen den tem scopulo furiarumque ora tremen tem,

secretosque pios, his dan tem iura Caton em .

Haec in ter tum id i late maris ibat imago

aurea,sed fluctu spumaban t caerula can o

et c ircum argen to c lari delphin es in orbem

aequora verreban t can dis aestumque secaban t.

I n med io c lassis aeratas,Actia bella,

cern ere erat,totumque in structo Marte videres

fervere Leucaten auroque effulgere fluctus.

H in e Augustus agen s Italos in proel ia Caesar

cum patribus populoque, pen atibus et magn is dis,

stan s celsa in puppi gem in as cu i tempora flammas

lacta vomun t patriumque aperitn r vertice sidus.Parte al ia ven tis et d is Agrippa secundis

arduus agmen agen s cui,belli in signe superbum ,

tempora n avali fulgen t rostrata coron a.

H in c ope barbarica variisque An ton ius armis,

V ictor ab Aurorae populis et l itore rubro,

Aegyptum viresque Orien tis et ultima secum

Bactra vehit,sequiturque ( n efas) Aegyptia con iun x .

U n a omn es ruere,ac totum spumare reductis

con vo lsum rem is rostrisqn e triden tibus aequor.Alta petun t pelago credas in nare revolsas

VII I . Triumplzs of Augustus . 47

Cycladas aut mon tis con currere mon tibus altos,

tan ta mole viri turritis pupp ibus in stan t.

Stuppea flamma man u telisque volatile ferrum

spargitur, arva n ova Neptun ia caede rubescun t.

Regin a in mediis patrio vocat agm ina sistro

n ecdum etiam gem inos a tergo respic it anguis.

Omn igen umque deum mon stra ct latrator Anubis

con tra Neptun um et Ven erem con traque M in ervam

tela ten en t. Saevit med io in certam in e Mavors

caelatus ferro tristesque ex aethere D irae,

et sc issa gauden s vadit D iscord ia palla,quam cum sanguin eo sequitur Bellon a flagello.

Actius haec cern en s arcum tendebat Apollo

desuper : omn is eo terrore Aegyptus et I nd i,omn is Arabs, omn es verteban t terga Sabaei.

Ipsa videbatur ven tis regina vocatis

vela dare et lax os iam iamque inm ittere fun is.

I llam in ter caedes pallen tem morte futura

fecerat Ign ipoten s un d is et Iapyge ferri,con tra autem magn o maeren tem corpore Nilum

panden temque sin us et tota veste vocan tem

caeruleum in grem ium latebrosaque flum ina victos.

At Caesar, tripl ic i in vectus Roman a triumpho

moen ia, dis I talis votum inmortale sacrabat,

max uma tercen tum totam delubra per urbem .

Laetitia ludisque viae plausuque frcmeban t

omn ibus in templis matrum chorus,omn ibus arae

an te aras terram caesi stravere iuven c i .

Ipse, seden s n iveo can den tis l im in e Phoebi,

dona recogn osc it populorum aptatqui

e superbis

postibus in cedun t vietae longo ord in e gen tes,quam variae linguis, habitu tam vestis et an n is.

H ic Nomadum gen us et disc in ctos Mulc iber Afros,

hic Lelegas Carasque sagittiferosque G elon os

704 in ten deoat. H .

48 Tri ump/zs of Augustus. [; Emam.

fin x erat Euphrates ibat iam mollior undis,

ex trem ique hom inum Morin i Rhen usque bicom is

indom itique D ahae et pon tem indignatus-Arax es.

Tal ia per c lipeum Volcan i , dona paren tis,m iratur rerumque ign arus imagin e gaudet,attollen s umero famamque et fata n epotum.

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50 Turn us Addresses lt is Troops . [.ENEID .

sustul it,ac tali fugien tem est voce secutus

I ri,decus cael i

,quis te m ihi n ubibus ac tam

detul it in terras ? Un dc haec tam c lara repen te

tempestas ? Med ium video d iscedere caelum

palan tisque po lo stellas . Sequor omin a tan ta,

quisqu is in arma vocas.

’Et sic effatus ad un dam

processit snmmoque bun s it de gurgite lymphas,

multa deos oran s,on eravitquc aethera votis.

Iamque om n is camp is ex erc itus ihat apertis,

d ives equum ,d ives pictai vestis et auri

Messapus primas ac ies, postrema coercen t

Tyrrhidae iuven es, med io dux agm in e Turnus,

ceu septem surgen s sedatis amn ibus altus

per tac itum G anges aut p ingui flum in e Nilus

cum reflu it campis ct iam se con didit alveo .

H ic subiram n igro glomerari pulvere n ubem

prospic iun t Teucri ac ten ebras in surgere campis.

Primus ab adversa con clamat mole Caicus

Quis globus, o c ives,caligin e volvitur atra ?

Ferte c iti ferrum,date tela

,ascend ite muros

,

hostis adest,he ia I ngen ti c lamore per omn is

condun t se Teucri portas et moen ia complen t.

Namque ita disceden s pracceperat optumus armis

Aen eas siqua in terea fortuna fuisset,

n eu struere auderen t ac iem n eu credere campo

castra modo et tutos servaren t aggere muros.

Ergo etsi con ferre man um pudor iraque mon strat,obic iun t portas tamen et praecepta facessun t

armatique cavis ex pectan t turribus bostem .

Turn us ut an te volan s tardum praccesserat agmen

vigin ti lectis equitum com itatus, et urbi

improvisus adest macul is quem Thrac ius albis

portat equus cristaque tegit galea aurea rubra.

vertitur arma ten en s et toto ref-

tire supra est.

37 H.

Tne Rutul i Attack t/te S/zips. 5 1

|uis erit; mecum ,iuven es, qui primus in hostem ?

ait et iaculum attorquen s em ittit in auras,

:ipium pugn ae, et campo sese arduus in fert.

lore ex c ipiun t socii frem ituque sequun turson o Teucrum m iran tur in ertia corda

,

aequo dare se campo, n on obvia ferre

viros, sed castra fovere. Huc turbidus atque huci t equo muros aditumque per avia quaerit.

eluti plen o lupus in sidiatus ovili

frem it ad caulas,ven tos perpessus et imbris,

super media tuti sub matribus agn i

.um ex ercen t,ille asper et improbus ira

t in absen tis, collecta fatigat eden di

ingo rabies et siccae sanguin e fauces

aliter Rutulo muros et castra tuen ti

;cun t irae, duris dolor ossibus ardet.temptet ration e aditus et quae v ia c lausos

tiat Teucros vallo atque effun dat in aequum ?

s'

em,quae lateri castrorum ad iun c ta latebat

,

r ibus saeptam circum et fluvial ibus un dis,

i it soc iosque in cen d ia posc it ovan tise manum pinu flagran ti fervidus implet.

vero in cumbun t, urget praesen tia Turn i,

e omn is facibus pubes acc ingitur atris.

) uere focos piceum fert fum ida lumen

9. et comm ix tam Volcanus ad astra favillam .

uis deus,o musae

,tam saeva in cen dia Teucris

tit ? Tan tos ratibus quis depul it ign es ?te. Prisca tides facto ,

sed fama peren n is.

upore quo primum Phrygia formabat in Ida

eas c lassem et pelagi petere alta parabat,

deum fertur gen etrix Berecyn tia magnum

bus his adfata Iovem D a,n ate

, peten ti,

i tua cara paren s domito te poscit Olympo.

54 clamarem. R.67qua vi . R.

03 aequor . R.

5 2 Cybele Appea ls to few . [E mma

[Pinea silva m ihi, multos d ilecta per an n os]lucus in arce fuit summa

, quo sacra fereban t,

n igran ti p icea trabibusque obseurus acern is

has ego D ardan io iuven i, cum c lassis egeret,

laeta ded i n un c sollic itam timor an x ius angit.

Solve metus atque hoc prec ibus sin e posse paren tem

n e cursu quassatae ullo n eu turbin e ven ti

vin can tur, prosit n ostris in mon tibus ortas.

’

Fil ius hu ic con tra,totquot qui sidera mund i

O gen etrix , quo fata vocas, aut quid petis istis ?Mortaline man u factae immortale carin ae

fas habean t certusque in certa pericula lustret

Aen eas 3 Cui tan ta deo perm issa potestas ?

Immo ubi defun ctae fi n em portusque tenebun t

Auson ios ol im , quaecumque evaserit und isD ardan iumque ducem Lauren tia vex erit arva

,

mortalem erip iam formam magn ique iubebo

aequoris esse deas, qual is Nereia D otoet G alatea secan t spuman tem pectore pon tum.

D ix erat idque ratum Stygii per fium in a fratris,

per pice torren tis atraque voragin e ripas

adn uit et totum n utu tremefec it Olympum .

Ergo aderat prom issa d ies et tempora Parcaedebita compleran t, cum Turn i in iuria Matrem

admonuit ratibus sacris depel lerc taedas.

H ic primum n ova lux ocul is offulsit et ingen s

visus ab Aurora caelum tran scurrere n imbus

Idaeique chori tum vox horrenda per aurasex cid it et Troum Rutulorumque agm ina complet

Ne trepidate meas,Teucri

,defen dere n avis

n eve armate man us maria an te ex urere Turno

quam sacras dabitur p in us Vos ite solutae,

ite deae pelagi gen etrix inhet.’Et sua quaeque

con tinuo puppes abrumpun t vin cula ripis

hinumque modo demersis aequora rostris

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54 Turn us B ia'

s lt is JI/[en Rest. [E n u a

luce palam certun i est ign i c ircumdare muros.

Haud sibi cum D anais rem fax o et pube Pelasga

esse feran t,decumum quos distulit Hector in an num.

Nun c adeo,melior quon iam pars acta d iei

,

quod superest, laeti ben e gestis corpora rebus

procurate, viri, et pugn am sperate parari.’

I n terea vigilum ex cubiis obsidere portas

cura datur Messapo et moen ia c ingere flammis.

Bis septem Rutul i, muros qui m il ite serven t,

delecti ast illos cen ten i quemque sequun tur

purpurei cristis iuven es auroque corusc i.

D iscurrun t varian tque vices fusique per berham

in dulgen t vin o et vertun t crateras aen os.

Con lucen t ign es, n octem custod ia ducitin somn em ludo.

Haec super e vallo prospec tan t Troes et armis

alta ten en t,n ec n on trepid i form idin e portas

ex ploran t pon tisquc ct propugn acula iungun t,

tela gerun t. I n stat M n estheus acerque Serestus,quos pater Aen eas, siquan do adversa vocaren t

,

rectores iuven um ct rcrum ded it esse magistros.Omn is per muros legio ,

sortita periclum ,

ex cubat ex ercetque vices,quod cu ique tuendum est.

N isus erat portae custos,acerrimus arm is

,

Hyrtac ides, eom item Aen eae quem m iserat I da

ven atrix iaculo celerem lev ibusque sagittis

it iux ta comes Euryalus, quo pulchrior alter

n on fuit Aen eadum Tro ian a n eque induit arma,

ora puer prima sign an s in ton sa inven ta.

H is amor un us erat, pariterque in bella ruchan t

tum quoque commun i portam station e ten eban t.

N isus ait D in e hun c ardorcm men tibus addun t,

Euryale, an sua cu ique deus fit d ira cupido ?Aut pugnam aut al iquid iamdudum in vadere magnum

15 5 paten t. Eds.15 8 parati . H.

101 Rutulo. H.

1x . Nisus P roposes to go to £ n eas. 5 5

men s agitat m ihi n ec placida con ten ta quietest.Cern is, quae Rutulos habeat fiduc ia rerum.

Lum ina rara mican t somno vinoque soluti

procubuere silen t late loca : perc ipe porro,

quid dubitem et quae n un c an imo sen ten tia surgat.

Aenean acciri omnes, populusque patresque,

ex poscun t mittique viros, qui certa reporten t.

Si tibi quae posco prom ittun t ( n am m ihi facti

fama sat est) , tumulo videor reperire sub illo

posse viam ad muros et moen ia Pallan tea.

’

Obstipuit magno laudum percussus amore

Euryalus simul his arden tem adfatur amicum

Men e igitur socium summis ad iungere rebus,

Nise,fugis ? Solum te in tan ta pericula m ittam ?

Non ita me gen itor, bell is adsuetus Opheltes,Argolicum terrorem in ter Tro iaeque labores

sublatum erudiit, n ec tecum talia gessi,

magnan imum Aen ean et fata ex trema secutus

est hic, est an imus luc is con temptor et istum

qui vita ben e credat em i, quo ten d is, honorem .

’

N isus ad haec Equidem de te n il tale verebar

n ec fas,n on

,ita me referat tibi magnus ovan tem

I uppiter aut quicumque ocul is haec aspic it aequis.Sed siquis, quae multa vides discrim ine tali,siquis in adversum rapiat casusve deusve,

te superesse velim tua vita dign ior aetas.

Sit qui me raptum pugna pretiove redemptum

man det humo solita aut siqua id Fortuna vetabit,

absen ti ferat in ferias decoretque sepulchro .

Neu matri m iserae tan ti sim causa doloris,

quae te sola, puer, multis e matribus ausa

persequitur magn i n ec moen ia curat Acestae.

’

I lle autem : Cau sas n equiquam n ectis inan is,

n ec mea iam mutata loco sen ten tia ceditadceleremus,

’ait. Vigiles simul ex citat, illi

56 T/te E lders Accept t/te Of er. [E m-1m.

succedun t servan tque vices station e rel icta

ipse comes Niso graditur, regemque requinmt.

Cetera per terras omn is an imalia somn o

lax aban t curas et corda oblita laborum

duc tores Teucrum prim i et delecta iuven tus

con silium summ is regn i de rebus habeban t,

quid faceren t qu isve Aen eae iam n un tius esset.

Stan t longis adn ix i bastis, et scuta ten en tes,

castrorum et campi med io. Tum Nisus et una

Euryalus con festim alacres adm itticr oran t

rem magn am , pretiumque morae fore. Primus Iulus

accepit trepides ac N isum d icere iussit.Tum sic Hyrtac ides Audite O men tibus aequis,Aen eadae

,n eve haec n ostris spec ten tur ab an n is,

quae ferimus. Rutuli som n o vin oque soluti

con ticuere locum in sid iis con spex imus ipsi,

qui patet in bivio portae, quae prox uma pon toin terrupti ign es, aterque ad sidera fumuserigitur : si fortuna perm ittitis uti

quaesitum Aen ean et moen ia Pallan tea,

mox hic cum spol iis ingen ti caede peracta

adfore cernetis. Nec n os via fall it eun tis :

vidimus obscuris primam sub vallibus urbem

ven atu adsiduo et totum cogn ovimus amnem.

’

H ic an n is gravis atque an im i maturus Aletes

D i patrii, quorum semper sub n um in e Troia est,

n on tamen omn in o Ten eros delere paratis,cum tal is an imos iuven um et tam certa tul istis

pectora .

’Sic memoran s umeros dex trasque tenebat

amborum et voltum lacrim is atque ora rigabat.

Quae vobis, quae d ign a,viri

, pro laudibus istis

praem ia posse rear so lv i ? Pulcherrima primum

di moresque dabun t vostri tum cetera reddet .

actutum pius Aen eas atque in teger aevi229 i n tuen tes .

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5 8 Encouraged by I ulus,t/zey Set Fort/c. [E x

-

ma

Han c sine me spem ferre tui auden tior ibo

in casus omn is.’

Percussa men te dedereD ardan idae lacrimas an te omn is pulcher Iulus,

atque'

an imum patriae strin x it pietatis imago .

Tum sic effatur

Spon de d ign a tuis ingen tibus omn ia coeptis.

Namque crit ista mihi gen etrix n omenque Creusae

solum defuerit, n ec partum gratia talem

parva man et . Casus factum quicumque sequen tur,

per caput hoc in ro , per quod pater an te solebat

quae tibi pol liceor reduc i rebusque secun dis.

haec eadem matrique tuae gen erique man ebun t.’

Sic ait in lacriman s umero simul ex uit en sem

auratum,m ira quem fecerat arte Lycaon

G nosius atque habilem vagin a aptarat eburna.

D at Niso Mn estheus pel lem horren tisque leon is

ex uvias galcam fidus permutat Aletes.

Protin us armati in cedun t quos omn is cun tis

primorum man us ad portas iuven umquc sen umque

prosequitur votis. Nec n on et pulcher Iulus,

an te an uos an imumque gercus curamquc virilem,

multa patri man data dabat portanda : sed aurae

omn ia discerpun t ct n ubibus in rita douan t .Egressi superan t fossas n oc tisque per umbram

castra in im ica petun t, multis tamen an te futuri

ex itio . Passim somn o v inoque per herbam

corpora fusa viden t,arrectos litore currus

,

in ter lora rotasque viros,simul arma iacere

,

v ina simul . Prior H y rtac ides s ic ore locutus

Euryale,auden dum dex tra n un c ipsa vocat res.

Hac iter est. Tu,n e qua man us se attollere n obis

a tergo possit, custod i et con sule longehaec ego vasta dabo et lato te l im ite ducam.

Sic memorat vocemque prem it s imul en se superbum

292 dederun l . R.296 sponda ) . H ,

313”1'd man data. H

IX . Tbe] S lang/i ter t/ze Rutul i . 59

Rhamn etem adgreditur, qui forte tapetibus altis

ex structus toto proflabat pectore somn um .

Rex idem et regi Turao gratissimus augur,

sed n on augurio potuit depellerc pestem .

Tris iux ta famulos temere in ter tela iacen tis

arm igerumque Rem i prem it aurigamque sub ipsis

n an ctus equis ferroque sceat pen den tia colla

tum caput ipsi aufert dom ino trun cumque rel inquit

sanguin e singultan tem atro tepefacta cruore

terra torique maden t. Nec n on Lamyrumque Lamumque

et iuven em Serran um ,illa qui plurima n octe

ln serat, in sign is fac ie, multoque iacebat

membra deo victus felix , si protinus illum

aequasset n octi ludum in lucemque tulisset.

Impastus ceu plena leo per ovilia turban s

( suadet en im vesan a fan ies) manditque trahitque

molle pecus mutumque metu,frem it ore cruen to

n ec m in or Euryali caedes in cen sus et ipse

perfurit ac multam in med io sin e n om in e plebem ,

Fadumque Herbesumque subit Rhoetumque Abarimq e,

ignaros, Rhoetum vigilan tem et cun eta viden tem,

sed magnum metuen s se post cratera tegebat

pectore in adverso totum cui comm inus en sem

con didit adsurgen ti et multa morte recepit.

Purpuream vom it ille an imam et cum sanguin e m ix ta

vin a refert morien s hic furto fervidus in stat.

Iamque ad Messapi soc ios ten debat ibi ign em

deficere ex tremum et rel igatos rite videbat

carpere gramen equos breviter cum tal ia N isus,

sen sit en im n imia caede atque cup idin e ferri

Absistamus,

’ait

,

‘n am lux in im ica propinquat.

Poen arum ex haustum satis est,v ia fac ta per hostis.

’

Multa virum sol ido argen to perfecta rel inquun t

armaque craterasque simul pulchrosque tapetas.

33 1 n actus. Eds.

60 T/zey are D iscovered by Volcen s. [E mma

Euryalus phaleras Rhamn etis et aurea bullis

c ingula, Tiburti Remulo dit issimus olim

quae m ittit dona hospitio cum iungeret absen s

Caedicus, ille suo morien s dat habere n epoti,

[post mortem bel lo Rutuli pugn aque potiti]haec rapit atque umeris n equiquam fortibus aptat.

Tum galcam Messapi habilem cristisque decoramin duit. Ex cedun t castris et tuta capessun t.

I n terea praemissi equites ex urbe Latin a,

cetera dum legio camp is in structa moratur,

iban t et Turn o regi respon sa fereban t,

tercen tum,scutati omn es

,Volcen te magistro.

I amque propinquaban t castris murosque subiban t,

cum procul hos laevo flecten tis l im ite cernun t

et galea Euryalum sublustri n octis in umbra

prodidit immemorem radiisque adversa refulsit.

Haud temere est visum . Con c lamat ab agm in e Vo lcens

State, viri. Quae causa viae ? Quive estis in arm is ?

Quove ten etis iter ? N ihil i lli ten dere con tra,

sed celera'

re fugam in silvas et fidere n octi.

Obic iun t equites sese ad divortia n ota

hin c atque hin c omn emque abitum custode coronan t.

Silva fuit late dum is atque ilice n igra

horrida,quam den si compleran t un dique sen tes

rara per occultos lucebat semita calles.

Euryalum ten ebrae ramorum on erosaque praeda

impediun t fallitque timor region e viarum

N isus abit, iamque impruden s evaserat hostis

atque locos, qui post Albae de n om in e dicti

Alban i,tum rex stabula alta Latinus habebat,

ut stetit et frustra absen tem respex it amicum.

Euryale in felix , qua te region e reliqui ?

Quave sequar, rursus perplex um iter omn e revolven s

fallac is Silvae ? Simul ct vestigia retro

864 n equidquam. H .870 Volscen te. H. h a s. H .

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62 Ilfour ning f or Me D ead. [E uma

Me me,adsum qui fec i, in me convertite ferrum ,

O Rutuli, mea fraus omn is n ihil iste n ec an sus

n ec potuit, caelum hoc et con sc ia sidera testor,

tan tum in felicem n imium dilex it am icum .

’

Talia dic ta dabat sed viribus en sis adactus

tran sabi it costas et can dida pectora rumpit.

Volvitur Euryalus leto , pulchrosque per artus

it cruor, inque umeros cervix con lapsa recumbit

purpureus veluti cum flos succ isus aratro

languesc it morien s lassove papavera collo

dem isere caput, pluvia cum forte gravan tur.

At N isus ruit in medios solumque per omn isVolcen tem petit, in solo Volcen te moratur.

Quem c ircum glomerati hostes hin c commin us atque

proturban t. I n stat n on setius ac rotat en sem

fulm in eum, don ec Rutuli claman tis in ore

con d idit adverso et morien s an imam abstul it hosti.

Tum super ex an imum sese proiec it am icum

con fossus plac idaque ibi demum morte quievit.

Fortunati ambo Siquid mea carm ina possun t,

n ulla d ies umquam memori vos ex imet aevo,

dum domus Aen eae Capitoli immobile sax um

accolet imperiumque pater Roman us habebit.Victores praeda Rutul i spol iisque potiti

Volcen tem ex an imum flen tes in castra fereban t.

Nec m in or in cas tris luctus Rhamnete reperto

ex sangui et prim is un a tot caede peremptis,

Serran oque Numaquc . I ngen s con cursus ad ipsa

corpora sem in ec isque viros tepidaque recen tem

caede locum et plen os spuman ti san guine rivos.

Agn oscun t spol ia in ter se galeamque n iten tem

Messapi et multo phaleras sudore receptas.

Et iam prima n ovo spargebat lum ine terras

Tithon i croceum lin quen s Aurora cubile

iam sole in fuso, iam rebus luce retectis

Lamen t of Euryalus’

M ot/zen

us in arma viros, arm is circumdatus ipse,

tat,aeratasque acies in proelia cogit

lue suas variisque acuun t rumoribus iras.

ipsa arrectis (visu miserabile) in bastis

igun t capita et multo clamore sequun turali et Nisi.

adac duri murorum in parte sin istra

suere aciem,nam dex tera c ingitur amn i,

Itisque ten en t fossas et turribus altis

maesti simul ora virum praefix a moveban t,

n imis m iseris atroque fluen tia tabo.

terea pavidam volitan s pen nata per urbem

.a Fama ruit matrisque adlabitur auris

ali . At subitus m iserae calor qssa reliquit,

ssi man ibus radii revolutaque pen sa.

at in felix et femin eo ululatu,

1 comam,muros amen s atque agm in a cursu

a petit, non illa virum ,n on illa pericli

umque memor caelum dehin c questibus implet

nc ego te, Euryale, aspic io ? Tun e illa sen ectae

meae requies, potuisti l inquere solam,

elis ? Nec te, sub tan ta pericula m issum ,

i ex tremum m iserae data copia matri ?

terra ign ota can ibus data praeda Latin isDUSCIUC iaces, n ec te, tua fumera mater

ux i pressive oculos aut voln era lavi,

tegen s, tibi quam n octes festina diesque

bam et tela curas solabar an ilis.

sequar, aut quae n un c artus avolsaque membra

n us Iacerum tel lus habet ? Hoc m ihi de te,

refers ? Hoe sum terraque marique secuta ?

:e me, siqua est pietas, in me omn ia tela

cite, o Rutul i, me primam absum ite ferro

:u,magne pater divom ,

m iserere tuoque

481 i l le. R . an d C .

64 Tbe Rutul i Fi re a Tower. [E mma

invisum hoc detrude caput sub Tartara telo,

quando al iter n equeo crudelem abrumpere vitam.

’

Hoc fletu con cussi an imi, maestusque per omnis

it gem itus torpen t in fractae ad proelia vires.

I llam in cenden tem luctus Idaeus et ActorI llion ei mon itu et multum lacriman tis Iuli

corripiun t in terque man n s sub tec ta reponun t.

At tuba terribilem son itum proen l aere canoro

increpuit sequ itur c lamor caelumque remugit.

Adceleran t acta pariter testud ine Volsciet fossas implere paran t ac vellere vallum.

Quaerun t pars aditum c t scal is ascen dere muros,qua rara est ac ies in terlucetque corona

n on tam spissa viris. Telorum efl'

un dere con tra

omne gen us Teucri ac duris detrudere con tis,

adsueti longo muros defendere bello.

Sax a quoque in festo volveban t pon dere, siqua

possen t tectum ac iem perrumpere cum tamea omn is

ferre iuvat subter den sa testud in e casus

n ec iam suffic iun t. Nam qua globus immin et ingens,

imman em Teucri molem volvun tque ruun tque,

quae stravit Rutulos late armorumque resolvit

tegm ina. Nec curan t caceo con ten dere Marte

amplius audaces Rutuli, sed pellere vallo

m issilibus certan t.

Parte alia horren dus visu quassabat Etruscam

p in um et fum iferos in fert Mez en tius ign is

at Messapus equum dom itor,Neptun ia proles,

resc indit vallum et scalas in moen ia posc it.

Vos,o Call iope, precor, adspirate can en ti,

quas ibi tum ferro strages. quae fun era Tumus

ed iderit, quem quisque virum dem iserit Oreo

et mecum ingen tis oras evo lvite bell i.

et men : in istis en im divae, ct memorarepotestis]5 13 n um. R.

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66 Romulus Rev i les the Troj an s . [E mma

sustul it alta peten s pedibus Iovis armiger un c isquaesitum aut matri multis balatibus agn um

Martius a stabul is rapuit lupus. U ndique c lamor

tollitur in vadun t et fossas agere complen t

arden tis taedas alii ad fastigia,

iactan t.

I l ion eus sax o atque ingen ti fragmine mon tisLucetium portae subeun tem ign isque feren tem,

Emathiona Liger, Coryn aeum stern it Asilas,

hic iaculo bon us,hic longe fallen te sagitta,

Ortygium Caen eus, vic torem Caen ea Turnus,

Turn us I tyu C lon iumque, D iox ippum Promolumque

et Sagarim et summ is stan tem pro turribus Idan ,

Privern um Capvs. Hun c primo levis hasta Them il lae

strin x erat ille man um proiecto tegm in e demen s

ad voln us tulit ergo alis adlapsa sagitta

et laevo infix a est lateri man n s abditaque in tus

spiramen ta an imae letal i voln ere rupit.

Stabat in egregiis Arcen tis filius arm is,

p ic tus acu chlamvdem et ferrugin e clarus H ibera,

in sign is fac ie, gen itor quem m iserat Arcen s,

eductum Matris luco Symaethia c ircum

flum ina, pingu is ubi et placabilis ara Palic i

striden tem fundam positis Mez en tius bastis

ipse ter adducta c ircum caput egit haben a

et med ia adversi l iquefac to tempora plumbo

diffidit ac multa porrec tum ex ten dit harena.

Tum primum bello celerem in tendisse sagittam

dic itur an te feras sol itus terrere fugaces

Ascan ius fortemque man u fudisse Numanum,

cui Remulo cogn omen erat,Turn ique m in orem

german am n uper thalamo soc iatus habebat.

I s primam an te ac iem d ign a atque in dign a telatu

vociferan s tum idusque n ovo praecordia regno

ihat et ingen tem sese c lamore ferebat

Non pudet obsid ion e iterum valloque ten eri,

1x . Ascan ius K i l ls R emulus .

bis capti Phryges, et morti praeten dere muros ?

En qui n ostra sibi bello con ubia poscun t

Quis deus I taliam ,quae vos demen tia adegit ?

Non hic Atridae n ec fand i fictor U lix esdurum a stirpe gen us n atos ad flum in a primum

deferimus saevoque gelu duramus et un dis,ven atu invigilan t pueri silvasque fatigan t,

flectere ludus equos et spicula ten dere cornu.

At patien s operum parvoque adsueta iuven tus

aut rastris terram domat aut quatit oppida bello.

Omne aevum ferro teritur,versaque iuven cum

terga fatigamus hasta n ec tarda sen ectus

debilitat vires an im i mutatque vigorem

can itiem galea prem imus, semperque recen tis

comportare iuvat praedas et vivere rapto .

Vobis picta croco et fulgen ti murice vestis,

desidiae cord i, iuvat in dulgere choreis,

et tun icae man icas et haben t redim icula m itrae.

O vere Phrygiae, n eque en im Phryges, ite per alta

D in dyma, ubi adsuetis biforem dat tibia can tum

Tympana vos bux usque vocat Berecyn tia Matris

Idaeae sin ite arma viris et cedite ferro .

’

Talia iactan tem d ietls ac d ira can en tem

n on tul it Ascan ius, n ervoque obversus equinocon tendit telum diversaque bracchia ducen s

con stitit, an te Iovem supplex per vota precatus

Iuppiter omn ipoten s, audac ibus adun c coeptis .

Ipse tibi ad tua templa feram sollemn ia don aet statuam an te aras aurata fron te iuven cum

canden tem pariterque caput cum matre feren tem ,

iam cornu petat et pedibus qui spargat harenam .

’

Audiit et cael i G en itor de parte seren a

in tonuit laevum ,son nt un a fatifer arcus

efi'

ugit horren dum striden s adducta sagitta

5 23 in ten dit. R.

Ascan ius K i l l s Remalus . [E mma

perque caput Remuli ven it et cava tempora ferro

traicit. I , verbis virtutem in lude superbis

H is capti Phryges haec Rutulis responsa remittun t.’

Hoc tan tum Ascan ius. Teucri clamore sequun tur

laetitiaque fremun t an imosque ad sidera tollun t.Aetheria tum forte plaga crin itus Apollo

desuper An son ias ac ies urbemque videbat,

n ube seden s,atque his victorem adfatur Iulum

Macte nova virtute, puer : sic itur ad astra,

dis gen ite ct gen iture deos. Iure omn ia bella

gen te sub Assarac i fato ven tura residen t,m e te Troia capit.

’Simul haec effatus ab al to

aethere se m isit,spiran tis dimovet auras

Ascan iumque petit. Forma tum vertitur oris

an tiquum in Buten hic D ardan io An chisae

arm iger an te fuit fidusque ad l imin a custos,

tum com item Ascan io pater addidit. Ihat Apollo

omn ia longaevo sim ilis,vocemque coloremque

et crin is albos et saeva son oribus arma,

atque his arden tem dictis adfatur Iulum

Sit satis,Aen ide

,tel is impun e Numan um

oppetiisse tuis primam han c tibi magnus Apollo

con cedit laudem et paribus non in videt armis

cetera parce, puer, bello .

’Sic orsus Apollo

mortalis med io aspectus sermon e reliquit

et procul in ten uem ex ocul is evanuit an tam.

Agn overe deum proceres divin aque tela

D ardan idae pharetramque fuga sen sere sonanbem.

Ergo avidum pugnae dic tis ac n um ine Phoebi

Ascan ium prohiben t, ipsi in certam in a rursus

succedun t an imasque in aperta pericula mittun t.

I t c lamor totis per propugn acula muris,

in ten dun t acris arcus arnen taquc torquen t.

Stern itur omn e solum tel is,tum scuta cavaeque

“34 tran szgit. R. an d C . m itti t. H.

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70 Turn us Rustic: to tlze G ate. [E mma

spuman tem, et fix o ferrum in pulmon e tepescit.

Tum Meropem atque Eryman ta man n , tum stern it Aphidnum,

tum Bitian arden tem ocul is an imisque fremen tem

n on iaculo, n eque en im,iaculo vitam ille dedisset,

sed magn um striden s con torta phalarica ven it,

fulm in is acta modo, quam n ec duo taurea terga

n ec duplic i squama lorica fidelis et aurosustinuit : con lapsa ruun t imman ia membra.

Dat tellus gem itum, et c l ipeum super in tonat ingen s .

Tal is in Euboico Baiarum litore quondamsax ea p ila cadit

,magn is quam molibus an te

con structam pon to iac iun t sic illa ruinam

pron a trahit pen itusque vadis in l isa recumbit

miscen t se maria, et n igrae attollun tur harenae

tum son itu Prochyta alta trem it durumque enhile

I narime Iovis imperiis imposta Typhoeo.

H ic Mars arm ipoten s an imum viresque Latin is

addidit et stimulos acris sub pectore vertit

imm isitque Fugam Teucris atrumque Timorem.

U ndique conven iun t, quon iam data copia pugnae

bellatorque an imo deus in c idit.Pan darus ut fuso german um corpore cern it

et quo sit fortuna loco, qu i casus agat res,

portam vi magna con verso card in e torquet,obn ix us latis umeris, multosque sn orum

moen ibus ex c lusos duro in certamine linquit ;

ast al ios secum in cludit rec ipitque ruen tis,

demen s, qui Rutulum in medio n on agmine regem

viderit in rumpen tem ultroque in cluserit urbi,

imman em veluti pecora in ter in ertia tigrim.

Con tin uo nova lux ocul is effulsit, et arma

horrendum sonuere tremun t in vertice cristae

sanguin eae, c l ipeoque m ican tia fulmina mittit :

agnoscun t fac iem invisam atque imman ia membraturbati subito Aeneadae. Tum Pan darus ingens

IX. 77a ] P andarus an d Turn us. 7I

emicat et mortis fratern ae fervidus ira

effatur : Non haec dotalis regia Amatae,

n ec muris cohibet patriis med ia Ardea Turnum.

Castra in im ica vides n ulla hin c ex ire potestas.

’

Olli subriden s sedato pectore Turn usI n c ipe, siqua an imo virtus, et consere dex tram

hic etiam in ven tum Priamo narrabis Achillem .

’

D ix erat. I lle rudem n odis et cortice crudoin torquet summ is adn ix us viribus bastam

ex cepere aurae volnus Saturn ia Iun o

detorsit ven ien s, portaeque infigitur hasta.

At non hoc telum,mea quod vi dex tera versat,

efi'

ugies n eque en im is tel i n ec vo ln eris auctor.’

Sic ait et sublatum alte scon surgit in en sem

et med iam ferro gem in a in ter tempora fron tem

d ividit inpubesque imman i volnere malas.

Fit son us,ingen ti con cussa est pon dere tellus

con lapsos artus atque arma cruen ta cerebro

stern it hum i morien s, atque i lli partibus aequishuc caput atque illuc umero ex utroque pependit.

D iffugiun t versi trepida form id in e Troeset si con tin uo victorem ea cura subisset

,

tumpere claustra man u soc iosque imm ittere portis,

ultimus ille dies bello gen tique fuissetsed furor arden tem caedisque in sana cupidoegit in adversos.Prin cipio Phalerim et succ iso popl ite G ygen

ex c ipit hin c raptas fugien tibus ingerit bastas

in tergum ,Iun o vires an imumque m in istrat ;

add it Halym com item et confix a Phegea parma,

ign aros dein de in muris Martemque cien tis

Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemo naque Prytan imque.

Lyn cea tenden tem con tra soc iosque vocan tem

vibran ti glad io con ix us ab aggere dex ter

occupat huic uno desectum comm in us ictu

72 Tli e Trojan s Ral ly . [E r

cum galea longe iacuit caput. In de ferarumvastatorem Amycum , quo n on fel ic ior alter

ungere tela man u ferrumque armare ven eno,

et Clytium Aeo liden et am icum Crethea Musis,

Crethea Musarum eom item ,cui carmina semper

et c itharae cord i numerosque in ten dere nervis.

[Semper equos atque arma virum pugnasque can ebat ]Tan dem ductores aud ita caede sn orum

conven iun t Teucri, Mnestheus acerque Serestus,palan tisque viden t soc ios hostemque receptum .

Et M n estheus Quo deinde fugam , quo tenditis ?’in quit.

Quos alios muros,quae iam ultra moen ia habetis ?

U n us homo et vestris,o c ives

,undique saeptus

aggeribus tan tas strages inpun e per urbem

ediderit,iuven um primos tot m iserit Orco ?

Non in felic is patriae veterumque deorum

et magn i Aen eae, segues, m iseretque pudetque ?’

Talibus accen si firman tur et agm in e den socon sistun t. Turnus paulatim ex cedere pugna

et fluvium petere ac partem ,quae cingitur unda ;

acrius hoc Teucri c lamore in cumbere magno

et glomerare man um . Ceu saevum turba leonem

cum telis prem it in fen sis, at territus ille,

asper, acerba tuen s, retro redit, et n eque terga

ira dare aut virtus patitur, n ec ten dere con tra

ille quidem hoc cupien s potis est per tela virosque

haud al iter retro dubius vestigia Turnus

improperata refert,et men s ex aestuat ira.

Quin etiam bis tum med ios in vaserat hostis,bis con fusa fuga per muros agmin a vertit ;

sed man us e castris propere coit omn is in unum,

n ec con tra vires audet Saturn ia I unosufficere

,aeriam cac lo n am I uppiter Irim

dem isit germanae haud moll ia iussa feren tem,

79° amn i . H .

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Coun ci l of the G ods. [Emma

BOOK X.—Tm : FIG HT CONTINUES.

TI IE gods ho ld a coun cil ( vv. I—l l 7) . The battle co n tin ues ( W . 118

I 4S) . . l i n eas return s by water, having made a treaty w ith Tarchon (w .

I 46—IO2 ) . Address to the Muses ( vv. I 63

—I 65 ) . List of Etruscan leaders

engaged o n the s ide o f . l i n eas ( vv . 166—2 x4) . On the voyage the nymphs

who had o n ce been the ships meet .En eas an d tell their story (w . 215an d haste n o n the ships ( vv. 246 E n em prays to Cybele,

addresses h is men ,an d comes to lan d ( vv. 25 1

—275 ) butTurn us attempts

to resist the lan ding ( vv. 276 an d the battle con tin ues on the shore,

where . l ‘ln eas perfo rms feats of valor ( W . 308 On lan d the Arca

dian s co n tend w ith the Latin s . Ex ploits of Pallas and Lan sas (w . 362

(‘

ombat o f Turn us an d Pal las, in which the latter is slai n (W . 439

. l i n eas re lieves the Arcadian s, an d the Trojans are released from

the siege in camp ( x v. SI C Turn us, in danger of death at the hands

o f is rescued an d carried away by Jun o ( vv. 606 Exploits

o f Mez en tius ( vv . 689 .En eas and Mez en tius engage in single com

bat ( vv. 75 5 but Lausus, the son of the latter, comes to rescue his

father an d is himse lf s lain ( vv. 790 After wards Mezen tius goes to

avenge his death, an d is k illed by ; En eas ( vv. 833

I ) ITUR in terea domus omn ipoten tis Olympi,

c il iumque vocat divom pater atque homin um rex

sideream in sedem,terras n nde arduus omn is

castraque D ardan idum adspectat populosque Latin os.Con sidun t tectis bipaten tibus, in c ipit ipse :

Cael icolae magn i, qui an am sen ten tia vobis

versa retro tan tumque an im is certatis in iquis ?

Abnueram bello I tal iam con currere Teucris.

Quae con tra vetitum d iscord ia ? Quis metus aut hosaut hos arma sequi ferrnmque lacessere suasit ?

Adven iet in stum pugn ac, n e arcessite,tempus,

cum fera Karthago Roman is arc ibus Ol imex itium magn um atque Alpes immittet apertastum certare od iis, tum res rapn isse l ieebit.

Nun c s in ite ct plac itum laeti compon ite foedus.’

Iuppiter haec pauc is at n on Ven us aurea con tra

Ow

Speech of Ven us.

pauca refert

O pater, O hominum rerumque aetern a potestas

Namque aliud quid sit,quod iam implorare queamus ?

Cern is ut in sulten t Rutuli Turn usque [feratur

permed ios in sign is equis tumidusque] secun doMarte ruat ? Non c lausa tegun t iam moen ia Ten eros

quin in tra portas atque ipsis proelia m iscen taggeribus moerorum et in un dan t sanguin e fossas.Aen eas ign arus abest. Numquamn e levari

obsid ione sin es ? Muris iterum imm in et hostis

n ascen tis Troiae [n ee n on ex erc itus alter

atque iterum in Teucros Aetolis surgit ab Arpis

Tyd ides. Equidem credo,m ea voln era restan t

et tua progen ies mortalia demoror arma.

Si'

sin e pace tua atque in vito n um in e Troes

Italiam petiere, luan t peccata n eque illosiuveris aux il io sin tot respon sa secuti

,

quae superi man esque daban t cur n un c tua quisquam

vertere iussa potest aut cur n ova con dere fata ?

Quid repetem ex ustas Eryc in o in l itore c lasses,

qu id tempestatum regem ven tosque furen tis

Aeol ia ex c itos aut actam n ubibus I rim ?

Nun c etiam man is,haec in temptata man ehat

sors rerum , movet et superis imm issa repen te

Al lecto, med ias I talum bacchata per urbes.

N il super imperio moveor : speravimus ista,

dum fortun a fuit vin can t quos vin cere mavis.Si n ul la est regio, Teucris quam det tua con iun x

dura, per eversae, gen itor, fuman tia Troiae

ex sc idia obtestor,liceat dim ittere ab arm is

in columem Asean ium,l iceat superesse nepotem .

Aen eas san e ign otis iactetur in un diset, quamcumque viam dederit Fortuna

,sequatn r

hun c tegere et dirae valeam subducere pugn ae .

Est Amathus, est celsa m ihi Paphus atque Cythera

76 Speech of j un o. [E m a

Idaliaeque domus : positis inglorius armisex igat hic aevum . Magna dic ion e iubeto

Karthago premat Auson iam n ihil urbibus in de

Obstabit Tyriis. Quid pestem evadere belliiuvit et Argo licos med ium fugisse per ign es

totque maris vastaeqn e ex hausta pericula terrae ,

dum Latium Teucri rec idivaque Pergama quaerun t ?Non satin s c ineres patriae in sedisse supremos

atque solum, quo Tro ia fuit ? Kan thum et Simoen ta

redde,oro

,m iseris iterumque revolvere casus

da, pater, I liacos Teucris.

’Tum regia I n n o

ac ta furore gravi Quid me alta silen tia cogis

rnmpere et obductum verbis volgare dolorem

Aen ean hom in um quisquam divomque subegit

bella sequ i an t bostem regi se in ferre Latin o ?I tal iam peti it fatis auctoribus, esto,

Cassan drae inpulsn s furiis n um lin quere castra

hortati sumus an t vitam comm ittere ven tis ?

Num puero summam bell i,n um credere muros

Tyrrhen amqn e fidem ,an t gen tis agitate quietas ?

Quis den s in fraudem,quae dn ra poten tia n ostra

egit ? Ubi hic Iun o dem issave n ubibus I ris ?

I n d ign nm est I talos Tro iam circumdare flamm is

n ascen tem ct patria Turn um con sistere terra,

cn i l’ilnmn n s avus,cui d iva Ven il ia mater

quid face Tro ian os atra vim ferre Latin is,arva al ien a ingo premere atque avertere praedas ?

Quid soceros legere ct grem iis abducete pac tas,pacem orare man n

, praefigere puppibus arma ?

Tn potes Aen ean man ibus subducere G raium

proqn e viro n ebulam et ven tos Obtendere inan is,

tu potes in totidem c lassem con vertere nymphas

n os aliquid Rutulos con tra invisse n efandum est ?

Aen eas ign arn s abest ign arn s et absit.°

st Paphus Idaliumque tibi, sun t alta Cythera

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78 .fEn eas Sets Out to Retur n. [E m a

n ec spes ulla fugae . M iseri stan t turribus altis

n equ iquam et rara muros c in x ere corona

Asin s Imbras ides H icetaon iusque Thymoetes

Assarac ique duo et sen ior cum Castore Thymbris,

prima ac ies hos german i Sarpedon is ambo

et C larus et Thaemon c ia com itan tur ab alta.

Fert lugen s toto con ix us corpore sax um,

haud partem ex iguam mon tis. Lyrnesius Acmon,

n ec Clytio gen itore m in or n ec fratre Menestheo .

H i iaculis,illi certan t defen dere sax is

mo l irique ign em n ervoque aptare sagittas.

I pse in ter In ed ios,Ven eris iustissima cura

,

D ardan ius caput ecce puer detectus hon estum ,

qual is gem i n a m icat,fulvum quae dividit aurum

,

an t collo decus an t capiti vel quale per artemin clusum bux o aut Oric ia terebin tho

lucet ebur fusos cervix cui lactea crin is

acc ipit et mo ll i subn ec ten s c irculus auro .

Te quoque magn an imae vidern n t, I smare, gen tes

voln era d irigere et calamos armare veneno ,

Maeon ia gen erose domo,ubi pinguia culta

ex ercen tque viri Pac to ln sque in rigat auro.

Adfuit et M n estheus,quem pulsi pristina Turn i

aggere moerorum subl imem gloria tollit,

et (‘

apys hin c n omen Campan ae duc itur urbi.

I ll i in ter sese dn ri certam in a belli

con tuleran t med ia Aen eas freta n octe secabat.

Namqn e ut ab En andro castris ingressus Etruscis

regem ad it et regi memorat n omenque genusque,

quidve petat quidve ipse ferat, Mez en tius arma

quae sibi con c il iet,violen taque pectora Turn i

edocet,human is quae s it fiduc ia rebus

admon et imm iscctqn e preces haud fit mora,Tarchon

iungit opes foedusqn e ferit tum libera fati

n equidguam . H .13 5 subn ectit. C .

14°W " . R. an d C.

X . L ist of E truscans. 79

classem con scendit iussis gen s Lydia divom ,

ex terno commissa duc i . Acuc ia puppis

prima ten et, rostro Phrygios subiun cta leon es,

imm in et I da super, profugis gratissima Teucris.

H ic magnus sedet Aeneas secumque volutat

even tus belli varios, Pallasque sin istro

adfix us lateri iam quaerit sidera, opacaen octis iter

,iam quae passus terraque marique.

Pan d ite n un c Hel icona, deae, can tusque movete,

quae man us in terea Tusc is com itetur ab oris

Aen ean armetque rates pelagoque vehatur.

Massicus aerata prin ceps secat aequora tigri

sub quo m ille man n s iuven um , qui moen ia C lusi

quique urbem liquere Cosas, quis tela sagittae

gorytique leves umeris et letifer arcus.

U n a torvus Abas huic totum in sign ibus arm is

agmen et aurato fulgebat Apol line puppis.

Sescen tos illi dederat Populon ia mater

ex pertos belli iuven es, ast I lva trecen tos

in sula inex haustis Chalyburu gen erosa metallis.

Tertius ille hom in um divomque in terpres Asilas,

cui pecudum fibrae, caeli cui sidera paren tet linguae volucrum et praesagi fulm in is ign es,

m ille rapit den sos ac ie atque horren tibn s hastis.Hos parere inben t Alpheae ab origin e Pisae,

urbs Etrusca solo . Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur,

Astur equo fiden s et versicoloribus arm is.

Tercen tum adic iun t (men s omn ibus una sequend i )

qui Caerete domo, qui sun t M in ion is in arvis,

et Pyrgi veteres in tempestaeque G raviscae.

Non ego te, Ligurum duc tor fortissime bello ,

tran sierim, C inyre, et pauc is com itate Cupavo,

cu ius olorinae surgun t de vertice pen nae,

crimen , Amor, vestrum formaeque in signe paternae.

179 ah om itted . R.135 Cinyra. H .

80 The Nymphs M eet fi n eas. [Emma

Namque ferun t luetu Cycnum Phaethon tis amati,

populeas in ter fron des umbramque sororum

dum cauit et maestum Musa solatur amorem,

can en tem moll i pluma dux isse sen ectam,

l inquen tem terras et sidera voce sequen tem .

Filius,aequalis com itatus c lasse catervas,

ingen tem rem is Cen taurum promovet : ille

in stat aquae sax umque un dis immane minaturarduus et longa sulcat maria alta carina.

I lle etiam patriis agmen c iet Ocnus ab oris,

fatidicae Man tus et Tn sc i filius amn is,

qu i muros matrisque ded it tibi, Man tua, nomen ,

Man tua,d ives avis sed n on genus omn ibus unum

gen s illi triplex , populi sub gen te quatern i,

ipsa caput populis, Tusco de sanguine vires.

H in e quoque qn ingen tos in se Mez en tius atmat,

quos patre Benaco velatus har undin e glauca

M in c ius in festa ducebat in aequora pinu.

I t gravis Aulestes cen tenaque arbore fluctum

verberat adsurgen s, spuman t vada marmore verso.

Hun c vehit imman is Triton et caerula con cha

ex terren s freta,cui laterum tenus hispida n an ti

fron s hom in em praefert, in pristim desin it alvus

spumea semifero sub pectore murmurat n nda.

Tot lecti proceres ter den is n avibus iban t

subsid io Troiae et campos sal is aera secaban t.

Iamque d ies caelo con cesserat almaque curru

n octivago Phoebe med ium pulsabat Olympum :

Aen eas ( n eque en im membris dat cn ra quietem)ipse seden s c lavumque regit vel isque min istrat.

Atque illi med io in spatio chorus ecce snarum

occurrit comitum nymphae, quas alma Cybeben umen habere maris nymphasque e n avibus esse

iusserat,in naban t pariter fluctusque secaban t,

quot prius aeratae steteran t ad litora prorae.

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zEn eas’

Al on Land . [E mma

prin c ipio soen s edicit, sign a sequan tur

atque an imus apten t arm is pugn aeque paren t se.

Iamque in con spectu Ten eros habet et sua castra,

stan s celsa in puppi c lipeum cum deinde sin istra

ex tulit arden tem . Clamorem ad sidera to lln n tDardan idae e muris

,spes add ita susc itat iras,

tela man n iac iun t : quales sub n ubibus atris

Strymon iae dan t signa grues atque aethera tranan t

cum soultu fugiun tque n otos c lamore secundo .

At Rutulo regi duc ibusque ea m ira videri

Auson iis, don ec versas ad l itora puppes

respic iun t totumque adlabi elassibus aequor.

Ardet apex capiti cristisque a vertice flammafun ditn r et vastos umbo vom it aureus ignes

n on secus ac liquida siquando nocte cometae

sangu in ei lugubre ruben t aut Sirius ardor,

ille sitim morbosque feren s mortalibus aegris,

nasc itur et laevo con tristat lum ine caelum .

Haud tamen audac i Turno fiduc ia cessit

litora pracc ipere et ven ien tis pellere terra.

Quod votis optastis, adest, perfringere dex tra ;in man ibus Mars ipse viris. Nun c con iugis esto

quisque sune tectique memor,n un c magna referto

facta, patrum laudes. U ltro Occurramn s ad un dam,

dum trep id i egressisque laban t vestigia prima.

Audcn tis Fortuna iuvat,’

haec ait e t secum versat. quos ducere con tra

vel quibus Obsessos poss it con credere muros.

I n terea Aen eas soc ios de puppibus altis

pon tibn s ex pon it. Mn lti servare recursus

lan gn en tis pelagi et brevibn s se credere saltu,

per remos al ii. Speculatus l itora Tarchon .

ultro an i n :os toll i t dictis a ton e i n crepat n ltro

2m! mm . H .25 1 refer te. R.

x . They Speed the Ships on their W ay . 8 1

Agnoscun t longe regem lustran tque choreis,

qnarum quae fan di doctissima Cymodocea

pon e sequen s dex tra puppim ten et ipsaque dorsoem in et ac laeva tac itis subrem igat un d is,tum sic ignarum adloquitur : Vigilasn e, deum gen s,

Aen ea ? Vigila et velis imm itte ruden tis.

Nos sumus,Idaeae sacro de vertice p inus,

nun c pelagi nymphae, c lassis tua. Perfidus n t nos

praec ipitis ferro Rutulus flammaque premebat,

rupimus in vitae tua vin cula teque per aequor

quaerimus. Han c G en etrix fac iem m iserata refecit

et dedit esse deas aevumque agitate sub un dis.At puer Ascan ius muro fossisque ten etur

tela in ter media atque horren tis Marte Latinos .

Iam loca iussa ten en t forti perm ix tus Etrusco

Arcas eques : med ias illis oppon ere turmas,

n e castris iungan t, certas t sen ten tia Turn o .

Surge age et Aurora soc ios ven ien te vocari

primus in arma iube et cl ipeum cape, quem dedit ipseinvictum Ign ipoten s atque oras ambiit auro .

Crastin a lux , mea si n on in rita d icta putaris,ingen tis Rutulae spectabit caedis acervos.

’

D ixerat, et dex tra disceden s impul it altamhaud ignara modi puppim fugit illa per undasocior et iaculo et ven tos acquan te sagitta.

I n de aliac celeran t cursus. Stupet in sc ius ipse

Tros An chisiades an imos tamen om in e tollit.

Tum breviter super adspectans con vex a precatur

‘Alma paren s Idaea deum ,cui D indyma cord i

turrigeraeque urbis biiugique ad frena leones,

tu mihi n un c pugn ae prin ceps, tu rite propin ques

augurium Phrygibusque adsis pede, d iva, secun do .

’

Tan tum effatus. Et in terea revoluta rubebat

matura iam luce d ies n oetemque fugarat”7 arden ti s. R.

25 1 supera. C.

84 The Battle Wax es Fiercely. [E mma

dum sequeris Clytium in fel ix,nova gaudia, Cydon ,

D ardan ia stratus dex tra, securus amorum ,

qui iuven um tibi semper eran t, m iseran de iaceres,

n i fratrum stipata cohors foret obvia, Phorci

progen ies, septem numero,septen aque tela

con ic iun t ; partim galea clipeoque resultan t

in rita,deflex it partim stringen tia corpus

alma Ven us. Fidum Aen eas adfatur Achaten

Suggere tela m ihi n on ullum dex tera frustra

torserit in Rutulos, steterun t quae in corpore G raium

I liac is campis.

’ Tum magnam corripit bastam

et iac it illa volan s c lipei tran sverberat aera

Maeon is et thoraca simul cum pectore rumpit.

Huic frater subit Alcan or fratremque ruen tem

sustcn tat dex tra : traiecto m issa lacerto

protin us hasta fugit servatque cruen ta tenorem,

dex teraqne ex umero n ervis moribun da pependit.Tum Numitor iaculo fratris de corpore rapto

Aen ean petiit sed n on et figere con tra

est l ic itum ,magn ique femur perstrin x it Achatae.

H ic Curibus fiden s primaevo corpore Clausus

adven it et rigida D ryopem ferit em in us has ta

sub men tum graviter pressa pariterque loquen tis

vocem an imamque rapit traiecto gutture ; at ille

fron te ferit terram et crassum vom it ore cruorem.

Tres quoque Threic ios Boreae de gen te suprema

et tris,quos Idas pater et patria I smara mittit,

per varios stern it casus . Accurrit Halaesus

Aurun caeque man n s, subit et Neptun ia proles,

in sign is Messapus equis. Ex pellere tendun t

n un c hi,n un c illi certatn r lim in e in ipso

Auson iae . Magno d iscordes aethere ven ti

proelia ceu tollun t an im is et viribus aequisnon ipsi in ter se, n on n ubila, n on mare cedit ;

3 5” ceden t. H

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P a l las Ra l l ies his l l’I en . [Emma

at n un c dura ded it vobis d iscrim in a Pallasn am tibi

,Thymbre, caput Evandrius abstul it en sis

te dec isa suum,Laride

,dex tera quaerit

sem ian imesque m ican t d igiti ferrumque retractan t.

Arcadas accen sos mon itu et praec lara tuen tis

facta viri m ix tus dolor et pudor armat in hostis.Tum Pallas biiugis fugien tem Rhoetea praeter

traic it. Hoc spatium tan tumque morae fuit 110

I lO namque procul validam direx erat bastam,

quam med ius Rhoeteus in terc ipit, optime Teuthra,te fugien s fratremque Tyren ,

curruque volutus

caed it sem ian im is Rutulorum calc ibus arva.

Ac velut optato ven tis aestate coortis

d ispersa imm ittit silvis in cend ia pastor,correptis subito med iis ex tend itur n na

horrida per latos ac ies Vo lcan ia campos

ille seden s victor fiammas despectat ovan tis

n on al iter soc ium virtus co it omn is in unum

teque iuvat,Palla. Sed bel lis acer Halaesus

tend it in adversos seque in sua con ligit arma.

H ic mac tat Ladona Pheretaque D emodocumque,Strymon io dex tram fulgen ti deripit en se

elatam in iugulum ,sax o ferit ora Thoan tis

ossaque dispersit cerebro perm ix ta cruen to.

Fata can en s silvis gen itor celarat Halaesum

ut sen ior leto can en tia lum ina solvit,

in iecere man um Parcae telisque sacrarun t

Evan dri. Quem sic Pallas petit an te precatus‘D a n un c , Thybri pater, ferro ,

quod m issi le libro,fortun am atque viam duri per pectus Halaesi.Haec arma ex uviasque viri tua quercus habchit.’

Audiit i lla deus dum tex it Imaon a Halaesus,

Arcad io in felix telo dat pectus in ermum .

At n o " caede viri tan ta perterrita Lausus,

417 car/en s . R.

Turn us Attacks P a l las .~

ngeus belli, sin it agm in a : primus Aban tem

; itum in terim it, pugnae n odumque moramque.

itur Arcadiae proles, stern un tur Etrusc i

O G rais imperdita corpora, Teucri.

na con currun t duc ibusque et viribus aequis.

m i adden sen t ac ies n ec turba moveri

aanusque sin it. H in e Pallas in stat et urget,

on tra Lausus,n ec multum discrepat aetas

i i forma,sed quis Fortun a n egarat

:riam red itus. Ipsos con currere passus

tamem in ter se magn i regn ator Olympi

llos sua fata man en t maiore sub hoste.

erea soror alma mon et suc cedere Lan soIm

, qui volucri curru med ium sceat agmen .

:l it soc ios ‘Tempus desistere pugn acego in Pallan ta feror, soli m ihi Pallas

ur ; c uperem ipse paren s spec tator adesset.’

ait, et soc ii cesserun t aequore iusso .

Itulum abscessu iuven is tum iussa superba

JS stupet in Turn o corpusque per ingen s

a volvit obitque truc i procul omn ia visus

s et dictis it con tra d icta tyran n ispoliis ego iam raptis laudabor op im is

to in sign i : sorti pater aequus utrique est.

m in as .

’Patus med ium proced it in aequor.

lus Arcadibus coit in praecord ia sanguis .

I it Turn us biiugis, pedes apparat ire

Ill’l l l S utque leo , specula cum vidit ab alta

procul campis meditan tem in proel ia taurum ,

It haud alia est Turn i ven ien tis imagO.

ubi con tiguum m issae fore credidit hastae,

or Pallas, siqua fors adiuvet an sum

s imparibus, magn umqne ita ad aethera fatur

) atris hospitium et men sas,quas advena ad isti

,

43 5 for-mac . H .

I ’a l las A ims at Turn us i n Va i n .

te precor, Alc ide, coeptis ingen tibus adsis.Cern at sem in ec i sibi me rapere arma cruen ta

v ic toremque feran t morien tia lumina Turn i .’

Aud iit Alc ides iuvenem magn umqne sub im o

corde prem it gem itum lacrimasque effundit in an is .

Tum G en itor n atum dic tis adfatur am ic is

Stat sua cu ique d ies, breve ct in reparabile tempus

omn ibus est vitae sed fumam ex ten dere fac tis,

hoc v irtutis Opus . Tro iae sub moen ibus altis

tot n ati cec idere deum ; quin occ idit un a

Sarpedon ,mea progen ies. l i tiam sua Turn um

fata vocan t,metasqn e dati perven it ad aevi.

’

Sic ait atque oculos Rutulorum re ic it arvis.

Pallas magn is em ittit viribus bastam

vagin aque cava fulgcn tem deripit en sem .

I lla vo lan s nmeri surgun t qua tegm ina summa

in c id it atque viam c lipe i mo l ita per oras

tan dem etiam magn o strin x it de corpore Turn i.

H ic Turn us ferro praefix nm robur acuto

in Pallan ta d in l ibran s iac it atque ita faturAdsp ice ,

n nm mage sit n ostrum pen etrabile telum .

’

D ix erat at c l ipeum ,to t ferri terga, tot aeris,

quem pell is to tien s oben t c ircumdata tauri,

vibran ti cuspis medium tran sverberat letu

loricaeque m oras et pec tus perforat ingen s.

I lle rapit cal idum frustra dc vo ln ere telum

un a eademqn e v ia sangu is an imusque sequun tur.Corruit in vo lnus

, son itum super arma dederect terram host ilem morien s petit ore cruen to.

Quem Turn us super ads isten s ,

Arcades, lp ec,

’in qu it , memores mea dicta referte

En an dro qnalcm meru it. Pallan ta rem itto.

Quisquis hon os tumuli, quidquid solamen humandi est

,

4ou ( I n d/f , H ,

476 humer is. H .“ 3 m m. H.

4“ medium cuspis . Eds .4” “ from R

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. l/ ngu f’ra ys f or his L if e .

-'

e mihi. Non hic vic toria Teucrum

.I n t an ima nna dahit discri mina tan ta.

’

[I x -

: rat. Aeneas con tra c n i tulia reddit

at que auri memoras t luac multa talen ta,

a rrce tuis. Belli commerc ia Turn us

w ru t ista prior iam tum Pallan te perempto.

l loc patris Anchisae man es

,hoe sen tit I n lns.

’

s..e fatus galeam laeva ten et atque reflex a

cgn'

icc orantis capulo te n us applicat en sem.

Nee proen i Ilaemon ides

,l’h oebi Triviaeque sacerdos

,

infula cn i sacra redim ibat tempora vitta,

mtns con lucen s veste atque in sign ibus an n is .

Quem congressus agit campo Iapsnmque snperstan s

immolat ingen tique umbra tegit arma Serestus

lecta refert umeris , tibi, rex ( ; rad ive, tropaenm .

Instaurant acies Vo lcan i stirpe creatus

Caeculus et ven ien s Marsorum mon tibus Umbro

Dardan ides con tra furit. An x uris en se sin istram

ct totum clipei ferro deiecerat orhem

dixerat ille al iquid magn um-vimque adfore verbo

crediderat caeloque an imum fortasse ferebat

can itiemque sibi et longos prom iserat an nos

Tarquitus ex ultan s con tra fulgen tibus arm is,

icolae Fauno D ryope quem nympha crearat,

arden ti sese obtul it. I lle reducta

lipeique ingen s on us imped it hasta ;

oran tis n equiquam et multa paran tis

urbat terrae trun cumque tepen tem

super haec in im ico pectore fatur :

metnende, ince. Non te optima mater

i patrioqn e on erabit membra sepulchro

uere feris an t gurgite mersnm

piscesqne impasti vo ln era lamben t.’

.n taeum et Lueam, prima agm in a Tum i,

5 58 humo. Eds . patr iam . C.539 667 isti . R.

X . £ n eas Rages L ihe n on . 9 1

persequitur fortemque Numam fulvumque Camertem,

magn an imo Volcen te satum,ditissimus agri

qu i fuit Auson idum et tac itis regnavit Amycl is.

Aegaeon qual is, cen tum cui bracchia dicun t

cen ten asque man us, quinquagin ta oribus ign em

pectoribusque arsisse,Iovis cum fulm in a con tra

tot paribus streperet cl ipeis, tot stringeret en ses

sic toto Aen eas desaevit in aequore victor,

u t semel in tepuit mucro . Quin ecce N iphaei

quadriiugis in equos adversaque pec tora ten d it.Atque il li longe gradien tem et d ira fremen temut videre, metu versi retroque ruen tes

efi'

un dun tque ducem rapiun tque ad litora currus.

I n terea biiugis in fert se Lucagus albis

in medios fraterque Liger sed frater haben is

flec tit equos, strictum rotat acer Lucagus en sem .

H aud tul it'

Aen eas tan to fervore furen tis

in t uit adversaque ingen s apparuit hasta.

Cui Liger

Non D iomedis equos n ec currum cern is Achillis

aut Phrygiae campos nun c belli fin is et aevi

his dabitur terris.’Vesan o talia late

dic ta volan t Ligeri. Sed n on et TrOIus heros

dic ta parat con tra : iaculum n am torquet in bostem .

Lucagus ut pron n s pen den s in verbera telo

admon u it biiugos, proiecto dum pede laevoaptet se pugnac, subit oras hasta per imas

fulgen tis c l ipei , tum laevum perforat inguen

ex cussus curru moribundus volvitur arvis.

Quem pius Aen eas d ic tis adfatur amaris

Lucage, n ulla tuos currus fuga segn is equorum

prod idit aut van ae vertere ex hostibus umbrae

ipse rotis salien s inga deseris .

’Haec ita fatus

arripuit biiugos frater ten debat in ertis

5 65quoi . R

568 clupeis. R.

90 .a go P ray s f or his Life. [E mma

in fectique mihi . Non hic victoria Teucr um

vertitur aut an ima n n a dabit d iscrim ina tan ta.

’

D ix erat. Aen eas con tra cui talia reddit

Argen ti atque auri memoras quae multa talen ta,

n atis parce tuis. Belli commerc ia Turnus

sustul it ista prior iam tum Pallan te perempto.

Hoc patris An chisae man es,hoc sen tit Iulus.

’

Sic falus galcam laeva ten et atque reflex a

cervice oran tis capulo ten us applicat en sem .

Nec proen l I Iaemon ides,l’hoebi Triviaeque sacerdos,

in fula cui sacra redim ibat tempora vitta,

totus con lucen s veste atque in sign ibus an n is.

Quem congressus agit campo lapsumque snperstans

immolat ingen tique umbra tegit arma Serestus

lecta refert umeris,tibi

,rex ( l rad ive

,tropaeum .

I n stauran t ac ies Vo lcan i stirpe creatus

Caeculus et ven ien s Marsorum mon tibus Umbro

D ardan ides con tra furit. An x uris en se sin istram

et totum c lipei ferro deiecerat orhem

dix erat ille al iquid magn um-vimque adfore verbo

crediderat caeloque an imum fortasse ferebat

can itiemque sibi et longos prom iserat anuos

Tarquitus ex ultan s con tra fulgen tibus armis,

silvicolae Faun o D ryope quem n ympha crearat,

Obvin s arden ti sese obtul it. I lle reducta

lorieam c l ipeique ingen s on us imped it hasta ;tum caput oran tis n equiquam et multa paran tis

d icere deturbat terrae trun cumque tepen tem

provolven s super haec in im ico pectore fatur :

I stic n un c,m etn en de ,

iace . Non te optima mater

con det hum i patrioqn e on erabit membra sepulchro

alitibus l in quere feris an t gurgite mersnm

unda feret piscesqn e impasti vo lnera lamben t.’

Protinus An taenm ct Lueam, prima agm ina Turn i,

are. (m m /7. R.5 3 9 5 5 7 R,

5 5 8 humo. Eds.

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94 Turn us Hom e Away in a Ship . [E mma

Cum Turnum medio in terea fert aequore turbo .

Respic it ignarn s rerum ingratusque salutis

et dupl ic is cum voce man n s ad sidera tend itOmn ipoten s gen itor, tan ton me crimin e dign um

dux isti et talis voluisti ex pen dere poen as ?

Quo feror ? U n de abii ? Quae me fuga quemve reduc it ?

Lauren tisn e iterum muros an t castra videbo ?

Quid man n s illa virum, qui me meaqn e arma secuti ?

Quosn e ( n efas) omn is in fan da in morte reliqui

et n un c palan tis video gem itumque caden tum

acc ipio Quid ago ? Aut quae iam satis ima dehiscat

terra m ihi ? Vos O potin s m iserescite ven ti :

in rupes, in sax a,volen s vos Turnus adoro

,

ferte ratem saevisque vad is imm ittite Syrtis,quo n eque me Rutuli n ec con sc ia fama sequatnr.

’

Haec memoran s an imo n un c huc,n un c fluctuat illuc

,

an sese mucron e Ob tan tum dedecus amen s

induat et crudum per costas ex igat en sem ,

fluctibus an iac iat med iis et l itora n andocurva petat Teucrumque iterum se reddat in arma.

Ter con atus utramque viam,ter max ima Iuno

con tin uit iuven emque an imi m iserata repressit.

Labitur alta secan s fluctuqne aestuque secundo

et patris an tiquam D an n i defertur ad urbem.

At Iovis in terea mon itis Mezen tius ardens

succedit pugnac Teucrosque in vadit ovan tiS.

Con currun t Tyrrhenae ac ies atque omn ibus un i,

un i odiisque viro tel isque frequen tibus instan t.

I lle velut rupes, vastum quae prodit in aequor,

obvia ven torum furi is ex postaque pon to,

vim cun ctam atque m inas perfert caeliqueipsa immota man en s, prolem D Olichaon is

stern it hum i,cum quo Latagum Palmumq

occupat os fac iemque adversam, poplite

x . M ez en tius a Boar at Bay or a Raven ing L ion . 95

succ iso volvi seguem sin it,armaque Lan so

donat habere umeris et vertice figere cristas.

Nec n on Euan then Phrygium Paridisque M iman ta

aequalem comitemque, n n a quem n octe Thean o

in lucem gen itori Amyco dedit et face praegnan sC isseis regina Parin creat : urbe patern a

occubat, ign arum Lauren s habet ora M iman ta.

Ac velut ille can um morsu de mon tibus altis

-actus aper, multos Vesulus quem p in ifer anuos

defendit multosve palus Lauren tia, silva

pastus harundinea, postquam in ter retia ven tum est,

substitit in fremuitqne ferox et inhorruit armos,

n ec cuiquam irasc i prop iusque accedere virtus,

sed iaculis tutisque procul c lamoribus in stan t

i lle autem impavidus partis cun ctatur in omn is,

’

den tibus in frenden s, et tergo decutit bastas

haud al iter, iustae quibus est Mez en tius irae,

n on u lli est an imus stricto con currere ferro

m issil ibus longe et vasto clamore lacessun t.

Ven erat an tiquis Corythi de fin ibus Acron,

G rain s homo , in fectos l inquen s profugus hymen aeos.

Huno ubi m iscen tem longe med ia agm ina vid it,

purpureum pen n is et paetae con iugis ostro

impastus stabula alta leo ceu saepe peragran s,

suadet en im vesan a fames,si forte fugacem

con spex it capream aut surgen tem in corn ua cervum,

gaudet, hian s imman e,comasque arrex it et haeret

visceribus super accumben s, lavit in proba taeter

ora cruor,

sic ruit in den sos alacer Mez en tius hostis.

Stern itur in felix Acron et calc ibus atram

tundit humum ex piran s in fractaque tela cruen tat.

Atque idem fugien tem haud est dignatus Oroden

704praegnan s. H .710 ven /umst. R.

714 15 16 17 13 H . an d C.

705 Par is, emen d. of creat. R. an d Eds.727 in cumben s. R,

96 D ea th an d P rophecy of Orodes . [E mma

stern ere n ec iacta caecum dare cuspide volnus

Obvin s adversoque occurrit seque viro vir

con tulit, haud furto melior,sed fortibus armis.

Tum super abiectum posito pede n ix us et hasta‘Pars bell i han d tenm en da

,viri

,iacet altus Orodes.

’

Con c laman t soc ii laetum pacan a secuti.

I lle autem ex spiran s : Non me, quicumque es, in ulto ,

vic tor,n ec longum laetabere te quoque fata

prospectan t paria atque eadem mox arva ten ebis.

’

Ad quae subriden s mix ta Mez en tius ira

Nun c morere . Ast de me divom pater atque hom in umviderit.

’Hoe dicen s edux it corpore telum

olli dura quies oculos ct ferren s urget

somn us,in aetern am c laudun turlum in a noctem .

Caedicus Alcathoum obtrun cat, Sacrator Hydaspen

Parthen iumque Rapo et praedurum viribus Orsen,

Messapus Cron iumque Lycaon iumque Erichaeten ,

illum in fren is equi lapsu tellure iacen tem,

hun c peditem . Pedes et Lyc ius processerat Agis,quem tamen haud ex pers Valerus virtutis avitae

deic it at Thron ium Sal in s Saliumque Nealces

in sidi is,iaculo ct longe fallen te sagitta.

Iam gravis aequabat luctus et mutua Mavors

fun era : caedeban t pariter pariterque ruchan t

victores victique, n eque his fuga n ota n eque illis.D i Iovis in tectis iram m iseran tur in an em

amborum ct tan tos mortal ibus esse labores

hin c Ven us,hin c con tra spectat Saturn ia I nno,

pall ida Tisiphon e m ed ia in ter m ilia saevit.

At vero ingen tem quatien s Mez en tius bastam

turbidus ingred itn r campo . Quam magn us Orion ,cum pedes in ced it med ii per max ima Nerei

stagn a viam sc inden s,umero superem in et undas

an t summ is referen s an nosam mon tibus ornum

749 E n ceten . H .75 1 Period afterpedes. H. and

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98 Lan sas Fa l ls. [E mma

telaque con iciun t proturban tque eminus bostem

m issilibus. Furit Aen eas tec tusque tenet se.

Ac velut efl'

usa siquan do gran d in e n imbi

praec ipitan t, omn is camp is difl'

ugit arator

omn is ct agricola et tuta latet arce viator,

aut amn is ripis aut alti forn ice sax i,

dum pluit in terris, ut possin t sole reductoex ercere diem sic obrutus un dique telis

Aen eas unhem bell i, dum deton et omn is,

sustinet et Lausum in crepitat Lausoque minatur

Quo moriture ruis maioraque viribus audes ?Fallit te in cautum pietas tua.

’Nec minus ille

ex sultat demen s saevae iamque altius irae

D ardan io surgun t ductori, ex tremaque Lan soParcae fila legun t : val idum n amque ex igit casem

per med ium Aen eas iuven em totumque recondit.

Tran siit et parmam mucro,levia arma minacis,

et tun icam , molli mater quam n everat auro,

implevitque sinum sangu is tum vita per auras

con cessit maesta ad man is corpusque reliquit.

At vero n t voltum vid it morien tis et ora,

ora modis An chisiades pal len tia m iris,in gemuit m iseran s graviter dex tramqn e tetendit,

et men tem patriae subiit pietatis imago.

Quid tibi n unc, m iseran de puer, pro laudibus istis,qu id pius Aen eas tan ta dahit indole dignum ?Arma

, quibus laetatus, habe tua, teque paren tumman ibus et c ineri

,siqua est ea cura

,remitto.

Hoc tamen in felix m iseram solabere mortem

Aen eae magn i dex tra cad is.

’In crepat ultro

cun c tan tis soc ios et terra sublevat ipsum,

sanguine turpan tem comptos de more capillos

I n terea gen itor Tiberin i ad flumin is undam

et. Brackets. R.309 omnem. H.

“ 7M 131. R.

R.

X. [Mez en tius Attacks zE n eas. 99

voln era siccabat lymphis corpusque levabat

arboris adclin is trun co. Proen l aerea ram is

dependet galea et prato gravia arma quiescun t.

Stan t lecti circum iuven es ipse aeger anhelan s

col la fovet, fusus propex am in pectore barbam

multa super Lanso rogitat multumque rem ittit

qui revocen t maestique feran t man data paren tis.

At Lausum soc ii ex an imem super arma fereban t

flen tes, ingen tem atque ingen ti voln ere victum .

Agn ovit longe gemitum praesaga mal i men s

can itiem multo deformat pulvere et ambas

ad caelum ten d it palmas et corpore inhaeret.

Tan tan e me tenuit viven di, n ate,voluptas,

ut pro me hostili paterer succedere dex trae,quem gen ui ? Tuan e haec gen itor per voln era servor,

morte tua viven s ? Heu,nun c m isero m ihi demum

ex itium in felix,nun c alte voln us adactum

I dem ego ,n ate, tuum maculavi crim in e n omen

,

pulsus Ob invidiam solio sceptrisque patern is.

D ebueram patriae poenas odiisque meorum

omn is per mortis an imam son tem ipse dedissem

Nun c vivo n eque adhuc hom in es lucemque rel inquo .

Sed l inquam .

’Simul hoc dicen s attol lit in aegrum

se femur et, quamvis dolor alto voln ere tardet,

haud deiectus equum duci inhet. Hoc decus ill i,

hoc solamen erat bell is hoc vic tor abibat

omn ibus. Adloquitur maeren tem et tal ibus infit

Rhaebe, diu, res siqua diu mortal ibus ulla est,

vix imus. Aut hod ie victor spolia illa cruen ti

et caput Aeneae referes Lausique dolorum

ultor eris mecum aut,aperit si n ulla viam vis

,

occumbes pariter n eque en im ,fortissime, credo,

iussa al ien a pati et dom inos d ignabere Teucros.

’

D ix it et ex ceptn s tergo con sueta locavit

85°ex i l ium . H .

100 Combat of M ez en tius and [E n eas [E mma

membra man usque ambas iaculis on eravit acutis,

aere caput fulgen s cristaque hirsutus equina.

b lC cursum in med ios rapidus ded it aestuat ingens

m m in corde pudor m ix toque in san ia luctu,Atque hic Aen ean magna ter voce vocavit.

Aen eas agn ovit en im laetusque precatur

Sic pater ille deum fac iat,sic altus Apollo,

in c ipias con ferre man um .

’

Tan tum effatus et in festa subit Obvin s hasta.

I lle autem Quid me erepto, saevissime,n ato

terres? Haec via sola fuit, qua perdere posses.

Nec mortem horremus n ec divom parc imus ulli.

D esin e n am ven io moriturus et haec tibi porto

don a prius.

’D ix it telumque in torsit in bostem ;

inde al iud super atque aliud figitque volatque

ingen ti gyro ,sed sustin et aureus umbo .

Ter c ircum adstan tem laevos equitavit in orbes

tela man u iac ien s,ter secum Troius heros

imman em aerato c ircumfert tegm in e silvam .

I nde ubi tot trax isse moras,tot spicula taedet

vellere et urgetur pugna congressus in iqua,multa moven s an imo iam tandem erumpit et in ter

bellatoris equi cava tempora con ic it hastam .

Toll it se arrectum quadrupes et calc ibus auras

verberat effusumque equ item super ipse secutus

impl icat eiectoque in cumbit cernuus armo .

Clamore in cen dun t caelum Troesque Latin ique.

Advolat Aen eas vagin aque eripit en sem

et super haec Ubi n un c Mez en tius acer et illa

etfera vis an im i Con tra Tyrrhenus, ut auras

suspic ien s hausit caelum m en temque recepit

Hostis amare,quid in crepitas mortemque minaris ?

Nullum in caede n efas,n ec sic ad proelia ven i,

etf uri is agi tatus amor et con scia virtus.

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102 The W ar Con tin ues . [E mma

BOOK XI .—THE W AR CONTINUES AFTER A TRUCE EOR BURY

INC THE D EAD .

[ENEAS sets up a trophy from the spoils of Mezen tius ( vv . I—I I ) ,en courages his fol lowers ( vv. 12 an d mourn s for Pal las ( vv. 29

whose body is n ow born e home after a farewel l from E n eas (W . 59

Ambassadors come from Latium , an d a truce is made for burying the dead

( vv. I oo—I 3S) . Evan der’s reception of the body of his son (vv. 139

—I SI ) .

The burn ing of the dead Trojans (vv . 182—202) an d Latin s (vv . 203

The ambassadors to D iomedes return and publ icly report their il l success

(vv. 225 Latin us, in coun cil , proposes to make terms with Ai n eas

( vv. 296 D ran ces, an en emy of Turn us, attacks him in a vio len t

speech, an d advises the marriage o f Lavin ia to E n eas, or, at any rate, that

Turn us fight the n ew comer in single combat ( vv. 336 Turn us

repl ies, and en courages the Latin s to con tin ue the struggle (vv. 376

E n eas advan ces towards the city, the Latin s fly to arms (vv. 445an d the Latin women suppl icate M in erva ( vv. 477 Turn us rushes

to the field, but is met by the maiden warrior Cami lla, who offers to

protect the city. He directs her to meet the cavalry while he opposes the

in fan try (vv . 486 Story of Cam il la ( vv . 5 32 Con test of the

cavalry ( vv . 597 in which Cam il la performs heroic exploits ( W . 648

She dismoun ts in an swer to a chal lenge, but even thus overtakes

an d slays her moun ted an tagon ist ( vv. 699 Tarchon rall ies his

troops an d displays his own valor (v v. 725 Arruas, praying to

Apo l lo, throws a Spear at Cam il la (vv . 759 who is stricken an d dies

(vv . 799 the battle rages more fiercely, an dArrun s falls by the arrow

of Opis ( vv. 833 but the Rutuli are routed, an d fly to the city ( vv.

868 though man y are slain , being un able to en ter (vv. 884

Turn us is in formed of the disaster, an d hasten s to the spot, leaving .lEn eas

un opposed (vv. 896 I Ie follows, an d both parties encamp for the

n ight ( vv. 903

CEANUM in terea surgen s Aurora reliquit

Aen eas, quamquam et soc iis dare tempus humandis

praec ipitan t curac turbataque fun ere men s est,

vota deum primo vic tor solvebat Eoo .

I ngen tem quercum dec isis un dique ram is

con stituit tumulo fulgen tiaque indu it arma,Mezen ti ducis ex uvias, tibi, magn e, tropaeum ,

X I . 42.] fi n eas Ra ises a Trophy . 103

be llipoten s aptat roran tis sanguin e cristas

telaque trun ca viri et bis sex thoraca petitum

perfossumque loc is clipeumque ex aere sin istrae

subl igat atque en sem collo suspen d it eburnum .

Tum socios,n amque omn is eum stipata tegebat

turba ducum, sic in c ipien s hortatur ovan tis

Max ima res effecta,viri timor omn is abesto

,

quod superest : haec sun t spolia et de rege superbo

prim itiae, man ibusqne meis Mez en tius hic est.

N un c iter ad regem n obis murosque Latin os.

Arma parate an imis et spe praesum ite bellum,

n equa mora ignaros, ubi primum vellere sign a

adn uerin t superi pubemque educere castris,

impediat segn isve metu sen ten tia tardet.I n terea soc ios inhumataqne corpora terrae

mandemus, qui solus bon os Acheron te sub imo est.

I te,’ait

,egregias an imas

,quae sanguin e n obis

han c patriam peperere suo,decorate suprem is

mun eribus, maestamque Evan dri primus ad urbem

m ittatur Pallas, quem n on virtutis egen tem

abstulit atra dies et fun ere mersit acerbo .

’

Sic ait in lacriman s rec ipitque ad l im in a gressum ,

corpus ubi ex an im i positum Pal lan tis Acoetes

servabat sen ior, qui Parrhasio Evandroarm iger an te fuit, sed n on fel ic ibus acquetum comes auspic iis caro datus ibat alrimn o .

C ircum omn is famulumque man us Troianaque turba

et maestum I liades erin em de more solutae.

U t vero Aen eas foribus sese in tn l it altis,

ingen tem gem itum tn n sis ad sidera tollun tpectoribus, maestoque immugit regia luctu.

I pse caput n ivei fultum Pallan tis et ora

ut vidit levique paten s in pectore vulnus

cuspidis Auson iae, lacrim is ita fatur obortis.

Ten e,

’inquit, m iseran de puer, cum laeta ven iret

,

104‘ The Body of P a l las Sen t Home. [E mma

in vidit Fortun a m ihi,n e regna videres

n ostra n eque ad sedes victor veherere patern as ?Non haec Evan dro de te prom issa paren tid isceden s dederam

,cum me complex us eun tem

m itteret in magn um imperium metuen sque mon eret

acris esse viros,cum dura proelia gen te.

Et n un c ille quidem spe multum captus in an i

fors et vota fac it cumulatque altaria don isn os iuven em ex an imum et n il iam caelestibus ull is

deben tem van o maesti com itamur honore.

I n felix , n ati fun us crudele videbis

H i n ostri red itus ex pectatique triumphiHaec mea magn a fides At n on

,Evandre

, pudendis

vuln eribus pulsum adspic ies n ec sospite d irum

Optabis n ato funus pater. Ei m ihi,quan tum

praesid ium Auson ia et quan tum tu perdis, IuleHaec ubi deflevit

,tolli m iserabile corpus

imperat et toto lectos ex agm ine m ittit

m ille viros, qui supremum comiten tur honorem

in tersin tque patris lacrim is, solac ia luctus

ex igua ingen tis, m isero sed debita patri .Haud segues alii crates et molle feretrumarbn teis tex un t virgis et vim in e quern o

ex struc tosqn e toros Obten tu fron dis in umbran t.

H ie iuven em agresti subl imem stram in e ponun t,

qualem virgin eo demessum poll ice florem

sen mo llis violae seu languen tis hyac in thi,

cui n eque fulgor adhuc n ecdum sua forma recessit

n on iam mater al it tellus viresque m in istrat.

Tum gem inas vestes auroque ostroque rigen tis

ex tulit Aen eas, quas il l i lacta laborumipsa suis quon dam man ibus Sidon ia D idofecerat et ten ui telas discreverat auro .

Harum un am iuven i supremum maestus hon orem

“3 solo/in . H .

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106 A Truce f or Bmy ing the D ead. [E mma

oratis ? Equidem et vivis con cedere vellem .

Nec ven i, n isi fata locum sedemque dedissen t,

n ec bellum cum gen te gero rex n ostra reliquit

hospitia et Turn i potin s se credidit armis.

Aequius huic Turn um fuerat Se oppon ere morti.

Si bellum fin ire manu, si pellere Ten eros

apparat, his mecum decuit con currere tel is

vix et,cui vitam deus aut sua dex tra dedisset.

Nun c ite et m iseris suppon ite c ivibus ignem .

’

D ix erat Aen eas. I lli obstipuere silen tes

conversiqne oculos in ter se atque ora teneban t.

Tum sen ior semperque odiis et crim ine D ran ces

in fen sus iuven i Turn o sic ore vic issim

orsa refert O fama ingen s, ingen tior arm isvir Troian e

,quibus caclo te laudibus aequem ?

I ustitiaen e prius m irer bellin e laborum ?

NOS vero haec patriam grati referemus ad urbem

et te,siqua viam dederit fortun a

,Latino

iungemus regi quaerat sibi foedera Turn us.

Quin et fatalis murorum attollere moles

sax aque subvectare umeris Tro ian a iuvabit.’

D ix erat haec,un oque omn es eadem ore fremeban t.

B is sen os pepigere dies et pace sequestra

per silvas Teucri m ix tique in pune Latin ierravere ingis. Ferro sonat alta bipen n i

frax inus,evertun t actas ad sidera pin us,

robora n ec cuneis et Olen tem scin dere cedrumn ec plaustris cessan t vectare gemen tibus orn os.

Et iam Fama volan s, tan ti praen un tia luctus,

Evan drum Evandrique domos ct moen ia replet,

quae modo victorem Latio Pal lan ta ferebat.

Arcades ad portas ruere et de more vetusto

fun ereas rapuere faces lucet via longo

ord ine flammarum et late discrim in at agr.

120 a

X . Autores S la in by Chan ce. 97

ingrediturque solo et caput in ter n ubila cond ittal is se

‘

vastis in fert Mez en tius armis.

H u ic con tra Aen eas, speculatus in agm in e longo,

obvin s ire parat. Man et imperterritus ille,

bostem magn an imum opperien s, et mole sua stat

atque ocul is spatium emen sus,quan tum satis hastae

D ex tra m ihi deus et telum ,quod m issile l ibro,

n un c adsin t Voveo praedon is corpore raptis

in dutum spo liis ipsum te,Lause, tropaeum

Aen eae.

’D ix it striden temque em inus bastam

iec it at illa volan s c lipeo est ex cussa proculque

egregium An toren latus in ter et il ia figit,

H ercul is Autoren eom item, qui m issus ab Argis

haeserat Enan dro atque I tala con sederat urbe.

Stern itur in felix alien o vo lnere caelumque

aspic it et dulcis morien s rem in isc itur Argos

tum pius Aen eas bastam iac it illa per orhem

aere cavum triplic i, per l in ea terga tribusque

tran sit in tex tum tauris opus imaque sed itinguin e, sed viris haud pertulit. Oc ius en sem

Aen eas,viso Tyrrhen i sanguin e laetus,

eripit a fem in e et trepidan ti fervidus in stat.I ngemuit cari graviter gen itoris amore

,

ut vid it, Lausus, lacrimaeque per ora volutae.

H ic mortis durae casum tuaque Optima fac ta,

siqua fidem tan to est operi latura vetustas,

n on equidem n ec te,iuven is memoran de

, silebo .

I lle pedem referen s et inutil is in que l igatus

cedebat c l ipeoque in im icum hastile trahebat

pror up it iuven is seseque imm iscuit arm is

iamque adsurgen tis dex tra plagamque feren tis

Aen eae subi it mucron em ipsumque moran dosustin u it. Soc ii magn o c lamore sequun tur

,

dum gen itor n ati parma protectus abiret,

777 in ici t. cl ipeost, as on e wo rd . R.

108 B ur ia l of the D ead. [E mma

quam debere vides. Meritis vacat hic tibi solus

fortun aeque locus. Non vitae gaudia quaero,n ec fas

,sed n ato Man is perferre sub imos.

’

Aurora in terea m iseris mortal ibus almam

ex tulerat lucem,referen s opera atque labores

iam pater Aen eas, iam curvo in l itore Tarchon

con stituere pyras. Huc corpora quisque snorum

more tulere patrum ,subiectisque ign ibus atris

conditur in ten ebras altum caligine caelum .

Ter c ircum accen sos c in c ti fulgen tibus armis

decurrere rogos, ter maestum fun eris ign em

lustravere in equis ululatusqne ore dederespargitur et tellus lacrimis, spargun tur et arma

it caclo clamorque virum clangorque tubarum .

H ic al ii spol ia occ isis derepta Latin iscon iciun t ign i, galeas en sesque decorosfrenaque ferven tisque rotas pars munera n ota,

ipsorum clipeos et n on fel ic ia tela.

Multa boum c irca mactan tur corpora Morti,

saetigerosque sues raptasque ex omn ibus agris

in flammam iugulan t pecudes. Tum l itore toto

arden tis spectan t socios semustaqn e servan t

busta n eque avell i possun t, n ox um ida don ecinvertit caelum stellis arden tibus aptum .

Nec m in us et m iseri d iversa in parte Latin iin n umeras strux ere pyras, et corpora partim

multa virum terrae in fodiun t avectaque partim

fin itimos tol lun t in agros urbique rem ittun t,

cetera con fusaeque ingen tem caedis acervum

n ec numero n ec honore creman t : tun c undique vasti

eertatim crebris con lucen t ign ibus agri.

Tertia lux gel idam caelo dimoverat umbram

maeren tes altum cin erem et con fusa ruchan t

ossa foc is tepidoque on eraban t aggere terrae.

i am vero in tectis, praedivitis urbe Latin i,

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100 Combat of fl i es en tius and zfi n eas . [E mma

membra man usque ambas iaculis oneravit acutis,

aere caput fulgen s cristaque hirsutus equina.

Sic cursum in med ios rap idus ded it aestuat ingens

m m in corde pudor m ix to que in san ia luc tu,Atque hic Aen ean magna ter voce vocavit.

Aeneas agnovit en im laetusque precatur

Sic pater ille deum fac iat, sic altus Apollo,

in c ipias con ferre man um .

’

Tan tum effatus et in festa subit Obvin s hasta.

I lle autem Quid me erepto , saevissime, nato

terres? Haec via sola fuit, qua perdere posses.Nec mortem horremus nec divom parc imus ulli.

D esine n am ven io moriturus et haec tibi porto

dona prius.

’D ix it telumque in torsit in bostem

in de aliud super atque aliud figitqne volatque

ingen ti gyro ,sed sustin et aureus umbo .

Ter c ircum adstan tem laevos equitavit in orbes

tela man u iac ien s,ter secum Troius heros

imman em aerato c ircumfert tegm in e silvam.

I nde ubi tot trax isse moras, tot spicula taedet

\ ellere et urgetur pugna congressus in iqua,multa moven s an imo iam tandem erumpit et in ter

bellatoris equi cava tempora con ic it bastam .

Tollit se arrectum quadrupes et calc ibus auras

verberat effusnmque equitem super ipse secutus

impl icat e iec toque in cumbit cernuus armo.

Clamore in cen dun t caelum Troesque Latin ique.

Advolat Aen eas vaginaque eripit en sem

et super haec Ubi n un c Mez en tius acer et illa

efl'

era vis an im i Con tra Tyrrhen us, ut auras

suspic ien s hausit caelum men temque recepit

Hostis amare,quid in crepitas mortemque minaris ?

Nul lum in caede n efas,n ec sic ad proelia ven i,

etf uri is agitatus amor et con scia zrirtus.

x . 90s ] M ez en ti us i s S la in . l O l

n ee tecum meus haec pepigit mihi foedera Lausus .

U num hoc per siqua est'

victis ven ia hostibus oro

corpus humo patiare tegi . Seio acerba meorum

circumstare Odia : hun c,oro

,defen de furorem

et me con sortem nati con cede sepulchro.

’

Haec loquitur iuguloque haud inscius acc ipit casemundan tique an imam difi

'

undit in arva cruore.

102 The lVar Con ti n ues . [E mma

BOOK XL—THE W AR CONTINUES AFTER A TRUCE EOR Beav

ING THE D EAD .

IENHAS sets up a trophy from the Spoils of Mezen tius ( vv. I - I I ) ,en courages his fol lowers ( vv . 19. an d mourn s for Pal las ( W . 29

whose body is n ow born e home after a farewel l from zEn eas ( W . 59

Ambassadors come from Latium ,and a truce is made for burying the dead

( vv. 100 Evan der’

s reception of the body Of his son ( vv. 139

The burn ing of the dead Trojan s ( vv. 182—20 2) and Latin s (vv. 203

The ambassado rs to D iomedes return an d publicly report their i l l success

(vv. 225 Latin us, in coun cil , proposes to make terms with IEn eas

( vv. 296 D ran ces, an en emy of Turnus, attacks him ip a violen t

speech, an d advises the marriage o f Lavin ia to 1En eas, or, at any rate, that

a n us fight the n ew comer in single combat (vv. 336 Turn us

repl ies, an d en courages the Latin s to con tin ue the struggle (vv. 376

ZEn eas advan ces towards the city, the Latin s fly to arms ( vv. 445and the Latin women suppl icate M in erva ( vv. 477 Turn us rushes

to the field, but is met by the maiden warrior Camilla, who ofl'

ers to

protect the city. He directs her to meet the cavalry whi le he opposes the

in fan try ( vv. 486 Story of Cam illa ( vv. 5 32 Con test of the

cavalry ( vv . 597 in which Cami lla performs heroic exploits ( W . 648

She dismoun ts in an swer to a chal lenge, but even thus overtakes

and slays her moun ted an tagon ist ( vv . 699 Tarchon rall ies his

troops an d displays his ow n valor (vv . 725 Arrun s, praying to

Apo l lo ,throws a spear at Cam il la ( vv. 759 who is stricken an d dies

(vv . 799 the battle rages more fiercely, an d Arrun s falls by the arrow

of Opis ( vv. 833 but the Rutuli are routed, and fly to the city (vv.

868 though man y are slain , being un able to en ter (vv. 884Turn us is in formed o f the disaster, an d hasten s to the spot, leaving E neas

un opposed ( vv . 896 l Ie fol lows, and both parties encamp for the

n ight ( vv. 903

CEANUM in terea surgen s Aurora rel iquit

Aen eas,quamquam ct soc iis dare tempus humandis

praec ipitan t c n rae turbataque fun ere men s est,

vota deum primo vic tor solvebat EOO.

I ngen tem quercum dec isis un dique ramis

con stituit tumulo fulgen tiaqn e in du it arma,Mez en ti duc is ex uvias

, tibi, magn e, tropaeum,

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104° The Body of P al las Se nt Home. [E mma

invidit Fortuna m ihi,n e regna videres

n ostra n eque ad sedes vic tor veherere paternas ?

Non haec Evan dro de te prom issa paren tid isceden s dederam

,cum me complex us eun tem

m itteret in magnum imperium metuen sque moneret

acris esse viros, cum dura proelia gen te.

Et n un c ille quidem spe multum captus inan i

fors et vota fac it cumulatque altaria don is :n os iuven em ex an imum et n il iam caelestibus ull is

deben tem van o maesti com itamur hon ore.

I n fel ix , n ati funus crudele videbis

H i n ostri red itus ex pectatique triumphiHaec mea magn a fides At n on ,

Evandre, pudendis

vuln eribus pulsum adspic ies n ec sosp ite dirum

Optabis n ato fun us pater. Ei m ihi,quan tum

praesid ium Auson ia et quan tum tu perdis, IuleHaec ubi deflevit

,toll i m iserabile corpus

imperat et toto lectos ex agmine m itti t

m ille viros, qui supremum com iten tur honorem

in tersin tque patris lacrim is, solacia luctus

ex igua ingen tis, m isero sed debita patri.Haud segues al ii crates et molle feretrumarbuteis tex un t virgis et vim ine quern o

ex struc tosqn e toros obten tu frondis inumbran t.

H ic iuven em agresti subl imem stram in e ponun t,

qualem virgin eo demessum pollice floremsen mol lis violae scu languen tis hyacin thi,

cui n eque fulgor adhuc n ecdum sua forma recessit

n on iam mater al it tellus viresque m in istrat.

Tum gem inas vestes auroque ostroque rigen tis

ex tulit Aen eas, quas il li laeta laborumipsa suis quon dam man ibus Sidon ia D idofecerat ct tenui telas discreverat auro .

Harum unam iuven i supremum maestus honorem

033 SHIN/I'

d . l l .

X1. The Fun eral P rocess ion . 105

in duit arsurasque comas obnubit amictu,

mn ltaqn e praeterea Lauren tis praemia pugnac

aggerat et longo praedam inhet ordine duc i.Addit equos et tela, quibus spoliaverat bostem .

V in x erat et post terga man n s, quos mitteret umbrisin ferias, caeso sparsuros sanguine flammas,

i ndutosque inhet trun cos hostil ibus an n is

ipsos ferre duces in imicaque n omina figi .

D ucitur in fel ix aevo con fectus Acoetes

pectora n unc foedans pugn is, n un c unguibus ora

stern itur et toto proiectus corpore terrae

D ucun t et Rutulo perfusos sanguine currus.

Post bellator equus positis in sign ibus Aethonit lacriman s guttisque umectat grandibus ora.

H astam alii galeamque ferun t, nam cetera a n us

victor habet. Tum maesta phalan x Teucrique sequun turTyrrhen ique omnes et versis Arcades arm is.

Postquam om n is longe com itum praecesserat ordo,substitit Aen eas gem ituque haec addidit alto

Nos al ias hin e ad lacrimas eadem horrida bell ifata vocan t : salve aetern um m ihi

,max ime Palla,

aetern umque vale.

’Nec plura effatus ad altos

tendebat muros gressumque in castra ferebat.

Iamque oratores aderan t ex urbe Latin a,velati ram is Oleac ven iamque rogan tes

corpora, per campos ferro quae fusa iaceban t,redderet ac tumulo sin eret succedere terraen ul lum cum victis certam en et aethere cassis

parceret hospitibus quon dam socerisque vocatis.

Quos bonus Aen eas haud aspern an da precan tis

prosequitur ven ia et verbis haec in super addit

Quaen am vos tan to fortun a ind igna, Latin i,impl icuit

'

bello, qui n os fngiatis am icos ?

Pacem me ex an im is et Martis sorte peremptis

on B rackets . R .

“2 sparsurus. R.

106 -l Truce for Bury ing the D ead. [E mma

oratis ? Equidem et vivis con cedere vellem .

Nec ven i, n isi fata locum sedemque ded issen t,

n ec bellum cum gen te gero rex n ostra rel iquit

hospitia et Turn i potin s se credidit armis.

Aequius huic Turnum fuerat se opponere morti.

Si bellum fin ire man n,Si pellere Ten eros

apparat, his mecum decu it con currere tel is

vix et, cui vitam deus an t sua dex tra dedisset.Nun c ite et m iseris suppon ite c ivibus ign em .

’

D ix erat Aeneas. I lli Obstipuere silen tes

conversiqn e oculos in ter se atque ora ten eban t.

Tum sen ior semperque odiis et crim ine D ran ces

in fen sus iuven i Turn o sic ore vic issim

orsa refert O fama ingen s, ingen tior armisvir Troian e

,quibus caelo te laudibus aequem ?

Iustitiaen e prius m irer bellin e laborum ?

Nos vero haec patriam grati referemus ad urbem

et te, siqua viam dederit fortuna,Latino

iungemus regi quaerat sibi foedera Turnus.

Quin et fatalis murorum attollere moles

sax aque subvectare umeris Tro iana iuvabit.’

D ix erat haec,unoque omn es eadem ore fremeban t.

Bis sen os pepigere d ies et pace sequestra

per silvas Teucri m ix tique inpun e Latin ierravere ingis. Ferro son at alta bipen n i

frax in us,evertun t actas ad sidera pin us,

robora n ec cun eis et Olen tem sc indere cedrumn ec p laustris cessan t vectare gemen tibus orn os.

l i t iam Fama volan s,tan ti praen un tia luctus,

Evan drum Evandrique domos ct moen ia replet,

quae modo victorem Latio Pallan ta ferebat.

Arcades ad portas ruere ct do more vetusto

fun ereas rapuere faces lucet via longo

ord in e flammarum ct late d ist rim in at agros.

12" Eds.

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108 Bur ia l of the D ead. [E mma

quam debere vides. Meritis vaeat hic tibi solus

fortun aeque locus. Non vitae gaudia quaero,n ee fas, sed n ato Man is perferre sub imos.

’

Aurora in terea m iseris mortal ibus almam

ex tulerat lacem,referen s opera atque labores

iam pater Aen eas, iam curvo in l itore Tarchon

con stituere pyras. Huc corpora quisque snorum

more tulere patrum , subieetisque ign ibus atris

conditur in ten ebras altum cal igin e caelum .

Ter c ircum accen sos c in c ti fulgen tibus arm is

decurrere rogos, ter maestum fun eris ignem

lustravere in equis ululatusqne ore dederespargitur et tellus lacrimis, spargn n tur et arma

it caelo clamorque virum c langorque tubarum.

H ic al ii spol ia occ isis derepta Latin iscon ic iun t ign i, galeas en sesque decorosfrenaque ferven tisque rotas pars mun era n ota,

ipsorum c lipeos et n on felicia tela.

Multa boum c irca mactan tur corpora Morti,

saetigerosque sues raptasqn e ex omn ibus agris

in flammam iugulan t pecudes. Tum l itore toto

arden tis spectan t soc ios semustaque servan t

busta n eque avell i possun t, n ox umida don ecinvertit caelum stel l is arden tibus aptum .

Nec min us et m iseri d iversa in parte Latin iin h umeras strux ere pyras, et corpora partim

multa virum terrae in fodiun t avectaque partim

fin itimos tol lun t in agros urbique rem ittun t,

cetera con fusaeqn e ingen tem caedis acervum

n cc n umero n ec hon ore creman t tun c undique vasti

certatim crebris con lucen t ign ibus agri.

Tertia lux gel idam caelo d imoverat umbram

maeren tes altum c in erem et con fusa ruchan t

ossa foc is tepidoquc on eraban t aggere terrae.

"am m m in tectis, praedivitis urbe Latin i

,

1 w 9

X1. The Embassy Retur ns f rom D iomede.

praecipuus fragor et longi pars max ima luctus.

H ie matres miseraeque n urus,hie cara sororum

pectora maeren tum puerique paren tibus orbi

dirum ex secran tur bellum Turn ique hymen aeos

ipsum armis ipsumque inben t decern ere ferro,

qui regnum I taliae et primos sibi poscat honores.

I ngravat haec saevus D ran ces solumque vocari

testatnr, solum posei in certam ina Turnum .

Multa simul con tra vari is sen ten tia dictis

pro Turno, et magnum reginae n omen Obumbrat,

multa virum meritis susten tat fama tropaeis.

Hos in ter motus, med io in fiagran te tumultu,ecce super maesti magna D iomedis ab urbe

legati respon sa ferun t n ihil omn ibus actnm

tan torum impen sis operum,n il don a n eque aurum

n ec magnas valuisse preces, alia arma Latin is

quaerenda an t pacem Troian o ab rege petendnm .

D efic it ingen ti luctu rex ipse Latin us.Fatalem Aen ean man ifesto n um in e ferri

admon et ira deum tumul ique an te ora recen tes.

Ergo con cilium magnum primosque snorum

imperio aceitos alta in tra lim in a cogit.

Olli Conven ere fluun tque ad regia plen is

tecta viis. Sedet in med iis et max imus aevo

et primus sceptris haud laeta fron te Latin us.

Atque hic legatos Aetola ex urbe rem issos,

quae referan t, fari inhet et respon sa reposc it

ordin e cun cta suO. Tum facta silen tia linguis,

et Ven ulus dicto paren s ita farier infitVidimus

,o c ives, D iomedem Argivaque castra

atque iter emen si casus superavimus omn is

con tigimusqne man um , qua con c idit I l ia tellus.

I lle urbem Argyripam patriae cogn om in e gen tis

victor G argan i condebat Iapygis agris.

247 arv is. Eds.

1 10 D iom ede’

s Reply. [E mma

Postquam in trogressi et coram data copia fandi,mun era praeferimns, n omen patriamque docemus,

qui bel lum in tulerin t, quae causa attrax erit Arpos.

Auditis i lle haec plac ido sic reddidit ore

O fortun atae gen tes, Saturn ia regn a,

an tiqu i Auson ii, quae vos fortun a quietossollic itat suadetque ignota lacessere bella ?

Quicumque I l iacos ferro violavimus agros,

mitto ea,quae muris bellando ex hausta sub altis

,

quos Simois premat ille viros,in fanda per orhem

suppl ic ia et scelerum poch as ex pendimus omnes,

vel Priamo m iseran da man n s : scit triste M in ervae

sidus et Euboicae can tes ultorque Caphareus.

M il itia ex illa diversum ad l itus abacti

Atrides Protei Menelaus adusque columnas

ex sulat, Aetnaeos vid it Cyc lopas U lix es.Regn a Neoptolem i referam versosque penates

Idomen ei ? Libycon e habitan tis litore Locros ?

Ipse Mycen aen s magnorum duc tor Achivomcon iugis in fandae prima in ter lim ina dex traoppetiit devictam Asiam subsedit adulter.In vidisse deos, patriis ut redd itus ariscon iugium optatum et pulchram Calydona viderem

Nun c etiam horribil i visu porten ta sequun tur,et soc ii am issi petierun t aethera pen n is

fium in ibusque vagan tnr aves, hen d ira meorumsupplic ia, et scopulos lacrimosis vocibus implen t.

Haec adeo ex illo m ihi iam speranda fnerun t

tempore, cum ferro caelestia corpora demen s

adpetii et Veneris violavi voln ere dex tram.

Ne vero,n e me ad tal is impellite pugn as :

n ec m ihi cum Teucris ullum post cruta bellum

Pergama,n ec veterum mem in i laetorve malorum.

Mun era, quae patriis ad me portatis ab oris,

272 pi n n is . R.

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1 12 D ran ces Speaks i n Approva l . [E mma

longus in occasum,fin is super usque Sicanos

Aurun c i Rutulique scrun t et vomere durosex ercen t colles atque horum asperrima pascun t.

Haec omn is regio et celsi plaga pinea mon tis

cedat am ic itiae Teucrorum,et foederis aeqnas

dicamus leges sociosque in regna vocemus.

Con sidan t, si tan tus amor, et moen ia condan t.

Sin alios fin is aliamque capessere gen tem

est an imus possun tque solo decedere n ostro

bis denas I talo tex amus robore n avis

seu pluris complere valen t,iacet omn is ad un dam

materies,ipsi n umerumque modumque carin is

praec ipian t, n os aera man n s n avalia demus.

Praeterea qui d icta feran t et foedera firmen tcen tum oratores prima de gen te Latinos

ire placet pac isqn e man n praeten dere ramos

mun era portan tis aurique eborisque talen ta

et sellam regn i trabeamque in sign ia n ostri .

Con sulite in med ium et rebus succurrite fessis.

’

Tum D ran ces idem in fen sus,quem gloria Tum i

obliqua invidia stimulisque agitabat amaris,

largus opum et lingua melior, sed frigida bellodex tera, con siliis habitus n on futil is auctor,

sedition e poten s (genus huic matern a superbum

n obilitas dabat,in certnm de patre ferebat ) ,

surgit et his on erat dictis atque aggerat iras:

Rem n ulli Obscuram n ostrae n ec voeis egen tem

con sul is, 0 bon e rex : cun cti se sc ire faten tur,

quid fortun a ferat populi, sed d icere mussan t.D et l ibertatem fan d i flatusque rem ittat

cuius Ob auspicium in faustum moresque sin istros

(dicam equidem ,l icet arma m ihi mortemque minetur)

lumina tot cecidisse ducum totamque videmus

con sedisse urbem luetu,dum Troia temptat

castra fugae fiden s et caelum territat arm is.

X I . 385 .] He Rev i les Turn us . I 3

U num etiam don is istis,quae plurima m itti

D ardan idis dic ique iubes, unum ,optime regum ,

adicias nec te'

ullius v iolen tia vin cat,

quin n atam egregio gen ero dign isque hymen aeis

des, pater, et pacem han c aetern o foedere iungas .

Quod si tan tus habet men tes et pec tora terror,

ipsum obtestemur ven iamque oremus ab ipso

cedat, in s proprium regi patriaeque rem ittat.

Qu id m iseros totien s in aperta pericula c ives

proic is, O Latio caput horum et causa malorum ?

Nulla salus bello pacem te posc imus omn es,

Turne, simul pac is solum in violabile pignus.

Primus ego, invisum quem tu tibi fingis, et esse

n il moror, en supplex ven io . M iserere tn orum,

pon e an imos et pulsus abi . Sat fun era fusi

vidimus ingen tis et desolavimus agros.

Aut si fama movet, Si tan tum pectore robur

con c ipis et si adeo dotal is regia cordi est,

aude atque adversum fiden s fer pectus in bostem .

Sc il icet ut Turn o con tingat regia con iun x,

n os an imae viles,inhumata infletaque turba,

sternamur campis. Etiam tu,siqua tibi vis

,

Si patri i quid Martis habes,illum aspice con tra

,

qui vocat.’

Talibus ex arsit dictis violen tia Turn i

dat gem itum rumpitqn e has imo pectore voces

Larga quidem ,B ran ce

,semper tibi copia fan di

tum,cum bella man n s poscun t, patribusque vocatis

primus ades. Sed n on replenda est curia verbis,

quae tuto tibi magn a volan t,dum d istin ct bostem

agger murorum n ec in un dan t sanguin e fossae .

Pr0inde ton a eloquio,sol itum tibi

,meque timoris

argue tu, D ran ce, quan do tot stragis acervosTeucrorum tua dex tra ded it passimqn e tropaeis

moerorum . R.

I I 4 Rep ly of Turn us . [E mma

in sign is agros. Possit quid vivida virtus,

ex periare l icet n ec longe sc il icet hostes

quaerendi n obis C ircumstan t un dique muros.

Imus in adversos qu id cessas ? An tibi Mavors

ven tosa in lingua pedibusque fugacibus istis

semper erit ?

Pulsus ego ? Aut quisquam merito ,foedissime

, pulsum

arguet, I liaco tum idum qui crescere Thybrim

sanguin e et Evan dri totam cum stirpe videbit

procubuisse domum atque ex utos Arcadas arm is ?Haud ita me ex perti Bitias et Pandarus ingen set quos m ille die victor sub Tartara m isi,

in clusus muris hostil ique aggere saeptus.

Nulla salus bello .

”Capiti can e tal ia, demen s,

D ardan io rebusque tuis. Pr0 in de omn ia magno

me cessa turbare metu atque ex tollere vires

gen tis bis vietae, con tra premere arma Latin i .Nun c et Myrm idon um proceres Phrygia arma tremescun t,

n un c et Tyd ides et Larissaeus Achi lles,amn is et Hadriacas retro fugit Aufidus un das .

Vel cum se pavidum con tra mea iurgia fingit

artific is scelus et form idin e crimen acerbat.

Numquam an imam talem dex tra hac,absiste moveri

,

amittes habitet tecum et sit pec tore in isto.

Nun c ad te et tua magn a, pater, consulta revertor.

Si n ul lam n ostris ultra Spem pon is in arm is,

Si tam deserti sumus et semel agm in e verso

funditus occ idimus n eque habet Fortun a regressum,

oremus pacem et dex tras ten damus in ertis.

Quamquam O,si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset l

I lle m ihi an te al ios fortunatusque laborum

egregin sque an imi, qui, n equid tale videret

,

procubuit morien s et humum semel ore momordit.

Sin et opes n obis et adhuc in tacta iuven tus

404 Lar isaeus . R .413 semul . R.

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1 16 The Coun ci l B reaks Up . [E mma

flen t maesti mussan tque patres. H ic undique c lamor

d issen su vario magn us se toll it in auras

haud secus atque alto in luco cum forte catervae

con sedere avium piscosove amn e Padusae

dan t son itum rauci per stagna loquac ia cycn i .

Immo,

’ait

,O c ives adrepto tempore, Turan s,

’

cogite con c ilium et pacem laudate seden tesil li arm is in regna rn un t.

’Nec plura locutus

corripu it sese et tectis c itus ex tulit altis.

Tu,Vo luse

,armari Volscorum edice man iplos,

duc,

’ait

,

‘et Rutulos. Equitem Messapus in arm is

et cum fratre Coras latis diffundite campis.

Pars ad itus urbis firmet turrisque capessat,

cetera, qua iusso,

mecum man n s in ferat arma.

’

I licet in muros tota d iscurritur urbe .

Con silium ipse pater et magna in cepta Latin usdeserit ac tristi turbatus tempore d iffertm n ltaqn e se in cusat

, qui n on adceperit n ltro

D ardan ium Aen ean gen erumque adsc iverit urbi .

Praefod iun t al ii portas an t sax a sudesque

subvectan t. Bello dat sign um rauca cruen tum

bucin a. Tum muros varia c in x ere coron a

matron ae puerique vocat labor ultimus omn is.

Ncc n on ad templum summasque ad Palladis arces

subvehitur magn a matrum regina caterva

don a feren s,iux taque comes Lavin ia virgo,

causa mali tan ti,oculos deiec ta decoros.

Succedun t matres et templum ture vaporan t

et maestas alto fun dun t de lim in e voces

Arm ipoten s, praeses belli, Triton ia virgo,

frange man n telum Phrygii praedon is et ipsum

pron um stern e solo portisque effunde sub al tis.’

C ingitur ipse furen s eertatim in proelia Turn us.

Iamque adeo rutilum thoraca in dutus aen is

46 1 ruan t. Eds .471 acceperat. R.

X1. Tur nus D isposes H is Troops . I I 7

horrebat squam is surasque in c luserat auro,

tempora n udus adhuc,laterique adc in x erat en sem

fulgebatque alta decurren s aureus arce,

ex sultatque an imis et spe iam praec ipit bostem

qual is ubi abruptis fugit praesaepia vin clis

tan dem liber equus campoque potitus apertoaut ille in pastus armen taque ten dit equaruman t adsuetus aquae perfundi flumin e n oto

em icat adrectisque frem it cervic ibus alte

lux urian s, ludun tque inbae per colla, per armos.

Obvia cui Volscorum ac ie com itan te Cam illa

occurrit portisque ab equo regina sub ipsis

desiluit, quam tota cohors imitata relictis

ad terram defiux it equis tum talia fatur

Turn e,sui merito siqua est fiduc ia forti,

an deo et Aen eadum promitto occurrere turmae

solaque Tyrrhenos equites ire Obvia con tra.

Me sin e prima man n temptare pericula belli

tn pedes ad muros subsiste et moen ia serva.

’

Tur nus ad haec, oculos horren da in virgin e fix us

O decus I taliae virgo, quas dicere grates

quasve referre parem ? Sed nun c,est omn ia quan do

iste an imus supra, mecum partire laborem .

Aen eas, ut fama fidem m issique reportan t

ex ploratores, equitum levia improbus arma

praem isit, quateren t campos ipse ardua mon tis

per deserta ingo superan s adven tat ad urbem .

Furta paro belli convex o in tramite silvae,

ut bivias armato Obsidam m ilite fauces.

Tu Tyrrhenum equitem con latis ex cipe sign is

tecum acer Messapus erit turmaeque Latin ae

Tiburtique man n s, duc is et tn con c ipe curam .

’

Sic ait,et paribus Messapum in proelia dictis

hortatur soc iosque duces et pergit in hostem .

Est curvo an fractu valles,adcommoda fran di

1 18 Turn us L ies i n Ambush. [E mma

armorumque dolis, quam den sis fron dibus atrum

urget utrimque latus, ten uis quo sem ita duc it

angustaeque ferun t fanbes aditusqn e mal ign i .

Han c super in speculis snmmoque in vertice mon tis

plan ities ign ota iacet tn tiqn e receptus,

sen dex tra laevaque vel is occurrere pugn ac,

sive in stare ingis et grandia volvere sax a.

Huc iuven is n ota fertur region e viarum

arripuitque locum et silvis in sedit in iquis.

Velocem in terea superis in sedibus Opim,

un am ex virgin ibus soc iis sacraque caterva,

compel labat et has tristis Laton ia voces

ore dabat G raditur bel lum ad crudele Cam illa,O virgo, et n ostris n equiquam c ingitur arm is,

cara m ihi an te alias.

’Neque en im n ovus iste D ian ae

ven it amor subitaque an imnm dn lcedin e movit.

Pulsus Ob invidiam regn o viresque snperbas

Privern o an tiqua Metabus cum ex cederet urbe,

in fan tem fugien s med ia in ter proelia bellisustulit ex silio eom item matrisque vocavit

n om in e Casm illae mutata parte Cam illam .

Ipse sin u prae se portan s inga longa petebat

solorum n emorum tela undique sneva premeban t

et c ircum fuso volitaban t m il ite Volsc i .

Ecce fugae med io summ is Amasen us abun dan s

spumabat ripis tan tus se n ubibus imber

ruperat. I lle,in n are paran s, in fan tis amore

tardatur caroque on eri timet. Omn ia secum

versan ti subito vix haec sen ten tia sedit.Telum imman e man n val ida quod forte gerebatbellator

,sol idum n od is ct robore cocto

,

huic n atam,l ibro c t Silvestri subere c lausam

,

impl icat atque habilem m ed iae c ircum l igat hastae

quam dex tra ingen ti l ibran s ita ad aethera fatur :

d ’

5 27 recessus . Eds. n egmo'

guam. Eds.

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l'

h.‘ lrr'u/r r [Emma

l’

ro s I talus que ,m ihi pariter de t sangu ine poen as.

i ’ch t cg” n l l l i t ‘

cava m is erandac co rpus c t. arma

in spo liata feram tumulo patriaeque reponam .

’

l l ix it at illa levis cae l i delapsa per auras

in so n u it. n igro c ircumdata turbin e corpus.

At man n s in terea muris Tro iana propinquat

li trust ' iq n e ( lur es e qn itumqn e ex erc itus omn is,

c ompo s iti n ume ro in turmas , Frem it aequore toto

in sultan s so n ipes c t pres sis pugnat haben is

hue c o n versus e t hn c tum late ferren s bastis

ho rre t ager camp iqn e urm is subl im ibus arden t.Nee n on Messapus con tra t

‘

e leresque Latin ie t c um fratre ( b ras c t virgin is ala Cam illae

advers i campo appare n t has tasque reduc tis

pro te n dn n t lo nge dex tris t'l spicula v ibran t

,

.u lven tn sqn e v irum frem itusque ardesc it equorum .

Iam que in tra lae tum te li progressus uterque

substiterat subito ernmpn n t c lamore furen tisque

e x hortan tur equos fun dn n t simul undique tela

c rebra n iv is ritu caelumque obtex itur umbra.

(‘

outin h o advers is'

l'

_vrrhen us ct accr Acon teus

con ix i in currn n t bastis prim ique rn in a

dan t son itum ingen ti perfrac taqn e quadrupedan tum

pec tora pec to ribus rumpn n t ex c ussus Acon teus

fulm in is in m o rem an t tormen to pon deris acti

praec ipitat lo nge e t vitam d ispergit in auras.

Ex templo turbatae ac ies,vers ique Latin i

reic iun t parmas ct equos ad moen ia vertun t.

Troes agun t, prin c eps turmas in duc it Asilas.

Iamque prOp in qn aban t portis rursusqn e Latin ic lamorem to l lun t c t m o ll ia r o l la reflec tn n t :

hi fugin n t pen itusque datis rc fern n tn r haben is.

Qualis ubi altern o procurren s gurgite pon tus

n un c ruit ad terram scOpn ln sqn e superiac it n n da

an ! obver su s. Eds .“25 ter ras . Eds

X 1. M essapus an d Cam i l la Receive T/zem . I 2 1

spumeus ex tremamque sinu perfun dit aren am ,

n un c rapidus retro atque aestu revoluta resorben s

sax a fugit litusque vado laben te rel inquit

bis Tusc i Rutulos egere ad moen ia versos,

bis reiecti arm is respec tan t terga tegen tes.

Tertia sed postquam congressi in proelia totas

impl icuere in ter se ac ies legitque virum vir :

tum vero et gem itus morien tum et sanguin e in alto

armaque corporaque et perm ix ti caede virorum

sem ian imes volvun tur equi, pugn a aspera surgit.

Orsi lochus Remul i, quan do ipsum horrebat ad ire,

bastam in torsit equo ferrumque sub aure reliquit.

Quo son ipes ictu farit arduus altaque iac tat

vu ln eris impatien s arrecto pectore crura :

volvitur ille ex cussus hum i. Catillus Iollan

ingen temque an im is, ingen tem corpore et armis

deicit Herm in ium,n udo cui vertice fulva

caesarias n udique umeri,n ec vuln eraterren t

tan tus in arma patet. Latos huic hasta per armos

acta tremit duplicatque virum tran sfix a do lore.

Fun ditur ater ubique cruor dan t fumera ferrocertan tes pulchramque petun t per vuln era mortem .

At med ias in ter caedes ex sultat Amaz on,

un um ex serta latus pngn ae, pharetrata Cam illa,

et n un c len ta manu spargen s hastil ia den set,

n un c val idam dex tra rapit indefessa bipen n emaureus ex umero somat arcus ct arma D ian ae .

I lla etiam in tergum,siquando pulsa recessit

,cl

spicula con verso fugien tia d irigit arcu.

At c ircum lec tae com ites,Larin aque virgo

Tullaque et aeratam quatien s Tarpeia securem ,

I talides, quas ipsa decus sibi d ia Cam illadelegit pac isqne bon as bellique m in istras

quales Threic iae cum flum in a Thermodon tis

“5 4 tier /g et. R .

Cam z'

l la’

s Exp loi ts . [.E nmn .

pulsan t et pictis bellan tur Amaz on es arm is

seu c ircum H ippo lyten ,seu cum se Martia curru

Pen thesilea refert,magn oque ululan te tumultu

fem in ea ex sultan t lun atis agm in a peltis.

Quem telo primum ,quem postremum

,aspera virgo ,

deic is ? Aut quo t hum i morien tia corpora fundis ?Eunaeum C l itio primum patre, cu ius apertum

adversi longa tran sverberat abiete pectus

sangu in is ille vomen s rivos cad it atque cruen tam

maud it hutn um morien sque suo se in voln ere versat.

Tum Lirim Pagasumque super ; quorum alter habenas

suffosso revolutus equo durn col ligit, alterdum subit ac dex tram laben ti ten d it in ermem

,

praec ipites pariterque ruun t. His addit AmastrumH ippotaden , sequiturque in cumben s em in us hasta

Tereaque Harpalycumque et D emophoon ta Chrom inque

quotque em issa manu con torsit spicula virgo,

tot Phrygii cecidere viri . Proen l Ornytus arm isign otis et equo ven ator Iapyge fertur,

cui pell is latos umeros erepta iuven co

pugn atori operit, caput ingen s oris hiatus

et m alae tex ere lupi cum den tibus albis,

agrestisque man us armat sparus ipse catervis

vertitur in med iis et toto vertice supra est.

Hun c illa ex ceptum ,n eque en im labor agm in e verso

,

traic it et super haec in im ico pectore fatur

Silvis te, Tyrrhen e, feras agitare putasti ?

\dven it qui vestra d ies mul iebribus arm is

verba redarguerit. Nomen ramen haud leve patrumman ibus hoc referes

,telo c ec idisse Cam illac .

’

Protin us Orsilochum et Buten,duo max ima Teucrum

corpora, sed Buten aversum cuspide fix itlorieam galeamque in ter, qua co lla seden tis

lucen t et laevo dependet parma lacerto,

671 suf m . R.

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124 Tarel l on Ra l l ies t/ze E truseam . [E NEIIL

Ergo in ter caedes ceden tiaque agm in a Tarchon

fertur equo vari isque in stigat voc ibus alas,

n om in e quemque vocan s,refic itque in proel ia pulsos.

Quis metus,O n umquam dol ituri

,O semper in ertes

Tyrrhen i, quae tan ta an im is ignavia ven it ?

Fem in a palan tis agit atque haec agmina vertit

Quo ferrum quidve haec gerimus tela in rita dex tris ?

At n on in Ven erem segues n octurnaque bel la

aut ubi curva choros indix it tibia Bacchi,

ex speetate dapes et plen ae pocula men sae,

hic amor,hoc stud ium

,dum sacra secun dus haruspex

n un tiet ac lucos vocet hostia pinguis in altos !

Haec effatus equum in med ios,moriturus et ipse,

con c itat et Ven ulo adversum se turbidus in fert

dereptumque ab equo dex tra complectitur bostem

et grem ium an te suum multa vi con c itus aufert.

Tollitur in caelum c lamor,cun c tique Latin i

con vertere oculos. Volat ign eus aequore Tarchon

arma virumque feren s tum summa ipsius ab hasta

defringit ferrum et partis rimatur apertas,

qua vuln us letale ferat con tra ille repugn an s

sustin et a iugulo dex tram et vim viribus ex it.

t ue volan s alte raptum cum fulva dracon em

fert aquila impl icuitque pedes atque unguibus haesit,

sauc ius at serpen s sin uosa vo lum ina versat

adrectisque horret squam is et sibilat ore,

arduus in surgen s illa haud m in us urget obun coluctan tem rostro

,simul aethera verberat alis :

haud al iter praedam Tiburtum ex agmin e Tarchon

portat ovan s . D uc is ex emplum even tumque secuti

Maeon idae in currun t. Tum fatis debitus Arruns

velocem iaculo et multa prior arte Cam illam

c ircuit et quae sit fortuna fac ill ima,temptat.

Qua se cumque furen s med io tul it agm in e virgo,

738 ex specta r e . Eds .

X L Arran s P ursues Cam i l la . I 25

hac Arrun s subit et tacitus vestigia lustrat

qua victrix redit illa pedemque ex hoste reportat,

hac iuven is furtim celeris detorquet haben as.

H os aditus iamque hos aditus omn emque pererratun dique c ircuitum et certam quatit improbus bastam .

Forte sacer Cybelo Chloreus olimque sacerdosin sign is longe Phrygiis fulgebat in arm is

spuman temque agitabat equum ,quem pell is aen is

in plumam squamis auro con serta tegebat.

Ipse, peregrin a ferrugin e Clarus et ostro,

spicula torquebat Lyc io G ortyn ia cornu

aureus ex umeris erat arcus et aurea vati

cassida tum croceam chlamydemque sin usque crepan tis

carbaseos fulvo in n odum collegera'

t auro

pictus acu tun icas et barbara tegm in a crurum .

Hun e virgo, sive ut templis praefigeret arma

Tro'

ia,captivo sive ut se ferret in auro

ven atrix , unum ex omn i certam in e pugnac

caeca sequebatur totumque in cauta per agmen

fem in eo praedae et spoliorum ardebat amore,

telum ex in sidiis cum tan dem tempore capto

con c itat et superos Arrun s sic voce precatur

Summe deum,san cti custos Soractis Apollo ,

quem prim i colimus, cui pin eus ardor acervo

pasc itur et medium freti pietate per ign em

cultores multa premimus vestigia prun a,

da, pater, hoc n ostris aboleri dedecus arm is

,

omn ipoten s. Non ex uvias pulsaeve tropaeum

virgin is aut spol ia ulla peto (m ihi cetera laudem

facta feren t) haec dira meo dum vulnere pestis

pulsa cadat, patrias remeabo inglorius urbes.

’

Audiit et voti Phoebus succedere parternmen te dedit, partem volucris dispersit in auras

stem eret ut subita turbatam morte Cam illam,

768 Cybelae. Eds. 786quoi . R.

Cam i l la Fa l ls . [E mma

adn uit oran ti reducem ut patria alta videret,

n on ded it, inque Notos vocem vertere procel lae .

Ergo ut m issa man u son itum ded it hasta per auras ,con vertere an imos acris oculosque tulere

cun c t i ad regin am Vo lsc i. N ihil ipsa n ec aurae

n ec son itus memor aut ven ien tis ab aethere teli,

hasta sub ex sertam don ec perlata papillamhaesit virgin eumque alte bibit ac ta cruorem .

Con currun t trepidae com ites dom inamque ruen tem

susc ipiun t . Fngit an te omn is ex territus Arrun s,

laetitia m ix toque m etu,n ec iam ampl ius hastae

credere n ec tel is o c currere virgin is audet.Ac velut ille

, prius quam tela in im ica sequan tur,

con tinuo in mon tis sese avin s abd idit altos

occ iso pastore lupus magn ove iuven co,

con sc ius audac is fac ti , caudamque remulcen s

subiec it pavitan tem utero silvasque petivit

haud secus ex ocul is se turbidus abstul it Arrun s

con ten tusque fuga med iis se imm iscuit arm is.

I lla man n morien s telum trahit,ossa sed in ter

ferren s ad costas alto stat vuln ere mucro

labitur ex sanguis , labun tur frigida letolum in a

, purpureus quondam color ora rel iquit.

Turn sic ex spiran s .\ccam ex aequal ibus unam

adloqu itur fidatn an te alias,quae sola Camillac ,

quicum partit i curas atque haec ita fatur :Hac ten us

,Acca soror

, potn i n un c vuln us acerbum

confic it,ct ten ebris n igrescun t omn ia c ircum .

Effuge et haec Turn o man data n ovissima perfer

succedat pugn ae Tro ian osque arceat urbe.

Iamque vale .

’Simul his dic tis l inquebat haben as,

ad terram n on spon te fluen s. Tum frigida toto

paulatim ex solvit se corpore len taque colla

et captum leto posu it caput, arma re linquun t,

vitaque cum gem itu fugit ind ign ata sub umbras.

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128 T/ze Rutu l i.

.Fly . [el i ti sm

obliti ign oto camporum in pulvere l inquun t,

Opis ad aetherium pen n is aufertur Olympum .

Prima fugit dom in a am issa levis ala Cam illac

turbati fugiun t Rutul i, fugit acer Atin asdisiectique duces desolatique man ipli

tuta petun t et equis aversi ad moen ia tendun t.

Nec qu isquam in stan tis Teucros letumque feren tis

susten tare valet tel is aut sistere con tra,

sed lax os refer un t umeris languen tibus arcus,

quadrupedumque putrem cursu quatit ungula campum .

Volvitur ad muros cal igin e turbidus atra

pulvis, et e specul is percussae pectora matres

fem in eum C lamorem ad cael i sidera tollun t.Qui cursu portas primi in rupere paten tis,hos in im ica super m ix to prem it agm in e turba

n ec m iseram effugiun t mortem,sed lim in e in ipso,

moen ibus in patriis atque in ter tuta domorumconfix i ex spiran t an imas. Pars c laudere portas

n ec soc iis aperire viam n ec moen ibus auden t

acc ipere oran tis,oriturque m iserrima caedes

defenden tum arm is aditus inque arma m en tum .

Ex clusi an te oculos lacruman tumque ora paren tum

pars in praec ipitis fossas urgen te ruina

volvitur,imm issis pars caeca et con c ita fren is

arietat in portas et duros obice postis.

Ipsae de muris summo certam ine matres,

mon strat amor verus patriae, ut videre Cam illam,

tela man u trepidae iac iun t ac robore durostipitibus ferrum sudibusque im itan tur obustis

praec ipites pr imaeque mori pro moen ibus arden t.

I n terea Turn um in silvis saevissimus implet

n un tius,et iuven i ingen tem fert Acca tumultum

deletas Volscorum ac ies,cec idisse Cam illam,

ingruere in fen sos hostis et Marte secundoomn ia corripuisse, metum iam ad moen ia ferri .

915 ] Tum us D eparts Aen eas Arrives . 129

furen s, et saeva Iovis sic n umina pellun t,

ierit Obsessos collis, n emora aspera linquit.

t e con spectu ex ierat campumque ten ebat,

n pater Aen eas saltus ingressus apertos

superatque iugum silvaque evadit opaca.

ambo ad muros rap idi totoque ferun turn in e n ec longis in ter se passibus absun t

simul Aen eas fuman tis pulvere campos

ospex it longe Lauren tiaque agmina vidit,

saevum Aen ean adgn ovit Tumus in arm is

e n tumque pedum flatusque audivit equorum.

atinuoque in can t pugn as et proel ia tempten t,'

oseus fessos iam gurgite Phoebus R ibero

;uat equos n oetemque die laben te reducat

LSid l l D t castris an te urbem et moen ia vallan t.

130 a n n s Con sen ts to a S ingle Combat.

BOOK XI I .—V1c rom '

or E NEAS ax n D EATH or TURNUS.

TL‘

RX l'

s offers to decide the war by a single combat with {En cas

( vv . 1-En eas accepts, an d a treaty is made (w . 107 Jun o

causes Juturn a,the sister of Turn us , to break the treaty ( vv . 2 16 and

both parties rush to arms ( vv . 244 E n eas is woun ded ( vv . 3 1 1

D uring h is absen ce Turn us makes great havoc ( vv . 324

Ven us cures -Fn eas ( W . 383 who chal lenges Turn us ( vv . 430

Turn us avo ids him , con ducted in other direction s by Juturn a ( vv. 446

an d .

‘Ii n eas plan s to storm the c ity, an d advan ces his army ( vv. 3554

Amata hangs hersel f ( vv . 593 Turn us chal lenges is slain

an d despo iled ( vv . 6 14

NUS ut in fractos adverso Marte Latin osdefec isse videt, sua n un c prom issa reposci,

se sign ari ocul is, ultro implacabil is ardetattol litque an imos. Poen orum qual is in arvis

sauc ius ille gravi ven an tum vulnere pectus

tum demum moy et arma leo gaudetque coman tis

ex cutien s cervice toros fix umque latron is

inpavidus frangit telum et frem it ore cr uen to

haud secus adcen so glisc it violen tia Turno .

Tum sic adfatur regem atque ita turbidus infitNulla mora in Turn o n ihil est quod d icta retracten t

ign avi Aen eadae,n ec quae pepigere recusen t.

Congredior, fer sacra, pater, et con c ipe foedus.

Aut hac D ardan ium dex tra sub Tartara m ittam,

desertorem Asiae ( sedean t spec ten tque Latin i) ,et solus ferro crimen commun e refellam ,

aut habeat vic tos,cedat Lavin ia con iunx .

’

Olli sedato respon dit corde LatinusO praestan s an im i iuven is, quan tum ipse feroc i

virtute ex superas, tan to m e impen sius aequum est

con sulere atque omn is metuen tem ex pendere casus.

Sun t tibi regn a patris D an n i, sun t Oppida capta

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132 Amata B egs Tur nus to D es is t. [Ai rman

tu requies m iserae, decus imperiumque Latin ite pen es, in te omn is domus in c linata recumbit) ,un um oro : desiste man um comm ittere Teucris.

Qui te cumque man en t isto certam ine casus,

et me,Turn e

,man en t : simul haec invisa relin quam

lum in a n ee gen erum Aen ean captiva videbo.

’

Accepit vocem lacrim is Lavin ia matris

flagran tis perfusa gen as, quo i plurimus ign emsubiec it rubor et calefacta per ora cueurrit.

I n dum sanguin eo veluti violaverit ostro

siquis ebur, aut m ix ta ruben t ubi l ilia multa

alba rosa : tal is virgo dabat ore colores.

I llum turbat amor, figitque in virgin e voltus

ardet in arma magis pauc isque adfatur Amatam .

Ne, quaeso, n e me lacrim is n eve om in e tan to

prosequere in duri certam ina Martis eun tem ,

O mater n eque en im Turn o mora libera mortis.

Nun tius haec I dmon Phrygio mea dicta tyran nohaud placitura refer : cum primum crastin a caelo

pun iceis in vecta rotis Aurora rubebit,

n on Ten eros agat in Rutulos, Teucrum arma quiescan t

et Rutuli n ostro dirimamus sanguin e bellum,

i110 quaeratur con iun x Lavin ia campo .

’

Haec ubi d icta dedit rapidusque in tecta recessit,

posc it equos gaudetque tucus an te ora fremen tis,

P ilumn o quos ipsa decus ded it Orithyia,qui can dore n ives an teiren t

,cursibus auras .

C ircumstan t properi aurigae man ibusque lacessun t

pectora plausa cavis et colla coman tia pectun t.

Ipse dehin c auro squalen tem alboque orichalco

c ircumdat lorieam umeris simul aptat habendo

en semque c l ipeumque et rubrae cor nua cristae,

ousem, quem D aun o ign ipoten s deus ipse paren ti

fecerat et Stygia can den tem tin x erat un da.

Ex in quae mediis in gen ti adn ix a columnae

E x im . R.

XI I . 126 .] Tarmcs Arms : {En eas Accep ts . 133

aedibus adstabat, validam vi corripit bastam ,

Ac toris Aurun ci spolium , quassatque tremen tem

vociferan s Nun c, O n umquam frustrata vocatus

hasta meos,n un c tempus adest : te max imus Actor

te Turn i n un c dex tra gerit. D a stern ere corpus

loricamque man u valida lacerare revulsam

sem iviri Phrygis et foedare in pulvere crin is

vibratos.cal ido ferro murraque maden tis.

’

H is agitur furiis totoqne arden tis ab ore

scin tillae absistun t, oculis m icat acribus ign is

mugitus veluti cum prima in proelia taurus

terrificos ciet atque irasc i in cornua temptat,

arboris obn ix us trun co ,ven tosque lacessit

ictibus aut sparsa ad pugnam proludit arena.

Nec m in us in terea materais saevos in arm is

Aen eas acuit Martem et se susc itat ira,

oblato gauden s compon i foedere bellum ,

tum soc ios maestique metum solatur Iul i,

fata docen s, regique iubet respon sa Latin ocerta referre viros et pac is dicere leges.

Postera vix summos spargebat lum in e mon tis

orta dies, cum primum alto se gurgite tollun t

solis equi lucemque elatis n aribus efilan t

campum ad certamen magn ae sub moen ibus urbis

d imen si Rutulique viri Teucrique paraban t

in medioqne focos et dis commun ibus aras

gram in eas. Alii fon temque ign emque fereban t,

velati l imo et verben a tempora vin eti .

Procedit legio Auson idum , pilataque plen is

agm ina se fundun t portis. H in e Troius omn is

Tyrrhen usque ru it variis ex erc itus arm is,

haud secus in structi ferro,quam si aspera Martis

pugna vocet n ec n on med iis in m ilibus ipsiductores auro vol itan t ostroque decori,

102.

aosi l iun t. Eds .126 5 a?” 5 1: R

134 j zcn o Appea ls to j zctn rn a . [mum

et gen us Assarac i Mn estheus et fortis Asilas

et Messapus equum dom itor,Neptun ia proles.

t ue dato sign o spatia in sua quisque recessit,

defigun t tellure hastas et scuta rec l in an t.

Tum studio effusae matres et vo lgus in ermum

inval idique sen es turris ac tecta domorum

obsedere,alii portis sublim ibus adstan t.

At I un o e summo, qui n un c Albanus habetur,

tum n eque n omen erat n ec hon os aut gloria mon ti,

prospic ien s tumulo campum aspectabat et ambas

Lauren tum Troumque ac ies urbemque Latin i .Ex templo Turn i sic est adfata sororem

d iva deam,stagn is quae flum in ibusque son oris

praesidet ( hun c illi rex aetheris altus hon orem

I uppiter erepta pro virgin itate sacravit)Nympha, decus fluviorum ,

an imo gratissima n ostro,

sc is ut te cun ctis un am, quaecumque Latin ae

magn an im i Iovis ingratum ascen dere enhile,

praetulerim cael ique luben s in parte locarim

disee tuum,me me in cuses

,I uturna, dolorem .

Qua visa est Fortun a pati Parcaeque sin eban t

cedere res Latio,Turn um et tua moen ia tex i

n un c iuven em imparibus video con currere fatis,

Parcarumque dies et vis in im ica propinquat.

Non pugn am aspicere han c ocul is,n on foedera possum .

Tu pro german o siqu id praesen tius audes,

perge decet. Forsan m iseros mel iora sequen tur.’

Vix ea,cum lacrimas oculis Iuturn a profudit

terque quaterque man u pec tus percussit hon estum .

Non lacrum is hoc tempus,’

ait Saturn ia Iun o

Adcelera et fratrem ,siqu is m odus

,eripe morti,

aut tu bel la c ie con ceptumque ex en te foedus

auc tor cgo audendi .’Sic ex hortata rel iqu it

in certam et tristi turbatam vo ln ere men tis.

I n terea reges, ingen ti mo le Latin us

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138 Tolum n ius Hur ls a Spear.

D ix it et adversos telum con torsit in hostis

procurren s son itum dat stridula corn us et auras

certa secat. Simul hoe,simul ingen s clamor et omn es

turbati cun ei calefactaque corda tumultu.

Hasta volan s,ut forte n ovem pulcherrima fratrum

corpora con stiteran t con tra,quos fida crearat

un a tot Arcad io con iun x Tyrrhena G ylippo,

horum un'

um ad medium,teritur qua sutilis alvo

balteus et laterum iun cturas fibula mordetegregium forma iuven em et fulgen tibus arm is

tran sadigit costas fulvaque effundit harena.

At fratres, an imosa phalan x accensaque luc tu,

pars, gladios stringun t man ibus, pars m issile ferrum

corripiun t caec ique ruun t. Quos agm ina con tra

procurrun t Lauren tum,hin c den si rursus inun dan t

Troes Agyllin ique et pictis Arcades arm issic omn is amor un us habet decern ere ferro .

D iripuere aras,it toto turbida caclo

tempestas telorum ac ferreus ingruit imber,

craterasque focosque ferun t. Fugit ipse Latinus

pulsatos referen s in fecto foedere divos.I n fren an t alii currus aut corpora saltu

subic iun t in equos et strietis en sibus adsun t.

Messapus regem regisque in sign e geren tem,

Tyrrhen um Aulesten,avidus con fundere foedus

,

adverso proterret equo ruit ille receden s

et m iser oppositis a tergo in volvitur aris

in caput in que umeros. At fervidus advolat hasta

Messapus teloque oran tem multa trabali

desuper altus equo graviter feri t atque ita faturHoe habet, haec melior magn is data victima divis.’

Con currun t I tali spo lian tque calen tia membra.

Obvius ambustum torrem Corvn aeus ab ara

corripit c t ven ien ti Ebuso plagamque feren ti

occupat os flamm is : o lli ingen s barba relux it

x 11. {Eueas is Wounded by a Secret Arrow . 139

n idoremque ambusta dedit. Super ipse secutus

caesariem laeva turbati corripit hostis

in pressoque gen u n iten s terrae adplicat ipsum

sic rigido latus en se ferit. Podalirius Alsum

pastorem primaque acie per tela ruen tem,

en se sequen s n udo superimminet : ille securi

adversi fron tem mediam men tumque reducta

d isicit et sparso late rigat arma cruore .

Olli dura quies oculos et ferren s urgetsomnus, in aetern am condun tur lum in a n octem .

At pius Aen eas dex tram tendebat in ermem

n udato capite atque suos clamore vocabat

Quo m itis ? Quaeve ista repen s discordia surgit ?

O cohibete iras I ctum iam foedus et omn es

compositae leges m ihi ius con currere soli

me sin ite atque auferte metus ego foedera fax o

firma manu Turnum deben t haec iam mihi sacra.

’

Has in ter voces, media in ter talia verba

ecce viro striden s al is adlapsa sagitta est

in eertum qua pulsa manu, quo turbin e adacta,

quis tan tam Rutul is laudem ,casusn e deusn e

,

adtulerit pressa est in sign is gloria facti,

n ee sese Aen eae iactavit vulnere quisquam .

Turn us ut Aen ean ceden tem ex agm in e viditturbatosque duces, subita spe fervidus ardet

poscit equos atque arma simul saltuque superbus

em icat in carrum et man ibus mol itur haben as.

Multa virum vol itan s dat fortia corpora Leto,semineces volvit multos aut agm ina curru

proterit aut raptas fugien tibus ingerit bastas.

Qualis apud gelidi cum fiumin a con c itus Hebri

sanguineus Mavors cl ipeo increpat atque furen tisbella moven s imm ittit equos illi aequore aperto

an te Notos Zephyrumque volan t gem it ultima pulsu

Thraca pedum c ircumque atrae Form idin is ora

335 Titraeca. R.

Turn us Rages t/zroug/z the Field . [E NEIQ

Iraeque I n sidiaeque, dei com itatus, aguntur

talis equos alacer med ia in ter proel ia Turnusfuman tis sudore quatit, m iserabile caesis

hostibus in su ltan s spargit rapida ungula rores

sanguin eos, m ix taque cruor calcatur aren a.

Iamque n ec i Sthen elumque ded it Thamyrumque Pholumque,hun e congressus et hun c

,i llum emin us em in us ambo

Imbras idas, G laucum atque Laden,quos Imbrasus ipse

n utrierat Lyc ia paribusque ornaverat arm is,

vel con ferre man um vel equo praevertere ven tos.

Parte al ia med ia Eumedes in proel ia fertur,an tiqu i proles bel lo praec lara D oIon is,n om in e avum referen s

,an imo man ibusque paren tem,

qui quon dam ,castra ut D an aum speculator adiret,

an sus Felidae pretium sibi poscere currus

illum Tyd ides al io pro talibus an sis

tdfec it pretio, n ee equis adspirat Achillis.l Iun c proen l ut campo Tum us prospex it aperto,

an te levi iaculo longum per inan e secutus

s istit equos biiugis et curra desilit atquesem ian im i lapsoque superven it et pede collo

impresso dex trae m ucron em ex torquet et alto

fulgen tem tinguit iugu lo atque haec in super additEn agros et quam bello

,Tro ian e

, petisti,

Hesperiam metire iacen s haec praem ia qui me

ferro ausi temptare ferun t, sic moen ia condun t.’

Huic eom item Asbyten con iecta cuspide m ittit.Chloreaque Sybarimque D aretaque Thersilochumque

et stern ac is equi lapsum cervice Thymoeten .

Ac velut Edon i Boreae cum spiritus alto

in sonat Aegaeo sequiturque ad litora fluctus,

qua ven ti in cubuere,fugam dan t n ubila caclo

sic Turn o, quacumque viam secat

,agm ina cedunt

con versaeque ruun t ac ies fert impetus ipsum,

363 Eds.

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142 Ven us Ef ects nis Cure. [E m-n u.

sollic itat pren satque tenac i forcipe ferrum .

Nulla viam Fortun a regit, n ihil auctor Apollo

subven it et saevus campis magis ac magis horror

crebresc it propiusque malum est . Iam pulvere caelum

stare viden t subeun t equites,et spicula castris

den sa cadun t med iis. I t tristis ad aethera clamor

bellan tum iuven um et duro sub Marte caden tum .

H ic Ven us, in d ign o n ati con cussa dolore,

dictamn um gen etrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida,

puberibus caulem foliis et flore eoman tem

purpureo n on illa feris in cogn ita capris

gram in a, cum tergo volucres haesere sagittae

hoe Ven us, obscuro faciem c ircumdata n imbo,

detul it hoc fusam labris splenden tibus amuem

infic it occulte med ican s spargitque salubris

ambrosiae sucos et odoriferam pan aceam .

Fovit ea voln us lympha longaevus Iapyx

ign oran s, subitoque omn is de corpore fugit

quippe dolor, omn is stetit imo voln ere sanguis

iamque secuta man um n ullo cogen te sagitta

ex c idit,atque n ovae rediere in pristin a vires.

Arma c iti properate viro Quid statis ? ’Iapyx

con c lamat primusque amimos adcen dit in bostem .

Non haec human is opibus, n on arte magistra

proven iun t n eque te, Aen ea, mea dex tera servat

maior agit deus atque opera ad maiora remittit.’

I lle avidus pugnae suras in c luserat auro

hin c atque hin c od itque moras hastamque coruscat.

Postquam habilis lateri c l ipeus loricaque tergo est,

Asean ium fusis c ircum complec titur armis

summaque per galeam deliban s oscula fatur

D isce, puer, virtutem ex me verumque laborem,

fortun am ex aliis. Nun c te mea dex tera bello

defen sam dabit et magn a in ter praem ia ducet.

Tu faeito,mox cum matura adoleverit aetas

,

zE n eas Return s to tlze Field. 143

s is memor, et te an imo repeten tem ex empla tuorum

et pater Aen eas et avun culus ex c itet Hector.

’

Haec ubi dicta dedit, portis sese ex tulit ingen s,

telum imman e manu quatien s ; simul agm in e den soAn theusque Mn estheusque ruan t omn isque relictis

turba fluit castris tum caeco pulvere campus

m iscetur pulsuque pedum trem it ex c ita tellus.

V id it ab adverso ven ien tis aggere Tum us,

videre Auson ii, gelidusque per ima cueurrit

ossa tremor : prima an te omn is I uturn a Latin osaudiit adgn ovitque son um et tremefacta refugit.

I lle volat campoque atrum rapit agmen aperto .

Qualis ubi ad terras abrupto sidere n imbus

it mare per medium miseris heu praesc ia longe

horrescun t corda agricolis, dabit ille ruin as

arboribus stragemque satis, ruet omn ia late

an te volan t son itumque ferun t ad litora ven ti

tal is in adversos ductor Rhoeteius hostisagmen agit, den si cun eis se quisque coactis

adglomeran t. Ferit en se gravem Thymbraeus Osirim,

Archetium Mn estheus, Epulon em obtrun cat Achates

U fen temque G yas cad it ipse Tolumn ius augur,

primus in adversos telum qui torserat hostis.

Tollitur in caelum clamor,versique vic issim

pulverulen ta fuga Rutuli dan t terga per agros.Ipse n eque aversos dignatur stern ere Morti

n ec pede congressos aequo n ee tela feren tis

in sequitur : solum den sa in cal igin e Turn um

vestigat lustran s, solum in certamina poscit.

Hoc con cussa metu men tem Iuturna Virago

aurigam Turn i media in ter lora Metiscum

ex eutit et longe lapsum temone relinquit :

ipsa subit man ibusque un dan tis flectit haben as,

cun eta geren s, vocemque et corpus et arma Metisc i.

m rel iqu it. R.

144 j uturn a Keeps Tur/m s Aloof . [.E sm n .

N igra velut magn as dom in i cum divitis aedes

pervolat et pen n is alta atria lustrat hirundo,

pabula parva legen s n idisque loquac ibus escas,

et n un c porticibus vacuis, n un c um ida c ircum

stagn a sonat sim ilis medios I uturn a per hostisfertur equis rapidoque volan s obit omn ia curru

iamque hie germanum iamque hie osten tat ovan tem

n ec con ferre manum patitur, volat avia longe.

Haud m in us Aen eas tortos legit obvin s orbesvestigatque virum et disieeta per agm ina magna

voce vocat. Quotien s oculos con iec it in hostemalipedumque fugam cursu temptavit equorum,

aversos totien s currus I uturn a retorsit.

Heu quid agat ? Vario n equiquam fluctuat aestu,

d iversaeque vocan t an imum in con traria curac .

Huic Messapus, uti laeva duo forte gerebat

len ta levis cursu praefix a hastilia ferro,

horum un um certo con torquen s dirigit ictu.

Substitit Aen eas et se collegit in arma,

popl ite subsiden s ap icem tamen in cita summum

hasta tul it summasque ex eussit vertice cristas.

Tum vero adsurgun t irae in sidiisque subactus,

d iversos ubi sen sit equos currumque referri,

multa I ovem et laesi testatus foederis arasiam tandem in vadit med ios et Marte secundo

terribilis saevam n ullo d iscrim in e caedem

susc itat irarumque omn is efl'

undit habenas.

Quis m ihi n un c tot acerba deus, quis carmine caedes

d iversas obitumque ducum . quos aequore toto

in que vieem rin n e Turnus agit, n un c Trol'

us heros,

ex pediat ? Tan ton placuit con currere motu,

Iuppiter. aeterna gen tis in pace futuras ?

Aen eas Rutulum Sucron em,ea prima ruen tis

pugna loco statuit Ten eros. haud multa moran tem4100 R.

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xEn eas Attacks the Ci ty . {E m u}.

pectora, n ec m isero clipei mora profuit aerei .

Te quoque Lauren tes viderun t,Aeole

,campi

oppetere et late terram con stern ere tergo.

Occ idis,Argivae quem n on potuere phalanges

stern ere n ee Priam i regn orum eversor Achilles

hic tibi mortis eran t metae domus alta sub Ida,

Lyrn esi domus alta, solo Lauren te sepulchrum .

Totae adeo conversae ac ies,omn esque Latin i,

omn es D ardan idae,Mnestheus acerque Serestus

et Messapus equum dom itor et fortis Asilas

Tuscorumque phalan x Evandrique Arcades alae,pro se quisque viri summa n itun tur opum v1

n ec mora n ec requies, vasto certam in e ten dun t.

H ic men tem Aen eae gen etrix pulcherrima m isit,

iret ut ad muros urbique adverteret agmen

oc ius et subita turbaret clade Latinos.I lle ut vestigan s d iversa per agm in a Turnum

huc atque hue ac ies c ircumtul it,aspic it urbem

immun em tan ti belli atque impun e quietam .

Con tin uo pugnae adcen d it maioris imago

Mn esthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Seresturn

ductores tumulumque capit, quo cetera Teucrum

con currit legio n ec scuta aut spicula den sidepon un t. Celso med ius stan s aggere fatur

Nequa meis esto dictis mora Iuppiter hac stat,

n eu quis ob in ceptum subitum m ihi segn ior ito .

U rbem hodie,causam belli, regn a ipsa Latin i,

n i frenum acc ipere et vieti parere faten tur,

eruam et aequa solo fuman tia culm ina pon am .

Scilicet ex spectem ,libeat dum proelia Turno

n ostra pati rursusque velit concurrere victus ?

Hoc caput, O c ives,haec belli summa n efan di

ferte faces propere foedusque reposc ite flammis.

’

D ix erat,atque an im is pariter certan tibus omnes

dan t cun eum den saque ad muros mole ferun tur.

XI I . 6m ] Amata Hangs Herself: 147

Scalae improviso subitusque apparuit ign is.

D iscurrun t alii ad portas primosque truc idan t,ferrum ali i torquen t et obumbran t aethera telis.

I pse in ter primos dex tram sub moen ia tenditAen eas magnaque in cusat voce Latin umtestaturque deos, iterum se ad proelia cogi,

bis iam I talos hostis, haec altera foedera rumpi.

Ex oritur trepidos in ter d iscordia c ivis

urbem alii reserare inben t et pan dere portasD ardan idis ipsumque trahun t in moen ia regem,

arma ferun t alii et pergun t defen dere muros.I n c lusas ut cum latebroso in pum ice pastor

vestigavit apes fumoque implevit amaro

i llae in tus trepidae rerum per cerea castra

d iscurrun t magn isqne acuun t stridoribus iras

volvitur ater odor tectis, tum murmure caceo

in tus sax a sonan t,vacuas it fumus ad auras.

Acc idit haec fessis etiam fortuna Latin is,

quae totam luetu con cussit funditus urbem.

Regin a ut tectis ven ien tem prospic it bostem,

in cessi muros,ign is ad tecta volare

,

n usquam acies con tra Rutulas,n ulla agm in a Turn i

in felix pugnac iuvenem in certam in e cred itex stin ctum et

, subito men tem turbata do lore,

se causam clamat crimenque caputque malorum,

multaque per maestum demen s effata furorem

purpureos moritura manu disc in dit am ictus

et modum in form is leti trabe n ectit ab alta.

Quam cladem m iserae postquam accepere Latin ae,

filia prima manu flavos Lavin ia crin is

et roscas lan iata genas, tum cetera c ircum

turba furit : resonan t late plangoribus aedes.H ine totam in felix volgatur fama per urbem .

D emittun t men tes it sc issa veste Latinus,con iugis atton itus fatis urbisque ruina,

50°flares. R.

148 Tn r nn s D iscovers tlte lVi les of j uturn a . [IENEIQ

can itiem immundo perfusam pulvere turpan s.

[Mn ltaqne se in cusat, qu i n on acceperit an te

D ardan ium Aen ean gen erumque adsc iverit ultra ]I n terea ex tremo bellator in aequore Turnus

palan tis sequ itur paucos iam segn ior atqueiam m in us atque m in us successu laetus equorumattulit hun c ill i caec is terroribus aura

comm ix tum C lamorem adrectasque impul it aures

con fusae son us urbis et in laetabile murmur.

Ri m ihi Quid tan to turban tur moen ia luctu ?

Quisve ru it tan tus d iversa clamor ab urbe ?’

Sic ait adductisque amen s subsistit haben is.

Atque huic,in fac iem soror ut conversa Metisc i

aurigae currumque et equos et lora regebat,

talibus occurrit d ic tis Hac,Turne

,sequamur

Tro iugen as, qua prima viam vic toria pan ditsun t alii, qui tecta man u defen dere possin t.I ngru it Aen eas I talis et proelia m iscet

et n os saeva man n m ittamus fun era Teucris.

Nee n umero in ferior pugnae n ee hon ore recedes.’

Turn us ad haec

O soror,c t dudum adgn ovi, cum prima per artem

foedera turbasti teque haec in bella dedisti,

et n un c n equ iquam fall is dea. Sed quis Olympodem issam tan tos voluit te ferre labores ?

An fratris m iseri letum ut crudele videres ?

Nam quid ago ? Aut quae iam spon det Fortuna salutem ?

V id i ocu los an te ipse meos me voce vocan tem

Murranum , quo n on superat m ihi carior alter,

( i ppetere ingen tem atque ingen ti volnere victum.

( m ' idit in fel ix n ostrum n e dedecus Ufen s

adspicerct Teucri potiun tur corpore et armis.

l‘lx sc ind ine domos ( id rebus defuit un um )perpc tiar, dex tra n ee D ran c is dic ta refellam ?

“13 4 rejec ted by R. Eds. “ 1 u m Eds

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150 Turn as M eets zEn eas . [.E umn .

morte pati 5 n eque me in decorem, germana, videbis

amplias . Hun c,oro

,sin e me furere an te furorem .

’

D ix it ct e carru saltum ded it oc ius arvis

perque hostis, per tela ruit maestamque sororem

deserit ac rapido cursu med ia agm in a rumpit.

Ac veluti mon tis sax um de vertice praeceps

cun t ruit avulsum ven to,seu turbidus imber

pro luit aut an n is solvit sublapsa vetustas

fertur in abruptum magn o mon s improbus actu

e x sultatque solo, silvas armen ta virosque

in volven s secum disiec ta per agm ina Turnus

sic urbis ruit ad muros,ubi plurima fuso

sanguin e terra madet stridun tque hastilibus aurae,s ign ificatque manu et magn o simul in c ipit ore

Parc ite iam,Rutul i

,et vos tela in hibete, Latin i

quaecumque est Fortun a,mea est : me verius unum

pro vobis foedus luere et decern ere. ferro .

’

l > iscessere om n es med ii spatiumque dedere.

At pater Aen eas and ito n om in e Turn i

deserit ct muros et summas deserit arces

pracc ip itatque tn oras omn is,opera omn ia rumpit,

laetitia ex sultan s,horrcndumque in tonat armis

quan tus Athos aut quan tus Eryx aut ipse coruscis

cum frem it ilic ibus quan tus gaudetque n ival i

vertice se atto llen s pater Appen n in us ad auras.

Ia in vero ct Rutuli eertatim c l Troes et omn es

c on vertere oculus I tal i,qu ique alta ten eban t

mucu ia quique imos pulsaban t ariete muros,

armaque dcposucre um eris . Stupet ipse Latinusingen tis . gen itos diversis partibus orbis

,

in ter se co iisse v iros et cern ere ferro .

Atque illi. ut vacuo patuerun t aequore campi,

proc ursu rapido ,con iec tis em in us hastis

,

in vadun t Hartem cl ipe is atque acre sonoro .

D at gem itum tellus tum c rebros en s ibus ictus

X I I . Tite Two Con ten d. 15 1

congem in an t : fors et virtus m iseen tur in un um .

Ac velut ingen ti Sila summove Taburno

c um duo con versis in im ica in proelia tauri

fron tibus in currun t pavid i cessere magistri,

stat peen s omn e metu mutum mussan tque iuven cae,

qu is n emori imperitet, quem tota arme

‘

n ta sequan tur

i lli in ter sese multa vi voln era m iscen t

corn uaque obn ix i infigun t et sangu in e largo

eol la armosque lavan t gem itu n emus omn e remugit

n on al itur Tros Aeneas et D aun ius heros

con currun t c lipeis ingen s fragor aethera complet.

I uppiter ipse duas acquato ex am in e lan ces

sustin et et fata impon it d iversa duorum ,

quem damn et labor et quo vergat pon dere letum .

Em icat hie, impun e putan s, et corpore toto

alte sublatum con surgit Turn us in en sem

et ferit : ex claman t Troes trepidique Latin i,arrectaeque amborum ac ies. At perfidus en sis

frangitur in medioqne arden tem deserit ictu

u i fuga subsid io subeat. Fugit oc ior euro ,

ut capulum ign otum dex tramqne aspex it in ermem .

Fama est praecipitem ,cum prima in proelia iun ctos

con scen debat equos, patrio mucron e rel icto,

dum trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse Metisc i.

q ue diu,dum terga daban t palan tia Teucri,

suffeeit postquam arma de i ad Vo lcan ia ven tumst,

m ortalis muero glac ies ceu futilis ic tu

d issiluit fulva resplen den t fragm in a harena.

Ergo amen s diversa fuga petit aequora Turn uset n un c hue

,in de hue in certos implicat orbes

un d ique en im den sa Teucri in c lusere coron a,

atque hin e vasta palus, hin c ardua moen ia c ingun t.

Nee m in us Aen eas,quamquam tardata sagitta

in terdum gen ua impediun t cursumque recusan t,

74°tardan te. Eds.

15 2 P ursues lzis Fly i ng En emy . [: ENEID .

in sequitur trepidique pedem pede fervidus urgetin c lusum veluti siquan do flum in e n an ctus

cervum aut pun iceae saeptum form idin e pin nae

ven ator cursu can is et latratibus in stat

ille autem,in sidiis et ripa territus alta

,

m ille fugit refugitque vias at vividus Umber

haeret hian s,iam iamque ten et sim ilisque tenen ti

in crepu it mal is morsuque elusus inan i est.

Tum vero ex oritur c lamor,ripaeque laeusque

respon san t c irca et caelum ton at onme tumultu .

I lle simul fugien s Rutulos s imul in crepat omn is,

n om in e quemque vocan s,n otumque efil agitat en sem .

Aen eas mortem con tra praesen sque m inatur

ex itium . si qu isquam adeat. terretque tremen tis

ex c isurum urbem m in itan s et sauc ius instat.

Quin que orbis ex plen t cursu tot idemque retex un t

hue illuc n eque en im levia aut lud icra petun tur

praem ia, sed Turn i de vita et sanguin e certan t.

Forte sacer Faun o foliis o leaster amaris

hie steterat,n an tis o lim ven erabile lign um,

servati ex un d is ubi ftgere ( Ion a so leban t

Lauren ti d ivo et votas suspendere vestes,

sed stirpem Teucri n ullo d iscrim in e sacrum

sustuleran t. puro ut possen t con currere campo.

H ie hasta Aen eae stabat. hue impetus illam

detulerat fix am et len ta in rad ice ten ebat.I n cubuit voluitque In an u convellere ferrurn

D ardan ides teloque sequi, quem pren dere cursu

n on poterat. Tum vero amen s form idine Tum us

Faun e , precor. m iserere .

’

in quit, tuque optima ferrum

terra ten e,colui vestros si semper honores,

quos con tra Aen eadae bello fecere profanos.’

D ix it opemque dei n on eassa in vota vocavit.

Namque diu luctan s len toque in stirpe moratus

3 i n om it. R.

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142 Ven us Ej'

ects l u'

s Cure. [E x am

sollic itat pren satque tenac i forc ipe ferrum .

Nulla viam Fortuna regit, n ihil auctor Apollo

subven it et saevus campis magis ac magis horror

crebresc it propiusque malum est. Iam pulvere caelum

stare viden t subeun t equites, et spicula castris

den sa cadun t med iis. I t tristis ad aethera clamor

bellan tum iuvenum et duro sub Marte caden tum .

H ie Ven us, ind ign o n ati con cussa dolore,

dic tamn um gen etrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida,

puberibus caulem fo liis et flore eoman tem

purpureo n on illa feris in cogn ita capris

gram in a, cum tergo volucres haesere sagittae

hoc Ven us, obscuro fac iem c ircumdata n imbo,

detulit hoc fusum labris splenden tihus amuem

in fic it occulte medican s spargitque salubris

ambrosiac sucos et odoriferam panaceam .

Fovit ea voln us lympha longaevus Iapyx

ign oran s, subitoque omn is de corpore fugit

qu ippe dolor, omn is stet it imo vo ln ere sanguis

iamque secuta man um n ullo cogen te sagitta

ex c idit,atque n ovae rediere in pristina vires.

Arma c iti properate viro Quid statis ? ’Iapyx

con c lamat primusque an imos adcendit in bostem .

Non haec human is opibus, n on arte magistra

proven iun t n eque te, Aen ea, mea dex tera servat

maior agit deus atque opera ad maiora remittit.’

I lle avidus pugnae suras in cluserat auro

hin c atque hin c od itque moras hastamque coruscat.

Postquam habilis lateri c l ipeus loricaque tergo est,

Asean ium fusis c ircum complec titur armis

summaque per galeam del iban s oscula fatur

D isce, puer, virtutem ex me ver umque laborem,

fortunam ex ali is. Nun c te mea dex tera bello

defen sum dabit et magn a in ter praemia ducet.

Tu faeito,mox cum matura adoleverit aetas

,

X I I . £ n eas Return s to the Field. 143

s is memor, et te an imo repeten tem ex empla tuorum

et pater Aen eas et avun culus ex c itet Hector.’

Haec ubi dicta dedit, portis sese ex tulit ingen s,

telum imman e man n quatien s simul agm in e den soAn theusque Mn estheusque ruun t omn isque relictis

turba fluit castris tum caceo pulvere campus

m iscetur pulsuque pedum trem it ex c ita tellus.

Vidit ab adverso ven ien tis aggere Turn us,

videre Auson i i, gelidusque per ima cueurrit

ossa tremor : prima an te omn is I uturn a Latinosaudiit adgnovitque son um et tremefacta refugit.

I lle volat campoque atrum rapit agmen aperto .

Qualis ubi ad terras abrupto sidere n imbus

it mare per medium ; m iseris heu praesc ia longehorrescun t corda agricolis, dabit il le ruinas

arboribus stragemque satis, ruet omn ia late

an te volan t son itumque ferun t ad litora ven ti

tal is in adversos ductor Rhoeteius hostisagmen agit, den si cun eis se quisque coactis

adglomeran t. Ferit en se gravem Thymbraeus Osirim,

Archetium Mn estheus,Epulon em obtrun cat Achates

U fen temque G yas cad it ipse Tolumn ius augur,

primus in adversos telam qui torserat hostis.

To llitur in caelum clamor,versique vic issim

pulverulen ta fuga Rutuli dan t terga per agros.I pse n eque aversos dign atur stern ere Morti

n ee pede congressos aequo n ec tela feren tis

in sequitur : solum den sa in caligin e Turnum

vestigat lustran s, solum in certam in a posc it.

Hoe con cussa metu men tem Iutur na virago

aurigam Tur ni med ia in ter lora Metiscum

ex cutit et longe lapsum temon e relinquit :

ipsa subit man ibusque un dan tis flectit habenas

cuneta geren s, vocemque et corpus et arma Metisci.

47°rel i qu i t. R.

144 j uturn a Keeps Ti t run s Aloof . [a n nus.

N igra velut magn as dom in i cum divitis aedes

pervolat et pen n is alta atria lustrat hir un do,

pabula parva legen s n idisque loquac ibus escas,

et n un c porticibus vacuis, n un c um ida c ircum

stagn a son at : sim ilis med ios Iuturn a per hostisfertur equis rapidoque volan s obit omn ia currn

iamque hic german um iamque hie osten tat ovan tem

n ec con ferre manum patitur, volat avia longe.

Haud m in us Aeneas tortos legit obvius orbesvestigatque vir um et disiec ta per agm in a magna

voce vocat. Quotien s oculos con iec it in bostem

al ipedumque fugam cursu temptavit equorum,

aversos totien s currus Iuturna retorsit.

Heu quid agat ? Vario n equiquam fluctuat aestu,

d iversaeque vocan t an imum in con traria curac .

Huic Messapus, uti laeva duo forte gerebat

len ta levis cursu praefix a hastilia ferro,

horum unum certo con torquen s dirigit ictu.

Substitit Aen eas et se collegit in arma,

popl ite subsiden s apicem tamea in c ita summum

hasta tul it summasque ex eussit vertice cristas .

Tum vero adsurgun t irae in sidiisque subactus,

d iversos ubi sen sit equos curr umque referri,

multa I ovem et luesi testatus foederis arasiam tan dem invadit med ios ct Marte secun doterribilis saevam n ullo d iscrim in e caedem

susc itat irarumque omn is effundit habenas.

Quis m ihi n un c tot acerba deus, quis carmine caedes

d iversas obitumque ducum ,quos aequore toto

inque v icem n un c Turnus agit, nun c Tro'

I'

us heros,

ex pediat ? Tan ton placuit con currere motu,

Iuppiter, aetern a gen tis in pace futuras ?

Aen eas Rutulum Sucron em,ea prima ruen tis

pugna loco statuit Ten eros,haud multa moran tem

4am .e.-”grit. R.

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z l fn eas A ti n el 's tlze Ci ty . [.E smn.

pec tora. n ec m isero c l ipei mora profuit aerei .'

l‘

e quoque Lauren tes viderun t,Aeole

,campi

Oppetere ct late terrain con stern ere tergo .

Occ id is,Argivae quem n o n potuere phalanges

stem ere n ec I’riam i regnorum eversor Achilles

hic tibi mortis eran t metae domus alta sub Ida,

Lvrn esi domus alta,solo I .auren te sepulchrum .

Totae adeo conversae ac ies,omn esque Latin i,

omn es D ardan idae,Mn estheus acerque Serestus

et Messapus ( 111111111 dom itor ct fortis Asilas

Tuseortnm 1ue phalan x Evandrique Arcades alae,pro se quisque v iri summa n itun tur Opum v1

n ec mora n ee requ ies, vasto certam ine tendun t.

l l ic men tem Aen eae gen etrix pulcherrima m isit,

iret ut ad muros urbique adverteret agmen

oc ius et subita turbaret c lade Latin os.

I lle ut vestigan s d iversa per agm ina Turnumhuc atque hue ac ies c ircumtulit

,aspic it urbem

im tn un e i n tan ti be lli atque impun e quietam .

Con tin uo pugn ac adcend it maioris imago

Mn esthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum

duc tores tumuhun que capit, quo cetera Teucrum

con currit legio n ec scuta aut spicula den sidepon un t. Celso med ius stan s aggere fatur

Nequa meis esto d ictis mora Iuppiter hac stat,

n eu quis ob in ceptum subitum m ihi segn ior ito .

U rbem hod ie,causam belli, regna ipsa Latin i,

n i fren um acc ipere et vie ti parere faten tur,

eruam ct acqua so lo fuman tia culm ina ponam.

Sc ilicet ex spectem ,l ibeat dum proelia Tumo

n ostra pati rursusque vel it con currere victus ?

Hoe caput, O c ives,haec belli summa n efan di

ferte faces propere foedusque reposc ite flammis.

’

D ix erat,atque an im is pariter c ertan tibus omnes

dan t cun eum den saque ad muros mole ferun tur.

X I I . Amata Hangs Herself. 147

Scalae improviso subitusque apparuit ign is.

D iscurrun t alii ad portas primosque truc idan t,ferrurn ali i torquen t et obumbran t aethera telis.

I pse in ter primos dex tram sub moen ia tenditAen eas magnaque in cusat voce Latinum

testaturque deos, iterum se ad proelia cogi,

bis iam I talos hostis, haec altera foedera rumpi.

Ex oritur trepidos in ter discordia c ivis

urbem alii reserate iuben t et pan dere portasD ardan idis ipsumque trahun t in moen ia regem,

arma ferun t alii et pergun t defen dere muros.

I n c lusas ut cum latebroso in pumice pastor

vestigavit apes fumoque implevit amaro

illae in tus trepidae rerum per cerea castra

discurrun t magn isqn e acuun t stridoribus iras

volvitur ater odor tectis, tum murmure caceo

in tus sax a son an t,vacuas it fumus ad auras.

Acc idit haec fessis etiam fortun a Latin is,quae totam luetu con cussit funditus urbem .

Regin a ut tectis ven ien tem prospic it bostem,

in cessi muros,ign is ad tecta volare

,

n usquam acies con tra Rutulas, n ulla agmin a Turn i

in fe lix pugnac iuven em in certam ine cred itex stin c tum et

,subito men tem turbata do lore

,

se causam clamat crimen que caputque malorum,

multaque per maestum demen s effata furorem

purpureos moritura man u disc in dit am ictus

et n odum in form is leti trabe n ectit ab alta.

Quam cladem m iserae postquam accepere Latinae,

filia prima manu fiavos Lavin ia crin is

et roscas lan iata gen as, tum cetera c ircum

turba furit resonan t late plangoribus aedes.H in e totam in fel ix volgatur fama per urbem .

D em ittun t men tes it sc issa veste Latinas,

con iugis atton itus fatis urbisque ruina,

“05floral . R.

148 a n n s D iscovers t/te lVi les of j uturna . (E mma.

can itiem immundo perfusam pulvere turpan s.

[Mn ltaqne se in cusat, qui n on ac ceperit an te

D ardan ium Aen ean gen erumque adsc iverit uitt o .]I n terea ex tremo bellator in aequore Turn us

palan tis sequitur paucos iam segn ior atqueiam m in us atque m in us successu laetus equorumattul it hun e ill i caceis terroribus aura

conn n ix tu in c lamorem adrectasque impul it aures

con fusae son us urbis et in laetabile murmur.

Ri m ihi Quid tan to turban tur moen ia luctu ?

Quisve ruit tan tus diversa clamor ab urbe

Sic ait adduc tisque amen s subsistit haben is.

Atque huic,in fac iem soror ut conversa Metisc i

aurigae currumque et equos et lora tegebat,

tal ibus occurrit dic tis Hac,Turn e

,sequamur

Tro iugen as, qua prima viam victoria pan d it ;sun t alu

, qui tecta man n defen dere possin t.I ngru it Aen eas I tal is c t proel ia m iscet

et n os saeva mauu m ittamus fun era Teucris.

Nee n umero in ferior pugn ac n ee hon ore recedes.’

Turn us ad haec

O soror,et dudum adgn ovi, cum prima per artem

foedera turbasti teque haec in bella dedisti,

et n un c n equ iquam fallis dea. Sed quis Olympodem issam tan tos vola it te ferre labores ?

An fratris m iseri letum ut crudele videres ?

Nam quid ago ? Aut quae iam spondet Fortuna salutem ?

V idi oculos an te ipse meos me voce vocan tem

Murran um, quo n on superat m ihi carior alter,

Oppetere ingen tem atque ingen ti voln ere victum.

Occ id it in fel ix n ostrum n e dedecus Ufen s

adspiceret Teucri potiun tur corpore et an n is.

Ex sc ind ine domos ( id rebus ( lefuit un um)perpetiar, dex tra n ee D ran c is dicta refellam ?

“13 4 rejected by R .“20 neu . Eds. n o ROM Eds.

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150 Turn us .l/cets x i i i /cas . [.E s z m.

mont e pati , n eque rne indecorem . ge rn i an a. v idebis

n n plius . l l n n r . oro ,s in e me fure re an te furorem .

'

l l ix it c t e currn saltum ded it oc ius arvis

pe rque ho s tis

, per tela ruit mae s tamque sororem

de s erit ac rapido cursu med ia agm in a rump it.

ve luti mon tis sax um de vertice praeceps

a nun ru it avulsutn ve n to,scu turbidus imber

pro lu it an t an n is so lvit sublapsa vetustas ;

fertur in abruptum magno tuon s improbus actu

e x s ultatque so lo, silvas armen ta virosque

in vo lve n s sec um disiecta per agm in a Turnus

s ic urbis ru it ad muro s,l l l ) l plurima fuso

sanguin e terra made t stridun tque hastil ibus aurae,s ign ifi c atque man n et l n agn o simul in c ipit ore

l ’art -itc iam,Rutul i

,c t vos tela in hibete

,Latin i ;

q uam umque est Fo rtuna. mea est me verius unum

pro vobis fo cdus luc re c t ( lec crn c re ferro .

’

I ) isc essere omn es med ii spatiumque dedere.

At pater Aen eas an d ito n om in e Turn i

deserit c l muro s c t summas deserit arces

praec ipitatque mo ras om n is,opera om n ia rumpit,

lae titia e x sultan s,ho rrendumque in ton at an n is

quan tus Athos aut quan tus Ervx aut ipse corusc is

c um frem it il ic ibus quan tus gaudetque n ivali

vertic e se atto llen s pater Appen n in us ad auras.

l am vero c l Rutul i eertatim c t Troes c t omn es

c on ve rte re o c u lo s l lal i, quique alta ten eban t

mo e n i a qu ique i i n os pulsaban t ariete muros,

trl n aque um eris . Stupet ipse Latinusin gen t is , ge n ito s divers is partibus o rbis

,

i l l l t ‘l ‘ M “

(‘

n i is s t‘ viro s t‘l c ern ere ferro .

Atque ill i. u l vacuo patuerun t aequore campi,

pro c urs u rapido , c o n ie c tis em in us hastis,

in vadun t Martem c l ipe is atque acre son oro .

l )at gem itum tellus tum c rebros e n s ibus ictus

X I I . l e Two Con /end .

congem in an t fors et virtus miseen tur in unum.

Ac velut ingen ti Sila summove Taburno

cum duo con versis in im ica in proel ia tauri

fron tibus in currun t ; pavidi cessere magistri,stat peen s omn e metu mutum mussan tque iuven cae,

quis n emori imperitet, quem tota arme'

n ta sequuntur ;ill i in ter sese multa vi voln era m iscen t

corn uaque obn ix i infigun t et sanguin e largo

col la armosque lavan t gemitu n emus omn e remugit

n on al itur Tros Aen eas et D aun ius heros

con currun t cl ipeis ingen s fragor aethera complet.

I uppiter ipse duas acquato exam ine lan ces

sustin et et fata impon it diversa duorum ,

quem damn et labor et quo vergat pondere letum.

Em icat hie, impun e putan s, et corpore toto

alte sublatum con surgit Tum us in en sem

et ferit : ex claman t Troes trepidique Latin i,arrec taeque amborum ac ies. At perfidus en sis

frangitur in medioqn e arden tem deserit ictu

n i fuga subsid io subeat. Fugit oc ior euro,

ut capulum ign otum dex tramqne aspex it inermem .

Fama est praec ipitem ,cum prima in proelia iunctos

con scen debat equos, patrio mucrone rel icto,

dum trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse Metisc i.

q ue diu,dum terga daban t palan tia Teucri,

sufi'

ec it postquam arma de i ad Volcan ia ven tumst,

mortal is muero glac ies ceu futilis ict u

dissiluit fulva resplen den t fragm in a harena .

Ergo amen s d iversa fuga petit aequora Turn uset n un c hue

,in de hue in certos impl icat orbes ;

un d ique en im den sa Teucri in c lusere corona,

atque hin c vasta palus, hin c ardua moen ia c ingun t.

Nec m in us Aen eas,quamquam tardata sagitta

in terdum gen ua impediun t cursumque recusan t.

740 tardan te. Eds.

1 54 j up i ter Con sen ts to M erge Troy in I ta ly. [E mma

adiuro Stygii caput implacabile fon tis,

un a superstitio superis quae redditfa d ivis.

Et n un c cedo equ idem pugn asque ex osa relin quo.

I llud te, n ulla fati quod lege ten etur,pro Latio obtestor

, pro maiestate tuorum

cum iam con ubis pacem fel ic ibus,esto

,

compon en t, cum iam leges et foedera iungen t,

n e vetus ind igenas n omen mutare Latin osn eu Troas fieri iubeas Teucrosque vocat i

aut vocem mutare v iros aut vertere vestem .

Sit Latium,sin t Alban i per saecula reges,

sit Romana poten s I tala virtute propago

occ idit,occideritque sinas cum n om in e Troia.

’

Olli subriden s homin um rerumque repertor

Es german a I ovis Saturn ique altera proles

irarum tan tos volvis sub pectore fluctus.

Verum age et in ceptum frustra subm itte furorem

do quod vis,et me victusque volen sque rem itto.

Sermon em Auson ii patrium moresque ten ebun t,utque est n omen crit commix ti corpore tan tum

subsiden t Teucri . Morem ritusque sacrorun I

adic iam fac iamque omn is un o ore Latin os.

I

H in e gen us Auson io m ix tum quod sanguin e surget,

supra homin es, supra ire deos pietate videbis,

n ee gen s ulla tuos acque celebrabit hon ores.’

Adnuit his I un o et m en tem laetata retorsit.

I n terea ex cedit caelo n ubemque relinquit.

H is actis aliud gen itor secum ipse volutat

I uturnamque parat fratris d im ittere ab arm is.

D icun tur gem in ae pestes cogn omin e D irae,

quas et Tartaream Nox in tempesta Megaeram

un o eodemque tul it pat tu paribusque revin x it

serpen tum spiris ven tosasque add idit alas.

Hae Iovis ad solium saevique in l im in e regis

adparen t acuun tque metutn mortal ibus aegris,

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156 T/te Las t S trugg le. [Ai m-nu.

Tan tum effata caput glauco con tex it am ictu

multa gemen s et se fluvio dea condidit alto.

Aen eas in stat con tra telumque coruseat

lugen s arboreum et saevo sic pectore fatur

Quae n un c dein de mora est ? Aut quid iam,Turn e

,

Non cursu,saevis certan dum est comm inus arm is.

Verte omn is tete in fac ies et con trahe quidquid

sive an im is sive arte vales opta ardua pen n isastra sequi c lausumve cava te condere terra.

’

I lle caput quassan s Non me tua fervida terren tdicta

,ferox : di me terren t et Iuppiter hostis.

’

Nec plura effatus sax um c ircumspieit ingen s,

sax um an tiquum ingen s, campo quod forte iacebat,limes agro positus, l item ut discern eret arvis.

Vix illud lecti bis sex cervice subiren t,

qualia n un c hom inum produc it corpora tellus

ille manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostemaltior in surgen s et cursu con c itus heros.

Sed n eque curren tem se n ee cogn osc it eun tem

tollen temve man us sax umve imman e moven tem

gen ua laban t, gelidus con crevit frigore sanguis.

Tum lap is ipse viri,vacuum per inan e volutus

,

n ec spatium evasit totum n eque pertulit ictum.

Ac velut in somn is,oculos ubi languida pressit

n octe quies, n equiquam avidos ex tendere cursus

velle viden tur et in mediis conatibus aegrisucc idimus

,n on lingua valet

,n on corpore notae

suffic iun t vires,n ec vox aut verba sequun tur :

sic Turn o, quacumque viam virtute petivit,

successum dea d ira n egat. Tum pectore sen sus

vertun tur varii . Rutulos aspectat et urbem

cun ctaturque metu letumque in stare tremeseit ;

n ec quo se eripiat, n ee qua vi tendat in bostem,

n ee curras usquam videt aurigamve sororem.

Cun ctan ti telum Aen eas fatale coruscat,

x 11. j uturn a i n D espai r Abandon s liter B rotlzer.

siquando letum horrifieum morbosque deum rex

molitur meritas aut bello territat urbes.

Harum unam celerem demisit ab aethere summo

Iuppiter inque omen Iuturn ae occurrere iussit.

I lla volat eelerique ad terram turbin e fertur.

Non secus ac n ervo per n ubem impulsa sagi tta,

armatam saevi Parthus quam felle venen i,

Parthus sive Cydon , telum immedicabile, torsit,striden s et celeris incogn ita tra ns ilit umbras

talis se sata Nocte tulit terrasque petivit.

Postquam acies videt I liacas atque agmina Tum i,

alitis in parvae subitam con lecta figuram,

quae quon dam in bustis aut culmin ibus desertis

nocte seden s serum can it importuna per umbras,

han e versa in fac iem Turn i se pestis ob ora

fertque refertque sonan s clipeumque everberat al is.

Olli membra n ovus so lvit formidine torpor,

adrectaeque horrore comae,et vox fauc ibus haes it.

At procul ut D irae stri dorem adgnovit et alas,

in fel ix crin is sc indit Iuturna solutos,

unguibus ora soror foedan s et pectora pugn is

Quid n un c te tua, Turn e, potest germana iuvare ?

Aut quid iam durae superat mihi ? Qua tibi lucem

arte morer ? Talin possum me oppon ere monstra ?

Iam.iam l inquo acies. Ne me terrete timen tem,

obseen ae volucres alarum verbera nosco

letalemque son um,n ee fallun t iussa superba

magnan im i Iovis. Haec pro virgin itate repon it ?

Quo vitam ded it aetern am ? Cur mortis ademptast

eondicio ? Fossem tan tos fin ire do loresn un c certe et m isero fratt i comes ire per umbras

Immortalis ego ? Aut quicquam m ihi dulce meorumte sin e, frater, crit ? O quae satis ima dehiscet

terra m ihi Man isque deam demittet ad imos ?

333 a l ta . Eds. delt iscat. Eds .

156 [:Enmn .

Tan tum effata caput glauco con tex it amic tu

multa gemen s et se fiuvio dea condidit alto.

Aen eas in stat con tra telumque coruscat

ingen s arboreum et saevo sic pectore fatur

Quae n un c deinde mora est ? Aut quid iam,Turne

Non cursu,saevis certandum est comm inus arm is.

Verte omn is tete in fac ies et con trahe quidquid

sive an im is sive arte vales opta ardua pen n isastra sequi c lausumve cava te con dere terra.

’

I lle caput quassan s Non me tua fervida terren tdicta

,ferox : di me terren t et Iuppiter hostis.

’

Nee plura efl'

atus sax um c ircumspieit ingen s,

sax um an tiquum ingen s, campo quod forte iacebat,limes agro positus, litem ut discerneret arvis.

Vix illud lecti bis sex cervice subiren t,

qualia n un c hom in um produc it corpora tellus

ille manu raptum trepida torquebat in bostemaltior in surgen s et cursu con citus heros.

Sed n eque curren tem se n ee cogn osc it eun tem

tollen temve manus sax umve immane moven tem

gen ua laban t, gelidus con crevit frigore sanguis.

Tum lapis ipse viri,vacuum per in an e volutus,

n ee spatium evasit totum n eque pertulit ictum.

Ac velut in somn is,oculos ubi languida pressit

n octe qu ies, n equiquam avidos ex ten dere cursus

velle videmur et in mediis conatibus aegrisucc idimus

,n on lingua valet, n on corpore notae

suffic iun t vires,n ee vox aut verba sequun tur :

sic Turn o, quacumque viam virtute petivit,

successum dea d ira n egat. Tum pectore sensus

vertun tur varii . Rutulos aspectat et urbem

cun ctaturque metu letumque in stare tremescit ;

n ec quo se eripiat, n ec qua vi tendat in bostem,

n ee currus usquam videt aurigamve sororem.

(‘

un c tan ti telum Aen eas fatale coruscat.

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I l i e x 1rg ume’n l . [G EORGICS.

w ithin the forms furn ished by the G reeks, of stringing his poetical ideas

upon a gen eral subject, an d on e w ith which he himself was fam i l iar and

which his rich patron s would fin d pleasing from their own associations

w ith the cultivation of lan d. He speaks of himself as the Roman Hesiod,

but his aim is n ot, l ike that of the elder poet, to in struct practical ly, but

to in terest through association . Hen ce he in n o case gives in tell igible

direction s as to the complete man agemen t of lan d or an imals which we

can n ow fol low,or which would probably be of much service to the

Roman s themselves, but picks out here and there topics which can be

c lothed w ith poetic sen timen t an d be made to appeal to those who are

fam il iar w ith the processes . The G eorgics were the poet’s secon d l iterarv

effort, being publ ished in 29 B .C .,after about seven years had been devoted

to the composition , sin ce the completion of the last Eclogue about 37 B .C .

The value of the work con sists in the fin e poetical feeling wi th which he

treats n atural phen omen a an d man’s relation to the powers which he can

engage in his service, or wi th which he has to con ten d for his l ife and

subsisten ce .

BOOK 1. G ENERAL PRECEP’I‘S or AG RICULTURE.

ARG UMENT of the work (vv. 1 I nvocation ( vv. 6 Of plough

ing ( vv. 43 Climate an d soi l, an d differen t methods of ploughing and

sowing ( vv . 50—1 1 D ifficulties of agriculture and their causes

, and herein

of the reign of Saturn an d the growth of the arts (vv. 1 18 I ustra

men ts of til lage ( vv. 160 Other n ecessary arrangemen ts (w . 176

Times an d season s an d their appropriate works (W . 2114

Especial ly Autumn an d Sprin g ( vv . 3 1 1—3 Prognostics of the weather

( vv . 35 1 Porten ts accompan y ing the civil war (vv. 466 Prayers

for Augustus ( vv . 498

U ID faciat lactas segetes, qg g sidere terram

vertere. Maecen as ulm isque adiungere vites

con ven iat. quae cura boum . qui cultus habendo

sit pecori, apibus quan ta ex perien tia pareis,

hin c can ere in eipiam . Vos,O c larissima mundi

lum in a, laben tem caclo quae duc itis an n umLiber et alma Ceres. vestro si mun ere tellus

I n vocation .

Chaon iam pingui glandem mutavit arista,

poculaque inven tis Achelma m iscuit uvis

et vos, agrestum praesen tia n um ina, Faun i,ferte simul Faun ique pedem D ryadesque puellae

mun era vestra cano . Tuque O,cui prima fremen tem

fudit equom magn o tellus percussa triden ti,Neptun e et cultor n emorum,

cui pinguia Ceae

ter cen tum n ivei ton den t dumeta iuven ciipse n emus l in quen s patrium saltusque Lycaei

Pan, ovium custos

,tua si tibi Maen ala cn rae,

adsis, O Tegeaee, faven s, oleaeque M in erva

in ven trix,un c ique puer monstrator aratri,

et ten‘

eram ab rad ice feren s, Silvane, cupressumdique deaeque omn es

,studium quibus arva tueri,

quique n ovas al itis n on ullo sem in e fruges,

quique satis largum caclo dem ittitis imbrem

tuque adeo, quem mox quae sin t habitura deorum

con cilia ineertum est,urbisn e invisere, Caesar,

terrarumque vel is curam ,ct te max umus orbis

auctorem frugum tempestatumque poten tem

acc ipiat c ingen s materna tempora myrto,

an deus immen si ven ias maris ac tua n autae

n umin a sola colan t, tibi serviat ultima Thule

teque sibi gen erum Tethys emat omn ibus undis,an n e n ovum tard is sidus te men sibus addas,qua locus Erigonen in ter Chelasque sequen tis

panditur ; ipse tibi iam bracchia con trahit arden sScorpius et caeli iusta plus parte relinquit,

quidquid eris,n am te n ec speran t Tartara regem

n ee tibi regn andi ven iat tam dira cupido,quamvis Elysios m iretur G raec ia campos

n ee repetita sequi curet Proserpina mattem ,

( la fac ilem cursum atque audacibus adun c coeptis,

ignarosque viae mecum m iseratus agrestis

ingredere et votis iam n un c adsuesce vocat i .

164 Times of P loug/cing : K in ds of Soi l . [G ao ac rcs

Vere n ovo gelidus can is cum mon tibus umor

liquitur et Zephyro putris se gleba resolvit,

depresso in c ipiat iam tum m ihi taurus aratro

ingemere, et sulco attritus splendescere vomer.

I lla seges demam votis respondet avari

agrico lae, bis quae solem,bis frigora sen sit

illin s immen sae ruperun t horrea messes.

At prius ignotum ferro quam sc indimus aequor,ven tos et varium caeli praediscere morem

cura sit ac patrios cultusque habitusque locorum ,

et quid quaeque ferat regio et quid quaeque recuset.

H ie segetes, i ll ic ven iun t fel ic ius uvae,

arborei fetus al ibi atque in iussa virescun t

gram ina. Non n e vides croceos ut Tmolus odores,

I nd ia m ittit ebur, mo lles sua tura Sabaei,

at Chalybes n ud i ferrum,virosaque Pon tus

castorea,Eliadum palmas Epirus equarum ?

Con tin uo has leges aetern aque foedera certis

imposuit n atura loc is, quo tempore primum

D eucalion vacuum lapides iactavit in orbem ,

un de hom in es n ati,durum gen us. Ergo age, terrae

pingue solum prim is ex templo a men sibus an n i

fortes invertan t tauri, glebasque iacen tis

pulverulen ta coquat maturis sol ibus aestas

at si n on fuerit tellus fecunda, sub ipsumArc turum ten u i sat erit suspendere sulco

illic,Offic ian t lactis n e frugibus herbae,

hie,sterilem ex iguus n e deserat umor arenam .

Alterais idem ton sas cessare n ovalis,

et seguem patiere situ durescere campum ;

aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra,

un de prius laetum sil iqua quassan te legumenaut ten uis fetus vic iae tristisque lupin i

sustuleris fragiles calamos silvamque sonan tem .

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166 j ove Izas made Labor Necessary . [G EORG ICS.

Quid l l l l, n e gravid is procumbat culmus aristis,

lux urie tn segetum ten era depasc it in herba,

cum primum sulcos aequan t sata, quique paludiscon lec tum umorem bibula deduc it arena ?

Praesertim in certis si men sibus amn is abundan s

ex it et obduc to late ten et omn ia limo,

un dc cavae tep ido sudan t umore lacun ae .

Nee tamea ,haec cum sin t hom in umque boumque labores

versan do terrai n ex perti, n ihil improbus an ser

Strymon iaeque grues et amaris in tiba fibris

offie iun t aut umbra n ocet. Pater ipse colendi

haud fac ilem esse viam voluit, primusque per artem

m ovit agros curis aen eus mortal ia corda,

n ee torpere gravi passus sua regna veterno .

An te I ovem n ull i subigeban t arva colon i

n c sign at e quidem aut partiri l im ite campum

fas erat : in m ed ium quaereban t , ipsaque tellus

om n ia l iberius n ul lo poscen te ferebat.

I lle malum virus serpen tibus addidit atris

praedarique lapos iussit pon tumque moveri

m ellaque decuss it fol lis ign emque removit,

et pass im rivis curren tia v in a repressit,

ut varias usus med itan do ex tun deret artes

paulatim et sulc is frumen ti quaereret berham .

[U t sil ic is ven is abstrusum ex cuderet ign em.]Tun e aln os primum fluvii sen sere cavatas

mavita tum stell is n umeros et n om ina fecit

P leiadas,Hyadas, claramque Lycaon is Arcton ;

tum laque is captare feras c t fallere visco

in ven tam et magn os can ibus c ircumdare saltus ;

atque al ius latum fun da iam verberat amn em,

alta peten s al ius pelago trahit um ida l ina ;tum ferri rigor atque argutae lam in a serrae

,

n am prim i cun eis scin deban t fissile l ignum ,

12° in tnoa . Eds.

1. Tools of Husban dry . 167

turn variac ven ere artes. Labor omn ia vic it

improbus et duris urgen s in rebus egestas.

Prima Ceres ferro mortal is vertere terram

in stituit, cum iam glan des atque arbuta saerae

deficeren t silvae et victum D odona n egaret.

Mox et frumen tis labor additus, ut mala culmos

esset robigo, seg nisque horreret in arvis

carduus in tereun t segetes, subit aspera silva,

lappaeque tribulique, in terque n iten tia culta

in fel ix lolium et steriles dominan tur aven ae.

Quod n isi et adsiduis herbam in sectabere rastris,

et son itu terrebis aves, et ruris opac i

falce premes umbras,votisqn e vocaveris imbrem ,

heu magnum alterius frustra spectabis acervum ,

con cussaque famem in silvis solabere quercu.

D icen dum ct, quae sin t duris agrestibus armaquis sin e n ee potuere seri n ec surgere messes

vom is et infiex i primum grave robur aratri

tardaque Eleusinae matris volven tia plaustra

tribulaque traheaeque et in iquo pon dere rastri

virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex ,

arbuteae crates et mystica van n us Iacchi .

Omn ia quae multo an te memor provisa repon es,

si te digna manet divin i gloria ruris.

Con tin uo in silvis magn a vi flex a domaturin burim et curvi formam acc ipit ulmus aratri .

Hu ic a stirpe pedes temo proten tus in oc to,

binae aures, dupl ic i aptan tur den talia dorso,caeditur et tilia an te iugo levis altaque fagus,

stivaque, quae currus a tergo torqueat imos,

et suspen sa foc is ex plorat robora fumus .

Possum multa tibi veterum praecepta referre,

n i refugis ten uisque piget cogn oscere curas.

15 3 tr ibol i . R.171 ab. Eds. 174 stivae quae.

173 4 transposed. R.

16 8 IQ'

rzn i n Trouble an d Seeds D egen era te. [G EORG ICS.

Area cum prim is ingen ti aequanda cylindro

et vertenda man u et creta sol idanda tenac i,

n e subean t herbae n eu pulvere vieta fatiscat,

tum variac in ludan t pestes saepe ex iguus mus

sub terris posuitque domos atque horrea fec it,aut oculis capti fodere cubil la talpae,

inven tusque cavis bufo ct quae plurima terraemon stra ferun t, pOpulatque ingen tem farris acervum

curculio atque in opi metuen s form ica sen ectae.

Con templator item ,cum n ux se plurima silvis

in duct in florem et ramos curvabit olen tis.

Si superan t fetus, pariter frumen ta sequen tur,

m agn aque cum magno ven iet tritura calore

at si lux uria fol iorum ex uberat umbra,

n equ iquam pin guis palea teret area culmos.

Sem in a vid i equ idem multos med icare seren tes,

et n itro prius et n igra perfun dere amurca,

gran d ior ut fetus siliquis fallae ibus esset,

et quamvis ign i ex iguo properata maderen t.

Vidi lec ta diu et multo spectata labore

degen erare tamen,n i vis human a quotan n is

max ima quaeque man u legeret. Sic omn ia fatis

in peius ruere ac retro sublapsa referri,

n on aliter quam qui adverso vix ilum in e lembum

rem igiis subigit, si bracchia forte rem isit,

atque illum praeceps pron o rap it alveus amn i .

Praeterea tam sun t Arc turi sidera n obis

Haedorumque d ies servandi et luc idus Anguis,quam quibus in patriam ven tosa per aequora vectis

pon tus et ostriferi fauces temptan tur Abydi.

Libra die sonm ique pares ubi fecerit horas,

et med ium luc i atque umbris iam dividit orbem

ex ercete,v iri

,tauros ,

scrite bordea campis

usque sub ex trem um brumae in tractabil is imbrem

n ec n on et lin i segetem ct Cereale papaver

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170 T/ze Stars Serve as S ign s . [G aoac xcs

I ll ic,ut perhiben t, aut in tempesta silet n ox

semper et obten ta den sen tur n octe tenebrae,

aut red it a n obis Aurora diemque reducit ;

nosque ubi primus equis Orien s adflavit an helis,

illis sera ruben s adcen d it lum ina Vesper.

H in c tempestates dubio pracdiscere caelo

possumus,hin e messisquc d iem tempusque seren di

et quan do in fidum rem is impellere marmor

con ven iat,quan do armatas deducere c lassis

,

aut tempestivam silvis evertere piaum .

Nee frustra sign orum obitus speculamur et ortus

temporibusque parem diversis quattuor an num

frigidus agricolam siquando con tinet imber,

multa,foren t quae mox caclo properanda seren o .

maturare datur ; durum procudit arator

vomeris obtusi den tem ,cavat arbore lin tres

,

aut pecori signum aut n umeros impressit acervis.

Ex acuun t al ii vallos furcasque bicorn is,

atque Amerin a paran t len tae retin acula viti.

Nun c fac ilis ruhea tex atur fisc ina virga,

n un c torrete ign i fruges, n un c frangite sax o.

Quippe eti am festis quaedam ex ercere diebus

fas et iura sinuat rivos deducere nulla

rel igio vetuit,segeti praetendere saepem,

in sid ias avibus mol iri,in cendere vepres,

balan tumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri.

Saepe oleo tardi costas agitator asell i

vilibus aut on erat pom is, lapidemque reverten s

in cusum aut atrae massam pic is urbe reportat.

I psa d ies al ios alio ded it ord in e lun afelic is operum . Quin tam fuge pallidus OrcusEumen idesque satae tum partu Terra n efandoCoeumque Iapctumque creat saevumque Typhoea

et con iuratos caehun rescindere fratres.

obtun s z . R.

1. lVorbs os g/zt an d D ay , Summ er and W in ter. 171

Ter sun t conati impon ere Pelio Ossamsc il icet atque Ossae fron dosum involvere Olympum

ter pater ex structos disiec it fulm ine mon tis.

Septima post dec imam felix et pon ere vitem

et pren sos dom itare boves et licia telae

addere. Non a fugae melior, con traria furtis.

Multa adeo gel ida melius se n octe dedere,

aut cum sole n ovo terras inrorat Eon s.

Noc te leves mel ius stipulae, n octe arida prataton den tur, n oc tis len tus n on defic it umor.

Et quidam seros hibern i ad lum in is ign es

pervigilat, ferroque faces in spicat acuto

in terea longum can tu solata laborem

arguto con iun x percurrit pectine telas,

aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit umoremet foliis un dam trepidi despumat aién i .At rubicun da Ceres med io succ iditur aesta

,

et medio tostas aestu terit area fruges.

Nudus ara, sere n udus hiemps ign ava colon o .

Frigoribus parto agricolae plerumque fruun tur,

mutuaque in ter se laeti convivia curan t.

I n vitat gen ialis hiemps enrasque resolvit,

ceu pressac cum iam portam tetigere carin ae

puppibus et laeti n autae imposuere coron as.

Sed tamea et queruas glan des tum stringere tempus

et lauri bacas oleamque cruen taque myrta,

tum gruibus pedicas et retia pon ere cervis

auritosque sequi lepores, tum figere dammas

stuppea torquen tem Balearis verbera fundae,

cum n ix alta iacet, glac iem quom flum ina trudun t.

Quid tempestates autumn i ct sidera dicam ,

atque, ubi iam breviorque d ies ct mollior aestas,

quae vigilan da viris vel cum ruit imbriferum ver,

spicca iam campis cum messis inhorruit et cum

297 m , Eds , 298 at. Eds ,

Tbe Fury of zbe W i n ds . [G EORGICS.

frumen ta in virid i stipula lacten tia turgen t ?

Saepe ego ,cum flavis m essorem in duceret arvis

agrico la et fragil i iam stringeret hordea culmo,

onm ia ven torum con currere proel ia vid i,

quae gravidam late segetem ab radic ibus im is

subl imem ex pulsam erueren t,ita turbin e n igro

ferret h iemps culmumque levem stipulasque volan tis .

Saepe etiam immen sum caelo ven it agmen aquarum ,

et foedam glomeran t tempestatem imbribus atris

collec tae ex alto n ubes ru it arduus aether,

et pluvia ingen ti sata lacta boumque labores

diluit implen tur fossae et cava flum in a crescun t

cum son itu fervetque fretis spiran tibus aequor.

Ipse pater med ia n imborum in n oc te corusca

fulm in a mo l itur dex tra quo max uma m o tu

terra trem it fugere ferae et mortalia corda

per gen tes hum ilis stravit pavor : ille flagran ti

aut Athon aut Rhodopen aut alta Ceraun ia telo

deic it ingem inan t austri et den sissimus imber

n un c n emora ingen ti ven to ,n un c litora plangun t .

Hoc metuen s cae li m en ses et sidera serva,

frigida Saturn i sese quo stella receptet ;

quos ign is caelo Cyl len ius erret in orbis.

I n primis ven erare deos, atque an n ua magnae

sac ra refer Cereri lactis Operatus in herbis

ex tremae sub casum hiem is,iam vere seren o .

Tum pingues agn i et tum mo ll issima vina,

tum som n i dulces den saeque in mon tibus umbrae .

Cun eta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret

cui tu lac te favos et m iti d ilue baccho,

terque n ovas c ircum fel ix eat hostia fruges,,

oum is quam chorus c t soc ii com iten tur ovan tes,

et Cererem c lamore vocen t in tec ta n eque an te

falcem maturis qu isquam suppon at aristis,

quam Cereri torta redim itus tempora quercu

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174 S ig n s of Fa i r l/Veat/zer . [G EORGICS.

dulc ibus in stagn is riman tur prata Caystri,

eertatim largos umeris in fdndere rores

nun c caput obiec tare fretis, n un c currere in un daset stud io in cassnm videas gestire lavandi.

Tum corn ix plena pluviam vocat improba voce

et sola in s icca secum spatiatnr arena.

Ne n octurna quidem carpen tes pen sa puellae

n esc ivere hiemem ,testa cum arden te videren t

sc in tillare oleum et patris con crescere fungos.

Nec m in us ex imbri soles et aperta serena

prospicere et certis poteris cogn oscere sign is

n am n eque tum stell is ac ies obtusa videtur,

n ec fratris rad iis obn ox ia surgere Luna,ten uia n ec lanae per caelum vellera ferri ;

n on tepidum ad solem p in nas in litore pan dun t

dilectae Thetidi alcyon es, n on ore solutos

immundi mem in ere sues iactare man iplos.

At n ebulae magis ima petun t campoque recumbun t,

sol is et occasum servan s dc culm ine summo

n equiquam seros ex ercet n octua can tus.

Apparet liqu ido subl im is in aere N isus,

et pro purpureo poen as dat Scylla capillo

quacumque illa levem fugien s sceat aethera pin n is,

ecce in im icus atrox magn o stridore per aurasin sequitur N isus qua se fert N isus ad auras

,

illa levem fugien s raptim sceat aethera pen n is.

Tum l iquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces

aut quater ingem in an t, et saepe cubil ibus altis

n esc io qua praeter sol itum dulcedine laeti

in ter se in fol iis strepitan t iuvat imbribus actis

progen iem parvam dulc isque revisere n idoshaud equidem credo

,qu ia sit d ivin itus illis

ingen ium aut rerum fato pruden tia maiorverum ubi tempestas et caeli mobil is umor

395 obtusa . R .403 n equ idquam.

I . Sign s f rom tlze Sun and M oon . 175

mutavere vias et I uppiter uvidus austris

den set eran t quae rara modo, et quae den sa relax at,

vertun tur spec ies an imorum,et pectora motus

n un c alios,alios dum n ubila ven tus agebat,

con c ipiun t hin c ille avium con cen tus in agris

et laetae pecudes et ovan tes gutture corvi .

Si vero so lem ad rapidum lunasque sequen tesord in e respic ies, n umquam te crastin a fallet

hora,n eque in sidiis n octis capiere serenac .

Luna, reverten tes cum primum co lligit ign is,

si n igrum obscuro comprenderit aera corn u,

max imus agricol is pelagoque parabitur imber

at si virgineum suffuderit ore ruborem ,

ven tus crit ven to semper rubet aurea Phoebe.

Sin ortu quarto ( namque is certissimus auc tor)

pura neque obtusis per caelum corn ibus ibit,

totus et ille d ies et qui n ascen tur ab illo

ex actum ad men sem pluvia ven tisque carebun t,

votaque servati solven t in l itore n autae

G lauco et Pan opeae et I n oo Mel icertae .

So l quoque et ex orien s et cum se con det in un das,

signa dabit solem certissima sign a sequun tur,

et quae man e refert et quae surgen tibus astris .

I lle ubi nascen tem maculis variaverit o t tum

conditus in unhem medioqn e refugerit orbe,

suspeeti tibi sin t imbres n amque urget ab alto

arboribusque satisque n otus pecorique sin ister.

Aut ubi sub lucem den sa in ter n ubila sese

d iversi rumpen t rad ii, aut ubi pallida surget

Tithon i croceum linquen s Aurora enhi le,

heu male tum m itis defendet pampinus uvas

tam multa in tectis c repitan s sal it horrida grando .

Hoe etiam,emen so cum iam decedit Olympo,

profuerit mem in isse magis n am saepe videmus

‘13 v i ces. R.419 den sat. Ed s.

176 For mer Omen s Fulfil led. [G aoacus

ips ius in voltu varios errare colores

caeruleus pluviam den un tiat,ign eus Euros ;

sin maculae in c ipien t rutilo imm iscerier ign i ,

omn ia tum pariter ven to n imbisque videbis

fervere . Non i lla quisquam me n octe per altum

ire n eque a terra moveat con vellere funem .

At si,cum referetque d iem eon detque relatum,

luc idus orbis crit,frustra terrebere n imbis,

et c laro silvas cern es aquilon e moveri .

D en ique qu id vesper serus vehat, un de seren as

ven tus agat n ubes, quid cogitet um idus auster,

sol t ibi sign a dabit. So lem quis d icere falsumaudeat ? I l le etiam caecos in stare tumultus

saepe mon et fraudemque et operta tumescere be lla.

I lle etiam ex tin cto m iseratus Caesare Romam,

cum caput obscura n itidum ferrugin e tex it,

impiaque aetern am timuerun t saecula n oc tem .

Tempore quamquam i llo tellus quoque et aequora pon ti

obscen aeque .can es importunaeque volucres

signa daban t . Quotien s Cyclopum efl'

ervere in agros

vidimus undan tem ruptis forn ac ibus Actuam ,

flammarumque globos l iquefactaque volvere sax a

Armorum son itum toto G erman ia caelo

audiit. in sul itis tremuerun t motibus Alpes.

Vox quoque per lucos volgo ex aud ita silen tis

ingen s, et simulacra mod is pallen tia m irisvisa sub obscurtun n oc tis

, pecudesque locutae,

in fan dum ,sistun t am n es terraeque dehiscun t,

et maestum in lacrimat templ is ebur aeraque sudan t.

Proluit in san o con torquen s vertice silvas

fluviorum rex Eridan us, camposque per omn es

cum stabul is armen ta tul it. Nee tempore eodem

tristibus aut ex tis fibrae apparere m in aces

aut puteis man are cruor cessavit,et altae

“ 7 ab. Eds.

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Tbe Various -Vatn re of Trees . [G EORG ICS.

BOOK I I . ESPECIALLY THE OLIVE .m n Vm a.

SI'

BJECT an d in vocation ( vv . 1 Trees grow spon tan eous ly ( vv.

9 or bv various methods of propagat io n ( vv . 22 The treat

men t o f the art in its man ifo ld forms dedicated to Maecen as ( vv . 35

Art is useful in al l cases ; spon tan eou s grow ths can be improved ( vv.

cultivated trees gain by tran sp lan tin g, budd ing, an d grafting ( vv.

5 7 Advan tages o f se lectio n ( vv . 83 The clim ate favorable

to each tree is to be studied ( vv . 109 I taly on e of the most favored

lan ds fo r al l purpo ses ( vv. 136 The n ature of soi ls must be oh

t ved ( vv. 177 mean s of determ in ing this ( vv . 226 Soils

m ay be variouslv treated, especial ly in cultivating the vin e, as in mode of

plan ting ( vv. 259 time of plan ting ( vv. 3 15 After plan ting

come various cares ( vv . 346 espec ially to pro tect from harm ( vv.

37 then o ther fo rms o f labor ( vv . 397 Of various o ther fruits

an d trees ( vv. 420 Praise o f husban dry ( vv . 458

XCTENUS arvorum cultus et sidera cael i

n un c te,Bacche

,can am

,n ee n on silvestria tecum

v irgulta e t pro lem-tat tle crescen tis ol ivae .

Hue, pate r O Len aee

,tu is hic omn ia plena

m un eribus . t ibi pampin eo gravidus autumn o

floret ager, spumat plen is vin dem ia labris,

hue, pater Le n aee ,

ven i,n udataque musto

tingue n ovo m ecum dereptis crura cothurn is.

I’rin c xp io arboribus varia est n atura creandis .

Namque al iac n ul lis homin um cogen tibus ipsae

spon te sua ven iun t camposque et fltn n ina late

curva ten en t,ut molle siler len taeque gen estae,

populus et glauca can en tia fron de salicta ;

pars autem posito surgun t de sem in e, ut altae

castan eae,n emo rumque I ovi quae max ima frondet

aescu lus,atque habitae G rais oracula quercus.

Pullulat ab rad ic e al iis ,den s iss i | n a s i lva,

ut ectasis ulm isque e tiam Parn as ia laurus

parva sub ingen ti matris se subic it umbra.

Hos n atura modos primum ded it,his genus omne

I I . Art Everywhere Usef ul . 179

silvarum frutieumque viret n emorumque sacrorum .

Sun t aliac, quas ipse vias sibi repperit usus.

H ie plan tas ten ero absc inden s de corpore matrum

deposuit sulc is, hie stirpes obruit arvo

quadrifidasque sudes et acuto robore vallos.

Silvarumque aliac pressos propagin is arcus

ex speetan t et viva sua plan taria terra

n il rad ic is egen t aliac, summumque putator

haut dubitat terrae referen s man dare cacumen .

Quin et caudic ibus sectis, m irabile dictu,truditur e sicco radix oleagina l ign o .

Et saepe alterius ramos impun e videmus

vertere in alterius,mutatamque in sita mala

ferre pirum ,et prun is lapidosa rubescere corna.

Quare agite o proprios gen eratim d isc ite cultus,

agricolae, fructusque feros mollite colendo,

n eu segues iacean t terrae. I uvat I smara baccho

con serere atque olea magn um vestire Taburn um .

Tuque ades in ceptumque una clecurre laborem,

O decus,O famae merito pars max ima n ostrae

,

Maecen as, pelagoque volan s dare vela paten ti .

Non ego cun eta meis amplecti versibus opto ,

n on ,m ihi si l inguae cen tum sin t oraque cen tum

,

ferrea vox . Ades et prim i lege l itoris oram

in man ibus terrae non hie te c arm in e ficto

atque per ambages et longa ex orsa ten ebo .

Spon te sua quae se tollun t in lum in is oras,

in fecunda quidem,sed lacta et fortia surgun t

qu ippe solo n atura subest. Tamen haec quoque, siquisin serat aut scrobibus man det mutata subactis

,

ex uerin t silvestrem an imum,cultuque frequen ti

in quascumque voles artes haud tarda seguen tur.

Nee n on et steril is quae stirp ibus ex it ab imis,

hoc fac iet,vacuos si s it d igesta per agros

22 a l i i quos. Eds.394 0 Between 8 an d 9 . R. voces. Eds. 5 “facia l . R .

G raf ti ng : Coun tless Species . [G EORGICS.

n un c altao fron des et ram i matris opacan t

t rescen tique ad imun t fetus urun tque feren tem .

l am quae sem in ibus iactis se sustul it arbos,

tarda ven it seris fac tura n epotibus umbram,

pomaque degen eran t sucos oblita priores,

et turpis av ibus praedam fert uva racemos.

Sc il icet om n ibus est labor impen dendus, et omn es

c ogen dae in sulcum ac multa in ercede domandae.

Sed l l’

lm t‘ is o leac mel ius

, propagin e vites

respo n de n t, so l ido Papbiae de robore myrtus ;

plan t is c t durae coryli n ascun tur et ingen s

frax in us l l crculeaeque arbos umbrosa coronae

Cbao n u que patris glan des, et iam ardua palman as c itur et casus abies visura tn arinos .

i l l s t ‘

l'

ll l l l ‘ vero et n uc is arbutus horrida fetu ,

et ste ri le s platan i malos gessere valen tes

castan e ae fagus orn usque in can uit albo

llo re p iri, glan demque sues fregere sub ulm is .

Nee m o dus in s erere atque oculos impon ere simplex .

Nam qua se med io trudun t de cortice gemmae

c t te n u is rampan t tun icas. angustus in ipso

fit n odo s in us huc al iena ex arbore germen

in e ludun t udoque docen t inolescere l ibro .

\ut ramum en odes trunc i resecan tur. et alte

limhtn r in s o l idum c un e is v ia, de inde feraces

pl an t as im'n i l tun tur : n ec longum tempus , et ingen s

e x s iht .u l ( .te l 'un ram is fel ic ibus arbos

I n ita tu tquc n o vas fro ndes et n on sua poma.

Prae te re a gen us haud un um n ee fortibus ulmis

s l l l t i lo to que n eque l dae is c yparissis,

n e t p ingue s un am in fac iem n aseun tur o livae.

o n b s v t rad ii et amara pausia baca

po m “ pi e c t Alc in o i s ilvae ,n ee surculus idem

(‘

ru s tm n m Svrn sque p iris gravibusque volem is.

rud w ar . R . cdurav. Eds . cx i ii ,

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180 G rafti ng : Coun tless Species . [G EORG 1cs.

n un c altao fron des et ram i matris opacan t

c rescen tique ad imun t fetus urun tque feren tem .

Iam quae sem in ibus iac tis se sustul it arbos,

tarda ven it seris fac tura n epotibus umbram,

pomaque degen eran t sucos oblita priores,

ct turpis av ibus praedam fert uva racemos.

Sc il icet om n ibus est labor impenden dus, et omn es

cogen dae in sulcam ac multa tn ercede domandae .

Sed tran c is o leac m el ius, propagin e vites

respo n den t, so l ido I’aphiae de robore myrtus

plan tis c t durae corvli n ascun tur et ingen s

frax in us Herculeaeque arbos umbrosa coronae

Chao n iique patris glan des, etiam ardua palman asc itur et casus abies visura In arin os .

I n seritur vero et n ueis arbutus horrida fetu,

et steriles platan i malos gessere valen tes

castan eae fagus orn usque in can u it albo

fiore p iri, glan demque sues fregere sub ulm is.

Nee m odus in serere atque oculos impon ere simplex .

Nam qua se medio trudun t de cortice gemmae

ct ten uis rumpun t tun icas, angustus in ipso

fi t n odo sin us hue al ien a ex arbore germen

in eludun t udoque docen t ino lescere l ibro .

Aut rursum en odes trunc i resecan tur, et alte

f md itur in so l idmn con c is v ia,deinde feraces

plan tae imm ittun tur : n ee longum tempus, et ingen s

e x s il it ad c ae lum ram is fel ic ibus arbos

m iraturque n ovas frondes et n on sua poma.

Praeterea gen us baud un tnn n ec fortibus ulmis

n ec sal ic i lo toque n eque Idae is evparissis,

n ee pingues un am in fac iem n ascun tur o livae,

orcbadcs c t rad ii ct amara pausia baca

pomaque c t Alc in o i s ilvae ,n ee surculus idem

Crustum iis Syri isque p iris gravibusque volem is .

( i t? R b:d o

I I . Various Trees in Various Lands. 18 1

Non eadem arboribus pendet vindem ia n ostris,

quam Methymnaeo carpit dc palmite Lesbossun t Thas iae vites

, sun t et Mareotides albae,

pinguibus hae terris habiles, levioribus illae,

et passo psithia utilior tenuisque lageos

temptatura pedes o lim vin cturaque l ingn am,

purpureae prec iaeque, et quo te carmin e dicam,

Rhaetica ? Ncc cellis ideo con tende Falem is.

Sun t et Am in eae vites,fi rm issima vina

,

Tmol ius adsurgit quibus et rex ipse Phan aeus

Argitisque m inor ; cu i n on certaverit ulla

aut tan tum fluete aut totidem durare per anuos.

Non ego te, dis et men sis accepta secun dis,

tran sierim,Rhod ia

,et tumidis

,bumastc

,racem is.

Sed neque quam multae spec ies, n ee n om ina quae sin t,

est n umerus n eque en im n umero compren dere refert

quem qui sc ire vel it,Libyci vel it aequoris idem

discere quam multae z ephyro turben tur arenae,

aut ubi n avigiis violen tior in c idit Eurus,

n osse quot Ion n ven ian t ad l itora fluctus.

Nee vero terrae ferre omn es omn ia possun t.

Flum in ibus sal ices crassisque paludibus aln i

n ascun tur, steriles sax osis mon tibus orn i

litora myrtetis laetissima ; den ique apertos

Bacchus amat colles,aquilonem et frigora tax i .

Aspice et ex trem is dom itum cultoribus orbem

a sque domos Arabum pictosque G elon os

divisae arboribus patriae. Sola I ndia n igrum

fert eben um,solis est turea virga Sabaeis.

Quid tibi odorato referam sudan tia l ign o

balsamaque et bacas semper fronden tis acan thi ?

Quid n emora Aethiopum molli can en tia lan a,

velleraque ut fol lis depectan t ten uia Seres

aut quos Ocean o propior gerit In d ia lacos,ex trem i sin us orbis

,nbi aéra vin cere summum

182 I tel ly Favored. [G c tcs

arboris haud ullae iactu potuere sagittae

Et gen s illa quidem sumptis n on tarda pharetris.Med ia fert tristis sucos tardumque saporem

felic is mal i, quo n on praesen tius ullum,

pocula siquan do saevae in fecere n overcae,

aux ilium ven it ac membris agit atra ven ena.

Ipsa ingen s arbos fac iemque sim illima lauro

et,si n on al ium late iactaret odorem

,

laurus erat fol ia haud ullis laben tia ven tis

flos ad prima ten ax an imas et olen tia Mediora foven t illo et sen ibus medican tur anhelis.

Sed n eque Medorum silvae d itissima terra

n ee pulcher G anges atque auro turbidus Hermus

laudibus I tal iae certen t,non Bactra n eque I n di

totaque turiferis Pan chaia pinguis aren is.

Haec loca n on tauri spiran tes n aribus ign em

invertere satis imman is den tibus hydri,n ee galeis den sisque virum seges horruit bastis

sed gravidae fruges et Bacchi Massicus umor

implevere ten en t oleac armen taque lacta.

H in e bellator equus campo sese arduus in fert

hin c albi, Cl ittnn n e, greges et max ima taurus

victima,saepe tuo perfusi ilum in e sacro

,

Roman os ad templa deum dux ere triumphos.

H ie ver ads iduum atque al ien is men sibus aestas

bis gravidae pecudes, bis pom is util is arbos.

At rabidae tigres absun t et saeva leonum

sem ina, n ec m iseros fallout acon ita legen tis,

n ec tapit immen sos orbis per humum,n eque tan to

squameus in spiram trac tu se co ll igit anguis.

Adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborém,

tot congesta man n praeruptis oppida sax is

flum in aque an tiquos supter laben tia muros.

m iscuerun tque herbas et n on i n aox ia verba.

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184 S ig n s qf Various Soi ls . [G aoac tcs

hic latic is, qualem pateris l ibamus et auro,

inflavit cum pingu is ebur Tyrrhen us ad aras,

lan c ibus et pandis fuman tia reddimus ex ta.

Sin armen ta magis studium vitulosque tueri

aut ovium fetus aut uren tis culta capellas,

saltus et saturi petito longin qua Taren ti,et qualem in fel ix am isit Man tua campum

pascen tem n iveos herboso flum in e cycn os

n on liquid i gregibus fon tes, n on gram ina deerun t ;et quan tum longis carpen t armen ta d iebus,

ex igua tan tum gel idus ros n octe repon et.

N igra fere et presso pinguis sub vomere terra,

et cu i putre solum,n amque hoe im itamur aran do ,

optima frumen tis n on ullo ex aequore cern es

plura domum tard is decedere plaustra iuvenc is.

Aut un de iratus silvam devex it arator

et n emora evertit multos ign ava per an nos,

an tiquasque domos avium cum stirpibus imis

eruit illae altum n idis petiere relictis,

at rud is cuita it inpulso vomere campus.

Nam ieiun a quidem c l ivosi glarea ruris

vix hum il is apibus cas ias roremque m in istrat

et tofus scaber et n igris ex esa chelydris

creta n egan t al ios acque serpen tibus agros

dulcem ferre c ibum et curvas praebere latebras .

Quae ten uem ex halat n ebulam fumosque volucris,

et bibit umorem et,cum volt

,ex se ipsa rem ittit,

quaeque suo semper virid i se gram in e vestit,

n ec scabie et salsa laedit robigin e ferrum

il la tibi lactis in tex et v itibus ulmos,

illa ferax oleo est,illam ex periere colendo

et fac ilem pecori et patien tem vomeris un ci .

Talem d ives arat Capua et v ic in a Vesevo

ora ingo ct vacuis C lan ius n on aequos Acerris.

fetu s ov ium . Ed .

I I . Care in P lan ting .

Nun c quo quamque modo possis cognoscere dicam .

Rara sit an supra morem si den sa requ ires,

altera frumen tis quon iam favet,altera Baccho

,

den sa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo,

an te locum capies oculis alteque iubebis

in solido puteum dem itti omn er' 1ue repon es

rursus humum et ped ibus summas aequabis aren as.

Si deerun t, rarum pecorique et vitibus alm is

aptius uber crit sin in sua posse n egabun t

ire loca et scrobibus superabit terra repletis,

spissus ager : glebas cun ctan tis crassaque terga

ex specta et val idis terram prosc in de iuven cis.

Salsa autem tel lus et quae perhibetur amara,frugibn s in felix ,

ea n ee man suescit aran do,

n ee Baccho genus aut pom is sua n om ina servat

tale dabit spec imen tu spisso vimin e qualos

colaque prelorum fumosis deripe tectis

hue ager ille malus dulcesque a fon tibus un daead plen um calcen tur : aqua eluctabitur omn is

sc ilicet et gran des ibn ut per vim ina guttaeat sapor in dic ium fac iet man ifestus, et ora

tristia temptan tum sen su torquebit amaror.

Pingu is item quae sit tellus,hoc den ique pac to

disc imus haut umquam man ibus iactata fatisc it,

sed pic is in morem ad d igitos len tesc it habendo .

Um ida maioris herbas al it,ipsaque iusto

laetior. Ah n im ium n e sit m ihi fertilis illa

n ec se praeval idam prim is ostendat aristis

Quae gravis est ipso tac itam se pon dere prodit,quaeque levis. Promptum est oculis praediscere n igram,

et quisquis color. At sceleratum ex quirere frigus

d ifl‘ic ilest : p iceae tan tum tax ique n ocen tes

in terdum aut hederae pandun t vestigia n igrae.

His an im adversis terram multo an te memen to

25 3 n eu . Eds.25 6

qu is cu i . Eds .5 9 an imam adver s is. R.

186 Care i n P lan ting .

ex coquere et magnos scrobibus con c idere mon tis,

an te supinatas Aquilon i osten dere glebas ,quam laetum in fodias vitis gen us. Optima putri

arva solo id ven ti curan t gelidaeque pruinae

et labefacta moven s robustus iugera fossor.

Ac siquos haud ulla viros vigilmtia fugit,an te locum sim ilem ex qu irun t, ubi prima paretur

arboribus seges ct quo mox d igesta feratur,mutatam ign oren t subito n e sem ina mattem .

Qu in etiam caeli region em in cortice sign an t,

ut quo quaeque modo steterit, qua parte calores

Austrin os tulerit, quae terga obverterit ax i,

restituan t adeo in ten eris con suescere multum est.

Col libus an plan o mel ius sit pon ere vitem,

quaere prius. Si pingu is agros metabere campi,

den sa sere in den so n on segn ior ubere Bacchus

sin tumulis adc l ive solum co ll isque supin os,

indulge ordin ibus n ee setius omn is in unguem

arboribus positis seeto v ia l im ite quadret,

ut saepe ingen ti bello cum longa cohortis

ex pl icuit legio, et campo stetit agmen aperto,

directaeque ac ies,ac late fluctuat omn is

aere ren iden ti tellus,n eedam horrida m iscen t

proel ia, sed dubius med iis Mars errat in armis.

Omn ia sin t paribus nmn eris d imen sa viarum ;

n o n an imam modo uti pascat prospectus inanem,

sed quia n on al iter vires dahit omn ibus acquasterra, n ee in vacuum po terun t se ex tendere rarm .

lt‘

ors itan ct scrobibus quae sin t fastigia quaeras

tus im vel ten ui vitem comm ittere sulco .

Altior ac pen itus terrae defigitur arbos,

aesculus in prim is , quae quan tum vertice ad auras

aetherias, tan tmn rad ice in Tartara ten dit.Ergo n on hiemes illam . n on ( labra n eque imbres

28 1 derecta . R.287 so om itted . R.

233fi n in g . R.

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188 P ra ise of Spr i ng D ress i ng an d Ti l l i ng . [G EORGIC5 .

Avia tum reson an t avibus virgulta canoris,

et Ven erem certis repetun t armen ta d iebus

parturit almus ager, z ephyrique tepen tibus auris

lax an t arva sin us superat tener omn ibus umor

inque n ovos so les auden t se germ in a tuto

credere,n ee metuit surgen tis pampinus Austros

aut ac tnm caelo magn is Aquilon ibus imbrem ,

sed trudit gemmas et fron des ex plicat omn is .

Non alios prima crescen tis origin e mun diin lux isse d ies al iumve habuisse ten orem

crediderim ver illud erat,ver magn us agebat

orbis,et hibern is parceban t fiatibus Euri,

cmn primae lucem pecudes hausere, virumque

terrea progen ies duris caput ex tulit arvis,

imm issaeque ferae silvis et s idera caelo .

Nee res hun c ten erae possen t perferre laborem ,

si n on tan ta qu ies iret frigusque caloremque

in ter, et ex c iperet cael i indulgen tia terras.

Quod superest, quaecumque premes virgulta per agros,

sparge hin o pingu i, et multa memot oecule terra,

aut lapidem bibulmn aut squalen tis in fode con chas

in ter en im laben tur aquae,ten u isque subibit

halitus,atque an imos tollen t sata. Iamque reperti,

qui sax o super atque ingen tis pon dere testaeurgeren t : hoc effusos m tm imen ad imbres,

hoe,ubi hin lca siti fin d it can is aestifer arva.

Sem in ibus positis superest d iducere terrarn

saepius ad capita et duros iactare biden tis,

aut presso ex ercere so lum sub vomere et ipsa

flec tere luc tan tis in ter vin eta iuven cos

tum levis calamos et rasae hastilia virgae

frax in easque aptare sudes furcasque valen tis,

viribus emiti quarum ct con temn ere ven tos

adsuescan t summasque sequi tabulata per ulmos.

Ac dum prima n ovis adolesc it frondibus aetas,

I I . En em ies of the Vi n e.

parcendum teucris, et dum se laetus ad auras

palmes agit lax is per purum imm issus haben is,

ipsa acie n ondum faleis temptan da, sed un c is

carpendae man ibus fron des in terque legendae.

I n de ubi iam validis amplex ae stirpibus n lmos

ex ierin t, tum stringe comas , tum bracchia ton dean te reform idan t ferrum ,

tum den ique duraex erce imperia et ramos compesce fluen tis.

Tex endae saepes etiam et pecus omn e ten en dum ,

praec ipue dum fron s ten era in pruden sque laborum

cui super in dign as hiemes solemque poten temsilvestres uri adsidue capreaeque sequacesin ludun t, pascun tnr oves avidaeque iuven cae.

Frigora n ee tan tum can a con creta pru in a

aut gravis in cumben s scopulis aren tibus aestas,

quan tum illi n ocuere greges durique ven en um

den tis et admorso sign ata in stirpe c icatrix .

Non al iam ob culpam Baccho caper omn ibus aris

caeditur et veteres in eun t proscaen ia ludi,praem iaque ingen i is pagos et compita circum

Thesidae posuere, atque in ter pocula laetimollibus in pratis un ctos salucre per attes.

Nee n on Auson ii Tro ia gen s m issa colon i

versibus in comptis ludun t risuque soluto,

oraque cortic ibus sumun t horren da eavatis,

et te, Bacche, vocan t per carm in a lacta,tibique

osc illa ex alta suspendun t moll ia pin u.

H in e omn is largo pubesc it vin ea fetu,

complen tur vallesque cavae saltusque profun diet qnocumque deus c ircum caput egit honestum .

Ergo rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem

carm in ibus patriis, lan cesque et liba feremus,

et ductus corn u stabit sacer hircus ad aram .

pinguiaque in veribus torrebimus ex ta colurn is.

8734 75 bracke ts . R.379 ad morsnm . R.

l go Fru i ts a n d I’Voods I'

Vc’ed Less Care. [G EORG ICS.

Est etiam ille labor curandis vitibus alter,

cui n umquam ex hausti sat is est n amque omn e quotan n is

terque quaterque solmn sc indcndum glebaque versis

aetern um frangen da biden tibus, omn e levan dum

fronde n emus . Red it agrico l is labor actus in orbem,

atque in se sua per vest igia vo lvitur an n us.

Ac iam o lim,seras posu it cum vin ea fron des

,

frigidus et silvis Aquilo decussit honorem ,

iam tum acer curas ven ien tem ex ten d it in an num

rusticus, et curvo Saturn i den te rel ic tam

persequitur vitem attonden s fingitque putando .

Primus humum fod ito, primus devec ta cremato

sarmen ta,et vallos primus sub tec ta referto

postremus m et ito . Bis vitibus ingruit umbra,

bis segetem den sis obducun t sen tibus herbae ;

durus uterque labor : laudato ingen tia rura,

ex iguum co l ito . Nee n on etiam aspera rusc i

vim ina per silvam et ripis fluvial is arun docaed itur

,in cu lt ique ex ercet cura sal ieti.

Iam v in ctae vites,iam falcem arbusta repon un t,

iam cau it effec tos ex tremus v in itor an tes :

sollic itanda tameh tellus pulvisque movendus,

et iam maturis metuendus I uppiter uvis.

Con tra n on ulla est o leis cultura : n eque illac

procurvam ex speetan t falcem rastrosque tenac is,

cum semel haeserun t arvis aurasque tulerun t ;

ipsa satis te llus,cum den te rec luditur un co

,

sufiic it umorem et gravidas , cum vomere,fruges.

Hoe pinguem ct plac itam Pac i n utritor olivam.

Poma quoque, ut primum tron cos sen sere valen tis

et viris habuere suas , ad s idera raptim

vi propria n itun tur opisque haud ind iga n ostrae .

Nee m in us in terea fetu n emus omn e gravesc it,

sangu in e isque in cu lta ruben t av iaria bac is.

Ton den tur cvtisi. t aedas silva alta m in istrat,

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192 Husban dry the P oet’

s Theme. [G Eomaes

alba n eque Assyrio fucatur lan a ven en o,

n ec casia l iquid i corrumpitur usus ol iviat secura quies et n esc ia fallere vita,

dives opum variarum,at latis otia fun dis,

spelun cae vivique lacus et frigida Tempemugitusque boum mo lesque sub arbore somn i

,

n on absun t illic saltus ac lustra ferarum,

et patien s operum ex iguoque adsueta iuven tus

sacra deum san ctique patres ex trema per il los

I ustitia ex ceden s terris vestigia fec it.

Me vero primum dulces an te omn ia Musac,

quaram sacra fero ingen ti percussus amore,

acc ipian t, caelique vias et sidera mon stren t,

defectus sol is varios lun aeque labores

un de tremor terris, qua vi maria alta tumescan t

obic ibus ruptis rursusque in se ipsa residan t,

quid tan tum Oceano properen t se tinguere soles

hibern i,vel quae tardis mora n octibus opstet.

Sin has n e possim naturae accedere partisfrigidus obstiterit c ircmn praecord ia sanguis

rura m ihi et rigui placean t in vallibus amn es,

flam in a amem silvasque inglorius. O ubi campi

Spercheosque et virgin ibus bacchata Lacaen is

Taygeta O qui me gelidis con val libus Haem i

sistat,et ingen ti ramorum protegat umbra

Fel ix, qui po tuit rerum cogn oscere causas

,

atque metus omn is et in ex orabile fatum

subiec it ped ibus strepitumque Acheron tis avari .

Fortun atus et ille,deos qui n ovit agrestis,

l’an aque Silvan umque sen em nymphasque sorores.

I llmn n on popul i fasces, n on purpura regum

flex it et infidos agitan s d iscord ia fratresaut con iurato descen den s l ) acus al) H istro

,

n on res Romanae perituraque regn a n eque illeaut doluit m iseran s in opem aut in vidit haben ti.

I I . The Farm er’

s L ife. 193

Quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volen tia rura

spon te tulere sua,carpsit, n ee ferrea iura

in san umque forum aut populi tabularia vidit.

Sol lic itan t alii rem is freta caeca,ruun tque

in ferrum , pen etran t aulas et limina regum

hie petit ex sc idiis urbem miserosque Penatis,

ut gemma bibat et Sarrano dorm iat ostro

condit opes alius defossoque in cubat aurohie stupet atton itus rostris hun c plausus hian tem

per cuacos gem inatus en im plebisque patrumque

corripuit ; gauden t perfusi sanguine fratrum ,

ex silioque domos et dulc ia lim ina mutan t

atque alio patriam quaerun t sub sole iacen tem.

Agricola in curvo terram dimovit aratro

hin c ann i labor,hin c patriam parvosque penates

sustinet,hin c armen ta boum meritosque iuven cos.

Ncc requies, quin aut pom is ex ubéret an nus

aut fetu pecorum aut Cereal is mergite culm i,

proven tuque on eret sulcos atque horrea vin cat.

Ven it hiemps teritur Sicyon ia baca trapetis,

glande sues laeti redeun t, dan t arbuta silvae

et varios pon it fetus autumn us,et alte

m itis in apricis coquitur vindem ia sax is.

I n terea dulces pen den t c ircum oscula n ati,

casta pudic itiam servat domus,ubera vaccae

lactea dem ittun t, pinguesque in gram ine lacto

in ter se adversis luctan tur corn ibus haedi .I pse d ies agitat festos fususque per herbam,

ign us ubi in medio et socii cratera coron an t,

te liban s, Lenaee, vocat, pecorisque magistris

veloc is iaculi certam ina pon it in ulmo,

corporaque agresti n udan t praedura palaestrae.

Han c olim veteres vitam coluere Sabin i,

han c Remus et frater, sic fortis Etruria crevit

5 “ h ie an n i . R.

196 The P oet’

s Temp le of Augus tus . [G m ncxes

I pse caput ton sae folus orn atus olivae

doua feram . Iam n un c solemn is ducere pompas

ad delubra iuvat caesosque videre iuven cos

vel scaen a ut vers is discedat fron tibus utque

purpurea in tex ti toilan t aulaea Britan n i .

I n foribus pugn am ex auro sol idoque elephan to

G angaridum fac iam v ictorisque arma Quirin i,atque hie undan tem bello magnumqn e fluen tem

Nilom ac n aval i surgen tis acre columnas .

Addam urbes Asiae dom itas pulsumque N iphaten

fiden temque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis

et duo rapta man u diverso ex hoste tropaea

bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gen tes.

Staban t et Barii lapides, spiran tia sign a,

Assarac i pro les dem issaeque ab Iove gen tis

n om in a Trosque paren s et Tro iae Cyn thius auctor.

I n vid ia in fel i x furias amn emque severum

Cocyti metuet tortosque I x ion is anguis

imman emque rotam et n on ex superabile sax um.

I n terea dryadum silvas saltusque sequamur

in tac tos,tua

,Maecen as

,haud mol lia iussa.

Te sin e n il altum men s in cohat en age segn is

rumpe moras vocat ingen ti clamore C ithaeron

Tayget ique can es dom itrix que Epidaurus equorum ,

et vox adsen su n emorum ingem in ata remugit.

Mox tamen arden tis ac c ingar d icere pugnasCaesaris et n omen fama tot ferre per an uos,

Tithon i prima quot abest ab origin e Caesar.

Seu quis Olympiacae m iratus praemia palmae

pasc it equos seu qu is fortis ad aratra iuven cos,

corpora praec ipue matrum legat. Optima torvae

forma bovis, cui turpe caput, cui plurima cervix ,

et c rurmn ten us a men to palearia pen den t ;tum longo n ullus lateri modus omn ia magna,

42 m ehaat. Eds . 5°fw d . R.

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198 Care of S ires an d D ams . [G nox cxm

Tal is Amyc laei dom itus Polluc is haben is

Cyl larus et, quorum G rai meminere poetae,

Martis equi biiuges et magn i currus Achillei.Tal is et ipse iubam cervice effundit equinacon iugis adven tu pern ix Saturn us, et altum

Pel ion hin n itu fugien s implevit acuto.

Hun e quoque, ubi aut morbo gravis aut iam segn ior an n is

defic it,abde domo

,n ec turpi ign osce sen ectae,

frigidus in Venerem sen ior,frustraque laborem

ingratum trahit,et siquando ad proelia ven tum est,

ut quon dam in stipul is magn us sine viribus ign is

in cassum farit. Ergo an imos aevumque notabis

praec ipue hin c al ias artis prolemque paren tum,

et quis cuique dolor vieto,quae gloria palmae.

Non ne vides,cum praec ipiti certam ine campum

corripuere, ruun tque effusi carcere currus,

cum spes arrectae iuven um ,ex sultan tiaque hanf it

corda pavor pulsan s ? I lli instan t verbet e torto

et pron i dan t lora, volat vi fervidus ax isiamque hmn iles, iamque elati subl ime viden tur

a'

éra per vacuum ferri atque adsurgere in auras ;

n ee mora n ee requies at fulvae n imbus arenae

tol litur,umescun t spum is flatuque sequen tum

tan tus amor laudum,tan tae est victoria curac.

Primus Erichthon ius currus et quattuor ansus

iungere equos rapidusque rotis in sistere victor.

Fren a Pelethron ii Lapithae gyrosque dedereimpositi dorso,

atque equitem docuere sub armis

in sultare solo et gressus glomerare superbos.

Acquas uterque labor, acque iuven emque magistriex quirun t cal idumque an im is et cursibus aerem

quamvis saepe fuga versos il le egerit hostis,

et patriam Epirum referat fortisque Mycenas,

Neptun ique ipsa deducat origin e gen tem .

After 96 in serts 1 204 22 . R . I nc -ma after 96. R.

I I I . Care of Ca lves . 199

H is an imadversis in stan t sub tempus, et omn is

impendun t curas den so d isten dere pingui

quem legere ducem et pecori d ix ere maritum

floren tisque secant herbas fluviosque m in istran t

farraque, n e blando n equeat superesse labori

in val idique patrum referan t ieiun ia nati .

Ipsa autem mac ie tenuan t armen ta volen tes,

atque ubi con cubitus primos iam n ota vo luptas

so llic itat,frondesque n egan t et fon tibus arcen t.

Saepe etiam cursu qnatiun t et so le fatigan t,

cum graviter tun sis gem it area frugibn s, et cum

surgen tem ad Zephyrum paleae iactan tur in an es.

Hoe fac iun t,n imio n e lux u obtusior usus

sit gen itali arvo et sulcos oblimet in ertis,

sed rapiat sitien s Ven erem in teriusque recon dat.

Rursus cura patrum cadere’et succedere matrum

in c ipit. Ex actis gravidae cum men sibus erran t,

n on illas gravibus quisquam iuga ducere plaustris,

n on saltu superare viam sit passus et acri

carpere prata fuga fluviosque in n are rapac is.

Saltibus in vacuis pascun t et plen a secundumflum ina

,muscus ubi et viridissima gram ine ripa,

spelun caeque tegan t et sax ea procubet umbra.

Est lucos Silari c irca il ic ibusque viren tem

plurimus Alburn um vol itan s,cui n omen asilo

Roman um est,oestrum G rai vertere vocan tes

,

asper, acerba sonan s, quo tota ex territa silvis

d iffugiun t armen ta, furit mugit ibus aether

con cussus silvaeque et sicc i ripa Tan agri.

Hoc quon dam mon stro horribilis ex ercuit iras

I nachiae I un o pestem med itata iuven cae.

Hun c quoque,n am med iis fervoribus acrior in stat,

arcebis gravido pecori, armen taque pasees

sole recen s orto aut n octem ducen tibus astris.

Post partum cura in vitulos traduc itur omn is,

202 The P ower of D esire. [G m nc tc s

multa gemen s ign omin iam plagasque superbi

victoris,tum quos am isit inultus amores,

et stabula aspec tan s regn is ex cessit avitis .

Ergo omn i cura viris ex ercet,et in ter

dura iacet pern ix instrato sax a cubili

frondibus hirsutis ct carice pastus acuta,

ct temptat sese, atque irasc i in cornua discit

arboris obn ix us trun co,ven tosque lacessit

ictibus,et sparsa ad pugnam proludit arena.

Post ubi con lectum robur viresque refectae,

sign a movet, praecepsque obl itum fertur in bostem

fluctus uti, med io coepit cum albescere pon to,

longius ex altoque sinum trahit, utque volutus

ad terras imman e sonat per sax a n eque ipsomon te m inor procumbit, at ima ex aestuat n nda

vortic ibus n igramque alte subiectat arenam.

Omn e adeo genus in terris hom inumque ferarumque,et genus aequoreum , pecudes pictaeque volucres,

in furias ign emque ruun t : amor omn ibus idem.

Tempore n on al io catulorum oblita leaena

saevior erravit campis, n ee funera vulgo

tam multa in forrn es ursi stragemque dedere

per silvas tum saevus aper, tum pessima tigris

heu male tum Libyae sol is erratur in agris.

Non n e vides,ut tota tremor pertemptet equomm

corpora,si tan tum n otas odor attulit auras ?

Ac n eque eos iam fren a virum n eque verbera saeva,

n on scopul i rupesque cavae atque obieeta retardan t

flumina eorreptosque n nda torquen tia mon tis.

l pse ruit den tesque Sabellicus ex acuit sus,

ct pede prosubigit terram ,fricat arbore costas,

atque bin e atque illin c umeros ad volnera durat.Quid iuven is

,magnum cui versat in ossibus ignem

23 5 robor . R.241 vorticibus . Eds . 249, 5 5 , 6 , 7, 5 .5 8, 59. R.

25 0- 25 4 after 263 . R.

25 “ eorreptos. Eds.

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202 The P ower of D es ire. [G aoncxes

multa gemen s ign om in iam plagasque superbi

victoris,tum quos am isit in ultus amores

,

et stabula aspectan s regn is ex cessit avitis .

Ergo omn i cn ra viris ex ercet,et in ter

dura iacet pern ix in strato sax a cubili

frondibus hirsutis et carice pastus acuta,

ct temptat sese,atque irasc i in cornua discit

arboris obn ix us trun co,ven tosque lacessit

ictibus,et sparsa ad pugnam pro ludit arena.

Post ubi con lectum robur viresque refectae,

signa movet, praecepsque obl itum fertur in bostem

fluctus uti, med io coepit cum albescere pon to,

longius ex altoque sinum trahit, utque volutus

ad terras immane sonat per sax a n eque ipsomon te m inor procumbit, at ima ex aestuat unda

vortic ibus n igramque alte subiectat arenam .

Omn e adeo gen us in terris hom inumque ferarumque,et genus aequoreum , pecudes pictaeque volucres

,

in furias ignemque ruun t : amor omn ibus idem.

Tempore n on alio catulorum oblita leaena

saevior erravit campis, n ee funera vulgo

tam multa in formes ursi stragemque dedere

per silvas tum saevus aper, tum pessima tigris

heu male tmn Libyae sol is erratur in agris.

Non n e vides,ut tota tremor pertemptet equorum

corpora, si tan tum n otas odor attulit auras ?

Ac n eque eos iam fren a virum n eque verbera saeva,

n on scopul i r upesque cavae atque obiecta retardan t

flum in a eorreptosque n nda torquen tia mon tis.

Ipse ruit den tesque Sabellicus ex acuit sus,

et pede prosubigit terram ,fricat arbore costas

,

atque hin c atque ill in c umeros ad voln era durat.Quid iuven is

,magnum cu i versat in ossibus ign em

23 5 robor . R.

“11 vor ticibus . Ed s. 249 , 5 5 , 6 , 7, 64, 5 , 5 8, 59. R.

25 0 25 4 afte l 263 R .254 eorreptos. Eds.

D esire in a l l Creatures. 203

durus amor ? Nempe abruptis turbata procellis

n octe n atat caeca serus freta quem super ingens

porta tonat caeli, et scopulis in lisa rec laman t

aequora n ee miseri possun t revocare paren tes

n ee moritura super crudel i fun ere virgo .

Quid lyn ces Bacchi variac et gen us acre luporum

atque can um ? Quid quae imbelles dan t proelia cervi ?

Sc il icet an te omn is furor est in sign is equarum

et men tem Venus ipsa dedit, quo tempore C lauciPotn iades malis membra absumpsere quadrigae.

I llas duc it amor tran s G argara tran sque son an tem

Asean ium superan t mon tis et flum in a tranan t.

Con tinuoque avidis ubi subd ita flamma medullis,

vere magis, quia vere calor red it ossibus illae

ore omn es versac in Zephyrum stan t rupibus altis

ex ceptan tque levis auras, et saepe sin e ullis

con iugiis ven to gravidae, m irabile d ictu,

sax a per et scopulos et depressas con vallis

difl'

ugiun t, n on , Eure, l uos, n eque sol is ad ortus,

in Borean Caurumque, aut unde n igerrimus Auster

n ascitur et pluvio con tristat frigore caelum .

H ie demam,hippomanes vero quod n om in e dicun t

pastores, len tum destillat ab inguin e v irus,

hippoman es,quod saepe malae legere n overcae

m iscuerun tque herbas et non in nox ia verba.

Sed fugit in terea, fugit inreparabile tempus,

singula dum capti circumvectamur amore.

Hoe satis armen tis superat pars altera curac,

lan igeros agitate greges birtasque capellas.

H ie labor, hine laudem fortes sperate colon i.

Nee sum an imi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum

quam sit et augustis hun c addere rebus honorem

sed me Parn asi deserta per ardua dulc israptat amor ; iuvat ire ingis, qua nulla priorum

“ 3 Brackets . R.25 9 27°Stars. R.

204 P eri ls of the Flock. [G m nutcs

Castaliam molli devertitur orbita clivo.

Nun c,ven eranda Pales, magno n un c ore sonandum .

I n c ipien s stabulis edico in mollibus berham

carpete ovis,dum mox fron dosa reduc itur aestas,

et multa duram stipula filieumque man iplis

stern ere subter humum , glac ies n e frigida laedat

molle peen s, scabiemque ferat turpisque podagras.

Post hinc digressus iubeo fronden tia capris

arbuta sufli cere et fluvios praebere recen tis,

et stabula a ven tis hibern o opponere soli

ad medium conversa diem ,cum frigidus ol im

iam cadit ex tremoque in rorat Aquarius an no.

Haec quoque n on cura n obis leviore tuendae,

nee m inor usus crit, quamvis M ilesia magna

vel lera muten tur Tyrios in cocta rubores

den sior hin c suboles, hin c largi copia lactis

quam magis ex hausto spumaverit ubere mulctra,

lacta magis pressis manabun t flum ina mammis.

Nee m inus in terea barbas in canaque men ta

Ciny phii tonden t hirc i saetasque coman tis

usum in castrorum et m iseris velamina nan tis.

Paseun tur vero silvas et summa Lycaei

horren tisque r abos et amautis ardua dumos ;atque ipsae memores redeun t in tecta

,suosque

ducun t,et gravido superan t vix ubere limen .

Ergo omn i studio glac iem ven tosque n ivalis,

quo m in or est illis curac mortalis egestas,

avertes, victumque feres et v irgea laetus

pabula, n ee tota c laudes faen ilia bruma.

At vero Zephyris cum lacta vocan tibus aestas,

in saltus utrumque gregem atque in pascua mithes.Luc iferi primo cum sidere frigida rura

carpamus, dnm man e n ovum,dum gramina canen t,

c t ros in ten era pecori gratissimus herba.

m i ttet. Eds.

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204 P eri ls of the Flock. [G EORG ICS

Castaliam moll i devertitur orbita clivo .

Nun c,ven eranda Pales, magn o n un c ore sonandum .

In c ipien s stabul is edico in moll ibus herbam

carpet e ovis,dum mox frondosa reduc itur aestas

,

et multa duram stipula fil icumque man iplis

stern ere subter bamum, glac ies n e frigida laedat

molle pecus, scabiemque ferat turpisque podagras.Post hin c digressus iubeo fronden tia capris

arbuta sufficere et fluvios praebere recen tis,

et stabula a ven tis hibern o oppon ere sol i

ad medium conversa diem,cum frigidus ol im

iam cadit ex tremoque in rorat Aquarius an n o.

Haec quoque n on cura n obis leviore tuendae,

n ee m inor usus crit, quamvis M ilesia magn o

vellera muten tur Tyrios in cocta rubores

den sior hin c suboles,hin c largi copia lactis

quam magis ex hausto spumaverit ubere mulctra,

lacta magis pressis manabun t damina mamm is.

Nee m inus in terea barbas in canaque men ta

Cinyphii ton den t hirc i saetasque coman tis

usum in castrorum et m iseris velam ina nan tis.

Pascun tur vero silvas et summa Lycaei

horren tisque rubos et amautis ardua dumos ;atque ipsae memores redeun t in tecta

,suosque

ducun t,et gravido superan t vix ubere limen .

Ergo omn i studio glac iem ven tosque n ivalis,

quo m in or est illis curac mortalis egestas,

avertes, victumque feres et virgea laetus

pahula, n ee tota c laudes faen ilia bruma.

At vero Zephyris cum lacta vocan tibus aestas,

in saltus utrumque gregem atque in pascua mittes.Luc iferi primo cum sidere frigida rura

carpamus, dum man e n ovum,dum gramina canen t,

et ros in ten era pecori gratissimus herba.

m ittet. EdS.

II I . Habits of Nomadic Tribes.

Inde ubi quarta sitim caeli collegerit hora

et can tu querulae rumpen t arbusta c icadae,

ad puteos aut alta greges ad stagna iubebo

curren tem ilign is potare canal ibus undam

aestibus et mediis umbrosam ex quirere vallem,

sicubi magna Iovis an tiquo robore quercusingen tis tendat ramos, aut sicubi n igrum

ilicibus crebris sacra n emus accubet umbra

tum ten uis dare rursus aquas,et pascere rursus

solis ad occasum,cum frigidus aéra vesper

temperat, et saltus refic it iam roscida luna,

litoraque alcyon em resonan t,acalan thida dum i.

Quid tibi pastores Libyae, quid pascua versu

prosequar et raris habitata mapalia tectis

Saepe d iem n oetemque et totum ex ord ine mensempascitur itque peen s longa in deserta sine ullis

hospitiis tan tum campi iacet. Omn ia secum

armen tarius Afer agit, tectumque laremque

armaque Amyclaeumque can em Cressamque pharetram

n on secus ac patriis acer Romanus in arm is

in iusto sub fasce viam cum carpit, et hosti

an te ex speetatum positis stat in agm in e castris.

At n on qua Scythiae gen tes Maeotiaque un da,

turbidus et torquen s flaven tis H ister aren as,

quaque red it medium Rhodope porrec ta sub ax em .

I llic c lausa ten en t stabul is armen ta,n eque ullae

aut herbae campo apparen t aut arbore fron dessed iacet aggeribus u iveis in form is et alto

terra gelu late, septemque adsurgit in ulnas .

Semper hiemps, semper spiran tes frigora Cauri .

Tum so l pallen tis haud umquam diseutit umbras,

nec cum in vectus equis altum petit aethera, n ee cum

praec ip item Ocean i rubro lavit aequore currum .

Con crescun t snbitae curren ti in flum ine crustae,

338 al cyon en . Eds.

208 Sign s an d Remedies of the P lague. [G EORGICS.

stagna col it,ripisque habitan s sibi hie pisc ibus atram

improbas ingluviem ran isque loquac ibus ex plet

post quam ex usta palus, terraeque ardore dehiscun t,

ex s il it in siecum ,et flamman tia lumina torquen s

saevit agris asperque s iti atque ex territus aestu.

Ne m ihi tum mo llis sub d ivo carpere somnos

neu dorso n emoris l ibeat iacuisse per herbas,

um novus ex uviis n itidusque inven ta

m ix am am t atulos tectis aut ova rel inquen s

.ux lu'as ad solem,et l inguis m icat ore trisulc is.

Mod so rum quoque te causas et signa docebo.

h u ius ovis temptat scabies, ubi frigidus imberdims ad vivum persedit et horrida cano

lumn a gelu,vel cum ton sis in lautus adhaesit

sudo r, et hirsut i secuerun t corpora vepres.

I‘ulc ibus idc irco fluv iis pecus omn e magistri

pe t‘

fundun t, udisque aries in gurgite villis

mersatur,m issusque secun do defiuit amn i ;

aut ton sum tristi con tingun t corpus amurca,

et spumas m iscen t argen ti et sulphura viva

l daeasque piees et pinguis unguin e ceras

sc illamque elleborosque gravis n igrumque bitumen .

Non tamen ulla magis praesen s fortuna laborum est,

quam siquis ferro potuit resc in dere summum

ulceris os alitur vitium vivitque tegen do ,

dum med icas adhibere manus ad vuln era pastor

abn egat, et meliora deos sedet omn ia poscens .

Quin etiam,ima do lor balan tum lapsus ad ossa

cum furit atque artus depasc itur arida febris,

profuit in cen sos aestus avertere et in ter

ima ferire ped is sal ien tem sanguin e venam,

Bisaltae quo more solen t acerque G elonus,cum fugit in Rhodopen atque in deserta G etarum ,

et lac con cretum cum sanguin e potat equin o .

485 n ec. Eds.45 “ em f. Eds,

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2 10 Sig n s , Rem edies,an d Efleets . [G aoactcs

vic tor equus fon tisque avert itur et pede terramcrebra ferit dem issae aures

,in certus ibidem

sudor c t ille quidem morituris frigidus, aretpel l is c t ad tactum tractan t i dura resistit.

Haec an te ex itium prim is dan t signa diebussin in processu coepit crudescere morbus,

tum vero arden tes ocul i atque attractus ab alto

spiritus, in terdum gem itu gravis, imaque longo

il ia singultu tendun t, it n aribus ater

sanguis, et obsessas fauces premit aspera lingua.

Profuit in serto latices in fundere cornu

Lenaeos ea visa salus morien tibus un a

mox erat hoe ipsum ex itio,furiisque refec ti

ardeban t,ipsiquc suos iam morte sub aegra,

d i mel iora pi is erroremque hostibus illum,

d isc issos n ud is lan iaban t den tibus artus.

Ecce autem duro fuman s sub vomere taurus

con c idit et m ix tum spum is vom it ore cruorem

ex tremosque c iet gem itus . I t tristis arator

maeren tem abiungen s fraterna morte iuvencum,

atque opere in med io defix a rel inquit aratra.

Non mn brae altorum n emorum,n on moll ia possun t

prata movere an imum,n on qui per sax a

‘

volutus

purior elec tro campum petit amn is at ima

solvun tur latera,atque oculos stupor arget inertis,

ad terramque fluit devex o pon dere cervix .

Quid labor aut ben efacta iuvan t ? Quid vomere terrasin vertisse gravis ? Atqui n on Massica Bacchi

mun era,n on ill is epulae n ocuere repostae

frondibus et v ieta pascun tn r simplic is herbae,

pocula sun t fon tes l iquid i atque ex erc ita cursu

flum in a,n ee som nos abrumpit cura salubris.

Tempore n on al io dicun t region ibus illis

quaesitas ad sacra boves Iun on is et uris

imparibus duetos alta ad don aria currus.

II I . Un iversa l D evastation .

Ergo aegre rastris terram riman tur,et ipsis

unguibus in fodiun t fruges, mon tisque per altos

con ten ta cervice trahun t striden tia plaustra.

Non lupus in sidias ex plorat ovil ia c ircum

n ee gregibus n octurn us obambulat acrior illum

cura domat tim id i dammae cervique fugaces

n un c in terque can es et circum tecta vagan tur.

I am maris immen si prolem et gen us omn e n atan tum

l itore in ex tremo ceu n aufraga corpora fiuc tus

proluit ; in sol itae fuginn t in flum ina phocae.

I n terit et curvis frustra defen sa latebrisvipera et atton iti squam is adstan tibus hydri .Ipsis est aér avibus n on aequus, et illae

praec ipites alta vitam sub n ube rel in quun t.

Praeterea n ee mutari iam pahula refert,

artes n ocen t quaesitaeque cessere magistri

Phillyrides Chiron Amythaon iusque Melampus.

Saevit et in lucem Stygiis em issa ten ebris

pallida Tisiphon e Morbos agit an te Metumque.

inque d ies avidum surgen s caput altius efl'

ert.

Balatu pecorum et crebris mugitibus amn es

aren tesque son an t ripac collesque supin i.

Iamque catervatim dat stragem atque aggerat ipsis

in stabulis turpi d ilapsa cadavera tabo,

don ec humo tegere ac foveis abscon dere discun t.

Nam n eque erat coriis usus, n ee viscera quisquam

aut un dis abolere potest aut vin cere flamman e ton dere quidem morbo in luvieque peresa

vellera n ee telas possun t attingere putris

verum etiam invisos siquis temptaret am ictus,

arden tes papulae atque immundus olen tia sudormembra sequebatur. n ee longo delude moran titempore con tactos artus sacer ign is edebat.

5 43 n ee mutar i iam . R.

Choos ing a S i te for H ives . [G aoncas

BOOK IV. Or BEES AND HONEY .

M/ECENAS in voked ( vv. 1 Of the hive ( vv . 8 Of swarming,

either of a n ew colony ( W . 57 or upon dissensions of rival queens

( W . 67 On e queen must be ki lled ( vv. 98 or the queen s’w ings

clipped, an d the bees en ticed by their favorite food ( vv . 103 The

plan ting of the garden left to other poets ( vv. 1 16 The n ature of

the bees, an d their c ivi l po lity (vv. 149- 2 18) they must be endowed with

reason ( vv. 2 19 The removal of the c omb (vv. 228 or, if

some is left, the n ecessary care ( vv . 239 D iseases of bees, an d the

cure ( vv . 25 1 B irth of bees from putrefaction (vv. 28 1 Story

of Aristaeus, an d the reproduction of his swarm ( vv. 3 1 5 Epilogue

( VV- 5 59-

566)

aern mellis caelestia don ahan c etiam

,Maecenas, adspiee partem .

Adm iranda tibi levium spectacula rerum

magnan imosque duces totiusque ordin e gen tismores et stud ia et populos et proelia dicam.

I n ten ui labor at tenu is n on gloria, siquem

n um in a laeva sinun t auditque vocatus Apollo .

“3

Prin c ipio sedes apibus statioque petenda,quo n eque sit ven tis aditus

,n am pabula ven ti

ferre domum prohiben t, n eque oves haedique petulci

floribus in sulten t, aut erran s bucula campo

decutiat rorem ,et surgen tis adterat herbas .

Absin t et picti squalen tia terga lacerti

p ingu ibus a stabul is,meropesque al iaeque volucres

et man ibus Procn e pectus sign ata eruen tis ;

omn ia n am late vastan t ipsasque volan tis

ore ferun t dulcem mid is imm itibus escam .

At l iquid i fon tes et stagn a viren tia musco

adsin t et tenuis fugien s per gramina rivus,

palmaque vestibulum aut ingen s oleaster inumbret,

ut,cum prima n ovi docen t ex am ina reges

vere suo ,ludetque favis em issa iuven tus,

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Ba ttles of Riva l Queen s . [C I-zox ctcs.

ex cudun t ceras et mella ten ac ia fmgun t.

H ie ubi iam em issum cave is ad sidera caeli

n are per aestatem liquidam suspex eris agmen

obscuramque trahi ven to m irabere n ubem ,

con templator : aquas dulc is et fron dea semper

tecta petun t. Hue tu iussos asperge sapores,

trita m elispbylla et cerin thae ign obile gramen ,

tin n itusque c ie et Matris quate cymbala c ircum

ipsae con siden t medicatis sed ibus, ipsae

in tima more suo sese in cun abula couden t.Sin autem ad pugnam ex ierin t

,n am saepe duobus

regibus in cessit magn o d iscord ia motu

con tin uoque an imos vulgi et trepidan tia bel lo

corda l icet longe praese iscere n amque moran tis

Mart ius ille acris rauc i can or in crepat, et vox

auditur frac tos son itus im itata tubarum

tum trep idae in ter se coeun t pen n isque coruscan t

spiculaque ex acuun t rostris aptan tque lacertos,

et c irca regem atque ipsa ad praetoria den sae

m iseen tur magn isqn e vocan t c lamoribus bostem,

ergo ubi ver n aetae sudmn camposque paten tis

erumpun t portis con curritur,aethere in alto

fit son itus,magumu m ix tae glomeran tur in orbem

,

praec ipitesque cadun t n on den sior a'

ére grando,

n ee de concussa tan tmn pluit il ice glan dis.Ipsi per med ias ac ies in sign ibus al isingen tis an imos angusto in pectore versan t

,

usque adeo obn ix i n on cedere,dum gravis aut hos

aut hos vcrsa fuga vic tor dare terga subegit.

H i motus an imorum atque haec certam in a tan ta

pulveris ex igui iactu compressa quiescen t.Verum nbi duc tores ac ie revocaveris ambo

,

deterior qui visus, cum ,n e prod igus obslt,

dede n ec i melior vacua sin e regn et in aula.

77 n an ctae. R .37gn iescun t. Eds.

IV. Other Cases of Swar mi ng . 2 I S

Alter crit macul is auro squalen tibus arden s.

Nam duo sun t gen era : hie mel ior in sign is et ore

et rutilis c larus squam is ille horridus alter

desid ia latamque traben s inglorius alvum .

U t bin ae regum fac ies,ita corpora plebis.

Namque al iac turpes horren t, ceu pulvere ab alto

cum ven it et sicco terram spu it ore viator

aridus elucen t al iae et fulgore coruscan t

arden tes auro et paribus l ita corpora guttis.

Haec potior suboles, hin c caeli tempore certo

dulc ia mel la premes, n ee tan tum dulc ia quan tumet liquida et durum Bacchi dom itura saporem .

At cum in certa volan t caeloque ex am in a ludun t,

con temnun tque favos et frigida tecta relinquun t,

in stabilis an imos ludo prohibebis in an i.Nee magnus prohibere labor : tu regibus alas

cripe n on ill is quisquam cun c tan tibus altum

ire iter aut castris audebit vellere sign a.

I n viten t croceis balan tes floribus horti,

et custos forum atque avium cum falce saligna

Hellespon tiac i servet tutela Priap i.

I pse thymum pin osque feren s de mon tibus altis

tec ta serat late c ircum,cui talia curac

ipse labore man um duro terat, ipse ferac isfigat humo plan tas et am icos in riget imbris.

Atque equidem ,ex tremo u i iam sub fin e laborum

vela traham et terris festin em advertere proram ,

forsitan et, pinguis hortos quae cura co lendi

orn aret,can erem . biferique rosaria Paesti

,

quoque modo potis gauderen t in tiba rivis

et virides apio ripac , tortusque per herbam

cresceret in ven trem cucum is n ee sera eoman tem

n arc issum aut flex i tacuissem vimen acan thi

pallen tisque hederas et amautis l itora myrtos.

12° i n tuba. Ed s.

2 16 Others M ust Sing of G arden s . [G noactcs

Namque sub Oebaliae mem in i me turribus areis,

qua n iger umectat flaven tia culta G alaesus,

Coryc ium vidisse sen em,cui pauca relicti

iugera ruris eran t,n ec fertilis illa iuven c is

n ee pecori opportun a seges n ee commoda Baccho .

H ie rarom tamen in dum is bolus albaque c ircum

lil ia verbenasque premen s vescumque papaver

regum aequabat opes an im is, seraque reverten s

n octe domum dapibus mensas on erabat inemptis.

Primus vere tosam atque autumn o carpere poma,

et cum tristis hiemps etiamn um frigore sax a

rumperet et glac ie cursus fren aret aquarum ,

ille comam mol lis iam tondebat hyac in thi

aestatem in crepitan s seram Zephyrosque moran tis.

Ergo apibus fetis idem atque ex am ine multo

primus abundare et spmn an tia cogere pressis

mella favis illi tiliae atque uberrima pinus,

quotque in flore n ovo pom is se fertilis arbos

induerat,totidem autumn o matura teuchat.

I lle etiam seras in versum distul it n lmos

eduramque pirum et spin os iam pruna feren tis

iamque m in istran tem platanum potan tibus umbras.

Verum haec ipse equidem spatiis ex c lusus in iquis

praetereo atque al iis post me memoran da relin quo.

Nun c age, maturas ap ibus quas Iuppiter ipseaddidit, ex ped iam , pro qua mercede canoros

Curetum son itus crep itan tiaque aera secutae

D ic taeo cael i regem pavere sub an tro.

So lac commun is n atos,con sortia tecta

urbis haben t, magn isqne agitan t sub legibus aevum,

et patriam solac et certos n overe Pen atis

ven turaeque hiem is memores aestate laborem

ex periun tur et in medium quaesita reponun t.

Namque aliac victu invigilan t et foedere paeto

125 altis. Eds .129 Cerer i . R.

182 an imo. Eds.

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I n tel l igen ce of B ees . [G EORG ICS.

ex cursusque brevis temptan t, et saepe lapillos,

ut cymbae in stabiles fluc tu iactan te saburram,

tollun t,his sese per in an ia n ubila l ibran t.

I llum adeo placuisse apibus m irabere morem,

quod n eque con cubitu in dulgen t, n ec corpora segues

in Ven erem solvun t aut fetus n ix ibus edun t

verum ipsae e fo l lis n atos,e suavibus herbis

ore legun t, ipsae regem parvosque Quiritessuffic iun t

,aulasque et cerea regna refigun t.

* Saepe etiam duris erran do in cotibus alas

adtrivere,ultroque an imam sub fasce dedere

tan tus amor florum et gen erandi gloria mellis.

*

Ergo ipsas quamvis angusti termin us aevi

ex c ipiat, n eque en im plus septima duc itur aestas,

at gen us immortale man et, multosque per an uos

stat fortun a domus,et avi numeran tur avorum .

Praeterea regem n on sic Aegyptus et ingen s

Lyd ia n ee populi Parthorum aut Medus Hydaspesobservan t. Rege in colum i men s omn ibus un a est ;

am isso rupere fidem ,con structaque mella

diripuere ipsae et crates solvere favorum.

I lle operum custos,illum adm iran tur et omn es

Circumstan t frem itu den so stipan tque frequen tes,et saepe adtollun t umeris

,et corpora bello

obiectan t pulchramque petun t per vulnera mortem.

H is quidam sign is atque haec ex empla secuti

esse apibus partem divin ae men tis et haustus

aetherios dix ere deum n amque ire per omn is

terrasque trac tusque maris caelumque profundumhin c pecudes armen ta viros

, gen us omne ferarum,

quemque sibi ten uis n ascen tem arcessere vitas

sc ilicet huc redd i deinde ac reso luta referri

omn ia,n ee morti esse locum

, sed viva volare

sideris in n umeram atquea lto succedere caelo.A er r .

199 n ex ibus. M 5 5 . an d Eds. 202 refingun t. ”1 oh mic . R“

.

IV. G athering the Hon ey . 2 19

Siquando sedem ang ustam servataque mella

thesauris relines, prius haustu sparsus aquarum

ora fove, fumosque manu praeten de sequac is.

Bis gravidos cogun t fetus, duo tempora messis

Taygete simul os terris ostend it hon estum

Pleas et Ocean i spretos pede reppul it ammis,

aut eadem sidus fugien s ubi piscis aquosi

tristior hibern as caelo descen d it in un das.

I l lis ira modum supra est,laesaeque ven enum

morsibus in spiran t, et spicula caeca relinquun t

adfix ae ven is,an imasque in vuln ere ponun t.

Sin duram metues hiemem parc esque futuro

con tusosque an imos et res m iserabere fractas

at sufli re thymo cerasque rec idere inan isquis dubitet ? Nam saepe favos ign otus adedit

stell io et luc ifugis congesta cubil ia blattis

immun isque seden s al ien a ad pabula fucus

aut asper/ crabro imparibus se imm iscuit armis

,

aut dirum tin iae gen us, aut in visa M in ervae

lax os in foribus suspen d it aran ea cassis.

Quo magis ex haustae fuerin t,hoc acrius omn es

in cumben t gen eris lapsi sarc ire ruin as,

complebun tque foros et floribus horrea tex en t.

Si vero ,quon iam casus apibus quoque n ostros

v ita tul it,tristi languebun t corpora morbo

,

quod iam n on dubi is poteris cogn oscere sigais,

con tinuo est aegris alius color ; horrida vultum

deformat mac ies tum corpora luce caren tum

ex portan t tectis ct tristia fun era ducun t

aut illac ped ibus con ex ae ad l im ina pen den t,aut in tus c lausis cun ctan tur in aedibus

,omn es

ign avaeque fame et con trac to frigore pigrae .

Tum son us auditur gravior, tractimque susurran t,

frigidus ut quondam silvis immurmurat Auster,

229 then saur i . R.236

7,8 after 230 . R.

2439 , 5 0 after 245 . R.

D iseases of B ees . [G noxcxcs

ut mare sollic itum stridit refluen tibus undis,

aestuat ut clausis rapidus fornac ibus ign is

hie iam galban eos suadebo in cen dere odores

mellaque arundineis in ferre canal ibus, n ltro

hortan tem et fessas ad pabula n ota vocan tem.

Proderit et tun sum gallae adm iscere saporem

aren tisque rosas aut ign i pinguia multo

defruta vel psithia passos de vite racemos

Cecropiumque thymum et grave olen tia cen taurea.

Est etiam flos in pratis, cui nomen amello

fecere agricolae, fac ilis quaeren tibus herba ;

n amque uno ingen tem toll it de eaespite silvam,

aureus ipse, sed in foliis, quae plurima c ircum

fundun tn r, violae sublucet purpura n igrae

[saepe deum n ex is ornatae torquibus arae]asper in ore sapor toasis in vallibus illum

pastores et curva legun t prope fiumina Mellae.

Huius odorato radices in coque Baccho,pabulaque in foribus plen is adpon e can istris.

Sed siquem proles subito defecerit omn is,

n ee, gen us un de n ovae stirpis revocetur, habchit,

tempus et Arcadii memoranda inven ta magistri

pan dere, quoque modo caesis iam saepe iuvencis

in sin cerus apes tulerit cruor. Altius omnem

ex ped iam prima repeten s ab origine famam.

Nam qua Pellaei gen s fortunata Canopi

accol it effuso stagnan tem flumin e Nilumet c ircum pictis vehitur sua rura phaselis,

quaque pharetratae vic in ia Persidis urguet,

[et viridem Aegyptum n igra fecundat arena,

et d iversa ruen s septem discurrit in ora

usque coloratis ammis devex us ab I nd is]omn is in hac certam regio iac it arte salutem.

Ex iguus primum atque ipsos con tractus in usus

2 . 3 after 289 . R.3“ ad.

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22 2 Ar is tcen s Con su l ts his M other [G EORG ICs.

ure sata,et val idam in vitis molire bipen n em ,

tan ta m cae si te ceperun t taed ia lan dis.

’

At mater son itum thalamo sub flum in is alti~

sen sit. Eam c ircum M ilesia vel lera Nymphae

carpeban t hyali saturo fucata colore,

D rymoque Xan thoque Ligeaque Phyllodoceque ,

caesariem effusae n itidam per can d ida colla.

Ncsacc Spioque Thal iaque Cymodoceque

Cydippeque et flava Lycorias, altera virgo ,

altera tum primos Luc in ae ex perta labores,

C lioque et Beroe soror, Ocean itides ambae,

ambae auro, p ic tis in c in ctae pell ibus ambae

,

atque Ephyre atque Opis et Asia D eiopea

et tan dem positis velox Arethusa sagittis.

I n ter quas curam C lymen e n arrabat in an em

Vulcan i,Martisque do los et dulc ia furta

,

aque Chao den sos d ivum n umerabat amores.

Carm in e quo captae dum fusis mo ll ia pen sa

devolvun t,iterum matern as impul it auris

luctus Aristaei,vitreisque sedilibus onm es

opstipuere sed an te al ias Arethusa sorores

prospic ien s summa fluvum caput ex tul it un da,et procul O gem itu n on frustra ex territa tan to,

Cyren e soror,ipse tibi , tua max ima cura

,

trist is Aristaeus Pen ei gen itoris ad un damstat lacryman s

,et te crudelem n om ine dic it.’

Hu ic percussa n ova men tem form id ine mater

due,age ,

duc ad n os ; fas ill i l im in a divum

tan gere .

’ait. Simul alta inhet d iscedere late

flum in a, qua iuven is gressus in ferret. At illum

curvata in mon tis fac iem c ircumstetit undaaccepitque s in u vasto m isitque sub amuem .

Iamque ( lomum m iran s gen etric is et um ida regn a

spelun c isque lacus c lausos lucosque sonan tis

3 31 dur am . R.

She D irects H im to P roteus . 223

et ingen ti motu stupefactus aquarum

a sub magna laben tia flum ina terra

abat diversa locis,Phasimque Lycumque

put, un de altus primum se erumpit En ipeus

pater Tiberin us, et un cle An ien a fluen ta

;usque sonan s Hypan is Mysusque Caicus,

m ina auratus taurin o corn ua vultu

mus, quo n on al ius per pinguia culta

i re purpureum violen tior effluit amn is.

luam est in thalam i penden tia pum ice tecta

:n tum et n ati fletus cogn ovit inan is

ne, man ibus liquidos dan t ordin e fon tisanae, ton sisQue ferun t man telia villis

epulis on eran t mensas et plena repon un t

la Pan chaeis ado lescun t ign ibus arae 3

i ter cape Maeon ii carchesia Bacchi

no libemus,

’ait. Simul ipsa precatur

numque patrem rerum Nymphasque sorores,

1m quae silvas,cen tum quae flum ina servan t.

iquido arden tem perfun dit n ectare Vestam

imma ad summum tec ti subiec ta relux it.

ie quo firman s an imum sic in c ip it ipsa

st in Carphatio Neptun i gurgite vates

.leus Proteus,magumu qui p isc ibus aequor

Icto bipedum curru metitur equorum .

l un e Emathiae portus patriamque revisit

neu hun c et nymphae ven eramur et ipse

laevus Nereus n ovit n amque omn ia vates,

sin t,quae fuerin t

,quae mox ven tura trahan tur ;

ie ita Neptun o visum est,imman ia cuius

nta et turpis pasc it sub gurgite phocas.

ibi,n ate

, prius vin c lis capiun dus, ut omn em

l iat morbi causam,even tusque secun det.

sin e vi n on ulla dabit praecepta, n eque illum394perfudit. Eds .

393 sun t. fn erun t, trahun tur . Eds.

224 D w el l i ng of P roteus . [G eoactcs

orando flec tes vim duram et vin cula capto

ten de dol i c ircum haec demum frangen tur inan es.

Ipsa ego te,medios cum sol accen derit aestus

,

cum sitiun t herbae et pecori iam gratior umbra est,

in secreta sen is ducam , quo fessus ab undisse rec ipit, fac ile ut somno adgrediare iacen tem.

Verum ubi correptum man ibus v in c l isque ten ebis,

tum variac eluden t spec ies atque ora ferarum .

Fiet en im subito sus horridus atraque tigrissquamosusque draco et fulva cerv ice leaen a

,

aut aerem flammae son itum dabit atque ita vin clis

ex c idet,aut in aquas ten uis dilapsus abibit.

Sed quan to il le magis formas se vertet in omn is,

tan to,n ate

,magis con ten de ten ac ia vin c la

,

don ec tal is erit mutato corpore, qualem

videris,in cepto tegeret cum Ium in a somno .

’

Haec ait ct l iquidmn ambrosiac defun dit odorem,

quo totmn n ati corpus perdux it at ill i

dulc is compositis spiravit erin ibus aura,

atque habil is membris ven it vigor. Est specus ingen s

ex esi latere in mon tis, quo plurima ven to

cogitur inque sin us sc indit sese un da reductos,

depren sis o l im statio tutissima n an tis

in tus se vasti Proteus tegit obice sax i .

H ic iuven em in latebris aversum a lum in e nympha

col locat,ipsa pro c ul n ebul is obscura resistit.

l am rapidus torren s s itien tis Sirius I ndosardebat caelo ,

e t m ed ium so l ign eus orhem

hauserat areban t herbae . et cava flum in a sicc is

fauc ibus ad limum rad ii tepefacta coqueban t

cum Pro teus c on sueta peten s c fluctibus an tra

ibat ; cum vast i c ircum gen s um ida pon tiex sultan s rorem late dispersit amarum .

Stern un t se som n o diversac in litore phocae

fra ngen tur . R.412 tam tn . R.

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S tory of Orpheus . [G aoncus

Taenarias etiam fauces,alta ostia D itis,

et caligan tem n igra form id ine lucum

ingressos Man isque adiit regemque tremendum

n esc iaque human is prec ibus man suescere corda.

At can tu commotae Erebi dc sedibps im is

umbrae iban t ten ues simulacraque luce caren tum,

quam multa in fo l iis avium se mil ia condun t,

vesper ubi aut hibern as agit de mon tibus imber,

matres atque viri defunc taque corpora vita

magn an imum heroum, pueri in n uptaeque puellae,

impositique rogis iuven es an te ora paren tum

quos c ircum limus n iger et deform is arun doCocyti tardaque palus in amabil is un daalligat, et n ovien s Styx in terfusa coerect.

Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque in tima LetiTartara caeruleosque implex ae erin ibus angues

Eumen ides,ten uitque inhian s tria Cerberus ora,

atque I x ion i i ven to rota con stitit orbis.

Iamque pedem referen s casus evaserat omn is,

redd itaque Eurydice superas ven iebat ad auras

pon e sequen s, n amque han c dederat Proserpin a legem ,

cum subita in cautum demen tia cepit aman tem,

ign oscen da quidem ,sc iren t si ign oscere man es

restitit,Eurydicen que suam iam luce sub ipsa

immemor,heu

,victusque an im i respex it. Ibi omn is

effusus labor atque imm itis rupta tyran n ifoedera terque fragor stagn i est auditus Avem i.I lla

, Quis et m c,

’inquit, M iseram et te perdidit, Orpheu,

quis tan tus furor ? En iterum crudelia retro

fata vocan t,con ditque n atan tia lum in a somnus.

Iamque vale feror ingen ti c ircumdata n octe

in val idasque tibi ten den s, heu n on tua, palmas

D ix it, c t ex ocul is subito ceu fumus in auras

comm ix tus ~ ten uis fugit d iversa, n eque illum434 can tu . Eds.

IV. Eurydice to be Appeased. 227

pren san tem n equiquam umbras et multa volen tem

dicere praeterea vidit n ee portitor Orc iamplius obiectam passus tran sire paludem .

Quid faceret ? Quo se rapta bis con iuge ferret ?

Quo fletu Man is, quae n um ina voce moveret ?

I lla quidem Stygia n abat iam frigida cymba.

Septem illum totos perhiben t ex ord ine men ses

rupe sub aéria deserti ad Strymon is undamfiesse sibi et gelidis haec evolvisse sub an tris

mulcen tem tigris et agen tem carm in e quercus

qualis populea maeren s philomela sub umbra

am issos queritur fetus, quos durus arator

observan s n ido implum is detrax it at illa

flet n octem,ramoque seden s m iserabile carmen

in tegrat, et maestis late loca questibus implet.

Nulla Venus,n on ulli an imam fiex ere hymenaei .

Solus Hyperboreas glac ies Tanaimque n ivalem

arvaque R iphaeis n umquam viduata pruin is

lustrabat raptam Eurydicen atque in rita D itisdon a queren s spretae C icon um quo mun ere matres

in ter sacra deum n oc turn ique orgia Bacchi

discerptum latos iuven em sparsere per agros.

Tum quoque marmorea caput a cervice revulsum

gurgite cum med io portan s Oeagrius Hebrus

volveret, Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida l ingua,Ah m iseram Eurydicen an ima fugien te vocabat,

Eurydicen toto refereban t flumin e ripac .

’

Haec Proteus,et se iactu ded it aequor in altum ,

quaque ded it, spuman tem un dam sub vertice torsit.

At n on Cyren e n amque ultro adfata timen tem

Nate,licet tristis an imo depon ere curas.

Haec omn is morbi causa,hin c m iserabile Nymphae,

cum quibus illa choros luc is agitabat in altis,

ex itium m isere apibus. Tu mun era supplex

5 0“ Brackets . R .5 09flev isse et. Eds . astr i s. R .

The B ees are Ren ewed. [G eox crcs

tende peten s pacem,et facilis ven erare Napaeas

n amque dabun t ven iam votis, irasque remitten t.

Sed modus orand i qui sit, prius ordin e dicam .

Quatuor ex im ios praestan ti corpore tauros,

qu i tibi nun c virid is depascun t summa Lycaei,delige, et in tacta totidem cervice iuven cas .

Quatuor his aras alta ad delubra dearumcon stitue

,et sacrum iugulis demitte cruorem ,

corporaque ipsa boum fron doso desere luco .

Post ubi n on a suos Aurora osten derit ortus,

in ferias Orphei Lethaea papavera m ittes,

et n igram mac tabis ovem,lucumque revises

placatam Eurydicen vitula ven erabere caesa.

Haud mora con tin uo matris praecepta facessit ;

ad.delubra ven it

,mon stratas ex c itat aras

,

quatuor ex imios praestan ti corpore taurosduc it et in tacta totidem cervice iuven cas.

Post ubi non a suos Aurora indux erat ortus,

in ferias Orphei m ittit, lucumque revisit.

H ie vero subitum ac d ictu m irabile mon strumaspic iun t, l iquefac ta boum per viscera toto

stridere apes utero et ruptis effervere costis,

immen sasque trahi n ubes, iamque arbore summa

confiuere et len tis uvam dem ittere ram is.

Haec super arvorum cultu pecorumque can ebam

et super arboribus, Caesar dum magn us ad altum

fulm in at Euphraten bello ,vietorque volen tis

per populos dat iura, viamque adfec tat Olympo .

l llo Vergilium me tempore dulc is alebat

Parthen ope studiis floren tem ignobilis oti,

carm in a qui lusi pastoram ,audax que iuven ta,

Tityre , te patulae c ec in i sub tegm in e fagi .

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N O TE S .

THE AZNEID .

Boox V I I .

W ITH this book begin s the secon d part of the poem , con tain ing the

resistan ce of the Latin s, an d the fin al success of [En eas in establ ishing

himself in I taly.

Verses I - 5 .—I n ciden tal men tion of fEn eas

’n urse, to con n ect the cape

an d city of Caieta also w ith the Trojan ex pedition . The place, n ow G aeta ,

fam ous as a former refuge of the Bourbon s of Naples, is the n ex t promon

tory n orth of Cumae, an d IEn eas must be supposed to have stopped there

on his way, in order to perform the fun eral obsequies.

Verse 1 . quoque, as wel l as M isen us an d Pal in urus ; cf. vi . 234 an d

38 1 .—Aen eia, os n eas ; cf. Scy l l aeam , i . 200 190 ; G . 360 ,

R .1;

H . 395 , N.2) .—n utr i x : the n urse seems in an cien t times to have con

tin n ed in a peculiarly ten der relation to the grown-up child ; cf. iv. 633.

2 . m or i en s, almost equal to by thy death, though better tran slated l it

eral ly—fam am , by con n ecting an other local ity w ith the great destin ies

of E n eas.

3 . n u n c, w ith emphasis, n ow sti l l . servat sed em , holds a spot, as if

the glory of her n ame stil l dwel t there in a“ local habitation .

”—n 0m en ,

the n ame of Caieta, which marks the resting-

place of her bon es.

4. s i qua, etc .,w ith a pregn an t mean ing, as i f the poet said, an d who

can doubt it —ea : as usual , the subject takes the gen der of the predi

cate cf. vi . 129 an d n ote .

5 . a t, resum ing the n arrative. ex seq u i i s, of Caieta.

6 . aggere, the mass o f earth, in referen ce to its structure.—tum u l i ,

the tomb, in referen ce to the completed result. q n ieru n t, were at rest ,

strictly, came to rest.

7. ten di t, etc. ; cf. vi . 240 .

8. po t tum , of Caieta, afterwards a famous harbor.

9. i n n octem , con tin ue to blow on i n to the n ight, n ot going down

with the sum—cu rsu s, etc ., ex plain ing their n octurn al voyage,which was

con trary to the usual practice.

rVotcs . [Aismn

I o . p rox im a , i .e . n ex t alo ng the shore .—C i rcaeae : to the promon

tory of Circeium ,opposite the Pon tin e marshes, the an cien ts tran sferred the

residen ce o f the famous en chan tress Circe, visited by U lysses ; cf. iii . 386.

l l cr proper dwel l ing-

place was the mythical islan d of zEa, off Co lchis, in

the B lack Sea ; cf. Od. x . 135 .— rad u n t ur, keep the emphasis in English

by changing the vo ice : t/uy shim by .

1 1. d ives, so cal led in imitation o f Homer ( cf. Od. x . perhaps

origin al ly from a vague association w ith the far East ( cf. su perb is , v .

i n ac cessos , the participle w ith the force of the adjective in -bl l i s, as

often . The idea is,

“n ot to be safely approached.

”—so l is : Circe was

fabled to be the daughter of the Sun an d the n ymph Perseis.—l ucos :

here also the poet follows l Iomer ; cf. Od. x . 149.

1 2 . reson a t , fil ls, here in a causative sen se, hardly foun d elsewhere,

but common w ith man y other verbs .- ca n tu , cf. Od. x . 22 1 .

—tec t l s, of

the who le pal ace.

I 3 . u r i t tel as : the description is taken from Cd. v . 57, where it

is used of Calypso .

14. ten n i s, in dicatin g the fin en ess of the work .

15 . h i n c , etc . these changes produced by the magic art of Circe are

famous ; cf. Od. x . 135 .—gem i tu s i raeq ue, angry howl i ng, though the

Latin separates the two ideas.

16 . reeu sa n tum ( cf. s i l en tum , vi . spurn i ng, i .e. their unwill

ingn ess to be chain ed is the cause of their rage.

17. p raesuep ib u s, cages, compared to stalls for cattle.

18. form am : the idea is n ot differen t from the precedi ng, but the

change is probably for metrical reason s on ly, though it gives the poet an

opportun ity to emphasiz e the horror of the tran sformation by bringin g the

forms before the ey e .

20 . i n d uera t, usual ly w ith the abl . of mean s or the ace. of the thing

put on ,but here w ith a differen t con ception of the action cf. i n florem ,

G eo . i . 187. terga , i .e. bodies, the most promin en t part being taken for

the whole

2 1 . q u ae, such — tun a , [the these. m on stra, horrible fa te : the

word is used of an y superhuman object or occurren ce, so here of the

magic change in to beas ts.-

p i i , an d so n ot deserving such a fate ; cf. iii .

266 .

22 . d el a t i : this, which ought to be the mai n clause, is absorbed in to

the prin cipal idea, an d is ex pressed by the participle, en ter ing, & c .

23 . im p l ev i t, to preven t the n ecessity of coming to an chor there,

which would have been the course in case of con trary win ds.

2 5 . i am , the n ex t morn in g, when they had reached their destin ation .

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1Vol es .

of woodlan d pursuits an d as a prophetic divin ity, and became mul tiplied in

popular superstition in to a race of semi-divin ities of the woods, the Fauns,

n ot eas ily distinguished from the G reek satyrs, as Faun us himself is con

foun ded with Silvan us an d the G reek Pan .—M ari ca, a nymph honored

at M in turn ae, whi ther the earlier in habitan ts of the region , the Lauren tes,

seem to have ex ten ded ; hen ce Lau ren te.

48. P l cu s, an other rural deity, an d mythical king of I taly ; cf. farther

on ,21. 187.

49. Satu rn e, a very an cien t I talian divin ity of agricul ture, so trans

formed by later mytho logy that his origin al fun ction s are very obscure. He

is especial ly iden tified w ith the G reek Kron os ; cf. Eel . iv. an d n ote to v. 6.

50 . fa to : probably this dispen sation is con ceived of n ot merely as a

m isfortun e to King Latin us, but as a part of the plan for the establ ishment

of [En eas as his successor.

5 1 . fu i t, at the time of fEn eas’ arrival,for a son had been taken from

him before . The poet, however, disregards the strict sequen ce of time,

an d simply tel ls the facts ; hen ce p r im aque era t, in stead of n am

er a t . ori en s , grow i ng up .

5 2 . Bo l a , etc ., on e on ly daug/zter , Lavin ia.—servabat, dwelt i n ( cf.

occup ied as the hope of the house.

54. l l l am p eteban t., song/i t li er ban d.

5 5 . p et i t, i s a su i /or . a n te a l tos, w ith p u l cherrim u s, cf. i . 347.

5 6 . Tu rn u s, the great an tagon ist of {En eas , ,the secon d hero of the

. l i n eid . p oten s, en n obled, an d therefore in fluen tial . regla, cf. E n cia,

7a 1 .—eo n i u n x , Amata, the wi fe of Latin us.

5 7. ad iu n g i , depen ding on p rop erabat, con strued l ike a verb of

w ishing, to which it is equivalen t.

58. sed : the real an tithesis is, She had n ot succeeded , for the

omen s, Etc. terror i bu s, a la rm i ng porten ts, as such words are often to

be tran slated, on accoun t of the greater richn ess and defin iteness of the

Engl ish vocabulary.

59. p en etra l i bu s, cf. i i . 5 12 .- al t l s, as in a great palace

60 . sa c ra , an d so un disturbed —m etn , rel igion : awe.

preserved .

6 1 . con d eret : the subjun ctive is used on accoun t of the in direct dis

course . a rc es, o f Lauren tum .

63 . L aure n t i s , acc . plur.

64. a p es , etc . : all such un usual or sudden occurren ces were taken as

omen s by the an cien ts .

68. vates, som e soothsayer con sulted on the occasion ; such persons

would n atural ly belon g to the royal court.

VI I . Til e fi n eid.

69. easdem , the same as the bees ; n amely, the pal ace.

70 . i sdem , from the south .

71 . cost i s, sacred, sacrificial ly pure, as in ten ded for the sacred office.

—ad o l et, wars/zips at ; cf. i . 704. The subject is Latin us, implied in

gen i torem . taedi s, the pin e wood to kin dle the fire.

72 . et : man y editors prefer u t , w ithout essen tial differen ce of mean ing.

73 . n efas : an y such occurren ce is a horror un til ex plain ed, even

though its purport may ul timately be favorable. i gn em , cf. i i . 68 1 .

74. orn atum ( G reek accusative) , the gen eral idea which is particular

iz ed in the fol low ing verse. The whole verse has been suspected as bein g

superfluous.

75 . ( rega l i s) que, con n ecting crem ar i an d accen sa (esse) . The

two subdivision s are con n ected by the repetition . c o t on am , her diadem

as prin cess.

78. i d vero, t/zis real ly though the other m ight be n ot un favorable,

about this there could be n o m istake, it certain ly mean t war.— ferri

( hist. in f.) reported by the soothsayers ; cf. ca n eban t, v. 79.

80 . i p som , opposed to p op u l o . p orten d ere : the subject remain s

un changed, but the idea is varied ; she in her own person w ill be, & c ., but

she by her omen porten ds.

83. A l bu n ea, the n ame of a foun tain , grove, an d n ymph at Tibur,

n ow Tivol i, where Virgil for some reason places the oracle of Faun us .

Perhaps the idea of in spiration is associated w ith the sulphurous vapors

which exhale from the waters of that region ; cf. the similar case of Cumae.

—m ax im a : the gen der n atural ly fo l lows that o f A l bu n ea , though the

partitive gen itive m em orum is n euter. Much labor seems to have been

ex pen ded on this passage un n ecessarily. The on ly difficulty is in l a cos

sub Albu n ea, which,though n ot precise, seems perfectly n atural , when

the poet is speaking of a thing which happen s un der the trees. The grove

is con sul ted, but the act may be said to be don e un der the grove even in

the same breath. At an y rate, this is what V irgil says, as is seen from

m em oram m ax im a an d opaca ; cf. G eo . ii . 15 .

85 . Oen ot r la, on e of the man y n ames of I taly, properly of on ly a part

k n own to the G reeks as the lan d of vin es.

86 . d on a, the sacrifice ; also in dicated in caesarum ov i um .

88. i n cub u i t, etc . : a n ot un common form of divin ation among the

an cien ts , who supposed dreams to be divin ely in spired ; the word is tech

n ical for that sort of divin ation .

91 . Ach eron ta : put for the gods of the lower world an d the shades

of the departed .

92 . et tum , as wel l as others at other tim es ; cf. 27. 86 .

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[A'ENEHL

ex p l oran t . Nam loi , a slow -flow ing river n ear the Tiber, of which

the position is un kn own,—probably n ow dried up.

15 1 . h ie, the city of Latin us, Lauren tum .

15 2 . tum , having foun d out where an d whose was the city.—ordine,

array , the list of chiefs. Servius takes it as referring to men of every

rank ,—a custom retain ed, he says, by the Roman s.

153 . cen tum : the n umber o f ambassadors is a greater mark of

respect to Latin os, and an in dication of the importan ce of the m ission .

154. ram is, with bran ches of ol ive, hung w ith fillets, in token of

peace.- vel at i s, dee/

e

cd, n o t n ecessarily w ith garlan ds on their heads, but

the description is tran sferred, in a man n er, from the bran ches to the person s.

Cf. z '. 236 , an d viii . 1 16 .

156 . iuss i , as lbcy were bidden .

157. bom i l i , on ly a furrow, cf. v . 75 5 .

158. m o l i tu r l ocum , bu i lds on tbe site, differen t from v. 127.

p r im as sed es , the first settlemen t o f the Trojan s in I taly, built probablyn ot as a perman en t home, but a temporary abode ( castrorum i n

m orem ) .

160 . La t i n or um , rarely, as in this case, on e verse is so con n ected

with the fo l iou ing that a syllable at the end of the first is cut off before a

vowel at the begin n ing of the secon d.

162 . an te u rbem : cf. the Campus Martin s at Rome.

163. eq u i s, i .e. on horseback .—c arrus, often use d of the team, as

here.

165 . ictu , boa-i ng, though taken by some editors as javel in -throw ing;

but observe the groups formed by-

que, an t an t, an d -que -que,

as wel l as the con n ection w ith c u rsu , an d the previous men tion of

sp i cu l a . l acessu n t , vie w i l l: or c/za l lenge eacb otber .

166 . cum , going back to 160 , the description between being

paren thetical .

167. i n gen t i s, represen tin g the an cestors of the Romans as fi n ely

developed. ign ota , in dicating that they came from a foreign lan d, by

their differen ce of apparel . rep or tat : compoun ds with re often ex press

merely the giving up something which on e has got or has.

169. sol io , i .e . he takes a position to receive them in state. The

so l ium is the high chair with arms, used for divin ities and dign itaries.

See Fig. 88, b, p . 183 ( n otes to -l §n eid, iii . —m edlus, in the cen tre

of his palace, in the atrium ,where such a place of reception would

n aturally be .

170 . a n gu stum , imposi ng.

171 . sum m a , i .e. in the Acropo l is.—Lauren fi s, cf. 0. 63, but on e

must n ot be too particular in mythical history.

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[Alarm

frien dship, let me say that many have asked the same thing of us, but we

were un der divin e direction an d could n ot comply.

237. p reean t ia , trisyl lable.

241 . repet i t, ca l l back, in al lusion to the supposed origin of the'

race.

246 . gestam en , rega l ia . i u ra cl aret, dispen se j usti ce, cf. i . 293.

v ocat is, i .e. in coun ci l .

247. p 0pu l i s, i .e . the chiefs, as in l lomer.

248. vestes, the royal robes, l ike the trabea of Picus above men

tion ed.

249. d iet l s, ablative of cause .

2 5 1 . i n ten tos, stra i n i ng.

25 3 . m ora tu r, dwel ls on .

256 . par ibu s au sp i c i is, on equal terms ( cf. iv. by marrying the

prin cess .

260 . augu r ium , the oracle of Faun us before men tion ed.

262 . uber agr i , cf. i. 5 31 .

263 . cu p id o a ection .

266. p ars, a begi n n i ng, an d so an earn est, of peace.

267. con tra , i n tur n .

273. op to, adopt ; accept him as fulfil l ing the oracle.

28 1 . sem i n e, i .e. the horses of the Sun .

283 . sup p os i ta d e m at re, un i ting a mortal motber . creavi t,

bred .

284. d on i s, ablative of accompan imen t, wi thout cum ( cf. Eel . x .

or it may be taken as an ex ten sion of the ablative of man n er.

286 cl seq. Here begin s a n ew effort of Jun o to preven t the threaten ed

settlemen t of fEn eas .—l n ach i is, so cal led from I nachus, an an cien t

k ing of the place . Arg i s, where Jun o was especially worshipped ; cf.

n ote to i . 24 .— referebn t, perhaps to Carthage.

289 . P aehy n o, see iii . 429.

290 . m o l i t i , cf. a . 158.

293 . fat is as a divin ity her w i l l is fate, un less overruled by a superior

power ; hen ce, the destiny of Ai n eas ordered by Jove might be con trary to

that of Jun o .

297. c redo, iron ical , as usual when in paren thesis. The thought is,

perhaps it is because I have become tired of pursuing them ; on the con

trary, I have ex hausted every power,” & c.

298. od i i s, w ith ex saturata .

299. i n fes to , w i tb basti le purpose.

304 . pel ag i , cf. i . 350 .

305 . Lap i th um , a race of Thessaly, whose king, Pirithous, according

VI I . Tbe Ai acid. 1 5

“

0 on e accoun t, omitting to sacrifice to Mars, brought upon the race the

ren gean ce of the god in the form of the famous battle of the Cen taurs an d

; api thze .

306 . Ca l yd on a : a sim ilar in discretion of the k ing of Calydon ,a city

if E tol ia, brought upon it the ravages of the Calydon ian boar through the

vrath of D ian a.

307. scel us, object of m eren tem ; cf. 11. 229 .- Lap i th as ( the bet

er reading) , in a kin d of apposition w ith gen tem , as if govern ed by a n ew

30 n eessi t . m eren tem , by wbat great cr ime deservi ng sucb pun isb

n en t ? socl us being put for seel ere p oen am .

308. as t ego, etc ., cf. i . 46 .

309. potn i , cou ld bear,have been impel led to do everything by my

averpowering enm ity .—vert i , bavc resor ted to

3 1 1 . dub i tem , del iberative subjun ctive ; I ought n ot to hesitate, l

am sure.

31 2 . flectere sup eros, i .e. so as to change the Fates .

3 13. p roh ibere, i .e. l En eas .

3 17. m ercede sn or um , pr i ce of tbei r subj ects’blood.

3 19. p ron uba, cf. iv. 166 an d n o te . I l ere Bel lon a takés the place, as

a. sign that the un ion w il l be the cause of war.

320 . C issei s : according to on e story, l l ecuba, who is here mean t,

was daughter of Cisseus, a k ing of Thrace . p raegn an s : Hecuba, hav

in g dreamed that she was pregn an t w ith a firebran d, brought forth Paris,

who proved the ruin of Troy by his marriage w ith Helen ;‘

hen ce, i uga l i s .

The same fate is here foreto ld of Ven us, through her son /En eas .

328. tot, i .e. so man y that she is hated, as before men tion ed.

329. col ubr i s, in her hair, as the Furies were common ly con ceived.

33 1. p rop r i um , to me a lon e.

332 . ced at l oco , lose i ts pr estige, a m il itary term .

336. verbera, blows, as a sign o f fighting.

337. fac es, as a sign of murder.

338. con cu te, sear cb. As the an cien t garb was loose an d had n o

po ckets, the method of searchin g was to shake the garmen ts, hen ce the

word comes to mean search gen eral ly.

339. cr im i n a b el l i , cbarges, tbc grou n d of war .

341 . G orgon ei s, simply of the serpen ts in her hair,such as Medusa

the G orgon al so bore.

343 . tac itum , qu iet, retired, the place where she had retired to medi

tate ; cf. n ex t verse .

345 . c oq ueban t, sztfi’rea

’

fiery torm en ts f rom , & c .,changing the voice .

348. q uo m on stro , tba l by tbis, & c ., depen ding on fu r i bun da as

[Eum .

abl . of mean s.— n t taetu n u l l o, steal thily, so as n ot to alarm her.

fa l l i t, etc . , u npera ir ed sbe, See. Notice that the serpen ts of the Furies

attack 0 111? the m in d, w ithout bodily in jury, cf. p raecord ia, v. 347, the

seat o f the passion s.

358 . n ata : some editors read n atae, con n ected wi th P h rygi is.

36 1 . aq u i l on e, as a favorable w in d for sai ling south, when ce the

strangers came.

363 . at n o n , iron ical .

365 . qu i d , i .e . what becomes of, & c.

366 . con san gu i n eo : his mother Ven il ia and Amata were sisters.

367. La t i n is, because the husban d would be their king.

369. equ idem , j br my pa r t.

370 . si c d icere, tf’

m s i n ten d,this is what they mean .

372 . And furthermore,Turn us is in fact of G reek lin eage.—l n achus

D aun us, the father ofTurn us, was fabled to be the son of D an ae, daughter

of Acrisius, k ing of Argos, and so gran d-daughter of I n achus .

—m edl ac,

tbc ver r cen tre of,i .e . n o thing could be more foreign than the m iddle of

G reece —M ycen ae, here put for Argos, being in the same region , and

often un der the same k ing. Supply p a tr ia from p atres.

375 . fu r ia l c m a l um , tbc ven om o/ tbe Fury .

376 . m o n st r i s, apparition s or phan toms of her diseased min d.

377. s i n e m ore, cf. v. 694.

378. sub verbero, as w ith the common whipping top.

38 1 . i n sc ia , n ot k n ow ing the cause of the speed .

383 . u n im os , to the boys, by some taken to mean speed to the top .

384. u rbes , of course an ex aggeration , as she could hardly be sup

posed to go outside o f her ow n c ity. p op u los, tr ibes ; the coun try, as

opposed to u rb es o n the o n e han d an d s i l vas on the omen—feraces,

rang/1 co un trymen , heighten ing the con trast with the gen tlen ess and timid

ity o f woman .

3. 5 . n um i n e, i n spi ration .

388 . taedas, see Ecl . vi ii . 29.

389. frem en s, cr y i ng w i ldly , a techn ical word : flp‘M .—tb d ig o

n um , a sudden change rom direct (E uh oe B accho) to indirect discourse .

390 . m o l l i s, wreathed with vin e leaves ; cf. Eel . v. 31.—sum ere,

supply ea rn .

39 1 . l u st ra re, a 'i n d a rou n d,dan ce about him —pascere ( iepbs 6

wAbx ap og'

m ? ( 9m? 8‘

a ivrbu :rpe

'

pw. Eur. Bacch. the worshippers

wore the ir hair lo n g an d dishevel led. T he who le description po in ts to the

girl’

s becom ing a priestess o f Bacchus, in stead o f marrying.

ac c en sus p ec to re, tui/b bra i ds /i n d.

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18

463 .

465 .

466.

467.

Notes . [IENEID .

v i rgen , the heat and violen ce of a brushwood fire are wel l k n own .

fum idu s, steam i ng.

se cap it, can keep w i t/t i n boun ds, it boi ls over.

i ter , etc., breaki ng t/zepeace, or declaring it broken , he sen ds a

message to Latin us to declare war.

469.

47°

473

474.

475

477

478.

479

480 .

485 .

494

495 .

498.

t utar i, i .e. orders his men to defend the lan d against E n eas .

ven i re, is at ka n a’

, depen ding on the idea of saying in i ubet .

m ov et, change the vo ice in tran slating.—form ae,person .

fac t i s, etc. w i l l: its glor i ous a’eea

'

s, abl . of mean s.

Al lecto makes a third effort, n ow upon the Trojans.n ova, simply differen t from the preceding.

i n s i di is cursu q ue, by sta lki ng an d tlze clxase.

h ie, local . rab i em ,fieree desi re.

bel l o, ablative.

p aren t, i .e. he was the royal shepherd.

com m overe, star ted, a techn ical term.

l eva ret, was seek i ng rel ieffrom .

erran t i , a k in d of proleptic use, so as to let it mal a—deus,

l oosely used of div i n epower gen eral ly.

503. l acertos, as they were struck across the breast.

505 . p est i s : Al lecto, who is at han d mak ing everything ready.

507. n od is, etc.,i .e . a cl ubkeaz ly w it/z kn ots.

509 q uad r i fidam , proleptic, i n toj bur parts.—u t forte, ex plai n ing

the weapon which he carried.

5 r3. s ig n um , apparen tly the customary sign al for call ing together the

scattered herdsmen upon any sudden alarm . corn u, abl . of mean s.

5 16 . Tr iv i n o, a lake n ear Aricia, Lake A’em i , where was a grove

sacred to D ian a.

5 17. Na r, a tributary of the Tiber, in the Sabin e territory, n oted for its

sulphurous waters, l ike man y rivers of the region .—Vel l n i, Lake Vel i

n us, in the moun tain s above Reate . The places men tion ed reach over the

whole plai n of Latium .

5 19. tum vero, as usual, the importan t momen t ; before on ly a few

scattered men had heard the call , but n ow the alarm becomes gen eral .

5 25 . a n c i p i t i , o f the two-edged battle-ax e.

5 35 . co rp o ra : supply s tern u n tu r, from stern i tur, above.

5 36 . m ed ium , etc .,lie/ween t/i e l i n es a messenger of f en ce.

54 1 . p r om i ss i p e ton s, li ar /11g performed li er prom ise; strictly, hav

ing gain ed the performan ce o f it.

545 . c o n v ex o : i f this readin g,which has the best authori ty, is te

tain ed, the word must be take n as in a kin d of apposition with auras .

VI I . Tfee 1 5 n eid. 19

Some editors read con v ersa, which ex plain s itsel f; perhaps it is best with

Ribbeck to suppose a l in e om itted .

544. v ic tr i x , tr i umplzan t, successful in her un dertaking.

546 . d ie, iron ical .

548. h oe, what fol lows.—h i s, what she has already don e.

5 5 1 . arm a,, str ife. per agros, abroad t/zroug/z tlte lan d.

5 5 2 . terrorum , see 2 16 , a , 4 ; G . 371 , R3; H . 397, 4 .

5 5 3. stan t, are set on foot.

5 57. te, emphatic, from its position ,opposed to Jun o herself (ego ) .

5 59. sup er est, to be taken together.

5 64 . l atus n em or i s, a wooded slope.

565 . Am san c t i , a little lake in Samn ium ,among the moun tain s, em it

tin g n ox ious gases, n ear which was a cave, supposed, l ike all such pesti len t

places, to be an en tran ce to the in fern al region s .

571. l evaba t : the imperfect gives the idea of con tin uan ce, l ike“the

earth was freed from her presen ce.

”

573. m an um , tou t/t .

575 . foed at i , muti lated, a touch of detai l , to heighten the pathos,

which does n ot appear in the main accoun t above.

576. ob testa n tu r , that the peace is broken by the Trojan s.

577. ign i , tlze li eut of passi on .

578. terrorem ,the gen eral a la rm .

580 . n om ot a , ace. after i n su l ta n t , a rare use .

581 . n om en , i nfluen ce.

584. perv erso n um i n e, by a fiI /( I/ impu lse, or, w i l l: a l i en a ted divi n i

ties, which is the same thing from an other po in t o f view . Some editors

take it as tkwar ti ng t/ce powers of lzeaven ,but that has already been ex

pressed.

590 . refu n d i tur , is t/zroa'n fli r t/t .

591 . caecum , lzeadlong,bl in ded bv madn ess .

593. auras i n a n i s, t/ze lzear'en s, but perhaps imp lying that his prayers

were vain .

594. f ran glm u r, a re

596 . te, emphatic : you ,in particular.

597. d eos ven erab ere, whom he n ow disregards, by refusing to obey

the omen s.

598. m ih i , opposed to m i ser i , an d espec ial ly to Turn us . Latin us is

so n ear the en d o f l ife that he has n o thin g to fear. om n i s por tu s,

a l l my ref uge ( death) i s close a t l mn d.

599. f u n ere, emphatic , m er ely of a kappy dea l/1 cf. An chises"words

,

11. 646 .

[E NE HL

60 1 . p roti n us col uere, con t i n ued to observe.

603 . G et i s, etc. : Virgi l il lustrates the observan ce by the wars which

Augustus had lately waged or was then waging, thus artful ly in troducing a

comp limen tary al lus ion . The detai ls must n ot be taken too literal ly. The

G etae are put for the wars on the D anube fron tier ; the l l yrcan i for the

ex treme n orth-east ; the Arabi for the ex pedition of Acilius G al lus in to

Arabia Fel ix ; the dn di , etc., refer to the great Parthian ex pedition in

B .C . 22, when the I n dian s sen t ambassadors an d the Parthian s gave up

the stan dards taken from Crassus, B .C. 5 5 .

607. gem i n ae, on opposite sides. portae, cf. i. 294.

6 12 . trabea , cf. cr. 188. G ab i n o, see Vocabulary.

620 . On ly some supreme authority could do the act ( see 11. hen ce

Jun o takes the place of the king.

62 1 . ca rd i n e verso : gen eral ly the an cien t hinge was a pivo t fi x ed

in the door an d turn ing itsel f in a socket. See Fig. 70.

624. ard uu s, a violen t con strue/£0 ad sen sum .

626 . l u c i da , pro leptic .

629. q u i n que ad eo, fil l/ j ive.

630 . n ovan t , i .e. so man y un ite in the war. C rustum erl , properly

C rustum er i um or -a , but changed for the metre.

63 1 . t urr igerae, towered, a mere orn amen tal epithet, like“wel l

wal led.

632 . flec tu n t : the early shields were made of wicker an d covered

w ith leather.

633. um b on um , a part for the whole.

634. d ucu n t, of a mal leable or ductile metal .

635 . h u ic , i .e . to the en thusiasm for war.

637. c l ass ical , t/ze tr umpet-s ign a l for battle, cal ling the army ( c lass is )

to arms . te ssera , t/ze wa l e/crow d, passed along the ran ks on a l ittle tablet.

633 . frem en t i s, rostir e.

64 1 et see] . This description ,im itated from l l omer

’s catal ogue of ships

( l l . ii . gives the poet an opportun ity to celebrate the an cien t fame o f

c ities that had lo ng disappeared, an d in terweave the tradi tions of man y

peoples of I ta1y.—pa n d i te : he again addresses the muses, as at everv

importan t change o f theme.

643 . iam tum , even at that early day.

644. q u i bu s a rser i t urm i s , w i t/t 701117! martia l spir i t i t wasfi red.

648. M ez en t i u s, see vi ii . 478. This person age, taken from historical

tradition,serves as an admirable fo il to the pious virtues of E n eas .

649 . h u i c , 234, a 35 6, RF; I I . 392 , ii . N .1

650 . La u ren t i s , c f. Lau ren te M a r i ca, 71. 47.

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h)

l

Q lVotes' . [Aim-1m.

694. retractat, i .e . after it had been long slteatked.

695 . Fescen n l n as , o f l i esccn n ium ,a town of southern Etruria, as

the other places men tion ed are also in that region . Aequos Fa l iscos,

the people of Falerii, but why their an cien t n am e was Aequi is un certain .

696. Sorac t is, a high moun tain ,visible from Rome to the n orthward.

698. a cq ua t i, w i t/z regu/a r step, an d so, keeping their ranks even by

music . ca n eba n t, apparen tly the an cien t I tal ian s sang songs in praise

of their heroes on the march,a custom elsewhere men tion ed of barbarous

n ation s.

70 1 . am n i s, the Cayster in Asia M in or, n ear Ephesus.—Asia , the

n ame of a marsh in the vicin ity of the Cayster, a favorite resort of swan s,

cf. 11. ii . 46 1 .

702 . p u l sa, re-ec/zoi ng.

703. n ee q u isq uam , etc ., so n umerous a throng pressin g on to

battle seemed rather l ike fl ocks of birds.

704. n tmeer i , were u n i ti ng.

706. C lau sus , the great Claucl ian family, to which man y great

Roman s, an d especial ly the successors of Augustus, belon ged, was snp

posed to have been foun ded by a Sabin e, Attes Clausus, who , or an auces

tor of the n ame, is here put back in to a more mythical an tiquity than that

in which he belongs ; but time is of n o accoun t in prehistoric n arrative.

710 . Qu i r i te s, the Roman s themselves seem to have regarded this

n ame as derived from Cures, whatever be its true etymology.

71 1 . E retum : the who le description is to us hardly more than a l ist

o f n ames ; but for Virgil’

s con temporaries it con n ected the an cien t town s

w ith the foun ding o f Rome,an d so catered to local pride an d an tiquarian

tastes .

716 . c l asses, in its ol d mean ing of “army.

—Lati n i , i .e. those set

tied in the Sabin e region .

717. i n fau st um , i l l-sta r red ; on accoun t of the defeat of the Roman s

by the G auls, 365 , this river became memorable, and even the day of

the fight, July 18, became an in auspicious day in the cal endar.

719. saevu s, etc . ( If. n o te to i . 5 35 .

720 . ar i stae, i .e . as man v as the ears when, & c .

72 1 . H erm i , a river o f Asia M in or, rising in Lydia an d flowingthrough Phrygia

— L y c i n e, n o t particularly famous for its fertil ity, but

the n ame is probably borrowed from some G reek poet.

723. Agam em n o n iu s : he was the charioteer of Agamemn on , an d

fled to I taly after the death o f his chief. l i e is usually associated w ith

l i alerii .

726 . M a ss i c a : .\ l t. Mass icus , o n the borders of Cam pan ia, produced

vu. The .cE n ei d. z 3

on e of the most famous an cien t w in es . The peoples here men tion ed

belong in the south, in or n ear Camp

728. aeq uora, p la i n s.

729. ac co l a, probably attracted by the las t con struction , q u i l in

q uan t, as the main sen ten ce cal ls for the accusative .

73x . fiagel l o , a t/tong, the amen tum woun d on the shaft, an d held in

the han d as the javel in was thrown , so that by unwin ding it produced a

rifle-ball motion .

733 . i n d i etus : n otice the two mean ings of i n , compoun ded w ith the

verb or the participle .

735 . regn a, in apposition wi th Capreas ( Capr i ) .

736 . n on et fi l l u s, i .e. as the father had been , supplied by the

emphasis upon p atr i i s .

741 . cateias , a huge spear used by the G erman s.

744. Nersac, the poet n ow return s to the n orth.

745 . U fen s : he appears as a hero in x i i . 460 ; the n ame is also that of

a river in v . 802 .

746 . h orri da , rouglc in apparel an d habits .

747. Aeq ui cu l a, w ith gen s .

748. arm at i , i .e. they divide their time between agriculture an d

p lun der.

75 3. v ip ereo, etc.,the famous skill of the Marsi in magic, in poten t

herbs, an d an tidotes again st poison , is seiz ed upon by the poet for the fin e

turn in v . 75 6.

759. An gi t iae, a grove sacred to the sister of Medea of that n ame,

an d a famous seat of magic arts . I t was n ear Lake Fucin us.

76 1 . H i pp o l y t l , see a . 765 .

762 . m ater , motli er ci ty .

763. Eger i ae, a foun tain an d grove n ear Aricia.

764. p i n gu i s, r iclz i n vi ctims. p l acab il i s, pr op i tious, where her

favor is eas ily obtain ed.

765 . n overcae, Phaedra.

766. patr iae, dema n ded by bisfatber (Theseus) .

turbat i s, by a sea mon ster, see a . 780 .

769. P aeon i i s ( trisyllable) , of Apollo ,the god of healing.

— rovo

catum , by Aesculapius cal led P hoebigen n m below . D ian ae, whose

favor may be supposed to have been gain ed by his con trivan ce.

772. m ed le i n ae et ar t is, Hen diadys.

776 . ign ob i l i s, i n obscu r i ty .

781. haud set i us, in spite of his father’s misfortun e, and the couse

quen t ex clusion of horses.—aequore cam p i, outside the

24 Notes . [Aim-an .

785 . tr ip l ic i Ch im aeram , cf. the similar on e in Fig. 88, a.

789. l o : the shield had for its orn amen t a represen tation of Io an d

Argus.

791 . argum en tum , subj ect, as we say.

792 . I n achu s, the father of Io, a king an d river-god of Argolis.

794. A rgiva, see a . 372 .

795 . S ican i , some of the race of the Sicilian s who remain ed behin d

in I taly, hen ce veteres.

796. p i c ti , or n amen ted, in what way is un certain , for the word is

appl ied to al l k in ds of orn amen tation .

797. Num i c i , cf. 71. 242.

799. C i rcaeum , cf. 71. 10 .—An x u ru s, a n ame under which Jove

was worshipped at Terracin a ( old An x ur ) , a city o f the Volsci .

800 . Feron ia, a nymph who passed for the wi fe‘

of Jupiter An x ur‘us,hon ored with a grove an d temple, with a foun tain , a few m iles from

Terracin a.

802 . va l l is, the Pon tiac Marshes.

803 . Cam i l la , see x i . 535 .

805 . M i n ervae, cf. v. 284, an d n ote.

808. i n tac tae, u n cut, stil l stan ding, ears and all, not mere stubble.

vol aret, see 307,f ; ( i . 598, H. 485

809. laes i sset, the pluperfect for metrical reasons.

8 14. u t, to see 11020 .

8 15 . h on os, cf. Eel . x . 24.

8 16 . Lyc iam : the Lycian s were famous archers.

817. pastora l em , i .e. a shepherd’s staff, used for a spear shaft.

BOOK VI I I .

this book the preparation s for war are con tin ued more in detai l . I n

an episode the poet in troduces the story of Evander, which, as having for

its scen e the site of Rome, was closely con n ected with the Roman tradi

tion s, an d thus two myths of foreign settlemen t in I taly are un ited. The

worship of I Iercules is accoun ted for an d emphasiz ed. The episode of the

shield o f z l i n eas gives occasion for celebrating the glories of Rome.

1 . si gn um : a little ban n er hung out from headquarters was the sign al

for battle ; cf. Cass. B . G . ii. 20 .—Tu rn um by the withdrawal of Latin os

( see vii . the comman d seems to have been devolved on Turn us as his

successor by the in ten ded marriage through popular movemen t for war.

2 . cor n ua : there was also a trumpet cal l, as a more immediate signal

for battle.

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26 Notes . ( E mmi .

61 . v ictor, i.e. on ly after success .

64. caeru l eus, the stock epithet of water, though the river Tiber is

properly a yel low, muddy stream .

65 . dom us, i .e. Rome, where he wil l be worshipped.—u rb ib us, see

235 , a ; G . 343, R33

; I I. 384, ii . 4, Nth—ex i t, slza l l ar ise, the prophet

taking the future as presen t.

66 . l ae ti , bed, as the deeper parts of the stream.

71 . gen us, as nymphs of foun tain s they are mothers of rivers .

75 . fon te : the river-god is supposed to have his home in the source,

an d hen ce is often represen ted with an urn , pouring forth the waters. The

same idea is repeated in the n ex t clause. The source is un kn own to him,

an d the idea is wherever you dwel l an d wherever you come to light.

78. ta n tum , the prayer is put as a kin d o f condition to the promise.

n um i n a, sacred prom ises.

80 . arm ls, a n atural precaution in a strange land.

81 . ocu l i s, to lie/told.

84. en im , even the sacrifice was according to the direction s of

Helen us ( iii . an d it is made emphatic, because Jun o would seem

the last divin ity that .‘En eas would sacrifice to.

87. subs t i ti t , stayed its eou rse.

88. ster n eret, sw eat/zed its level waters, l iterally, spread a leve l sur

face w ith its waters.

"

89. rem o, etc.,t/ze oars werefreefrom stra i n ing.

90 . rum ore secun d a : this doubtful phrase is best taken o f the sai l

ors, as pun ctuated in the tex t, w i t/z words of e/teerfut omen . Others take it

of the river or of the soun d of the oars .

91 . et, con n ecting m ira n tur an d l abi tur .

94. fat i gan t, disturb, keep busy the day and n ight by plying the oar ;

cf. the use of ex creeo .

98. proc li l , allowed before the caesura.—rara, as compared wi th the

later city.

103. d iv i s : Servius says it was n ecessary to in clude all the rest of the

divin ities, in case of such a sacrifice ; cf. the faul ts of the Lapitha an d

Calydon ; see n otes to vii . 305 .

104. hu i c cum h oe, a rare con struction , imitated from the G reek ;

cf. 234, a ; G . 356 , H . 392, ii . N}.

10 5 . paup er, comparatively, as rara, etc., in o. 98.

107. atq ue, con n ecting the idea of seeing the ships at al l an d seeing

them come in to the grove.

108. i n cum bere, i .e. the sailors impl ied in vates .

n o . m en s is, where they were partaking of the feast at the sacrifice.

auda x , facing an armed in vasion boldly.

v m. Ti m

x 14. gen us, adverbial accusative, 240 ,a ; G . 331 , H . 378, 2 .

u n d o, in a k ind of apposition with d om o, from w/zat eou n try as y ou r

bon e.

1 15 . i n im i ca Lat in is, and so frien dly to them .

1 18. egere, n ot strictly true, but a n atural ex aggeration , in view of

Turn us’s preparation s. superbo, arrogan t, overbear i ng; equivalen t from

an other poin t of view to unprovoked, in dicating a wan ton disregard of the

rights of others through arrogan ce. Here, as often , the qual ity is tran s

ferred from the person to the thing.

120. socia arm a,, an al l ian ce i n a rms.

12 1. tan to n om i n e, that great n ame, D ardan iae.—eoram , i n per

son .

124 . i n h aes i t, lzeld i tfirst.

127. G ra i ugen um , son s of G reece.

128. com p tos, see vi i . 154 an d n ote.

129. 110 11 equ i d em ex t im n l , i t i s n ot at a l l t/zat I was a larmed,

opposed to the impl ication in the preceding his suppl ian t atti tude is n ot

caused by fear.

130. c on iu n c tu s, etc., a very distan t relation ship, variously fabled .

13 1. v i r tu s, eon seion sn ess of vi r tue.

132. cog n at i , see 71 . 134.

133. fat is, etc., 1 lzave gladly been led by Me Fates, changing the

voice.

139. Cy l l en ae, the moun tain in Arcadia from which Mercury is cal led

Cyl len ius ; see iv. 25 2 .

143. artem , dzlti lomati e arts.

146. D au n i a,a n ame given to the coun try of the Rutuli , probably

from D aun us , the father ofTurn us.

147. n i h i l afore q u i n , tlzey w i l l n otfa i l to, & c .

149. sup ra, etc., a variation of the common n ames of the Tuscan an d

Adriatic seas respectively, l n ferum an d su perum .

150 . sun t, etc ., i .e. we are valuable al l ies.

1 53. l u strabat, cf. ard eban t , i . 58 1 an d n ote.

157. H esion ae : Virgil represen ts her as married to Telamon,k ing of

Salamis .—v i sen tem , goi ng to see, an o ld desiderative.

159. Arcad iae : the whole accoun t must have been in ven ted by the

poet.—gel l dos, as a moun tain ous coun try.

160 . flore, bloom .

161. duces, other than An chises see n ex t verse.

162. al t ior : in heroic times heroic qual ities are n aturally the adm ired

on es.

[d im

165 . P h eu ei , the c ity o f li van der in Arcadia.

166 . Ly c ius , cf. vii . 8 16 .

167. ch l am yd em , see Fig. 5 8, right han d fig ure.

169. ergo , i .e. an d so you may wel l believe.—q ua.m p et i t i s , w i t/z

ro/tat eager ly-desi r ed guests.

171 . Cf. i . 571 .

173. d i ffer-re n efas : n ote the courtesy of Evander, a reflection of

\ irgil’

s own , the words implying that otherwise he would postp on e the

rites.— eel eb rate fave n tes, j oi n w i t/t good omen s i n celebrati ng , i .e.

jo in w ith glad hearts an d cheerful voices in the spirit of the occasio n . Cf.

i ° 735 °

174. lam m i n e, begi n n ow, & c ., to do what you will often have occa

sion to do hereafter.

175 . rep on i , cf. \ 11. 134.

176 . grm n l n eo , as the leaders were si tting on the grass, while the

king himsel f had a raised seat ( so l io ) .—i p se, as a greater courtesy.

177. p raec i p uum , w ith special power.—t0r0, t us/t io n.

178. so l i o, modal ablative, but to be tran slated to.—acern o , made

of on e of the lin er woods, but n ot gilded or of bron ze ; a suitable degree of

magn ificen ce for the times .

179. a rae, see a . 271 .

180 . ca n i st r i s, cf. i . 195 an d 70 1 .

18 1 . doua , etc ., s’or es of gra i n prepared.

182 . vesc i tur, par/al es.

183 . p erp etu i , etc ., t/ze long c/zi n e of an ox .

—l ustra.l lbu s, sacr i

ficia l , as the heart, & c .,were the parts particularly offered to the gods.

187. va n a, i dle, i .e . a thoughtless change of worship. without an y

reason — v eterum , etc .,n or was it ign oran ce of the regular divin ities

that caused the n ew worship.

190 . d eser ta, aba n d on ed, n o longer serving as an abode.

19 1 . m o n t is dom u s, abode i n tbc moun ta i n .

192 . t ra x ere ru i n am , cf. ii . 465 .

193 . summ otn, recedi ng.

194. sem l h om i n i s , n ot apparen tly with any

but on ly of a mon strous n ature, hardly resembling

cf. 267.

200 . et n ob i s, as well as to others.

202 . G eryon ae, see vi . 289.

20 5 . i n au sum f u i s set : the regular clau ical

perfect, but the pluperfect is foun d in early Latin 9

in later times.

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30 Notes. [Airflow

271 . aram : it was cal led the Ara Max ima,an d seems to have stood in

the Forum Boarium ,somewhere n ear the Bocca del la Verita.

273 . m u n ere, i n recogn i tion , as a reward for. laud um , serv ices,

as often .

274. fron d e, see v. 276.

275 . eom rm m em , i n common , as al l ies worshipping the sam e divi n itv.

date, as a l ibation . vo l en tes , w it/t joy ,cf. fav en tes, v. 173.

276. b i col or, l i n ed w i t/z wbite, on accoun t of the colors of the two

sides of the leaf. cum , a n d fortlzw itb. pop u l us, the tree sacred to

Hercules, which he was supposed to have brought up from the world

below . Cf. Ecl . vii . 6 1 .

278. scyph us, sai d to have been the special cup used in the rites of

Hercules. I ts use also as a lamp seems to poin t to a flatten ed form ,

probably l ike the on e in the left han d of the youth in Fig. 17.

280 . d evex o , etc .,as tlze beaven s sloped westward.

282 . pel l i bus, as was the case w ith other rites at Rome, here perhaps

im itating the hero himself. W e must imagin e a secon d service by torch

l ight.

284. d on a , especial ly the win e served at dessert (m en sae sec un dae) .

285 . Sa l l i : ordin ari ly these priests, the guardians of the an cil ia, or

sacred shields,w ere assign ed to Mars, an d celebrated his worship with

songs an d dan ces. But Virgi l makes them join the service of Hercules,

though they were said to have been established by Numa man y years

later.

288. n overcae : the serpen ts were sen t by Jun o to k ill him in his

cradle. As the w i fe of Jove she was, as it were, a stepmother.

291 . Tro iam : Hercules took Troy to pun ish Laomedon for refusing

to reward him for h is services in rescuing Hesion e. Oech al lam

Eurytus, the k ing o f that city, prom ised him his daughter Iole in marriage,

an d,failing to keep his promise, was pun ished in the same way as Lao

medon .—lab ores : the famous twelve labors are referred to, and a part

of them are en um erated in the words of the song.

293 . n ubigen as, see vii . 674.

294. C res ia, etc ., the bul l of Crete.

296 . ian i to r, Cerberus.

298. Typh oeu s : havi ng been sen t to the world below byJupiter witha thun derbolt

,he appears as on e of the den izen s of Hades, and defen ds

his home again st Hercules. See i . 665 .

299. rat i on i s egen tem , voi d of cou n sel , n ot alarmed so as to be

without resources .

30 1 . vera, as shown by his deeds.—d ecus, i .e. his deification gave

n ew hon or to the celestial circle.

m i . The AYn eid.

l ngrod l en s, as be walked.

si n gu l a, with m on im cn ta .

con di tor, as having foun ded the city on the Palatin e.

m os, law , established customs . cu l tus, civi l i zation .

parcere par to , board t/zei r ga i n s.

al ebat., change the voice.

prim us, i .e. the first person from abroad.

t egui s adem p tl s, w i t/z t/ze loss of bi s ki ngdom .

i n doci l e, i n tractable.

com posa i t, organ i zed. Lat ium , probably ak in rather « Aa

323. mal ui t, i .e. rather than Satu rn ia, as would be n atural .

324. latu l sset, in direct discourse.

326 . decol or , less br i l l ian t, discolored from the purity of gold, i .e. the

braz en age.

329 . posu i t, la id aside, i .e. changed.

330. Th ybris : this king was said to have been drown ed in the Tiber.

336. Carm en ti s, an o ld I tal ian prophetic n ymph ( cf. sem en t is ),who, in the effort to un ite the differen t myths, was made the mo ther o f

Evan der.—auctor, i n sp i r i ng, i .e. the authority for the words o f the

n ymph.

338. Carm en ta l em , afterwards called Scelerata, because the Fabli

wen t out of this gate, n ever to return .

343. rettul i t, made,simply ; cf. t ed d o, an d x i . 426 , w ith ex amples in

vocabulary.—Luperca.l , a cave in the Palatin e hil l , in which were cele

brated some an cien t rites, apparen tly of a propitiatory character, afterwards

attached to the Lycaean Pan .

344 . P arrhasi o, Arcadia n ,a part being put for the whole.

345 . Argl l et l, a place in Rome, probably so cal led from the clay

(argi l la ) dug there ; but by a popular etymology the n ame gives rise to a

legen d of the death of Argus. testat n r, tel ls t/ze story of :

354. aeg lda : this is the defen sive armor of Jupiter, as the thun der

bol t is his weapon of attack , an d n o doubt symbo l iz es the storm -c loud,

here tran sferred to his right hand. I ts mean ing is, however, in vo lved in a

mythological maz e, which con n ects it w ith the skin of the goat that suck led

Jupiter, and various other myths. Cf. v . 435 .

358. Saturn ia : there was mo st probably an o ld town on the Capi

tolin e before the foun ding of Rome on the Palatin e, an d afterwards the two

were un ited.

32 Not“ . (E lven) .

36 1 . C ar l n ls, on e of the fin est and busiest quarters of Rome, con

ceived at this early time as sti ll a pasture.

364. t o d ig n um fi n ge, compose your m in d wortbi ly , & c., i .e. feel as

he fel t.

365 . asp er, oj'

en ded.

369. A n ew subject, the obtain ing of the arms of [En eas by his mother,

wherein Virgil imitates l l . x viii . 428.

370. h aud n equ iq uam , n ot w i t/tout reason .

374. vastaban t, for imperfect, see 276, e, N . ; G . 571 ; H . 467, i ii .

4, N

375 . d eb i ta, j ustly doomed, i .e. fated to fall.

382. eadem , tbonglz n ot befbre, i .e. the same goddess who before

refrain ed, n ow asks, when the circumstan ces have changed—san ctum ,

a lway s revered. n um en , ace. of the person after rogo .

383 . fi l ia Nerei , Thetis, see 11. as above.

384. Ti th on ia con iun x , Aurora. who, it would seem, 6btain ed the

same boon for her son Memnon ; cf. i . 75 1 .

385 . m oen ia, ci ties the Latin forces the figure farther than is allow

able in Engl ish.

387. h i n c atq ue h i n c, on Me left a n d r ig/n.

390 . l ab efac ta, y ieldi ng.

395 . ex a l to, from afar , i .e . n o such ex cuse is n eeded.

396 . c n ra , i .e. on the part of Ven us.

403. u n im ae, blast, of course, from the bellows, but put more gen

erally here w ith a poetic feel ing—p recan do, i .e. by your prayers to

show a doubt of your power.

406 . l n f n su s, ly i ng.

407. ab ac tae, rol l i ng on .

409. ten u i , an orn amen tal epithet of the thread —m cf. v.

284, put here, as often , for tbread.

410 . eu l im p osi tum , w/zose duty i t is.

4 1 1 n oc tem op er i , n ig/zt to ”re work of day . ut, etc., i.e. that she

may gain the wherew ithal to, & c .

415 . fab r i l ia , of bi s craft.

419. Aetn aea, i .e . belching fire .

420 . a n d i t i referu n t, are bea rd ga'

vi ng fortb.

42 1 . str i c tu rae, Ill e pl ian t m asses.

423 . h oe , an archaic form of h ue . Cf. eo, 1110 .

424. ex erc eba n t , busied tbem selves wi t/z . Cf. vu. 380.

429. rad ios, cf. Figs . 37 and 43, which show the conven tiona l form

o f the thun derbol t. The compon en t parts o f the thunder-storm are poeti

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34 1Votes . [tENEtn

478. sax o, vetu sto : n o doubt on accoun t of the wal ls be ing bui lt

w ith the huge irregular blocks o f ston e of the an cien t style, cal led Pelasgic

or Cyclopean ; see Fig. 12 5 , an d cf. the walls of Mycen ae. Some of its

tombs still ex ist, built in the style of the tombs ( treasure houses) at Mycen ae.

479. Agyl l i n ae, also cal led Cacre.—Lydi a : the Lydian origin of

the Etruscan s was gen eral ly received, and is very probably true .

481 . d ei n d e ten u i t, si n ce bas ca l led.

487. germ s, in a k in d of apposition w ith the preceding clause ; a con

struction n ot un common in G reek . Cf. vi . 223 .

492 . i n ter caed em , am id tlze car n age, i .e. while the people were

cutting down his defen ders.

493. h OSp i t i s, Izospi table properly his host who received him , proba

bly having relation s of ltosp i ti um w ith him .

498. s ign a ferre, supply m e, the techn ical expression for advan cing

to the fight, here n aturally appl ied to the leader.

499. M aeo n iae, cf. 71. 479.

503 . op tate, c/toose ; cf. i . 5 70 .

506 . Tarch on , an Etruscan n ame ak in to Tarquin ius.

507. succed am , the request in indirect discourse.

508. tarda, etc.,but age al l slug

‘islt wi t/z its dri ll and wasted wi t/i

many y ears, & c.

5 10 . u i , etc.,if; bei ng of m ix ed race by a Sabi n e mother, be did n ot

draw bis paren tage i n partfrom here, so that he is partly of this coun try.

5 19. 8 t n om i n e, i .e . equipped an d paid by him.

5 22 . p utaban t, were begi n n i ng to revolve, & c. See 5 308, b; G . 599,

RP; H . 5 1 1 , 1 .

5 33 . ego O l ym p o, i .e. i t is I that the heaven ly sign s call upon .

534. cec i n it, etc.,the promise has n ot been given .

542 . H ercu l ei s, i .e. he makes a sacrifice to Hercules.

543. h estern um , si n ce yesterday , n ewly adopted ( cf. 0 . i .e.

t’En eas worships the household god of the fami ly in to which he had come

yesterday as a guest. Perhaps this was Hercules, to whom the preceding

verse refers. p arvos, bumble, as suited to the modest home of Evan der.

5 50 . n un ti a ven tura, to car ry tidi ngs.

5 5 2 . ex sortem , specia l , out of the common lot such as fell to the others .

560 . referat , see 267, b; ( l . 2 54 ; I I . 483, i .

56 1 . q ua l is the an teceden t would properly be tal l , agreeing gram

matical ly w ith m ih i , but referring to the who le idea.

5 64 . Fero n ia , cf. vi i . 800 .

5 65 . ter ti a , etc .,t/zr i ce bad be to be met i n battle, even if he were con

quered an d slain .

VI I I . T/ze /E n eid. 35

5 69. fin i t im o h u i c cap i t i , me bis n ezg/zbor .

584 . con l ap sam , fa i n ti ng.

594. p rox um a m eta v ia rum , tire course was s/tortest, l it. the en d of

the way was n earest.

598. n igra, etc.,i .e. the fir grow ing on the hil ls surrounds the sacred

grove .

600 . Si l van o, cf. Bcl . x . 24 an d n ote.

60 1 . di em , i .e. a special feast-day.

603 . tu ta l oc i s, i n a strongposi tion .

605 . ten d eba t , cf. ii . 29.

6 1 1 . n l tro , purposely .

620 . flam m as, cf. vi i. 786 .

622 . san gu i n eam must be taken of the color, as the armor was n ew ,

though it may be a stock epithet.

628. tex tum , blazon ry , referring to the subjects embossed thereon .

63 1 . p rocub u i sse, ly i ng.

634. fi n gere, cf. the proverbial“ l ick in to shape,

”of the bear.

638. sever l s : the Sabin es were regarded as the most ascetic of al l the

Latin n ation s.

642 . M ottum , see the famil iar story in the legen dary history of Rome.

643. m an ores, see 266, e ; G . 266 , H . 483, 2, N .

650 . ad sp i ceres, see 3 1 1 , a ; G . 2 5 2 ; H . 485 .

654. recen s, i .e. then n ew ly made compared with Virgil’s time.

reg la : the straw-thatched hut o f Romulus was long preserved as a sup

posed relic .

66 1 . au ro, i .e. the col lar which the G auls regularly wore.

663. Sa l ios, cf. 285 .— Lup erco s, cf. 343.

664. ap ices, the priestly cap worn by several rel igious officials was of

a con ical form, an d had a poin t at the top w ith a lock of wool . See

Fig. 94.

665 . ex tud erat , bad w rong/i t, used of beaten work .

666. p i len t is : the Roman matro n s had the privilege of atten ding

certain sacred procession s in a large four-wheeled carriage . This privilege

was gran ted them for some act of devotio n to the state on their part, which

is variously stated.

670 . Ca ton em , i .e. Uticen sis, who for his justice and in flex ibil ity ismade a judge in the world below l ike M in os, & c . ( cf. vi . but it is

n o ticeable that he is a judge amo ng the good on ly.

671 . h aec i n ter : the cen tre o f the shield represen ting the sea had the

great subject o f the battle of Actium .

672 . au rea can o, a go ld sea w i th white ( silver) waves, hen ce

sed .

36 Notes . [E x am

673 . orbem : the do lphin s seem to have formed a kin d of frame for

the main subject ( i n media) .

676 . cern ere, cf. Ecl . x . 46 .

677. au ro : we must suppose Virgi l to have forgotten that the sea

was already of gold, or imagin e some variety in the fin ish of the metal .

680 . gem i n a s, etc . : the poet con ceives the usual orn amen ts ( see

Figs . 88, b, an d 85 ) in a supern atural form as i ndicating the divin e char

acter of Augustus.

682 . Ag ri p p a : M . V ipsan ius Agrippa, the great gen eral an d states

man of Augustus, here represen ted as comman ding a division .

685 . barba r i ca, etc . : .\n ton y'

s strength was drawn from vari ous n a

tion s of the East.

688 . seq u i tu r , w itb bim comes . B ac tra, represen ting the farthest

East. con i u n x , of course, Cleopatra .

689. red u c t i s, wel l -pu l led.

69 1 . c red a s : the presen t is used as if we saw them n ow, cf. 71. 676 .

693 . ta n ta m ol e, etc ., avi /b sn cb buge bu lbs of towered sbips.

696 . si st ro , an in strumen t l ike a hoop, w ith cross w ires, which when

shaken made a rattling n o ise . I t was peculiar to the wan ton worship of

I sis, an d probably does n o t be long to war, hen ce there is doubtless a sn eer

in the description .

697. a tergo : apparen tly Vulcan has represen ted the death of Cleo

patra symbo lical ly by two serpen ts fo l lowing behind her.

698 . m on stra : the gods of Egypt were gen erally represen ted as half

an imal , as e .g. An ubis w ith a dog’s head .

70 1 . ex aeth ere, as w inged divin ities .

704 . Ac t i u s : Apol lo had a temple on the promon tory of Actium ; cf.

iii . 275 , 280 an d n ote .

70 5 . eo terro re, i n dread of bim ,referring especially to his hostile

attitude .

708. i n m i ttere, let go, as if ships were made to go in the same man

n er as horses by letting loose the ropes, an d n ot in fact oftener by drawing

them in .

709. p a l l en tem , etc ., pa le roi tb tbej bresigbt of ber com i ng death .

71 1 . m agn o , etc .,rui t/1 bis bnge jorm a l l i n attitude of gr ief, of

course represen ted as a river-god.

714 . tri p l ic i Augustus ce lebrated three triumphs on three successive

days fo r victories in D almatia,at Actium ,

an d at Alex andria.

724. Nom ad um , etc . , fo r the peoples of Africa who were o n the side

f An to n v . d i sc i n c to s , apparen tly from their flowing, angi t-dei ! robes.

725 . Le legas , etc ., fo r the peoples of Asia Minor and the vicin ity.

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38 Notes . [E xi t

1 1 1 . Au rora, tbe r isi ng su n .

1 12 . ch or l , ban ds, i .e. the usual atten dan ts of Cybele, whose worship

was wi ld an d orgiastic, l ike that of Bacchus.

125 . revocat, etc .,i .e . the Tiber, con ceived as a god, which justifies

p ed em , shrin ks back from the sea in which the porten t appears .

127. n l tro sti l l more,i .e. n ot on ly he does n ot lose his confidence,

but w ithout an y cause goes farther and rises above the omen .

128. p etu n t, a re a imed at.

13 1 . r erum p ars a l tera , on e balf tbe wor ld, i .e. the sea.

133. 1111 tor ren t, n o terrors j br me bere, & c.

138. c on iuge p raerep ta , robbed of my prom ised spouse.

139. i ste d o l o r , tba t w rong, l it. the feeling for the loss of a woman ,

al ludin g to Helen .

140 . sed , in troducing an argumen t again st himself—p ec c are, op

posed to p er i i sse, if it is en ough for themto have suffered on ce , i t ought

to have been en ough for them to have sin n ed before to cure them of their

fai ling, an d make them hate al l woman kind.

141 . p en i tu s , u tter ly .

143. l et i , etc ., cf. ii i . 685 .

147. arm i s , l ike Achil les m i l l e, as in the Trojan war.

149. ad d an t, con cessive, even though,”& c.

150 . ten eb ra s, i .e . such strategy as was used in the capture of Troy,

o f which he gives two ex amples,—the steal ing of the Palladium , an d the

trick of the wooden horse . I n this view i t . 15 1 justifies i tself.15 6 . n u n c ad eo, i .e. fo r the momen t

,however.

1 57. q uod su p erest , for tbc rema i n der of the day.

1 58. p ara r i , is at ba n d, i .e . though the en emy refuse to fight, be

assured that I w il l make them .

172 . v ocaren t, for the future of direct discourse .

174. p er ic l um , tbeposts of da nger .

175 . q uod , the an teceden t woul d be id, in distributive apposition with

v i ces .

177. I d a , doubtless a n ymph, his mother, though she appears n owhere

n eq ue i n d u it , n or of tbose 20110 wore, & c .

u n u s m utua l , the same on both sides .

t um qu oq u e, as we ll as at other times, impl ied in the preced ing.

h u n c , i .e . which I n ow feel , i .e . is it a divi ne inspiration that I

o n ly m y ow n fierce desire ?

d ub i tem , besi tate to do, i .e . what I wish to do, but am in doubt

1x . Tbe zfln eid. 39

193. reporten t., car ry , n ot br i ng back.

199 . adi u n gere, after f ug i s used l ike a verb of w ishing.

204. fata ex trem a , tbe for lor n bope of bis desti ny , the idea of time

alon e, favored by some editors, seems weak .

20 5 . h ie, etc .,tbis sou l of m i n e, of. h u ic cap i t i , viii . 5 70 .

—eon

tem p tor , on e tbat l i ttle va lues.

207. equ id em , I’m sure.

208. n ee fas , n or ougbt I to. 110 11, n o con firmed by the follow ing

adjuration .

2 10 . quae, sn cb baps as, the an teceden twould be ea in apposition with

the idea in the main clause.

2 1 1 . au t qu i cum q ue, or a ny otber god wbo, & c.

2 13. m e rap tam , my body rescued by for ce or ra n somea’

, & c .

2 14. h um o, loc . abl . as if some word of burial had been used, to

w hich m an d et is equivalen t.

2 18. sol a p erseq u i tu r, see v. 750.

2 19. n oc ti s, weave.

220 . l oco ced i t, cf. vi i . 332 .

222 . sueeed u n t, rel ieve ; we must suppose it the hour for a change

o f watch .—servan t v i ces, tabe tbei r watcb

,stan d guard in their turn .

223. regem , tbc pr i n ce, Ascan ius .

224. an im a l ia, l ivi ng creatu res, in cluding man .

230 . cam p i , the open space in fron t of the praetorium or headquarters.

The picture of the coun ci l, however, is Homeric of an earl ier date .

237. eon t i euere, are si len t, see 279, R . ; G . 228, H . 471 , 3 .

i n si d i i s, a secret sa l ly .

238. b i v io : we must suppose two roads bran ching from outside the

gate, on e leading down the coast, the other up the Tiber.

24 1 . q uaesi tum , w ith A en ea n , govern ed by cern eti s .

243 . ad fore, supply n os .

244. p r im am , tbe ex trem ity of248. tam en , after a l l , opposed to the apparen t determin ation of the

gods to destroy Troy.

25 3 . p u l ch err im a , i .e. the n oblest rewards wil l come from the gods

an d your own virtue.

25 5 . i n teger, etc ., an d so l ikely to l ive long to requite the deed .

25 7. im m o, con tradicting the last speaker’s remark , but on ly to ia

crease its force an d give details.

2 59. l arem , i .e . the fam ily household divin ity.

264. Ar i sba, a town of the Troad.

268. di cere, assign , in the d istribution of the booty.

[E rma

271 . i am n un c, already assign ed to him and ex cepted from the gen

eral allotmen t.

273 . a rm a, i .e. w ith their arms just as they are taken .

274. i n sup er, a preposition , in which fun ction it is occasion al ly found.

279. rerum verborum q ue, i n deed an d coun sel .

282 . for ti bu s a n si s, referring to Ascan ius’

prom ise to make him a

compan ion in al l his glorious deeds.

286 . ex ced en tem , i .e. she came out and could n ot be detain ed.

288. i n sa l u tatam , the so-cal led Tmesis, i .e. the compound

either stil l felt as separate or imitated from an cien t models in which it

is separated in to its parts.

289. quod , i .e. the reason why I leave her without bidding farewellis, & c.

294. im ago , tbe sembla n ce, i .e. he saw in Euryalus an affection like

his own to his father. Cf. x . 824 .

296 . sp o n de, prom isey ourself; i .e. hope for.

298. p ar tum ta lem , tbe motber of sucb a son , i .e . gratitude for having

born e such a son awaits her.

305 . h ab i lem , proleptic con ven ien tly .

3 15 . tam on , opposing what follows to the thought implied in the

preceding,that they were going to their death.

320 . i p sa v ocat res, tbe very ci rcumstan ces i n vite as .- hac i ter

es t , tbis way l ies our course, the t wo ex pression s forming a k in d of justifi

cation ,hal f jesting an d half in earn est, of the havoc he was going to make.

Cf. l ato l im ite.

329. tem ere, bczp-basard, as they happen ed to have lain down .

337. (100 , i .e . Bacchus.

348. m u l ta m orte, w itb deadly ej ect, probably with the n otion that

the w ithdrawal of the weapon has ten ed death by promoting the flow of

blood.

356 . v ia , cf. v . 32 1 .

359. p h a l eras , an orn amen t worn by the higher ranks of Roman

soldiers. I t con sisted of metal bosses attached to leather straps across the

breast.

360 . c i n gu l a : the belt doubtless formed a part of the same decora

tion as the ph a lerae .

363 . m ortem , etc . : the sen se is doubtful , but it may be taken as

mean ing after the death of the gran dson the Rutul ian s gained it, and it fell

to the share of Rhamn es.

364. n eq u i d quam , because through it he meets his death, cf. 0 . 384.

372 . h os , N isus an d l i urvalus.- l aev0 , cf. bivio, v. 238.

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42 iVotc'S . [IENam.

489. et so l abar, wbi le I , & c., or tran slate by a participle. Such

con n ection s in a compoun d sen ten ce of a secon d member, in troduced by a

relative but n ot properly belonging to the relative, are not un common in

Latin an d G reek, probably because the relative has not lost al l demon

strative force, or because the con struction is preserved even after that force

is lost.

491 . h oe, etc.,is this al l,

” & c ., referring of course to the head carried

by the Latin s.

492 . h oe, i .e . is this the loved son that,” & c. ?

493. p i eta s,/fl i ed aj ection , from which you can be prompted to do

me, a mother, the highest service .

499. torp en t, etc ., i .e. the effect was such that the leaders put an end

to the scen e.

503 . at tuba, etc . this verse is said to be partly taken from En n ius :

At tuba ter r ibi l i san i ta tara tan tara dix i t. I t is in teresting to n otice the

moderation with which Virgi l has used the al l iteration as compared with

the older poet. Though it may be doubted whether for an occasional

effect the old verse is n ot the lin er. son i tm n , cogu . ace. wi th in c rep ui t.

—i n erep u i t, ra ng, o r pea led.

50 5 . ac ta, of. i i . 44 1 . There appear to be three attackin g parties, the

secon d men tion ed in v . 507, the third in v. 5 2 1 . For the whole description ,cf. ii . 442 .

508. ln ter l ueet, sbows vacan t gaps, letting the l ight through the line.

coro n a, cf. v . 380 .

5 1 1 . l o n go, al luding to the siege ofTroy.

5 12 . i n festo , cr usbi ng.

5 13 . p ossen t , see 334,f ; G . 462, 2 ; H . 5 29, n . 1 .—tectam , cf. v.

50 5 .— tam en , i .e. though the vigor o f the Trojans made i t dangerous,

n on e tbc less, & c .

5 18. eaeeo, i .e . un der the covering of shields .

5 2 1 . E truseam , merely because Mezen tius carried it.

5 24 . resc i n d i t, co n ative, tr ies to, & c .

5 25 . ca n en t i , y ou r ba rd.

5 28 . oras, a troublesome word. The tradition al explan ation of edges,

i .e . tbc scrol l , con tain i ng a picture, seems best. The l in e is said to be from

En n ius .

530 . vasto su sp ec tu , of gi d dy muffin—pon tibus : apparen tly the

tower was an outwork ,cf. v . 170 .

5 3 1 . op por tu n a 10 00 , a poi n t of va n tage. loco, abl. of respect.

5 34 . c ava s , ope n ,an d s . ) mak ing ho l low places .

5 36 . p l u r im a ven to , i n cr eased by tbe w i nd.

1x . Tbc zE n eid. 43

540 . pon d ere, of the men thus gathering.

542 . secuta, upon them .

547. vet i t is, probably by his father.— i n gl or i us, although the son

of a king, he came w ithout blazon ry as an un kn own person .—a l ba, un

blazon ed.

5 5 1 . coron a, cf. v . 508.

572 . fa l l en te, u n seen,k il ling without being observed .

—l on ge,from

afar .

578. ergo al i s, etc . : of the three clauses sag i tta is the subject of thefirst an d last, an d m a n n s of the in terven ing on e.

582 . H ibera , usual ly supposed to refer to a purple dye from Spain ;

possibly, however, a coun try of the same n ame in Asia may be mean t.

584. M atr is, usual ly taken as Cybele, though we kn ow n othing of her

worship in Sicily, where the river Symaethus is foun d. I t may be his

mother, the n ymph of that region (grove or river) .

5 85 . p l ac ab i l i s, cf. vii . 764.— P a l i e i : two local divin ities of this

n ame are men tion ed n ear“

the c ity of Eryx in Sicily, fabled as son s of

Jupiter. They correspon d to two an cien t sulphurous lakes, of which on ly

on e n ow remain s . The selection of on e seems to be a l icen se of the poet.

588. l i q uefacto, in its flight, according to a n otion of the an cien ts.

590 . The boy’s baptism of fire is celebrated as was that of the

young Napoleon IV. in later times .

592 . Num a n um : rarely are these heroes represen ted w ith two n ames.

He may have two here to in crease his con sequen ce, or Virgil may have

overlooked his own custom .

596. n ovo, o n ly dating from his marriage .— reg 110 , regal state.

597. i n gen tem , referring to l iteral stature probably.

598. i terum , o n ce at the siege of Troy.

599. b is, by Hercules an d by the G reeks .

609. aevum , l ife. fer re , the sword an d the spade. versa, i .e . the

spear n ever leaves our han ds ; it is o n ly in verted for a goad.

”

6 14 . p i c ta , cf. v . 582 .

6 16 . m a n i cas : lo ng-sleeved tun ics were regarded as efi

'

emin ate by the

Roman s as well as the G reeks. m i t rae, see Figs . 86 an d 96 .

6 17. P h rygiae, cf. 11. ii . 235 .

6 18. ad suet i s, i ts wan ted vota r ies.—b iforem , two

-voiced, al luding

to the two pipes jo in ed at on e mouth-

piece, an arrangemen t characteristic

of the Phrygian pipe .

6 19. tym p a n a : the drum was also characteristic of the orgias tic wor

ship of Cybe le.— b u x u s, the material o f the pipe.

620 . cod i to, aba n don .

44 [Va/cs .

626 . ip se, i .e. in addition to the publ ic sacrifices made by his father as

head of the n atio n .

627. aura ta : the horn s o f such victims were sometimes gi lded .

628. p ar i ter , i .e . grown as large as his mother,full-g rown .

630 . p arte seren a , an d so thunder from a clear sky ; cf. vu . 141 .

63 1 . laevum , also a favorable sign cf. ii . 693.

632 . ad d u c ta , draw n bome.

636 . seq uu n tu r, ba i l bim , fol low his act.

638. c r i n i tu s, the ( ireek dx epaex dyns, un shom , as ever young.

639. v ideba t , a'as lool 'i ng down upon .

644. cap i t , con/i n c, i .e . its destin v is n o t to l imit yours.

649. tum , later

650 . l o n gueve , tbc aged si re.—eo l orem q ue, cf. vi ii . 228.

65 5 . p ar ib u s , as the bow is Apo l lo’

s regular weapon .

65 8. a urum , cf. iv . 278.

660 . f uga, as be fled ; cf. l l . i . 5 .

66 1 . n um i n e, a utbor i t t', the wil l of the god, employed by them to

dissuade l ulus .

667. q ua n tu s , as fier ce as a rben ; the an teceden t would be gram

matical lv ta n ta w ith p ug n a, but the idea is that the shower of missi les

was as x io lcn t, & c .

668. H aed i s , two stars n ear the Bul l , whose rising ( see n ote to i. 535 )was atten ded by storms .

669 . q uam m u l ta g ran d i n e, w itb a ba i l of m issi les, tbicb as wben ,

673 . s i l v est ri s, tbc woodlan d nympb.

676 . m oen i bu s, w i t/t i n tbc wa l ls,but best con strued as ablative, as

that is the regular co n struction in prose (where the dative would be inad

m issible) , un less i n or ad is ex pressed .

77. p ro t u rr ib u s, two l iv i ng towers.

680 . A th es im , an o ther river of Northern I taly (Adtge) .685 . p ra ecep s a n im i , o/

‘

bead/ong cou rage.

686 . agm i n ib u s, abl . o f accompan imen t.

689. eod em , i n tbc sam e spot, l it. to tbc same spot, on accoun t of the

mo tio n impl ied in g l om e ra n tu r .

693 . fervére : the studen t must observe that verbs often vary in their

con jugatio n at differen t perio ds o f the lan guage ; cf. Eng. worked and

w r ong/ct. doubt origin al lv a \ erb cou ld be made in an y form of stem,

an d each fo rm bad its separate sen se ; but later the senses were con

foun ded , an d d ifferen t verbs becam e petrified in differen t forms .

697. Th eba n a ,of b a citv o f .\ lysia, the n ative place of An

( lromat‘l l e .

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46 Vola t . [E x am

787. segues, sluggi sh sou ls.

788. con s i stu n t., stan dfast.

792 . l eon em , the sim i le is of a l ion at bay.

804. germ an ae, Jun o , sister of Jove, as daughter of Saturn .

805 . ce dat, see 341, e ; G . 509, 3 ; H . 5 28, l . The apodosis is im

pl ied in i ussa , equivalen t to t/zreats that Jove w ill do something or other.

807. c l i peo, i .e. the shield becomes so heavy from the m issiles.

808. cava, of the hol lows of the helmet around the temples, which

ring w ith the miss iles strik ing the helmet.

813. p iceum , tlt iel'

816 . i l l e, the god . gu rgi te, the physical stream ; both these phases

of the river are thought of as acting together.

BOOK X .

Verse 1 . I n imitation of Homer ( 11. iv. 1 ) Virgil represen ts the gods incoun cil upon the fate of I taly.

5 . b ipaten t ibu s, of dou lrle fron t, imagin ing a hal l like a Roman

atrium or a temple, en tered at each en d.

6. q u ian am , cf. v . t 3.

7. v ersu retro, e/zaugedfor tlze worse.

8. ab n ueram , i .e . before the strife began .

13. A l pes , al luding to I l an n ibal’s passage across them, as if he

brought them w ith him ,or at least their tribes.

I 4. res rapu i sse, seek tlze spoi l of war , i .e. make predatory in cursions

upon each o ther, as was customary in an cien t warfare. The perfect here

does n ot differ from the presen t.

I 5 . stu l to, let be, lqave ofl'

con ten din g ; cf. d esl n o, and the colloquial

use o f s i n e .

16 . au rea, im itating xpvo if’

A¢poafm,an d referring to her perfect

beauty.

23. p roel ia m i scen t, m i ngle i n str ife.

28. ab A rp i s, cf. viii . 9.

29. equ i dem , i n aet,i .e. I suppose it wi ll even go so far in the repe

tition of the Trojan even ts .

”

30 . d em oror, awa i t, s/za l l h a ve to my” , alluding to the con test in

which Ven us was wo un ded by D iomedes. 11. v. 334.

34. su per i , cf. ii i, 94, 163, 183, 25 3, 364 ; iv. 275 , & c.—m an ns, cf.

11. 295 , 780 ; v. 729.

36 . e x u s tu s, sce v . 641 .

37. tem p es ta tum , see i . 50 .

38. I r im , sec v. 606.

x . Tite zEueid. 47

42. 1111 super , etc .,1 am n ot n ow a la rmedfor our emp ire ; that hope

is past.— i sta , the prom ises of Jove ; see i . 257.

43. v i n can t, an d so possess the empire prom ised to us.

44 . s i n u l l a, etc.,i .e. at least gran t that my gran dson may survive in

peace.

48. iactetur , i .e.

“ if n ot al lowed to settle here, let him stil l suffer the

wan derings of ex ile.

”

50 . h u n c, Ascan ius .

5 1 . Am ath u s, etc .,cities in Cyprus, the favorite islan d of Ven us .

Cy th era, an other favorite islan d, from wh ich she received the n ame often

appl ied to her.

54. i n de,f rom tli d t quarter , where I hide Ascan ius.

59. i n sed i sse, to li ar/e settled on ,represen ting them as sitting on the

ruin s of their home,a dismal picture en ough ; but this is worse, she says .

6 1 . casu s, i .e . of an other Trojan war.

68. Cassan d rae, see ii i . 183.—n um , etc ., i .e. the reverses are his

own fault.

71 . fid em (w ith agi tat e) , state, properly the faithfuln ess of the sub

jects to their k ing.

76 . P i l um n u s, etc . : Turn us has a divin e origin n o less than E n eas,

an d on both sides, Ven il ia being a n ymph.

77. qu id , etc . the establishmen t of the Trojan s is treated as a foreign

i n vasion . qu id , etc .,

“ i f it is wron g for the I tal ian s, & c .,what is it for the

Trojan s,78. avertere, cf. vn . 477.

79. soceros, plural by a figure common in al l languages, by which a

single case is made gen eral , an d so treated abstractly. l egere, to stea l, in

an o ld mean ing. grem i i s, better un derstood as from their paren ts’

bosoms. pac tua, as Lavin ia had been to Turn us.

80 . arm a, al luding to the journ ey to Evan der ; cf. viii. 80 .

82 . n eb u l am : it is Apo l lo who rescues Ai n eas by mean s of the cloud,

but Jun o mal iciously ascribes al l the divin e in terferen ce tq'Uen us alon e ;

cf. v. 3 14 an d 344, an d x x . 32 1 .

83. n ym ph as, see ix . 1 17.

88. t ib i , see 236 ; G . 35 1 ; H . 389 ; tran slate you r w ith P h ryg i ae

an d Troas .

9 1 . furto , the carrying off of Helen .

94. tum , i .e. when they comm itted the acts which caused the war.

tu i s, your favor i tes.

96 . orabat, spoke.

97. var io, to on e party or the other.

48 Notes . [E x am

98. caeca, the win d is n ot as yet broken forth so as to be recogn ized

as the cause .

102 . 8010 , i n i ts sol id mass.

103. p osuere, cf. vii . 27.—p rem i t, smootbes.

107. sec a t, see Vocabularv.

108. fuat, see 1 19 ; 6 ; I I . 204, 2. The archaism is n o doubt

in ten tion al ly assign ed to Jove’

s speech .

I 12 . i dem , a l ike.

1 17. m ed ium , tbrongi ng rou n d, lit. i n tbe m idst of fbeat the picture

is borrowed from the marks of respect common in Rome .

122 . coron a , cf. ix . 508.

126 . a l ta , famous.

134 . d i vi d i t, by bei ng set i n i t.

136 . i n c l usum , of in laid woods . Oric ia, from Oricum in I l lyria.

142 . P ac tol us : this river of Lydia was supposed to flow with sands

of gold.

145 . h i n c , of course a w ild etymo logy, according to the fashion of the

times .

150 . q u id l p se ferat, i .e. what advan tage his al lian ce would bring.

15 2 . q uae s i t fidu c ia, bow l i ttle rel ia n ce is to be placed, i .e. how ia

secure he himself is .

154. l ibera, bar/ i ng a ccompl isbed.— fat l , see 5 2 18, c ; G . 373 ; H.

399, i . 3 . The al lusion is of course to the oracle in vii i . 502 .

1 57. P h rygi os, etc . the referen ce is to a sort of figure-head or orn a

men t at the prow ,the lion s below an d the moun tains projecting above.

16 1 . quaer i t, etc . : as on e who is in ex perien ced, he inquires of the

ex perien ced voyager.

166 . t i gr i , al luding to the device at the prow, as in v. 157.

168. q u i s , o ld for q u ibu s .

171 . Apol l i n e, cf. t igr i . p up p i s, ship gen eral ly, the device being

at the prow .

173. bel l i , see 2 18, c ; ( 1. 374, H . 399, iii . 1 .

174 . C h a l ybum , a n ation supposed to dwel l west of the'

Black Sea,

from whom came the art o f forging iron an d steel .

176 . p aren t , probably in the earl ier sense of appear , be wel l b rown ,

which is to be preferred on accoun t of Virgil’s well-kn own ten den cy to

archaisms, but it may also mean be subj ect to, as a kind of master.

179. A l ph eae : an c ien t Pisa on the Alpheus in Eliawas supposed to

be the mother city of Pisa in Etruria.

181 . vers i co l or ib u s , o f differen t metals.

183 . M i n i on i s, a river of Etruria.

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50 Notes. [E m u

273. l ugubre ruben t, show thei r red a n d hateful l ight —Si rius

ard or, blaz i ng S i r ius.

277. p raeel pere, after fid uc ia, which con tains the idea of desire as

wel l as confiden ce.

278. This verse is obviously in serted from ix . 127.

279. p erfr i n gere, in a kin d of apposition w ith quod, as op tastis

could take the infin itive.

280 . i n m a n ibus, etc .,thefor tun e of war is i n the ha n ds of heroes,

i .e . n ow that it is a fair light w ithout walls we are sure of victory, for

brave warriors have the success of war depen den t upon their own deeds

of might.

282. u l tro , fea r lessly , i .e. taking the offen sive.

283 . egress i s, as they laud.

284. aud en t ls, a variation on the regular all iterative fortes.

288. p on t ibu s : three classes are n 1en tion ed,—those regularly dis

embarked by gang-

planks, those who watched the receding wave an d

jumped in to the shal low water left by it (brev i bu s ) , those who clam

bered out on the long oars (a l l l ) . Tarchon tried still an other way,

selecting a spot an d beaching his vessels.

291 . spera t , expect, fear.

292 . l n ofi‘

c n sum , u n distu rbed,n ot meeting any obstacle to break it.

c rescen t i aestu , w i th the swel l i ng surge.

294. i n cum b i te, to give the required momen tum to run the ships far

up on the beach.

295 . fi n d i te, p rem at : these acts suggest to him a kin d of omen of

success in the in vasion .

297. fran gere, to ri tr ech, the techn ical word. He is wil li ng to sacri

fice the ship for the advan tage gain ed .

302 . i n n oc uae, un harmed.

303. i n flj eta : Tarchon ’s own ship meets an un ex pected shallow

farther out.

304. su sten ta t-a , i n suspen se,poised.

30 5 . so l v i tur , breaks up.

307. ret rah i t p ed em , w ithdraws.

309 . con tra , a r ray ed, in opposition .

3 1 1 . om en p ug n ac, ace . in a k in d of apposition with the action of

i n v a s i t, a con struction which may be compared with the cog. acc. ; see

vi 223 .

3 14. h au r l t , cf. ii . 600 .

3 16 . q n o , to wha t en d, i .e . it was useless to be saved then an d perish

n ow by the same steel .

x . The zEn eia'

. 5 1

319. arm a, i .e. c l ava .

320 . M el am pu s : there was a very an cien t mythical seer an d healer

of this n ame, some of whose ex ploits somewhat resembled those of Her

cul es, but it is difficul t to see how Virgil coul d make an I talian of him .

W e must suppose some other, though i n vero poin ts to some superhuman

agen cy in the father.

326 . acen t ua, thoughtless in death.

327. m i sera n d e, attracted by the vocative to which i t refers.

329. sep tem , etc . : the sen ten ce is broken at this word an d resumed

in an other form at sep ten a . The difficulty may be met in English by

tran slating, seven were they , & c .,an d hu r led, & c .

333. n on u l l um , etc . : these weapon s are supposed to have been t e

covered from G reeks slain by them at Troy, an d are thus in a man n er

con secrated to the death of the en em ies of the Trojan s .

339. tra i ecto : the spear, after tran sfix i ng Macon , goes through AI

can or’s arm an d stil l flies on .

343 . con tra , i n tur n , as his brother had been .

345 . C ur ibus, see 244, b.—p r im aev o corp ore, the vigor of his

youth .

347. p ressa,forced i n .

350 . sup rem o, m ighty ,in dicatin g the highest l in eage. These are

Thracian aux iliaries of the Trojan s.

35 1 . I sm ara , a moun tain of Thrace.

356 . d i scord es, wa r r i ng.

358. i n ter se, to each other . c ed i t, w i l l rield, are w illing to .

359. con tra,f ron t tofron t.

36 1 . p ed e, locative ablative, more common than the dative .

366 . q ua n do, for the n on ce s the word is n ot so used elsewhere, but

i ts close relation ship‘

w ith quon d am an d the l ike seems to justify this

m ean i ng.

367. u n um , in apposition w ith the action impl ied in accen d i t, cf.

3 1 1 . Of course the word may be taken w ith q uod , but the an teceden t

of quod then stan ds in that relation .

374. rep osc i t, summon s back.

376 . m orta l es, mor ta l l ihe them .— tot idem , just as man y as they.

378. Tro iam , i .e. the camp of the Trojan s.

382 . d i scrim i n a : the spin e makes a division between the ribs which

are attached to it on each side .

384. quem n o n su per occu p at K i sh o , whom sta n di ng over him

( drawing the spear) I ] . can n ot assa i l , as he hoped to do .

385 . an te, too soon .

5 2 Notes . [tENi-zm.

387. tum i do , i nfla ted, perhaps w ith pan ting.

391 . D au c ia , of on e fla tten s.

393. n un c , n ow a cruel distin ction is made between them .

400 . 1100 , i .e. just so much time as he was engaged in kil ling Rhmtens.

404. sem i a n im i s, tran sfer the epithet to the person .

405 . Op ta to, see 25 5 , b; cf. G . 438, R53

; H . 43 1, N.2

407. m ed i i s , i n the i n terva ls, between the differen t spo ts k in dled.

41 5 . i ugu l um , the throat of Hal-Jesus, to attack him . Virgi l would

hardlv put in such a detai l w ithout mean ing, as it would be if it mean t the

warrior’s own .

417. ca n en s, prophe ts/i ng, an d so guarding again st his death by keep

ing him out o f the wav.

420 . E va n d r i , the weap on s were actual ly wielded by Pallas.

423. h abch i t, sha l l bea r .

426. si n i t, cf. s i n i te, z'. 15 .

428. n od um , the n n elen s, as it were .—m oram , the hin dran ce to the

success of the Latin s, but from an other poin t of view the stay of the Tro

jan s.

432 . ex trem i adden sen t, by pressing forward .

435 . cgreg i i , en dowed w ith the fortun e of beauty, but on the other

han d short-l ived, hen ce sod .

438. sua, thei r desti n ed ; see 196, e ; G . 295 , H. 449, 2 .

443. cup erem , devoutly t ou ld I w ish ; see 5 31 1, 6 ; G . 602 ; H.

486, i .

444. aeq uore, aren a , the plain prescribed by Turn us ( l asso ) .

447. truc i, of the gr im war r ior , dat. as a l ivelier represen tative of the

v i su s, subject.449. op im i s : in asmuch as both were comman ders, the techn ical

trophies ( spol ia op ima ) would be obtain ed.

45 5 . m ed i ta n tem , pr epar i ng, properly,practising.

457. c o n t iguum m i ssae hastae, i n range of the m issile spear .

458 . au sum , a deed dared.

463 . foran t, braoh.

473. re i c i t, a touch of n ature in mak ing Jove turn away his eyes n ot

to w itn ess the fate he could n ot preven t.

481 . m age, an old form for m ag is . pen etrab i le, in an active sense

such as these adjectives often have.

488. su p er, cf. i x . 709.

49 1 . m em o res refer to, rem ember wel l to, & c.

492 . q ua l em , i n su ch state as he has deserved, i .e. dead but n ot muti

lated or despo iled. I freely gran t, he says, whatever consolation Evander

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X. The {E n eiaf 5 5

65 2. gaudia, his cher ished hopes, the joy of his hope, which flies of? inempty air, taking n o effect.

654. ex p os i t i s, ru n out.

660 . revol u ta , aga i n remeasured, cf. ix . 391 . The ships might be

said revo lvere i ter or aequ ora .

66 1 . i l l um au tem , but Tur n us.

666 . sal utis , see 2 18, c ; G . 374, RP; H . 399, iii . 1 .

668. c r im i n e, i .e. the charge of cowardly flight which he seems to

have in curred. poon as , the disgrace of flight.670 . fuga, escape, from his presen t imprisonmen t

—quem , in what

p l ight, return ing as a run away from the field.

672 . q u id , i .e. fac ien t, what of t

673. q uosn e, con tin uing the question in qui d , what of those, etc .?

675 . ago, sha l l 1 do 2

679. seq ua t ur , subj . of purpose.

683. fluc t ibus, dative.

686 . an im i , see 2 18, c, R. ; G . 374, H . 399, iii . 1 .

688. u rbem , Ardea.

698 . sed , al ike they perished, but on e flying, the other com ing on .

703. u n a. n oc te, Mimas was born the same n ight as Paris.

704. fac e, cf. vi i . 320 .

705 . crea t : many editors read after Ben tley’

s con jecture P ari s, as

the subject of occubat, but it does n ot seem un n atural that the last

men tion ed person should be un derstood as subject, an d it must be n oticed

that the last clause is con n ected by et as an in depen den t statemen t, n ot by

qua. ( n octe ) as a subordin ate clause . At any rate,in poetry on e would

rather trust even a tradition al Virgi l than a well -authen ticated Ben tley.

708. Vesu l us, a moun tain of the Cottian Alps.

712. i rasc i , to ven t his rage, by attacking the boar.

717 There has eviden tly been a m isplacemen t of the verses in

the man uscripts, which is in dicated by the n umbers in the margin .

719. Cory th i , cf. iii . 170 .

726 . p rofugus, the short 11 is justified by the caesura.

722 . con i ug is, i .e. a gift woven by her.

725 . surgen tem i n corn ua, high tower i ng w ith his hor n s, cf. con

su rgi t i n en som , ix . 749 .

73 1 . i n frac ta , broken in the woun d.

763 . tu rb id us, w i ldly .

781 . a l ien o, i n ten dedfor a n other .

784 . terga, used here of the lin en thickn ess from its con stan t use for

leather covering.

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[:EN15m.

1 12 . n ee ven i , n is i , etc ., n or had 1 come, on ly , & c . The form

of the sen ten ce changes from a direct statemen t,have come w ithout,

”to

should have come un less ,”a rhetorical or col loquial efl

'

ect o f course out

side of grammatical rules .

1 13 . gen te , opposed to rex .

1 15 . fuerat, the common in dicative of words o f n ecessity, & c ., instead

of the subjun ctive which is used in other verbs.

1 16 . st ap paret d ec u i t : simple con dition whose protasis is

presen t, but refets to al l time as a perman en t state o f m in d, an d whose

apodosis is past. See 306 ( cf. 3 1 1 , d ) ; C . 597; I I . 508 .

1 18. v i x et , o ld form for v i x l sset . The con dition is impl ied in the

preceding,“ if he had,

”& c.—n u n c , d ed i sset, see 342 ; G . 631 ; H.

5 29. iL

1 19. n u n c , opposed to the preceding suppos ition , i .e. as it is. Since

the brun t of the war is born e by the un fortun ate people, go and bury

them .

122 . od i is, abl . of respect.

126. l ust l t lae, an imitation of a G reek con struction of verbs of ad

m iring w ith the gen itive of cause.

127. h aec , these your words.

13 1 . sa x a. Tro ian o, the ston es of Troy , i .e. we would wil l ingly assist

in building your c ity.

133 . p ace seq uestra, recon ci led by the trace ; l it. w ith peace for a

mediator .

134. im p u n e, u n harm ed, by each other.

137. rob ora n ee , etc n otice the main division s con n ec ted by n ee

n ee, the subdivision s by et .

14 1 . fereb at , spread the n ews that, & c.

142 . m ore vet u sto , i .e. of bearing torches at fun erals . I t would

seem that these were provided in the cortege, a view which is con firmed

by the ten se of ra p uere .

144 . d i ser im i n at, div i des, by mark ing the roads which run between

farms.

146 . tec t i s, the city, n ot in side the houses.

148 . at , simply in dicatin g a change of topic wi thout adversative force.

po t is es t , the older un con tracted term for potest.

1 5 1 . v ia, etc .,can his voi ce/i n d way for grief.

15 2 . u t vel l es : these w o rds can hardly be anything else than an

ex plan ation o f p rom i ssa , but the ace . w ith in f. would be the proper con'etion . I t can o n lv be suppo sed that the request of the father shapes

“n o tation of the prom ise. As he said veli s, or u t vel i s, so the

x r. The [Em a

prom ise takes the in direct form of that request. N ot this the pr om ise

( that you should l ie here) that you made, when you prom ised to be ca n

ti ou s,” & c.

154. haud ign ar n s, etc .,bu t Iwas wel l aware that thatwas a prom ise

that coul d n ot be kept un der such temptation .

15 6. p rop i n q u i , close at ha n d, in to which a youth m ight go for his

first essay ; n ot a distan t foreign war, which would require ex perien ce.

160 . fata , bou n ds of l ife, which should l imit a father’s l ife so that he

should die before his son .

16 1 . secu tum , 1 shou ld havefol lowed, & c.,an d been born e down , & c .

164. n ec arguer im , n or would I blame.

165 . i sta.sors, thefatey ou ( the Trojan s) br i ng m e.

170 . Aen eas, supply d ign atu r, d ign er , but tran slate pays you .

172 . ferun t , i .e . the cortege of Trojan s . q uos, referring to tropaea ,

but co rum may be suppl ied to make the grammar regular.

175 . arm i s, abl . of separation .

177. v i tam m oror, l i nger on i n l ife.

178. d ex tera : his han d is the cause, because, as Evan der ex plain s, it

has n ot yet taken vengean ce upon Turn us, an d Evan der can n ot die un til

that has been clon e .

181 . n ec fas, i .e. n or is it right that I should seek an y joy.—sed ,

etc .,but I on ly wait to bear the n ews of Turn us’ pun ishmen t to my son

below .

189. d ec u rr crc, an an cien t G reek custom ,n ot apparen tly common

anfon g the Roman s, though some m i l itary evo lution s are men tion ed roun d

the pyre of the Emperors . The descriptio n is borrowed from Apollon ius

of Rhodes .

195 . n ota ,fam i l iar , as they themselves had born e them .

208. n um ero, disti n ction ,of in dividuals.

2 1 1 . ruch a n t, dug up ,rahed together , cf. i . 35 .

2 12 . tep id o, because the ashes an d coals were stil l hot.

2 19. posen t , subj . in in direct discourse .

222 . vari i s dj et is, i n difi'

er en t ton e.

223. Obum brat, protects him as a shade.

227. l egat i , see viii . 9.

232 . fata l em Aen ea n , etc .,tha t Aen eas, led by fate, proceeds w i th the

u n doubtedfavor of the gods.

241 . ordi n e, as in the Roman Sen ate,according to preceden ce or age.

245 . m an um , in the usual han d shak in g.

246 . p atri ae, etc .,said to be Argos H i p p i um , a town of the Pelo

pon n esus , though D iomedes was from Aetol ia, cf. v. 270 .

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64 Notes . [E urum

737. c n rva : the horn curved at the en d was espec ial ly used in orgi

astic ceremon ies .

739. sec un d u s, auspi cious, as fin ding good omen s, an d hen ce pro

moting joy at the feast.

749. fera t , an in direct, del iberative question .

759. M aeo n id ae, cf. vii i . 499.

760 . p r ior,first,attack ing her before she attacks him .

76 1 . for tu n a, c/ um ce of success.

767. im p robu s, w i t/zfi ml i n ten t, cf. 11. 5 12 .

768. o l im , in his old coun try.

770 . p el l i s, etc . : the description is of a horse in scale armor ( seeLife of the G reeks an d Roman s, Fig. such as were used by the

Asiatics .

771 . i n p l um a l n , i n tbe man n er offiat/zen ,lit. i n to ( so as to make)

772 . ferrugi n e, cf. ix . 582 .

773 . co rn “ , simply bow .

774. a u reu s, gi lded.

775 . cas s i d a , a variation from the usual form cass is, but man y n oun s

come in to Latin from C reek in the form of the accusative ; cf. cra tera .

778 . tegm i n a c ru rum : the G reeks an d Romans wore n o trowsers,

but the Eastern n ation s as wel l as the G aul s had them .

779. s ive u t, etc . : Virgil represen ts the woman captivated by the

Splen dor of the costume, which he describes min utely on purpose to use it

fo r this effect ; cf fen l i n eo, z '. 782 .

785 . A p o l l o : the god seems to have had a temple on Mt. Soracte,where the ceremon ies described took place.

797. p a t r ia , n a tive ci ty .

803 . ex ser tam , u n covered.

809. seq uu n tu r, subj . ex pressing the idea of purpose,“ before they

can fo l low .

”

8 18. l abu n tur, rol l,

820 . u n am : the word here comes as n ear as ever in Latin to a mere

pron oun ,but i t is n ever quite the same. I l ere it is opposed to a n umber

o f compan ion s, o n e o f man v.

823. h ae ten u s, as almost always, with a pregnan t mean ing, thus faram ! n ofizr t/zer . p o t n i , baz

'e 1 been able to en dure.

823 . n o n s p o n te, c f. 50 1 .

829 . to to c o rp o re, t/zrong/zout lzer roll ole boafr.

85 8 . Th re i s sa : she appeared as a Thrac ian hun tress.

880 . i n im i c a t n rb n , tbe of t/wen emy .

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[Aim

l oo . v i b ra to s, cur led.

h is , such .

104. i rasc i , etc .,tr i es his horn s i n w rath

,of the bull striking with

his horn s preparatory for light.

120 . l im o , a kind o f apron worn by sacrificing officials.—verbena,

cf. l ‘lcl . viii . 65 .

1 25 . v ocet , see 3 12, R. ; ( i . 604 ; I I . 5 13, n . an d foot-n ote.

133 . auro rem , Juturn a, a n vmph o f a foun tain n ear theAlban moun t ;

here she is magn i lied in to a mo re gen eral divin ity.

144. i n g ra tum , to jun o as a jealous w i fe.

[46 . d isc o, i .e . befo rehan d, that you may n ot blame me afterwards.

148. c ed ere, to go well w i th.

I 5 3 . m isero s , i .e . than I meet w ith.

1 59. a uc to r ego , ex hor t y ou ,w ith the emphasis on the I , which

makes the ex pression a k in d o f authorization .

l 6o . i n c er tam , i .e . what to do .

16 1 . m o l e, o f the chario t.

163 . sex rad i i : the radiate crown is thus traced back to a sign of

descen t from the sun , here through Circe by Picus .

[69 . p a ra , pu re whi te.

[82 . rel ig io , sacred bei ng, n ot differen t from n um en .

197. Terra i n , cf. vi . 324.

199 . sa c ra r ia , the sacred dwel l i ng.

206 . I l l“

, as su re as, cf. 11. i . 234.

2 16 . v ider i , had seemed, as the imperfect ( for which it stan ds) withtum d ud u" l

2 18. eern u n t , supply for grammatical con struction 00 : ( lEn eas and

Turn us) esse . v i r ib u s , abl . of qual ity.

2 19. ad l n vu t, the jZ-el i ng i s i n cu ased by , & c.

224. (‘aw orth see x . 562 .

227. rer n m , of he r lash, how to go to work in such cases.

230 . n um ero n e, etc ., is it that we are in ferior to them, that we hazard

al l in a single combat ?

232 . fa ta l es , al ludin g to the omen which required a foreign leader.

Qsee v iii . 50 2 .

233 . a l ter n l , on efrom every 700.

237. l e n t i , c f. l i c l . i . 4 .

242 . p reeamu r i n fee t-um , w i sh to heaven it had n ot been made.

244 . a l i ud , a n other ca use.

250 . im p ro bu s , g reed i ly .

40 1

403 .

404.

405 .

407.

408.

41 1 .

Notes . [IENEIIL

P aeon ium , see Vocabul ary.

trep i d at, busi ly pl ies.

so l l i c i ta t, worhs, to draw it out.

au c tor, coun sel l i ng, as the god of medicin e would do.

m a l um , disaster , the tight an d rout.

sta re, hu ng thi ch.

i n d i gn o, shamef ul , as n ot being in curred gloriously, but by the

treachery of the archer.

4 14.

42 1 .

4

4N

N

N

be

“i“

434

437

433

45 t

( icor. iii .

45 6

464.

469 .

47°

472

48 1

486 .

49'

506 .

5 13.

5 15 .

I .)

l l l a , a .

ig n oran s , a l l un aware.

q u i p pe, lo

n u l l o cogen te, w i th n oj brce.

n ovae, a n ew .

sum m a , the tip of, as kept at a distan ce by the helmet.

d efen sam , see 292, d ; C . 5 37.

fzw i to : for form, see 269, d ; C . 262 ; I I . 487, z .

s i d ere, storm -cloud, the word being often used for tempest, cf.

2 59, an d i ii . 199.

R hoete i u s, cf. i ii . 108.

aversos, thefly i ng.

m ed ia i n ter l ora, al l as he held the rei ns.

tem o n e, from the car .

c u n eta , a l l thefi atures.

l eg i t, traces.

aga t , the dubitative subj . indirectly quoted.

p o p l i te, i .e . brac ing himself behin d his shield.

10 00 , c f. vii . 333 .

i l l e, . l i n eas .

n om en : the n ame is iden tified with the person .—Ech ion l um ,

he was the son o f l i chion an d n amed from him .

5 16 .

5 18 .

ag r is, about l’atara

,the favorite seat of the god.

L er n ae : the marsh is in the territory of Argos, but is in the

directio n of Arcadia.

5 20 . co n d u c ta : he was n ot even own er of the land. The who le is

thrown i n to in crease the pathos of his fate.

5 29.

5 33

5 36 .

543 .

503

h ie , . l tfin eas, cf. Lat i n os, v . 530 .

su p er , over him .

n ee , in an archaic sen se, equal to n on .

au ra ta , o f course referring to his helmet.

c o n v ersae, brat-en ,

i .e . the fight became a gen eral svelte.

f a ten tu r, presen t for future, as often in col loquial language.

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70 Notes . [el i x a mx n . 941 ]

727. d am n et , etc . : the ind irect dubitative question ( already subj . inthe direct ) depe nds o n the idea u f dec is ion implied in the act of weigh

ing— labo r, the tai l of battle. q n o, etc ., i .e. which scal e shal l descend

an d leave its warrio r to death .

32 . a rd en tem , hi s f ur ious han d .

33 . d eben t : the apodos is, which may be omitted also in Eng., is

o n lv impl ied in the preceding, he would have met his death.

”

734 . ig n o t um , i .e . o f Nl etiscus, as the poet ex plain s. He recogn iz es

that it is n o t his 1m !) faithful blade . The story is an ingen ious ex plan ation

o f the failure o f Turn us, whose arms also were divin e.

74 3. i n t'or tus , i r regu la r

750 . form i d i n e, an arrangemen t used in driving deer.

75 3 . Furth er : a famo us breed of dogs came from Umbria, an d the

W o rd is used here as we use Newfoun dlan d or Skye .

754 . iam iam q ue, cf. vi . 602 .

76 1 . ad ea t , see 34 1, r ; ( i . 630 ; I I . 5 28, I .

768. d ow n : the same custom is in vogue in I taly to this day, and the

shrin es o f favorite sain ts are fil led w ith gifts an d pictures on accoun t of

m iraculo us preservatio n s .

790 . a n h e l i , w ith M ar t i s .

794. i n d igetom , a di r'i n e hero.

79 5 . to l l i , stan ding fo r the presen t in direct used for the future.

80 1 . u i , o ld form for n o .— ed i t, o ld form of subjun ctive, cf. vel im ,

d u lm .

Sto . v i d eres, i .e . were it n ot so,

”the protasis impl ied in the pre

ceding.

8 15 . mm u t , i .e . h o t to that ex ten t that, & c.

Oc c i d eri t s in a s , let i t havefiz l len on cefor all .

83 1 . ta n tos , i .e . the greatn ess of her wrath proves her

acter.

S42 . e n ema /ru i n the shy .

C y d o n , ba to n ,

from Cydon ia, a city of that island.

859 . im 'og n i ta , un recogn i sed.

h ave , c f. [4 1 .

p o s sen t, i .e . if I had the privilege of death.

g l a u c o , c f. \ iii . 33 .

897. ( T. I ] . \ x i . 403 .

808 . l i tem , a d i / w/ed bon n a’ar t

'.

goo . q ua l ia , e tc . ,c f. l l . v. 303 .

042 . ba l teu s , c f. x . 496 .

\l

‘l

[G noncrcs I . The G eorg ics . 71

THE G EORG ICS.

Boo x I .

Verse 1 . qui d vertere, the theme of the first book ; u lm i s

con ven i at, of the secon d ; q uae p ecor i , of the third ; ap ib u s

p arc i s, of the fourth . sid ere, season , or perhaps better u n der what sign .

Cf. n ote to E n . i . 535 .

2 . M aecen as, Virgi l’s famous patron , the frien d an d supporter of

Augustus. I t was at his suggestion that the poet wrote the G eorgics.

u lm i s, the regular support of the vin es . Cf. Ecl . i i . 70 .

4. ap ibu s, supply haben d i s . ex p er i en t ia, shi l l, arising from

practice.

5 . hi n c , n ow,i .e. n ex t in order.

6 . l am i n a , the sun an d moon , but tran slate l iteral ly. They are

addressed first as havi ng through the season s the most in fluen ce on agri

culture.

7. L iber, Ceres : their services are added chiastical ly.

8. Ch ao n i am , put for the oaks of D odon a, the great shrin e of Jupiter,but simply as an orn amen tal epithet. The Chaon es were a tribe of Epirus,

in which district D odon a was situated. gl a n d em , the supposed earl iest

food of the human race before the discovery of grain . ar i sta , see 25 2,

c ; G . 404, R. ; H . 422, N .

2 The thing got in ex change may be in the acc .

or abl .

9. Achel ola, of the Achelous between f li to l ia an d Acarn an ia, where

the cul ture of the vin e was supposed to have been in troduced. i n ven t i s,

n ew ly discovered.—m l scu i t, the an cien ts drank chiefly win e m ix ed w ith

water.

10 . Fau n l , the special deities of the woods, who are associated as

well with graz ing among the woody portion s of I taly ( cf. n um i n a below ) ,as with fruit-culture.

12 . tn , etc., in the great rivalry between Neptun e an d Pal las, the first

produced the horse, the secon d the o l ive . p r im a, for thefirst time.

14. cu l tor : Aristaeus, son of Apol lo an d Cyren e, was worshipped in

the islan d of Cea, an d sometimes iden tified w ith Apol lo himsel f. I t was

he who was fabled to have in troduced the culture of bees. See Book iv.

16. Lyon el, see Eel . x . 15 .

17. Maen ala, see Ecl . viii . 22 .

godof Tegea, as represen ting Arcadia, in which that city

Celene of Eleusis, a favorite of D emeter

72 Notes. [G somnos.

(Ceres) , an d closely con n ected with her in the cultivation of grain . He

foun ded the Eleusin ian city.

20 . cup ressum : Silvan us was represen ted bearing a tree , though

why a cypress it is difficult to see. ab rad i ce, w ith i ts roots.

2 1 . d i , etc it was customary to in clude the other gods gen eral ly, lest

any should be om itted hv acc iden t.

24. t uque, etc ., Augustus, to whom divin e hon ors had already been

paid in the East after the Orien tal man n er, an d whom Virgil regards as a

future div in ity , but of what particular provin ce even Augustus himself has

n ot yet dec ided.

25 . u rb i sn e : the other parts of the double question are in troduced by

a n ( 71. an d an n e ( 71. The question is whether he wi l l be in

earth, sea, or sky, for the world below is n ot worthy of him .

3 1 . gen erum : the deified heroes received divin e wives . So if Augus

tus should be a sea-divi n ity, he would n atural ly have on e of the Ocean ides.

33 . E ri go n en , the con stel lation n ow cal led Virgo, the sam e as Astrzea,

the goddess of Justice. I t was n o doubt in ten ded by Virgi l to compl imen t

the emperor on his justice by placing him in this part of the heaven s .

38. m iretur , ex tols, in poetry an d the l ike.

39. c uret Virgi l fo llows a differen t story from the common on e.

4 1 . v iae, the tr ue way o f procedure.

42 . i am n u n c , begi n beti n zes.

43 . vere n ovo : here begin s the real theme.

48. b i s in this vex ed passage the best sen se seems to be to make the

poet refer to ploughing very early in the season, so as to subject the fie ld

to the co ld on ce, at the time of ploughin g, an d on ce the n ex t w in ter after

sow ing, an d to the heat o n ce the first summ er after ploughing, an d again

befo re the grain is cut the n ex t sprin g. See Prof. C. L. Smith, in Am.

Journ al o f Ph ilo logy, vo l . 120 .

49. r up eru n t, the commo n aoristic use of the perfect to den o te a

custom .

50 . sc i n d im u s, used of the first ploughing or breaki ng up, for which

the regu lar w ord is p rosc i n d ere .

5 2 . s i t , ho rtative .—p a tri os, tradi tion a l, the regular course of

husban dry in that region .

5 5 . i n iu s su , u n bidden ,w ild.

5 6 . n o n n e, etc . the poet i l lustrates the differen ce of soi ls, & c., by the

production s of d ifferen t coun tries . c roceos : the saffron was much used

by the an cien ts as a perfume an d as a dye—Tuml us, a moun tain in

Lydia famous for its saffron .

57. Sabae l , a tribe of Arabia Fel ix , among whom the fran kin ceuse

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74 zVotes . [G m nctc s

first two refer to actual change of composition of the land, the other two

to mere physical change of structure.

93 . p en et rab i l e, cf. :Eu . x . 48 1 .

97. su sc i ta t, sti rs up, by the mean s men tion ed in the follow in g verse,

cross-plow ing.

99. im p erat, lords i t over , as it were, break ing their spirit by con

tin ual tyran n y.

too . um i d a, etc .,con dition s o f weather favorable for the crops .

to r. p u l vere, i .e a dry w in ter.

1022. ta n t um , as you may see, when you see how much Mysia, & c.,

Yi el t M y s la, G a rgara , where the con dition s n amed are foun d .

104. qu id d i cam , a Lucretian tran sition , hardly more than “then

aga i n , if on e, strictly,“what shal l I say o f him who , & c .

”

108. sup er t'i l io , from the brow, i .e . bringing the water in from above.

I 12 . h erba , blade.

1 13 . su l co s : it must be remembered that in those dry c limates the

seed is sown in furrow s to col lect al l the water possible.

I I 4. um o rem , referring to drain age.

1 15 . i n cer t is, u n settled, at the season s of storms.

r16 . p raeser t im , etc .,espec ial ly

r i t here the lan d is liable to overflow .

1 18. n ee tam en , yet when al l the labor of plan ting an d til lage is

don e, the crop is n o t secure .

12 1 . p ater : Jove has decreed for the good of mankin d that there

should be difficulties in the way.

123 . m ov i t, ploughed, i .e . in troduced cultivation where before, un der

the reign of Saturn ,the earth bo re sufli cien t fruit of itself. —aen eu s,

stim u lati ng,by the n ecessity of labor.

124 . torp cro, to stagn ate.

126 . l im i te, cf. Ecl . i . 54.

127. i n m ed ium ,for the common good, cf. .‘Eu . x i. 335 .

13 1 . n l cl l a , which formerly grew on the leaves an d could be had

for the gathering.

135 . This verse, if gen uin e, would ex plain iguam rem ovi t, v. 13 1 .

I 37. n um eros, the n umbers of stars in each constellation to recogn i z e

it by, equal to description .

”

138. Lycaon i s, Cal l isto, who became the G reat Bear, was the daugh

ter of the Arcadian king Lycao n .

139. cap ta re, as a n oun ,the subject of i n ven tum (est) .

14 1 . fu n d a , the n et, for fishing.

143 . fer r i r igo r, i .e . the in ven tion o f tools.

[45 . va r i ae, var ious other .

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78 [G m nctcs

a spherical system o f as tron omy, but he occasional ly lapses in to popular

n o tio n s,as in S ty x a t ra , an d in t i n gu l , t’. 246.

245 . d uus , the G reater an d Lesser.

246 . t l n gu i , because they do n ot go below the horiz on , an d so are

n o t plunged in the ocean ,supposed in an earl ier astron omy to surroun d the

earth. For the con struction , see 271 , N . ; G . 424 ; H . 5 33.

247. i l l i c , at the south po le. ut p erh iben t : of course, as the

world had n ot been circumn avigated the statemen t could on ly be a guess.

25 2 . h i n c , i .e . from this k n ow ledge of the heavens.

256 . tem p est i vam , i n i ts season .

257. fru stra , w i t/tout advan tage.

260 . p rop eran d a , don e i n Izaste.

263 . a cet y ls, of grain in the storehouse marked w ith their quan tities .

264. fu ren s , for supporting vin es.

265 . Am er i n a, a spec ial ly ex cellen t bast came from Ameria.

269. d e ducere : the referen ce may be to drai n age or to irrigation , cf.

w . 107 an d 1 14.

272 . sa l ub r i , a v/zo/esome, n ot the an n ual washing for the fleece, butan occasion al on e for health.

274. l ap i d em , m i l l-ston e. i n cusum , w rong/i t, to improve the grind

ing surface.

276 . a l i o ord i n e, i n difleren t degr ees cf. u n o ord i n e, E n . 11. 10°

277. fel ic i s operum , prop i tious for rusti c toi I.—qul n tam , i .e. of

the moon’

s age .

279. Cocum , l ap etum , Titan s.—Typh oea, the 0 becomes con so

n an tal , mak i ng a dissyl lable.

280 . fra tres, the Alo idae, Otus an d Ephialtes.

281 . ter, etc . : cf. Od . x i . 3 14.

284. sep t im a p ost acoim am , the seven teen th .

285 . p rousos, from the herd run n ing w ild in the pasture—l i c ia,

etc .,to set a web by fas ten ing the threads to the thrums left on the beam.

286 . n on a , flee n i n eteen /11, supply p ost acoim am . - fugae, the

ru n n i ng away of slaves, probably because the moon is still very ful l.

furt l s : for the same reason the day men tion ed would be un favorable

for theft.

287. so d ed ere, a re don e, oFfer themselves.

288. E o n s , t/ze m or n i ng, properly the morn ing star, Of. 0. 221.

290 . n oc t is , acc . plur.

291 . q u id am , some,tak ing a single on e as a k ind of sample, hen ce

the violatio n o f the rule that the w o r d should refer to a defin ite perso n .

292 . faces, spl i n ts, to serve as we use lamp-l ighters.

L TIto G eorg ics . 79

294. pecti n e, the reed, w ith which the threads of the woof are beaten

up to make a close tex ture. I t is so cal led from its resemblan ce to the

teeth of a comb.

295 . d ecoqu i t : the an cien ts boiled dow n n ew win e for several pur

poses. um orem : the l in e is hypermetric,cf. l En . vii . 160 .

297. at, etc.,other works are more suitable for the day

-time.

298. tostas, wel l dr ied.

299. n ud us, wi th on ly the tun ic, hen ce in warm weather. The pre

cept as tran slated from Hesiod, yup vbv oweipew yup vbv 8k Bow-sir .

303. portum , so also the farmer’s labor is over.

304. coron as, ga r lan ds, as the customary sign of rejoicing.

306 . l aur i , m y rta , bo th aromatic, an d used as spices—cruen ta,

from the red juice of the berry.

309. B a l ear is : the inhabitan ts of the Balearic isles were famed as

sl ingers.

31 1 . q u id d i cam , t/cen aga i n ,a form of tran sition often used by

Lucretius. I t in troduces a n ew source of trouble to the farmer. —tem

p estates et s i d era , stormy con stel lation s,as the storms were associated

with the rising an d setting of the stars.

3 13. ru i t, comes bl uster i ng on .

3 16. ego, emphatic, I my self — i n d u ceret , was sen di ngfor t/z.

3 17. str i n geret , perhaps loosely used of reaping, but the ears were

sometimes also p icked from the straw stan din g in the field.

320 . orn eron t , con secutive ( characteristic) , so v iolen t t/cat, & c.

i ta : the best proposed m ean ing is so a lso,i .e. a n d ti me

,but it m ight be

ex plan atory o f the preceding“ in such a whirlw in d did, that it must

have taken the whole crop up by the roots.

322 . agm en , body ,as of troops.

323. g l om era n t : the l ight high-hanging clouds gather in to a fright

ful storm -cloud, an d so are said to ro l l the tempest together.

324. ru i t, comes r ecs/t i ng dow n .

327. sp i ran t ib us, sect/t i ng, as a kettle giving off steam .

334. p l an gun t, [as/c.

336. fr ig i d a, as far from the sun .- recep tet : the precept is to oh

serve the con jun ction s of the stars.

337. ign i s C yl l en i us, Mercury, of. thin . viii . 138. Two samples are

tak en , the farthest an d the n earest.

338. ven erare, to avert these calam ities.

339. refer , pay what is due. op eratu s , cf. Eel . i ii . 77, sacr ifi ci ng.

34 1 . p i n gues, and so the m ore l it for sacrificing an d eating, which

o f course is implied in every sacrifice to the v

gods above.

80 Notes . ( G EORG E S.

342 . som n i , stil l an other reason for a hol iday.

343. p ubes, al l the househo ld, in cluding slaves.

345 . c i rcum eat : the al lusion is to the Ambarval ia or blessing

of the field, cf. Eel. i ii. 77, an d n ote.

347. n eque, etc., the secon d festival , just before harvest.350 . m o tus, a rustic dan ce, as was usual at such festivals.

35 1 . h aec , the season s w ith their storms, men tion ed in the n ex t verse.

354. qui d saep e, etc., i .e. what are the sign s of bad weather, given

below .

360 . sib i , see 227, tr ; G . 347; H . 385 , n . r.—m al e tem perat

s i b i , ca n i l l restra i n i tself.—car i n l s, abl . of separation .

373 . im p ruden t ibu s, w i t/tout a war n i ng.

374. su rgen tem , at its r isi ng.

383. As ia, see .‘Eu. vii. 70 1 .

384. Caystri , a ri ver of As ia Min or, n ear Ephesus, famous as the

resort of swan s.

387. i n cassum , i dly ,w ithout any apparen t purpose.

388. im p roba, vi l la i n , as a bird of ill omen , an d disl iked for his

thievish propen sities. s

390 . n o n oc turn a q u i d em , n ot even i n tli e fugi t, opposed to theseother sign s of the day

-time.

391 . tes ta , lamp,o f earthenware.

393. ex im b ri , aj ter tlze ra i n (an d so in a man n er proceeding from) .

396 . n ee ob n ox ia, n ot con trol led,& c.

, but shin ing with a clear l ight

supposed to be its own ,n ot the fiery l ight coming from the sun .

399. Th et id i , see 232, a ; G . 35 2 ; H . 388, 4.

403. n eq u i quam , as if this bird of i ll omen wished to con tin ue the

bad weather.

404. N isus : the poet il lustrates the gaiety of the birds by mean s of

two ,which he presen ts as in their fabled origin . Scylla was daughter of

Nisus, k ing of Megara, an d betrayed her father by mean s of a red hair in

his head, on which his fate depen ded, to Min os. She was changed in to

a Ciris ( an unkn own bird) , and her father in to a sea-eagle.

4 1 r. en b i l ib us,pen des.

4 15 . equ idem , certa i n ly .—q u l a, etc., a Stoic and Pythagorean

view to which Virgil opposes an Epicurean material ex plan ation in the

man n er of Lucretius, cf. n ote to Ecl . vi . 31 .—d ivln i tn s i ngen i um ,

equal to divi n e i n tel l igen ce, cf iv. 22 1 .

416. rerum p rud en t ia , w isdom .—fato, by fate, an especial ly Stoic

view .—m a i or, i .e. than man possesses.

419. den set, in a storm .—rel ax at, in fair weather.

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82 Notes . [G sonctcs

475 . A l p es : the precise phen omen on is n ot recorded, but some

cases are men tion ed bv P l in y.

477. sim u l ac ra , glzosts.

478. p ecud es, etc ., on e of the most common ly observed porten ts

among the Roman s ; see Livy passim .

480. eb ur : the statues of the gods, which often gathered moisture,

thus formed a common prodigy.

489. ergo, in accordan ce w ith these porten ts—p ar ibu s, because in

a civil war.

490 . i terum : n ot to be taken strictly, as the first time was at Phar

sal ia, wh ich was also in Thessaly in the same gen eral region , cf. Em a

th iam and Haem i, v. 492 ; being so far away, these differen t places are

al l iden tified.

493. sc i l icet, dono/less.

497. gran d ia, as of an cien t heroes.

498. patr ii , the Pen ates an d the like, such as were brought from

Troy, in cluding Vesta ; the ex amples ( con n ected by copulative con jan etion s) being added chias tical ly.

— i n d igetes, the n ative heroes raised to

divin ity , in cluding Romulus ; see preceding n ote.

500 . h u n c , Augustus, as opposed to Jul ius Czecar, who perished.505 . q u i pp e ub i , i n a wor ld where, & c.

507. abd uc t is, to serve as so ldiers.

509. E uph rates, referring to the Parthian an d Eastern n ation s.

5 13. adau n t i n spat i a, con sume tlce space, throw themselves in to

on e space after an other.

5 14. curru s, tli e coursers, as often of the team.

Boo k I I .

2 . s i l vestr i a : w ith the vin e are in cluded all kinds of trees whose

fruit yields subsisten ce.

6 . floret, i s aglow . sp um at, of the vats in which the new win e is

left to fermen t.

7. n udata : the god himself is invited to come and “ tread the win e

press, as the custom was in those times . ( See Fig.

9. arbor ib us, in prose, arbor um .

I 5 . m ax im a : regularly the partitive adjective takes its gen der from

the whole,but here the main subject overrules ; cf. Ai n . vii . 83.

17. p u l l u l at , i .e . the growth of others is by suckers.

20 . p r im um , at tlze outset.

2 2 . a l iae, in oppositio n to the in artifieial ways of growth.

23. h ie, on e. p l an ta s, i .e. setti ngs or cutti ngs.

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86

2 15 .

2 17.

2 18.

po rous .

" 20 .

- 3 .

”33

Notes . [C i-:ouctcs.

n egan t , by their presen ce.

ex h a la t, upo n ploughin g, ind icating a mo ist, rich so il .

b ib i t, e tc ., mo ist, an d at the same time not too ten acious , but

rob igi n e, show ing that it has n o acid qual ities.

n o n aeq uu s , as twertlou ing the coun try.

a l tera, n o tice the chias tic o rder.

s l d eeru n t, i .e. if the pit is n o t tilled, it in dicates a thin so i l,

an d so o f the con trary.

036

237

238.

239.

240 .

f ra/ter .

24 1 .

244 .

48.

cu n c ta n t ls , l l i ng i ng.

p rosc i n de, brea k up , the techn ical word.

sa l sa , cf r'. 220 .

nm n suese l t , im/trm'e,

from! better .

n ee servat, i .e. al lows them to degenerate—I n a, Mei r

d ab i t, i .e . the lan d itself, by be ing treated as follows.

aqua , etc . by be ing leached in this way it shows its quality.

d en iq ue, i n f i n e this on e is the last that n eeds experimen t to

show it, as the o thers betray themse lves.

254. ta c i tam , us ed adverbially. I t is worth while to n oti ce how

co n stan tly perso n al qualities an d action s are attributed to in an imate

objects.

a t , oppo sing the co ld so il to those above men tion ed, which are

recogn iz able at sight.

0 60 . ex coq uere, by ex po s ure to the sun to mellow.

2 63.

264.

0 67.

o f trees . et. q uo , as we l l as on e, & c .

c u ra n t, m a re.

l ab efac ta , pro leptic ,raved -sti r r ed.

a rb o r i bu s , in strumen tal ablative. seges, a n ursery ,

“a crop

I n prose it would be sim i l em

et q uo . d ige s ta , pro leptic, carried an d set out.

4 68. m u ta tam , etc ., tba l tlze plan ts ma y n ot fa i l to recogn i se “ ( i f

n ew nu t/ter,as they m ight if there were too much difference in the

so ils.

269 . eael l reg io n em , i .e . the po in t of the compass.

271 . a x i , to tf'

z. pol e , i .e . the n orth .

272 . c o n s u esc e re , l mbi t.

277. i n d u lge, jur or , by giving more room to the rows.—ln n u

g n om , pr ec i se/y ,from the us e o f the thumb-n ai l to verify ex act work

man sh ip .

278. sec to v ia , e tc .,let n ot er

'em'

pa t/i square wi lk tbe i n tersecting

O O O( l

'

USS-TtW I l'

,but put them tn ( Iutn cn n cl al o rder,

U0000

.

I I. Tl l c G eorg ics .

279. n t saepe, etc . : the Roman legion was drawn up with the man i

ples of the three l in es in the order described.

233. et ra t, bor er s aber e, & c .

284, om n is , etc ., i .e. al l the distan ces equal .

288 . fas t ig ia , tire slope of the sides, as this is con n ected w ith depth,

w hich is the real question .

295 . vo l ven s : the oak is poetical lv said to ro ll on in stead of the

tim e . v in c i t, overpass.

302 . sem i n a, s/i oots , hich serve as see ds for the crop .—o l ea

i n sere, grafl w i t/z tbe ol i r'

e, cf. the use of e l reum fim d o an d similar

v erbs .

393

D U E] .

G O D

i n cau t i s p as to r ib u s, f rom the ca relessn ess of sli t/tberds.

307. v i c to r, tr i umj t/za n t . reg n a t, lords i t.

3 12 . h oe n b i , se . fi t .—a s t i rpe, as the stock is a w ild olive, an d

the frui t does n ot go below the graft, which is n ow burned off.

320 . av i s, tire star t , which is’

a m igratory bird.

33 1 . s i n u s, G reek accusative .

341 . terrea : the n otion was gen eral that man k in d sprung from the

earth .

343

345

346.

35°

35 3

356

359

36 1 .

369

370

378.

381 .

382 .

384.

389

390

h u n c l aborem , tlzesc f rescn t tr i als .

ex c i p eret, m eet, after the chil l of w in ter.

p rem es , si n l' down ,

i .e . plan t.

h a l i tu s, i .e . it w il l come to the roots in the form of vapor.

h in l ea, properly o f the effect, but here tran sferred to the cause,

the drought.

p resso , deep -set.

fu ren s , see i . 264.

tab u l a ta , lay ers of bran ches.

d en i q ue, on l i '.

im p er ia, see n ote to v . 254.

v en en um , see a"

. x96 .

l ud l : the origin of the drama is closely con n ected wi th the

worship of D ion ysus ( Bacchus) , an d tr ageaj ' must in some way be derived

from Tpd'

yos .

p agos ct c om p i ta , i .e . at l ittle vil lage festivals.

sa l uere , the rustic sports at festivals,l ike cl imbing the greased

pole in m odern times.

o sc i l l a , l ittle masks, perhaps origin al ly to frighten birds .

m o l l i a , del i ca te, as made of bark .

h i n c , from this worship o f the god.

88 Notes . [( iEORG tc-s.

394. l a n ces, platters of fruits as offerings .

398. ex h au st i , se. l ab or i s .

399. versi s, i .e . w ith the heavy back of the hoe .

404. si l v i s h on orem , the glory o f the woods .

406 . curvo, etc .,see Fig. 124.

407. p u ta n do , by prun ing, see Vocabulary.

408. fod i to , see 269, a’

, 3 ; G . 262 ; I I . 487, 2,

410 . m et i to , l mrw st,of the grapes.

—b i s, etc . : the labor o f prun ing

an d weeding must be don e tw ice.

412 . l audato, adm i re ; the whole ex pression has the air of a proverb.

4 13. ex iguam , i .e. so great is the to il , it is better to have“a little

farm we ll-ti lled.

”

4 15 . caed i tu r , m ust be cut, though the Latin on ly says it always is

416. repon u n t, n eed n o more, which is ex pressed as if they them

selves had the bil l-hook and laid it aside.

4 19. et i am , etc ., the weather is dangerous to the grapes n ow ripe.

423 . cum den te, etc., i .e . when it has on ce been ploughe d, which

idea is repeated in cum vom ere.

425 . h oe, i .e. w ith the plough.

428. q ue, con n ecting the ideas in vi an d i n digo.

433. et: d ub i ta n t, i .e . when the rewards are so great.

434 . m a iora , greater than the wi ld berries and the firewood just

men tion ed.

435 . i l l ac, the pron oun repeats the subject to make it more emphatic.

437. Cytorum , a moun tain of Asia Min or, famous for its boxwood .

438. Nury c iae, a n ame of Locris, tran sferred by the colon ization of

Southern I taly to Bruttium ,in which provin ce pitch was gathered.

444. trivere, tur n ,work down w ith tools.

— tym pa.n a : the whee ls

o f the wagon s were so l id an d thick, an d so were shaped l ike tambourin es.

446 . fron d i bu s : the leaves of trees were gathered for fodder an d

bedding.

448. I turaeos, o f I turaea, a part of Palestin e whose archers were

famous .

450 . ca van tu r , for cups an d the like .

454 . qu i d m em ora n dum , etc .,i .e . what so memorable service have

the gifts of Bacchus w rought as those of the trees above men tion ed.

45 5 . B acch u s , etc . : an d there are also crimes to be charged to the

accoun t o f Bacchus beside, in which the other productions have n o share .

45 6 . C en tau ros, etc . : the fight of the Cen taurs and Lapithae was

caused by win e.

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90 A'

otes . ( G rammars.

50 5 . h lc ex sc id i i s, abl . o f mean s.

507. c o n d i t , as a m iser.

OS. s tu p e t, an im itatio n o f the Creek Oavpdfew, marvel with greedy

desire. The th ing des ired here is the fame of the orator.—p l ausus : on e

o f the rew ards o f ambitio n was applause in the theatre.

5 0 9. cu lm , emphas iz in g an d asseverating the idea in gem i n atus .

5 1 1 . c x stl lo , here hat is gained bv the ex change, the more common

c o n structio n .

5 15 . m er i tos , a" U'

tx'

n'of tll ei r reward.

5 16 . q u i n , etc .,after ucc req u i es ( est ) , equiv. to a verb of hin dran ce.

5 19 . S icy o n ia b aca , the o l ive.

5 2 1 . p o n i t, s ll eds .

2 2 . co q u i t u r ,

5 23 . c i rc um o sc u l a , abou t [11'

s n ee/e w i t/z ki sses.

5 c c rtum l n u , p r i ze. which thus becomes the sign al for a con test.

5 34. s c i l i cct , 1m duu l 't .

36 . D i c tac l : Jupiter was brought up in Crete.

5 37. u n tc im p la q u am , etc .,c f. l i cl . iv.

54 1 . sp a t i i s, i n ex ten t, in on e ex ten t after an other, cf. i . 5 13.

l loo l i I I I .

I . P a l c s , an an cien t I tal ian divin itv of flocks, usual ly con ceived as

fem ale, as here, but o ften also as male .

2 . p asto r, Apo l lo ,who fed the flocks of Admetus on the river Am

phrysus in Thessalv.- Ly cuei , the moun tain in Arcadia, the favorite

haun t o f Pan ,who is men tio n ed as the god of shepherds.

3 . tc n u l ssc n t , m tg/l l lza z 'e deta i n ed, i .e .

“ if I had sung them."

4. E u ry sth eo , as the imposer of the labors of Hercules, a theme

o ften sung.

5 . B u s i r l d i s, an Egyptian king who sacrificed strangers to the gods.

l l crcules was seiz ed for that purpose, but escaped

6 . H y l as , see I lcl . v i . 43. D el os, see Ai n . m . 73.

7. H i p p od am c , the daughter of ( En omaus, whom Pelops won as a

bride in a chario t-race w ith her father.—P el op s : Tan tal us, his father,

served him up to the gods at a feast,an d his shoulder, eaten by Ceres, was

resto red i n ivory. The woes o f the house of l ’elops were always a favorite

subject fo r ( ireek poetry.

0. v i c to r , etc c f. l i n n ius’Epitaph , quoted in Cic. de Sen ectute

me lJt rum is deco re t n ec fo n era flctu

l t'

av it Fo r ? Vo l ito v ivus per ora v ivum.

v o l i ta rc p cr o ra ,/l zt o'

er .

‘

lze l ips 0 men,in fame.

III . Tbe G eorg ics. 9 1

l o.

'supersi t, implying a future poem, which was n ever completed,

but probably changed for the IEn eid.

u . Aon lo, see Eel . vi . 65 .

12.-

p rlm us referam : in this passage the poet seems to have got

beyon d his depth in Pin daric song, so that the figure seems harsh an d

strain ed. Of course some kin d of an allegory is indicated, which is to

celebrate the triumphs of Augustus. I t is perhaps fortunate that this tem

ple n ever was built, but that we have the [En eid in stead, a much more

human composition . I d um aeas, put for the East generally, to con

trast w ith the scen es of Northern I taly, the poet’s home—l palmas, sim

ply for the victories of Augustus.

16 . m ihi , ethical dative, i n m v song, or I w i l l have, & c.

17. v i ctor ego : there is a great chariot-race, which is con founded

with an in tellectual race in a rather crude Pin daric figure.

19. Al ph enm , the scen e of the Olympic games.—Mol orchi , the

host of Hercules when he wen t to attack the Nemean l ion , hen ce the

al lusion is to the Nemean games.

2 1 . i p se, etc . : the poet is to be the high priest.

2 2. i am n u n c , in imagin ation .

24. scaen a, etc . plays were always a part of such festivals.—versis

the side scen es were on prisms or pyramidal structures, which were turn ed

roun d to change the scen e.

25 . to l l an t, to close the scen e, which was don e by raising ( n ot low

ering) the curtain .—B ri ta n n i , as the orn amen ts of the curtain ( ln

tex t i ) .27. G a n gar ldum , a people of I n dia, put for the conquest of the far

East through the victories over An ton y’s Eastern troops.

—Qu;lri n l,Augustus as a secon d Romulus .

29. Ni l um , etc .,the ex pedition to Egypt after the battle of Actium.

co l um n as, like the ( alum n a ros/rate , with projecting beaks of ships,

to commemorate the n aval x ictories.

30 . urbes the gen eral success o f the Roman arms in the East seems

to be al l that is referred to .— N i ph aten , a moun tain of Armen ia, put

for the con quest of that coun try, but whether the ex pedi tion of B.C. 20 is

mean t is very un certain .

3 1 . P arth um , see Ai u . x i . 6 5 3 an d n ote. Augustus’success again st

the Parthian s was n ot ex actly m il itary, though it was in con sequen ce of

his o ther m il itary successes .

32 . d uo , b i s : victories over the Morin i and D almatians would fit

these words, but the al lusio n is n o t defin ite en ough to make sure.

33. a troqu e, the ocean an d the Adriatic.

92 Notes . [( im ncics.

35 . p rol es, etc., the an cestral glories o f the house are to be cele

brated also .

36 . auc to r : the wal ls of Troy were fabled to have been built by

Apol lo for Laomedon .

37. i n v i d ia, etc . : there is to be a represen tation of the pun ishment

of the w icked in the wo rld below,see .Eu . vi . 582 el seq.

,wh ich passage

probably con tain s the poet'

s materials otherw ise worke dup.

39. n o n ex superabi l e, u n ron /rol la/fle.

40 . i n terea, i .e . til l the time comes for the work .

4 ! i n tac tos, n n lon elzed by poet’s lla n d. M aecen as, cf. 11. 39, & c.

43. C i th aeron , simply as woodlan d, n ot with referen ce to the W 0 !

ship o i Bacchus.

44 . Tayget l , famous for hun ting, cf. 11. 488.

45 . ad sen su , f/l c'

a n s wer i ng

r ee/m.

48. Ti th on i , the husban d o f Aurora, who en joyed the gift of immor

tal itv. He became a stock ex ample of a lo ng l i fe, an d hen ce is used

here.

5 2 . turpe, i rgo'.

5 3 . eru rm n , see 260, e ; G . 418 ; H . 434 N.‘

56 . d i sp l ic ea t , apodosis of“ if he should have,

” & c . ; probably some

writers d isapprove o f the characteristics men tion ed. m ac u l is et a lbo ,

the commo n hen diat lys .

57. iuga : i n I taly cows a lso are used for draught cattle.- d etrae

ta n s, etc .,i .e. a l ittle vic iousn ess in action and appearan ce is n o objection .

60 . L uc i n am , lan di ng. in atos h ym en aeos, regular mati ng.

62 . cetera ( aet as ) , Ill ei r otlzer yea r s.

65 . p ro l om , gen eration .

66 . opt im a : the subject be ing a drv o n e at best, every bit of patch

work is seiz ed upo n to give a human in terest.

70 . en im , t/ren , its asseveratin g force passing over in to an illative on e.

an ni ssa requ i ras , y ou regret Ill e loss.

71 . an te, l ie-l imes.

73 . q uos : supply el s w ith im pen d e .

74. a. teucr i s, from {li ei r ear l iest y ears.

75 . c on ti n u o, a/ on ce, i .e . without train ing.

76 . m o l l ia , rI'

a i n /i ly .

77. p r im u s, ear l y, in the same sen se as con t in uo in the preceding

verse .

30 . a rgu tu l n , slen der .

8 1 . l u x u r ian g roa-s f ul l . a n im osum , sp i r i ted, the action of the

head an d n eck showing itself in the chest.

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206.

2 10 .

2 18.

2 19.

230 .

Notes. [G aonctcs

u sus, activi ty .

rap ia t : the subject is u su s .s i t passu s, w ou ld a l low,

& c., an apodosis.

p rocubet, l ie a long t/ze sward.

p l ur lm us, m a ny a creature.

vertere, i .e. merely give i t a dif eren t n ame.

Tan agr i , a river of Lucan ia, a region famous for its pastures.

ex erc u i t, ven ted.

I n ach iae, i .e. Io, daughter of I n achus, beloved by Jupiter, and

in to a heifer.

n ota s, ma rks of own ership.

subm i ttere, rea r,cf. Eel . i . 46.

h orren tem , proleptic.

cetera, ex cept the calves, which are kept at home.

ad stud i um , j or pleasure, cf. tern o, v. 173.

l ibero , un tamed.

e torq u ibu s, i .e . by these withe col lars.

i n a n es, w ithout load, hen ce summ o, etc.

fag i n us, o f the farm wagon .

tern o, of the chariot.

st ad ium , y ou r fan cy .

A l p h en , c f. v . 19.

l ab or, lesson .

p l au sae,patted.

et iam , sti l l ( et i am ) .

gy ram , o f the circle of a track .

com p os i ti s, of an a r tificia l ga it.—al tern a, as in a trot.

vocet, cl ml/enge.

sum m a, cf. summ o, v. 171 .

d i ffert, scatters abroad.

u rgen t, supply so.

i l l e, i .e . Aq u i l o .

h i n c , etc .,t/zen he is to be regularly trained in the long course.

B elgi ca : the essed um was a G allic war-chariot.—m ol l l ,

d om an dum , see 300 ; G . 433 ; H . 542, iii.

caec i , secret, n ot show ing itself, but working in the system.

a l l i a n t i s, r iva ls.

S i l a , a wo ody mo un tain among the Bruttii .

al ter n a n tes, con ten di ng.

l u strato, may be either str ew n or un strown , of which the former

more probable.

II I . Tbe G eorg ics. 95

232. i rasc i , cf. E n . x 11. 104.

236. sign a m ovet , be adva n ces.

237. fluc tu s, etc . : the poin t of the comparison is the gradual com ing

from afar an d the fin al shock .

249. m al e erratur,’tis i l l wan der i ng.

25 1 . n otas od or , etc. : by a poetic perversion , the odor is said to

bring the air, of which it is a qual ity.

2 5 5 . Sabel l i c us : the w ilds of the Sabin e moun tain s were the haun ts

of the boar.

2 57. h i n c atque i l l i n c , etc . : the an imal’s scratching himself is

treated as a process to harden himself.

259. n em p e, etc .,ab

,be

, & c . ; the al lusion is to Hero an d Lean der.

263. sup er, besides.

267. m en tem , tbc di sposi tion .—G l au c i , a son of Sisyphus, who

kept horses at Potn iae, a part of Boeo tia. H is horses became fren z ied an d

devoured him .

269. G argara, a region of Mt. I da, see i . 103. A sean ium , a river

of Bithyn ia.

271 . av i d i s, i nflamed w i tb desi re. subd i ta , i s ki n dled.

275 . grav i dae, an o ld superstitio n .

277. n on , etc. : the on ly direc tion n ot n egatived is the W est, which of

course is mean t.

285 . am ore, love of {be subject.

287. agi ta t e, topu r sue ( the theme o f) .

290 . h u n c , i .e . o f poetical treatmen t.

291 . d eser ta , the emphatic word, cf. n ex t verse.

292 . p r i orum , of ea r l ier ba rds.

293. m ol l i : the epithet i n dicates figuratively the gen tle n ature of the

subject. d evert i tu r, descen ds, Castalia being at the bottom of a k in d of

ravin e or cleft in the rock at the foot o f Parn assus .

294. n u n c , i .e. having fin ished the herds of Apo llo .—son a n d um ,

i .e. you , referring to Pales.

295 . ed i co, orda i n tkut, & c .

,a formal word —m o l l ibu s, com

j brtable, easy.

298. sub ter, adverb.

299. m o l l e, ten der : such uses of the sam e words in close prox im ity

w ith a total ly differen t sen se are almost characteristic of Virgil .—turp i s,

300 . h i n c d ig ressu s , n o t ! i n order .

303. c um o l im , ruben , as comes i n tim e.

304. Aq ua r iu s, the sun is in this con stellation in Jan uary.

305 . h aec , the o lder fo rm for h ac, which later lost the co.

96 lVotes . [G m nctcs

306 . m agn o, abl . of price w ith m u ten tu r .

307. rubores , G reek acc. w ith i n c oquere.

309. quam m ag is, m agi s q uo m agi s, eo m agi s.

3 12 . C i n yp h i i , of t/l e t'

i nyps, a river o f Libya.

3 13. ca st rorum , i .e. for ten ts made of goats’hair.

3 14. s i lvas , i.e. they l ive chiefly by browsing.

3 19. m or ta l i s, I mma n .

320 . l aet us, gen erously ,a tran sferred adjective from the common use

f sr ferti le.

”

323. u trum q ue, goats an d sheep.

334. ac c ub et : s trictly, the shade l ies, but the action is transferred to

the grove .

335 . t en u is , l iqu i d, as n ot th ick an d sol id.

333. a l cyo n em , a kin d of cogn ate acc., the bird bein g put for its

n o te.

339. t ib i , ethical dative, referring to Pales.—l yae, referred to

s imply as presen ting a ( l i lTereut m o de o f sheep-rearing.

34 1 . o x o rd i n e, i n succession .

343. h osp it i i s , s/zelter , i.e. there are n o town s in these wide tracts.

344 . l a rem , lz i s bea r/b, as the fa r is closely con n ected w ith the

househo ld lire .

345 . Am y c laeum : the an c ien t town of Amyclze, n ear Sparta, was,

l ike the latter c ity, famo us for its dogs.

347. i n l u sto, en ormous or ex cessive, just as we say outrageous,

mean ing o n ly a high degree, w ithout any moral idea being presen t.

348. ex sp eeta t um , a rare use of the participle an alogous to the use

o f the ab] . o f partic iples as adverbs.

349. at n o n , but n ot so, as in Africa.

35 1 . red i t, w it/zdraws, r. of the ex treme n orthern position of

the moun tain s.

35 5 . a d surg i t, i .e . gel u .

359. r ub ro , from the co lo rs of sun set.

362 . i l l a , tbe w ave, pro duc ing the same efl

'

ect as we often do by repe

titio n .

37 sec-u rn su b n l ta tom : n otice the favorite in ter

lo cked o rder o f the w o rds .

380 . ferm en to , i .e . the beer o f the n orthern n ations.

381 . t al is , i n s i n /1[l iq/11. Sep tem tri on i, the ao-ealled tmesis,

by which it was suppo sed an y word could be separate d in to its componen t

parts. I n fact, the separated propo s itio n s in I i omer,from W hich the idea

came, are sti ll adverbs, an d used separately, l ike any other adverb; but

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IV . r08 .] 7716 G eorg ics. 99

I 7. im m i ti bu s, gr eedy , on ly cruel as eating the insects.

20 . vest i bu l um , en tran ce.

at . reges, queen s, for the an cien ts apparen tly did not understand the

true relation of the apparen t ruler to the subjects.22. suo,favor i ng.

23. cal ori , cf. Ecl . viii . 88 an d n ote.

35 . an gustos, to keep out the heat and cold ; cf. the fol lowing.

39. oras, cracks at the edges, join ts.41. l en ti us, more ten acious.

42. saep e et iam , etc ., a sti ll greater effort to secure an even tem

perature, used by the so -cal led “ bumble-bee.

”

45 . tam en : n otwithstanding that they take care of it themselves, you

must also add your care.

5 0 . voc i sque, etc., t/ze retur n i ng eoli o of tbe voice resoun ds.

5 5 . h i n c,f rom tbis source.

56. foven t, n urture.

59. susp ex er i s, y ou , looki ng up,bebold tlzem.

64. ign ob i l e, as in sign ifican t.

65 . M a tri s, because the cymbal was used in the worship of Cybele.

68. si n autem , etc. : this is to be determin ed by the observation

recommended in con tem p l ator . I n both cases the bees go forth in

n umbers, but the differen ce is described below.~

69. bel l o, dativé.

75 . p raetor ia : the image of a battle is kept up.

82 . i p si , i .e . the queen s.

84. ced ere, infin itive after ob n i x i .

85 . subeg i t , a rare con struction in Latin ,but the regular one in

Engl ish.

89. p rod igu s, too many ,but in Latin on ly spoken of the s uperfluous

on e .

90 . vacua , i .e. of the other.

96. con , etc ., i .e. on e k ind look like dusty spittle.

99 . par ibu s, regu lar .

100 . b l ue , from tbese.

10 2 . d om i tura , because the an cien ts mix ed win e and hon ey for a

drin k .

103 . at cum i n certa, etc., opposed to the regular outcoming before

m en tion ed.

107. er ip e, pl uck out.

108. ve l l er e s ign a , sa l ly fort/z, the regular word for moving from

camp.

I00 Notes . [G z oacn cs

n o . cu stos, P riapus, a grotesque divin ity, whose worship came

from Lampsacus on the He llespon t.

1 12. i p se, etc., i .e. let the own er make a garden for them with care.

1 17. u i traham , were 1 n ot taki ng i n .

1 19. can erem : the con struction changes to the con trary to fact, to

which the other is real ly fel t to be equivalen t.—b i fer l : Pmstum was

famous for its twice-bloom i ng roses.

122. cucum is, a cucumber differen t from ours.

123. tac u issem , sli ou ld 1 nave left un sung.—vim en , stalk, but

twisting so as to be called osier-l ike.

125 . Oeba l iae, Taren tum, so cal led because ( Ebalus was a king of

the Lacedaemon ian s, by whom it was settled.

127. Coryc ium , of Corycus, a town of Cil icia, elsewhere famed for

its garden s. Some Cilician s were settled in Southern I taly by Pompey

when be suppressed the pirates .— rel ic t l , aban don ed, un til led .

128. i uven c i s, for the bul locks, i .e.for Meplougb.

130 . rarum , a few .

p ren l en s, pla n ti ng ; cf. 11. 346 .

134. carpere, hist. infin itive.

137. ton d eba t, 5 retain ed long from an earl ier quan tity.

142 . quotque, etc .,i .e. every blossom had its fruit.—pom l s, cf. the

differen t con struction in i . 187.

144 . seras, ful l grow n , an in dication of skil l ; cf. the fol lowing verses .

147. sp at i i s l n l qu l s, by my lcamper i ng boun ds.

[49. n atu ras , n atura l habi ts.

[50 . p ro q u a m erced e, t/ze re ward for w/i ic/z, i .e. the n ature given

was in paymen t for the service ren dered bv the bees.

15 1 . Curet um , see n ote to E n . iii . 13 1 .—sec uta.e, cf. v. 65 .

15 2 . D i c taeo, cf. Ecl . vi . 5 6 . The bees were fabled to have fed -Jovein his babyhood in Crete.

1 54. m ag n i s ven erable, great as having authority to con trol the

afi'

airs of state.

1 58. v ic tu , dative .—foed ere p acto, u n derfix ed r ules.

160 . Narc i ss i l ac r im am , n ectar , tbc tea rs of N arcissus, who was

changed in to the flower that bears his n ame.

16 1 . fu n d am i n a , i .e. the so-cal led bee-

glue, here conceived as the

foun dation of the rising tiers .

16 5 . sor t i , ablative.

167. For this an d the two fol lowing verses, cf. l En . i . 434—6 , wherethey are repeated.

170 . Cy c l opes, cf. tEn . viii. 418. The po in t of the comparison is

in the organ iz ed division of labor.

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104 N otes. [G EORG l cs

393. quae si n t, etc., cf. 334, c ; G . 470 ; H . 5 29, n . 2 .

400 . c ircum , upon .

406 . el ud en t, i .e. the god in the various forms.

414. v i d er is, i .e. un til he comes back to his origin al form .

4 16 . corpus perd ux i t, cf. 225 , d ; G . 348 ; H . 384, ii . 2 .

4 18. hab i l i s, ready .

424. res isti t, sta n ds aside.

427. h auserat, lzad passed, as if he con sumed his course as fast as he

wen t over it.

432. di versae, i n thei r places a kin d of predicate.

437. cu ius quon iam facu l ta s, an d n ow t /zat t/ze power over

Irim, & c.

440. occupat, kasten s to bi n d trim .

441 . m iracu l a rerum , marvel lousforms.

445 . n am qu i s qu isn am . confld en t i ss im e, most sbameless.

446 . h i n c , of me.

447. est fa l l ere, a G reek con struction . te, object of fal l ere ( escapeyour n otice) .

449. h i n c, bere, according to the Engl ish idiom .

450 . v i , eff ort, of his m in d to do an act which he is unw il l ing to do .

453 . n on te, etc.,n ot w it/tout t/ze wratlz of a divi n i ty are you perse

454. m agn a com m i ssa , a gr eat oj’

en ce comm i tted.

45 5 . n i fata res i sta n t , pro tasis o f susc i ta t, the action of which is

already begun , but further actio n is implied, of which the clause wi th u i is

the protasis . haud q uaquam , etc .,by n o mea n s deserved, as the crime

was n ot Aristoeus’ faul t.

457. to fugeri t : the con struction approaches the use of dum , pro

vided ;“ ben t on ly on flying,” & c.

460 . aeq ua l i s, atten dan t ; properly, of equal age .

463. Ac ti as, of Atti ca ,when ce she was carried off by Boreas, for

which win d her n ame here stan ds.

465 . te, a k in d of in direct quotation .

467. Taen ar ias, of Ta n arum , where was supposed to be an en tran ce

to the world below.

470 . n esc i o, kn ow i ng n oug/tt of ; & c .

475 . d efun c ta v i ta , don e w i t/t l ife.

480 . a l l igat, w i n ds i ts bon ds.

484 . ven to , by fire w i n d, ceasing to blow .

491 . v i c tu s a n im i 2 18, c,R. ; G . 374, it ”; H. 399, iii . 1 , foot

n ote) , van gu is/ted by desi re.

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